Wikipedia iawiki https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Multimedia Special Discussion Usator Discussion Usator Wikipedia Discussion Wikipedia File Discussion File MediaWiki Discussion MediaWiki Patrono Discussion Patrono Adjuta Discussion Adjuta Categoria Discussion Categoria Portal Discussion Portal Appendice Discussion Appendice TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Discussion Modulo Evento Discussion Evento 0 227 704771 693696 2026-10-18T09:36:32Z Interlingvisto 60932 704771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/instantia de entitate territorial}} '''Azerbaijan''' ([[lingua azeri]]: '''Azərbaycan'''), officialmente '''Republica de Azerbaijan''', es un pais transcontinental situate al limite de Europa Oriental e Asia Occidental. Illo face parte del region del Sud Caucaso e es limitate per le Mar Caspian al est, Russia (Republica de Dagestan) al nord, Georgia al nordwest, Armenia e Turchia al west, e Iran al sud. [[Baku]] es le capital e le citate le plus populose. Le Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan proclamava su independantia del Republica Democratic Federative de Transcaucasia in 1918 e deveniva le prime stato musulman majoritari seculare democratic. In 1920, le pais esseva incorporate al Union Sovietic como le RSS de Azerbaijan. Le moderne Republica de Azerbaijan proclamava su independantia le 30 de augusto 1991, pauc ante le dissolution del Union Sovietic in le mesme anno. In septembre 1991, le majoritate ethnic armen del region Nagorno-Karabakh formava le Republica autoproclamate de Artsakh. Le region e septe districtos circumvicinos es recognoscite internationalmente como parte de Azerbaijan, pendente un solution del stato de Nagorno-Karabakh per negotiationes facilitate per le OSCE, ma deveniva de facto independente con le fin del Prime Guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh in 1994. Post le Secunde Guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh in 2020, le septe districtos e partes de Nagorno-Karabakh retornava al control de Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan es un republica semi-presidential unitari. Illo es un del sex statos turc independente e un membro active del Organisation de Statos Turc e le communitate TÜRKSOY. Azerbaijan ha relationes diplomatic con 182 paises e es membro de 38 organisationes international, includente le Nationes Unite, le Consilio de Europa, le Movimento de Nonaliniate, le OSCE, e le programma NATO PfP. Illo es un del membros fondator de GUAM, le CIS, e le OPCW. Azerbaijan es anque un stato observator del OMC. Le grande majoritate del population del pais (97%) es nominalmente musulman, ma le constitution non declara un religion official e tote le principal fortias politic in le pais es secular. Azerbaijan es un pais in disveloppamento e ocupa le 91e position in le Indice de Disveloppamento Human. Illo ha un alte taxa de disveloppamento economic, alfabetisation, e un basse taxa de disoccupation. Tamen, le governante Partito Nove Azerbaijan, al poter desde 1993, ha essite accusate de guida autoritari sub le governation de tanto Heydar Aliyev como su filio Ilham Aliyev, e de deteriorar le registro de derectos human,<ref>https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |date=2021-01-27 }} {{en}}</ref><ref>https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/azerbaijan/report-azerbaijan/ {{en}}</ref> <ref>https://www.amnesty.org/es/location/europe-and-central-asia/azerbaijan/ {{es}}</ref><ref>https://www.amnesty.org/fr/location/europe-and-central-asia/azerbaijan/report-azerbaijan/ {{fr}}</ref> includente le augmento de restrictiones in le libertates civil, particularmente in le libertate de pressa e repression politic. <ref>https://www.coe.int/fr/web/commissioner/country-monitoring/azerbaijan {{fr}}</ref> <ref>https://www.indexoncensorship.org/azerbaijan-silencing-human-rights/ {{en}}</ref><ref>https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/azerbaijan/ {{en}}</ref> == Ligamine externe == {{commons|Azerbaijan}} {{refer}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} {{Paises de Asia}} [[Categoria:Azerbaijan| ]] nsh5wjnq5hfyv3adps1m4nupq6gj3df 0 635 704741 699209 2026-10-18T07:33:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Vide etiam */ 704741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/instantia de entitate territorial}} '''China''' o '''Sina''' (in [[Lingua chinese mandarin|chinese]]: 中国; [[pinyin]]: ''Zhōngguó'', 'Pais de Medio'), officialmente le '''Republica Popular Chinese''', es un pais in Asia Oriental. Illo esseva le pais con le population le plus grande del mundo usque 2023, con plus que 1.4 milliardos de personas, hodie un pauco post [[India]]. China se extende super le equivalentes de cinque fusos horari e ha frontieras con quatorce paises terrestre, le plus grande de qualcunque pais in le mundo, ligate con Russia. Con un area approximativemente de 9.6 milliones de kilometros quadrate (3'700'000 milles quadrate), illo es le tertie plus grande pais del mundo per le area total terrestre. Le pais consiste in 22 provincias, cinque regiones autonome, quatro municipalitates, e duo regiones administrative special (Hong Kong e Macau). Le capital national es [[Beijing]], e le citate le plus popule e le plus grande centro financiari es [[Shanghai]]. Le Chineses moderne tracie lor origines a un berceau de civilisation in le bassino fertile del [[Fluvio Giall]] in le Plain del China del Nord. Le dynastia Xia semi-legendari in le seculo 21 a.C. e le dynastias Shang e Zhou ben attestate, developpava un systema politic bureaucratique pro servir monarchias hereditari, o dynastias. Le scriptura chinese, le litteratura classic chinese, e le cento scolas de pensamento emergera durante iste periodo e influentia China e su vicinos pro seculos avenir. In le tertie seculo a.C., Qin Shi Huang fundava le prime imperio chinese, le dynasty Qin, que durava brevemente. Le Qin succedeva per le plus stabil dynasty Han (206 a.C.–220 d.C.), que stabiliva un modello pro quasi duo millennios in le qual le imperio chinese era un del prime potencias economic del mundo. Le imperio expandeva, fracturava e reunificava, esseva conquistate e restabilite, absorbiva religiones e ideas estranie, e faceva avances scientific mundialmente significative, tal como le Quatro Grande Inventiones: pulver de canon, papiro, le compasso e le impression. Post seculos de disunite post le cadita del Han, le dynastias Sui (581–618) e Tang (618–907) reunificava le imperio. Le Tang multiethnic benveniva le commercio e le cultura estranie que veniva super le Strata de Seta e adaptava le Buddhism al necessitates chinese. Le dynastia Song prime-modern deveniva crescentemente urban e commercial. Le scolares-civiles official o le literati usava le systema de examination e le doctrinas de Neo-Confucianismo pro replaciar le aristocrates militar de dynastias previe. Le invasion mongol stabiliva le dynastia Yuan in 1279, ma le dynastia Ming (1368–1644) restabiliva le controlo del Chineses de ethnia Han. Le dynastia Qing dirigite per Manchu casimente duplicate le territorio del imperio e stabiliva un stato multiethnic que esseva le basi del nation chinese moderne, ma sufferiva graves perditas pro le imperialismos estranie in le seculo 19. Le monarchia chinese collapsava in 1912 con le Revolution de Xinhai, quando le Republica de China (ROC) substitueva le dinastia Qing. In su prime annos como republica, le pais experimentava un periodo de instabilitate cognoscite como le Era de Guerrieros antes de unificar se majormente in 1928 sub un governamento Nationalista. Un guerra civil inter le Nationalistas del Kuomintang (KMT) e le Partito Comunista Chinese (CCP) comenciava in 1927. Japan invadeva China in 1937, initiando le Secunde Guerra Sino-Japanese e temporalmente interrupte le guerra civil. Le reddition e expulsion de fortias japanese de China in 1945 creava un vacuum de poter in le pais, que conduciava a un nove periodo de lucta inter le CCP e le Kuomintang. Le guerra civil finiva in 1949 con le division de territorio chinese; le CCP stabiliva le Republica Popular de China in le continente durante que le governamento ROC de Kuomintang se retraiava al insula de Taiwan. Ambos clama esser le sol legitim governamento de China, ben que le Nationes Unite ha recognoscite le PRC como le sol representation desde 1971. De 1959 a 1961, le PRC implementava un campania economic e social cognoscite como le "Grande Salta Adelante" que resultava in un forte declino economic e inter 15 a 55 milliones de mortes estimative, majormente a causa de fame artificial. De 1966 a 1976, le periodo turbulent de chaos politic e social cognoscite como le Revolution Cultural conduceva a un plus grande declino economic e educational, con milliones de personas purgate o subjecte a persecution o "politicidio" in base a categorias politic. Desde alora, le governamento chinese ha abrogate un certe del politicas maoiste anterior, conducente a un serie de reformas politic e economic desde 1978 que ha multo augmentate le standarde de vita chinese e le expectativas de vita. Actualmente, China es governate como una republica socialista unitari marxista-leninista d'un partito per le CCP. China es un membro permanente del Consilio de Securitate del Nationes Unite e un membro fondator de plure multilaterale e regional organizationes de cooperation como le Banca Asiatic pro Investimento in Infrastruktura, le Fundo del Via de Seta, le Banca de Novo Developpamento, le Organisation pro le Cooperation de Shanghai e le RCEP. Anque illo es membro del BRICS, le G8+5, le G20, le APEC e le Summation de Asia Oriental. Illo se classifica inter le paises con le basso mesuration de democracia, libertates civil, transparencia del governamento, libertate de pressa, libertate de religion e le derectos human de minoritates ethnic. Le autoritates chinese ha essite criticate per activistas de derectos human e organisationes non-governamental pro abusos de derectos human, includente repreession politic, censura massiv, surveillance massiv de lor cives e suppression violente de protestas e dissentimento. Con circa un quinto del economia mundial, China es le plus grande economia del mundo per le PIB al paritate de poter de compra, le secunde plus grande per le PIB nominal e le secunde plus ricchissime pais. Illo es un del economias major in crescentia rapide e es le plus grande fabricator e exportator del mundo, anque le secunde plus grande importator. China es un stato recognise con armas nuclear con le plus grande armata permanent con personal militar e le secunde plus grande budget de defensa. China es considerate como un potential superpotentia a causa de su alto nivello de innovation, potential economic, crescentia fortia militar e influentia in affaires international. == Historia == {{AP|Historia de China}} Le historia de China, como chronologia de un del civilisationes plus antique del mundo con continuitate usque le actualitate, ha su origines in le bassino del Fluvio Jalne, ubi surgeva le prime dynastias Xia e Shang. Le existentia de documentos scripte con plus de 3500 annos ha permittite le developpamento in China de un tradition historiographic multe precise, que offere un narration continue desde le prime dynastias usque le etate contemporanee. Le cultura chinese, secundo le mytho, comenciava con le tres imperatores originari: Fuxi, Shennong e Huang. Totevia, il non existe registros historic pro demonstrar le existentia real de iste personalitates qui haberea vivite ante 600 annos. === Prehistoria === Le territorio que actualmente occupa le Republica Popular de China ha essite populate desde il ha milles de annos. === Era Antique === ==== Le Tres Augustos e le Cinque Imperatores ==== Illos es le governatores mythologic de China anterior al prime dynastias historic. Le Tres Augustos esseva Fuxi, Nüwa e Shennong e le Cinque Imperatores, Huangdi, Zhuanxu, Diku, Tangyao e Yushun. === Era Imperial === ==== Dynastia Qin ==== Le rege del Qin fundava un nove dynastia e prendeva le nomine de 皇帝 (huángdì), con connotationes religiose, pote esser traducite in Interlingua como "imperator". Desde iste momento historic, tote le reges chinese utilisava iste titulo, abandonante le denomination de "reges" (王 wáng). Le nove imperator se faceva nominar 始皇帝 Shǐ Huángdì o "nove imperator", vidente se como le prime de un longe dynastia de imperatores. Illo esseva le prime dynastia de un China reunificate e multo plus grande que le governate per le Zhou. Con ille surgeva un stato chinese centralisate, forte e unificate. == Geographia == [[File:China CIA map.png|400px|right]] {{Main|Geographia de China}} [[File:East Asia topographic map.png|thumb|[[Mappa topographic de China]]]] Le paisage de China es vaste e diverse, variabile ab le desertos del [[Deserto del Gobi|Gobi]] e del [[Deserto de Taklamakan]] in le aride nord usque al forestas [[subtropical]] in le meridional regiones plus humecte. Le catena montaniose del [[Himalayas|Himalayas]], [[Karakoram]], [[Montes del Pamir|Pamir]] e [[Montes del Tian Shan|Tian Shan]] separa China del major parte de [[Asia del Sud]] e [[Asia Central]]. Le fluvios [[Fluvio Yangtze|Yangtze]] e [[Fluvio Flave]] (Yellow River), le tertie e sexte plus longe del mundo respectivemente, flue ab le [[Plateau Tibetan|plateau tibetan]] usque al costa oriental densmente populate. Le costa chinese a lo longe del [[Oceano Pacific|Oceano Pacific]] attinge {{cvt|14500|km}} e es limitate per le mares [[Mar de Bohai|Bohai]], [[Mar Flave]], [[Mar de China Oriental]] e [[Mar de China Meridional]]. China se connecte, via su frontiera con Kazakhstan, al [[Steppe Eurasiatic|steppe eurasiatic]]. Le territorio de China se trova inter le [[latitudes]] [[Parallelle 18 N|18°]] e [[Parallelle 54 N|54° N]], e inter le [[longitudes]] [[Meridiano 73 E|73°]] e [[Meridiano 135 E|135° E]]. Le [[Centro geographic|centro geographic]] del pais es marcate per le Monumento del Centro del Pais a {{coord|35|50|40.9|N|103|27|7.5|E|region:CN-62_type:landmark|name=Centro geographic de China}}. Le paisage de China varia grandemente trans su vasto territorio. In le est, juxta le costas del Mar Flave e del Mar de China Oriental, se trova vaste planities [[planitie alluvial|alluvial]] densmente populate; in le margines del plateau del Mongolia Interior in le nord predominan vaste [[prato|pratos]]. Le sud del pais es dominate per colles e basse montanias, durante que le centro del est contine le [[delta fluvial|deltas fluvial]] del Fluvio Flave e del Yangtze. Alteres importante fluvios include le [[Fluvio Xi|Xi]], le [[Mekong]], le [[Fluvio Brahmaputra|Brahmaputra]] e le [[Fluvio Amur|Amur]]. In le west se trova grande catena montaniose, in particular le Himalayas. Vaste [[plateau]]s appare inter le regiones plus aride del nord, tal como le Taklamakan e le Deserto del Gobi. Le puncto plus alte del mundo, le [[Monte Everest]] (8,848 m), se trova super le frontiera sino-nepalese.<ref>National Geographic Society (2017-10-24). "Mount Everest". National Geographic Society. Consultate le 2020-05-05.</ref> Le puncto plus basse del pais, e le tertie plus basse del mundo, es le fundo del lacqui exsiccate [[Lago Ayding]] (−154 m) in le [[Depression de Turpan]].<ref>Zhang, Hongming (2009). Topography of the Turpan Depression. Beijing: China Geological Press.</ref> [[File:Huangshan pic 4.jpg|thumb|[[Huangshan]] in [[Anhui]]]] Ben que China se extende super lo que geographicamente equivarerea a cinque fusos horari (UTC+5 a UTC+9), illo usa un sol [[hora in China|fuso horari national]], le Hora Standard Chinese (UTC+8).<ref name=whyist>Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (2014-11-19). "Why China Sticks With a Single Time Zone". The New York Times. Consultate le 2018-09-18.</ref> Iste politica uniforme ha essite adoptate in 1949.<ref name=whyist/> === Clima === {{Main|Clima de China}} {{Further|Grande Muro Verde (China)}} Le clima de China es principalmente dominate per un [[station secc]] e per [[monsones]] humecte, que produce grande variationes de temperatura inter inverno e estive. In inverno, ventos nordic de alte latitudes es frigide e secc; in estive, ventos meridional ab regiones costal a basse latitudes es calde e humecte.<ref>Chen, L. (1999). Climate of China. Beijing: China Meteorological Press.</ref> [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map CHN present.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Mappa del clima Köppen–Geiger pro China continental<ref>Beck, H.E.; Zimmermann, N.E.; et al. (2018). "Present and future Köppen–Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data.</ref>]] Un problema ambiental major in China es le continua [[desertification|expansion de su desertos]], specialmente le Deserto del Gobi.<ref>Williams, Mark (2011). Deserts of China. Cambridge University Press.</ref> Ben que barieras de arbores plantate desde le annos 1970 ha reducite le frequentia de [[tempesta de arena|tempestas de arena]], siccitates prolongate e praticas agricole inadecuate ha resultate in [[pulvere asiatic|tempestas de pulvere]] que colpa le nord del pais cata primavera. Le qualitate del aqua, le [[erosion]], e le controlo del [[Pollution in China|pollution]] es devenite questiones importante in le relationes international del pais. Le fondita de glaciarios in le Himalayas poterea causar [[penuria de aqua]] pro centenas de milliones de personas.<ref name="msnbc">Connor, Steve (2007). "Melting Himalayan glaciers threaten water supply". The Independent.</ref> Secundo studiosos, pro limitar le [[cambiamento climatic in China|cambiamento climatic]] a {{cvt|1.5|C-change}}, le generation de electricitate ex [[carbon in China|carbon]] sin [[captura e immagazinage de carbon]] debe esser eliminate ante 2045.<ref>Climate Analytics (2020). "Coal phase-out pathways for China".</ref> Statisticas official super le production agricole es considerate inaffidabile a causa de exaggerationes a nivellos subordinate.<ref>Reuters (2015). "China’s agricultural reporting under scrutiny".</ref> Tamen, multo del territorio ha un clima extrememente favorabile al agricultura, e China es le major productor mundial de ris, tritico, tomates, melones, uvas, spinacia e multe altere culturas.<ref>FAO (2022). FAOSTAT Data.</ref> In 2021, 12% del pratorias e pasturas mundial e 8% del terras agricole esseva situate in China.<ref name=":14">World Bank (2022). "Land Use Indicators".</ref> === Biodiversitate === {{Main|Fauna e flora de China}} [[File:Giant Panda Eating.jpg|thumb|Un [[panda gigante]] in le [[Base de Recerca de Reproduction del Panda Gigante de Chengdu]] in [[Sichuan]]]] China es uno del 17 paises [[paises megadiverse|megadiverse]],<ref>Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China (2020). “China’s Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan”.</ref> situate in duo del major regiones [[regno biogeographic|biogeographic]] del mundo: le [[Regno Paleartic|paleartic]] e le [[Regno Indomalay|indomalay]]. Con plus de 34,687 species de animales e plantas vascular, China es le tertie pais con le plus alte biodiversitate, post [[Brasil]] e [[Colombia]].<ref>UNEP-WCMC (2021). Biodiversity Country Profiles: China.</ref> Le pais es un signatario del [[Convention super le Diversitate Biologic]] e ha elaborate numerose strategias national pro promouer le conservation del ecosistemas.<ref>CBD Secretariat (2019). Sixth National Report: China.</ref> China ha al minus 551 species de mammiferos, 1,221 species de aves, 424 species de reptiles, e 333 species de amphibios.<ref>Zhang, Xiaoling et al. (2020). “Updated checklist of vertebrates of China”. Biodiversity Science.</ref> Le fauna selvatic del pais es sub forte pression a causa del population human e del rapide industrialisation. Al minus 840 species animal es considerate [[specie menaciate|menaciate]] per perditas de habitat, pollution e braconnage.<ref>IUCN Red List (2023). “China – Summary Statistics”.</ref> Le animales selvatic menaciate es protegite per lege; in 2019, le pais possedeva plus de 2,750 reservas natural.<ref>National Forestry and Grassland Administration (2020). Annual Report on China’s Nature Reserves.</ref> China possede plus de 32,000 species de plantas vascular, includente un grande varietate de flora subtropical e tropical.<ref>Flora of China Editorial Committee (2013). Flora of China.</ref> Forestas coniferose frigid predomina in le nord, con species animal como le alce e le urso nigre asiatic. Le sub-strato del forestas humide de coniferas pote includer vaste areas de bambu. Forestas subtropical domina le centro e sud del pais, durante que forestas tropical in [[Yunnan]] e [[Hainan]] contine circa un quarto del total de species vegetal e animal del pais.<ref name="rough guide">Rough Guide (2020). China: The Rough Guide.</ref> China ha plus de 10,000 species de fungos registrate, e studios continua revelante nove taxa cata anno.<ref>Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mycology Institute (2021). “Catalogue of Fungi of China”.</ref> === Ambiente === {{Main|Ambiente de China|Problemas environmental in China}} [[File:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg|thumb|Le [[Dam del Tres Gorgias]] es le plus grande dam hydroelectric del mundo.]] Al initio del annos 2000, China experimentava un severa [[deterioration ambiental]] como resultato del rapide industrialisation e urbanisation.<ref>Smil, Vaclav (2004). China's Environmental Crisis. M.E. Sharpe.</ref> Malgrado le existentia de regulamentos ambiental strict, lor application restava frequentemente insufficiente. China ha le secunde plus alte numero de mortes annual a causa del pollution de aere, solmente post India.<ref>Health Effects Institute (2020). State of Global Air 2020.</ref> Ben que illo es le plus grande emissor global de CO₂ in valores absolut, su emissiones per capita remane plus basse que in multe paises industrialisate.<ref name="UCS-2020">Union of Concerned Scientists (2020). “Each Country’s Share of CO₂ Emissions”.</ref> Le qualitate del aqua ha monstrate miglioramentos significative in le ultime annos: in 2024, 90.4% del aqua superficial de China esseva classificate como potabile o quasi potabile secundo standardes national.<ref>Ministry of Ecology and Environment (2024). China Environmental Bulletin 2023.</ref> Durante le annos 2010s, China ha reducite marcatemente le pollution de aere, specialmente in grande citates como Beijing e Shanghai, gratias a campanias extensiv contra combustion de carbon e restrictiones super emissiones industrial.<ref>Greenpeace East Asia (2019). “China’s Air Quality Improvement: Review of the 2013–2017 Clean Air Action Plan”.</ref> In 2020, le governamento annunciava objectivos pro attinger le pico de emissiones ante 2030 e neutralitate de carbon in 2060, un annuncio considerate clave pro limitar le calentamento global per 0.2–0.3 °C.<ref name="CAT-2020">Climate Action Tracker (2020). “China Country Assessment”.</ref> Le cobertura forestal del pais ha crescite consistentemente decennio post decennio: ab circa 10% in 1949 a 25% in 2024, principalmente gratias a massives programmas de reforestamento supportate per le governamento.<ref>State Forestry and Grassland Administration (2024). Forest Resources Report of China 2023.</ref> China es le plus grande investitor del mundo in energia renovabile, habente investite 546 milliardos de dollars in 2022 in energia solar, eolic, hydroelectric e immagazinage energetic.<ref name="Schonhardt-2023">Schonhardt, Sara (2023). “China leads world in renewable energy investment”. International Energy Agency.</ref> Le pais es etiam un conductor global in innovation renewable, includente photovoltaicos a alte efficientia e turbines eolic de generation ultra-grande.<ref>IEA (2023). Renewables 2023 Global Status Report.</ref> In 2024, 38% del electricitate generate in China proveniva de fontes que le governamento classifica como “nette” — includente solar, eolic, hydroelectric, nuclear, e biomassa.<ref>National Energy Administration (2024). China Energy Statistical Yearbook 2023.</ref> Malgrado su foco super le energia renovabile e meliorias environmental, China continua a confrontar problemas significative ligate al pollution de su fluvios, erosion del solo, biodiversitate menaciate, e le effectos futur del cambiamento climatic super regiones vulnerabile. === Geographia politic === {{AP|Frontieras de China|Costa de China|Modificationes territorial del Republica Popular de China}} [[File:China administrative.png|thumb|Mappa que depinge disputas territorial inter le RPC e statos vicin.]] China es le [[Lista de paises e dependentias per area|secunde plus grande]] pais per area terrestre post [[Russia]], e le tertie o quarte plus grande per area total.{{efn|Secundo le ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', le area total del Statos Unite, de {{convert|9522055|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}}, es legiermente plus parve que illo de China. Intertanto, le ''CIA World Factbook'' constata que le area total de China esseva plus grande que illo del Statos Unite usque le aquas costal del [[Grande Lacos]] esseva addite al area total del Statos Unite in 1996. De 1989 a 1996, le area total del Statos Unite esseva listate como {{convert|9372610|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}} (area terrestre plus aqua interior solmente). Le area total listate cambiava a {{convert|9629091|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}} in 1997 (con le areas del Grande Lacos e le aquas costal addite), a {{convert|9631418|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}} in 2004, a {{convert|9631420|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}} in 2006, e a {{convert|9826630|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}} in 2007 (aquas territorial addite).}} Le area total de China es generalmente indicate como approximativemente {{convert|9600000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ma|first1=Jin Shuang|last2=Liu|first2=Quan Riu|title=The Present Situation and Prospects of Plant Taxonomy in China|url=https://archive.org/details/taxon_1998-02_47_1/page/67|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|volume=47|number=1|date=February 1998|pages=67–74|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|doi=10.2307/1224020|jstor=1224020|bibcode=1998Taxon..47...67M }}</ref> Le cifras specific de area varia de {{convert|9572900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}}<ref name="United States"/> a {{convert|9596961|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}}.<ref name="UN Stat" /><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=China|access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref> China ha le [[Lista de paises e territorios per numero de frontieras terrestre|plus longe frontiera terrestre combinate del mundo]], mesurante {{convert|22117|km|mi|abbr=on|sp=us}}. Su [[Costa de China|linea de costa]] coperi approximativemente {{convert|14500|km|mi|abbr=on|sp=us}}, ab le imbuccatura del [[Fluvio Yalu]] usque al [[Golfo de Tonkin]].<ref name="CIA"/> China [[Frontieras de China|fina con 14 nationes]] per terra, e ha plure vicinos maritime.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wei|first=Yuwa|title=China and ITS Neighbors |volume=22|number=1|date=2014|pages=105–136|publisher=[[Willamette University College of Law]]|journal=Willamette Journal of International Law and Dispute Resolution|jstor=26210500}}</ref> China resolveva le demarcation de su frontieras terrestre con 12 de 14 paises vicin, post haber facite compromissos substantial in le major parte de illos.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groundless to view China as expansionist, says Beijing after PM Modi's Ladakh visit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/groundless-to-view-china-as-expansionist-says-beijing-after-pm-modi-s-ladakh-visit-1696727-2020-07-03 |access-date=13 August 2020 |website=[[India Today]] |date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810133156/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/groundless-to-view-china-as-expansionist-says-beijing-after-pm-modi-s-ladakh-visit-1696727-2020-07-03 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fravel |first=M. Taylor |author-link=Taylor Fravel |date=1 October 2005 |title=Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's Compromises in Territorial Disputes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-security_fall-2005_30_2/page/46 |journal=[[International Security (journal)|International Security]] |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=46–83 |doi=10.1162/016228805775124534 |s2cid=56347789}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fravel |first=M. Taylor |title=Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes |url=https://archive.org/details/strongborderssec0000frav |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-6911-3609-7 |author-link=Taylor Fravel}}</ref> China ha actualmente frontieras disputate con [[Disputa de frontiera sino-indian|India]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2022 |title=India-China dispute: The border row explained in 400 words |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53062484 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420180958/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53062484 |archive-date=20 April 2022 |access-date=16 May 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=}}</ref> e [[Frontiera Bhutan-China|Bhutan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2023 |title=Bhutan wants a border deal with China: Will India accept? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65396384 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515174751/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65396384 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=16 May 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=}}</ref> Illo es implicate in disputas maritime con plure paises super territorios in le mares de China [[Disputas del ZEE del Mar de China Oriental|Oriental]] e [[Disputas territorial in le Mar de China Meridional|Meridional]], tal como le [[Disputa del Insulas Senkaku|Insulas Senkaku/Diaoyu]], e le totalitate del [[Insulas del Mar de China Meridional]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2012 |title=China denies preparing war over South China Sea shoal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-18045383 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207111212/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-18045383 |archive-date=7 February 2020 |access-date=16 January 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 2013 |title=How uninhabited islands soured China-Japan ties |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11341139 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710120934/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11341139 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |access-date=16 January 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=}}</ref> == Economia == Post le final del Guerra Civil Chinese, le Governamento del nove Republica Popular, sub le direction del Partito Communista de China, comencia applicar un serie de reformas economic de character socialista, como le nationalisation del interprisas private e le collectivisation agrari. == Galleria == <gallery> File:Casinos, Macao, 2013-08-08, DD 01.jpg|Casinos in Macau File:China1982-050.jpg|Un mercato File:Beijing national stadium.jpg|Le Stadio National in Beijing File:Renhua, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China - panoramio (344).jpg|Guangdong File:Centro de Ciencia, Macao, 2013-08-08, DD 09.jpg|Centro de Scientia, Macau File:Harbin at Night.jpg|Harbin nocturne File:Zhongguo.gif|Zhonguo </gallery> == Vide etiam == * [[Taiwan]] * [[Hong Kong]] * [[Macao]] * [[Asia]] * [[Paises del mundo]] == Notas == <references group="lower-alpha"/> {{refer}} {{Paises de Asia}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:China| ]] 7u6yfgwmytsw8tp3086sayoj344mdpu 0 5931 704730 664273 2026-10-17T21:30:07Z Interlingvisto 60932 704730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/objecto natural}} '''Asia''' es le continente le plus grande e le plus populate del Terra. Illo occupa circa 44,6 milliones de kilometros quadrate, equivalente a circa 30% del superficie terrestre, e contine circa 4,8 milliardos de habitantes in 2025, approximativemente 59% del population mundial. Asia se extende principalement in le hemispherios oriental e septentrional e constitue le parte oriental del grande massa continental de [[Eurasia]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Asia |titulo=Asia |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://data.un.org/legacy/en/reg/g142.html |titulo=Asia: General Information and Statistics |sitioweb=United Nations Data |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le continente es delimitate al nord per le [[Oceano Arctic]], al est per le [[Oceano Pacific]] e al sud per le [[Oceano Indian]]. Al west, Asia es contigue a [[Europa]] e al [[Africa]]. Le limites conventional con Europa passa per le [[Montes Ural]], le [[Fluvio Ural]], le [[Mar Caspian]], le region del [[Caucaso]] e le [[Mar Nere]], ben que le definition exacte varia secundo le tradition geographic. Le [[Canal de Suez]] e le [[Mar Rubie]] forma parte del limite conventional inter Asia e Africa. Asia es un continente de extraordinari diversitate physic, climatic, linguistic, religiose e cultural. Illo include le plus alte montanias del mundo, vaste planities, desertos, forestes tropical, tundras, insulas vulcanic e zonas densemente urbanisate. Illo es etiam le origine de numerose civilisationes ancian e de plure del principal religiones mundial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/asia-human/ |titulo=Asia: Human Geography |sitioweb=National Geographic Society |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Geographia == Asia se extende super un territorio enorme, ab le regiones arctic de Siberia usque al insulas tropical del sud-est asiatic, e ab le costa mediterranee de Asia occidental usque al insulas del Pacific occidental. Su costa es le plus longe del continentes, e su geographia include un grande varietate de formas de relevo. Le principal elementos geographic include: * Le [[Himalaya]], con le [[Monte Everest]], le puncto le plus alte del superficie terrestre; * Le [[Plateau del Tibet]], un del plus alte e vaste mesetas del mundo; * Le [[Montes Ural]], que forma un del limites conventional inter Asia e Europa; * Le [[Deserto de Gobi]], situate principalement in Mongolia e China; * Le [[Deserto Arabic]], in Asia occidental; * Le [[Planitie Siberian Occidental]], un vaste region basse in le nord; * Le [[Plateau de Deccan]], in le sud de [[India]]; * Le [[Fluvio Yangtze]], le [[Fluvio Huang He]], le [[Ganges]] e le [[Indus]], importante systemas fluvial; * Le [[Lago Baikal]], un del plus profunde e grande reservas de aqua dulce del mundo. Le Himalaya e le montanias vicin se formava principalmente per le collision inter le placa tectonic indiana e le placa euroasiatic. Iste processo continua e produce terremotos e altere manifestationes tectonic in diverse partes del continente. Asia include etiam insulas e archipelagos importante, inter illos [[Japonia]], le [[Philippinas]], [[Indonesia]], [[Sri Lanka]] e [[Taiwan]]. Le insulas del sud-est e del est asiatic es situate in regiones de intense activitate tectonic e vulcanic. == Regiones == Le division del continente varia secundo le criterios geographic, historic e politic. Un classification commun distingui sex regiones: Asia septentrional, Asia central, Asia oriental, Asia meridional, Asia sud-oriental e Asia occidental. Le [[Nationes Unite]] usa su proprie division statistic, que non coincide sempre exactemente con le classification geographic habitual. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ |titulo=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use (M49) |sitioweb=United Nations Statistics Division |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Asia septentrional === Asia septentrional es dominate per [[Siberia]], le vaste parte asiatic de [[Russia]]. Illo se extende ab le Montes Ural al west usque al [[Oceano Pacific]] al est, e ab le [[Oceano Arctic]] al nord usque al frontieras con [[Kazakhstan]], [[Mongolia]] e [[China]] al sud. Le clima es in grande parte continental e subarctic, con invernos multo frigide e longe e estates breve. Le region include forestes boreal, tundras, planities e montanias. Le population es relativemente sparse in multe zonas, ben que existe citates importante e centros industrial e minier. === Asia central === Asia central es un region interior del continente, sin accesso directe al oceano. Illa es generalmente associate con cinque paises: [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Kirghizistan]] e [[Tadjikistan]]. Le paisage include steppas, desertos, mesetas e montanias. Le [[Mar Caspian]], le [[Deserto de Karakum]] e le systemas montaniose del [[Pamir]] e del [[Tien Shan]] es elementos geographic importante. Le historia de Asia central es ligate al [[Ruta del Seta]], al intercambio commercial inter China, Persia e Europa, e al disveloppamento de imperios e societates nomade. Le linguas turcic es largemente parlate, durante que le tadjiko pertine al gruppo iranian. === Asia oriental === Asia oriental include principalmente [[China]], [[Japonia]], [[Mongolia]], [[Corea del Nord]] e [[Corea del Sud]]. Secundo le classification empleate, altere territorios pote esser includite in iste region. China occupa un grande parte del territorio e include ambientes que varia ab le desertos del interior usque al planities fertile, le montanias e le costas densemente populate. Japonia es un archipelago con montanias e vulcanos active, durante que le peninsula corean ha un historia e un geographia distincte. Asia oriental es un del principal centros economic e technologic del mundo. Illo ha etiam un longe historia de civilisationes, litteratura, philosophia, systemas politic e traditiones artistic. === Asia meridional === Asia meridional include principalmente [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Sri Lanka]] e le [[Maldivas]]. [[Afghanistan]] es etiam includite in multe classificationes del region. Le Himalaya domina le nord, durante que le planities del Indus e del Ganges forma un del zonas agricole e demographic le plus importante del mundo. Le Plateau de Deccan occupa grande parte del peninsula indian, e le costa del [[Oceano Indian]] es bordate per numerose portos e regiones de grande importantia commercial. Asia meridional es un del regiones le plus densemente populate del planeta e possede un grande diversitate de linguas, religiones e culturas. Le [[hinduismo]], le [[buddhismo]], le [[jainismo]] e le [[sikhismo]] ha lor origines historic in iste region. === Asia sud-oriental === Asia sud-oriental comprende le peninsulas e archipelagos situate inter Asia meridional, China e Australia. Le statos del region include [[Myanmar]], [[Thailandia]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodja]], [[Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]], [[Brunei]], le [[Philippinas]] e [[Timor Oriental]]. Le region ha un clima principalement tropical, con forestes pluvial, montanias, grandes deltas fluvial e insulas vulcanic. Le [[Mekong|Fluvio Mekong]] es un del principal systemas fluvial e supporta le agricultura e le pesca in plure paises. Asia sud-oriental es un importante centro de commercio maritime e de production industrial. Le [[Stricto de Malacca]] es un del principal corredores maritime del mundo, ligante le Oceano Indian al Pacific. === Asia occidental === Asia occidental, sovente appellate [[Medio Oriente]] in contextos historic e politic, include le regiones situate inter le Mediterraneo oriental, le Peninsula Arabic, le Caucaso e partes del Plateau Iranian. Le classificationes varia, specialmente in relation con le inclusion de [[Cypro]], [[Turchia]] e certe paises del Caucaso. Le region include paises como [[Arabia Saudita]], [[Iran]], [[Irak]], [[Israel]], [[Jordania]], [[Libano]], [[Syria]], [[Yemen]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Bahrain]], le [[Emiratos Arabe Unite]], [[Kuwait]], [[Turchia]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaidjan]] e [[Georgia]], secundo le classification empleate. Asia occidental es un region de grande importantia historic pro le evolution del prime citates, del agricultura sedentari e de plure traditiones religiose. Illo include desertos, mesetas, montanias e zonas costal circum le Mediterraneo, le Mar Rubie, le Golfo Persic e le Mar Arabe. == Paises e territorios == Asia contine plure decenas de paises e territorios. Le numero exacte varia secundo le classification del continente e le tractamento de paises transcontinental o territorios con recognition international limitate. Inter le statos sovran generalmente considerate asiatic se trova: * [[Afghanistan]] * [[Arabia Saudita]] * [[Armenia]] * [[Azerbaidjan]] * [[Bahrain]] * [[Bangladesh]] * [[Bhutan]] * [[Brunei]] * [[Cambodja]] * [[China]] * [[Corea del Nord]] * [[Corea del Sud]] * [[Cypro]] * [[Emiratos Arabe Unite]] * [[Georgia]] * [[India]] * [[Indonesia]] * [[Iran]] * [[Irak]] * [[Israel]] * [[Japonia]] * [[Jordania]] * [[Kazakhstan]] * [[Kirghizistan]] * [[Kuwait]] * [[Laos]] * [[Libano]] * [[Malaysia]] * [[Maldivas]] * [[Mongolia]] * [[Myanmar]] * [[Nepal]] * [[Oman]] * [[Pakistan]] * [[Palestina]] * [[Philippinas]] * [[Qatar]] * [[Russia]] * [[Singapore]] * [[Sri Lanka]] * [[Syria]] * [[Tadjikistan]] * [[Thailandia]] * [[Timor Oriental]] * [[Turkmenistan]] * [[Turchia]] * [[Uzbekistan]] * [[Vietnam]] * [[Yemen]] Le inclusion de Russia, Turchia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaidjan, Georgia e Cypro depende del criterio geographic o politic empleate, perque certe de iste paises es transcontinental o ha ligamines historic con Europa. Le Stato de Palestina es recognoscite per numerose paises e ha status de observator non membro al [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]]. Le status de [[Taiwan]] e de altere territorios disputate es etiam tractate de maniera differente per varie classificationes. == Clima == Le clima de Asia es extraordinarimente variate a causa de su extension, altitude e distantia del oceanos. In le nord, le regiones de Siberia ha climas subarctic e polar, con invernos longe e frigide. Le interior del continente include vaste zonas aride e semiaride, includente le desertos de Gobi e Taklamakan. Le sud e le sud-est asiatic es influentiate per le [[monson]], que determina alternationes saisonal de pluvia e periodos plus sic. Le region del Himalaya e le plateau tibetan ha climas montaniose, con temperaturas basse e forte variationes secundo le altitude. Le costas oriental de China, Japonia e Corea ha climas que varia inter temperate e subtropical. Asia occidental include vaste desertos, ben que le regiones mediterranee e del Mar Nere ha conditiones plus humide. Le cyclones tropical, le inundationes monsonic, le siccitate e le undas de calor es riscos climatic importante in plure partes del continente. == Flora e fauna == Asia possede un grande diversitate de ecosistemas. Le forestes boreal de Siberia, le tundras septentrional, le steppas de Asia central, le desertos, le forestes temperate, le forestes tropical e le manglares costal supporta numerose species de plantas e animales. Inter le animales characteristic del continente se trova le [[tigre]], le [[panda gigante]], le [[elephante asiatic]], le [[leopardo de neves]], le [[orangutan]], le [[camelo bactrian]] e numerose species de aves e reptiles. Le distribution de iste species varia secundo le habitat e le conditiones climatic. Le forestes tropical del sud-est asiatic es inter le ecosistemas le plus riche del mundo, ma illos es sub pression per le deforestation, le conversion del terreno al agricultura, le extraction de recursos e le expansion urban. Le protection del biodiversitate es un problema importante in multe paises asiatic, specialmente in regiones ubi le expansion economic e le conservation del habitat compete pro le uso del solo. == Population e linguas == Asia es le continente le plus populate del mundo. Le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] estimava que le population del continente attingeva circa 4,8 milliardos de personas in 2025. Le distribution demographic es multo irregular: certe zonas, como le planities de India e China e le costas del sud-est asiatic, ha densitates multo alte, durante que le desertos e le regiones montaniose es relativemente sparse. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://data.un.org/legacy/en/reg/g142.html |titulo=Asia: General Information and Statistics |sitioweb=United Nations Data |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas parlate in Asia pertine a numerose familias linguistic. Le [[linguas sino-tibetan]], le [[linguas indoeuropee]], le [[linguas dravidic]], le [[linguas turcic]], le [[linguas austronesian]] e le [[linguas austroasiatic]] es inter le familias le plus importante. Le [[arabe]], le [[persiano]], le [[hindi]], le [[bengali]], le [[chinese]], le [[japones]], le [[coreano]], le [[turco]] e le [[indonesiano]] es exemplos de linguas parlate per grande populationes. Le diversitate linguistic es etiam importante intra singule paises. India, Indonesia e China contine numerose linguas regional e minoritari, e multe communitates conserva traditiones linguistic distincte. == Religiones == Asia es le origine historic de plure del principal religiones del mundo. Le [[hinduismo]], le [[buddhismo]], le [[jainismo]] e le [[sikhismo]] se disveloppava in le subcontinente indian. Le [[judaismo]], le [[christianismo]] e le [[islam]] nasceva in Asia occidental. Le [[confucianismo]] e le [[taoismo]] ha un importante historia in China, durante que le [[shintoismo]] es ligate al traditiones religiose de Japonia. Le buddhismo se diffundeva ab Asia meridional verso Asia central, oriental e sud-oriental, assumente formas differente in cata region. Le distribution religiose actual es multo variate. Le islam es importante in Asia occidental, central, meridional e in partes del sud-est asiatic; le hinduismo es dominante in India e Nepal; le buddhismo ha un importante presentia in Asia oriental e sud-oriental; e le christianismo es presente in numerose paises e communitates del continente. == Historia == === Prime civilisationes === Asia es le loco de origine de aliquos del prime civilisationes urban e agricole del mundo. In le regiones del [[Crescent Fertile]], includente partes de Mesopotamia e del Levante, le agricultura sedentari, le irrigation e le prime citates se disveloppava durante le millennios anterior al era commun. In [[Mesopotamia]], le civilisationes sumeric, akkadian, babylonian e assyrian disveloppava systemas de scriptura, administration, commercio e leges. In le [[Valle del Indus]], le citates de [[Harappa]] e [[Mohenjo-daro]] formava un importante civilisation urban durante le tertie millennio ante nostre era. In China, le prime statos e dynastias se disveloppava in le valle del [[Fluvio Huang He]]. In Asia meridional, le civilisation vedic e le formation de regnos posterior contribuiva al evolution de traditiones religiose e philosophic que exerceva un influentia durabile super le continente. === Imperios e religion === Durante le Antiquitate e le Medioevo, Asia esseva dominate per numerose imperios e regnos. Le [[Imperio Persa]], le [[Imperio Maurya]], le dynastias chinese, le [[Imperio Roman]] in su provincias asiatic e le [[Imperio Bizantin]] controlava regiones importante e participava in redes de commercio e intercambio cultural. Le [[Ruta del Seta]] ligava Asia oriental, Asia central, Asia occidental e Europa per un rete de itinerarios terrestre e maritime. Le commercio facilitava le circulation de seta, spicerias, metallos, ceramica e altere productos, assi como le diffusion de religiones, ideas, technicas e cognoscentias. Le expansion del [[Islam]] desde le seculo VII transformava le structura politic e cultural de vaste partes de Asia occidental, central e meridional. In Asia oriental, le civilisationes chinese, corean e japonese disveloppava systemas politic e cultural proprie, con influentias mutual e contactos con altere regiones. === Imperios del Medioevo e del epoca moderne === Durante le Medioevo, Asia videva le disveloppamento de numerose poteres regional. Le [[Imperio Mongol]] del seculo XIII reuniva un vastissime territorio e facilitava le circulation de personas e benes inter regiones distante. In Asia meridional, le [[Sultanato de Delhi]] e le posterior [[Imperio Mogol]] dominava partes importante del subcontinente indian. In Asia oriental, le dynastias chinese, le shogunatos japonese e le regnos corean formava systemas politic complexe. In Asia occidental, le [[Imperio Ottoman]], le [[Imperio Safavida]] e altere statos exerceva un influentia major super le commercio, le religion e le relationes international. Le contactos con Europa se intensificava durante le seculos XV usque XIX, con le expansion del commercio maritime e le formation de imperios colonial europee in partes del continente. === Colonisation e transformationes del seculos XIX e XX === Durante le seculos XIX e XX, numerose regiones de Asia esseva submittite al domination colonial o al influentia politic e economic de poteres externe. Le [[Imperio Britannic]] controlava India e altere territorios; Francia establiva un imperio in Indochina; le [[Imperio Nederlandese]] dominava le Indias Oriental; e altere poteres europee e [[Japonia]] exerceva influentia super partes del continente. [[China]] experimentava interventiones estranier, guerras e transformationes politic importante. Le [[Guerra Sino-Japonese]] e le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] provocava destructiones e modificationes del frontieras e del structuras politic in numerose partes de Asia. Post 1945, le [[decolonisation]] duceva al independentia de numerose paises asiatic. India e Pakistan deveniva independente in 1947, Indonesia in 1949, e multe territorios del sud-est asiatic attingeva lor independentia durante le decennios sequente. Le peninsula corean esseva dividite in duo statos, e le [[Republica Popular de China]] esseva proclamate in 1949. === Asia contemporanee === Desde le secunde medietate del seculo XX, Asia experimentava transformationes economic, social e technologic multo importante. Japonia deveniva un del principal economias industrial del mundo, e postea Corea del Sud, Singapore e altere economias del Asia oriental e sud-oriental disveloppava sectores industrial e technologic importante. Le reforma economic e le industrialisation de China, comenciate in le ultime parte del seculo XX, transformava le pais in un del principal actores del economia mundial. India experientia etiam un expansion importante de su sectores de servicios, technologia e industria. Le situation contemporanee varia multo inter paises. Asia include economias industrialisate, statos emergente e paises con grande necessitates de disveloppamento. Le relationes regional es marcate per le commercio, le cooperation, le rivalitates strategic e le differentias politic. == Economia == Asia representa un parte major del production e del commercio mundial. Su economias include agricultura, industria manufacturari, extraction de recursos natural, energia, technologias digital, servicios financiari e turismo. China, Japonia, India e Corea del Sud es inter le principal economias del continente, ma numerose altere paises ha etiam sectores industrial e commercial importante. Le sud-est asiatic es un centro importante de production manufacturari, electronic, textile e de componentes technologic. Le agricultura continua a esser essential in multe regiones, specialmente in Asia meridional e sud-oriental, ubi le cultivation de [[ris]] es un del principal activitates alimentari. Le petroleo e le gas natural ha un importantia particular in partes de Asia occidental e central. Le differentias de revenito, infrastructura e accesso al servicios es considerabile. Le urbanisation rapide e le expansion industrial ha create opportunitates economic, ma etiam problemas concernente pollution, inequalitate, accesso al logemento e uso del recursos natural. == Urbanisation == Asia contine plure del plus grande agglomerationes urban del mundo, includente [[Tokyo]], [[Delhi]], [[Shanghai]], [[Beijing]], [[Mumbai]], [[Dhaka]], [[Jakarta]] e [[Manila]]. Le expansion del citates ha essite alimentate per le migration rural-urban, le industrialisation e le disveloppamento del sectores de servicios. Le grande zonas urban concentra administration, education, sanitate, industria, commercio e innovation technologic. Nonobstante, le urbanisation rapide pote etiam generar congestione, pollution, problemas de logemento, pressiones super le infrastructura e inequalitates spatial. == Transporto e commercio == Asia es un del principal centros del commercio international. Su portos, ferrovias, aeroportos e corredores logistic conecta le productores industrial e agricole con le mercatos regional e mundial. Le [[Canal de Suez]], le [[Stricto de Malacca]] e le [[Stricto de Hormuz]] es passages maritime de importantia strategic. Illos facilita le circulation de petroleo, gas, benes manufacturate e altere productos inter Asia, Europa e Africa. Le [[Ruta del Seta]] contemporanee e altere iniciativas de cooperation infrastructural promove le construction de ferrovias, portos, stratas e corredores commercial, ben que le effectos e le financiamento de iste projectos varia secundo le pais e le accordos implicate. == Medio ambiente e cambiamento climatic == Asia confronta numerose problemas ambiental, includente le pollution del aere e del aqua, le deforestation, le degradation del solo, le perdita de biodiversitate e le pression super le recursos de aqua dulce. Le cambiamento climatic augmenta le riscos de undas de calor, inundationes, siccitate, cyclones e altere eventos extreme in varie partes del continente. Le glaciares del Himalaya e de altere regiones montaniose es importante pro le alimentation de numerose fluvios, e lor modification pote haber consequentias super le disponibilitate de aqua. Le protection del ecosistemas, le gestion del recursos natural e le reduction del emissiones constitue questiones importante pro le cooperation inter le paises asiatic. Le vulnerabilitate varia considerabilemente secundo le geographia, le infrastructura e le capacitate institutional de cata pais. == Cultura e patrimonio == Le cultura de Asia es marcate per un grande varietate de traditiones, linguas, formas artistic e systemas philosophic e religiose. Le continente possede un patrimonio historic que include templos, moscheas, ecclesias, monasterios, palatios, citates ancian e sitios archeologic. Inter le sitios e monumentos importante se trova le [[Grande Muralla Chinese]], le [[Taj Mahal]], le citate historic de [[Hierusalem]], [[Angkor Wat]], [[Petra]] e le centros historic de [[Kyoto]]. Le [[UNESCO]] inscribe numerose sitios asiatic in su Lista del Patrimonio Mundial, includente centros historic, paisages cultural, monumentos religiose e sitios natural. Le patrimonio cultural immaterial include artes traditional, musica, dansa, gastronomia, artesanato e festivitates local. {{Ref}} {{Continentes}} {{Paises de Asia}} {{elem|Continentes}} [[Categoria:Asia| ]] [[Categoria:Eurasia]] {{Pecietta | geographia}} 4e3et0gnkzmcxomkku96i3226fytz44 704731 704730 2026-10-17T21:31:10Z Interlingvisto 60932 704731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/objecto natural}} '''Asia''' es le continente le plus grande e le plus populate del Terra. Illo occupa circa 44,6 milliones de kilometros quadrate, equivalente a circa 30% del superficie terrestre, e contine circa 4,8 milliardos de habitantes in 2025, approximativemente 59% del population mundial. Asia se extende principalement in le hemispherios oriental e septentrional e constitue le parte oriental del grande massa continental de [[Eurasia]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Asia |titulo=Asia |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://data.un.org/legacy/en/reg/g142.html |titulo=Asia: General Information and Statistics |sitioweb=United Nations Data |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le continente es delimitate al nord per le [[Oceano Arctic]], al est per le [[Oceano Pacific]] e al sud per le [[Oceano Indian]]. Al west, Asia es contigue a [[Europa]] e al [[Africa]]. Le limites conventional con Europa passa per le [[Montes Ural]], le [[Fluvio Ural]], le [[Mar Caspian]], le region del [[Caucaso]] e le [[Mar Nere]], ben que le definition exacte varia secundo le tradition geographic. Le [[Canal de Suez]] e le [[Mar Rubie]] forma parte del limite conventional inter Asia e Africa. Asia es un continente de extraordinari diversitate physic, climatic, linguistic, religiose e cultural. Illo include le plus alte montanias del mundo, vaste planities, desertos, forestes tropical, tundras, insulas vulcanic e zonas densemente urbanisate. Illo es etiam le origine de numerose civilisationes ancian e de plure del principal religiones mundial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/asia-human/ |titulo=Asia: Human Geography |sitioweb=National Geographic Society |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Geographia == Asia se extende super un territorio enorme, ab le regiones arctic de Siberia usque al insulas tropical del sud-est asiatic, e ab le costa mediterranee de Asia occidental usque al insulas del Pacific occidental. Su costa es le plus longe del continentes, e su geographia include un grande varietate de formas de relevo. Le principal elementos geographic include: * Le [[Himalaya]], con le [[Monte Everest]], le puncto le plus alte del superficie terrestre; * Le [[Plateau del Tibet]], un del plus alte e vaste mesetas del mundo; * Le [[Montes Ural]], que forma un del limites conventional inter Asia e Europa; * Le [[Deserto de Gobi]], situate principalement in Mongolia e China; * Le [[Deserto Arabic]], in Asia occidental; * Le [[Planitie Siberian Occidental]], un vaste region basse in le nord; * Le [[Plateau de Deccan]], in le sud de [[India]]; * Le [[Fluvio Yangtze]], le [[Fluvio Huang He]], le [[Ganges]] e le [[Indus]], importante systemas fluvial; * Le [[Lago Baikal]], un del plus profunde e grande reservas de aqua dulce del mundo. Le Himalaya e le montanias vicin se formava principalmente per le collision inter le placa tectonic indiana e le placa euroasiatic. Iste processo continua e produce terremotos e altere manifestationes tectonic in diverse partes del continente. Asia include etiam insulas e archipelagos importante, inter illos [[Japonia]], le [[Philippinas]], [[Indonesia]], [[Sri Lanka]] e [[Taiwan]]. Le insulas del sud-est e del est asiatic es situate in regiones de intense activitate tectonic e vulcanic. == Regiones == Le division del continente varia secundo le criterios geographic, historic e politic. Un classification commun distingui sex regiones: Asia septentrional, Asia central, Asia oriental, Asia meridional, Asia sud-oriental e Asia occidental. Le [[Nationes Unite]] usa su proprie division statistic, que non coincide sempre exactemente con le classification geographic habitual. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ |titulo=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use (M49) |sitioweb=United Nations Statistics Division |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Asia septentrional === Asia septentrional es dominate per [[Siberia]], le vaste parte asiatic de [[Russia]]. Illo se extende ab le Montes Ural al west usque al [[Oceano Pacific]] al est, e ab le [[Oceano Arctic]] al nord usque al frontieras con [[Kazakhstan]], [[Mongolia]] e [[China]] al sud. Le clima es in grande parte continental e subarctic, con invernos multo frigide e longe e estates breve. Le region include forestes boreal, tundras, planities e montanias. Le population es relativemente sparse in multe zonas, ben que existe citates importante e centros industrial e minier. === Asia central === Asia central es un region interior del continente, sin accesso directe al oceano. Illa es generalmente associate con cinque paises: [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Kirghizistan]] e [[Tadjikistan]]. Le paisage include steppas, desertos, mesetas e montanias. Le [[Mar Caspian]], le [[Deserto de Karakum]] e le systemas montaniose del [[Pamir]] e del [[Tien Shan]] es elementos geographic importante. Le historia de Asia central es ligate al [[Ruta del Seta]], al intercambio commercial inter China, Persia e Europa, e al disveloppamento de imperios e societates nomade. Le linguas turcic es largemente parlate, durante que le tadjiko pertine al gruppo iranian. === Asia oriental === Asia oriental include principalmente [[China]], [[Japonia]], [[Mongolia]], [[Corea del Nord]] e [[Corea del Sud]]. Secundo le classification empleate, altere territorios pote esser includite in iste region. China occupa un grande parte del territorio e include ambientes que varia ab le desertos del interior usque al planities fertile, le montanias e le costas densemente populate. Japonia es un archipelago con montanias e vulcanos active, durante que le peninsula corean ha un historia e un geographia distincte. Asia oriental es un del principal centros economic e technologic del mundo. Illo ha etiam un longe historia de civilisationes, litteratura, philosophia, systemas politic e traditiones artistic. === Asia meridional === Asia meridional include principalmente [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Sri Lanka]] e le [[Maldivas]]. [[Afghanistan]] es etiam includite in multe classificationes del region. Le Himalaya domina le nord, durante que le planities del Indus e del Ganges forma un del zonas agricole e demographic le plus importante del mundo. Le Plateau de Deccan occupa grande parte del peninsula indian, e le costa del [[Oceano Indian]] es bordate per numerose portos e regiones de grande importantia commercial. Asia meridional es un del regiones le plus densemente populate del planeta e possede un grande diversitate de linguas, religiones e culturas. Le [[hinduismo]], le [[buddhismo]], le [[jainismo]] e le [[sikhismo]] ha lor origines historic in iste region. === Asia sud-oriental === Asia sud-oriental comprende le peninsulas e archipelagos situate inter Asia meridional, China e Australia. Le statos del region include [[Myanmar]], [[Thailandia]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodja]], [[Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]], [[Brunei]], le [[Philippinas]] e [[Timor Oriental]]. Le region ha un clima principalement tropical, con forestes pluvial, montanias, grandes deltas fluvial e insulas vulcanic. Le [[Mekong|Fluvio Mekong]] es un del principal systemas fluvial e supporta le agricultura e le pesca in plure paises. Asia sud-oriental es un importante centro de commercio maritime e de production industrial. Le [[Stricto de Malacca]] es un del principal corredores maritime del mundo, ligante le Oceano Indian al Pacific. === Asia occidental === Asia occidental, sovente appellate [[Medio Oriente]] in contextos historic e politic, include le regiones situate inter le Mediterraneo oriental, le Peninsula Arabic, le Caucaso e partes del Plateau Iranian. Le classificationes varia, specialmente in relation con le inclusion de [[Cypro]], [[Turchia]] e certe paises del Caucaso. Le region include paises como [[Arabia Saudita]], [[Iran]], [[Irak]], [[Israel]], [[Jordania]], [[Libano]], [[Syria]], [[Yemen]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Bahrain]], le [[Emiratos Arabe Unite]], [[Kuwait]], [[Turchia]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaidjan]] e [[Georgia]], secundo le classification empleate. Asia occidental es un region de grande importantia historic pro le evolution del prime citates, del agricultura sedentari e de plure traditiones religiose. Illo include desertos, mesetas, montanias e zonas costal circum le Mediterraneo, le Mar Rubie, le Golfo Persic e le Mar Arabe. == Paises e territorios == Asia contine plure decenas de paises e territorios. Le numero exacte varia secundo le classification del continente e le tractamento de paises transcontinental o territorios con recognition international limitate. Inter le statos sovran generalmente considerate asiatic se trova: * [[Afghanistan]] * [[Arabia Saudita]] * [[Armenia]] * [[Azerbaidjan]] * [[Bahrain]] * [[Bangladesh]] * [[Bhutan]] * [[Brunei]] * [[Cambodja]] * [[China]] * [[Corea del Nord]] * [[Corea del Sud]] * [[Cypro]] * [[Emiratos Arabe Unite]] * [[Georgia]] * [[India]] * [[Indonesia]] * [[Iran]] * [[Irak]] * [[Israel]] * [[Japonia]] * [[Jordania]] * [[Kazakhstan]] * [[Kirghizistan]] * [[Kuwait]] * [[Laos]] * [[Libano]] * [[Malaysia]] * [[Maldivas]] * [[Mongolia]] * [[Myanmar]] * [[Nepal]] * [[Oman]] * [[Pakistan]] * [[Palestina]] * [[Philippinas]] * [[Qatar]] * [[Russia]] * [[Singapore]] * [[Sri Lanka]] * [[Syria]] * [[Tadjikistan]] * [[Thailandia]] * [[Timor Oriental]] * [[Turkmenistan]] * [[Turchia]] * [[Uzbekistan]] * [[Vietnam]] * [[Yemen]] Le inclusion de Russia, Turchia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaidjan, Georgia e Cypro depende del criterio geographic o politic empleate, perque certe de iste paises es transcontinental o ha ligamines historic con Europa. Le Stato de Palestina es recognoscite per numerose paises e ha status de observator non membro al [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]]. Le status de [[Taiwan]] e de altere territorios disputate es etiam tractate de maniera differente per varie classificationes. == Clima == Le clima de Asia es extraordinarimente variate a causa de su extension, altitude e distantia del oceanos. In le nord, le regiones de Siberia ha climas subarctic e polar, con invernos longe e frigide. Le interior del continente include vaste zonas aride e semiaride, includente le desertos de Gobi e Taklamakan. Le sud e le sud-est asiatic es influentiate per le [[monson]], que determina alternationes saisonal de pluvia e periodos plus sic. Le region del Himalaya e le plateau tibetan ha climas montaniose, con temperaturas basse e forte variationes secundo le altitude. Le costas oriental de China, Japonia e Corea ha climas que varia inter temperate e subtropical. Asia occidental include vaste desertos, ben que le regiones mediterranee e del Mar Nere ha conditiones plus humide. Le cyclones tropical, le inundationes monsonic, le siccitate e le undas de calor es riscos climatic importante in plure partes del continente. == Flora e fauna == Asia possede un grande diversitate de ecosistemas. Le forestes boreal de Siberia, le tundras septentrional, le steppas de Asia central, le desertos, le forestes temperate, le forestes tropical e le manglares costal supporta numerose species de plantas e animales. Inter le animales characteristic del continente se trova le [[tigre]], le [[panda gigante]], le [[elephante asiatic]], le [[leopardo de neves]], le [[orangutan]], le [[camelo bactrian]] e numerose species de aves e reptiles. Le distribution de iste species varia secundo le habitat e le conditiones climatic. Le forestes tropical del sud-est asiatic es inter le ecosistemas le plus riche del mundo, ma illos es sub pression per le deforestation, le conversion del terreno al agricultura, le extraction de recursos e le expansion urban. Le protection del biodiversitate es un problema importante in multe paises asiatic, specialmente in regiones ubi le expansion economic e le conservation del habitat compete pro le uso del solo. == Population e linguas == Asia es le continente le plus populate del mundo. Le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] estimava que le population del continente attingeva circa 4,8 milliardos de personas in 2025. Le distribution demographic es multo irregular: certe zonas, como le planities de India e China e le costas del sud-est asiatic, ha densitates multo alte, durante que le desertos e le regiones montaniose es relativemente sparse. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://data.un.org/legacy/en/reg/g142.html |titulo=Asia: General Information and Statistics |sitioweb=United Nations Data |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas parlate in Asia pertine a numerose familias linguistic. Le [[linguas sino-tibetan]], le [[linguas indoeuropee]], le [[linguas dravidic]], le [[linguas turcic]], le [[linguas austronesian]] e le [[linguas austroasiatic]] es inter le familias le plus importante. Le [[arabe]], le [[persiano]], le [[hindi]], le [[bengali]], le [[chinese]], le [[japones]], le [[coreano]], le [[turco]] e le [[indonesiano]] es exemplos de linguas parlate per grande populationes. Le diversitate linguistic es etiam importante intra singule paises. India, Indonesia e China contine numerose linguas regional e minoritari, e multe communitates conserva traditiones linguistic distincte. == Religiones == Asia es le origine historic de plure del principal religiones del mundo. Le [[hinduismo]], le [[buddhismo]], le [[jainismo]] e le [[sikhismo]] se disveloppava in le subcontinente indian. Le [[judaismo]], le [[christianismo]] e le [[islam]] nasceva in Asia occidental. Le [[confucianismo]] e le [[taoismo]] ha un importante historia in China, durante que le [[shintoismo]] es ligate al traditiones religiose de Japonia. Le buddhismo se diffundeva ab Asia meridional verso Asia central, oriental e sud-oriental, assumente formas differente in cata region. Le distribution religiose actual es multo variate. Le islam es importante in Asia occidental, central, meridional e in partes del sud-est asiatic; le hinduismo es dominante in India e Nepal; le buddhismo ha un importante presentia in Asia oriental e sud-oriental; e le christianismo es presente in numerose paises e communitates del continente. == Historia == === Prime civilisationes === Asia es le loco de origine de aliquos del prime civilisationes urban e agricole del mundo. In le regiones del [[Crescent Fertile]], includente partes de Mesopotamia e del Levante, le agricultura sedentari, le irrigation e le prime citates se disveloppava durante le millennios anterior al era commun. In [[Mesopotamia]], le civilisationes sumeric, akkadian, babylonian e assyrian disveloppava systemas de scriptura, administration, commercio e leges. In le [[Valle del Indus]], le citates de [[Harappa]] e [[Mohenjo-daro]] formava un importante civilisation urban durante le tertie millennio ante nostre era. In China, le prime statos e dynastias se disveloppava in le valle del [[Fluvio Huang He]]. In Asia meridional, le civilisation vedic e le formation de regnos posterior contribuiva al evolution de traditiones religiose e philosophic que exerceva un influentia durabile super le continente. === Imperios e religion === Durante le Antiquitate e le Medievo, Asia esseva dominate per numerose imperios e regnos. Le [[Imperio Persa]], le [[Imperio Maurya]], le dynastias chinese, le [[Imperio Roman]] in su provincias asiatic e le [[Imperio Bizantin]] controlava regiones importante e participava in redes de commercio e intercambio cultural. Le [[Ruta del Seta]] ligava Asia oriental, Asia central, Asia occidental e Europa per un rete de itinerarios terrestre e maritime. Le commercio facilitava le circulation de seta, spicerias, metallos, ceramica e altere productos, assi como le diffusion de religiones, ideas, technicas e cognoscentias. Le expansion del [[Islam]] desde le seculo VII transformava le structura politic e cultural de vaste partes de Asia occidental, central e meridional. In Asia oriental, le civilisationes chinese, corean e japonese disveloppava systemas politic e cultural proprie, con influentias mutual e contactos con altere regiones. === Imperios del Medievo e del epoca moderne === Durante le Medievo, Asia videva le disveloppamento de numerose poteres regional. Le [[Imperio Mongol]] del seculo XIII reuniva un vastissime territorio e facilitava le circulation de personas e benes inter regiones distante. In Asia meridional, le [[Sultanato de Delhi]] e le posterior [[Imperio Mogol]] dominava partes importante del subcontinente indian. In Asia oriental, le dynastias chinese, le shogunatos japonese e le regnos corean formava systemas politic complexe. In Asia occidental, le [[Imperio Ottoman]], le [[Imperio Safavida]] e altere statos exerceva un influentia major super le commercio, le religion e le relationes international. Le contactos con Europa se intensificava durante le seculos XV usque XIX, con le expansion del commercio maritime e le formation de imperios colonial europee in partes del continente. === Colonisation e transformationes del seculos XIX e XX === Durante le seculos XIX e XX, numerose regiones de Asia esseva submittite al domination colonial o al influentia politic e economic de poteres externe. Le [[Imperio Britannic]] controlava India e altere territorios; Francia establiva un imperio in Indochina; le [[Imperio Nederlandese]] dominava le Indias Oriental; e altere poteres europee e [[Japonia]] exerceva influentia super partes del continente. [[China]] experimentava interventiones estranier, guerras e transformationes politic importante. Le [[Guerra Sino-Japonese]] e le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] provocava destructiones e modificationes del frontieras e del structuras politic in numerose partes de Asia. Post 1945, le [[decolonisation]] duceva al independentia de numerose paises asiatic. India e Pakistan deveniva independente in 1947, Indonesia in 1949, e multe territorios del sud-est asiatic attingeva lor independentia durante le decennios sequente. Le peninsula corean esseva dividite in duo statos, e le [[Republica Popular de China]] esseva proclamate in 1949. === Asia contemporanee === Desde le secunde medietate del seculo XX, Asia experimentava transformationes economic, social e technologic multo importante. Japonia deveniva un del principal economias industrial del mundo, e postea Corea del Sud, Singapore e altere economias del Asia oriental e sud-oriental disveloppava sectores industrial e technologic importante. Le reforma economic e le industrialisation de China, comenciate in le ultime parte del seculo XX, transformava le pais in un del principal actores del economia mundial. India experientia etiam un expansion importante de su sectores de servicios, technologia e industria. Le situation contemporanee varia multo inter paises. Asia include economias industrialisate, statos emergente e paises con grande necessitates de disveloppamento. Le relationes regional es marcate per le commercio, le cooperation, le rivalitates strategic e le differentias politic. == Economia == Asia representa un parte major del production e del commercio mundial. Su economias include agricultura, industria manufacturari, extraction de recursos natural, energia, technologias digital, servicios financiari e turismo. China, Japonia, India e Corea del Sud es inter le principal economias del continente, ma numerose altere paises ha etiam sectores industrial e commercial importante. Le sud-est asiatic es un centro importante de production manufacturari, electronic, textile e de componentes technologic. Le agricultura continua a esser essential in multe regiones, specialmente in Asia meridional e sud-oriental, ubi le cultivation de [[ris]] es un del principal activitates alimentari. Le petroleo e le gas natural ha un importantia particular in partes de Asia occidental e central. Le differentias de revenito, infrastructura e accesso al servicios es considerabile. Le urbanisation rapide e le expansion industrial ha create opportunitates economic, ma etiam problemas concernente pollution, inequalitate, accesso al logemento e uso del recursos natural. == Urbanisation == Asia contine plure del plus grande agglomerationes urban del mundo, includente [[Tokyo]], [[Delhi]], [[Shanghai]], [[Beijing]], [[Mumbai]], [[Dhaka]], [[Jakarta]] e [[Manila]]. Le expansion del citates ha essite alimentate per le migration rural-urban, le industrialisation e le disveloppamento del sectores de servicios. Le grande zonas urban concentra administration, education, sanitate, industria, commercio e innovation technologic. Nonobstante, le urbanisation rapide pote etiam generar congestione, pollution, problemas de logemento, pressiones super le infrastructura e inequalitates spatial. == Transporto e commercio == Asia es un del principal centros del commercio international. Su portos, ferrovias, aeroportos e corredores logistic conecta le productores industrial e agricole con le mercatos regional e mundial. Le [[Canal de Suez]], le [[Stricto de Malacca]] e le [[Stricto de Hormuz]] es passages maritime de importantia strategic. Illos facilita le circulation de petroleo, gas, benes manufacturate e altere productos inter Asia, Europa e Africa. Le [[Ruta del Seta]] contemporanee e altere iniciativas de cooperation infrastructural promove le construction de ferrovias, portos, stratas e corredores commercial, ben que le effectos e le financiamento de iste projectos varia secundo le pais e le accordos implicate. == Medio ambiente e cambiamento climatic == Asia confronta numerose problemas ambiental, includente le pollution del aere e del aqua, le deforestation, le degradation del solo, le perdita de biodiversitate e le pression super le recursos de aqua dulce. Le cambiamento climatic augmenta le riscos de undas de calor, inundationes, siccitate, cyclones e altere eventos extreme in varie partes del continente. Le glaciares del Himalaya e de altere regiones montaniose es importante pro le alimentation de numerose fluvios, e lor modification pote haber consequentias super le disponibilitate de aqua. Le protection del ecosistemas, le gestion del recursos natural e le reduction del emissiones constitue questiones importante pro le cooperation inter le paises asiatic. Le vulnerabilitate varia considerabilemente secundo le geographia, le infrastructura e le capacitate institutional de cata pais. == Cultura e patrimonio == Le cultura de Asia es marcate per un grande varietate de traditiones, linguas, formas artistic e systemas philosophic e religiose. Le continente possede un patrimonio historic que include templos, moscheas, ecclesias, monasterios, palatios, citates ancian e sitios archeologic. Inter le sitios e monumentos importante se trova le [[Grande Muralla Chinese]], le [[Taj Mahal]], le citate historic de [[Hierusalem]], [[Angkor Wat]], [[Petra]] e le centros historic de [[Kyoto]]. Le [[UNESCO]] inscribe numerose sitios asiatic in su Lista del Patrimonio Mundial, includente centros historic, paisages cultural, monumentos religiose e sitios natural. Le patrimonio cultural immaterial include artes traditional, musica, dansa, gastronomia, artesanato e festivitates local. {{Ref}} {{Continentes}} {{Paises de Asia}} {{elem|Continentes}} [[Categoria:Asia| ]] [[Categoria:Eurasia]] s9oz48fphv14chj7jyj3xcdfwiueiul 0 6195 704726 664271 2026-10-17T21:22:48Z Interlingvisto 60932 704726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} '''Africa''' es un continente situate principalement inter le [[Oceano Atlantic]] al west e le [[Oceano Indian]] al est. Illo es le secunde continente plus grande e plus populate del Terra, post [[Asia]], con un superficie de circa 30,3 milliones de kilometros quadrate, includente su insulas adjacente. Le [[Mar Mediterranee]] lo separa de [[Europa]] al nord, durante que le [[Mar Rubie]] e le [[Istmo de Suez]] lo connecte geographicamente con Asia al nord-est. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa |titulo=Africa |sitioweb=Wikipedia in anglese |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Africa es un continente de grande diversitate geographic, biologic, linguistic e cultural. Illo include desertos, savannas, forestes tropical, montanias, alte planities e regiones mediterranee. Su historia comprende aliquos del plus ancian civilisationes del mundo, numerose regnos e imperios, redes commercial transcontinental, le expansion del Islam e del christianismo, le trata transatlantic de personas enslaveate, le colonisation europee e le formation de statos independente durante le seculo XX. Le continente es etiam le origine de un parte importante del historia evolutive del humanitate. Le fossiles e le evidentia genetic indica que le [[Homo sapiens]] se disveloppava in Africa ante su expansion verso altere partes del planeta. == Nomine e definition == Le origine exacte del nomine Africa es incerte. In le periodo roman, le termino designava inicialmente un territorio del Africa del Nord, specialmente le region circum [[Carthago]], e esseva postea extendite al insimul del continente cognoscite per le Romanos. Le nomine es usate hodie pro designar le continente integre, ma le divisiones geographic e cultural varia secundo le contexto. Le expressiones Africa del Nord, Africa Occidental, Africa Central, Africa Oriental e Africa Austral es usate pro distinguer le principal regiones del continente. Africa es etiam un notion politic e cultural. Le historia del continente es marcate per contactos inter communitates indigena, migrantes, comerciantes e imperios proveniente de differente partes del mundo. == Geographia physic == === Position e extension === Africa es traversate per le [[Equator]] e se extende verso le latitudes septentrional e austral. Le [[Tropico del Cancer]] traversa le parte septentrional, durante que le [[Tropico del Capricorno]] traversa le parte austral. Le continente comprende tamben territorios insular, includente [[Madagascar]], le [[Insulas Canarie]], [[Cabo Verde]], [[São Tomé e Príncipe]], le [[Comores]], [[Mauritio]] e le [[Seychelles]]. Le costa african es relativemente pauc indentate comparate con illa de Europa. Le principal golfos include le [[Golfo de Guinea]], le [[Golfo de Aden]] e le [[Golfo de Sidra]]. Le [[Canal de Suez]], inaugurate in 1869, connecte le Mar Mediterranee al Mar Rubie e facilita le navigation inter Europa, Africa e Asia. Le continente es unificate geologicamente in grande parte per le [[Placa African]], ben que su extremitate nord-oriental include zonas de contacto con altere placas tectonic. Le [[Rift de Africa Oriental]] es un del principal zonas de fractura tectonic del mundo. === Sahara e Sahel === Le [[Sahara]] es le plus grande deserto calide del mundo e occupa un vaste territorio del Africa del Nord. Illo se extende desde le costa del Atlantico usque al Mar Rubie e include dunes, planities rochose, montanias e depressiones. Le Sahara non es un spatio completemente inhabitate. Historicamente, communitates nomadic e sedentari viveva in oases e secundo le itinerarios que connecteva le Africa mediterranee con le regiones al sud del deserto. Le dromedario deveniva un elemento importante del transporto transsaharian, specialmente post su introduction e diffusion in le region. Al sud del Sahara se trova le [[Sahel]], un zona de transition inter le deserto e le savannas plus humide. Le Sahel es caracterisate per pluviositate irregular, agricultura, pastorage e forte vulnerabilitate al variationes climatic. === Africa Occidental === Le Africa Occidental comprende le regiones litoral del Atlantico e le territorios que se extende verso le interior del continente. Le region include le [[Senegal]], [[Gambia]], [[Guinea]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Costa de Ebore]], [[Ghana]], [[Togo]], [[Benin]], [[Nigeria]], [[Niger]], [[Mali]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Mauritania]] e altere paises. Le paisage varia desde le savannas del interior usque al forestes tropical del litoral. Le [[Fluvio Niger|Rio Niger]] es un del principal systemas fluvial del region e ha un rolo historic importante in le agricultura, le commercio e le formation de statos. === Africa Central === Le Africa Central comprende le bassino del [[Fluvio Congo|Rio Congo]] e vaste areas de foresta tropical. Le [[Foresta del Congo]] es un del plus grande forestes pluvial del mundo e representa un importante reservoir de biodiversitate e de carbon. Le region include le [[Republica Democratic del Congo]], le [[Republica del Congo]], le [[Camerun]], le [[Gabon]], le [[Guinea Equatorial]], le [[Republica Centroafrican]], le [[Chad]] e altere paises secundo le definition geographic usate. Le Rio Congo es le secunde systema fluvial del mundo in termino de fluxo, post le Amazonas. Su bassino es importante pro le transporto, le energia hydroelectric e le subsistentia de numerose communitates. === Africa Oriental === Le Africa Oriental include le [[Corno de Africa]], le region del [[Grandes Lacos African]], le zonas litoral del Oceano Indian e le territorios que se extende verso le sud. Le [[Valle del Rift African Oriental]] es un vaste systema de fracturas tectonic que include lagos profunde, vulcanos e alte planities. Le region include [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], [[Ruanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Somalia]], [[Eritrea]], [[Djibuti]] e altere statos. Le [[Lago Victoria]], le [[Lago Tanganyika]] e le [[Lago Malawi]] es inter le principal lagos del region. Le [[Kilimanjaro]], in Tanzania, es le monte le plus alte de Africa, con un altitude de circa 5 895 metros. === Africa Austral === Le Africa Austral comprende le partes meridional del continente e include le [[Africa del Sud]], [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Zambia]], [[Mozambique]], [[Angola]], [[Malawi]], [[Lesotho]] e [[Eswatini]], inter altere paises. Le region presenta un grande varietate de ambientes, includente le [[Deserto de Namib]], le [[Deserto del Kalahari]], le altiplanos del interior e le zonas mediterranee del sud-occidente del Africa del Sud. Le [[Rio Zambezi]] e le [[Cataractas Victoria]] es elementos geographic importante. Le region possede etiam vaste reservas de minerales, includente auro, diamantes, platino, cupro e cobalto. == Clima == Le clima de Africa varia principalmente secundo le latitude, le altitude, le distantia del oceano e le circulation atmospheric. Le regiones circum le Equator ha generalmente un clima tropical humide, con pluviositate abundante e forestes dense. Plus distante del Equator, le savannas presenta un alternation de saison pluviose e saison sic. Le Sahara e altere desertos del nord e del sud es caracterisate per precipitaciones multo basse e forte amplitudes thermic. Le regiones mediterranee del Maghreb e del Africa del Sud occidental ha estates calide e sic e hibernos plus humide. Le regiones montaniose, specialmente le altiplanos african e le montanias del Africa Oriental, presenta climas plus temperate o frigide secundo le altitude. Le variationes climatic ha un influentia directe super le agricultura, le disponibilitate de aqua e le distribution del population. Le siccitate e le variationes del pluviositate pote haber effectos importante super le securitate alimentar e le recursos natural. == Ecosistemas e biodiversitate == Africa possede un grande diversitate de ecosistemas, includente forestes tropical, savannas, desertos, zonas humide, manglares e ecosistemas montaniose. Le foresta del Congo es importante pro le regulation del clima global e pro le conservation del biodiversitate. Le savannas del Africa Oriental e Austral sustene grande populationes de mammiferos, includente elephantes, zebras, girafas, leones e numerose species de antilopes. Le continente es habitat de species emblematic como le [[Elephante african]], le [[Leone]], le [[Leopardo]], le [[Gorilla]], le [[Chimpanze]] e le [[Rhinoceros]]. Madagascar, un insula al sud-est del continente, possede un biodiversitate particularmente distinctive, includente le [[lemur]]es, multe del quales non existe naturalmente in altere partes del mundo. Le biodiversitate african es menaciate per le deforestation, le conversion del habitats, le braconage, le pollution, le cambiamento climatic e le expansion de certe activitates industrial e agricole. Le conservation implica cooperation inter le administrationes, le communitates local e le organisationes international. == Historia == === Prehistoria e origines del humanitate === Africa occupa un position central in le historia evolutive del humanitate. Le fossiles de homininos trovate in Africa Oriental, Austral e Central documenta plure phases del evolution human durante milliones de annos. Le evidentia fossil e genetic indica que [[Homo sapiens]] se originava in Africa ante circa 300 000 annos. Populationes human se expandiva ulteriormente verso Asia, Europa e altere regiones del mundo, in plure undas de migration. Le prime societates african includeva communitates de chasatores e collectores, durante que le adoption gradual del agricultura e del pastorage transformava multe regiones. Le Sahara habeva in certe periodos prehistoric un clima multo plus humide que hodie, con lagos, fluvios e vegetation que permitteva le vita de communitates human e de numerose animales. === Antiquitate === Africa es le loco de origine de plure del plus ancian civilisationes del mundo. Le [[Egypto antique]], disveloppate al longo del [[Nilo]], establiva un stato centralisate con un administration complex, scriptura, architectura monumental e traditiones religiose elaborate. Le civilisation egyptie habeva relationes con [[Nubia]], le [[Regno de Kush]] e altere regiones del Africa del Nord-Est. Kush, con centros como [[Napata]] e [[Meroë]], deveniva un importante potentia regional e controlava rotas commercial e recursos como le ferro e le auro. In le Africa del Nord, le [[Fenicios]] fundava postos commercial e colonias, includente [[Carthago]], que deveniva un grande potentia maritime. Le guerras punic inter Carthago e le [[Republica Roman]] culminava con le destruction de Carthago in 146 a.C. e le expansion del dominio roman in le Africa del Nord. Le Africa del Nord deveniva un importante parte del mundo roman, con citates, portos, agricultura e redes commercial. Le regiones del interior manteneva lor proprie societates e formas de organisation politic, in interaction con le imperios mediterranee. === Africa durante le prime seculos del era commun === Durante le prime seculos de nostre era, le Africa del Nord continuava a esser un centro de commercio, cultura e religion. Le christianismo se diffundeva in Egypto, le Africa roman e altere regiones, producendo traditiones teologic e monastic importante. In le Corno de Africa, le [[Regno de Aksum]] deveniva un potentia commercial que manteneva relationes con le Mar Rubie, Arabia, le Mediterraneo e le Oceano Indian. Aksum adoptava le christianismo durante le seculo IV e disveloppava un tradition scriptural proprie. In Africa Occidental, le formation de societates agricole e de redes commercial contribuiva al disveloppamento de statos regional. Le diffusion del uso del ferro, le agricultura e le commercio contribuiva al expansion de populationes e linguas in plure partes del continente. === Islam e redes commercial medieval === Desde le seculo VII, le expansion del [[Islam]] transformava le Africa del Nord e, gradualmente, partes del Sahara, del Sahel e del costa oriental. Le conquestas arabe portava al integration de multe regiones in le mundo islamic e al disveloppamento de nove redes intellectual e commercial. Le commercio transsaharian deveniva un importante via de commercio inter le Africa del Nord e le regiones al sud del Sahara. Le auro, le sal, le telas, le cavallos e altere productos circulava per caravanas que ligava citates e regnos. Le [[Imperio de Ghana]], le [[Imperio de Mali]] e le [[Imperio Songhai]] deveniva potentias importante in Africa Occidental. Le citate de [[Timbuktu]] deveniva un centro de commercio, education islamic e manuscritos, specialmente durante le periodo de Mali e Songhai. Le peregrination de [[Mansa Musa]], imperator de Mali, a [[Mecca]] in 1324 contribuiva a diffunder le fama del divitias del imperio in le mundo mediterranee e islamic. === Africa Oriental e le Oceano Indian === Le costa oriental de Africa faceva parte de un vaste rete commercial que ligava Africa, Arabia, Persia, India e, ulteriormente, China. Le citates swahili, como [[Kilwa]], [[Mombasa]] e [[Zanzibar]], participava al commercio de auro, ebore, ferro, telas e altere productos. Le lingua [[swahili]] se disveloppava como un lingua de communication regional, con elementos bantu e influentias arabe e altere. Le societates litoral combinava traditiones african con practicas religiose e commercial del mundo del Oceano Indian. In le Africa del Sud, le societates agricole e pastoral se disveloppava in relation con le ambientes local e con le expansion de linguas bantu. Le historia del region include etiam le communitates khoisan, cuje linguas e traditiones ha radices multo ancian. === Regnos e imperios african === Le historia african medieval e moderne include numerose statos e societates con organisationes politic distincte. Inter illos se trova le [[Regno de Benin]], le [[Imperio Oyo]], le [[Regno de Kongo]], le [[Imperio de Kanem-Bornu]], le [[Regno de Buganda]] e le statos del region del [[Grandes Lacos African]]. Le formas de governance variava desde regnos centralisate usque a federationes, citates commercial e communitates organisate per consilios e autoritates local. Le religion, le parentella, le commercio e le controlo del terras habeva roles differente secundo le region e le epocha. Le arte african produceva obras in bronzo, ebore, ligno, textile e ceramica. Le bronzos de Benin e le sculpturas de numerose societates del Africa Occidental e Central deveniva celebre per lor complexitate technic e valor cultural. === Expansion europee e trata de personas enslaveate === Le contactos europee con le costa african se intensificava desde le seculo XV. Le navigatores portugese establiva postos commercial al longo del costa occidental e central, e altere poteres europee se implicava ulteriormente in le commercio maritime. Le [[trata transatlantic de sclavos]] deportava per fortia milliones de africanos verso le Americas. Le trata involveva statos e comerciantes europee, actores african que participava in differente modos, e redes commercial transoceanic. Le captivos esseva vendite e obligate a laborar in plantationes, minas e altere sectores economic. Le effectos includeva perditas demographic, violentia, dislocation de communitates e transformation del economias regional. Le trata transatlantic existeva insimul con altere formas de esclavitude e de commercio de personas, includente redes transsaharian e del Oceano Indian. Le abolition del trata e del esclavitude esseva un processo longe e dispar. Le prohibition del trata transatlantic per le Grande Britannia in 1807 e le abolition del esclavitude in numerose paises durante le seculo XIX non eliminava immediatemente le exploitation o le commercio illegal de personas. === Colonisation europee e le partition de Africa === Durante le seculo XIX, le expansion imperial europee se intensificava. Le [[Conferentia de Berlin]] de 1884–1885 establiva principios pro le reclamation e le administration de territorios african per le poteres europee, accelerante le partition colonial del continente. Le Grande Britannia, Francia, Belgica, Germania, Portugal, Italia e Espania establiva o expandiva lor dominios colonial. Le conquista incontrava resistencia armate e politic in numerose regiones, includente le opposition de statos e societates african. [[Etiopia]] preservava su independentia durante le major parte del periodo colonial, ben que esseva occupate per Italia inter 1936 e 1941. [[Liberia]] manteneva tamben su independentia formal durante le epoca del expansion colonial, ben que su relationes con le Statos Unite e altere poteres exterior influentiava su evolution. Le administration colonial transformava le frontieras, le systemas de labor, le agricultura, le infrastructuras e le education. In multe territorios, le economias esseva reorganisate pro servir le extraction de materias prime e le interesses del metropoles europee. Le frontieras colonial esseva frequentemente traciate sin considerar le distribution de linguas, communitates o redes politic preexistente. Isto ha contribuite a conflictos e difficultates institutional post le independentia, ben que le effectos varia considerabilemente inter paises. === Africa in le seculo XX === ==== Guerras mundial ==== Durante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], Africa deveniva un teatro de operationes in le colonias german e in altere territorios. Le tropas colonial e le soldados african participava a operationes in Africa e in altere frontes. Le guerra conduceva al transferentia de colonias german a administrationes de altere poteres, sub formas de mandatos international. Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], Africa del Nord esseva un del principal teatros de guerra, con combattes in Egypto, Libya, Tunisia e altere regiones. Le tropas african e le unidades colonial participava al effortio de guerra del poteres alliate e del Axe. Le guerras mundial debilitava le poteres europee e contribuiva al disveloppamento de movementos nationalista, al expectationes de reforma politic e al demandas de independentia. ==== Decolonisation ==== Post 1945, le independentia deveniva un objectivo central pro numerose movementos politic african. Le mobilisation popular, le organisation sindical, le partitos nationalista e le cooperation pan-african exerceva pression sur le administrationes colonial. In 1957, [[Ghana]] deveniva le prime colonia del Africa subsaharian britannic a obtener independentia in le periodo postbellic. In 1960, cognoscite como le Anno de Africa, un grande numero de paises african deveniva independente. Le independentia se extendeva durante le decennios sequente, includente Algeria in 1962, Kenya in 1963, Angola e Mozambique in 1975, Zimbabwe in 1980 e Namibia in 1990. Le [[Africa del Sud]] terminava le regime de [[apartheid]] e organisava su prime electiones national democratic multiracial in 1994. Le independentia non significava le fin de tote le difficultates. Multe paises affrontava conflictos interne, golpes de stato, crises economic e interventiones exterior. In altere paises, le transition politic e le disveloppamento institutional occurreva per vias plus pacific. ==== Organisation continental e cooperation ==== In 1963, representantes de 32 statos african fundava le [[Organisation de Unitate African]] (OUA) in [[Addis Abeba]], Etiopia. Su objectivos includeva le liberation del territorios ancora sub dominio colonial, le cooperation inter statos e le defensa del independentia e integritate territorial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.au.int/en/overview |titulo=About the African Union |sitioweb=Union African |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In 2002, le [[Union African]] (UA) esseva officialmente inaugurate como successor del OUA. Le UA reuni 55 statos membro e promueve le cooperation politic, economic e social, le integration regional e le coordination de positiones commun in le foros international. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.au.int/en/member_states/countryprofiles2 |titulo=Member States |sitioweb=Union African |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le cooperation continental include etiam iniciativas pro le commercio intra-african, le resolution de conflictos, le protection del derectos human e le disveloppamento de infrastructuras. Le grado de implementation e le resultatos varia inter sectores e paises. == Population e linguas == Africa es un del continentes le plus multilingue del mundo. Le linguas indigena include centenarios de linguas e familias linguistic, inter le quales le [[linguistic afroasiatic|afroasiatic]], le [[linguistic niger-congo|niger-congo]], le [[linguistic nilo-saharan|nilo-saharan]] —un classification que es ancora discutite in le linguistica— e le linguas [[khoisan]]. Le linguas le plus largemente usate include le [[arabe]], le [[swahili]], le [[hausa]], le [[yoruba]], le [[igbo]], le [[amharico]], le [[oromo]], le [[somali]], le [[zulu]] e numerose alteres. Le [[francese]], le [[anglese]], le [[portugese]] e le [[espaniol]] es etiam usate in differente paises como linguas official o de administration, in grande parte como resultato del historia colonial. Le religion varia per region. Le [[Islam]] es largemente practicate in le Africa del Nord e in partes del Africa Occidental e Oriental. Le [[christianismo]] ha grande communitates in multe regiones del continente, specialmente in le centro, le est e le sud. Religiones traditional african continua a esser practicate e ha influentiate numerose formas de expression cultural e religiose contemporanee. == Economia == Le economias african es diverse e include agricultura, extraction de minerales, industria, servicios, commercio, turismo e technologias digital. Le continente possede importante reservas de petroleo, gas natural, auro, diamantes, cobalto, cupro, ferro e altere recursos. Le agricultura remane un fonte de empleo importante in multe paises, con productos como cacao, caffe, the, coton, mais, sorgo e fructos. Le economias varia considerabilemente in dimension e structura. Alcun paises ha sectores industrial e de servicios disveloppate, durante que alteres depende fortement del exportation de materias prime o del agricultura. Le infrastructura, le accesso al education, le finantias, le governantia e le conditiones del mercato international influentia le disveloppamento economic. Le [[Zona de Libere Commercio Continental African]] es un initiative del Union African destinate a augmentar le commercio intra-african e facilitar le cooperation economic inter le statos membro. == Urbanisation e societate contemporanee == Le urbanisation cresce rapidemente in multe partes de Africa. Citates como [[Cairo]], [[Lagos]], [[Kinshasa]], [[Nairobi]], [[Johannesburg]], [[Addis Abeba]], [[Dakar]] e [[Abidjan]] es centros importante de population, commercio, education e cultura. Le crescentia urban crea opportunitates economic e cultural, ma pone etiam difficultates concernente habitation, transporto, accesso al aqua, sanitate e gestion del residuos. Le situation varia inter citates e paises. Le societates african contemporanee include numerose formas de organisation familial, communitari e politic. Le cultura popular, le musica, le cinema, le litteratura, le sport e le medios digital contribui al expression de identitates local e al diffusion international de culturas african. == Ambiente e cambiamento climatic == Africa include ecosistemas de importantia global, ma multe de illos es vulnerabile al cambiamento climatic e al pression human. Le [[Deserto del Sahara]], le [[Sahel]], le [[Foresta del Congo]], le savannas de Africa Oriental e le ecosistemas montaniose ha roles importante in le biodiversitate e le regulation del clima. Le siccitate, le inundationes, le erosion del solo, le deforestation e le alteration del regimen de pluviositate affecta numerose communitates. Le agricultura pluvial e le pastorage es particularmente sensibile al variationes del clima. Le protection del ecosistemas, le gestion del aqua, le conservation del forestes e le disveloppamento de energias renovabile es temas importante pro multe paises african. Le cooperation international es un elemento central in le negotiationes concernente le adaptation climatic e le financiamento del disveloppamento sostenibile. == Africa in le mundo contemporanee == Africa ha un rolo crescente in le relationes international, in le commercio global e in le debates super le clima, le energia, le migration e le securitate. Le statos african collabora per medio del Union African e de organisationes regional, includente le [[Communitate Economic del Statos de Africa Occidental]] (ECOWAS), le [[Communitate de Disveloppamento de Africa Austral]] (SADC) e altere structuras de cooperation. Le futuro del continente depende de numerose factores, includente le education, le sanitate, le empleo, le governantia, le accesso al technologia e le capacitate de crear opportunitates economic. Le evolution del relationes inter le statos african e le altere regiones del mundo continua a influentiar le disveloppamento del continente. {{Ref}} ==Vide etiam== * [[Religiones african]] {{Continentes}} {{Paises de Africa}} {{commonscat|Africa}} {{Pecietta|geographia}} {{elem|continentes}} [[Categoria:Africa| ]] mvdyfoxl37hqw1r0bo5c458xjbz5bbe 0 6196 704718 632351 2026-10-17T21:14:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 704718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/objecto natural}} Le '''Antarctica'''{{linfo}} es le continente situate circum le [[Polo Sud]] del [[Terra]]. Illo es le continente le plus frigide, le plus sic e le plus ventose del planeta, e possede le altitude medie le plus alte. Quasi tote su superficie es coperite per un immense calotta de glacie, que contine circa 90% del aqua dulce del superficie terrestre. Antarctica non ha population indigena permanente; su population consiste principalmente de scientificos e personal de supporto que labora in stationes de recerca durante periodos limitate o durante tote le anno. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/education-and-schools/antarctic-factsheet/ |titulo=Antarctic factsheet and geographical statistics |sitioweb=British Antarctic Survey |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le continente es circumdate per le [[Oceano Austral]] e es separate del altere continentes per vaste areas oceanic. Su ambiente extreme, su glacies, su ecosistemas marin e su rolo in le regulation del clima global face de illo un del principal centros de recerca scientific international. Le [[Tractato Antarctic]], signate in 1959 e entrate in vigor in 1961, establi un quadro international que reserva le region al usus pacific e al recerca scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/us-antarctic-program |titulo=U.S. Antarctic Program |sitioweb=National Science Foundation |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Geographia == Antarctica es le quinte continente plus grande del Terra, con un superficie de circa 14 milliones de kilometros quadrate, includente le calotta glacial continental. Su dimension varia apparentemente durante le anno, perque le glacie marin que circumda le continente se extende durante le hiberno austral e se retira durante le estate. Le continente es dividite conventionalmente in Antarctica Oriental e Antarctica Occidental, separate per le [[Montes Transantarctic]]. Antarctica Oriental es in general un vaste plateau elevate, durante que Antarctica Occidental include massifs montaniose, insulas e sectores de calotta glacial que se extende sur le fundo marin. Le costas es largemente formate per frontes de glacie e barreras glacial, inter le quales le [[Barrera de Glacie de Ross]] e le [[Barrera de Glacie de Filchner-Ronne]]. Le [[Peninsula Antarctic]] se extende verso le nord, in direction del America del Sud, e es un del partes del continente plus accessible e relativemente plus temperate. Le insulas circumstante include le [[Insulas Shetland del Sud]], le [[Insulas Orcadas del Sud]] e le [[Insula de Peter I]]. Plure insulas del region es de origine volcanic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/geography-and-geology/ |titulo=Antarctic geography and geology |sitioweb=Australian Antarctic Program |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Relief e altitude === Le calotta glacial de Antarctica es in certe locos plus de quatro kilometros spisse. Le peso del glacie ha deprimite le crosta terrestre, e partes del fundo rochose se trova sub le nivello del mar. Le puncto plus alte del continente es le [[Massif Vinson]], in le Montes Ellsworth, con un altitude de circa 4 892 metros. Le [[Monte Erebus]], situate sur le Insula Ross, es un vulcano active e un del vulcanos active le plus meridional del Terra. Le continente contine etiam montes, valles, lagos subglacial e vaste regiones de rocha exposte. Le [[Lago Vostok]], sepelite sub plure kilometros de glacie, es un del plus grande lagos subglacial cognoscite. === Geologia === Antarctica possede un historia geologic longe e complexe. Durante partes importante del historia del Terra, illo faceva parte de supercontinentes como [[Gondwana]], insimul con regiones que hodie constitue le Africa, America del Sud, India e Australia. Le separation progressive de iste massas continental occurreva durante le disveloppamento del oceano e del placas tectonic. Le geologia del continente include rochas multo ancian, formationes sedimentari, regiones de vulcanismo e restos fossil que permitte reconstruer su historia climatic e biologic. Le fossiles trovate in Antarctica monstra que, in periodos anterior, le continente habeva un clima multo plus temperate e susteneva vegetation plus abundante que hodie. == Clima == Antarctica ha le clima le plus frigide del Terra. Le interior del continente es caracterisate per temperaturas extrememente basse, precipitaciones multo reducite e ventos catabatic que descende del plateau interior verso le costa. Le region interior es un [[deserto polar]], perque le quantitates de neve que cade annualmente es multo basse. In contrasto, le Peninsula Antarctic e certe partes del costa recipe plus precipitation e ha temperaturas relativemente minus extreme. Le estaciones es opposite a illos del Hemispherio Nord. Le estate austral occurre principalmente de decembre a februario, durante que le hiberno se extende approximativemente de junio a augusto. Durante le hiberno, le horas de lumine solar es multo reducite e in partes del continente le Sol non se leva durante periodos prolongate. Durante le estate, le regiones proxime al Polo Sud pote haber lumine solar quasi continue. Le temperatura le plus basse registrate directemente sur le superficie del Terra esseva de −89,2 °C, mesurate in 1983 al station Vostok. Observationes satellitari ha identificate temperaturas superficial ancora plus basse in certe depressiones del calotta interior, ma iste observationes non es equivalente a mesurationes directemente facite per instrumentos meteorologic standard. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/education-and-schools/antarctic-factsheet/ |titulo=Antarctic factsheet and geographical statistics |sitioweb=British Antarctic Survey |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Glacie e aqua == Le glacie domina le paisage de Antarctica. Le [[Calotta glacial de Antarctica]] contine un parte substantial del aqua dulce del planeta e exerce un influentia importante super le nivello global del mar. Le glacie se move lentemente verso le costa sub le effecto del gravitate, formando glaciers e fluvios de glacie que se descarga in le oceano. In certe areas, le glacie flotta super le mar e forma barreras glacial. Le glacie marin, que se forma quando le superficie del oceano se gela, es distincte del glacie continental. Su extension varia multo secundo le station e le conditiones meteorologic. Le formation e le fusion del glacie marin influentia le circulation oceanic, le ecosistemas e le exchange de energia inter le oceano e le atmosphera. Antarctica contine etiam aqua liquide sub le glacie, includente lagos e canales subglacial alimentate per le pression e le calor geothermic. Iste systemas es importante pro le recerca super le movemento del calotta e le possibilitate de formas de vita in ambientes isolate. == Ecosistemas e biodiversitate == Le conditiones extreme limita le biodiversitate terrestre, ma le oceano circumstante sustene ecosistemas multo ric. Le organismos marin depende in grande parte del [[phytoplancton]] e del [[krill antarctic]], que constitue un elemento central del rete alimentari. Le fauna include: * [[Pinguino|Pinguinos]], includente le pinguino imperial e le pinguino Adelia; * [[Foca|Focas]], includente le foca de Weddell, le foca leopard e le elephante marin austral; * [[Ballena|Ballenas]], como le ballena de ciba, le ballena jorobate e le ballena minke; * [[Aves marin]], includente albatros e petrellos; * [[Krill]], pisces e altere organismos del Oceano Austral. Le plantas terrestre es limitate principalmente a muscos, lichenes, algas e un numero reducite de plantas florente, specialmente in le Peninsula Antarctic e in certe insulas proxime. Le microorganismos pote viver in ambientes multo frigide, salate o isolate sub le glacie. Le ecosistemas antarctic es vulnerabile al cambiamento climatic, al alteration del glacie marin, al introduction de species estranier e al effectos de certe activitates human. Le protection del ambiente es dunque un del principal objectivos del cooperation international in le continente. == Historia == === Hypotheses e explorationes initial === Durante seculos, geographos e cartographos europee speculava super le existentia de un grande continente al sud del planeta, frequentemente designate como ''Terra Australis''. Iste idea proveniva in parte del traditiones geographic antique e del supposition que le massas terrestre del Hemispherio Sud debeva esser equilibrate per un continente meridional. Le explorationes oceanic del seculos XVII e XVIII meliorava le cognoscentia del region antarctic, ma le continente remaneva non observate directemente in grande parte. Le conditiones meteorologic, le glacie marin e le distantia rendeva le navigation multo difficile. === Prime observationes del continente === In 1820, plure expeditiones reportava observationes de terra o de glacie continental in le region antarctic. Le expedition russe de [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]] e [[Mikhail Lazarev]], le nave britannic [[HMS Williams]] sub le commandamento de Edward Bransfield e le navigatores american associate a Nathaniel Palmer es frequentemente mentionate in le historia del prime observationes. Le attribution de un prime avistamento depende del interpretation del jornales de bordo e del distinction inter le observation de glacie, le observation de terra e le recognition de un costa continental. Per iste ration, le historia del prime observationes non es sempre presentate in le mesme maniera per tote le fontes historic. === Exploration del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, expeditiones scientific e commercial explorava le costas, le insulas e le mares del region. Le cassa de focas e altere activitates maritime contribueva al expansion del navigation, ma causava etiam reductiones importante de certe populationes animal. Le expeditiones de [[James Clark Ross]] in le annos 1840 contribuiva al cartographia de partes del costa e del barreras glacial. Ross nominava elementos geographic como le Mar de Ross e le Barrera de Glacie de Ross. Le exploration scientific deveniva plus importante verso le fin del seculo, quando expeditiones national comenciava a preparar le explorationes del interior continental. === Era heroic del exploration antarctic === Le periodo inter le fin del seculo XIX e le prime decennios del seculo XX es frequentemente appellate le Era heroic del exploration antarctic. Expeditiones de plure paises tentava attinger le Polo Sud e explorar le interior del continente. Le expedition de [[Roald Amundsen]] attingeva le Polo Sud le 14 de decembre 1911. Le expedition britannic de [[Robert Falcon Scott]] arrivava al Polo in januario 1912, ma Scott e su companiones moriva durante le retorno. Le expeditiones de [[Ernest Shackleton]] es etiam importante in iste periodo. Su expedition ''Endurance'' esseva impedite per le glacie in 1915, e le equipage superviveva post un serie de operationes de salvamento extraordinari. Le expedition non attingeva su objectivo de traversar le continente, ma deveniva un episodio celebre del historia de exploration. Le era heroic esseva marcate per le uso de canes, skis, trenos de tractura animal e, plus tarde, medios motorisate. Le preparation logistic e le observation scientific habeva un rolo crescente in le expeditiones. === Recerca scientific e le Anno Geophysic International === Durante le prime medietate del seculo XX, plure paises establiva bases e expeditiones scientific in Antarctica. Le recerca includeva le cartographia, le meteorologia, le geologia, le glaciologia e le studio del magnetismo terrestre. Le Anno Geophysic International, organisate in 1957–1958, marca un momento decisive del cooperation scientific international. Doce paises participava a un grande programma de recerca e establiva numerose stationes in le continente. Le successo del cooperation contribuiva al negotiation del Tractato Antarctic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/law-and-treaty/history/ |titulo=History of the Antarctic Treaty |sitioweb=Australian Antarctic Program |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le recerca post le Anno Geophysic International cresceva in plure disciplinas, includente le glaciologia, le oceanographia, le biologia marin, le geologia, le astronomia e le studio del atmosphera. == Le Tractato Antarctic == Le Tractato Antarctic esseva signate in Washington le 1 de decembre 1959 e entrava in vigor le 23 de junio 1961. Le accordo establi que Antarctica debe esser usate pro fines pacific e que le libertate de recerca scientific e le cooperation international debe esser preservate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/us-antarctic-program |titulo=U.S. Antarctic Program |sitioweb=National Science Foundation |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le tractato prohibi le activitates militar de character hostile, includente le establimento de bases militar e le test de armas. Illo prohibi etiam explosiones nuclear e le deposition de residuos radioactiv in le area al qual illo se applica. Le tractato non resolveva le disputas territorial existente, ma congelava lor status juridic. Le reclamationes territorial de plure paises non esseva ni acceptate universalmente ni eliminate per le accordo. Le tractato establi tamben un systema de inspection e cooperation scientific. Le Systema del Tractato Antarctic include le tractato principal e altere accordos concernente le protection del ambiente, le conservation del fauna e flora e le gestion del recursos marin. == Organisation politic e reclamationes territorial == Antarctica non es un stato independente e non ha un population indigena permanente. Plure paises ha proclamate reclamationes territorial super partes del continente, ma iste reclamationes non es universalmente recognoscite e lor status es regolate per le dispositiones del Tractato Antarctic. Le reclamationes historic es associate con Australia, Argentina, Chile, Francia, Norvegia, Nova Zelanda e le Regno Unite. Le Statos Unite e Russia non recognosce alcun del reclamationes como definitive e ha preservate lor positiones in le quadro del tractato. Le administration del continente se basa in grande parte sur le cooperation inter le paises signatari e sur le reuniones consultive del systema del tractato. Le decisiones concernente le protection ambiental, le recerca scientific e le activitates human es adoptate per accordos international. == Stationes scientific e vita in Antarctica == Le stationes scientific es le principal formas de presentia human permanente in Antarctica. Plure paises opera bases que functiona durante tote le anno, durante que altere stationes es occupate solmente durante le estate austral. Le stationes sustene recerca in campos como le clima, le glacie, le oceanos, le biologia, le geologia, le astronomia e le atmosphera. Le conditiones de vita es extreme e require organisation logistic special, includente generation de energia, provision de alimento, communication e evacuation medical. Le stationes differes in dimension e function. Le station [[McMurdo]], operate per le Statos Unite, es un importante centro logistic. Le station [[Amundsen-Scott]] es situate al Polo Sud geographic. Le station [[Palmer]] se concentra specialmente sur le recerca marin e biologic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/us-antarctic-program |titulo=U.S. Antarctic Program |sitioweb=National Science Foundation |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le personal que passa le hiberno in Antarctica debe adaptar se a isolation, frigore, periodos de obscuritate e accesso limitate al servicios exterior. Le stationes es generalmente organisate pro reducir le impacto ambiental e garantir le securitate del expeditiones. == Recerca scientific contemporanee == Antarctica es un del principal regiones del Terra pro le studio del systema climatic. Le glacie conserva information super le composition del atmosphera e le temperaturas del passato, incluse gases intrappulate in bulas de aere e particulas depositate durante millennios. Le carotas de glacie permitte reconstruer le variationes del concentration de [[dioxido de carbon]], del [[methano]] e de altere componentes del atmosphera. Le recerca super le glacie e le oceanos contribui al melior comprension del cambiamento climatic e del evolution del calotta glacial. Le continente es etiam importante pro le studio del astronomia e del [[neutrino]]s, perque le altitudes, le obscuritate, le aere seche e le glacie offer oportunidades special pro observationes scientific. Le National Science Foundation e altere agencias national supporta programas que combina recerca fundamental e observatorios de longe termino. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/ant |titulo=Section for Antarctic Sciences |sitioweb=National Science Foundation |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Protection del ambiente == Le Protocollo al Tractato Antarctic super le Protection del Ambiente, signate in 1991 e entrate in vigor in 1998, establi un quadro de protection ambiental. Illo designa Antarctica como un reserva natural dedicate al pace e al scientia e impose obligationes concernente le evaluation del impacto ambiental, le gestion del residuos e le protection del ecosistemas. Le protocollo prohibi le activitates relative al extraction de recursos mineral, salvo le recerca scientific. Le dispositiones es destinate a reducir le impacto del stationes, expeditiones e turismo e a preservar le ambiente del continente. Le protection del fauna e flora include normas super le introduction de species estranier, le perturbation del animales e le collection de organismos. Le activitates human debe esser organisate in maniera que limita le damno al ecosistemas e al paisages natural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/env/antarctic-conservation-act-permits |titulo=Antarctic Conservation Act and Permits |sitioweb=National Science Foundation |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Turismo == Le turismo in Antarctica cresceva durante le ultime decennios del seculo XX e le initio del seculo XXI. Le major parte del visitantes arriva per naves que parti de portos del America del Sud e visita le Peninsula Antarctic e le insulas proxime. Le turismo es regulate per le legislation national e per le normas international applicabile al region. Le operadores debe considerar le protection del fauna, le gestion del residuos, le securitate del visitantes e le riscos associate al conditiones meteorologic e al distantia del servicios de emergentia. Le activitates turistic include observation de aves e mammiferos marin, visitas a paisages glacial e participation in expeditiones organisate. Le accesso al interior del continente es plus limitate e require medios logistic special. == Cambiamento climatic e nivello del mar == Le calotta glacial de Antarctica es un componente importante del systema climatic global. Le perdita de glacie continental contribue al augmento del nivello del mar, durante que le variationes del glacie marin influentia le exchange de calor inter le oceano e le atmosphera. Le reaction del calotta al cambiamento climatic varia inter le regiones. Le Peninsula Antarctic e certe partes del Antarctica Occidental ha monstrate alterationes importante in le glacie e in le temperatura, durante que le evolution del glacie in Antarctica Oriental presenta patrones plus complexe e variabile. Le observationes satellitari, le carotas de glacie, le mesurationes oceanic e le modelos climatic es usate pro evaluar le evolution del continente e su contribution potential al augmento futur del nivello del mar. Le recerca antarctic es dunque importante non solmente pro le region, ma etiam pro le comunidades costal de tote le mundo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/bas-research/science/climate/overview/ |titulo=Climate Change: Overview |sitioweb=British Antarctic Survey |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Importantia global == Antarctica exerce un influentia importante super le circulation oceanic, le clima global e le nivello del mar. Le calotta glacial reflecte parte del radiation solar, e le formation del aqua marin frigide e dense contribue al circulation oceanic global. Le continente es etiam un importante archivo del historia climatic del Terra. Le datos obtinite per le recerca antarctic contribui al comprension del variationes natural del clima e del effectos del activitate human super le atmosphera e le oceano. Le cooperation scientific international e le Tractato Antarctic ha permittite mantener le continente como un spatio de recerca e collaboration inter paises con interesses politic differente. {{Ref}} {{Continentes}} [[Categoria:Antarctica| ]] [[Categoria:Geographia]] 9f2kjmrmuqbqwo7o5p0z3s7iudpaird 704719 704718 2026-10-17T21:14:50Z Interlingvisto 60932 704719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/objecto natural}} Le '''Antarctica'''{{linfo}} es le continente situate circum le [[Polo Sud]] del [[Terra]]. Illo es le continente le plus frigide, le plus sic e le plus ventose del planeta, e possede le altitude medie le plus alte. Quasi tote su superficie es coperite per un immense calotta de glacie, que contine circa 90% del aqua dulce del superficie terrestre. Antarctica non ha population indigena permanente; su population consiste principalmente de scientificos e personal de supporto que labora in stationes de recerca durante periodos limitate o durante tote le anno. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/education-and-schools/antarctic-factsheet/ |titulo=Antarctic factsheet and geographical statistics |sitioweb=British Antarctic Survey |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le continente es circumdate per le [[Oceano Austral]] e es separate del altere continentes per vaste areas oceanic. Su ambiente extreme, su glacies, su ecosistemas marin e su rolo in le regulation del clima global face de illo un del principal centros de recerca scientific international. Le [[Tractato Antarctic]], signate in 1959 e entrate in vigor in 1961, establi un quadro international que reserva le region al usus pacific e al recerca scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/us-antarctic-program |titulo=U.S. Antarctic Program |sitioweb=National Science Foundation |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Geographia == Antarctica es le quinte continente plus grande del Terra, con un superficie de circa 14 milliones de kilometros quadrate, includente le calotta glacial continental. Su dimension varia apparentemente durante le anno, perque le glacie marin que circumda le continente se extende durante le hiberno austral e se retira durante le estate. Le continente es dividite conventionalmente in Antarctica Oriental e Antarctica Occidental, separate per le [[Montes Transantarctic]]. Antarctica Oriental es in general un vaste plateau elevate, durante que Antarctica Occidental include massifs montaniose, insulas e sectores de calotta glacial que se extende sur le fundo marin. Le costas es largemente formate per frontes de glacie e barreras glacial, inter le quales le [[Barrera de Glacie de Ross]] e le [[Barrera de Glacie de Filchner-Ronne]]. Le [[Peninsula Antarctic]] se extende verso le nord, in direction del America del Sud, e es un del partes del continente plus accessible e relativemente plus temperate. Le insulas circumstante include le [[Insulas Shetland del Sud]], le [[Insulas Orcadas del Sud]] e le [[Insula de Peter I]]. Plure insulas del region es de origine volcanic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/geography-and-geology/ |titulo=Antarctic geography and geology |sitioweb=Australian Antarctic Program |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Relief e altitude === Le calotta glacial de Antarctica es in certe locos plus de quatro kilometros spisse. Le peso del glacie ha deprimite le crosta terrestre, e partes del fundo rochose se trova sub le nivello del mar. Le puncto plus alte del continente es le [[Massif Vinson]], in le Montes Ellsworth, con un altitude de circa 4 892 metros. Le [[Monte Erebus]], situate sur le Insula Ross, es un vulcano active e un del vulcanos active le plus meridional del Terra. Le continente contine etiam montes, valles, lagos subglacial e vaste regiones de rocha exposte. Le [[Lago Vostok]], sepelite sub plure kilometros de glacie, es un del plus grande lagos subglacial cognoscite. === Geologia === Antarctica possede un historia geologic longe e complexe. Durante partes importante del historia del Terra, illo faceva parte de supercontinentes como [[Gondwana]], insimul con regiones que hodie constitue le Africa, America del Sud, India e Australia. Le separation progressive de iste massas continental occurreva durante le disveloppamento del oceano e del placas tectonic. Le geologia del continente include rochas multo ancian, formationes sedimentari, regiones de vulcanismo e restos fossil que permitte reconstruer su historia climatic e biologic. Le fossiles trovate in Antarctica monstra que, in periodos anterior, le continente habeva un clima multo plus temperate e susteneva vegetation plus abundante que hodie. == Clima == Antarctica ha le clima le plus frigide del Terra. Le interior del continente es caracterisate per temperaturas extrememente basse, precipitaciones multo reducite e ventos catabatic que descende del plateau interior verso le costa. Le region interior es un [[deserto polar]], perque le quantitates de neve que cade annualmente es multo basse. In contrasto, le Peninsula Antarctic e certe partes del costa recipe plus precipitation e ha temperaturas relativemente minus extreme. Le estaciones es opposite a illos del Hemispherio Nord. Le estate austral occurre principalmente de decembre a februario, durante que le hiberno se extende approximativemente de junio a augusto. Durante le hiberno, le horas de lumine solar es multo reducite e in partes del continente le Sol non se leva durante periodos prolongate. Durante le estate, le regiones proxime al Polo Sud pote haber lumine solar quasi continue. Le temperatura le plus basse registrate directemente sur le superficie del Terra esseva de −89,2 °C, mesurate in 1983 al station Vostok. Observationes satellitari ha identificate temperaturas superficial ancora plus basse in certe depressiones del calotta interior, ma iste observationes non es equivalente a mesurationes directemente facite per instrumentos meteorologic standard. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/education-and-schools/antarctic-factsheet/ |titulo=Antarctic factsheet and geographical statistics |sitioweb=British Antarctic Survey |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Glacie e aqua == Le glacie domina le paisage de Antarctica. Le [[Calotta glacial de Antarctica]] contine un parte substantial del aqua dulce del planeta e exerce un influentia importante super le nivello global del mar. Le glacie se move lentemente verso le costa sub le effecto del gravitate, formando glaciers e fluvios de glacie que se descarga in le oceano. In certe areas, le glacie flotta super le mar e forma barreras glacial. Le glacie marin, que se forma quando le superficie del oceano se gela, es distincte del glacie continental. Su extension varia multo secundo le station e le conditiones meteorologic. Le formation e le fusion del glacie marin influentia le circulation oceanic, le ecosistemas e le exchange de energia inter le oceano e le atmosphera. Antarctica contine etiam aqua liquide sub le glacie, includente lagos e canales subglacial alimentate per le pression e le calor geothermic. Iste systemas es importante pro le recerca super le movemento del calotta e le possibilitate de formas de vita in ambientes isolate. == Ecosistemas e biodiversitate == Le conditiones extreme limita le biodiversitate terrestre, ma le oceano circumstante sustene ecosistemas multo ric. Le organismos marin depende in grande parte del [[phytoplancton]] e del [[krill antarctic]], que constitue un elemento central del rete alimentari. Le fauna include: * [[Pinguino|Pinguinos]], includente le pinguino imperial e le pinguino Adelia; * [[Foca|Focas]], includente le foca de Weddell, le foca leopard e le elephante marin austral; * [[Ballena|Ballenas]], como le ballena de ciba, le ballena jorobate e le ballena minke; * [[Aves marin]], includente albatros e petrellos; * [[Krill]], pisces e altere organismos del Oceano Austral. Le plantas terrestre es limitate principalmente a muscos, lichenes, algas e un numero reducite de plantas florente, specialmente in le Peninsula Antarctic e in certe insulas proxime. Le microorganismos pote viver in ambientes multo frigide, salate o isolate sub le glacie. Le ecosistemas antarctic es vulnerabile al cambiamento climatic, al alteration del glacie marin, al introduction de species estranier e al effectos de certe activitates human. Le protection del ambiente es dunque un del principal objectivos del cooperation international in le continente. == Historia == === Hypotheses e explorationes initial === Durante seculos, geographos e cartographos europee speculava super le existentia de un grande continente al sud del planeta, frequentemente designate como ''Terra Australis''. Iste idea proveniva in parte del traditiones geographic antique e del supposition que le massas terrestre del Hemispherio Sud debeva esser equilibrate per un continente meridional. Le explorationes oceanic del seculos XVII e XVIII meliorava le cognoscentia del region antarctic, ma le continente remaneva non observate directemente in grande parte. Le conditiones meteorologic, le glacie marin e le distantia rendeva le navigation multo difficile. === Prime observationes del continente === In 1820, plure expeditiones reportava observationes de terra o de glacie continental in le region antarctic. Le expedition russe de [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]] e [[Mikhail Lazarev]], le nave britannic [[HMS Williams]] sub le commandamento de Edward Bransfield e le navigatores american associate a Nathaniel Palmer es frequentemente mentionate in le historia del prime observationes. Le attribution de un prime avistamento depende del interpretation del jornales de bordo e del distinction inter le observation de glacie, le observation de terra e le recognition de un costa continental. Per iste ration, le historia del prime observationes non es sempre presentate in le mesme maniera per tote le fontes historic. === Exploration del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, expeditiones scientific e commercial explorava le costas, le insulas e le mares del region. Le cassa de focas e altere activitates maritime contribueva al expansion del navigation, ma causava etiam reductiones importante de certe populationes animal. Le expeditiones de [[James Clark Ross]] in le annos 1840 contribuiva al cartographia de partes del costa e del barreras glacial. Ross nominava elementos geographic como le Mar de Ross e le Barrera de Glacie de Ross. Le exploration scientific deveniva plus importante verso le fin del seculo, quando expeditiones national comenciava a preparar le explorationes del interior continental. === Era heroic del exploration antarctic === Le periodo inter le fin del seculo XIX e le prime decennios del seculo XX es frequentemente appellate le Era heroic del exploration antarctic. Expeditiones de plure paises tentava attinger le Polo Sud e explorar le interior del continente. Le expedition de [[Roald Amundsen]] attingeva le Polo Sud le 14 de decembre 1911. Le expedition britannic de [[Robert Falcon Scott]] arrivava al Polo in januario 1912, ma Scott e su companiones moriva durante le retorno. Le expeditiones de [[Ernest Shackleton]] es etiam importante in iste periodo. Su expedition ''Endurance'' esseva impedite per le glacie in 1915, e le equipage superviveva post un serie de operationes de salvamento extraordinari. Le expedition non attingeva su objectivo de traversar le continente, ma deveniva un episodio celebre del historia de exploration. Le era heroic esseva marcate per le uso de canes, skis, trenos de tractura animal e, plus tarde, medios motorisate. Le preparation logistic e le observation scientific habeva un rolo crescente in le expeditiones. === Recerca scientific e le Anno Geophysic International === Durante le prime medietate del seculo XX, plure paises establiva bases e expeditiones scientific in Antarctica. Le recerca includeva le cartographia, le meteorologia, le geologia, le glaciologia e le studio del magnetismo terrestre. Le Anno Geophysic International, organisate in 1957–1958, marca un momento decisive del cooperation scientific international. Doce paises participava a un grande programma de recerca e establiva numerose stationes in le continente. Le successo del cooperation contribuiva al negotiation del Tractato Antarctic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/law-and-treaty/history/ |titulo=History of the Antarctic Treaty |sitioweb=Australian Antarctic Program |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le recerca post le Anno Geophysic International cresceva in plure disciplinas, includente le glaciologia, le oceanographia, le biologia marin, le geologia, le astronomia e le studio del atmosphera. == Le Tractato Antarctic == Le Tractato Antarctic esseva signate in Washington le 1 de decembre 1959 e entrava in vigor le 23 de junio 1961. Le accordo establi que Antarctica debe esser usate pro fines pacific e que le libertate de recerca scientific e le cooperation international debe esser preservate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/us-antarctic-program |titulo=U.S. Antarctic Program |sitioweb=National Science Foundation |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le tractato prohibi le activitates militar de character hostile, includente le establimento de bases militar e le test de armas. Illo prohibi etiam explosiones nuclear e le deposition de residuos radioactiv in le area al qual illo se applica. Le tractato non resolveva le disputas territorial existente, ma congelava lor status juridic. Le reclamationes territorial de plure paises non esseva ni acceptate universalmente ni eliminate per le accordo. Le tractato establi tamben un systema de inspection e cooperation scientific. Le Systema del Tractato Antarctic include le tractato principal e altere accordos concernente le protection del ambiente, le conservation del fauna e flora e le gestion del recursos marin. == Organisation politic e reclamationes territorial == Antarctica non es un stato independente e non ha un population indigena permanente. Plure paises ha proclamate reclamationes territorial super partes del continente, ma iste reclamationes non es universalmente recognoscite e lor status es regolate per le dispositiones del Tractato Antarctic. Le reclamationes historic es associate con Australia, Argentina, Chile, Francia, Norvegia, Nova Zelanda e le Regno Unite. Le Statos Unite e Russia non recognosce alcun del reclamationes como definitive e ha preservate lor positiones in le quadro del tractato. Le administration del continente se basa in grande parte sur le cooperation inter le paises signatari e sur le reuniones consultive del systema del tractato. Le decisiones concernente le protection ambiental, le recerca scientific e le activitates human es adoptate per accordos international. == Stationes scientific e vita in Antarctica == Le stationes scientific es le principal formas de presentia human permanente in Antarctica. Plure paises opera bases que functiona durante tote le anno, durante que altere stationes es occupate solmente durante le estate austral. Le stationes sustene recerca in campos como le clima, le glacie, le oceanos, le biologia, le geologia, le astronomia e le atmosphera. Le conditiones de vita es extreme e require organisation logistic special, includente generation de energia, provision de alimento, communication e evacuation medical. Le stationes differes in dimension e function. Le station [[McMurdo]], operate per le Statos Unite, es un importante centro logistic. Le station [[Amundsen-Scott]] es situate al Polo Sud geographic. Le station [[Palmer]] se concentra specialmente sur le recerca marin e biologic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/us-antarctic-program |titulo=U.S. Antarctic Program |sitioweb=National Science Foundation |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le personal que passa le hiberno in Antarctica debe adaptar se a isolation, frigore, periodos de obscuritate e accesso limitate al servicios exterior. Le stationes es generalmente organisate pro reducir le impacto ambiental e garantir le securitate del expeditiones. == Recerca scientific contemporanee == Antarctica es un del principal regiones del Terra pro le studio del systema climatic. Le glacie conserva information super le composition del atmosphera e le temperaturas del passato, incluse gases intrappulate in bulas de aere e particulas depositate durante millennios. Le carotas de glacie permitte reconstruer le variationes del concentration de [[dioxido de carbon]], del [[methano]] e de altere componentes del atmosphera. Le recerca super le glacie e le oceanos contribui al melior comprension del cambiamento climatic e del evolution del calotta glacial. Le continente es etiam importante pro le studio del astronomia e del [[neutrino]]s, perque le altitudes, le obscuritate, le aere seche e le glacie offer oportunidades special pro observationes scientific. Le National Science Foundation e altere agencias national supporta programas que combina recerca fundamental e observatorios de longe termino. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/ant |titulo=Section for Antarctic Sciences |sitioweb=National Science Foundation |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Protection del ambiente == Le Protocollo al Tractato Antarctic super le Protection del Ambiente, signate in 1991 e entrate in vigor in 1998, establi un quadro de protection ambiental. Illo designa Antarctica como un reserva natural dedicate al pace e al scientia e impose obligationes concernente le evaluation del impacto ambiental, le gestion del residuos e le protection del ecosistemas. Le protocollo prohibi le activitates relative al extraction de recursos mineral, salvo le recerca scientific. Le dispositiones es destinate a reducir le impacto del stationes, expeditiones e turismo e a preservar le ambiente del continente. Le protection del fauna e flora include normas super le introduction de species estranier, le perturbation del animales e le collection de organismos. Le activitates human debe esser organisate in maniera que limita le damno al ecosistemas e al paisages natural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/env/antarctic-conservation-act-permits |titulo=Antarctic Conservation Act and Permits |sitioweb=National Science Foundation |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Turismo == Le turismo in Antarctica cresceva durante le ultime decennios del seculo XX e le initio del seculo XXI. Le major parte del visitantes arriva per naves que parti de portos del America del Sud e visita le Peninsula Antarctic e le insulas proxime. Le turismo es regulate per le legislation national e per le normas international applicabile al region. Le operadores debe considerar le protection del fauna, le gestion del residuos, le securitate del visitantes e le riscos associate al conditiones meteorologic e al distantia del servicios de emergentia. Le activitates turistic include observation de aves e mammiferos marin, visitas a paisages glacial e participation in expeditiones organisate. Le accesso al interior del continente es plus limitate e require medios logistic special. == Cambiamento climatic e nivello del mar == Le calotta glacial de Antarctica es un componente importante del systema climatic global. Le perdita de glacie continental contribue al augmento del nivello del mar, durante que le variationes del glacie marin influentia le exchange de calor inter le oceano e le atmosphera. Le reaction del calotta al cambiamento climatic varia inter le regiones. Le Peninsula Antarctic e certe partes del Antarctica Occidental ha monstrate alterationes importante in le glacie e in le temperatura, durante que le evolution del glacie in Antarctica Oriental presenta patrones plus complexe e variabile. Le observationes satellitari, le carotas de glacie, le mesurationes oceanic e le modelos climatic es usate pro evaluar le evolution del continente e su contribution potential al augmento futur del nivello del mar. Le recerca antarctic es dunque importante non solmente pro le region, ma etiam pro le comunidades costal de tote le mundo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/bas-research/science/climate/overview/ |titulo=Climate Change: Overview |sitioweb=British Antarctic Survey |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Importantia global == Antarctica exerce un influentia importante super le circulation oceanic, le clima global e le nivello del mar. Le calotta glacial reflecte parte del radiation solar, e le formation del aqua marin frigide e dense contribue al circulation oceanic global. Le continente es etiam un importante archivo del historia climatic del Terra. Le datos obtinite per le recerca antarctic contribui al comprension del variationes natural del clima e del effectos del activitate human super le atmosphera e le oceano. Le cooperation scientific international e le Tractato Antarctic ha permittite mantener le continente como un spatio de recerca e collaboration inter paises con interesses politic differente. {{Continentes}} {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Antarctica| ]] [[Categoria:Geographia]] ezxe7jtg8nb53ozkhe92ixyvpjxyllj 704720 704719 2026-10-17T21:15:03Z Interlingvisto 60932 704720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/objecto natural}} Le '''Antarctica'''{{linfo}} es le continente situate circum le [[Polo Sud]] del [[Terra]]. Illo es le continente le plus frigide, le plus sic e le plus ventose del planeta, e possede le altitude medie le plus alte. Quasi tote su superficie es coperite per un immense calotta de glacie, que contine circa 90% del aqua dulce del superficie terrestre. Antarctica non ha population indigena permanente; su population consiste principalmente de scientificos e personal de supporto que labora in stationes de recerca durante periodos limitate o durante tote le anno. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/education-and-schools/antarctic-factsheet/ |titulo=Antarctic factsheet and geographical statistics |sitioweb=British Antarctic Survey |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le continente es circumdate per le [[Oceano Austral]] e es separate del altere continentes per vaste areas oceanic. Su ambiente extreme, su glacies, su ecosistemas marin e su rolo in le regulation del clima global face de illo un del principal centros de recerca scientific international. Le [[Tractato Antarctic]], signate in 1959 e entrate in vigor in 1961, establi un quadro international que reserva le region al usus pacific e al recerca scientific. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/us-antarctic-program |titulo=U.S. Antarctic Program |sitioweb=National Science Foundation |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Geographia == Antarctica es le quinte continente plus grande del Terra, con un superficie de circa 14 milliones de kilometros quadrate, includente le calotta glacial continental. Su dimension varia apparentemente durante le anno, perque le glacie marin que circumda le continente se extende durante le hiberno austral e se retira durante le estate. Le continente es dividite conventionalmente in Antarctica Oriental e Antarctica Occidental, separate per le [[Montes Transantarctic]]. Antarctica Oriental es in general un vaste plateau elevate, durante que Antarctica Occidental include massifs montaniose, insulas e sectores de calotta glacial que se extende sur le fundo marin. Le costas es largemente formate per frontes de glacie e barreras glacial, inter le quales le [[Barrera de Glacie de Ross]] e le [[Barrera de Glacie de Filchner-Ronne]]. Le [[Peninsula Antarctic]] se extende verso le nord, in direction del America del Sud, e es un del partes del continente plus accessible e relativemente plus temperate. Le insulas circumstante include le [[Insulas Shetland del Sud]], le [[Insulas Orcadas del Sud]] e le [[Insula de Peter I]]. Plure insulas del region es de origine volcanic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/geography-and-geology/ |titulo=Antarctic geography and geology |sitioweb=Australian Antarctic Program |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Relief e altitude === Le calotta glacial de Antarctica es in certe locos plus de quatro kilometros spisse. Le peso del glacie ha deprimite le crosta terrestre, e partes del fundo rochose se trova sub le nivello del mar. Le puncto plus alte del continente es le [[Massif Vinson]], in le Montes Ellsworth, con un altitude de circa 4 892 metros. Le [[Monte Erebus]], situate sur le Insula Ross, es un vulcano active e un del vulcanos active le plus meridional del Terra. Le continente contine etiam montes, valles, lagos subglacial e vaste regiones de rocha exposte. Le [[Lago Vostok]], sepelite sub plure kilometros de glacie, es un del plus grande lagos subglacial cognoscite. === Geologia === Antarctica possede un historia geologic longe e complexe. Durante partes importante del historia del Terra, illo faceva parte de supercontinentes como [[Gondwana]], insimul con regiones que hodie constitue le Africa, America del Sud, India e Australia. Le separation progressive de iste massas continental occurreva durante le disveloppamento del oceano e del placas tectonic. Le geologia del continente include rochas multo ancian, formationes sedimentari, regiones de vulcanismo e restos fossil que permitte reconstruer su historia climatic e biologic. Le fossiles trovate in Antarctica monstra que, in periodos anterior, le continente habeva un clima multo plus temperate e susteneva vegetation plus abundante que hodie. == Clima == Antarctica ha le clima le plus frigide del Terra. Le interior del continente es caracterisate per temperaturas extrememente basse, precipitaciones multo reducite e ventos catabatic que descende del plateau interior verso le costa. Le region interior es un [[deserto polar]], perque le quantitates de neve que cade annualmente es multo basse. In contrasto, le Peninsula Antarctic e certe partes del costa recipe plus precipitation e ha temperaturas relativemente minus extreme. Le estaciones es opposite a illos del Hemispherio Nord. Le estate austral occurre principalmente de decembre a februario, durante que le hiberno se extende approximativemente de junio a augusto. Durante le hiberno, le horas de lumine solar es multo reducite e in partes del continente le Sol non se leva durante periodos prolongate. Durante le estate, le regiones proxime al Polo Sud pote haber lumine solar quasi continue. Le temperatura le plus basse registrate directemente sur le superficie del Terra esseva de −89,2 °C, mesurate in 1983 al station Vostok. Observationes satellitari ha identificate temperaturas superficial ancora plus basse in certe depressiones del calotta interior, ma iste observationes non es equivalente a mesurationes directemente facite per instrumentos meteorologic standard. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/education-and-schools/antarctic-factsheet/ |titulo=Antarctic factsheet and geographical statistics |sitioweb=British Antarctic Survey |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Glacie e aqua == Le glacie domina le paisage de Antarctica. Le [[Calotta glacial de Antarctica]] contine un parte substantial del aqua dulce del planeta e exerce un influentia importante super le nivello global del mar. Le glacie se move lentemente verso le costa sub le effecto del gravitate, formando glaciers e fluvios de glacie que se descarga in le oceano. In certe areas, le glacie flotta super le mar e forma barreras glacial. Le glacie marin, que se forma quando le superficie del oceano se gela, es distincte del glacie continental. Su extension varia multo secundo le station e le conditiones meteorologic. Le formation e le fusion del glacie marin influentia le circulation oceanic, le ecosistemas e le exchange de energia inter le oceano e le atmosphera. Antarctica contine etiam aqua liquide sub le glacie, includente lagos e canales subglacial alimentate per le pression e le calor geothermic. Iste systemas es importante pro le recerca super le movemento del calotta e le possibilitate de formas de vita in ambientes isolate. == Ecosistemas e biodiversitate == Le conditiones extreme limita le biodiversitate terrestre, ma le oceano circumstante sustene ecosistemas multo ric. Le organismos marin depende in grande parte del [[phytoplancton]] e del [[krill antarctic]], que constitue un elemento central del rete alimentari. Le fauna include: * [[Pinguino|Pinguinos]], includente le pinguino imperial e le pinguino Adelia; * [[Foca|Focas]], includente le foca de Weddell, le foca leopard e le elephante marin austral; * [[Ballena|Ballenas]], como le ballena de ciba, le ballena jorobate e le ballena minke; * [[Aves marin]], includente albatros e petrellos; * [[Krill]], pisces e altere organismos del Oceano Austral. Le plantas terrestre es limitate principalmente a muscos, lichenes, algas e un numero reducite de plantas florente, specialmente in le Peninsula Antarctic e in certe insulas proxime. Le microorganismos pote viver in ambientes multo frigide, salate o isolate sub le glacie. Le ecosistemas antarctic es vulnerabile al cambiamento climatic, al alteration del glacie marin, al introduction de species estranier e al effectos de certe activitates human. Le protection del ambiente es dunque un del principal objectivos del cooperation international in le continente. == Historia == === Hypotheses e explorationes initial === Durante seculos, geographos e cartographos europee speculava super le existentia de un grande continente al sud del planeta, frequentemente designate como ''Terra Australis''. Iste idea proveniva in parte del traditiones geographic antique e del supposition que le massas terrestre del Hemispherio Sud debeva esser equilibrate per un continente meridional. Le explorationes oceanic del seculos XVII e XVIII meliorava le cognoscentia del region antarctic, ma le continente remaneva non observate directemente in grande parte. Le conditiones meteorologic, le glacie marin e le distantia rendeva le navigation multo difficile. === Prime observationes del continente === In 1820, plure expeditiones reportava observationes de terra o de glacie continental in le region antarctic. Le expedition russe de [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]] e [[Mikhail Lazarev]], le nave britannic [[HMS Williams]] sub le commandamento de Edward Bransfield e le navigatores american associate a Nathaniel Palmer es frequentemente mentionate in le historia del prime observationes. Le attribution de un prime avistamento depende del interpretation del jornales de bordo e del distinction inter le observation de glacie, le observation de terra e le recognition de un costa continental. Per iste ration, le historia del prime observationes non es sempre presentate in le mesme maniera per tote le fontes historic. === Exploration del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, expeditiones scientific e commercial explorava le costas, le insulas e le mares del region. Le cassa de focas e altere activitates maritime contribueva al expansion del navigation, ma causava etiam reductiones importante de certe populationes animal. Le expeditiones de [[James Clark Ross]] in le annos 1840 contribuiva al cartographia de partes del costa e del barreras glacial. Ross nominava elementos geographic como le Mar de Ross e le Barrera de Glacie de Ross. Le exploration scientific deveniva plus importante verso le fin del seculo, quando expeditiones national comenciava a preparar le explorationes del interior continental. === Era heroic del exploration antarctic === Le periodo inter le fin del seculo XIX e le prime decennios del seculo XX es frequentemente appellate le Era heroic del exploration antarctic. Expeditiones de plure paises tentava attinger le Polo Sud e explorar le interior del continente. Le expedition de [[Roald Amundsen]] attingeva le Polo Sud le 14 de decembre 1911. Le expedition britannic de [[Robert Falcon Scott]] arrivava al Polo in januario 1912, ma Scott e su companiones moriva durante le retorno. Le expeditiones de [[Ernest Shackleton]] es etiam importante in iste periodo. Su expedition ''Endurance'' esseva impedite per le glacie in 1915, e le equipage superviveva post un serie de operationes de salvamento extraordinari. Le expedition non attingeva su objectivo de traversar le continente, ma deveniva un episodio celebre del historia de exploration. Le era heroic esseva marcate per le uso de canes, skis, trenos de tractura animal e, plus tarde, medios motorisate. Le preparation logistic e le observation scientific habeva un rolo crescente in le expeditiones. === Recerca scientific e le Anno Geophysic International === Durante le prime medietate del seculo XX, plure paises establiva bases e expeditiones scientific in Antarctica. Le recerca includeva le cartographia, le meteorologia, le geologia, le glaciologia e le studio del magnetismo terrestre. Le Anno Geophysic International, organisate in 1957–1958, marca un momento decisive del cooperation scientific international. Doce paises participava a un grande programma de recerca e establiva numerose stationes in le continente. Le successo del cooperation contribuiva al negotiation del Tractato Antarctic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/law-and-treaty/history/ |titulo=History of the Antarctic Treaty |sitioweb=Australian Antarctic Program |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le recerca post le Anno Geophysic International cresceva in plure disciplinas, includente le glaciologia, le oceanographia, le biologia marin, le geologia, le astronomia e le studio del atmosphera. == Le Tractato Antarctic == Le Tractato Antarctic esseva signate in Washington le 1 de decembre 1959 e entrava in vigor le 23 de junio 1961. Le accordo establi que Antarctica debe esser usate pro fines pacific e que le libertate de recerca scientific e le cooperation international debe esser preservate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/us-antarctic-program |titulo=U.S. Antarctic Program |sitioweb=National Science Foundation |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le tractato prohibi le activitates militar de character hostile, includente le establimento de bases militar e le test de armas. Illo prohibi etiam explosiones nuclear e le deposition de residuos radioactiv in le area al qual illo se applica. Le tractato non resolveva le disputas territorial existente, ma congelava lor status juridic. Le reclamationes territorial de plure paises non esseva ni acceptate universalmente ni eliminate per le accordo. Le tractato establi tamben un systema de inspection e cooperation scientific. Le Systema del Tractato Antarctic include le tractato principal e altere accordos concernente le protection del ambiente, le conservation del fauna e flora e le gestion del recursos marin. == Organisation politic e reclamationes territorial == Antarctica non es un stato independente e non ha un population indigena permanente. Plure paises ha proclamate reclamationes territorial super partes del continente, ma iste reclamationes non es universalmente recognoscite e lor status es regolate per le dispositiones del Tractato Antarctic. Le reclamationes historic es associate con Australia, Argentina, Chile, Francia, Norvegia, Nova Zelanda e le Regno Unite. Le Statos Unite e Russia non recognosce alcun del reclamationes como definitive e ha preservate lor positiones in le quadro del tractato. Le administration del continente se basa in grande parte sur le cooperation inter le paises signatari e sur le reuniones consultive del systema del tractato. Le decisiones concernente le protection ambiental, le recerca scientific e le activitates human es adoptate per accordos international. == Stationes scientific e vita in Antarctica == Le stationes scientific es le principal formas de presentia human permanente in Antarctica. Plure paises opera bases que functiona durante tote le anno, durante que altere stationes es occupate solmente durante le estate austral. Le stationes sustene recerca in campos como le clima, le glacie, le oceanos, le biologia, le geologia, le astronomia e le atmosphera. Le conditiones de vita es extreme e require organisation logistic special, includente generation de energia, provision de alimento, communication e evacuation medical. Le stationes differes in dimension e function. Le station [[McMurdo]], operate per le Statos Unite, es un importante centro logistic. Le station [[Amundsen-Scott]] es situate al Polo Sud geographic. Le station [[Palmer]] se concentra specialmente sur le recerca marin e biologic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/us-antarctic-program |titulo=U.S. Antarctic Program |sitioweb=National Science Foundation |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le personal que passa le hiberno in Antarctica debe adaptar se a isolation, frigore, periodos de obscuritate e accesso limitate al servicios exterior. Le stationes es generalmente organisate pro reducir le impacto ambiental e garantir le securitate del expeditiones. == Recerca scientific contemporanee == Antarctica es un del principal regiones del Terra pro le studio del systema climatic. Le glacie conserva information super le composition del atmosphera e le temperaturas del passato, incluse gases intrappulate in bulas de aere e particulas depositate durante millennios. Le carotas de glacie permitte reconstruer le variationes del concentration de [[dioxido de carbon]], del [[methano]] e de altere componentes del atmosphera. Le recerca super le glacie e le oceanos contribui al melior comprension del cambiamento climatic e del evolution del calotta glacial. Le continente es etiam importante pro le studio del astronomia e del [[neutrino]]s, perque le altitudes, le obscuritate, le aere seche e le glacie offer oportunidades special pro observationes scientific. Le National Science Foundation e altere agencias national supporta programas que combina recerca fundamental e observatorios de longe termino. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/ant |titulo=Section for Antarctic Sciences |sitioweb=National Science Foundation |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Protection del ambiente == Le Protocollo al Tractato Antarctic super le Protection del Ambiente, signate in 1991 e entrate in vigor in 1998, establi un quadro de protection ambiental. Illo designa Antarctica como un reserva natural dedicate al pace e al scientia e impose obligationes concernente le evaluation del impacto ambiental, le gestion del residuos e le protection del ecosistemas. Le protocollo prohibi le activitates relative al extraction de recursos mineral, salvo le recerca scientific. Le dispositiones es destinate a reducir le impacto del stationes, expeditiones e turismo e a preservar le ambiente del continente. Le protection del fauna e flora include normas super le introduction de species estranier, le perturbation del animales e le collection de organismos. Le activitates human debe esser organisate in maniera que limita le damno al ecosistemas e al paisages natural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/env/antarctic-conservation-act-permits |titulo=Antarctic Conservation Act and Permits |sitioweb=National Science Foundation |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Turismo == Le turismo in Antarctica cresceva durante le ultime decennios del seculo XX e le initio del seculo XXI. Le major parte del visitantes arriva per naves que parti de portos del America del Sud e visita le Peninsula Antarctic e le insulas proxime. Le turismo es regulate per le legislation national e per le normas international applicabile al region. Le operadores debe considerar le protection del fauna, le gestion del residuos, le securitate del visitantes e le riscos associate al conditiones meteorologic e al distantia del servicios de emergentia. Le activitates turistic include observation de aves e mammiferos marin, visitas a paisages glacial e participation in expeditiones organisate. Le accesso al interior del continente es plus limitate e require medios logistic special. == Cambiamento climatic e nivello del mar == Le calotta glacial de Antarctica es un componente importante del systema climatic global. Le perdita de glacie continental contribue al augmento del nivello del mar, durante que le variationes del glacie marin influentia le exchange de calor inter le oceano e le atmosphera. Le reaction del calotta al cambiamento climatic varia inter le regiones. Le Peninsula Antarctic e certe partes del Antarctica Occidental ha monstrate alterationes importante in le glacie e in le temperatura, durante que le evolution del glacie in Antarctica Oriental presenta patrones plus complexe e variabile. Le observationes satellitari, le carotas de glacie, le mesurationes oceanic e le modelos climatic es usate pro evaluar le evolution del continente e su contribution potential al augmento futur del nivello del mar. Le recerca antarctic es dunque importante non solmente pro le region, ma etiam pro le comunidades costal de tote le mundo. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/bas-research/science/climate/overview/ |titulo=Climate Change: Overview |sitioweb=British Antarctic Survey |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Importantia global == Antarctica exerce un influentia importante super le circulation oceanic, le clima global e le nivello del mar. Le calotta glacial reflecte parte del radiation solar, e le formation del aqua marin frigide e dense contribue al circulation oceanic global. Le continente es etiam un importante archivo del historia climatic del Terra. Le datos obtinite per le recerca antarctic contribui al comprension del variationes natural del clima e del effectos del activitate human super le atmosphera e le oceano. Le cooperation scientific international e le Tractato Antarctic ha permittite mantener le continente como un spatio de recerca e collaboration inter paises con interesses politic differente. {{Ref}} {{Continentes}} [[Categoria:Antarctica| ]] [[Categoria:Geographia]] 8ba5k6i85c1jfxf2p6de91dv43qoipk 14 10149 704716 503873 2026-10-17T21:05:56Z Interlingvisto 60932 704716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|History of South America}} [[Categoria:Historia de America]] [[Categoria:America del Sud]] [[Categoria:Historia per continente]] jc1g1bkqwbh74b443kljivbt3fzl73c 704717 704716 2026-10-17T21:06:18Z Interlingvisto 60932 704717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|History of South America}} [[Categoria:Historia de America]] [[Categoria:America del Sud]] 7o7xl9woafjz2k7d71lt0nq94trjlot 0 10151 704723 587398 2026-10-17T21:18:51Z Interlingvisto 60932 704723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} Le '''America''' es un continente o conjunto de duo grandes continentes situate principalmente in le [[hemispherio occidental]] del [[Terra]]. Secundo le convention geographic commun in multe paises de lingua espaniol e portugese, America constitue un sol continente, dividite in [[America del Nord]], [[America Central]], le [[Caribe]] e [[America del Sud]]. In altere modelos geographic, specialmente in le mundo anglofone, America es considerate como duo continentes distincte: America del Nord e America del Sud. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica |titulo=América |sitioweb=Wikipedia in espaniol |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Con un superficie de circa 42–43 milliones de kilometros quadrate, America es le secunde grande massa terrestre del planeta post [[Asia]]. Illo se extende desde le regiones arctic del nord usque al extremitate austral de America del Sud. Le continente es delimitate principalmente per le [[Oceano Atlantic]] al est e le [[Oceano Pacific]] al west, durante que le [[Oceano Arctic]] lo borda al nord e le Passage de Drake lo separa de [[Antarctica]] al sud. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Americas |titulo=Americas |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> America es caracterisate per un grande diversitate de climas, paisages, linguas e culturas. Illo include tundras arctic, forestes boreal, desertos, montanias, planities, savannas, forestes tropical e regiones subantarctic. Le population del continente supera un milliard de personas e include populos indigena, descendentes de europeos e africanos, communitates de origine asiatic e numerose gruppos de population mixta. == Toponymia == Le nomine America deriva del nomine del explorator florentin [[Amerigo Vespucci]]. In 1507, le cartographo german [[Martin Waldseemüller]] utilisava le forma latin *America* in un carta del mundo e in un obra geographic, in recognition del relatos de Vespucci super le terras del hemispherio occidental. Le nomine esseva applicate inicialmente a partes de America del Sud e se extendeva ulteriormente al insimul del continente. Durante le seculos sequente, le uso del termino se generalisava in le cartographia europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Americas |titulo=Americas |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le linguas espaniol e portugese, America es generalmente usate pro designar le continente integre, durante que in anglese le expression *the Americas* es frequentemente usate pro referer al duo continentes, America del Nord e America del Sud. Le uso varia secundo le tradition geographic, educative e cultural. == Geographia physic == === Extension e position === America es un continente multo extende in direction nord-sud. Le regiones septentrional se trova in le zona arctic e subarctic, durante que le regiones meridional attinge latitudes temperate e subantarctic. Le istmo de Panama constitue le connexion terrestre inter America del Nord e America del Sud. Le grande extension latitudinal produce un varietate de conditiones climatic. Le regiones del nord ha in grande parte climas frigide o temperate; le zonas intertropical comprende forestes tropical, savannas e desertos; e le partes austral presenta climas temperate e oceanic. === America del Nord === America del Nord include le grande massas continental del Canada, del Statos Unite e del Mexico, assi como Groenlandia e numerose insulas e archipelagos del oceano Arctic, del Atlantico e del Pacifico. Le regiones septentrional comprende le [[Archipelago Arctic Canadese]], le tundras e le vaste forestes boreal. Plus al sud se trova le [[Montes Roccos]], le [[Appalachianos]], le Grande Planities, le [[Lacos Grande]] e le bassino del [[Mississippi]] e del [[Missouri]]. Le Mexico include altiplanos, montanias, regiones desertic e zonas tropical. Le peninsula de [[Yucatán]] e le costa del [[Golfo de Mexico]] ha paisages e ecosistemas distincte, durante que le costa occidental es influentiate per le oceano Pacifico. === America Central === America Central es le region terrestre que connecte America del Nord con America del Sud. Secundo le convention geographic usual, illo se extende desde le sud del Mexico usque a Panama e include Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica e Panama. Le region es dominate per montanias, vulcanos, forestes tropical e planities costal. Le istmo de Panama es un puncto strategic pro le communication inter le Atlantico e le Pacifico, specialmente per le [[Canal de Panama]], inaugurate in 1914. Le position inter duo oceanos e le diversitate del ecosistemas ha contribuite al importantia biologic e economic de America Central. === Caribe === Le Caribe include le insulas e archipelagos situate in le Mar Caribe e in le regiones proxime del Atlantico occidental. Le principal gruppos insular es le [[Antillas Major]] e le [[Antillas Menor]], al quales se adjunge le [[Bahamas]]. Le Antillas Major comprende Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica e Puerto Rico. Le Antillas Menor forma un arco de insulas que se extende desde le proximidades de Puerto Rico verso le costa de Venezuela. Le region ha un clima predominantemente tropical, con forestes, montanias, playas e ecosistemas marin. Illo es etiam exposte a huracanes, terremotos e activitate volcanic in certe partes. === America del Sud === America del Sud se extende desde le region del istmo de Panama usque al extremitate austral del continente. Le [[Cordillera del Andes]] percorre le costa occidental e contine alcun del plus alte montanias del hemispherio occidental, includente le [[Aconcagua]]. Le continente possede vaste bassinos fluvial, includente le [[Amazonas (fluvio)|Amazonas]], le [[Orinoco]] e le [[Río de la Plata]]. Le [[Foresta Amazonic]] constitue un del plus grande ecosistemas tropical del mundo. Altere regiones importante include le [[Llanos]], le [[Pantanal]], le [[Cerrado]], le [[Pampa]], le [[Gran Chaco]] e le desertos del nord de Chile. Le sud del continente include le [[Patagonia]] e le [[Terra del Foco]], con climas plus frigide e paisages de montanias, glaciares e steppas. == Geologia e tectonica == Le historia geologic de America es ligate al movimento del placas tectonic e al disveloppamento de supercontinentes como [[Pangea]], [[Laurasia]] e [[Gondwana]]. Le separation de America del Nord e America del Sud, le formation del Atlantico e le collisiones de placas ha modelate le relief contemporanee. Le Andes se formava principalmente per le subduction del placa de Nazca sub le placa Sudamerican. Le Montes Roccos e altere systemas montaniose de America del Nord es le resultato de plure periodos de deformation tectonic. Le formation del istmo de Panama, durante le ultime phases del historia geologic, establiva un connexion terrestre inter le duo partes del continente e modificava le circulation del aquas inter le Atlantico e le Pacifico. Le formation del istmo ha etiam influentiate le dispersion de species animal e vegetal inter le nord e le sud. == Clima == Le climas de America varia desde le clima polar usque al tropical. Le factores principal include le latitude, le altitude, le distantia del mar, le relief e le currentes oceanic. Le regiones arctic de Canada e Groenlandia ha temperaturas multo basse e longe periodos de obscuritate in le hiberno. Le regiones central e oriental de America del Nord presenta climas continental e temperate, durante que le costa del Pacifico ha conditiones oceanic in multe areas. Le zonas tropical de America Central e del Caribe es influentiate per le aliseos e le currentes oceanic. America del Sud include climas tropical in le Amazonia, aride in le Atacama, temperate in le Pampa e frigide in partes del Andes e del Patagonia. Le altitudine produce etiam contrastos climatic importante. Le montanias andin include regiones tropical de alte altitude, campos de glacie e ambientes alpine. == Ecosistemas e biodiversitate == America possede un grande diversitate de ecosistemas e un parte importante del biodiversitate mundial. Le foresta amazonic, le forestes temperate, le manglares, le savannas, le desertos, le tundras e le ecosistemas de montania sustene numerose species de plantas e animales. Le Amazonia es importante pro le regulation del ciclo hydrologic e del carbon, durante que le Andes constitue un grande reservoir de biodiversitate e de recursos aquatic. Le regiones humide del Pantanal e le delta del Orinoco es importante pro le aves e altere animales aquatic. Le continente include species characteristic como le [[jaguar]], le [[lama]], le [[alpaca]], le [[condor andin]], le [[bisonte american]], le [[castor]] e numerose species de primates, reptiles e aves. Le ecosistemas american es confrontate con menacias como le deforestation, le conversion del habitats, le pollution, le exploitation intensive del recursos natural e le cambiamento climatic. Le protection del biodiversitate es un objectivo importante pro multe paises e institutiones scientific. == Population e demographia == America es populate per plus de un milliard de personas. Le population es repartite in maniera irregular: certe regiones metropolitan e costal ha densitates alte, durante que vaste areas del Amazonia, del nord de Canada e del Patagonia es pauc populate. Le principal concentrationes urban include le regiones de [[Citate de Mexico]], [[New York]], [[São Paulo]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Lima]] e [[Bogotá]]. Le urbanisation es un del principal transformationes social del continente durante le ultime duo seculos. Le population american es multietnic e multilingue. Illa include populos indigena, descendentes de europeos, africanos e asiaticos, e numerose communitates de origine mixta. Le composition demographic varia considerablemente inter le paises e regiones. == Historia == === Populos indigena e prime occupation === Le prime habitantes de America arrivava desde Asia per migrationes que occurreva durante le ultime phases del [[Pleistoceno]]. Un del itinerarios probabile involveva [[Beringia]], le region que in certe periodos connecteva le Siberia con le Alaska. Le chronologia exacte e le itinerarios del prime populationes continua a esser objecto de recerca scientific. Le descendentes de iste populationes se expandiva per le continente e disveloppava un grande varietate de culturas, linguas e formas de subsistentia. Illos includeva gruppos de chasatores e collectores, communitates de piscatores e societates agricole sedentari. Le population indigena ante le contacto europee es difficile a calcular con precision. Le estimativas varia considerabilemente, perque le datos archaeologic e historic es fragmentari e le impacto posterior del maladias, del guerras e del colonisation esseva multo grande. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas |titulo=Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas |sitioweb=Wikipedia in anglese |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Civilisationes de Mesoamerica === In [[Mesoamerica]], diverse societates disveloppava agricultura, centros ceremonial, systemas de scriptura, calendarios e formas complexe de organisation politic. Le [[Olmecas]] es frequentemente considerate un del prime grande culturas de Mesoamerica. Plus tarde, le [[Mayas]] disveloppava citates, scriptura, mathematicas e astronomia. Le civilisation maya habeva plure centros politic e cultural e non esseva un imperio unificate. In le Mexico central, le [[Mexicas]] o Aztecas establiva un potente stato con capital in [[Tenochtitlan]]. Le imperio mexica exerceva tributo e influentia super numerose communitates vicin ante le conquista espaniol del seculo XVI. === Civilisationes del Andes === In America del Sud, le region andin esseva le sede de numerose culturas, includente [[Chavín]], [[Moche]], [[Nazca]], [[Tiwanaku]] e [[Wari]]. Le [[Imperio Inca]] deveniva le plus grande organisation politic del America precolombian. Su centro esseva [[Cusco]], e su rete de caminos, centros administrative, agricultura de terrazas e systemas de deposito permitteva le administration de territorios extendente se super partes del actual Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina e Colombia. Le societates precolombian de America non esseva limitate a Mesoamerica e le Andes. In le Amazonia, le bassino del Mississippi, le Grandes Planities e altere regiones se disveloppava etiam culturas con formas distincte de agricultura, commercio e organisation social. === Arrivata europee e contactos transatlantic === Le contactos inter America e Europa deveniva permanente post le viages de [[Christophoro Colombo]] in 1492. Colombo, navigante al servicio del Corona de Castilia, attingeva insulas del Caribe durante un expedition que cercava un route maritime verso Asia. Le viages posterior de Colombo e de altere navigatores europee establiva le contactos regular inter America e le societates de Europa. Le explorationes de Amerigo Vespucci contribuiva al comprension que le terras occidental non esseva simplemente parte de Asia, e le nomine America se diffundeva in le cartographia europee durante le initio del seculo XVI. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Americas |titulo=Americas |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le contactos produceva un intercambio global de plantas, animales, personas, maladias e technicas, frequentemente appellate [[Intercambio Columbian]]. Productos american como le mais, le patata, le tomate, le cacao e le tabaco se diffundeva in altere partes del mundo. In direction inverse, cavallos, bovinos, tritico e numerose maladias esseva introducite in America. === Conquista e colonisation europee === Post 1492, le poteres europee comenciava a establir colonias e a subjugar territorios american. Le [[Imperio Espaniol]] assumeva le controlo de grande partes de America Central, del Caribe e de America del Sud, assi como de partes de America del Nord. Portugal colonisava le territorio que deveniva [[Brasil]]. Le Grande Britannia, Francia e le Paisos Basse establiva colonias in America del Nord e in le Caribe. Le conquista esseva accompaniate per guerras, aliantias con actores indigena, conversiones religiose, appropriation de terras e introduction de nove systemas de administration. Le effectos varia per region, ma le populationes indigena suffreva un declino demographic dramatic in multe areas, causate per epidemias, violentia, labor coercitive e perturbation del systemas de subsistentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-19230/colonizacion-europea-de-las-americas/ |titulo=Colonización europea de las Américas |sitioweb=World History Encyclopedia |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le economias colonial se basava in parte super le extraction de metallos preciose, le agricultura de plantation e le commercio transatlantic. Le labor forzate e le [[esclavitude]] deveniva elementos central del production in plure regiones. === Trata transatlantic de personas enslaveate === Durante plure seculos, milliones de africanos esseva deportate per fortia verso America e obligate a laborar in plantationes, minas e altere sectores economic. Le [[trata transatlantic de sclavos]] transformava le societates del Caribe, de Brasil e de partes del America del Nord e Central. Le esclavitude e le resistencia al esclavitude ha lassate effectos durabile in le demographia, le cultura, le lingua, le musica e le structuras social del continente. Le abolition esseva un processo gradual e differente per pais: Haiti deveniva independente in 1804 post un revolution conduite in grande parte per personas enslaveate e lor descendentes; le abolition del esclavitude in altere paises occurreva durante le seculo XIX. === Independentia e formation de statos === Le independentia del Statos Unite in 1776 esseva un del prime grande rupturas con le domination colonial europee in America. Le guerra contra le Grande Britannia terminava con le recognition del independentia in 1783. Le [[Revolution Haitiana]] e le independentia de Haiti in 1804 constituiva un altere evento major: Haiti deveniva le prime stato independente moderne fundate per un revolution de personas enslaveate e lor descendentes. Durante le prime decennios del seculo XIX, guerras de independentia occurreva in grande parte de America Hispanica. Le crises del monarchia espaniol, le conflictos politic e le movimentos local conduceva al formation de numerose statos independente. Brasil declarava su independentia de Portugal in 1822 e deveniva un imperio independente. In le Caribe, le independentia occurreva plus tard in numerose insulas. Cuba deveniva independente de Espania in 1898, con un periodo subsequente de forte influentia statounitese; altere territorios caribe continua a esser dependencias o territorios associate a statos exterior. === America durante le seculo XIX === Le seculo XIX esseva marcate per le expansion territorial, le industrialisation, le migration e le conflictos inter statos. In le Statos Unite, le expansion verso le west esseva accompaniate per le appropriation de terras indigena e le displaciamento de numerose communitates. Le [[Guerra Civil American]] de 1861–1865 involveva le question del esclavitude e del potere federal; su fin conduceva al abolition constitutional del esclavitude, ben que le discrimination racial continuava. In America del Sud, le nove republicas affrontava conflictos de frontiera, instabilitate politic e transformationes economic. Le expansion del exportation de productos agricole e mineral ligava le economias american plus strettemente al mercato mundial. In multe regiones, le population indigena perdeva territorios e autonomia, durante que le migrationes europee augmentava le population in paises como Argentina, Brasil, Canada e Statos Unite. === America durante le seculo XX === ==== Guerras e transformationes politic ==== Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] affectava America de manieras differente. Le Statos Unite participava militarmente al duo guerras e deveniva un del principal potentias economic e militar del mundo. Canada e numerose paises latinoamerican participava etiam al effortios de guerra, con roles variabile. Durante le Guerra Fride, le relationes inter le Statos Unite, le Union Sovietic e le paises de America Latin deveniva un elemento importante del politica regional. Revolutiones, golpes de stato, guerras civil e interventiones exterior marcava partes del continente, specialmente in le decennios posterior a 1945. Le [[Revolution Cubana]] de 1959 transformava Cuba in un stato socialiste e cambiava le relationes inter le insula e le Statos Unite. In altere paises, le conflictos politic includeva disputas super le reforma agrari, le industrialisation, le derectos laboral e le forma del systemas democratic. ==== Descolonisation e derectos indigena ==== Durante le seculo XX, plure territorios american obteneva independentia o modificava lor status politic. Le movementos de derectos civil, de derectos indigena e de equalitate racial exerceva influentia in le Statos Unite, Canada e America Latin. Le populos indigena promoveva le recognition de lor linguas, territorios, formas de governance e derectos cultural. Le resultatos varia per pais, e multe questiones concernente le restitution territorial, le education, le discrimination e le representation politic remane disputate. == America contemporanee == America contemporanee comprende 35 statos independente, insimul con numerose territorios dependente o associate a statos exterior. Le structuras politic, economic e social varia multo inter le paises. Le Statos Unite e Canada possede economias industrial e de servicios multo disveloppate. Mexico, Brasil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia e altere paises ha economias importante in agricultura, industria, energia, mineria e servicios, ma confronta etiam inequalitate social e differente grados de instabilitate economic. Le cooperation regional se manifesta in organisationes como le [[Organisation del Statos American]], le [[Mercosur]], le [[Communitate Andin]], le [[Communitate del Caribe]] e le [[Systema de Integration Centroamerican]]. Iste organisationes promove, con grados differente de integration, le cooperation politic, commercial e cultural. Le relationes con Europa, Asia e Africa es importante pro le commercio, le migration e le cooperation international. Le continente participa etiam in le debates global super le cambiamento climatic, le biodiversitate, le energia e le governance economic. === Population e diversitate cultural === America es un continente multilingue e multicultural. Le linguas plus largemente usate include le [[espaniol]], le [[anglese]], le [[portugese]] e le [[francese]], assi como numerose linguas indigena e creole. Le linguas indigena include le [[quechua]], le [[aymara]], le [[guarani]], le linguas [[maya]], le [[nahuatl]], le [[mapudungun]] e numerose linguas del populos de America del Nord. Alcun de iste linguas ha status official in certe paises o regiones, e plure communitates promove lor preservation e revitalisation. Le religiones include le [[christianismo]] in diverse traditiones, le religiones traditional indigena, le [[judaismo]], le [[islam]] e altere traditiones. Le syncretismo religiose e le intercambio cultural es importante in multe partes del continente, specialmente in le Caribe e in America Latin. === Economia === Le economias american varia desde grande economias industrial e technologicamente disveloppate usque a economias dependente del agricultura, del extraction de recursos natural e del turismo. Le agricultura include le production de mais, tritico, soia, canna de mele, caffe, fructos e numerose altere productos. Le continente es etiam un productor importante de petroleo, gas natural, minerales, metallos e ligno. Le industria include le sectores automobile, electronic, alimentari, pharmaceutic, aerospace e altere. Le servicios, le finantias, le commercio, le education e le turismo ha etiam un rolo importante. Le differentias de revenito, le accesso al education e al sanitate, le infrastructura e le opportunitates economic varia multo inter paises e intra lor populationes. === Ambiente e cambiamento climatic === America possede ecosistemas de importantia global, includente le [[Foresta Amazonic]], le forestes boreal de Canada, le manglares del Caribe, le Andes e le ecosistemas del Arctic. Le deforestation, le extraction de recursos, le pollution, le urbanisation e le cambiamento climatic exerce pressiones super iste ambientes. Le augmento del temperaturas, le variation del precipitationes, le incendios forestal e le reduction de glaciares affecta numerose regiones. Le conservation del biodiversitate e le protection del territorios indigena es elementos importante del politicas ambiental del continente. {{Ref}} == Vide etiam == {{commonscat|Americas}} * [[America Latin]] {{Continentes}} [[Categoria:America| ]] {{elem|continentes}} {{pecietta|geographia}} f75osfp3xhigev34ag6jbnai5dgymb1 704724 704723 2026-10-17T21:19:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 704724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} '''America''' es un continente o conjunto de duo grandes continentes situate principalmente in le [[hemispherio occidental]] del [[Terra]]. Secundo le convention geographic commun in multe paises de lingua espaniol e portugese, America constitue un sol continente, dividite in [[America del Nord]], [[America Central]], le [[Caribe]] e [[America del Sud]]. In altere modelos geographic, specialmente in le mundo anglofone, America es considerate como duo continentes distincte: America del Nord e America del Sud. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica |titulo=América |sitioweb=Wikipedia in espaniol |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Con un superficie de circa 42–43 milliones de kilometros quadrate, America es le secunde grande massa terrestre del planeta post [[Asia]]. Illo se extende desde le regiones arctic del nord usque al extremitate austral de America del Sud. Le continente es delimitate principalmente per le [[Oceano Atlantic]] al est e le [[Oceano Pacific]] al west, durante que le [[Oceano Arctic]] lo borda al nord e le Passage de Drake lo separa de [[Antarctica]] al sud. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Americas |titulo=Americas |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> America es caracterisate per un grande diversitate de climas, paisages, linguas e culturas. Illo include tundras arctic, forestes boreal, desertos, montanias, planities, savannas, forestes tropical e regiones subantarctic. Le population del continente supera un milliard de personas e include populos indigena, descendentes de europeos e africanos, communitates de origine asiatic e numerose gruppos de population mixta. == Toponymia == Le nomine America deriva del nomine del explorator florentin [[Amerigo Vespucci]]. In 1507, le cartographo german [[Martin Waldseemüller]] utilisava le forma latin *America* in un carta del mundo e in un obra geographic, in recognition del relatos de Vespucci super le terras del hemispherio occidental. Le nomine esseva applicate inicialmente a partes de America del Sud e se extendeva ulteriormente al insimul del continente. Durante le seculos sequente, le uso del termino se generalisava in le cartographia europee. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Americas |titulo=Americas |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In le linguas espaniol e portugese, America es generalmente usate pro designar le continente integre, durante que in anglese le expression *the Americas* es frequentemente usate pro referer al duo continentes, America del Nord e America del Sud. Le uso varia secundo le tradition geographic, educative e cultural. == Geographia physic == === Extension e position === America es un continente multo extende in direction nord-sud. Le regiones septentrional se trova in le zona arctic e subarctic, durante que le regiones meridional attinge latitudes temperate e subantarctic. Le istmo de Panama constitue le connexion terrestre inter America del Nord e America del Sud. Le grande extension latitudinal produce un varietate de conditiones climatic. Le regiones del nord ha in grande parte climas frigide o temperate; le zonas intertropical comprende forestes tropical, savannas e desertos; e le partes austral presenta climas temperate e oceanic. === America del Nord === America del Nord include le grande massas continental del Canada, del Statos Unite e del Mexico, assi como Groenlandia e numerose insulas e archipelagos del oceano Arctic, del Atlantico e del Pacifico. Le regiones septentrional comprende le [[Archipelago Arctic Canadese]], le tundras e le vaste forestes boreal. Plus al sud se trova le [[Montes Roccos]], le [[Appalachianos]], le Grande Planities, le [[Lacos Grande]] e le bassino del [[Mississippi]] e del [[Missouri]]. Le Mexico include altiplanos, montanias, regiones desertic e zonas tropical. Le peninsula de [[Yucatán]] e le costa del [[Golfo de Mexico]] ha paisages e ecosistemas distincte, durante que le costa occidental es influentiate per le oceano Pacifico. === America Central === America Central es le region terrestre que connecte America del Nord con America del Sud. Secundo le convention geographic usual, illo se extende desde le sud del Mexico usque a Panama e include Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica e Panama. Le region es dominate per montanias, vulcanos, forestes tropical e planities costal. Le istmo de Panama es un puncto strategic pro le communication inter le Atlantico e le Pacifico, specialmente per le [[Canal de Panama]], inaugurate in 1914. Le position inter duo oceanos e le diversitate del ecosistemas ha contribuite al importantia biologic e economic de America Central. === Caribe === Le Caribe include le insulas e archipelagos situate in le Mar Caribe e in le regiones proxime del Atlantico occidental. Le principal gruppos insular es le [[Antillas Major]] e le [[Antillas Menor]], al quales se adjunge le [[Bahamas]]. Le Antillas Major comprende Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica e Puerto Rico. Le Antillas Menor forma un arco de insulas que se extende desde le proximidades de Puerto Rico verso le costa de Venezuela. Le region ha un clima predominantemente tropical, con forestes, montanias, playas e ecosistemas marin. Illo es etiam exposte a huracanes, terremotos e activitate volcanic in certe partes. === America del Sud === America del Sud se extende desde le region del istmo de Panama usque al extremitate austral del continente. Le [[Cordillera del Andes]] percorre le costa occidental e contine alcun del plus alte montanias del hemispherio occidental, includente le [[Aconcagua]]. Le continente possede vaste bassinos fluvial, includente le [[Amazonas (fluvio)|Amazonas]], le [[Orinoco]] e le [[Río de la Plata]]. Le [[Foresta Amazonic]] constitue un del plus grande ecosistemas tropical del mundo. Altere regiones importante include le [[Llanos]], le [[Pantanal]], le [[Cerrado]], le [[Pampa]], le [[Gran Chaco]] e le desertos del nord de Chile. Le sud del continente include le [[Patagonia]] e le [[Terra del Foco]], con climas plus frigide e paisages de montanias, glaciares e steppas. == Geologia e tectonica == Le historia geologic de America es ligate al movimento del placas tectonic e al disveloppamento de supercontinentes como [[Pangea]], [[Laurasia]] e [[Gondwana]]. Le separation de America del Nord e America del Sud, le formation del Atlantico e le collisiones de placas ha modelate le relief contemporanee. Le Andes se formava principalmente per le subduction del placa de Nazca sub le placa Sudamerican. Le Montes Roccos e altere systemas montaniose de America del Nord es le resultato de plure periodos de deformation tectonic. Le formation del istmo de Panama, durante le ultime phases del historia geologic, establiva un connexion terrestre inter le duo partes del continente e modificava le circulation del aquas inter le Atlantico e le Pacifico. Le formation del istmo ha etiam influentiate le dispersion de species animal e vegetal inter le nord e le sud. == Clima == Le climas de America varia desde le clima polar usque al tropical. Le factores principal include le latitude, le altitude, le distantia del mar, le relief e le currentes oceanic. Le regiones arctic de Canada e Groenlandia ha temperaturas multo basse e longe periodos de obscuritate in le hiberno. Le regiones central e oriental de America del Nord presenta climas continental e temperate, durante que le costa del Pacifico ha conditiones oceanic in multe areas. Le zonas tropical de America Central e del Caribe es influentiate per le aliseos e le currentes oceanic. America del Sud include climas tropical in le Amazonia, aride in le Atacama, temperate in le Pampa e frigide in partes del Andes e del Patagonia. Le altitudine produce etiam contrastos climatic importante. Le montanias andin include regiones tropical de alte altitude, campos de glacie e ambientes alpine. == Ecosistemas e biodiversitate == America possede un grande diversitate de ecosistemas e un parte importante del biodiversitate mundial. Le foresta amazonic, le forestes temperate, le manglares, le savannas, le desertos, le tundras e le ecosistemas de montania sustene numerose species de plantas e animales. Le Amazonia es importante pro le regulation del ciclo hydrologic e del carbon, durante que le Andes constitue un grande reservoir de biodiversitate e de recursos aquatic. Le regiones humide del Pantanal e le delta del Orinoco es importante pro le aves e altere animales aquatic. Le continente include species characteristic como le [[jaguar]], le [[lama]], le [[alpaca]], le [[condor andin]], le [[bisonte american]], le [[castor]] e numerose species de primates, reptiles e aves. Le ecosistemas american es confrontate con menacias como le deforestation, le conversion del habitats, le pollution, le exploitation intensive del recursos natural e le cambiamento climatic. Le protection del biodiversitate es un objectivo importante pro multe paises e institutiones scientific. == Population e demographia == America es populate per plus de un milliard de personas. Le population es repartite in maniera irregular: certe regiones metropolitan e costal ha densitates alte, durante que vaste areas del Amazonia, del nord de Canada e del Patagonia es pauc populate. Le principal concentrationes urban include le regiones de [[Citate de Mexico]], [[New York]], [[São Paulo]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Lima]] e [[Bogotá]]. Le urbanisation es un del principal transformationes social del continente durante le ultime duo seculos. Le population american es multietnic e multilingue. Illa include populos indigena, descendentes de europeos, africanos e asiaticos, e numerose communitates de origine mixta. Le composition demographic varia considerablemente inter le paises e regiones. == Historia == === Populos indigena e prime occupation === Le prime habitantes de America arrivava desde Asia per migrationes que occurreva durante le ultime phases del [[Pleistoceno]]. Un del itinerarios probabile involveva [[Beringia]], le region que in certe periodos connecteva le Siberia con le Alaska. Le chronologia exacte e le itinerarios del prime populationes continua a esser objecto de recerca scientific. Le descendentes de iste populationes se expandiva per le continente e disveloppava un grande varietate de culturas, linguas e formas de subsistentia. Illos includeva gruppos de chasatores e collectores, communitates de piscatores e societates agricole sedentari. Le population indigena ante le contacto europee es difficile a calcular con precision. Le estimativas varia considerabilemente, perque le datos archaeologic e historic es fragmentari e le impacto posterior del maladias, del guerras e del colonisation esseva multo grande. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas |titulo=Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas |sitioweb=Wikipedia in anglese |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Civilisationes de Mesoamerica === In [[Mesoamerica]], diverse societates disveloppava agricultura, centros ceremonial, systemas de scriptura, calendarios e formas complexe de organisation politic. Le [[Olmecas]] es frequentemente considerate un del prime grande culturas de Mesoamerica. Plus tarde, le [[Mayas]] disveloppava citates, scriptura, mathematicas e astronomia. Le civilisation maya habeva plure centros politic e cultural e non esseva un imperio unificate. In le Mexico central, le [[Mexicas]] o Aztecas establiva un potente stato con capital in [[Tenochtitlan]]. Le imperio mexica exerceva tributo e influentia super numerose communitates vicin ante le conquista espaniol del seculo XVI. === Civilisationes del Andes === In America del Sud, le region andin esseva le sede de numerose culturas, includente [[Chavín]], [[Moche]], [[Nazca]], [[Tiwanaku]] e [[Wari]]. Le [[Imperio Inca]] deveniva le plus grande organisation politic del America precolombian. Su centro esseva [[Cusco]], e su rete de caminos, centros administrative, agricultura de terrazas e systemas de deposito permitteva le administration de territorios extendente se super partes del actual Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina e Colombia. Le societates precolombian de America non esseva limitate a Mesoamerica e le Andes. In le Amazonia, le bassino del Mississippi, le Grandes Planities e altere regiones se disveloppava etiam culturas con formas distincte de agricultura, commercio e organisation social. === Arrivata europee e contactos transatlantic === Le contactos inter America e Europa deveniva permanente post le viages de [[Christophoro Colombo]] in 1492. Colombo, navigante al servicio del Corona de Castilia, attingeva insulas del Caribe durante un expedition que cercava un route maritime verso Asia. Le viages posterior de Colombo e de altere navigatores europee establiva le contactos regular inter America e le societates de Europa. Le explorationes de Amerigo Vespucci contribuiva al comprension que le terras occidental non esseva simplemente parte de Asia, e le nomine America se diffundeva in le cartographia europee durante le initio del seculo XVI. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Americas |titulo=Americas |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le contactos produceva un intercambio global de plantas, animales, personas, maladias e technicas, frequentemente appellate [[Intercambio Columbian]]. Productos american como le mais, le patata, le tomate, le cacao e le tabaco se diffundeva in altere partes del mundo. In direction inverse, cavallos, bovinos, tritico e numerose maladias esseva introducite in America. === Conquista e colonisation europee === Post 1492, le poteres europee comenciava a establir colonias e a subjugar territorios american. Le [[Imperio Espaniol]] assumeva le controlo de grande partes de America Central, del Caribe e de America del Sud, assi como de partes de America del Nord. Portugal colonisava le territorio que deveniva [[Brasil]]. Le Grande Britannia, Francia e le Paisos Basse establiva colonias in America del Nord e in le Caribe. Le conquista esseva accompaniate per guerras, aliantias con actores indigena, conversiones religiose, appropriation de terras e introduction de nove systemas de administration. Le effectos varia per region, ma le populationes indigena suffreva un declino demographic dramatic in multe areas, causate per epidemias, violentia, labor coercitive e perturbation del systemas de subsistentia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-19230/colonizacion-europea-de-las-americas/ |titulo=Colonización europea de las Américas |sitioweb=World History Encyclopedia |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le economias colonial se basava in parte super le extraction de metallos preciose, le agricultura de plantation e le commercio transatlantic. Le labor forzate e le [[esclavitude]] deveniva elementos central del production in plure regiones. === Trata transatlantic de personas enslaveate === Durante plure seculos, milliones de africanos esseva deportate per fortia verso America e obligate a laborar in plantationes, minas e altere sectores economic. Le [[trata transatlantic de sclavos]] transformava le societates del Caribe, de Brasil e de partes del America del Nord e Central. Le esclavitude e le resistencia al esclavitude ha lassate effectos durabile in le demographia, le cultura, le lingua, le musica e le structuras social del continente. Le abolition esseva un processo gradual e differente per pais: Haiti deveniva independente in 1804 post un revolution conduite in grande parte per personas enslaveate e lor descendentes; le abolition del esclavitude in altere paises occurreva durante le seculo XIX. === Independentia e formation de statos === Le independentia del Statos Unite in 1776 esseva un del prime grande rupturas con le domination colonial europee in America. Le guerra contra le Grande Britannia terminava con le recognition del independentia in 1783. Le [[Revolution Haitiana]] e le independentia de Haiti in 1804 constituiva un altere evento major: Haiti deveniva le prime stato independente moderne fundate per un revolution de personas enslaveate e lor descendentes. Durante le prime decennios del seculo XIX, guerras de independentia occurreva in grande parte de America Hispanica. Le crises del monarchia espaniol, le conflictos politic e le movimentos local conduceva al formation de numerose statos independente. Brasil declarava su independentia de Portugal in 1822 e deveniva un imperio independente. In le Caribe, le independentia occurreva plus tard in numerose insulas. Cuba deveniva independente de Espania in 1898, con un periodo subsequente de forte influentia statounitese; altere territorios caribe continua a esser dependencias o territorios associate a statos exterior. === America durante le seculo XIX === Le seculo XIX esseva marcate per le expansion territorial, le industrialisation, le migration e le conflictos inter statos. In le Statos Unite, le expansion verso le west esseva accompaniate per le appropriation de terras indigena e le displaciamento de numerose communitates. Le [[Guerra Civil American]] de 1861–1865 involveva le question del esclavitude e del potere federal; su fin conduceva al abolition constitutional del esclavitude, ben que le discrimination racial continuava. In America del Sud, le nove republicas affrontava conflictos de frontiera, instabilitate politic e transformationes economic. Le expansion del exportation de productos agricole e mineral ligava le economias american plus strettemente al mercato mundial. In multe regiones, le population indigena perdeva territorios e autonomia, durante que le migrationes europee augmentava le population in paises como Argentina, Brasil, Canada e Statos Unite. === America durante le seculo XX === ==== Guerras e transformationes politic ==== Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] affectava America de manieras differente. Le Statos Unite participava militarmente al duo guerras e deveniva un del principal potentias economic e militar del mundo. Canada e numerose paises latinoamerican participava etiam al effortios de guerra, con roles variabile. Durante le Guerra Fride, le relationes inter le Statos Unite, le Union Sovietic e le paises de America Latin deveniva un elemento importante del politica regional. Revolutiones, golpes de stato, guerras civil e interventiones exterior marcava partes del continente, specialmente in le decennios posterior a 1945. Le [[Revolution Cubana]] de 1959 transformava Cuba in un stato socialiste e cambiava le relationes inter le insula e le Statos Unite. In altere paises, le conflictos politic includeva disputas super le reforma agrari, le industrialisation, le derectos laboral e le forma del systemas democratic. ==== Descolonisation e derectos indigena ==== Durante le seculo XX, plure territorios american obteneva independentia o modificava lor status politic. Le movementos de derectos civil, de derectos indigena e de equalitate racial exerceva influentia in le Statos Unite, Canada e America Latin. Le populos indigena promoveva le recognition de lor linguas, territorios, formas de governance e derectos cultural. Le resultatos varia per pais, e multe questiones concernente le restitution territorial, le education, le discrimination e le representation politic remane disputate. == America contemporanee == America contemporanee comprende 35 statos independente, insimul con numerose territorios dependente o associate a statos exterior. Le structuras politic, economic e social varia multo inter le paises. Le Statos Unite e Canada possede economias industrial e de servicios multo disveloppate. Mexico, Brasil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia e altere paises ha economias importante in agricultura, industria, energia, mineria e servicios, ma confronta etiam inequalitate social e differente grados de instabilitate economic. Le cooperation regional se manifesta in organisationes como le [[Organisation del Statos American]], le [[Mercosur]], le [[Communitate Andin]], le [[Communitate del Caribe]] e le [[Systema de Integration Centroamerican]]. Iste organisationes promove, con grados differente de integration, le cooperation politic, commercial e cultural. Le relationes con Europa, Asia e Africa es importante pro le commercio, le migration e le cooperation international. Le continente participa etiam in le debates global super le cambiamento climatic, le biodiversitate, le energia e le governance economic. === Population e diversitate cultural === America es un continente multilingue e multicultural. Le linguas plus largemente usate include le [[espaniol]], le [[anglese]], le [[portugese]] e le [[francese]], assi como numerose linguas indigena e creole. Le linguas indigena include le [[quechua]], le [[aymara]], le [[guarani]], le linguas [[maya]], le [[nahuatl]], le [[mapudungun]] e numerose linguas del populos de America del Nord. Alcun de iste linguas ha status official in certe paises o regiones, e plure communitates promove lor preservation e revitalisation. Le religiones include le [[christianismo]] in diverse traditiones, le religiones traditional indigena, le [[judaismo]], le [[islam]] e altere traditiones. Le syncretismo religiose e le intercambio cultural es importante in multe partes del continente, specialmente in le Caribe e in America Latin. === Economia === Le economias american varia desde grande economias industrial e technologicamente disveloppate usque a economias dependente del agricultura, del extraction de recursos natural e del turismo. Le agricultura include le production de mais, tritico, soia, canna de mele, caffe, fructos e numerose altere productos. Le continente es etiam un productor importante de petroleo, gas natural, minerales, metallos e ligno. Le industria include le sectores automobile, electronic, alimentari, pharmaceutic, aerospace e altere. Le servicios, le finantias, le commercio, le education e le turismo ha etiam un rolo importante. Le differentias de revenito, le accesso al education e al sanitate, le infrastructura e le opportunitates economic varia multo inter paises e intra lor populationes. === Ambiente e cambiamento climatic === America possede ecosistemas de importantia global, includente le [[Foresta Amazonic]], le forestes boreal de Canada, le manglares del Caribe, le Andes e le ecosistemas del Arctic. Le deforestation, le extraction de recursos, le pollution, le urbanisation e le cambiamento climatic exerce pressiones super iste ambientes. Le augmento del temperaturas, le variation del precipitationes, le incendios forestal e le reduction de glaciares affecta numerose regiones. Le conservation del biodiversitate e le protection del territorios indigena es elementos importante del politicas ambiental del continente. {{Ref}} == Vide etiam == {{commonscat|Americas}} * [[America Latin]] {{Continentes}} [[Categoria:America| ]] {{elem|continentes}} {{pecietta|geographia}} 3casun8ftgb93jjdz6qynyc7ke21yui 0 10381 704728 664355 2026-10-17T21:26:19Z Interlingvisto 60932 704728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Oceania''' es un region geographic situate principalmente in le [[Oceano Pacific]], comprendente [[Australia]], [[Nove Zelanda]], [[Nove Guinea]] e milles de insulas e archipelagos del Pacific central e meridional. Secundo le definition usate, le region include etiam insulas del Pacific occidental e del margine oriental del Oceano Indian. Oceania es frequentemente dividite in quatro subregiones: [[Australasia]], [[Melanesia]], [[Micronesia]] e [[Polynesia]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/oceania-human-geography/ |titulo=Australia and Oceania: Human Geography |sitioweb=National Geographic Society |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Oceania es un del regiones del mundo con le plus grande diversitate geographic e cultural. Illo include le grande massa continental australian, le montanias e forestes tropical de Nove Guinea, le insulas vulcanic de Melanesia e Polynesia, e le atollos corallic basse de Micronesia. Le region es definite tanto per su relation con le Pacific como per le diversitate de su populationes, linguas, historias e culturas. Le terminos Oceania e Australia non es sempre usate con le mesme signification. Australia designa un pais e, in certe classificationes, un continente; Oceania designa generalmente un region plus vaste que include Australia e le insulas del Pacific. Le limites exacte varia secundo le criterio geographic, cultural, statistic o politic empleate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania |titulo=Oceania |sitioweb=Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Geographia == Oceania se extende super un enorme superficie del Oceano Pacific, inter le costa sud-oriental de Asia e le continente american. Ben que le region comprende un superficie terrestre relativemente reducite in comparation con le oceano que la circumda, su insulas es disperse super un area maritime vastissime. Le principal massas terrestre e insular es Australia, Nove Guinea e Nove Zelanda. A illos se adjunge un multitude de archipelagos, insulas vulcanic, atollos corallic e insulas continental de differente dimensiones. Le paisage varia considerabilemente. Australia possede desertos, planities, altiplanos, montanias e costas extendite. Nove Guinea es dominate per montanias alte, forestes tropical e valles interior. Nove Zelanda ha montanias, glaciares, vulcanos e zonas costal. In le insulas del Pacific, le paisage pote variar inter montanias vulcanic, forestes tropical humide e atollos basse circumferite per arrecifes corallic. Le [[Grande Barriera Corallic]], al costa nord-oriental de Australia, es un del plus importante systemas de arrecifes corallic del mundo. Le arrecifes e le ecosistemas marin de Oceania ha un rolo essential in le biodiversitate e in le subsistentia de numerose communitates insular. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/oceania-physical-geography/ |titulo=Australia and Oceania: Physical Geography |sitioweb=National Geographic Society |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Subregiones == Oceania es communemente dividite in quatro subregiones geographic e cultural: Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia e Polynesia. Iste classification es utile pro describer le geographia e le culturas del region, ben que le limites e le composition exacte pote variar inter fontes. === Australasia === Australasia comprende principalmente [[Australia]] e [[Nove Zelanda]], e in certe definitiones le insulas vicin. Australia es le plus grande pais del region e domina le superficie terrestre, le population e le economia de Oceania. Australia ha un interior in grande parte aride o semiaride, durante que le costas oriental, sud-oriental e sud-occidental concentra importante centros urban e activitates economic. Nove Zelanda consiste principalmente in le Insula Nord e le Insula Sud, con un clima temperate, montanias, vulcanos e extensas zonas agricole. Le insulas de Tasmania, le insulas del Mar de Tasmania e altere territorios insular pote esser includite in Australasia secundo le classification empleate. === Melanesia === Melanesia es situate principalement al nord e al nord-est de Australia. Illa include [[Nove Guinea]], le [[Archipelago de Bismarck]], le [[Insulas Salomon]], [[Vanuatu]], [[Fiji]] e [[Nove Caledonia]], ben que le classification de certe territorios varia. Nove Guinea es le plus grande insula de Oceania e possede un grande diversitate de ecosistemas, ab le forestes tropical costal usque al montanias alte. Le region es etiam cognoscite pro su enorme diversitate linguistic e cultural. Nove Guinea e su insulas vicin contine centenarios de linguas e numerose communitates con traditiones proprie. Le principal paises independente de Melanesia es Papua Nove Guinea, Fiji, le Insulas Salomon e Vanuatu. Nove Caledonia es un territorio francese. === Micronesia === Micronesia comprende numerose insulas e archipelagos del Pacific occidental e central, generalmente situate al nord del Equator. Illa include le [[Insulas Marianas]], le [[Insulas Carolinas]], le [[Insulas Marshall]] e le insulas de [[Kiribati]]. Le paises independente de Micronesia include le [[Statos Federate de Micronesia]], [[Palau]], [[Nauru]], le [[Insulas Marshall]] e [[Kiribati]]. [[Guam]] e le [[Insulas Marianas del Nord]] es territorios associate al Statos Unite, durante que altere insulas es sub administration francese o statounitese. Multe insulas micronesian es atollos corallic basse. Lor altitude reducite rende numerose communitates vulnerabile al innalzamento del nivello del mar, al erosion costal e al intrusion de aqua salate in aquiferos e terrenos agricole. === Polynesia === Polynesia comprende un vaste region del Pacific central e meridional. Su limites traditional es frequentemente representate como un triangulo cuje vertices es Hawaii al nord, Nove Zelanda al sud-west e [[Rapa Nui]] (Insula de Pascha) al sud-est. Inter le insulas e archipelagos polynesian se trova [[Samoa]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuvalu]], le [[Insulas Cook]], le [[Insulas de Societate]], le [[Insulas Marquesas]], le [[Tuamotu]] e [[Tokelau]]. Hawaii es parte del Statos Unite, le Insulas Cook e Niue ha un relation de association libere con Nove Zelanda, e altere territorios es dependente de statos europee o del region. Le culturas polynesian es historicamente associate al navigation oceanic, al migration inter insulas e al transmission de linguas, genealogias, artes e traditiones oral. Le navigatores polynesian disveloppava cognoscentias complexe del stellas, del ventos, del undas e del comportamento del aves pro orientar se durante longe viages. == Paises e territorios == In le classification statistic del Nationes Unite, Oceania include 14 statos independente. Illos es repartite inter Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia e Polynesia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-oceania/ |titulo=How many countries in Oceania? |sitioweb=Worldometer |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le statos sovran de Oceania es: * [[Australia]] * [[Fiji]] * [[Insulas Salomon]] * [[Kiribati]] * [[Insulas Marshall]] * [[Statos Federate de Micronesia]] * [[Nauru]] * [[Nove Zelanda]] * [[Palau]] * [[Papua Nove Guinea]] * [[Samoa]] * [[Tonga]] * [[Tuvalu]] * [[Vanuatu]] In addition al statos independente, Oceania include numerose territorios dependente o associate. Inter illos se trova [[Polynesia Francese]], [[Nove Caledonia]], [[Wallis e Futuna]], [[Guam]], [[Samoa American]], [[Tokelau]], le [[Insulas Marianas del Nord]] e le [[Insulas Cook]]. Le status constitutional de iste territorios es differente: alcunes es departimentos o collectivitates de statos europee, alteres es territorios statounitese, e alcunes ha un relation de association libere con un stato independente. Le inclusion de certe insulas in Oceania depende del definition empleate. Le insulas de Indonesia oriental, per exemplo, pote esser classificate como parte de Asia in le classification politic, ben que lor geologia e biogeographia los liga a Australia e al Pacific occidental. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Oceania |titulo=List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania |sitioweb=Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Geologia e formas del insulas == Le geologia de Oceania es multiforme. Le region comprende massas continental, insulas formate per activitate vulcanic, archipelagos resultante del movimento de placas tectonic e atollos create per le accumulation de material corallic. Australia ocupa le major parte del continente geologic australian. Nove Guinea es situate in le zona de contacto inter le placa australiana e altere placas tectonic, lo que ha contribuite al formation de montanias alte e al activitate seismic. Nove Zelanda se trova in un region de intense interaction tectonic, con terremotos, vulcanismo e formation de montanias. Multe insulas del Pacific central es de origine vulcanic. Le insulas alte pote haber montanias, valles e cursos de aqua, durante que le atollos consiste in anellos de arrecifes corallic e insulas basse circumferente lagunas. Le formation e evolution de iste insulas es ligate al activitate vulcanic, al erosion e al variationes del nivello del mar. == Clima == Le clima de Oceania varia considerabilemente secundo le latitude, le altitude e le distantia del mar. Australia comprende zonas tropical, subtropical, temperate, desertic e semiaride. Le interior australian es in grande parte aride, durante que certe partes del nord ha un clima tropical con un saison humide e un saison sic. Nove Zelanda ha un clima principalmente temperate oceanic, con pluvia abundante in multe zonas e conditiones plus frigide in le montanias. Nove Guinea e multe insulas de Melanesia ha climas tropical humide, con pluvia abundante e forestes dense. Micronesia e Polynesia ha generalmente climas tropical o subtropical maritime. Le cyclones tropical pote affectar certe partes del Pacific meridional e occidental, causante ventos violente, inundationes e damnos al infrastructura. Le phenomenos climatic global, includente le cambiamento climatic, modifica le frequencia e le intensitate de certe riscos meteorologic e maritime. Le insulas basse es particularmente vulnerabile al innalzamento del nivello del mar, al inundation costal e al salinisation del aqua dulce. == Flora e fauna == Oceania possede un biodiversitate notabile, con multe species que non se trova naturally in altere partes del mundo. Le isolation geographic de Australia e de multe insulas ha favorate le evolution de species endemic. Australia es cognoscite pro marsupiales como le [[canguru]] e le [[koala]], assi como pro le ornithorhyncho e numerose species de aves, reptiles e plantas adaptate a ambientes aride. Su forestes, savannas, desertos e zonas humide supporta ecosistemas multo differente. Nove Guinea possede vaste forestes tropical e un grande varietate de aves, includente le aves del paradiso. Nove Zelanda ha species distinctive como le [[kiwi]], un ave que non vola, e plure species de aves e plantas endemic. Le insulas del Pacific ha ecosistemas marin de grande valor, includente arrecifes corallic, lagunas e praterias marin. Le corallo, le pisces tropical e altere organismos marin constitue un parte fundamental del biodiversitate e del recursos de numerose insulas. Le introduction de species estranier ha provocate problemas ecologic in multe partes de Oceania. Mammiferos introducite, plantas invasive e altere organismos pote affectar species native, specialmente in insulas ubi le fauna evolveva in isolation. == Historia == === Prime population e migrationes === Le historia human de Oceania include un del plus importante series de migrationes maritime del prehistoria. Le ancestres del populationes indigene de Australia attingeva le continente multe milles de annos ante le expansion europee, probabilemente durante un periodo in le qual le nivello del mar esseva plus basse e le distantias inter certe terras esseva differente del situation actual. Le populationamento de Nove Guinea e de partes de Melanesia remonta etiam a epocas multo ancian. Le migrationes posterior de populationes austronesian diffundeva linguas, practicas agricole, technicas de navigation e traditiones cultural in vaste partes del Pacific. Le populationes de Micronesia e Polynesia disveloppava societates maritime capace de navigar inter insulas separate per distantias considerabile. Le navigation traditional se basava super le observation del stellas, del ventos, del undas, del aves e de altere signos natural. === Societates traditional === Ante le expansion europee, le populationes de Oceania disveloppava un grande varietate de formas de organisation social e politic. In Australia, le populos aborigene manteneva relationes complexe con le territorio, con traditiones oral, practicas spiritual e systemas de cognoscentia ecologic. In Melanesia, numerose communitates se organisava in societates local con systemas de parentella, agricultura, commercio e autoritate distincte. In Polynesia, alcun societates disveloppava structuras hierarchic e regnos insular, con traditiones de navigation e redes de intercambio. In Micronesia, le insulas disveloppava systemas politic e cultural variate, con relationes commercial e social inter archipelagos. Le differente populos de Oceania non forma un cultura uniforme: illes possede linguas, historias e traditiones distincte, ben que existe etiam ligamines cultural e historic inter plure regiones. === Exploration europee e colonisation === Navigatores europee comenciava a explorar partes de Oceania durante le seculos XVI e XVII, e le exploration se intensificava durante le seculo XVIII. Viages associate a exploratores como [[James Cook]] contribuiva al cartographia europee de vaste partes del Pacific. Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, potencias europee establiva colonias e protectoratos in diverse partes del region. Le expansion colonial affectava le administration del terras, le commercio, le relationes social e le systemas traditional de autoritate. In Australia e Nove Zelanda, le colonisation britannic provocava transformationes profunde del territorio e del societate. Le populationes indigene perdeva accesso a multe terras, e le epidemias, le conflictos e le politicas de displaciamento habeva effectos durabile. In Nove Zelanda, le relationes inter le Corona britannic e le Maori deveniva un aspecto central del historia politic del pais, includente le [[Tractato de Waitangi]] de 1840. In le insulas del Pacific, le administrationes colonial variava secundo le territorio. Alcun insulas deveniva colonias britannic, francese, german o statounitese; altere territorios esseva sub administration de Nove Zelanda o de Australia. Le plantationes, le commercio e le migrationes de laboratores transformava le economias local. === Seculo XX e decolonisation === Durante le prime medietate del seculo XX, le strategia militar del Pacific deveniva particularmente importante durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]. Plure partes de Oceania esseva affectate per le combattes, le occupation militar e le operationes naval e aeree. Le region serviva como base pro operationes in le Pacific e como teatro de conflicto inter le Japon e le Potentias Alliate. Post le guerra, le processo de decolonisation conduceva al independentia de plure paises insular. [[Samoa]] deveniva independente in 1962, [[Fiji]] in 1970, [[Papua Nove Guinea]] in 1975, e numerose altere paises attingeva lor independentia durante le decennios sequente. Le processo non terminava simultaneemente in tote le region. Alcun insulas resta territorios dependente, durante que altere entitates ha statutos de association libere o formas particular de autonomia. Le relationes constitutional con le ancian potencias colonial continua a influentiar le administration, le economia e le politica exterior de certe territorios. == Politica e cooperation regional == Oceania es politicamente heterogenee. Le paises independente ha lor proprie systemas constitutional, mentre que le territorios dependente es administrate per statos externe o dispone de statutos autonomic specific. Le Forum del Insulas del Pacific es un del principal institutiones de cooperation regional. Illo facilita le dialogo inter governos del Pacific super questiones de interesse commun, includente le cambiamento climatic, le securitate, le commercio e le disveloppamento economic. Le cooperation regional es importante proque multe statos insular ha populationes relativemente parve, territorios disperse e recursos administrative limitate. Le collaboration permitte coordinar le diplomatia, le gestion del riscos natural e le representation del interesses del region in foros international. Australia e Nove Zelanda ha un rolo economic e diplomatic importante in le region, ma le paises insular mantene lor proprie interesses national e participa activemente in le debates super le futuro del Pacific. == Population e linguas == Le population de Oceania es concentrate principalement in Australia, Nove Zelanda e Nove Guinea, ben que le distribution varia multo inter le paises e territorios. Le population urban es importante in Australia e Nove Zelanda, durante que numerose communitates del insulas del Pacific vive in zonas costal o in insulas de dimensiones reducite. Le region es un del plus linguisticamente diverse del mundo. In Nove Guinea se parla centenarios de linguas distincte, e le linguas austronesian es diffuse in vaste partes de Melanesia, Micronesia e Polynesia. Le linguas indigene australian representa etiam un patrimonio linguistic importante, ben que multe de illos ha essite gravemente affectate per le colonisation e le reduction del transmission inter generationes. Le anglese es un lingua official o dominante in Australia, Nove Zelanda e plure paises del Pacific. Le francese ha un rolo official in territorios como Nove Caledonia e Polynesia Francese. In altere paises, linguas indigene e linguas colonial coexiste in le administration, le education e le communication quotidian. Le linguas, le traditiones oral, le musica, le dansa e le artes visual constitue elementos importante del identitate cultural del populos de Oceania. == Religiones == Le religiones de Oceania es diverse e reflecte le historia del populationamento indigene, le contactos inter insulas e le expansion del missiones christian durante le periodo colonial. Le [[Christianismo]] es le religion dominante in multe partes del region, includente Australia, Nove Zelanda e numerose statos insular. In plure communitates, le ecclesias ha un rolo importante in le vita social e in le organisation del servicios comunitari. Le traditiones spiritual indigene continua a esser importante in diverse partes de Oceania. In Australia, le cosmologias e le traditiones del populos aborigene es ligate al relationes con le terra, le ancestres e le ambiente. In altere partes del Pacific, le credentias traditional coexiste con le Christianismo e con practicas cultural local. == Economia == Le economias de Oceania varia multo secundo le dimension, le recursos e le structura del paises. Australia e Nove Zelanda ha economias diversificate, con sectores de servicios, industria, agricultura, extraction de recursos natural e commercio international. Australia es un importante exportator de minerales, combustibiles e productos agricole. Nove Zelanda es cognoscite pro su production agricole e alimentari, includente lacte, carne e productos horticole, e pro su sectores de servicios e turismo. In plure statos insular del Pacific, le economia depende in parte del pesca, del agricultura, del turismo, del assistentia international e del remissas de personas residente in altere paises. Le distantias maritime e le parve mercatos interne pote augmentar le costo del transporto, del energia e del servicios public. Le pesca del tonno e altere recursos marin ha un importantia economic in numerose insulas. Le turismo es tamben un fonte de entratas in certe destinos, ma su contribution varia secundo le accessibilitate, le infrastructura e le vulnerabilitate al riscos natural. == Transporto e communication == Le distantias inter le insulas face del transporto un elemento fundamental del vita economic e social de Oceania. Le navigation maritime ha historicamente connectite le communitates del Pacific e continua a esser essential pro le transporto de benes e personas in multe statos insular. Le aviation connecte le grande centros urban, le insulas e le paises del region. In certe territorios, le conexiones aeree es crucial pro le accesso al servicios medical, al education superior e al mercatos international. Le communication digital ha meliorate le accesso al information e al servicios, ma le infrastructura e le costo del connexion varia multo inter le paises e territorios. Le insulas distante e le communitates rural pote haber difficultates in le accesso a conexiones rapide e fidele. == Biodiversitate e medio ambiente == Oceania possede ecosistemas de grande valor ecologic, ab le deserto australian e le forestes temperate de Nove Zelanda usque al forestes tropical de Nove Guinea e le arrecifes corallic del Pacific. Le isolation de multe insulas ha favorate le evolution de species endemic, ma etiam los rende vulnerabile al introduction de predatores, al destruction del habitat e al cambiamento climatic. Le deforestation, le extraction de recursos, le expansion urban e le pollution maritime exerce pression super numerose ecosistemas. Le arrecifes corallic es sensibile al calefaction del oceano, al acidification marin e al pollution. Le degradation de iste ecosistemas pote affectar le biodiversitate, le pesca, le protection del costas e le economia de communitates dependente del mar. == Cambiamento climatic == Le cambiamento climatic es un del principal problemas ambiental e social pro numerose paises de Oceania, specialmente le statos insular basse. Le innalzamento del nivello del mar, le inundation costal, le erosion e le intrusion de aqua salate pote affectar habitationes, infrastructuras e terrenos agricole. Le variationes del temperatura del oceano e le modificationes del patrones de pluvia pote affectar le arrecifes corallic, le recursos de aqua dulce e le production alimentari. Le cyclones tropical e altere eventos extreme pote causar damnos importante in insulas con infrastructura limitate. Australia e Nove Zelanda debe facer fronte a altere riscos climatic, includente undas de calor, siccitate, incendios forestal e inundationes. Le adaptation al cambiamento climatic e le reduction del emissiones constitue assi questiones importante tanto pro le paises continental como pro le statos insular del Pacific. Le paises de Oceania participa in negotiationes international super le clima e promove le cooperation pro le adaptation, le financiamento climatic e le protection del ecosistemas marin. == Cultura e patrimonio == Le cultura de Oceania es marcate per un grande diversitate de linguas, artes, traditiones e formas de organisation social. Le navigation, le relationes con le mar e le transmission oral del cognoscentias ha un importantia historic in numerose communitates del Pacific. Le artes del region include scultura, texturatura, pintura, ornamentos corporal, musica e dansa. Le traditiones artistic varia inter le populos australian indigene, le communitates melanesian, micronesian e polynesian, e le societates de Australia e Nove Zelanda contemporanee. Le patrimonio cultural comprende etiam le linguas indigene, le sitios archeologic, le navigation traditional e le cognoscentias ecologic local. Le conservation de iste patrimonio es ligate al protection del territorios, al education in linguas local e al transmission inter generationes. == Sport == Le sport ha un rolo importante in le vita public de numerose paises de Oceania. Le [[rugby]] es particularmente popular in Nove Zelanda, Fiji, Samoa e Tonga, durante que le [[cricket]], le [[football]], le [[netball]] e le [[football australian]] ha etiam un importante base de participantes e spectatores in diverse partes del region. Australia e Nove Zelanda participa regularmente in grande competitiones international, includente le [[Jocos Olympic]]. Le paises insular del Pacific participa etiam in eventos regional como le [[Jocos del Pacific]], que facilita le competition sportive e le cooperation inter le statos e territorios del region. {{Ref}} {{Continentes}} {{Paises de Oceania}} [[Categoria:Oceania| ]] {{elem|continentes}} o3k5eis1l0lx72u3ycn2ry96npt4uus 0 11645 704760 669954 2026-10-18T09:33:47Z Interlingvisto 60932 704760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox entitate territorial administrative}} Le '''Union Sovietic''', oficialmente le '''Union de Republicas Socialiste Sovietic – URSS''', esseva un pais transcontinental que se extendeva sur multe del Eurasia inter 1922 e 1991. Como stato communiste emblematic, illo esseva nominalmente un union federal de dececinque republicas national; in practica, sia governamento como sia economia esseva altamente centralisate usque su annos final. Illo esseva un stato unicameral governate per le Partito Communiste de le Union Sovietic, con le citate de Moscova que serviva como su capital, e tamben de su republica le plus grande e popule: le Republica Socialist Federative Sovietic Russe. Altre importanti citates includeva Leningrad (Republica Socialist Federative Sovietic Russe), Kiev (Republica Socialist Sovietic Ukrainian), Minsk (Republica Socialist Sovietic de Bielorussia), Taşkent (Republica Socialist Sovietic Uzbec), Alma-Ata (Republica Socialist Sovietic de Qazaqstan), e Novosibirsk (Republica Socialist Federative Sovietic Russe). Illo esseva le plus grande pais in le mundo, coprendo sur 22,402,200 quadrato kilometros e undecim fus horari. Le radices del pais se trovava in le Revolition de Octobre de 1917, quando le Bolševicos disthronava le Provisional Governament de Russia que se habeva formate anteriormente in le mesme anno seguente le Revolition de Februarie e le abdication de le Tsar Nicholai II, marcando le fin de le Imperio Russe. Post le colpo, le Bolshevikos guidate per Vladimir Lenin estableva le Republica Socialiste Federative Sovietic Russe (RSFSR), le prime stato socialist garantite constitutionalmente in le mundo. Tensiones interne persistentia escalateva in le brutal Guerra Civil Russe. Como le guerra progrediva in favor de le Bolševicos, le RSFSR comenciava a incorporar le terre conquistate del guerra in statos nominalmente independente, que esseva unificate in le Union Sovietic in decembre de 1922. Post le morte de Lenin in 1924, Joseph Stalin deveniva al potere. Stalin inaugurava un periodo de industrialisation rapid e collectivisation forciate que produceva un crescimento economic significante, ma tamben contribueva a un famine in 1930-1933 que occideva milliones. Le systema de campos de labor forciate del Gulag tamben esseva expandide in iste periodo. Stalin conduciava le Grande Purge pro remover sia oppositiones actual e percepite. Post le scoppio de le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Germania invadeva le Union Sovietic. Le combinate recuento de victimas civil e militari sovietic, estimate a circa 20 milliones de personas, contava pro le majoritate de le perdite del fortias Alleate. In le aftermath de le Secunde Guerra Mundial, le territorios occupate per le Armada Roja formava varie stato satellite Sovietic. Le initio del Guerra Frigide vide le Bloco Oriental del Union Sovietic confrontar le Bloco Occidental del Statos Unite, con iste ultime gruppo deveniente principalmente unite in 1949 sub le NATO e ille prime gruppo deveniente principalmente unite in 1955 sub le Pacto de Varsovia. Proque le Union Sovietic jam habeva un presente armate e un domination politic supra su stato satellite oriental in 1955, le pacto ha essite longemente considerate "superflue", e a causa del modo precipitate in le qual illo ha essite concipite, functionarios del NATO lo ha designate un "castello de carton". Non habeva alcun confrontation militar directe inter le duo organisationes; in loco, le conflicto ha essite combattite super un base ideologic e per guerras per procuration. Tanto le NATO como le Pacto de Varsovia ha conducite al expansion de fortias militar e lor integration in le blocos respective. Le engagemento militar le plus grande del Pacto de Varsovia esseva le invasion del propio stato membro, Czechoslovachia, in augusto 1968 (con le participation de omne le nationes del pacto excepto Albania e Romania), que, in parte, resultava in le retrahimento de Albania del pacto minus que un mense postea. Sequente le morte de Stalin in 1953, un periodo cognoscite como "de-Stalinisation" occurreva sub le direction de Nikita Khrushchev. Le Sovieticos prendeva un avante position in le Carrera Spatial con le prime satellit artificial, le prime volo human in le spatium, e le prime sonda a aterrar super un altere planeta (Venus). Durante le annos 1970, il habeva un breve detente in le relationes inter le Union Sovietic e le Statos Unite, ma le tensiones resumeva sequente le invasion sovietic de Afghanistan in 1979. In le medio del annos 1980, le ultime lider sovietic, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], cercava reformar le pais mediante su politicas de glasnost e perestroika. In 1989, durante le stadio final del Guerra Frigide, varie paises del Pacto de Varsovia overthrowava lor regimines marxiste-leniniste, que era accompaniate per le exsurgentia de movimentos nationalista e separatiste a traverso tote le Union Sovietic. In 1991, Gorbachev initiava un referendum national—boycontate per le republicas sovietic de Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Armenia, Georgia e Moldova—que resultava in le majoritate del citatanos participantie votante pro preservar le pais como un federation renovate. In agosto de 1991, membros dur del Partito Communiste effectuava un colpo de stato contra Gorbachev; le tentativa falliva, con Boris Yeltsin a jucar un rolo prominente in facie del instabilitate, e le Partito Communiste subsequenteemente esseva prohibite. Le Federation Russian deveniva le successor del Union Sovietic, durante que tote le altere republicas emergerea del collapsamento del USSR como statos post-sovietic plenamente independente. Le Union Sovietic produciva multe importantes achievementos social e technologic, como haber le secunde economia le plus grande del mundo e le plus grande forte armate standante del mundo. Como stato designate per le TNP, illo possedeva le plus grande arsenal de armas nuclear del mundo. Illo esseva un membro fundante del Nationes Unite e un del cinque membros permanentes del Consilio de Securitate del Nationes Unite. Ante le dissolution, le pais habeva mantenite su stato como un del duo superpotentias del mundo per su hegemonia in Europa Oriental, fortias militar e economic, e recerca scientific {{referentias}} [[Categoria:Paises anterior]] [[Categoria:Historia de Russia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Azerbaijan]] [[Categoria:Historia de Armenia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Ukraina]] [[Categoria:Historia de Bielorussia]] j5htpeihky34gny3qh0xk043efqe4wf 102 12410 704694 699035 2026-10-17T19:17:23Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 704694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} Le prime ministro de Canada es le chef del plus grande partito in le parlamento federal. Le prime ministro es un parlamentario. {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q839078 } |wdq= |columns=item,label,P18,P569,P570,P21,P1412 |sort=P569 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! imagine ! data de nascentia ! data de morte ! sexo ! linguas parlate o scribite |- | [[:d:Q128702|Q128702]] | ''[[:d:Q128702|John A. 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name="ref_68fe390e7aa7609debdb2f627ef143b8cc8db8e23bbd5cfaaa549245ccc8c8e5">''[[:d:Q838302|Dictionary of Canadian Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0ac047cab1782e0ebcd8c0b59c9b674e47dd920defa0d45e8c5ff2c4245da48c">''[[:d:Q1125633|Library of Parliament]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1893" | 1893-10-30<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0ac047cab1782e0ebcd8c0b59c9b674e47dd920defa0d45e8c5ff2c4245da48c">''[[:d:Q1125633|Library of Parliament]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]] |- | [[:d:Q128708|Q128708]] | ''[[:d:Q128708|Alexander Mackenzie]]'' | [[File:Alexander MacKenzie - portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | 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''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]] |- | [[:d:Q128677|Q128677]] | ''[[:d:Q128677|Mackenzie Bowell]]'' | [[File:SirMackenzieBowell.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1823" | 1823-12-27<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0ac047cab1782e0ebcd8c0b59c9b674e47dd920defa0d45e8c5ff2c4245da48c">''[[:d:Q1125633|Library of Parliament]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1917" | 1917-12-10<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q128686|Q128686]] | ''[[:d:Q128686|John Sparrow David Thompson]]'' | [[File:Sir John SD Thompson.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1845" | 1845-11-10<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68fe390e7aa7609debdb2f627ef143b8cc8db8e23bbd5cfaaa549245ccc8c8e5">''[[:d:Q838302|Dictionary of Canadian Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0ac047cab1782e0ebcd8c0b59c9b674e47dd920defa0d45e8c5ff2c4245da48c">''[[:d:Q1125633|Library of Parliament]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1894" | 1894-12-12<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_0ac047cab1782e0ebcd8c0b59c9b674e47dd920defa0d45e8c5ff2c4245da48c">''[[:d:Q1125633|Library of Parliament]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1937" | 1937-06-10<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0ac047cab1782e0ebcd8c0b59c9b674e47dd920defa0d45e8c5ff2c4245da48c">''[[:d:Q1125633|Library of Parliament]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68fe390e7aa7609debdb2f627ef143b8cc8db8e23bbd5cfaaa549245ccc8c8e5">''[[:d:Q838302|Dictionary of Canadian Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0ac047cab1782e0ebcd8c0b59c9b674e47dd920defa0d45e8c5ff2c4245da48c">''[[:d:Q1125633|Library of Parliament]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f0c930e3b91b7846a577d80d9eb10fa1aa44a9be2046eba6f9ee99a6225b1865">''[[:d:Q130334|Canadian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-06-26<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0ac047cab1782e0ebcd8c0b59c9b674e47dd920defa0d45e8c5ff2c4245da48c">''[[:d:Q1125633|Library of Parliament]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f0c930e3b91b7846a577d80d9eb10fa1aa44a9be2046eba6f9ee99a6225b1865">''[[:d:Q130334|Canadian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q128633|Q128633]] | ''[[:d:Q128633|William Lyon Mackenzie King]]'' | [[File:Wm Lyon Mackenzie King.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1874" | 1874-12-17<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref 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Meighen]]'' | [[File:Former PM Arthur Meighen.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1874" | 1874-06-16<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0ac047cab1782e0ebcd8c0b59c9b674e47dd920defa0d45e8c5ff2c4245da48c">''[[:d:Q1125633|Library of Parliament]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1960" | 1960-08-05<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0ac047cab1782e0ebcd8c0b59c9b674e47dd920defa0d45e8c5ff2c4245da48c">''[[:d:Q1125633|Library of Parliament]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-07-25<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0ac047cab1782e0ebcd8c0b59c9b674e47dd920defa0d45e8c5ff2c4245da48c">''[[:d:Q1125633|Library of Parliament]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]] |- | [[:d:Q128614|Q128614]] | ''[[:d:Q128614|John Diefenbaker]]'' | [[File:John Diefenbaker 1961.png|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1895" | 1895-09-18<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68fe390e7aa7609debdb2f627ef143b8cc8db8e23bbd5cfaaa549245ccc8c8e5">''[[:d:Q838302|Dictionary of Canadian Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0ac047cab1782e0ebcd8c0b59c9b674e47dd920defa0d45e8c5ff2c4245da48c">''[[:d:Q1125633|Library of Parliament]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-08-16<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0ac047cab1782e0ebcd8c0b59c9b674e47dd920defa0d45e8c5ff2c4245da48c">''[[:d:Q1125633|Library of Parliament]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q128604|Q128604]] | ''[[:d:Q128604|Lester B. Pearson]]'' | [[File:Lester B. Pearson (1963 ABC press photo).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1897" | 1897-04-23<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68fe390e7aa7609debdb2f627ef143b8cc8db8e23bbd5cfaaa549245ccc8c8e5">''[[:d:Q838302|Dictionary of Canadian Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0ac047cab1782e0ebcd8c0b59c9b674e47dd920defa0d45e8c5ff2c4245da48c">''[[:d:Q1125633|Library of Parliament]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-12-27<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref 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''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q128568|Q128568]] | ''[[:d:Q128568|John Turner]]'' | [[File:John Turner (39436619124) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1929" | 1929-06-07<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref 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[[File:RightHonourableJoeClark (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-06-05<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0ac047cab1782e0ebcd8c0b59c9b674e47dd920defa0d45e8c5ff2c4245da48c">''[[:d:Q1125633|Library of Parliament]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]] |- | [[:d:Q128553|Q128553]] | ''[[:d:Q128553|Kim Campbell]]'' | [[File:Kim Campbell.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-03-10<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref 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Parliament]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_34a79babb854246756debd7f87bf1f995882836e5f0729bfb7a09329844f51ff">https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/carney-french-debate-performance-1.7468412</ref><ref name="ref_2b2b63a146b9bf12995e730f7af9ff0428a4bb96edb481a87e8bb6fae1778b85">''[[:d:Q10655173|Library of Parliament]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q3099714|Q3099714]] | ''[[:d:Q3099714|Justin Trudeau]]'' | [[File:Justin Trudeau at the European Commission - 2025.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-12-25<ref name="ref_da9896ec5589fa9ffe53a54c8b84174c08b1a2aa95f7d112cc52e89cd90a0648">''[[:d:Q112122720|WorldCat Entities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f0c930e3b91b7846a577d80d9eb10fa1aa44a9be2046eba6f9ee99a6225b1865">''[[:d:Q130334|Canadian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref 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francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_31a940547f64c2a4e0a5895ff7162a98629ee95edfc5731705dc6cbb94f95fe7">''[[:d:Q54919|VIAF]]''</ref> |} {{Wikidata list end}} # [[File:Sir John A Macdonald circa 1878 retouched.jpg|50px]] [[Sir John A. Macdonald]] ([[1867]]-[[1873]]), ([[1878]]-[[1891]]) # [[File:Alexander McKenzie3.jpg|50px]] [[Alexander Mackenzie]] (1873-1878) # [[File:Johnabbott.jpg|50px]] [[Sir John Abbot]] (1891-[[1892]]) # [[File:John Thompson.jpg|50px]] [[Sir John Thompson]] (1892-[[1894]]) # [[File:SirMackenzieBowell.jpg|50px]] [[Sir Mackenzie Bowell]] (1894-[[1896]]) # [[File:Chas Tupper - GG Bain.jpg|50px]] [[Sir Charles Tupper]] (1896) # [[File:The Honourable Sir Wilfrid Laurier Photo C (HS85-10-16873) - medium crop.jpg|50px]] [[Sir Wilfred Laurier]] (1896-[[1911]]) # [[File:Sir Robert Laird Borden, 1915.png|50px]] [[Sir Robert Borden]] (1911-[[1920]]) # [[File:Arthur Meighen-.jpg|50px]] [[Arthur Mieghen]] (1920-[[1921]]), ([[1926]]) # [[File:Wm Lyon Mackenzie King.jpg|50px]] [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] (1921-1926), (1926-[[1930]]), ([[1935]]-[[1948]]) # [[File:Richard Bedford Bennett.jpg|50px]] [[Richard Bennett]] (1930-1935) # [[File:Louisstlaurent.jpg|50px]] [[Louis St. Laurent]] (1948-[[1957]]) # [[File:John G. Diefenbaker.jpg|50px]] [[John Diefenbaker]] (1957-[[1963]]) # [[Lester B. Pearson]] (1963-[[1968]]) # [[File:Pierre Elliot Trudeau-2.jpg|50px]] [[Pierre E. Trudeau]] (1968-[[1979]]), ([[1980]]-[[1984]]) #[[Joe Clark]] (1979-1980) # [[File:John Turner Cropped.jpg|50px]] [[John Turner]] (1984) # [[File:Mulroney 2011.JPG|50px]] [[Brian Mulroney]] (1984-[[1993]]) # [[File:KimCampbell.jpg|50px]] [[Kim Campbell]] (1993) # [[File:Jean Chrétien 2010.jpg|50px]] [[Jean Cretien]] (1993-[[2003]]) # [[File:Paul Martin in 2011 crop.jpg|50px]] [[Paul Martin]] (2003-[[2006]]) # [[File:Stephen-Harper-Cropped-2014-02-18.jpg|50px]] [[Stephen Harper]] (2006-[[2015]]) # [[File:Justin Trudeau 2014-1.jpg|50px]] [[Justin Trudeau]] (2015- [[Categoria:Gente canadian]] nfsevw912by7qgmo9bmkijnrki2h6m2 0 12487 704749 699465 2026-10-18T09:18:52Z Interlingvisto 60932 704749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Filipinas''' comprende le evolution del populos, societates e institutiones del archipelago filipin, ab le prime presentia human prehistorica usque al actual [[Republica de Filipinas]]. Situate in le Asia del Sud-Est, inter le Mar de China Meridional e le Oceano Pacific, le archipelago ha essite influentiate per le commercio regional, le migrationes, le religion, le colonisation europee e le interactiones con le poteres asiatic e occidental. Ante le arrivata del europeos, le territorio comprendeva numerose communitates local, portos commercial, principatos maritime e sultanatos musulman. Le dominio colonial espaniol, initiate in le seculo XVI, durava plus de tres seculos e contribueva al diffusion del catholicismo e al formation progressive de un identitate filipin. Le Revolution Filipin de 1896 initiava le lucta pro independentia, ma le fin del dominio espaniol in 1898 esseva sequite per le occupation statounitese. Post le occupation japonese durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Filipinas obteneva su independentia formal in 1946. Le historia contemporanee es marcate per le formation del republica, le dictatura de Ferdinand Marcos, le Revolution del Potentia del Populo de 1986, le restauration del institutiones democratic e le persistencia de conflictos e divisiones politic, social e regional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/ |titulo=Philippine Constitutions |sitioweb=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le insulas que hodie constitue Filipinas esseva habitate per seres human desde le [[Pleistoceno]]. Le data archaeologic indica que le occupation del archipelago precede per multe millennios le formation de su prime societates historic. Le [[Cavernas de Tabon]], situate in Palawan, es un del sitios archaeologic le plus importante del pais. Le excavations comenciate in 1962 per le Museo National de Filipinas e le archaeologo Robert B. Fox revelava restos human, utensiles de petra, osse e altere materiales que permitte reconstruer le vita del communitates prehistoricas. Un fragmento del tibia human trovate in le complex esseva datate a circa 47 000 annos ante le presente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2022/10/28/60th-anniversary-of-the-tabon-caves-archaeological-research-and-opening-of-the-stories-of-origins-exhibit/ |titulo=60th Anniversary of the Tabon Caves Archaeological Research |sitioweb=National Museum of the Philippines |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Altere restos archaeologic monstra que le insulas esseva inhabitate per communitates con differente formas de subsistentia e technologia. Le homines practicava le cassa, le pesca, le collection de plantas e molluscos e, plus tarde, le agricultura e le production de ceramica. Le [[Cavernas de Callao]], in le insula de Luzon, deveniva etiam importante pro le studio del evolution human. Le fossiles trovate ibi includeva restos attribuite a [[Homo luzonensis]], un specie human distincte recognoscite per le scientistas in 2019. Le restos indica que le evolution human in le archipelago esseva plus complexe que lo que se pensava anteriormente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2022/08/30/kuweba/ |titulo=Kuweba o Yungib sa Sinaunang Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas |sitioweb=National Museum of the Philippines |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le millennios sequente, le population cresceva e developpava technicas agricole, navigation maritime e production de utensiles e ornamentos. Le cultura material variava inter le insulas e le regiones, in relation con le recursos natural, le migrationes e le contactos commercial. == Migrationes e formation del societates precolonial == Le formation del populationes del archipelago esseva ligate a migrationes successive de populos austronesian e al developpamento de linguas que forma hodie parte del familia [[austronesian]]. Le navigation facilitate le communication inter insulas e le contactos con altere regiones del Asia del Sud-Est. Le agricultura, le pesca e le commercio maritime permitteva le establimento de communitates permanente. Le riz esseva un del culturas agricole importante in plure regiones, durante que le productos forestal, le pesce, le ceramica e le metalles circulava per rotas commercial local e regional. Le organisation politic non esseva uniforme. Multe communitates esseva organisate in barangays, gruppos social e politic generalmente governate per un chef cognoscite como datu. Le dimension e le potentia de iste communitates variava considerabilemente. Alcun controllava portos e rotas commercial, durante que alteres remaneva plus local e decentralisate. Le societates precolonial possedeva normas de parentela, formas de proprietate, traditiones religiose e systemas de autoritate proprie. Le credentias variava inter traditiones indigene e influentias proveniente de altere partes del Asia. == Commercio e influentias asiatic == Ante le arrivata del espanioles, le archipelago participava in redes commercial que ligava le Asia del Sud-Est, China, le subcontinente indian e le insulas del Oceano Indian. Le mercantes transportava ceramica, seta, metalles, perlas, especias e altere productos. Le contactos con China es documentate desde le prime seculos del millennio prime. Le mercantes chinese visitava portos del archipelago e participava al intercambio de productos local con benes proveniente del continente. Le contactos commercial promoveva le diffusion de technicas, objetos e influentias cultural. Le influentia indian e le traditiones hindu-buddhista se diffundeva in partes del Asia del Sud-Est, includente certe societates del archipelago. Nonobstante, le reception de iste influentias in Filipinas esseva VARIABLE e non produceva un imperio unificate comparable a altere estados del region. In le seculos anterior al colonisation espaniol, le commercio con le mundo musulman cresceva. Le mercantes e predicatores musulman contribueva al diffusion del [[Islam]] in partes del sud del archipelago, specialmente in Mindanao e le insulas Sulu. Iste processo conduceva al formation de sultanatos e de redes politic e commercial que manteneva contactos con Borneo, Malacca e altere centros del Asia maritime. == Societates precolonial == Le societates filipin precolonial comprendeva differente formas de organisation politic e social. Le barangay esseva un del unidades politic le plus commun, ma non tote le communitates esseva organisate identicamente. In partes de Luzon e Visayas, le chefes local exerceva autoritate super le parentela, le production, le commercio e le resolution de conflictos. Le relationes inter barangays putea basar se super le commercio, le alliantias matrimonial, le cooperation militar o le rivalitate. In le regiones del sud, le sultanatos de Sulu e Maguindanao developpava structuras politic plus ample, ligate al religion musulman e al commercio maritime. Le sultanatos manteneva relationes con altere poteres del Asia del Sud-Est e opposeva resistentia al expansion espaniol. Le societates indigene possedeva etiam traditiones de arte, musica, poesia oral, navigation e metallurgia. Le differentias linguistic e cultural inter le regiones remaneva importante e continua a characterisar le pais contemporanee. == Arrivata del europeos == Le prime expedition europee registrate in le archipelago esseva le expedition de [[Ferdinand Magellan]], navigator in servicio del Corona de Portugal ma qui navigava sub le bandera espaniol. Le expedition attingeva le insula de Homonhon le 17 de martio 1521, durante le prime circumnavigation del Terra. Magellan establiva contactos con chefes local e promoveva le introduction del christianismo. Le 27 de april 1521, ille esseva occidite durante le [[Battalia de Mactan]], in un conflicto con le forzas del chef local [[Lapulapu]]. Le expedition continuava su viage sub altere commandantes e un parte del equipage retornava a Espania in 1522. Post le expedition de Magellan, Espania organisava altere expeditiones pro explorar e reclamar le archipelago. Le expedition de [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] arrivava in 1565 ab Mexico e establi un settlement permanente in Cebu. In 1571, le espanioles occupava Manila, que deveniva le principal centro administrative e commercial del colonia. Le colonisation esseva facilitate per le alliantias con certe chefes local, le uso de fortificationes e le expansion del missiones religiose. Nonobstante, le dominio espaniol non esseva uniforme: alcun regiones, specialmente in le sud musulman e in partes del zonas montanose, manteneva grados significative de autonomia e resistentia. == Etate moderne == === Dominio colonial espaniol (1565–1898) === Le dominio espaniol durava plus de tres seculos. Le archipelago esseva governate per un governator general e faceva parte del systema colonial espaniol in le Pacific. Durante le prime parte del periodo, Filipinas esseva administrate in relation con le [[Viceregno de Nove Espania]], con Mexico como un centro importante del administration e del commercio transpacific. Le governo colonial introduceva institutiones administrative, le derecto espaniol, le systema de parochias e le education catholic. Le missiones religiose habeva un rolo importante in le transformation del vita local, e le catholicismo deveniva le religion dominante in multe regiones. Le idiomas indigene remaneva tamen largemente usate, e le lingua espaniol non deveniva universal. Le administration colonial dependeva in grande parte de intermediarios local, includente chefes e elites que collaborava con le autoritates espaniol. Le societate deveniva stratificate, con distinctiones inter espanioles, mestizos, elites indigene e altere gruppos. Le dominio colonial non esseva uniforme in tote le archipelago. Le sultanatos musulman del sud resistiva a plure expeditiones militar espaniol, durante que le communitates del Cordillera e altere regiones montanose manteneva lor proprie structuras e traditiones. ==== Manila e le commercio del galeones ==== Manila deveniva un centro major del commercio inter Asia e America. Desde 1565, le Commercio del Galeones de Manila e Acapulco ligava le Filipinas al Mexico colonial e, per ille via, al resto del Imperio espaniol. Le galeones transportava seta, porcelana e altere benes asiatic verso America, durante que plata proveniente principalmente del Mexico esseva usate pro pagar le mercantias. Le commercio contribuiva al prosperitate de Manila e al integration del archipelago in redes economic global. Le systema tamen esseva restrictite per regulamentos commercial e dependeva de un numero limitate de naves. Le concentration del commercio in Manila e le predominio de interesses colonial limitava le developpamento economic de altere regiones. Le contactos commercial con China e altere partes del Asia remaneva essential al functionamento del colonia. Le migration de mercantes chinese contribueva al activitate urban e commercial, ma esseva etiam fonte de tensiones e de restrictiones administrative. ==== Rebelliones e resistentia al dominio espaniol ==== Durante le periodo colonial, plure communitates e chefes local se rebellava contra le tributos, le labores obligatori, le abuso de autoritate e le intervention religiose. Le rebelliones variava de insurrectiones local a resistentia militar plus prolongate. Le sultanatos de Sulu e Maguindanao e altere communitates musulman del sud resistiva durante seculos al expansion espaniol. Le conflictos, sovente designate como guerras de Moro, involveva expeditiones militar, attaccos maritime e le defensa de territorios e rotas commercial. In altere partes del archipelago, le rebelliones esseva motivated per questiones de tributo, abuso del autoritates, controversias religiose o le defensa del autonomia local. Alcun rebelliones esseva reprimite, durante que altere provocava cambios in le administration colonial. Le resistentia non formava un movimento national unificate durante le major parte del periodo. Un identitate politic commun se developpava gradualmente, specialmente durante le seculo XIX, con le expansion del education, del presse e del contactos con ideas liberal e nationalista. === Transformationes del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, le societate filipin esseva transformate per le expansion del commercio international, le introduction de nove activitates economic e le crescentia de un classe educate. Le apertura de portos al commercio estranier e le melioramento del communicationes promoveva le formation de gruppos social con interesses e identitates nove. Le apertura del Canal de Suez in 1869 reduceva le tempore de viage inter Espania e le Filipinas e facilitava le circulation de personas, libros e ideas. Le education de certe elites filipin in Europa exponeva illos a ideas liberal, nationalista e reformista. Un gruppo de intellectuales cognoscite como Ilustrados demandava reformas administrative, equalitate juridic e un representation plus ample del filipinos in le institutiones colonial. Alcun promoveva le secularisation del parochias e criticava le potentia del ordines religiose. Le movemento reformista esseva associate a figuras como [[José Rizal]], [[Marcelo H. del Pilar]] e [[Graciano López Jaena]]. Per medio de essays, periodicos e obras litterari, illes criticava le abuso colonial e promoveva reformas e recognoscimento del derectos del filipinos. === José Rizal e le nationalismo filipin === José Rizal deveniva un figura central del nationalismo filipin. Su novelas Noli me tangere (1887) e El filibusterismo (1891) criticava le abuso del administration colonial e del clericos e describiva le injustitias social del societate. Rizal non promoveva inicialmente un insurrection armate, ma su obras e su activitate reformista contribuiva al disveloppamento de un conscientia national. In 1892, ille fundava le Liga Filipina, un organisation que promoveva reformas e cooperation civic. Le autoritates espaniol considerava le activitate de Rizal periculose. Ille esseva exiliate a Dapitan e, post le rebellion de 1896, esseva judicate e executate in Manila le 30 de decembre 1896. Su morte deveniva un symbolo del lucta nationalista e fortificava le opposition al dominio colonial. === Revolution Filipin (1896–1898) === Le Revolution Filipin comenciava in 1896 contra le dominio espaniol. Un del principales organisationes revolutionari esseva le [[Katipunan]], fundate per [[Andrés Bonifacio]] e altere nationalistas. Su objectivo esseva le independentia per medio de un insurrection. Le rebellion se diffundeva in plure provincias, specialmente in Luzon. Le revolutionarios obteneva victorias local, ma esseva confrontate a division interne, problemas de coordination e le superioritate militar del autoritates colonial. Andrés Bonifacio e [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] deveniva figuras central del movemento. Le rivalitate inter lor gruppos conduceva a un crise politic e al execution de Bonifacio in 1897 per ordines del faction associate a Aguinaldo. Le Pacte de Biak-na-Bato, signate in 1897, conduceva temporarimente a un cessamento del hostilitate. Aguinaldo e altere chefes revolutionari exiliava se a Hong Kong, ma le conflicto reactivava se in 1898 durante le [[Guerra Hispano-Statounitese]]. === Guerra Hispano-Statounitese e independentia declarate === In 1898, le guerra inter Espania e le [[Statos Unite]] cambiava le situation del Filipinas. Le 1 de maio 1898, le flotta statounitese sub le commandamento de [[George Dewey]] disfaceva le flotta espaniol in le [[Battalia de Manila Bay]]. Aguinaldo retornava al archipelago e le forzas revolutionari reinitiava lor lucta contra Espania. Le 12 de junio 1898, ille proclamava le independentia filipin in Kawit, Cavite. Le 13 de augusto, le forzas statounitese prendeva Manila. Le revolutionarios filipin non esseva tamen admittite a entrar in le capital durante le capitulation espaniol, un decision que augmentava le tension inter le independentistas e le Statos Unite. Le Tractato de Paris, signate le 10 de decembre 1898, transferiva le Filipinas, Guam e Puerto Rico de Espania al Statos Unite. Le transferentia esseva effectuate sin que le representantes filipin participa al negotiationes. Le independentistas rejectava le tractato, que illes considerava un substitution de un potere colonial per un altere. == Etate contemporanee == === Republica de Malolos e guerra filipino-statounitese === In januario 1899, le revolutionarios establiva le Prime Republica Filipin, con su sede in Malolos e Emilio Aguinaldo como presidente. Le constitution de Malolos constitueva un tentativa de organisar un stato independente con institutiones proprie. Le 4 de februario 1899, le hostilitate inter le forzas filipin e statounitese deveniva un guerra aperte. Le Guerra Filipino-Statounitese durava plure annos e includeva operationes conventional e guerrilla, repressiones e destructiones in diverse regiones. Le Statos Unite establiva un administration militar e, plus tarde, un governo civil. Le forzas statounitese capturava Aguinaldo in 1901, ma le resistentia continuava in altere partes del archipelago. Le conflicto causava un grande numero de mortes militar e civil e habeva consequentias durabile pro le societate filipin. Le Statos Unite introduceva un systema educational public con le anglese como lingua importante de instruction, reformava le administration e creava institutiones legislative e judicial. Simultaneemente, le autoritates statounitese reprimiva le resistance armate e manteneva le Filipinas como territorio sub su sovranitate. === Administration statounitese (1898–1935) === Le administration statounitese introduceva institutiones inspirate per le systema politic del Statos Unite. Le Assemblea Filipin esseva establite in 1907, e le Ley Jones de 1916 augmentava le autonomia legislative e declarava que le independentia eventual del Filipinas esseva le politica del Statos Unite, subjecte al establimento de un governamento stabile. Le education public se expandiva e le anglese deveniva un lingua importante del administration e del instruction. Le infrastructure, le sanitate public e le agricultura esseva developpate in differente grados, ma le economia remaneva dependente del relationes commercial con le Statos Unite. Le elites politic local, sovente proveniente de familias influente, acquireva un rolo central in le nove institutiones. Le systema electoral favorava le formation de partitos e de redes politic territorial, ma le participation politic remaneva in parte dominate per proprietarios e elites local. Le movemento pro independentia continuava a exercer pression super Washington. Le Philippine Independence Act de 1934, cognoscite como le Tydings–McDuffie Act, establi un periodo de transition de dece annos verso le independentia. === Commonwealth de Filipinas (1935–1946) === In 1935 esseva establite le Commonwealth de Filipinas, un regime autonom que prepara le archipelago pro le independentia. [[Manuel L. Quezon]] deveniva le prime presidente del Commonwealth e [[Sergio Osmeña]] su vice-presidente. Le constitution de 1935 establi un systema presidential e un quadro institutional que esseva destinate a servir post le independentia. Le governamento promoveva reformas administrative, education e preparation militar, ma le societate restava confrontate a desigualitate, pobreza rural e conflictos politic. Le independentia planificate esseva interrompite per le invasion japonese in decembre 1941, que comenciava un del periodos le plus destructiv del historia del archipelago. === Occupation japonese (1942–1945) === Le [[Imperio Japonese]] invadeva Filipinas durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]. Le forzas statounitese e filipin resistiva in Bataan e Corregidor, ma Manila cadeva in januario 1942 e le major parte del archipelago esseva occupate. Le Republica Secunde Filipin, proclamate in 1943 sub [[José P. Laurel]], esseva establite sub le occupation japonese. Le regime habeva autonomia limitate e operava in un quadro de collaboration con le potere occupante. Le occupation esseva marcate per requisitiones, repression, penuria de alimentos e violence contra le population. Le [[Marcha de morte de Bataan]] in april 1942, durante le qual miles de prisioneros filipinos e statounitese esseva fortiate a marchar in conditiones extreme, deveniva un del episodios le plus cognoscite del occupation. Gruppos de resistentia, includente le guerrillas e le [[Hukbalahap]], operava in plure regiones contra le forzas japonese. Le retornata del forzas statounitese e filipin in 1944–1945 conduceva a combates extensive. Le [[Battalia de Manila (1945)|Battalia de Manila]] causava destructiones massive e le morte de numerose civiles. === Independentia e Prime Republica (1946–1965) === Le 4 de julio 1946, le Statos Unite recognosceva le independentia del Republica de Filipinas. [[Manuel Roxas]] deveniva le prime presidente del republica independente. Le nove stato heredava un economia devastate per le guerra, infrastructure destruite e problemas de rehabilitation. Le relationes con le Statos Unite remaneva importante, specialmente in materia de defense e commercio. Le accordos del postguerra permitteva al Statos Unite mantener bases militar e obtener certe derectos economic, durante que le governamento filipin cercava de restaurar le production e le servicios public. Le administrationes de [[Elpidio Quirino]] e [[Ramon Magsaysay]]夫婦 affrontava le rebellion del Hukbalahap, le problemas del agricultura e le necessitate de reconstruer le institutiones. Magsaysay, presidente ab 1953, promoveva reformas rural e medidas contra le corruption, ma le desigualitates economic remaneva significative. Le [[Republica de Filipinas]] deveniva membro del [[Nationes Unite]] in 1945, ante le independentia formal, e participa postea in organisationes regional e international. In 1954, Manila deveniva un del sedes del [[SEATO]], un pacto regional de defense associate al Guerra Frie. === Marcos e le lege martial === In 1965, [[Ferdinand Marcos]] esseva eligite presidente. Ille esseva reeligite in 1969, ma le polarisation politic, le protestas social, le conflictos armate e le allegationes de corruption cresceva durante su prime mandato. Le 21 de septembre 1972, Marcos signava le proclamation que declarava le [[lege martial]]; le declaration esseva publicamente annunciate duo dies plus tarde. Le governamento justificava le mesura per le necessitate de facer fronte a rebelliones e menacias al ordine public, ma le regime restringeva le libertates civil, arrestava adversarios politic e poneva medios de communication sub controlo. Le opposition includeva partitos politic, organisationes estudiantil, sindicatos, gruppos religiose e movimentos de sinistra. Le [[Partito Communista de Filipinas]] e su bracio armate, le [[Nove Armate del Populo]], cresceva in plure regiones. In le sud, le conflictos con movimentos musulman conduceva al formation de gruppos separatista, includente le [[Moro National Liberation Front]]. Marcos promoveva projectos de infrastructura e programas economic, ma su governamento deveniva sempre plus autoritari. Le debita public cresceva e le economia esseva vulnerabile a crises. Le assassinato del senator [[Benigno Aquino Jr.]] in 1983, post su retornata ab exilio, fortificava le opposition e provocava protestas large. === Revolution del Potentia del Populo (1986) === In 1986, Marcos convocava un election presidential anticipate, in le qual ille se presentava contra [[Corazon Aquino]], vidua de Benigno Aquino. Le election esseva marcate per allegationes de fraude e irregularitates, e le proclamation de Marcos como victor provocava un crise politic. In februario 1986, sectores del forzas armate se rebellava contra Marcos e un grande numero de citatanos se reuniva in le [[Avenida Epifanio de los Santos]] (EDSA) in Manila. Le mobilization popular, supportate per sectores del Ecclesia catholic e de altere institutiones, deveniva cognoscite como le Revolution del Potentia del Populo o Revolution EDSA. Marcos abandonava le pais e Corazon Aquino assumeva le presidentia. Le nove governamento restabliva le libertates politic, initiava un processo de redaction constitutional e reorganisava plure institutiones del stato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc1986/proc_3_1986.html |titulo=Proclamation No. 3, s. 1986 |sitioweb=LawPhil Project |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Republica post 1986 === Le constitution del 1987 restabliva un systema democratic presidential con un Congresso bicameral, un poder judicial independente e un catalogo de derectos fundamental. Illa limitava le mandato presidential a un sol periodo de sex annos e establi mechanismos pro le separation del poderes. Corazon Aquino affrontava tentativas de golpe militar, conflictos regional e le necessitate de reconstruer le economia. Su successor [[Fidel V. Ramos]], presidente ab 1992, promoveva reformas economic, privatizationes e accordos de pace con certe gruppos armate. Durante le presidentia de [[Joseph Estrada]] (1998–2001), allegationes de corruption conduceva a un crise politic e al su removal del cargo in 2001, post protestas popular e le perdita de supporto de sectores del governamento. [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] assumeva le presidentia e governava usque 2010, durante un periodo marcate per crescimento economic ma etiam per controversias electoral e allegationes de corruption. [[Benigno Aquino III]] esseva presidente ab 2010 a 2016. Su administration promoveva un agenda anticorruption e obteneva un accordo de pace con le [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]] in 2014, que deveniva un passo importante verso le creation de un region autonome in Mindanao. === Presidentia de Rodrigo Duterte (2016–2022) === [[Rodrigo Duterte]] esseva eligite presidente in 2016. Su administration promoveva un politica de securitate focalisate super le lucta contra le drogas illegal, includente operationes policial que causava numerose mortes e provocava criticas national e international concernente le derectos human. Le administration Duterte promoveva etiam infrastructura e un politica exterior que cercava de ampliar le relationes con China e altere paises, durante que le relationes con le Statos Unite deveniva periodicamente tensionate. In 2018, le Bangsamoro Organic Law establiva le quadro juridic pro un nove region autonome in le Mindanao musulman. Le Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao esseva formalmente inaugurate in 2019, in le quadro del accordo de pace con le MILF. Le pandemia de COVID-19 in 2020 provocava un crise sanitari e economic importante. Le governamento introduceva restrictiones de mobilitate e altere mesuras de emergentia, con effectos significative super le empleo e le education. === Presidentia de Ferdinand Marcos Jr. === [[Ferdinand Marcos Jr.]], filio de Ferdinand Marcos Sr., esseva eligite presidente in maio 2022 e assumeva le cargo in junio del mesme anno. Su vice-presidenta esseva [[Sara Duterte]], filia de Rodrigo Duterte. Le administration Marcos Jr. promoveva le investimento, le infrastructura, le cooperation economic e le relationes con socios international. In politica exterior, le governo reforçava le cooperation de defense con le Statos Unite e altere socios, in un contexto de tension crescente in le Mar de China Meridional. Le disputa maritime con China concerne areas del Mar de China Meridional que Filipinas denomina [[Mar de Filipinas Occidental]]. In 2016, un tribunal arbitral constituite sub le Convention del Nationes Unite super le Derecto del Mar rejectava le base juridic de certe reclamationes maritime extensive de China; Beijing rejectava le decision. Le governamento filipin ha continuate a invocar le decision in su positiones diplomatic e juridic. Le relationes inter Marcos Jr. e Sara Duterte deveniva plus tensionate durante le periodo de governamento, con conflictos public e disputas politic inter lor respective alliatos. Le politica interne remaneva marcate per debates super le corruption, le governantia, le derectos human e le interpretation del historia del periodo Marcos. == Geographia, societate e diversitate cultural == Le historia de Filipinas non pote esser reducite al succession del governamentos colonial e national. Le archipelago comprende numerose communitates etnolinguistic, con linguas, traditiones e formas de organisation distincte. Le [[Tagalog]], [[Cebuano]], [[Ilocano]], [[Hiligaynon]], [[Waray]], [[Bikol]] e altere linguas es parl ate in differente regiones. Le [[Filipino]] e le anglese es le linguas official del republica, durante que le espaniol ha un rolo historic importante in le formation del vocabulario, le archivos e le patrimonio cultural. Le religion catholic es dominante in multe partes del pais, como resultato del periodo colonial espaniol. Le Islam remane importante in partes del sud, specialmente in Mindanao e Sulu, e numerose communitates indigene conserva traditiones e credentias proprie. Le commercio maritime, le migration e le contacts con China, le mundo malay, le America e altere partes del mundo ha contribuite a formar un societate culturalmente diverse. Le diaspora filipin es etiam un elemento importante del historia contemporanee, con communitates establishite in multe paises. == Memoria historic e patrimonio == Le memoria del colonisation espaniol, del guerra contra le Statos Unite, del occupation japonese, del dictatura de Marcos e del Revolution EDSA continua a influentiar le debattes super identitate national, governantia e derectos human. Le figuras historic como Lapulapu, José Rizal, Andrés Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo, Manuel Quezon e Corazon Aquino occupa locos importante in le memoria public. Lor interpretation varia secundo le contextos politic, regional e cultural. Le patrimonio archaeologic, includente le Cavernas de Tabon, le sitios precolonial, le architectura colonial e le monumentos del revolution e del guerra, documenta le pluralitate del experientias historic del archipelago. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Asia}} [[Categoria:Historia de Filipinas| ]] lee6tjt7cgvbcpxqmape1dliohj97bq 704750 704749 2026-10-18T09:20:14Z Interlingvisto 60932 704750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Philippinas''' comprende le evolution del populos, societates e institutiones del archipelago filipin, ab le prime presentia human prehistorica usque al actual [[Republica de Philippinas]]. Situate in le Asia del Sud-Est, inter le Mar de China Meridional e le Oceano Pacific, le archipelago ha essite influentiate per le commercio regional, le migrationes, le religion, le colonisation europee e le interactiones con le poteres asiatic e occidental. Ante le arrivata del europeos, le territorio comprendeva numerose communitates local, portos commercial, principatos maritime e sultanatos musulman. Le dominio colonial espaniol, initiate in le seculo XVI, durava plus de tres seculos e contribueva al diffusion del catholicismo e al formation progressive de un identitate filipin. Le Revolution Filipin de 1896 initiava le lucta pro independentia, ma le fin del dominio espaniol in 1898 esseva sequite per le occupation statounitese. Post le occupation japonese durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Philippinas obteneva su independentia formal in 1946. Le historia contemporanee es marcate per le formation del republica, le dictatura de Ferdinand Marcos, le Revolution del Potentia del Populo de 1986, le restauration del institutiones democratic e le persistencia de conflictos e divisiones politic, social e regional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/ |titulo=Philippine Constitutions |sitioweb=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le insulas que hodie constitue Philippinas esseva habitate per seres human desde le [[Pleistoceno]]. Le data archaeologic indica que le occupation del archipelago precede per multe millennios le formation de su prime societates historic. Le [[Cavernas de Tabon]], situate in Palawan, es un del sitios archaeologic le plus importante del pais. Le excavations comenciate in 1962 per le Museo National de Philippinas e le archaeologo Robert B. Fox revelava restos human, utensiles de petra, osse e altere materiales que permitte reconstruer le vita del communitates prehistoricas. Un fragmento del tibia human trovate in le complex esseva datate a circa 47 000 annos ante le presente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2022/10/28/60th-anniversary-of-the-tabon-caves-archaeological-research-and-opening-of-the-stories-of-origins-exhibit/ |titulo=60th Anniversary of the Tabon Caves Archaeological Research |sitioweb=National Museum of the Philippines |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Altere restos archaeologic monstra que le insulas esseva inhabitate per communitates con differente formas de subsistentia e technologia. Le homines practicava le cassa, le pesca, le collection de plantas e molluscos e, plus tarde, le agricultura e le production de ceramica. Le [[Cavernas de Callao]], in le insula de Luzon, deveniva etiam importante pro le studio del evolution human. Le fossiles trovate ibi includeva restos attribuite a [[Homo luzonensis]], un specie human distincte recognoscite per le scientistas in 2019. Le restos indica que le evolution human in le archipelago esseva plus complexe que lo que se pensava anteriormente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2022/08/30/kuweba/ |titulo=Kuweba o Yungib sa Sinaunang Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas |sitioweb=National Museum of the Philippines |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le millennios sequente, le population cresceva e developpava technicas agricole, navigation maritime e production de utensiles e ornamentos. Le cultura material variava inter le insulas e le regiones, in relation con le recursos natural, le migrationes e le contactos commercial. == Migrationes e formation del societates precolonial == Le formation del populationes del archipelago esseva ligate a migrationes successive de populos austronesian e al developpamento de linguas que forma hodie parte del familia [[austronesian]]. Le navigation facilitate le communication inter insulas e le contactos con altere regiones del Asia del Sud-Est. Le agricultura, le pesca e le commercio maritime permitteva le establimento de communitates permanente. Le riz esseva un del culturas agricole importante in plure regiones, durante que le productos forestal, le pesce, le ceramica e le metalles circulava per rotas commercial local e regional. Le organisation politic non esseva uniforme. Multe communitates esseva organisate in barangays, gruppos social e politic generalmente governate per un chef cognoscite como datu. Le dimension e le potentia de iste communitates variava considerabilemente. Alcun controllava portos e rotas commercial, durante que alteres remaneva plus local e decentralisate. Le societates precolonial possedeva normas de parentela, formas de proprietate, traditiones religiose e systemas de autoritate proprie. Le credentias variava inter traditiones indigene e influentias proveniente de altere partes del Asia. == Commercio e influentias asiatic == Ante le arrivata del espanioles, le archipelago participava in redes commercial que ligava le Asia del Sud-Est, China, le subcontinente indian e le insulas del Oceano Indian. Le mercantes transportava ceramica, seta, metalles, perlas, especias e altere productos. Le contactos con China es documentate desde le prime seculos del millennio prime. Le mercantes chinese visitava portos del archipelago e participava al intercambio de productos local con benes proveniente del continente. Le contactos commercial promoveva le diffusion de technicas, objetos e influentias cultural. Le influentia indian e le traditiones hindu-buddhista se diffundeva in partes del Asia del Sud-Est, includente certe societates del archipelago. Nonobstante, le reception de iste influentias in Philippinas esseva variabile e non produceva un imperio unificate comparable a altere estados del region. In le seculos anterior al colonisation espaniol, le commercio con le mundo musulman cresceva. Le mercantes e predicatores musulman contribueva al diffusion del [[Islam]] in partes del sud del archipelago, specialmente in Mindanao e le insulas Sulu. Iste processo conduceva al formation de sultanatos e de redes politic e commercial que manteneva contactos con Borneo, Malacca e altere centros del Asia maritime. == Societates precolonial == Le societates filipin precolonial comprendeva differente formas de organisation politic e social. Le barangay esseva un del unidades politic le plus commun, ma non tote le communitates esseva organisate identicamente. In partes de Luzon e Visayas, le chefes local exerceva autoritate super le parentela, le production, le commercio e le resolution de conflictos. Le relationes inter barangays putea basar se super le commercio, le alliantias matrimonial, le cooperation militar o le rivalitate. In le regiones del sud, le sultanatos de Sulu e Maguindanao developpava structuras politic plus ample, ligate al religion musulman e al commercio maritime. Le sultanatos manteneva relationes con altere poteres del Asia del Sud-Est e opposeva resistentia al expansion espaniol. Le societates indigene possedeva etiam traditiones de arte, musica, poesia oral, navigation e metallurgia. Le differentias linguistic e cultural inter le regiones remaneva importante e continua a characterisar le pais contemporanee. == Arrivata del europeos == Le prime expedition europee registrate in le archipelago esseva le expedition de [[Ferdinand Magellan]], navigator in servicio del Corona de Portugal ma qui navigava sub le bandera espaniol. Le expedition attingeva le insula de Homonhon le 17 de martio 1521, durante le prime circumnavigation del Terra. Magellan establiva contactos con chefes local e promoveva le introduction del christianismo. Le 27 de april 1521, ille esseva occidite durante le [[Battalia de Mactan]], in un conflicto con le forzas del chef local [[Lapulapu]]. Le expedition continuava su viage sub altere commandantes e un parte del equipage retornava a Espania in 1522. Post le expedition de Magellan, Espania organisava altere expeditiones pro explorar e reclamar le archipelago. Le expedition de [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] arrivava in 1565 ab Mexico e establi un settlement permanente in Cebu. In 1571, le espanioles occupava Manila, que deveniva le principal centro administrative e commercial del colonia. Le colonisation esseva facilitate per le alliantias con certe chefes local, le uso de fortificationes e le expansion del missiones religiose. Nonobstante, le dominio espaniol non esseva uniforme: alcun regiones, specialmente in le sud musulman e in partes del zonas montanose, manteneva grados significative de autonomia e resistentia. == Etate moderne == === Dominio colonial espaniol (1565–1898) === Le dominio espaniol durava plus de tres seculos. Le archipelago esseva governate per un governator general e faceva parte del systema colonial espaniol in le Pacific. Durante le prime parte del periodo, Philippinas esseva administrate in relation con le [[Viceregno de Nove Espania]], con Mexico como un centro importante del administration e del commercio transpacific. Le governo colonial introduceva institutiones administrative, le derecto espaniol, le systema de parochias e le education catholic. Le missiones religiose habeva un rolo importante in le transformation del vita local, e le catholicismo deveniva le religion dominante in multe regiones. Le idiomas indigene remaneva tamen largemente usate, e le lingua espaniol non deveniva universal. Le administration colonial dependeva in grande parte de intermediarios local, includente chefes e elites que collaborava con le autoritates espaniol. Le societate deveniva stratificate, con distinctiones inter espanioles, mestizos, elites indigene e altere gruppos. Le dominio colonial non esseva uniforme in tote le archipelago. Le sultanatos musulman del sud resistiva a plure expeditiones militar espaniol, durante que le communitates del Cordillera e altere regiones montanose manteneva lor proprie structuras e traditiones. ==== Manila e le commercio del galeones ==== Manila deveniva un centro major del commercio inter Asia e America. Desde 1565, le Commercio del Galeones de Manila e Acapulco ligava le Philippinas al Mexico colonial e, per ille via, al resto del Imperio espaniol. Le galeones transportava seta, porcelana e altere benes asiatic verso America, durante que plata proveniente principalmente del Mexico esseva usate pro pagar le mercantias. Le commercio contribuiva al prosperitate de Manila e al integration del archipelago in redes economic global. Le systema tamen esseva restrictite per regulamentos commercial e dependeva de un numero limitate de naves. Le concentration del commercio in Manila e le predominio de interesses colonial limitava le developpamento economic de altere regiones. Le contactos commercial con China e altere partes del Asia remaneva essential al functionamento del colonia. Le migration de mercantes chinese contribueva al activitate urban e commercial, ma esseva etiam fonte de tensiones e de restrictiones administrative. ==== Rebelliones e resistentia al dominio espaniol ==== Durante le periodo colonial, plure communitates e chefes local se rebellava contra le tributos, le labores obligatori, le abuso de autoritate e le intervention religiose. Le rebelliones variava de insurrectiones local a resistentia militar plus prolongate. Le sultanatos de Sulu e Maguindanao e altere communitates musulman del sud resistiva durante seculos al expansion espaniol. Le conflictos, sovente designate como guerras de Moro, involveva expeditiones militar, attaccos maritime e le defensa de territorios e rotas commercial. In altere partes del archipelago, le rebelliones esseva motivated per questiones de tributo, abuso del autoritates, controversias religiose o le defensa del autonomia local. Alcun rebelliones esseva reprimite, durante que altere provocava cambios in le administration colonial. Le resistentia non formava un movimento national unificate durante le major parte del periodo. Un identitate politic commun se developpava gradualmente, specialmente durante le seculo XIX, con le expansion del education, del presse e del contactos con ideas liberal e nationalista. === Transformationes del seculo XIX === Durante le seculo XIX, le societate filipin esseva transformate per le expansion del commercio international, le introduction de nove activitates economic e le crescentia de un classe educate. Le apertura de portos al commercio estranier e le melioramento del communicationes promoveva le formation de gruppos social con interesses e identitates nove. Le apertura del Canal de Suez in 1869 reduceva le tempore de viage inter Espania e le Philippinas e facilitava le circulation de personas, libros e ideas. Le education de certe elites filipin in Europa exponeva illos a ideas liberal, nationalista e reformista. Un gruppo de intellectuales cognoscite como Ilustrados demandava reformas administrative, equalitate juridic e un representation plus ample del filipinos in le institutiones colonial. Alcun promoveva le secularisation del parochias e criticava le potentia del ordines religiose. Le movemento reformista esseva associate a figuras como [[José Rizal]], [[Marcelo H. del Pilar]] e [[Graciano López Jaena]]. Per medio de essays, periodicos e obras litterari, illes criticava le abuso colonial e promoveva reformas e recognoscimento del derectos del filipinos. === José Rizal e le nationalismo filipin === José Rizal deveniva un figura central del nationalismo filipin. Su novelas Noli me tangere (1887) e El filibusterismo (1891) criticava le abuso del administration colonial e del clericos e describiva le injustitias social del societate. Rizal non promoveva inicialmente un insurrection armate, ma su obras e su activitate reformista contribuiva al disveloppamento de un conscientia national. In 1892, ille fundava le Liga Filipina, un organisation que promoveva reformas e cooperation civic. Le autoritates espaniol considerava le activitate de Rizal periculose. Ille esseva exiliate a Dapitan e, post le rebellion de 1896, esseva judicate e executate in Manila le 30 de decembre 1896. Su morte deveniva un symbolo del lucta nationalista e fortificava le opposition al dominio colonial. === Revolution Filipin (1896–1898) === Le Revolution Filipin comenciava in 1896 contra le dominio espaniol. Un del principales organisationes revolutionari esseva le [[Katipunan]], fundate per [[Andrés Bonifacio]] e altere nationalistas. Su objectivo esseva le independentia per medio de un insurrection. Le rebellion se diffundeva in plure provincias, specialmente in Luzon. Le revolutionarios obteneva victorias local, ma esseva confrontate a division interne, problemas de coordination e le superioritate militar del autoritates colonial. Andrés Bonifacio e [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] deveniva figuras central del movemento. Le rivalitate inter lor gruppos conduceva a un crise politic e al execution de Bonifacio in 1897 per ordines del faction associate a Aguinaldo. Le Pacte de Biak-na-Bato, signate in 1897, conduceva temporarimente a un cessamento del hostilitate. Aguinaldo e altere chefes revolutionari exiliava se a Hong Kong, ma le conflicto reactivava se in 1898 durante le [[Guerra Hispano-Statounitese]]. === Guerra Hispano-Statounitese e independentia declarate === In 1898, le guerra inter Espania e le [[Statos Unite]] cambiava le situation del Filipinas. Le 1 de maio 1898, le flotta statounitese sub le commandamento de [[George Dewey]] disfaceva le flotta espaniol in le [[Battalia de Manila Bay]]. Aguinaldo retornava al archipelago e le forzas revolutionari reinitiava lor lucta contra Espania. Le 12 de junio 1898, ille proclamava le independentia filipin in Kawit, Cavite. Le 13 de augusto, le forzas statounitese prendeva Manila. Le revolutionarios filipin non esseva tamen admittite a entrar in le capital durante le capitulation espaniol, un decision que augmentava le tension inter le independentistas e le Statos Unite. Le Tractato de Paris, signate le 10 de decembre 1898, transferiva le Filipinas, Guam e Puerto Rico de Espania al Statos Unite. Le transferentia esseva effectuate sin que le representantes filipin participa al negotiationes. Le independentistas rejectava le tractato, que illes considerava un substitution de un potere colonial per un altere. == Etate contemporanee == === Republica de Malolos e guerra filipino-statounitese === In januario 1899, le revolutionarios establiva le Prime Republica Filipin, con su sede in Malolos e Emilio Aguinaldo como presidente. Le constitution de Malolos constitueva un tentativa de organisar un stato independente con institutiones proprie. Le 4 de februario 1899, le hostilitate inter le forzas filipin e statounitese deveniva un guerra aperte. Le Guerra Filipino-Statounitese durava plure annos e includeva operationes conventional e guerrilla, repressiones e destructiones in diverse regiones. Le Statos Unite establiva un administration militar e, plus tarde, un governo civil. Le forzas statounitese capturava Aguinaldo in 1901, ma le resistentia continuava in altere partes del archipelago. Le conflicto causava un grande numero de mortes militar e civil e habeva consequentias durabile pro le societate filipin. Le Statos Unite introduceva un systema educational public con le anglese como lingua importante de instruction, reformava le administration e creava institutiones legislative e judicial. Simultaneemente, le autoritates statounitese reprimiva le resistance armate e manteneva le Philippinas como territorio sub su sovranitate. === Administration statounitese (1898–1935) === Le administration statounitese introduceva institutiones inspirate per le systema politic del Statos Unite. Le Assemblea Filipin esseva establite in 1907, e le Ley Jones de 1916 augmentava le autonomia legislative e declarava que le independentia eventual del Philippinas esseva le politica del Statos Unite, subjecte al establimento de un governamento stabile. Le education public se expandiva e le anglese deveniva un lingua importante del administration e del instruction. Le infrastructure, le sanitate public e le agricultura esseva developpate in differente grados, ma le economia remaneva dependente del relationes commercial con le Statos Unite. Le elites politic local, sovente proveniente de familias influente, acquireva un rolo central in le nove institutiones. Le systema electoral favorava le formation de partitos e de redes politic territorial, ma le participation politic remaneva in parte dominate per proprietarios e elites local. Le movemento pro independentia continuava a exercer pression super Washington. Le Philippine Independence Act de 1934, cognoscite como le Tydings–McDuffie Act, establi un periodo de transition de dece annos verso le independentia. === Commonwealth de Philippinas (1935–1946) === In 1935 esseva establite le Commonwealth de Filipinas, un regime autonom que prepara le archipelago pro le independentia. [[Manuel L. Quezon]] deveniva le prime presidente del Commonwealth e [[Sergio Osmeña]] su vice-presidente. Le constitution de 1935 establi un systema presidential e un quadro institutional que esseva destinate a servir post le independentia. Le governamento promoveva reformas administrative, education e preparation militar, ma le societate restava confrontate a desigualitate, pobreza rural e conflictos politic. Le independentia planificate esseva interrompite per le invasion japonese in decembre 1941, que comenciava un del periodos le plus destructiv del historia del archipelago. === Occupation japonese (1942–1945) === Le [[Imperio Japonese]] invadeva Philippinas durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]. Le forzas statounitese e filipin resistiva in Bataan e Corregidor, ma Manila cadeva in januario 1942 e le major parte del archipelago esseva occupate. Le Republica Secunde Filipin, proclamate in 1943 sub [[José P. Laurel]], esseva establite sub le occupation japonese. Le regime habeva autonomia limitate e operava in un quadro de collaboration con le potere occupante. Le occupation esseva marcate per requisitiones, repression, penuria de alimentos e violence contra le population. Le [[Marcha de morte de Bataan]] in april 1942, durante le qual miles de prisioneros filipinos e statounitese esseva fortiate a marchar in conditiones extreme, deveniva un del episodios le plus cognoscite del occupation. Gruppos de resistentia, includente le guerrillas e le [[Hukbalahap]], operava in plure regiones contra le forzas japonese. Le retornata del forzas statounitese e filipin in 1944–1945 conduceva a combates extensive. Le [[Battalia de Manila (1945)|Battalia de Manila]] causava destructiones massive e le morte de numerose civiles. === Independentia e Prime Republica (1946–1965) === Le 4 de julio 1946, le Statos Unite recognosceva le independentia del Republica de Filipinas. [[Manuel Roxas]] deveniva le prime presidente del republica independente. Le nove stato heredava un economia devastate per le guerra, infrastructure destruite e problemas de rehabilitation. Le relationes con le Statos Unite remaneva importante, specialmente in materia de defense e commercio. Le accordos del postguerra permitteva al Statos Unite mantener bases militar e obtener certe derectos economic, durante que le governamento filipin cercava de restaurar le production e le servicios public. Le administrationes de [[Elpidio Quirino]] e [[Ramon Magsaysay]]夫婦 affrontava le rebellion del Hukbalahap, le problemas del agricultura e le necessitate de reconstruer le institutiones. Magsaysay, presidente ab 1953, promoveva reformas rural e medidas contra le corruption, ma le desigualitates economic remaneva significative. Le [[Republica de Filipinas]] deveniva membro del [[Nationes Unite]] in 1945, ante le independentia formal, e participa postea in organisationes regional e international. In 1954, Manila deveniva un del sedes del [[SEATO]], un pacto regional de defense associate al Guerra Frie. === Marcos e le lege martial === In 1965, [[Ferdinand Marcos]] esseva eligite presidente. Ille esseva reeligite in 1969, ma le polarisation politic, le protestas social, le conflictos armate e le allegationes de corruption cresceva durante su prime mandato. Le 21 de septembre 1972, Marcos signava le proclamation que declarava le [[lege martial]]; le declaration esseva publicamente annunciate duo dies plus tarde. Le governamento justificava le mesura per le necessitate de facer fronte a rebelliones e menacias al ordine public, ma le regime restringeva le libertates civil, arrestava adversarios politic e poneva medios de communication sub controlo. Le opposition includeva partitos politic, organisationes estudiantil, sindicatos, gruppos religiose e movimentos de sinistra. Le [[Partito Communista de Filipinas]] e su bracio armate, le [[Nove Armate del Populo]], cresceva in plure regiones. In le sud, le conflictos con movimentos musulman conduceva al formation de gruppos separatista, includente le [[Moro National Liberation Front]]. Marcos promoveva projectos de infrastructura e programas economic, ma su governamento deveniva sempre plus autoritari. Le debita public cresceva e le economia esseva vulnerabile a crises. Le assassinato del senator [[Benigno Aquino Jr.]] in 1983, post su retornata ab exilio, fortificava le opposition e provocava protestas large. === Revolution del Potentia del Populo (1986) === In 1986, Marcos convocava un election presidential anticipate, in le qual ille se presentava contra [[Corazon Aquino]], vidua de Benigno Aquino. Le election esseva marcate per allegationes de fraude e irregularitates, e le proclamation de Marcos como victor provocava un crise politic. In februario 1986, sectores del forzas armate se rebellava contra Marcos e un grande numero de citatanos se reuniva in le [[Avenida Epifanio de los Santos]] (EDSA) in Manila. Le mobilization popular, supportate per sectores del Ecclesia catholic e de altere institutiones, deveniva cognoscite como le Revolution del Potentia del Populo o Revolution EDSA. Marcos abandonava le pais e Corazon Aquino assumeva le presidentia. Le nove governamento restabliva le libertates politic, initiava un processo de redaction constitutional e reorganisava plure institutiones del stato.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc1986/proc_3_1986.html |titulo=Proclamation No. 3, s. 1986 |sitioweb=LawPhil Project |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Republica post 1986 === Le constitution del 1987 restabliva un systema democratic presidential con un Congresso bicameral, un poder judicial independente e un catalogo de derectos fundamental. Illa limitava le mandato presidential a un sol periodo de sex annos e establi mechanismos pro le separation del poderes. Corazon Aquino affrontava tentativas de golpe militar, conflictos regional e le necessitate de reconstruer le economia. Su successor [[Fidel V. Ramos]], presidente ab 1992, promoveva reformas economic, privatizationes e accordos de pace con certe gruppos armate. Durante le presidentia de [[Joseph Estrada]] (1998–2001), allegationes de corruption conduceva a un crise politic e al su removal del cargo in 2001, post protestas popular e le perdita de supporto de sectores del governamento. [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] assumeva le presidentia e governava usque 2010, durante un periodo marcate per crescimento economic ma etiam per controversias electoral e allegationes de corruption. [[Benigno Aquino III]] esseva presidente ab 2010 a 2016. Su administration promoveva un agenda anticorruption e obteneva un accordo de pace con le [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]] in 2014, que deveniva un passo importante verso le creation de un region autonome in Mindanao. === Presidentia de Rodrigo Duterte (2016–2022) === [[Rodrigo Duterte]] esseva eligite presidente in 2016. Su administration promoveva un politica de securitate focalisate super le lucta contra le drogas illegal, includente operationes policial que causava numerose mortes e provocava criticas national e international concernente le derectos human. Le administration Duterte promoveva etiam infrastructura e un politica exterior que cercava de ampliar le relationes con China e altere paises, durante que le relationes con le Statos Unite deveniva periodicamente tensionate. In 2018, le Bangsamoro Organic Law establiva le quadro juridic pro un nove region autonome in le Mindanao musulman. Le Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao esseva formalmente inaugurate in 2019, in le quadro del accordo de pace con le MILF. Le pandemia de COVID-19 in 2020 provocava un crise sanitari e economic importante. Le governamento introduceva restrictiones de mobilitate e altere mesuras de emergentia, con effectos significative super le empleo e le education. === Presidentia de Ferdinand Marcos Jr. === [[Ferdinand Marcos Jr.]], filio de Ferdinand Marcos Sr., esseva eligite presidente in maio 2022 e assumeva le cargo in junio del mesme anno. Su vice-presidenta esseva [[Sara Duterte]], filia de Rodrigo Duterte. Le administration Marcos Jr. promoveva le investimento, le infrastructura, le cooperation economic e le relationes con socios international. In politica exterior, le governo reforçava le cooperation de defense con le Statos Unite e altere socios, in un contexto de tension crescente in le Mar de China Meridional. Le disputa maritime con China concerne areas del Mar de China Meridional que Philippinas denomina [[Mar de Philippinas Occidental]]. In 2016, un tribunal arbitral constituite sub le Convention del Nationes Unite super le Derecto del Mar rejectava le base juridic de certe reclamationes maritime extensive de China; Beijing rejectava le decision. Le governamento filipin ha continuate a invocar le decision in su positiones diplomatic e juridic. Le relationes inter Marcos Jr. e Sara Duterte deveniva plus tensionate durante le periodo de governamento, con conflictos public e disputas politic inter lor respective alliatos. Le politica interne remaneva marcate per debates super le corruption, le governantia, le derectos human e le interpretation del historia del periodo Marcos. == Geographia, societate e diversitate cultural == Le historia de Philippinas non pote esser reducite al succession del governamentos colonial e national. Le archipelago comprende numerose communitates etnolinguistic, con linguas, traditiones e formas de organisation distincte. Le [[Tagalog]], [[Cebuano]], [[Ilocano]], [[Hiligaynon]], [[Waray]], [[Bikol]] e altere linguas es parl ate in differente regiones. Le [[Filipino]] e le anglese es le linguas official del republica, durante que le espaniol ha un rolo historic importante in le formation del vocabulario, le archivos e le patrimonio cultural. Le religion catholic es dominante in multe partes del pais, como resultato del periodo colonial espaniol. Le Islam remane importante in partes del sud, specialmente in Mindanao e Sulu, e numerose communitates indigene conserva traditiones e credentias proprie. Le commercio maritime, le migration e le contacts con China, le mundo malay, le America e altere partes del mundo ha contribuite a formar un societate culturalmente diverse. Le diaspora filipin es etiam un elemento importante del historia contemporanee, con communitates establishite in multe paises. == Memoria historic e patrimonio == Le memoria del colonisation espaniol, del guerra contra le Statos Unite, del occupation japonese, del dictatura de Marcos e del Revolution EDSA continua a influentiar le debattes super identitate national, governantia e derectos human. Le figuras historic como Lapulapu, José Rizal, Andrés Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo, Manuel Quezon e Corazon Aquino occupa locos importante in le memoria public. Lor interpretation varia secundo le contextos politic, regional e cultural. Le patrimonio archaeologic, includente le Cavernas de Tabon, le sitios precolonial, le architectura colonial e le monumentos del revolution e del guerra, documenta le pluralitate del experientias historic del archipelago. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Asia}} [[Categoria:Historia del Philippinas| ]] 3abtiulaglvwm0gvmv5gq41dv00hzp6 14 12957 704773 590711 2026-10-18T09:37:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 704773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 22665 704830 502439 2026-10-18T10:04:20Z Interlingvisto 60932 704830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{catmore}} {{Commonscat|Geography of Europe}} [[Categoria:Europa]] [[Categoria:Geographia per continente]] 1hojrdvl4antzp9syl8bb2kbwpq38kc 102 29865 704738 699830 2026-10-18T05:07:06Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 704738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} Lista de homines con position [[Presidente del Statos Unite de America]]. {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q11696 } |wdq= 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name="ref_1b1be539a4dd280fc69294e971af2196dba0a74c48f48a27adc03b5af959a638">''[[:d:Q6023365|Internet Philosophy Ontology project]]''</ref><ref name="ref_39693e519a3b4bd531145c748da5e69c7198327e7f598d4477bf605c4c01d83f">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/jefferson-thomas</ref><ref name="ref_931851ab1666964918600e8fa1634af8ac7a2b90a6cf86b2910b446e3d4af03f">''[[:d:Q103937665|Jefferson, Thomas]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France 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name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1848" | 1848-02-23<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[William Henry Harrison]] | [[File:William Henry Harrison by James Reid Lambdin, 1835.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1773" | 1773-02-09<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1841" | 1841-04-04<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68e53db8135be6b8102e4ae06b4ebc4d36ee3704ac87bbf731541fa5b1e810e3">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/certificate-the-death-president-harrison</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]] |- | [[Martin Van Buren]] | [[File:Martin Van Buren by Mathew Brady c1855-58 sepia original restored.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1782" | 1782-12-05<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9">''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1862" | 1862-07-24<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9">''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fa78a8f8be188f0d2b92b8fc1aaef413054cfd2e21e679876824d8d69ffda69d">''[[:d:Q43444365|Asthma among the famous. Martin Van Buren (1792-1862), eighth president of the United States]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua nederlandese|nederlandese]] |- | [[Zachary Taylor]] | [[File:Zachary Taylor 2.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1784" | 1784-11-24<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1850" | 1850-07-09<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a9f0627cb3d997348a193bdbf6cc5d89a38361ef730289686793d65b058206c6">https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/announcement-the-vice-president-the-death-president-taylor</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[John Tyler]] | [[File:WHOportTyler.jpg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_6b99b90066c0384bbaa48c1d781eb61e0a90a7836271e30b0f6abf1890d1d2cd">https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-tyler/</ref> | data-sort-value="1790" | 1790-03-29<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]]<br/>[[Greco ancian|lingua grec ancian]] |- | [[James Buchanan]] | [[File:James Buchanan (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1791" | 1791-04-23<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref 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Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]]<br/>[[Lingua grec|greco]] |- | [[James K. 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name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4206c52d58d3c1648a46c1eacfa0097fabf724f8328f2d6dd44548f08476539b">''[[:d:Q27230564|NCpedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]]<br/>[[Lingua grec|greco]] |- | [[Millard Fillmore]] | [[File:Millard Fillmore.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1800" | 1800-01-07<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1874" | 1874-03-08<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Franklin Pierce]] | [[File:Franklin Pierce.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1804" | 1804-11-23<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1869" | 1869-10-08<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Andrew Johnson]] | [[File:President Andrew Johnson.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1808" | 1808-12-29<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4206c52d58d3c1648a46c1eacfa0097fabf724f8328f2d6dd44548f08476539b">''[[:d:Q27230564|NCpedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1875" | 1875-07-31<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4206c52d58d3c1648a46c1eacfa0097fabf724f8328f2d6dd44548f08476539b">''[[:d:Q27230564|NCpedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Abraham Lincoln]] | [[File:Abraham Lincoln O-77 matte collodion print.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1809" | 1809-02-12<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_c36c72f29db9cfaf1c92da48f13d42191614c34ede943eb9d82d9f258f6f0bf0">http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/abraham-lincoln-is-born</ref><ref name="ref_029f21bea95e05de06bc20a6e30cad0aebfbf5b86730f991764cde61b6e997a3">http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/lincoln_abraham.shtml</ref><ref name="ref_9844bc45f4969868152bf8b43b8d6891f83f2f5144919b4f1f9689f004f02b8c">''[[:d:Q103867811|Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865), sixteenth president of the United States]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e4f55b881529b241e268dd3ead5a85bdaaf727dc145fd2ebe9822babbc994382">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-lincoln-and-darwin-shaped-the-modern-world-45447280/</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b">''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1865" | 1865-04-15<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a0130cc8994787488a14a8912362e035c48227b0e5dae9e04e1d507013dccda8">https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/april-15-1865-tragic-last-hours-abraham-lincoln</ref><ref name="ref_9844bc45f4969868152bf8b43b8d6891f83f2f5144919b4f1f9689f004f02b8c">''[[:d:Q103867811|Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865), sixteenth president of the United States]]''</ref><ref name="ref_79cd06309a0a5ca5193379ba2ee2612f442f723572d072704d57fe785205731b">https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/visibleproofs/galleries/cases/lincoln.html</ref><ref name="ref_029f21bea95e05de06bc20a6e30cad0aebfbf5b86730f991764cde61b6e997a3">http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/lincoln_abraham.shtml</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b">''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[anglese american]] |- | [[Ulysses S. Grant]] | [[File:Ulysses S. Grant 1870-1880.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1822" | 1822-04-27<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1885" | 1885-07-23<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] | [[File:President Rutherford Hayes 1870 - 1880 Restored.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1822" | 1822-10-04<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1893" | 1893-01-17<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]]<br/>[[Lingua grec|greco]] |- | [[Chester A. Arthur]] | [[File:Chester A. Arthur by Abraham Bogardus.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1829" | 1829-10-05<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1886" | 1886-11-18<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11871956|greco classic]]'' |- | [[James A. 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name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a">''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua latin|latino]]<br/>[[Lingua grec|greco]] |- | [[Benjamin Harrison]] | [[File:Benjamin Harrison, head and shoulders bw photo, 1896.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1833" | 1833-08-20<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Grover Cleveland]] | [[File:Grover Cleveland - NARA - 518139 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1837" | 1837-03-18<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1908" | 1908-06-24<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[William McKinley]] | [[File:William mckinley.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1843" | 1843-01-29<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93525d597abfc11843208a057ab6a3214e596cb962c394ca2d936705dc4845c">''[[:d:Q3621644|Archivio Storico Ricordi]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1901" | 1901-09-14<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93525d597abfc11843208a057ab6a3214e596cb962c394ca2d936705dc4845c">''[[:d:Q3621644|Archivio Storico Ricordi]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Woodrow Wilson]] | [[File:President Woodrow Wilson Harris & Ewing (3x4 cropped b).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1856" | 1856-12-28<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0cea21303047f48b5431165959194e6d99dc9b3afe17a9264a3a4f9612c9c52f">''[[:d:Q107212659|www.accademiadellescienze.it]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924-02-03<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f836e754ed6fd92aed5a11dda26690e5b5f0f6de33f2112f753d955c72d22bfb">''[[:d:Q103885474|Wilson, Woodrow (28/29 Dec. 1856–03 February 1924), the twenty-eighth president of the United States]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0cea21303047f48b5431165959194e6d99dc9b3afe17a9264a3a4f9612c9c52f">''[[:d:Q107212659|www.accademiadellescienze.it]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua german|germano]] |- | [[William Howard Taft]] | [[File:Cabinet card of William Howard Taft by Pach Brothers - Cropped to image.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1857" | 1857-09-15<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-03-08<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Theodore Roosevelt]] | [[File:Theodore Roosevelt by the Pach Bros.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1858" | 1858-10-27<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b">''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07af80eea8b2217349d28e572c0868ba7e82fd43670ad720030deb7c8f6a7a7d">''[[:d:Q1201876|Open Library]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1919" | 1919-01-06<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ca4fc94fb0ac2743da55f8ece3ef96cd3ac76a7e28836b162749c62e2da5a96">''[[:d:Q17378135|Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b">''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<br/>[[Lingua german|germano]]<br/>[[Lingua italian|italiano]] |- | [[Warren G. Harding]] | [[File:Warren G Harding portrait as senator June 1920.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1865" | 1865-11-02<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Calvin Coolidge]] | [[File:President Calvin Coolidge, 1924 portrait photograph (3x4 cropped).jpeg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1872" | 1872-07-04<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus 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Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1964" | 1964-10-20<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref 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Truman]] | [[File:TRUMAN 58-766-06 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1884" | 1884-05-08<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref 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Eisenhower]] | [[File:Dwight D. 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Johnson]] | [[File:Lyndon B. 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name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1973" | 1973-01-22<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[Ronald Reagan]] | [[File:Ronald Reagan 1981 presidential portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1911" | 1911-02-06<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2004" | 2004-06-05<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[anglese american]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[Gerald Ford]] | [[File:Gerald Ford presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1913" | 1913-07-14<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2006" | 2006-12-26<ref name="ref_7bf704def956243e2e9a571b9341582e07f18e2115bc1d89e85c3524c8818b5c">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/26/AR2006122601257.html</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref 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anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[Richard Nixon]] | [[File:Richard Nixon presidential portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1913" | 1913-01-09<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_9c9569741413fc2cd3934b23315b037c7c46c3a760c861b191c6a8a7d3cc246c">''[[:d:Q103873289|Nixon, Richard Milhous (09 January 1913–22 April 1994), thirty-seventh president of the United States]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_9c9569741413fc2cd3934b23315b037c7c46c3a760c861b191c6a8a7d3cc246c">''[[:d:Q103873289|Nixon, Richard Milhous (09 January 1913–22 April 1994), thirty-seventh president of the United States]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref 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Kennedy]] | [[File:John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1917" | 1917-05-29<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8aa285cbc79cce6633ec1022cd057bd3f4ef46687f42037874b9bf61958f13de">''[[:d:Q39845173|Frankfurter Personenlexikon]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d6422606bc2ee4732a2ddab13ce37f41a833155bca72c04426ba73f232724703">''[[:d:Q98839586|TracesOfWar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-11-22<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ca4fc94fb0ac2743da55f8ece3ef96cd3ac76a7e28836b162749c62e2da5a96">''[[:d:Q17378135|Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8aa285cbc79cce6633ec1022cd057bd3f4ef46687f42037874b9bf61958f13de">''[[:d:Q39845173|Frankfurter Personenlexikon]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d6422606bc2ee4732a2ddab13ce37f41a833155bca72c04426ba73f232724703">''[[:d:Q98839586|TracesOfWar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[George H. W. Bush]] | [[File:George H. W. Bush presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924-06-12<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-11-30<ref name="ref_cb4d33fd1aa6be6094b17912c58092220fa336e6255c3ad69abe67882e8c39bc">https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/george-hw-bush-41st-president-of-the-united-states-dies-at-94/2018/11/30/42fa2ea2-61e2-11e8-99d2-0d678ec08c2f_story.html?noredirect=on</ref><ref name="ref_db6a8ee2bad51e274071952767109125c27acadc34d8a94de7b8082544b2f750">https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/bushgeorge-senior-nachruf-101.html</ref><ref name="ref_9d76824d3d1e388f56cb0b1348fd29ea97ecb810f7960b63f3731e489afc581e">https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/heute/ohne-george-bush-senior-keine-deutsche-einheit-100.html</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[Jimmy Carter]] | [[File:JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924-10-01<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2024" | 2024-12-29<ref name="ref_af0c3149b6cf8293ebbef210ebb13b43b4c66000f3ce41e1cb0f17c6fa2733f6">https://www.reuters.com/world/us/former-us-president-jimmy-carter-dies-100-atlanta-journal-constitution-reports-2024-12-29/</ref><ref name="ref_cec36c255a49b1ff0027d6542eebd6876a1f313031992d16b41ecc416469f0fa">https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2024/12/29/jimmy-carter-president-dead/</ref><ref name="ref_e0f3031b092405e5a6ebb848868066dd9d3a7ecf5c07babdcfe8b7db3a7f9bde">https://www.ajc.com/news/former-us-president-jimmy-carter-100-dies/3ODQTR5NHVDTDF2SXOU34MKNZM/</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]] |- | [[Joe Biden]] | [[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-11-20<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[George W. Bush]] | [[File:George-W-Bush.jpeg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-07-06<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a">''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731">''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<ref name="ref_b0f52d9315495ac0a577104d00267d6082109d6e29f871f19245a0a89bbf47dd">https://www.youtube.com/shorts/7F_cIv26wkE</ref> |- | [[Bill Clinton]] | [[File:Bill Clinton.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-08-19<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_35b9c44b27059f41e1afd57e82f3d1a18bacbbcb9adc263e32918db6e938ca14">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/bill-clinton</ref><ref name="ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a">''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[Donald Trump]] | [[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025) (3x4).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-06-14<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_5c7fb41ccb0937d85635d68c2ee5b32a1d33cc6ce6d726d3efdcf35983d3872e">http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/20110328125536753.pdf</ref><ref name="ref_d3141e79d33d42be119e8e11c3d5fbd5518b40ac0ec38b42a85581e254b9545f">http://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f2c80df09e95b58628606a2c8a10b00cd8a6048c2ebdae04cf3f20d42f6c2393">''[[:d:Q31964|Internet Broadway Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_01e68f4adba0edf05140c40a86fa5a109bcc7a7419480c1ae3c216831c758462">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/trump-donald-john</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[anglese american]] |- | [[Barack Obama]] | [[File:President Barack Obama.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-08-04<ref name="ref_ce4a8d367adcc3857b7eccded8854bd2b3c1b3bd2fc3444ee90b9838787b85e9">''[[:d:Q14527788|Barack Obama birth certificate]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4461cb82d0144c967ee80b0aa433d4075a10c70e928d7e315afb7ab452560934">http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/obama-facts.html</ref><ref name="ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11">''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref> | | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua indonesian|indonesiano]]<ref name="ref_d5ca1fe1e63563398946bff8331f556dc5dbdd7b70936a5520ccf6a2e6cf14aa">http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/01/24/obama-speaks-indonesian-wishes-return-menteng.html</ref> |} {{Wikidata list end}} [[Categoria:Presidentes del Statos Unite|~]] hhbkf6ih0twu37zr4bl46s7fzv2s637 0 29949 704787 656114 2026-10-18T09:44:44Z Interlingvisto 60932 704787 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Logo of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.svg|right|250px]] [[File:Stamp of Azerbaijan 394.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Le edificio del Assemblea National in [[Baku]].]] Le '''Assemblea National del Republica Azerbaijan''' (''Azərbaycan Respublikasının Milli Məclisi'' in [[Lingua azerbaidzhan|azerbaidzhano]]) es le branca legislative del governamento de [[Azerbaidzhan]] e ha su sede in le capital [[Baku]]. Le Assemblea National del Republica Azerbaijan es un corpore unicameral constituite per 125 deputatos. Eligite per suffragio universal secundo un systema de representation proportional, le deputatos servi pro un termino de cinque annos. == Ligamines externe == {{Commons|Category:National Assembly of Azerbaijan}} * {{az}} [http://www.meclis.gov.az/ Site official del Assemblea National del Republica Azerbaijan] {{Pecietta|politica|geographia}} [[Categoria:Edificios in Azerbaijan]] [[Categoria:Baku]] [[Categoria:Politica de Azerbaidzhan]] 33tltppglmn7pcrnsby75s1f63497xw 704788 704787 2026-10-18T09:45:04Z Interlingvisto 60932 704788 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Logo of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.svg|right|250px]] [[File:Stamp of Azerbaijan 394.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Le edificio del Assemblea National in [[Baku]].]] Le '''Assemblea National del Republica Azerbaijan''' (''Azərbaycan Respublikasının Milli Məclisi'' in [[Lingua azerbaidzhan|azerbaidzhano]]) es le branca legislative del governamento de [[Azerbaidzhan]] e ha su sede in le capital [[Baku]]. Le Assemblea National del Republica Azerbaijan es un corpore unicameral constituite per 125 deputatos. Eligite per suffragio universal secundo un systema de representation proportional, le deputatos servi pro un termino de cinque annos. == Ligamines externe == {{Commons|Category:National Assembly of Azerbaijan}} * {{az}} [http://www.meclis.gov.az/ Site official del Assemblea National del Republica Azerbaijan] {{Pecietta|politica|geographia}} [[Categoria:Baku]] [[Categoria:Edificios in Azerbaijan]] [[Categoria:Politica de Azerbaijan]] t0on6gygr1s3ntflv116dkub8dsxjj2 102 30221 704748 697909 2026-10-18T08:45:10Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 704748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q191954 } |wdq= |columns=item,label,P18,P569,P570,P21,P1412 |sort=P569 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! imagine ! data de nascentia ! data de morte ! sexo ! linguas parlate o scribite |- | [[:d:Q5738|Q5738]] | ''[[:d:Q5738|Adolphe Thiers]]'' | [[File:Adolphe Thiers 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name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q379702|Q379702]] | ''[[:d:Q379702|Louis-Eugène Cavaignac]]'' | [[File:Louis Eugène Cavaignac MdesA 2014.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1802" | 1802-10-15<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad">''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_60eff1d8010e228bb535322c7a52150c730b2ac70a31ea8c43ee4796853fed0b">''[[:d:Q19847326|Genealogics]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_60eff1d8010e228bb535322c7a52150c730b2ac70a31ea8c43ee4796853fed0b">''[[:d:Q19847326|Genealogics]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q296083|Q296083]] | ''[[:d:Q296083|Jules Grévy]]'' | [[File:Portrait Jules Grévy.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1807" | 1807-08-15<ref 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name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]] |- | [[:d:Q158838|Q158838]] | ''[[:d:Q158838|Patrice de MacMahon]]'' | [[File:Le maréchal de Mac Mahon, duc de Magenta – unframed.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1808" | 1808-06-13<ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1893" | 1893-10-17<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad">''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1896" | 1896-10-07<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q215778|Q215778]] | ''[[:d:Q215778|Sadi Carnot]]'' | [[File:Sadi Carnot (14782530655).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1837" | 1837-08-11<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad">''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_74a186e50455df0a0b37510f4bf95fa24d3bfad5648cd49752736821b23964ed">''[[:d:Q1061861|Structurae]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_5c00d955d8a15f2c3a0c92d28633d35d2fb95e6671944f0ddc26cd7688130e89">''[[:d:Q138307249|Archivio Storico Ricordi - digital collection]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1894" | 1894-06-25<ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_5c00d955d8a15f2c3a0c92d28633d35d2fb95e6671944f0ddc26cd7688130e89">''[[:d:Q138307249|Archivio Storico Ricordi - digital collection]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ac70622108bdae8477bbbe2c10b7dcf07032355ddc9e20768b01639a7b481b5d">http://www.fondsenligne.archives-lyon.fr/v2/ark:/18811/ad77c224720d39acc052b6765cc230f1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | 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name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1931" | 1931-06-22<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame 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Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1907" | 1907-03-11<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-04-06<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref 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name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q296064|Q296064]] | ''[[:d:Q296064|Gaston Doumergue]]'' | [[File:Gaston Doumergue.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1863" | 1863-08-01<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_60eff1d8010e228bb535322c7a52150c730b2ac70a31ea8c43ee4796853fed0b">''[[:d:Q19847326|Genealogics]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1937" | 1937-06-18<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ca4fc94fb0ac2743da55f8ece3ef96cd3ac76a7e28836b162749c62e2da5a96">''[[:d:Q17378135|Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_60eff1d8010e228bb535322c7a52150c730b2ac70a31ea8c43ee4796853fed0b">''[[:d:Q19847326|Genealogics]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q158749|Q158749]] | ''[[:d:Q158749|Albert Lebrun]]'' | [[File:Albert Lebrun 1932 (2).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1871" | 1871-08-29<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad">''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_18aefea32fc7569d336e783a89a4a17ef89c6cfce5d7c8dcc1f2beda27d07b24">''[[:d:Q57831640|Biographies of the Entomologists of the World]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-03-06<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_18aefea32fc7569d336e783a89a4a17ef89c6cfce5d7c8dcc1f2beda27d07b24">''[[:d:Q57831640|Biographies of the Entomologists of the World]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556">''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q459212|Q459212]] | ''[[:d:Q459212|Frédéric François-Marsal]]'' | [[File:Frédéric François-Marsal 1920 (2).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1874" | 1874-03-16<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-05-20<br/>1958-05-28<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q158768|Q158768]] | ''[[:d:Q158768|René Coty]]'' | [[File:René Coty - 1954.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1882" | 1882-03-20<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1962" | 1962-11-22<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q158772|Q158772]] | ''[[:d:Q158772|Vincent Auriol]]'' | [[File:VincentAuriol (cropped).png|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1884" | 1884-08-27<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad">''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1966" | 1966-01-01<ref name="ref_7ca4fc94fb0ac2743da55f8ece3ef96cd3ac76a7e28836b162749c62e2da5a96">''[[:d:Q17378135|Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q2042|Q2042]] | [[Charles de Gaulle]] | [[File:General Charles de Gaulle in 1945.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1890" | 1890-11-22<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad">''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_174f3b6de1ffa5f31febcf4b36d12fa1bdc89e5744f395daeb4f38ae4f6b6490">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/gaulle-charles-de</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d6422606bc2ee4732a2ddab13ce37f41a833155bca72c04426ba73f232724703">''[[:d:Q98839586|TracesOfWar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_5d28e019096645cfe22a9568866f314681cb228148e257a3e8b384d41b887669">https://archives.lille.fr/ark:/74900/c9n2fjvqgxtp/1423e394-d12b-45ba-a1c9-40c6170ed566</ref><ref name="ref_6ad38bcf44918209bda88c11c1936b14329df9d4074ee4ef88e537714b50bb81">''[[:d:Q136324932|Anne Frank Knowledge Base]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1970" | 1970-11-09<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_174f3b6de1ffa5f31febcf4b36d12fa1bdc89e5744f395daeb4f38ae4f6b6490">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/gaulle-charles-de</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d6422606bc2ee4732a2ddab13ce37f41a833155bca72c04426ba73f232724703">''[[:d:Q98839586|TracesOfWar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_5d28e019096645cfe22a9568866f314681cb228148e257a3e8b384d41b887669">https://archives.lille.fr/ark:/74900/c9n2fjvqgxtp/1423e394-d12b-45ba-a1c9-40c6170ed566</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6ad38bcf44918209bda88c11c1936b14329df9d4074ee4ef88e537714b50bb81">''[[:d:Q136324932|Anne Frank Knowledge Base]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q312026|Q312026]] | ''[[:d:Q312026|Georges Bidault]]'' | [[File:Georges Bidault.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1899" | 1899-10-05<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d6422606bc2ee4732a2ddab13ce37f41a833155bca72c04426ba73f232724703">''[[:d:Q98839586|TracesOfWar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-01-27<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d6422606bc2ee4732a2ddab13ce37f41a833155bca72c04426ba73f232724703">''[[:d:Q98839586|TracesOfWar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q12950|Q12950]] | ''[[:d:Q12950|Alain Poher]]'' | [[File:Poher 1980s (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1909" | 1909-04-17<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-12-09<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q2185|Q2185]] | [[Georges Pompidou]] | [[File:Georges Pompidou 1969 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1911" | 1911-07-05<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e5c9ba4899251719959c10a0df8a24483a549163e9775a1428c4cae7e0866dba">http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/leonore_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=COTE&VALUE_1=C/0/25</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1974" | 1974-04-02<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ca4fc94fb0ac2743da55f8ece3ef96cd3ac76a7e28836b162749c62e2da5a96">''[[:d:Q17378135|Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q2038|Q2038]] | [[François Mitterrand]] | [[File:President François Mitterrand in 1983.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1916" | 1916-10-26<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b6c1ed6e0b79364beb937e9f272ba78fc56506b29cc3543aa415f471a9b9181f">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/mitterrand-francois</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-01-08<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334">''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b6c1ed6e0b79364beb937e9f272ba78fc56506b29cc3543aa415f471a9b9181f">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/mitterrand-francois</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q2124|Q2124]] | [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] | [[File:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1975).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1926" | 1926-02-02<ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_60eff1d8010e228bb535322c7a52150c730b2ac70a31ea8c43ee4796853fed0b">''[[:d:Q19847326|Genealogics]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a7633a4b07de4e16d960d355d926f389d86ab0f589199f9496e47d35876157b6">''[[:d:Q5924723|Who's Who in France]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2020" | 2020-12-02<ref name="ref_4be3ef5b8810f8160e7d2a388e8694d656d7987d9c3c4c722f1ffe0232b6fb21">https://www.europe1.fr/politique/lancien-president-valery-giscard-destaing-est-mort-4009616</ref><ref name="ref_cb030ed94c3e293168bfa20987aae93023e13468f3f6709c2ea033b460a2ed14">https://www.ft.com/content/b44c1c23-79cf-45fb-af88-e1724ed47d7c</ref><ref name="ref_a7633a4b07de4e16d960d355d926f389d86ab0f589199f9496e47d35876157b6">''[[:d:Q5924723|Who's Who in France]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua german|germano]] |- | [[:d:Q2105|Q2105]] | [[Jacques Chirac]] | [[File:Jacques Chirac (1997) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1932" | 1932-11-29<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4aa57756f6edf6aa96c4fa8fb2c0f3cc566fc0d322cc5bdc7942b9aa88ba20a0">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/chirac-jacques</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2019" | 2019-09-26<ref name="ref_b9a3be2339dcdf24669bfd553c299bc804856c40f55cb8835c8d8862ec1f71ae">https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/1749119-20190926-ancien-president-republique-jacques-chirac-decede</ref><ref name="ref_e1410c285371dfdc9760ae48d087070f708f0142fbab2e77e925c4a86efd85e7">https://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/i/1nw2PG/jacques-chirac-86-er-doed</ref><ref name="ref_4aa57756f6edf6aa96c4fa8fb2c0f3cc566fc0d322cc5bdc7942b9aa88ba20a0">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/chirac-jacques</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_60eff1d8010e228bb535322c7a52150c730b2ac70a31ea8c43ee4796853fed0b">''[[:d:Q19847326|Genealogics]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105">''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a7633a4b07de4e16d960d355d926f389d86ab0f589199f9496e47d35876157b6">''[[:d:Q5924723|Who's Who in France]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[Lingua russe|russo]]<ref name="ref_2c480686242fb3f9c9ea0221bac8e81339f01208822d68b658efd7a277ceee74">https://www.lopinion.fr/edition/international/quand-jacques-chirac-pleurait-prof-russe-tribune-d-arnaud-dubien-199076</ref> |- | [[:d:Q157|Q157]] | [[François Hollande]] | [[File:François Hollande - 2017 (27869823159) (cropped 2).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-12<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4ae8476ccc00dbcfdc99e7cb8b111071812e3c07f42773a0e03262ecd9f26b4c">https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/hollande-francois</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian 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name="ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a">''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref 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name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a7633a4b07de4e16d960d355d926f389d86ab0f589199f9496e47d35876157b6">''[[:d:Q5924723|Who's Who in France]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]] |} {{Wikidata list end}} * [[Charles de Gaulle]] ([[1890]]–[[1970]]), presidente entre [[1958]] e [[1969]] * [[Georges Pompidou]] ([[1911]]–[[1974]]), presidente entre [[1969]] e [[1974]] * [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] ([[1926]]–[[2020]]), presidente entre [[1974]] e [[1981]] * [[François Mitterrand]] ([[1916]]–[[1996]]), presidente entre [[1981]] e [[1995]] * [[Jacques Chirac]] ([[1932]]), presidente entre [[1995]] e [[2007]] * [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] ([[1955]]), presidente entre [[2007]] e [[2012]] * [[François Hollande]] ([[1954]]), presidente entre [[2012]] e [[2017]] * [[Emmanuel Macron]] ([[1977]]), presidente depost [[2017]] [[Categoria:Presidentes del Republica Francese|~]] jzx8grz0s0apwgv3oohn5to83ye96bk 0 31992 704692 704599 2026-10-17T16:52:50Z Tortoise0308 17411 nomine del infobox; deler infobox redundante; locos de nascentia e decesso; ligar annos e nascentia e decesso; ligar nationalitate; commonscat; corriger defaultsort. 704692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Pedro Álvares Cabral''' (Belmonte, [[Portugal]], [[1467]] o [[1468]]&nbsp;– Santarém, Portugal, circa [[1520]]) esseva un noble e navigator [[Portugal|portugese]], plus cognoscite como le commandante del armada que partiva de [[Lisbona]] in 1500 verso [[India]] e que, durante le viage, attingeva le costa del actual [[Brasil]]. Le 22 de april 1500, su expedition arrivava al terras que le portugueses denominate inicialmente Terra de Vera Cruz. Le Archivo National del Torre do Tombo conserva plure documentos contemporanee concernente le viage, inter illes le celebre carta de Pêro Vaz de Caminha. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/glossario/index.php/verbetes-glossario/14-verbetes-iniciados-em-c/26-cabral-pedro-alvares-1467-68-1520-26 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467/68-1520/26) |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Origine e familia == Pedro Álvares Cabral nasceva in Belmonte, in le actual districto de Castelo Branco, in un familia del nobilitate portugese. Le anno exacte de su nascentia non es cert: le fontes official indica 1467 o 1468. Le familia Cabral esseva ligate al governamento local de Belmonte e al administration del fortification del vila. Le patrimonio cultural portugese identifica Luís Álvares Cabral como antepassato de Pedro e indica que Pedro nasceva in Belmonte circa 1467. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://imovel.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt/detalhes.php?code=74264 |titulo=Pelourinho de Belmonte |sitioweb=Património Cultural, I.P. |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le familia esseva un del linages nobiles ligate al corte portugese. Cabral entrava in le servicio del corte de D. João II e posteriormente deveniva un persona de confidentia de D. Manuel I. Le monarcha le attribueva un position de responsabilitate e le incargava con le commandamento del secunde grande expedition portugese verso India. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Expedition de 1500 == === Preparation === In 1500, D. Manuel I organisava un grande armada con destination a [[India]]. Le expedition habeva un objectivo commercial e diplomatic: stabilir relationes con le Samorim de Calcutta e consolidar le position portugese in le commercio del specie. Cabral esseva designate capitão-mor del expedition. Le armada includeva tredece naves e esseva un del plus importante expeditions maritime portugese del epoca. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/glossario/index.php/verbetes-glossario/14-verbetes-iniciados-em-c/26-cabral-pedro-alvares-1467-68-1520-26 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467/68-1520/26) |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expedition partiva de Lisbona le 9 de martio 1500. Le ruta se dirigeva al sud-oeste del [[Atlantico]] ante de reorientar-se verso le Route del Capo de Bon Esperantia e India. Le navigation includeva le tecnica del volta do mar, que implicava allontanar-se del costa africane pro profitar de ventos e correntes oceanic plus favorabile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/glossario/index.php/verbetes-glossario/14-verbetes-iniciados-em-c/26-cabral-pedro-alvares-1467-68-1520-26 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467/68-1520/26) |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Arrivo al Brasil === Le 22 de april 1500, le expedition avistava terra al oeste del Atlantico. Le territorio esseva recognoscite como un terra que non faceva parte del destination immediate del expedition verso India. Le portugeses le denominate inicialmente Terra de Vera Cruz. Le Pantheon Nacional considera iste arrivata le acto del scoperta official del Brasil per Portugal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expedition remaneva per plure dies in le costa. Le 26 de april esseva celebrate un prime missa, e le 1 de maio esseva celebrate un secunde missa. Le escrivano Pêro Vaz de Caminha redigeva un carta al rege D. Manuel I describente le terra, su habitantes e le prime contactos con le populationes indigene. Le Biblioteca National del Brasil conserva le tradition documental relative a iste eventos e al carta de Caminha. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral toma posse da “Ilha de Vera Cruz” |sitioweb=Biblioteca Nacional Digital |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911115848/https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |archivedate=2024-09-11 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2008/10/Corpo-Cronologico-2.pdf |titulo=Corpo Cronológico |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le nom del territorio cambiava ulteriormente de Terra de Vera Cruz a Terra de Santa Cruz e, plus tarde, al nom Brasil, associate al pau-brasil, un ligno de color rubie que deveniva un importante producto del costa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral toma posse da “Ilha de Vera Cruz” |sitioweb=Biblioteca Nacional Digital |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911115848/https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |archivedate=2024-09-11 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> === Partita verso India === Post le recognoscentia del costa sud-american, le armada continuava su viage verso le India. Un nave esseva inviate verso Portugal con le information del nove terra e con le carta de Caminha. Le altere naves continuava verso le oceano Indian. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/glossario/index.php/verbetes-glossario/14-verbetes-iniciados-em-c/26-cabral-pedro-alvares-1467-68-1520-26 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467/68-1520/26) |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Viage a India == Cabral attingeva Calcutta in septembre 1500. Le mission portugese esseva de stabilir relationes commercial con le autoritates local e de establir un feitoria pro le commercio del specie. Le expedition incontrava tamen opposition e le prime negotiationes esseva difficult. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://historialuso.an.gov.br/glossario/index.php/verbetes-glossario/14-verbetes-iniciados-em-c/26-cabral-pedro-alvares-cabral-1467-68-1520-26 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467/68-1520/26) |sitioweb=Arquivo Nacional do Brasil |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le situation culminava in un attacco contra le feitoria portugese. In reaction, le naves portugese bombardava Calcutta. Le conflicto demonstrava le difficultates que Portugal incontrava in le tentativa de establir un position commercial stabile in le costa del Malabar. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/3/ |titulo=A Batalha de Diu 1509 |sitioweb=Comissão Portuguesa de História Militar – Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le expedition esseva tamen capace de cargar un importante quantitate de specias. Solmente sex del tredece naves attingeva le destination final, secundo le fonte del Ministerio del Defensa National portugese. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/3/ |titulo=A Batalha de Diu 1509 |sitioweb=Comissão Portuguesa de História Militar – Ministério da Defesa Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429062940/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano3/n.5/3/ |archivedate=2025-04-29 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Retorno e ultime annos == Post le retorno a Portugal, Cabral recipeva recognitiones del corona pro le expedition. In 1502, D. Manuel I le designava pro commandar un nove expedition verso Oriente. Le projecto non se concretisava, ma le rationes exacte del allontanamento de Cabral del corte non es clarmente documentate. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Cabral se retirava a su proprietates in le region de Santarém. Le ultime annos de su vita es minus ben documentate que le expedition de 1500. Le fontes institutional portugese indica que ille moriva probabilemente circa 1520 e esseva sepultate in le Igreja da Graça de Santarém. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le dates del morte es incerta: le Pantheon Nacional presenta le periodo como 1520/1526, durante que su texto biographic indica que le morte probabile occurreva in 1520. Le incertesa reflecte le limitationes del documentation super le ultime annos del navegador. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados/pedro-alvares-cabral |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Memoria e reception == Pedro Álvares Cabral ocupa un position importante in le memoria historic de [[Portugal]] e [[Brasil]]. In Portugal, ille es representate como le commandante del expedition de 1500 e un del protagonistas del expansion maritime portugese del epocha del Descoperimentos. Le Pantheon Nacional include Cabral inter le personas commemorate per un cenotafio. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://panteaonacional.gov.pt/homenageados |titulo=Homenageados |sitioweb=Panteão Nacional |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Brasil, le arrivata del expedition de Cabral in 1500 es un evento fundamental del historia colonial. Le documentation del Biblioteca Nacional e del Archivo National brasilian conserva le tradition documental associate al viage, al carta de Caminha e al prime actos portugese in le costa brasilian. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |titulo=Pedro Álvares Cabral toma posse da “Ilha de Vera Cruz” |sitioweb=Biblioteca Nacional Digital |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911115848/https://bndigital.bn.gov.br/artigos/historia-do-brasil-pedro-alvares-cabral-toma-posse-da-ilha-de-vera-cruz-01-05-1500/ |archivedate=2024-09-11 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> Le memoria de Cabral es tamben associate al Belmonte, su loco de nascentia, ubi le historia del familia Cabral remane un elemento importante del patrimonio local. Le castello e altere elementos del patrimonio del vila conserva iste connexion historic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://imovel.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt/detalhes.php?code=74264 |titulo=Pelourinho de Belmonte |sitioweb=Património Cultural, I.P. |accesso=5 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Denomination == Le nom Pedro Álvares Cabral es le forma per le qual le navegador es generalmente cognoscite. Le Biblioteca National de Portugal registra etiam variantes historic del nom, inter illes Pedro Alvares Cabral, Pedro Alvares de Gouveia e Pedro Alluarez de Gouvea. Le forme del nom esseva variabile in le documentation del epoca. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://acervo.bn.gov.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000623344 |titulo=Cabral, Pedro Álvares, 1467 ou 8-1520? |sitioweb=Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal |accesso=5 de octobre 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309083214/https://acervo.bn.gov.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000623344 |archivedate=2024-03-09 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-10-05}}</ref> == Referentias == {{commonscat|Pedro Álvares Cabral}} <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Alvares Cabral, Pedro}} [[Categoria:Gente portugese]] [[Categoria:Exploratores]] 8c6c3n8a5xlu7qru4z5pyb16a6dpxj5 0 33318 704806 656102 2026-10-18T09:52:47Z Interlingvisto 60932 704806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} '''Football Club Inter Baku''' (''"İnter" Peşəkar İdman Klubu'') es un club de [[football]] del citate de [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]]. Le club es fundate le [[2004]]. Le gruppo de football ha 2 titulos de campion, 2007–08 et 2009–10. [[Categoria:Clubs de football]] [[Categoria:Clubs de football in Azerbaijan]] 7r6yzdkrth53zwxgu9o2al503ty5295 102 39251 704695 698338 2026-10-17T19:43:06Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 704695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q740126 } |wdq= |columns=item,label,P18,P569,P570,P21,P1412,P39/Q740126/P580,P39/Q740126/P582 |sort=P569 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! imagine ! data de nascentia ! data de morte ! sexo ! linguas parlate o scribite ! position possedite/data de initio ! position possedite/data de fin |- | [[:d:Q153832|Q153832]] | ''[[:d:Q153832|Alcide De Gasperi]]'' | [[File:Alcide De Gasperi 2.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1881" | 1881-04-03<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6">''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-08-19<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ca4fc94fb0ac2743da55f8ece3ef96cd3ac76a7e28836b162749c62e2da5a96">''[[:d:Q17378135|Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d5f26cb3b039f7981a169d6e224fa3929543e5e5ca5a60cbcdb33e2081cf18b4">''[[:d:Q504063|Discogs]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6">''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b">''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6">''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua italian|italiano]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua german|germano]] | 1954-01-01 | 1954-08-19 |- | [[:d:Q15981|Q15981]] | ''[[:d:Q15981|Robert Schuman]]'' | [[File:Robert Schuman 1958.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1886" | 1886-06-29<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ae5e84219ee5b1de9684e0c1cad6ca41001dadff841f0e89a806c6c436dd09fc">''[[:d:Q1868372|Biografisch Portaal]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e603e8fa80b9c79a8a9dbaa163c928c67892a86a30508d2bf848f63dd360de8f">''[[:d:Q296584|Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf">''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_84bdd1b05d0991e2be5477894a66fb3a13e32d8bac42d415d2560ea4779cb696">https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-698Q-F6?i=570&wc=9RY3-7M9%3A130045801%2C132630501</ref> | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-09-04<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ca4fc94fb0ac2743da55f8ece3ef96cd3ac76a7e28836b162749c62e2da5a96">''[[:d:Q17378135|Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2626cb1351c0e11c8498974e239117390d2b8d6fc0f271ca70f702dca77fee02">http://biography.yourdictionary.com/robert-schuman</ref><ref name="ref_ae5e84219ee5b1de9684e0c1cad6ca41001dadff841f0e89a806c6c436dd09fc">''[[:d:Q1868372|Biografisch Portaal]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e603e8fa80b9c79a8a9dbaa163c928c67892a86a30508d2bf848f63dd360de8f">''[[:d:Q296584|Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua german|germano]]<br/>[[Lingua luxemburgese]] | 1958 | 1960 |- | [[:d:Q139055|Q139055]] | ''[[:d:Q139055|Gaetano Martino]]'' | [[File:Gaetano Martino 1954 b.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1900" | 1900-11-25 | data-sort-value="1967" | 1967-07-21 | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua italian|italiano]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | 1962 | 1964 |- | [[:d:Q129273|Q129273]] | ''[[:d:Q129273|Victor Leemans]]'' | [[File:Victor Leemans.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1901" | 1901-07-21<ref name="ref_a04e0fbf815d940301d217344f77db178edba5f46f563a291c28c3700c7a76d6">''[[:d:Q3956431|ODIS]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1971" | 1971-03-03<ref name="ref_a04e0fbf815d940301d217344f77db178edba5f46f563a291c28c3700c7a76d6">''[[:d:Q3956431|ODIS]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_a04e0fbf815d940301d217344f77db178edba5f46f563a291c28c3700c7a76d6">''[[:d:Q3956431|ODIS]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua german|germano]]<ref name="ref_a04e0fbf815d940301d217344f77db178edba5f46f563a291c28c3700c7a76d6">''[[:d:Q3956431|ODIS]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_a04e0fbf815d940301d217344f77db178edba5f46f563a291c28c3700c7a76d6">''[[:d:Q3956431|ODIS]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua nederlandese|nederlandese]]<ref name="ref_a04e0fbf815d940301d217344f77db178edba5f46f563a291c28c3700c7a76d6">''[[:d:Q3956431|ODIS]]''</ref> | 1965 | 1966 |- | [[:d:Q65657|Q65657]] | ''[[:d:Q65657|Hans Furler]]'' | [[File:KAS-Furler, Hans-Bild-14318-1.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1904" | 1904-06-05<ref name="ref_343388f0befca5ee32aa2b7feebf334172bc543266215be475b2d5881386385a">''[[:d:Q51850225|basic data about the members of the Bundestag]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a04e0fbf815d940301d217344f77db178edba5f46f563a291c28c3700c7a76d6">''[[:d:Q3956431|ODIS]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1975" | 1975-06-29<ref name="ref_343388f0befca5ee32aa2b7feebf334172bc543266215be475b2d5881386385a">''[[:d:Q51850225|basic data about the members of the Bundestag]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[Lingua german|germano]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> | 1960 | 1962 |- | [[:d:Q328504|Q328504]] | ''[[:d:Q328504|Pierre Pflimlin]]'' | [[File:Pierre Pflimlin par Claude Truong-Ngoc 1975.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1907" | 1907-02-05<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2000" | 2000-06-27<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a7633a4b07de4e16d960d355d926f389d86ab0f589199f9496e47d35876157b6">''[[:d:Q5924723|Who's Who in France]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | 1984 | 1987 |- | [[:d:Q12950|Q12950]] | ''[[:d:Q12950|Alain Poher]]'' | [[File:Poher 1980s (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1909" | 1909-04-17<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1996" | 1996-12-09<ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | 1966-03-07 | 1969-03-11 |- | [[:d:Q1228890|Q1228890]] | ''[[:d:Q1228890|Georges Spénale]]'' | [[File:Spenale (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1913" | 1913-11-29<ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1983" | 1983-08-20<ref name="ref_4e91f12c5caea87a7e19cd98f58d4da7a06a57a47c6d4dd0100e3199723cc941">''[[:d:Q15271528|Sycomore]]''</ref><ref name="ref_06d8870214b35d1f394cce2c9830907b9c1bb23d3a2910f71f321512e7a44fb3">''[[:d:Q111695467|senat.fr]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | 1975-04 | 1977-04 |- | [[:d:Q213838|Q213838]] | ''[[:d:Q213838|Walter Behrendt]]'' | [[File:Walter Behrendt (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1914" | 1914-09-18<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_343388f0befca5ee32aa2b7feebf334172bc543266215be475b2d5881386385a">''[[:d:Q51850225|basic data about the members of the Bundestag]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1997" | 1997-07-23<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_343388f0befca5ee32aa2b7feebf334172bc543266215be475b2d5881386385a">''[[:d:Q51850225|basic data about the members of the Bundestag]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua german|germano]] | 1971 | 1973 |- | [[:d:Q336398|Q336398]] | ''[[:d:Q336398|Henry Plumb, Baron Plumb]]'' | [[File:EWS18.01 (Baron Plumb cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1925" | 1925-03-27<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-04-15<ref name="ref_02898b6642f21237ad785b4418928da5188f0198d565d877ed876e56f2540275">https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-muere-97-anos-expresidente-parlamento-europeo-henry-plumb-20220415192753.html</ref><ref name="ref_7a32b965bc07dad7b35ee5bfcbfe8d296b5e3ae50bc138a933c94ba65cdbf8de">https://www.nfuonline.com/media-centre/releases/tributes-paid-to-former-nfu-president-lord-plumb-who-has-died-aged-97/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973">''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]] | 1987-01-20 | 1989-07-25 |- | [[:d:Q298180|Q298180]] | ''[[:d:Q298180|Simone Veil]]'' | [[File:Simone Veil, gymnase Japy 2008 02 27 n3 ret.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1927" | 1927-07-13<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a156a41f26470cdc6fd3a7674833a1e4748be388870b74ca71eba62c46f7986c">https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2017/06/30/mort-de-simone-veil-icone-de-la-lutte-pour-les-droits-des-femmes_5153554_3382.html</ref><ref name="ref_db600c583c11c1f4a3f0618664504bb3e8c69966ec7f858aab6e941ad0d589eb">''[[:d:Q61356138|FemBio database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2017" | 2017-06-30<ref name="ref_29fef959639169982bfb8b78f81da4dfff27c67bc70186a9be00d73c27a99512">http://www.lejdd.fr/politique/simone-veil-est-decedee-a-89-ans-3376211</ref><ref name="ref_a156a41f26470cdc6fd3a7674833a1e4748be388870b74ca71eba62c46f7986c">https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2017/06/30/mort-de-simone-veil-icone-de-la-lutte-pour-les-droits-des-femmes_5153554_3382.html</ref><ref name="ref_db600c583c11c1f4a3f0618664504bb3e8c69966ec7f858aab6e941ad0d589eb">''[[:d:Q61356138|FemBio database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47">''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210">''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a7633a4b07de4e16d960d355d926f389d86ab0f589199f9496e47d35876157b6">''[[:d:Q5924723|Who's Who in France]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> | 1979-07-17 | 1982-01-19 |- | [[:d:Q61013|Q61013]] | ''[[:d:Q61013|Egon Klepsch]]'' | [[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F061785-0005, Hamburg, CDU-Bundesparteitag, Egon Klepsch.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1930" | 1930-01-30<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_343388f0befca5ee32aa2b7feebf334172bc543266215be475b2d5881386385a">''[[:d:Q51850225|basic data about the members of the Bundestag]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2010" | 2010-09-18<ref name="ref_8c8fbc8a19e096cbe607077efb039a7a251c3e70639e01e95b29047ba68704f4">http://www.presseportal.de/pm/6518/1684043/cdu_deutschlands</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_343388f0befca5ee32aa2b7feebf334172bc543266215be475b2d5881386385a">''[[:d:Q51850225|basic data about the members of the Bundestag]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a7633a4b07de4e16d960d355d926f389d86ab0f589199f9496e47d35876157b6">''[[:d:Q5924723|Who's Who in France]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua german|germano]] | 1992-01-21 | 1994-07-19 |- | [[:d:Q1334935|Q1334935]] | ''[[:d:Q1334935|Piet Dankert]]'' | [[File:Dankert, Piet - SFA002019217.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1934" | 1934-01-08<ref name="ref_ae5e84219ee5b1de9684e0c1cad6ca41001dadff841f0e89a806c6c436dd09fc">''[[:d:Q1868372|Biografisch Portaal]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2003" | 2003-06-21<ref name="ref_ae5e84219ee5b1de9684e0c1cad6ca41001dadff841f0e89a806c6c436dd09fc">''[[:d:Q1868372|Biografisch Portaal]]''</ref><ref name="ref_5a0ae41d9142e9a4dc43e0f5cab3c4445aaee70a511948436463791ca00bcd8d">''[[:d:Q63962284|Album Academicum]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_5a0ae41d9142e9a4dc43e0f5cab3c4445aaee70a511948436463791ca00bcd8d">''[[:d:Q63962284|Album Academicum]]''</ref> | [[Lingua nederlandese|nederlandese]] | 1982-01-19 | 1984-07-24 |- | [[:d:Q682757|Q682757]] | ''[[:d:Q682757|José María Gil-Robles y Gil-Delgado]]'' | [[File:Gil Robles EC President Portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1935" | 1935-06-17<ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2023" | 2023-02-13<ref name="ref_416c3dc06b6eb18065496fcfe02cd7c5a255856d61ebb41ec47c75d177bbd6b1">https://www.abc.es/espana/muere-jose-maria-gilrobles-expresidente-parlamento-europeo-20230213220623-nt.html</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]] | 1997-01-14 | 1999-07-20 |- | [[:d:Q62420|Q62420]] | ''[[:d:Q62420|Klaus Hänsch]]'' | [[File:Hänsch EC President Portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-12-15<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2026" | 2026-08-04<ref name="ref_7b39cb5ec6c990d6d3e78aaf75a54a750383e4ee134cc6dde4793ac99bc1f5ab">https://www.nrwspd.de/2026/08/05/die-nrwspd-trauert-um-klaus-haensch/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[Lingua german|germano]] | 1994-07-19 | 1997-01-13 |- | [[:d:Q55910|Q55910]] | ''[[:d:Q55910|Jerzy Buzek]]'' | [[File:Jerzy Buzek, 2010.JPG|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1940" | 1940-07-03<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_9c495d45b91c987b65a776da9ce958af41f63b05e1654b58154eb7bf92fdbc35">http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/pl/28269/Jerzy_BUZEK_home.html;jsessionid=048BAC5DF7B16D0BEA5509D16E203437.node1</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_da9896ec5589fa9ffe53a54c8b84174c08b1a2aa95f7d112cc52e89cd90a0648">''[[:d:Q112122720|WorldCat Entities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua polonese|polonese]] | 2009-07-14 | 2012-01-17 |- | [[:d:Q255023|Q255023]] | ''[[:d:Q255023|Nicole Fontaine]]'' | [[File:Official portrait of Nicole Fontaine.jpg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_c63d8c2802fc6c912cbc4ae4fc744ce86bfa2bb1626be3af99bf6792970d3213">https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/photo/nicole-fontaine-president-of-european-parliament-from-july-1999-until-january-2002_19990701_Fontaine29x42</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-16<ref name="ref_114d29cf689ecb1bba66cd3519d0014b0dc4983985797c6e86cbe0c0b8a724ea">https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2018/05/18/l-ex-presidente-du-parlement-europeen-et-ex-ministre-nicole-fontaine-est-morte_5301321_3382.html</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2018" | 2018-05-17<ref name="ref_114d29cf689ecb1bba66cd3519d0014b0dc4983985797c6e86cbe0c0b8a724ea">https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2018/05/18/l-ex-presidente-du-parlement-europeen-et-ex-ministre-nicole-fontaine-est-morte_5301321_3382.html</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_68f8e67832d8c6865ea76f7425eb9868c92b45e238c04b1bd2b0745ac647e71b">''[[:d:Q100324112|Fichier des personnes décédées mirror]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a7633a4b07de4e16d960d355d926f389d86ab0f589199f9496e47d35876157b6">''[[:d:Q5924723|Who's Who in France]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> | 1999-07-20 | 2002-01-15 |- | [[:d:Q449826|Q449826]] | ''[[:d:Q449826|Enrique Barón Crespo]]'' | [[File:Barón Crespo EC President Portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-03-27<ref name="ref_b5dd62b382d318bc1b248de586a878bef3e03664006c37c9fb9a8190c6c910bb">http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/09/26/biografiaeldebate/1317054563_095771.html</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<ref name="ref_1b0f99fd57fe9cab119191937398ab42099888813675d6410e1093e487cb6d76">''[[:d:Q16744133|CONOR.SI]]''</ref> | 1989-07-25 | 1992-01-13 |- | [[:d:Q57301|Q57301]] | ''[[:d:Q57301|Hans-Gert Pöttering]]'' | [[File:Pöttering, Hans-Gert-9757.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-09-15<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a04e0fbf815d940301d217344f77db178edba5f46f563a291c28c3700c7a76d6">''[[:d:Q3956431|ODIS]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua german|germano]] | 2007-01-16 | 2009-07-14 |- | [[:d:Q312901|Q312901]] | ''[[:d:Q312901|Josep Borrell]]'' | [[File:Josep Borrell (49468484246).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1947" | 1947-04-24<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<ref name="ref_8bc0923afdf1331f24c257cb2935e1cf103fc7fd17a95b10f529c704dac665b3">''[[:d:Q186649|curriculum vitae]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua catalan|catalano]]<ref name="ref_8bc0923afdf1331f24c257cb2935e1cf103fc7fd17a95b10f529c704dac665b3">''[[:d:Q186649|curriculum vitae]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_8bc0923afdf1331f24c257cb2935e1cf103fc7fd17a95b10f529c704dac665b3">''[[:d:Q186649|curriculum vitae]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8bc0923afdf1331f24c257cb2935e1cf103fc7fd17a95b10f529c704dac665b3">''[[:d:Q186649|curriculum vitae]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua italian|italiano]]<ref name="ref_8bc0923afdf1331f24c257cb2935e1cf103fc7fd17a95b10f529c704dac665b3">''[[:d:Q186649|curriculum vitae]]''</ref> | 2004-07-20 | 2007-01-15 |- | [[:d:Q310225|Q310225]] | ''[[:d:Q310225|Pat Cox]]'' | [[File:Cox Portrait 2002.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-11-28<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]] | 2002-01-15 | 2004-07-20 |- | [[:d:Q440710|Q440710]] | ''[[:d:Q440710|Antonio Tajani]]'' | [[File:Antonio Tajani 2025.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1953" | 1953-08-04<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5">''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref> | [[Lingua italian|italiano]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]] | 2017-01-17 | 2019-07-01 |- | [[:d:Q17905|Q17905]] | [[Martin Schulz]] | [[File:Schulz, Martin-2047.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1955" | 1955-12-20<ref name="ref_759e87227c57188667ae6b1808dda9255d44b2be5625a0c6937814e9cc5c8601">http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/1911/MARTIN_SCHULZ_home.html</ref><ref name="ref_457afa8198e37678201d973cdf32a9a1ee60c29da07a22434443544b0277250b">https://martinschulz.spd.de/ueber-mich/</ref><ref name="ref_343388f0befca5ee32aa2b7feebf334172bc543266215be475b2d5881386385a">''[[:d:Q51850225|basic data about the members of the Bundestag]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref> | [[Lingua german|germano]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_524ede10d7cf041b0aa97d25f7520c55287a5d5d6a5e575439c6da0ce065f637">''[[:d:Q131478|Der Spiegel]]''</ref><ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_524ede10d7cf041b0aa97d25f7520c55287a5d5d6a5e575439c6da0ce065f637">''[[:d:Q131478|Der Spiegel]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua nederlandese|nederlandese]]<ref name="ref_524ede10d7cf041b0aa97d25f7520c55287a5d5d6a5e575439c6da0ce065f637">''[[:d:Q131478|Der Spiegel]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua italian|italiano]]<ref name="ref_524ede10d7cf041b0aa97d25f7520c55287a5d5d6a5e575439c6da0ce065f637">''[[:d:Q131478|Der Spiegel]]''</ref><br/>[[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<ref name="ref_524ede10d7cf041b0aa97d25f7520c55287a5d5d6a5e575439c6da0ce065f637">''[[:d:Q131478|Der Spiegel]]''</ref> | 2012-01-17<br/>2014-07-01 | 2014-06-17<br/>2017-01-16 |- | [[:d:Q2391857|Q2391857]] | ''[[:d:Q2391857|David Sassoli]]'' | [[File:Official portrait of David Sassoli, president of the European Parliament.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-05-30<ref name="ref_abff6b613afa47c14b3129140ef68f04e9324c454a9663c870f0a49e41ce36c8">http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/96864/DAVID-MARIA_SASSOLI/home</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="2022" | 2022-01-11<ref name="ref_b74a93129438a8660673d896185f7ba7bbbe8f9ed3fe9d83cde825684828dd7b">https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2022/01/11/news/david_sassoli_morto-333382194/?ref=RHUO</ref><ref name="ref_bc0768f6d24c979d049601aa6934898f03f59f61cba901cd0c58bde1daad9562">https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/svet/3426486-zemrel-predseda-evropskeho-parlamentu-david-sassoli</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua italian|italiano]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]] | 2019-07-03 | 2022-01-11 |- | [[:d:Q971234|Q971234]] | ''[[:d:Q971234|Gianni Pittella]]'' | [[File:Gianni Pittella datisenato 2018.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958-11-19 | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua italian|italiano]] | 2014-06-18 | 2014-07-01 |- | [[:d:Q7351526|Q7351526]] | ''[[:d:Q7351526|Roberta Metsola]]'' | [[File:Official portrait of Roberta Metsola.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1979" | 1979-01-18<ref name="ref_d5eed9e267b72e85fd1f6f35fed7a31375fb3157c736485bfa979d5a989be1a0">https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/118859/ROBERTA_METSOLA/meetings/past</ref><ref name="ref_ddebf8736902d7e4e8826d084d85ec3964236c56b377a1cb2598d4e21232df03">https://robertametsola.eu/roberta/</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]'' | [[Lingua maltese]]<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[Lingua francese|francese]] | 2022-01-11<br/>2022-01-18<br/>2024 | 2022-01-18<br/>2024<br/>2027 |} {{Wikidata list end}} Presidentes del [[Parlamento Europee]] * [[Simone Veil]], [[Francia]], 1979-1982 * [[Piet Dankert]], [[Nederlandia]], 1982-1984 * [[Pierre Pfimlin]], [[Francia]], 1984-1987 * [[Lord Plumb]], [[Grande Britannia]], 1987-1989 * [[Enrique Baron Crespo]], [[Espania]], 1989-1992 * [[Egon Klepsch]], [[Germania]], 1992-1994 * [[Klaus Hansch]], [[Germania]], 1994-1997 * [[Jose Maria Gil-Robles]], [[Espania]], 1997-1999 * [[Nicole Fontaine]], [[Francia]], 1999-2002 * [[Pat Cox]], [[Irlanda]], 2002-2004 * [[Josep Borrell Fontelles]], [[Espania]], 2004- hp4q1thnwbs6cqnxi0vpkkdwkspfcvh 102 40779 704693 704160 2026-10-17T19:12:03Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 704693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P1798 ?iso5 } |columns=item,label,P1798,P305,P1394,P1396,P279,P31,description |sort=P1798 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! codice ISO 639-5 ! codice de lingua IETF ! Glottocode ! Linguasphere code ! subclasse de ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q33199|Q33199]] | ''[[:d:Q33199|linguas austroasiatic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/aav aav] | aav | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/aust1305 aust1305] | | | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q25268|Q25268]] | [[linguas afro-asiatic]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/afa afa] | afa | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/afro1255 afro1255] | | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<br/>''[[:d:Q949344|macrofamily]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q33392|Q33392]] | ''[[:d:Q33392|Algonquian]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/alg alg] | alg | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/algo1256 algo1256]<br/>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/algo1257 algo1257] | | [[linguas algic]]<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q771124|Q771124]] | ''[[:d:Q771124|Atlantic–Congo]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/alv alv] | alv | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/atla1278 atla1278] | | ''[[:d:Q33838|Niger–Congo]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q27758|Q27758]] | ''[[:d:Q27758|Southern Athabaskan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/apa apa] | apa | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/apac1239 apac1239] | | ''[[:d:Q27475|Athabaskan]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q1288430|Q1288430]] | ''[[:d:Q1288430|Alacalufan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/aqa aqa] | aqa | | | ''[[:d:Q54801970|indigenous languages of South America]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q721612|Q721612]] | [[linguas algic]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/aql aql] | aql | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/algi1248 algi1248] | | ''[[:d:Q4200688|indigenous language of North America]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | familia de linguas |- | [[:d:Q33215|Q33215]] | [[lingua artificial]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/art art] | art | | | ''[[:d:Q3247505|artificial language]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20829075|type of language]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q941501|gruppo linguistic]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27475|Q27475]] | ''[[:d:Q27475|Athabaskan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/ath ath] | ath | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/atha1247 atha1247] | | ''[[:d:Q1385635|Athabaskan-Eyak]]''<br/>[[Na-Dené]]<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q626772|Q626772]] | ''[[:d:Q626772|Arawan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/auf auf] | auf | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/araw1282 araw1282] | | ''[[:d:Q16056483|Macro-Arawakan]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q626753|Arawak-Sprachen]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q205143|Q205143]] | ''[[:d:Q205143|Australian Aboriginal languages]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/aus aus] | aus | | | ''[[:d:Q645304|indigenous language]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1121537|languages of Australia]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<ref name="ref_95e138c8052ecab114286c5c49deae841a5ec73f173321ecdfff9070d2d71c49">https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/87/</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q20607093|indigenous languages of a geographic region]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q626753|Q626753]] | ''[[:d:Q626753|Arawak-Sprachen]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/awd awd] | awd | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/araw1281 araw1281] | | ''[[:d:Q54801970|indigenous languages of South America]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q34073|Q34073]] | ''[[:d:Q34073|Uto-Aztecan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/azc azc] | azc | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/utoa1243 utoa1243] | | ''[[:d:Q4200688|indigenous language of North America]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q806234|Q806234]] | ''[[:d:Q806234|Banda]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/bad bad] | bad | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/band1341 band1341] | | ''[[:d:Q33932|Ubangian]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q771124|Atlantic–Congo]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q806005|Q806005]] | ''[[:d:Q806005|Bamileke]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/bai bai] | bai | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bami1239 bami1239] | | ''[[:d:Q5330160|Eastern Grassfields]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q771124|Atlantic–Congo]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33136|Q33136]] | ''[[:d:Q33136|Baltic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/bat bat] | bat | | | ''[[:d:Q147356|Balto-Slavic]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q25448|Q25448]] | ''[[:d:Q25448|Berber]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/ber ber] | ber | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/berb1260 berb1260] | [http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=10 10] | [[linguas afro-asiatic]]<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q135305|Q135305]] | ''[[:d:Q135305|Bihari]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/bih bih] | bh<ref name="ref_d7f5031b887f6f4f8a4d040b5fff6a435118e5406e0c138fbe7210b3ae247e50">''[[:d:Q57271947|IANA language subtag registry]]''</ref> | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/biha1245 biha1245] | | ''[[:d:Q33577|Indo-Aryan]]''<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33146|Q33146]] | ''[[:d:Q33146|Bantu]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/bnt bnt] | bnt | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/narr1281 narr1281] | | ''[[:d:Q3183152|Southern Bantoid]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q771124|Atlantic–Congo]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q1998595|Q1998595]] | ''[[:d:Q1998595|Batak]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/btk btk] | btk | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/toba1265 toba1265] | | ''[[:d:Q2071308|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q12642598|Q12642598]] | ''[[:d:Q12642598|Central American Indian languages]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/cai cai] | cai | | | [[Linguas indigena de America|linguas indigena del Americas]] | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q169921|Q169921]] | ''[[:d:Q169921|Ibero-Caucasian]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/cau cau] | cau | | | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q520478|Q520478]] | ''[[:d:Q520478|Chibchan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/cba cba] | cba | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chib1249 chib1249] | | ''[[:d:Q54801970|indigenous languages of South America]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33732|Q33732]] | ''[[:d:Q33732|North Caucasian]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/ccn ccn] | ccn | | | ''[[:d:Q169921|Ibero-Caucasian]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q34030|Q34030]] | ''[[:d:Q34030|Kartvelian]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/ccs ccs] | ccs | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kart1248 kart1248] | [http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=42-C 42-C] | ''[[:d:Q169921|Ibero-Caucasian]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q276314|Nostratic]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33184|Q33184]] | ''[[:d:Q33184|Chadic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/cdc cdc] | cdc | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chad1250 chad1250] | | [[linguas afro-asiatic]]<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q1025090|Q1025090]] | ''[[:d:Q1025090|Caddoan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/cdd cdd] | cdd | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cadd1255 cadd1255] | | ''[[:d:Q4200688|indigenous language of North America]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q25293|Q25293]] | [[linguas celtic]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/cel cel] | cel | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/celt1248 celt1248] | | [[linguas indoeuropee]]<ref name="ref_964917aaf8df1498ee0dd42b5e4cdf4844c446288183591ac1190131d186604b">''[[:d:Q23301814|Archaeology & Language]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q913431|Italo-Celtic]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q2997506|Q2997506]] | ''[[:d:Q2997506|Chamic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/cmc cmc] | cmc | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cham1330 cham1330] | | ''[[:d:Q4925431|Aceh-Chamic]]''<ref name="ref_3df5242c707dbcf6e6f2cc1eb0e1dcebe7171c09bd17199fdb5410ca65ee604d">''[[:d:Q17165062|Glottolog]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q31989|Q31989]] | ''[[:d:Q31989|English-based creole languages]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/cpe cpe] | cpe | | | [[lingua creol]] | ''[[:d:Q941501|gruppo linguistic]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q33260|Q33260]] | ''[[:d:Q33260|French-based creole languages]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/cpf cpf] | cpf | | | ''[[:d:Q19682167|pidgin or creole]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q14507109|Q14507109]] | ''[[:d:Q14507109|Portuguese-based creole languages]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/cpp cpp] | cpp | | [http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAC-a 51-AAC-a] | ''[[:d:Q19682167|pidgin or creole]]'' | ''[[:d:Q941501|gruppo linguistic]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19682167|Q19682167]] | ''[[:d:Q19682167|pidgin or creole]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/crp crp] | crp | | | ''[[:d:Q133253514|contact language]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20829075|type of language]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q190822|Q190822]] | ''[[:d:Q190822|Central Sudanic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/csu csu] | csu | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cent2225 cent2225] | | ''[[:d:Q33705|Nilo-Saharan]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33248|Q33248]] | ''[[:d:Q33248|Cushitic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/cus cus] | cus | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cush1243 cush1243] | | [[linguas afro-asiatic]]<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q2760613|Q2760613]] | ''[[:d:Q2760613|Land Dayak]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/day day] | day | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/land1261 land1261] | | ''[[:d:Q1427907|Greater North Borneo]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<br/>''[[:d:Q34770|lingua]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q33681|Q33681]] | ''[[:d:Q33681|Mande]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/dmn dmn] | dmn | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mand1469 mand1469] | | ''[[:d:Q33838|Niger–Congo]]''<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33311|Q33311]] | ''[[:d:Q33311|Dravidian]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/dra dra] | dra | | | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q34610803|Q34610803]] | ''[[:d:Q34610803|Egyptian]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/egx egx] | egx | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/egyp1245 egyp1245] | | [[linguas afro-asiatic]] | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q25946|Q25946]] | ''[[:d:Q25946|Inuit–Yupik–Unangan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/esx esx] | esx | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/eski1264 eski1264] | | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q4669240|Q4669240]] | ''[[:d:Q4669240|Vasconic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/euq euq] | | | | ''[[:d:Q4342542|Paleo-European languages]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q129256519|Q129256519]] | ''[[:d:Q129256519|Basque languages]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/euq euq] | euq | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/basq1248 basq1248] | | ''[[:d:Q4669240|Vasconic]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q79890|Q79890]] | ''[[:d:Q79890|Finno-Ugric]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/fiu fiu] | fiu | | | [[linguas uralic]]<ref name="ref_964917aaf8df1498ee0dd42b5e4cdf4844c446288183591ac1190131d186604b">''[[:d:Q23301814|Archaeology & Language]]''</ref><ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q715278|Q715278]] | ''[[:d:Q715278|Formosan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/fox fox] | fox | | | [[linguas austronesian]] | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q21200|Q21200]] | [[linguas germanic]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/gem gem] | gem | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/germ1287 germ1287] | | [[linguas indoeuropee]]<ref name="ref_964917aaf8df1498ee0dd42b5e4cdf4844c446288183591ac1190131d186604b">''[[:d:Q23301814|Archaeology & Language]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b640002439b98e825334a6069d5dbb69e08c308d8df6dc6019d1c97c5a7ce977">''[[:d:Q47757534|IdRef]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731">''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<ref name="ref_964917aaf8df1498ee0dd42b5e4cdf4844c446288183591ac1190131d186604b">''[[:d:Q23301814|Archaeology & Language]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q108662|Q108662]] | ''[[:d:Q108662|East Germanic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/gme gme] | gme | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2805 east2805] | | [[linguas germanic]]<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<ref name="ref_964917aaf8df1498ee0dd42b5e4cdf4844c446288183591ac1190131d186604b">''[[:d:Q23301814|Archaeology & Language]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q106085|Q106085]] | ''[[:d:Q106085|North Germanic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/gmq gmq] | gmq | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort3160 nort3160] | | [[linguas germanic]]<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q13137302|Northwest Germanic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q941501|gruppo linguistic]]''<ref name="ref_964917aaf8df1498ee0dd42b5e4cdf4844c446288183591ac1190131d186604b">''[[:d:Q23301814|Archaeology & Language]]''</ref><br/>[[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q26721|Q26721]] | ''[[:d:Q26721|West Germanic languages]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/gmw gmw] | gmw | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/west2793 west2793] | | [[linguas germanic]]<ref name="ref_964917aaf8df1498ee0dd42b5e4cdf4844c446288183591ac1190131d186604b">''[[:d:Q23301814|Archaeology & Language]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q13137302|Northwest Germanic]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<ref name="ref_964917aaf8df1498ee0dd42b5e4cdf4844c446288183591ac1190131d186604b">''[[:d:Q23301814|Archaeology & Language]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q9129|Q9129]] | [[Lingua grec|greco]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/grk grk] | grk | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gree1276 gree1276] | | ''[[:d:Q2042538|Hellenic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q85380120|Southern European language]]'' | ''[[:d:Q33742|lingua natural]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1288568|lingua moderne]]''<ref name="ref_e94a7c20298b8f40df421dfa90a6c07ff6e47d18565bb73d764a4b5079c1c8de">https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ell</ref><br/>[[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<ref name="ref_3df5242c707dbcf6e6f2cc1eb0e1dcebe7171c09bd17199fdb5410ca65ee604d">''[[:d:Q17165062|Glottolog]]''</ref> | lingua indoeuropee |- | [[:d:Q33322|Q33322]] | ''[[:d:Q33322|Hmong–Mien]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/hmx hmx] | hmx | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hmon1336 hmon1336] | | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33406|Q33406]] | ''[[:d:Q33406|Hokan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/hok hok] | hok | | | ''[[:d:Q120385549|Hoka-Sioux]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4200688|indigenous language of North America]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q12627235|Q12627235]] | ''[[:d:Q12627235|Armenian languages]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/hyx hyx] | hyx | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/arme1241 arme1241] | | [[linguas indoeuropee]]<ref name="ref_63c99a27a888dabd05dbf690680d148251272fcc6cb4f0683ef8dc00a43f3e2f">''[[:d:Q125150402|The Indo-European Language Family]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33514|Q33514]] | [[linguas indoiranian]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/iir iir] | iir | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1320 indo1320] | | [[linguas indoeuropee]]<ref name="ref_964917aaf8df1498ee0dd42b5e4cdf4844c446288183591ac1190131d186604b">''[[:d:Q23301814|Archaeology & Language]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q98791755|Asian languages]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q1322020|Q1322020]] | ''[[:d:Q1322020|Ijaw]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/ijo ijo] | ijo | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ijoo1239 ijoo1239] | [http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=97-AA 97-AA] | ''[[:d:Q33430|Kwa]]''<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q1325759|Ijoid]]''<ref name="ref_3df5242c707dbcf6e6f2cc1eb0e1dcebe7171c09bd17199fdb5410ca65ee604d">''[[:d:Q17165062|Glottolog]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q771124|Atlantic–Congo]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33577|Q33577]] | ''[[:d:Q33577|Indo-Aryan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/inc inc] | inc | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1321 indo1321] | | [[linguas indoiranian]]<ref name="ref_b1edf923681fe7c931e7be08037f64441da96e511a8abc933a07226e490e152d">''[[:d:Q1823134|Library of Congress Subject Headings]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q15609389|South Asian languages]]''<ref name="ref_b1edf923681fe7c931e7be08037f64441da96e511a8abc933a07226e490e152d">''[[:d:Q1823134|Library of Congress Subject Headings]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q19860|Q19860]] | [[linguas indoeuropee]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/ine ine] | ine | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1319 indo1319] | | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q771861|Eurasiatic]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q33527|Q33527]] | [[linguas iranic]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/ira ira] | ira | | | [[linguas indoiranian]] | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33623|Q33623]] | [[linguas iroquoian]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/iro iro] | iro | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/iroq1247 iroq1247] | | ''[[:d:Q4200688|indigenous language of North America]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q131848|Q131848]] | [[linguas italic]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/itc itc] | itc | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ital1284 ital1284] | | [[linguas indoeuropee]]<ref name="ref_964917aaf8df1498ee0dd42b5e4cdf4844c446288183591ac1190131d186604b">''[[:d:Q23301814|Archaeology & Language]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q913431|Italo-Celtic]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33612|Q33612]] | ''[[:d:Q33612|Japonic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/jpx jpx] | jpx | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/japo1237 japo1237] | [http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=45-C 45-C] | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q1364815|Q1364815]] | ''[[:d:Q1364815|Karenic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/kar kar] | kar | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kare1337 kare1337] | | ''[[:d:Q45961|Sino-Tibetan]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<br/>''[[:d:Q34770|lingua]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1139349|Q1139349]] | ''[[:d:Q1139349|Kordofanian]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/kdo kdo] | kdo | | | ''[[:d:Q33838|Niger–Congo]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33614|Q33614]] | ''[[:d:Q33614|Khoisan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/khi khi] | khi | | | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33535|Q33535]] | ''[[:d:Q33535|Kru]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/kro kro] | kro | | | ''[[:d:Q771124|Atlantic–Congo]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q37228|Volta–Congo]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q49228|Q49228]] | [[linguas austronesian]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/map map] | map | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/aust1307 aust1307] | | ''[[:d:Q783816|Austro-Tai]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q783787|Austric]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q7524744|Sino-Austronesian]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q337657|Q337657]] | ''[[:d:Q337657|Mon-Khmer languages]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/mkh mkh] | mkh | | | ''[[:d:Q33199|linguas austroasiatic]]''<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q98791755|Asian languages]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q3217483|Q3217483]] | ''[[:d:Q3217483|Manobo]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/mno mno] | mno | | | ''[[:d:Q3832998|Greater Central Philippine]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33892|Q33892]] | ''[[:d:Q33892|Munda]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/mun mun] | mun | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mund1335 mund1335] | [http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=46-C 46-C] | ''[[:d:Q33199|linguas austroasiatic]]''<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33738|Q33738]] | ''[[:d:Q33738|Mayan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/myn myn] | myn | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/maya1287 maya1287] | | ''[[:d:Q2478413|Mesoamerican languages]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12642598|Central American Indian languages]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q13300|Q13300]] | [[nahuatl]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/nah nah]<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | nah | | | ''[[:d:Q11965602|Nahuan languages]]''<ref name="ref_f587047d6515364aedb68cfa3596a2c40e9fd812b1b9a489a8687048ac70f024">http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300435126</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q34073|Uto-Aztecan]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref><ref name="ref_f43262a315258904188aef7cd55f9c0f99f4357bed20339556d172e0cf2fbeba">https://www.inali.gob.mx/detalle/lengua-nawatlahtolli-nahuatl</ref><br/>[[Linguas indigena de America|linguas indigena del Americas]] | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]''<ref name="ref_f43262a315258904188aef7cd55f9c0f99f4357bed20339556d172e0cf2fbeba">https://www.inali.gob.mx/detalle/lengua-nawatlahtolli-nahuatl</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q941501|gruppo linguistic]]''<ref name="ref_452fe6add1a2beed60aa93e95330943d5dc8067a68f390a2d28a5a68a6f9557c">https://www.inali.gob.mx/sitios/clin-inali/html/l_nahuatl.html</ref> | lingua uto-azteca parlate principalmente in Mexico |- | [[:d:Q4200688|Q4200688]] | ''[[:d:Q4200688|indigenous language of North America]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/nai nai] | nai | | | ''[[:d:Q645304|indigenous language]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3217388|languages of North America]]''<br/>[[Linguas indigena de America|linguas indigena del Americas]] | ''[[:d:Q20607093|indigenous languages of a geographic region]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q34018|Q34018]] | ''[[:d:Q34018|Trans–New Guinea]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/ngf ngf] | ngf | | | ''[[:d:Q236425|Papuan]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33838|Q33838]] | ''[[:d:Q33838|Niger–Congo]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/nic nic] | nic | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nige1235 nige1235] | | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1517194|Q1517194]] | ''[[:d:Q1517194|Nubian]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/nub nub] | nub | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nubi1251 nubi1251] | | ''[[:d:Q4810496|Northern Eastern Sudanic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q33705|Nilo-Saharan]]''<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33669|Q33669]] | ''[[:d:Q33669|Oto-Manguean]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/omq omq] | omq | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/otom1299 otom1299] | | ''[[:d:Q2478413|Mesoamerican languages]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12642598|Central American Indian languages]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q33860|Q33860]] | ''[[:d:Q33860|Omotic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/omv omv] | omv | | | [[linguas afro-asiatic]]<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q130372545|Q130372545]] | ''[[:d:Q130372545|Otomian]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/oto oto] | oto | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/otom1297 otom1297] | [http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=69-ABC%26lr%3Dt 69-ABC&lr=t] | ''[[:d:Q33669|Oto-Manguean]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q1270220|Oto-Pamean]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q236425|Q236425]] | ''[[:d:Q236425|Papuan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/paa paa] | paa | | | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]'' | ''[[:d:Q941501|gruppo linguistic]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q947858|Q947858]] | ''[[:d:Q947858|Philippine]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/phi phi] | phi | | | ''[[:d:Q143158|Malayo-Polynesian]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q2526676|Q2526676]] | ''[[:d:Q2526676|Central Malayo-Polynesian]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/plf plf] | plf | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cent2245 cent2245] | | ''[[:d:Q2269883|Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q143158|Q143158]] | ''[[:d:Q143158|Malayo-Polynesian]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/poz poz] | poz | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mala1545 mala1545] | | [[linguas austronesian]] | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q940966|Q940966]] | ''[[:d:Q940966|Eastern Malayo-Polynesian]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/pqe pqe] | pqe | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2712 east2712] | | ''[[:d:Q2269883|Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q2699398|Q2699398]] | ''[[:d:Q2699398|Western Malayo-Polynesian]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/pqw pqw] | pqw | | | ''[[:d:Q143158|Malayo-Polynesian]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q192170|Q192170]] | ''[[:d:Q192170|Prakrit]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/pra pra] | pra | | | ''[[:d:Q3236316|Middle Indo-Aryan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2315359|historical language]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q941501|gruppo linguistic]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12634451|Q12634451]] | ''[[:d:Q12634451|Quechuan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/qwe qwe] | qwe | | | ''[[:d:Q54801970|indigenous languages of South America]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q19814|Q19814]] | [[linguas romanic]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/roa roa] | roa | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/roma1334 roma1334] | | ''[[:d:Q33478|Latino-Faliscan]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q54801970|Q54801970]] | ''[[:d:Q54801970|indigenous languages of South America]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/sai sai] | sai | | | [[Linguas indigena de America|linguas indigena del Americas]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1144022|languages of South America]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20607093|indigenous languages of a geographic region]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q33985|Q33985]] | ''[[:d:Q33985|Salishan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/sal sal] | sal | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sali1255 sali1255] | | ''[[:d:Q4200688|indigenous language of North America]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q2036148|Q2036148]] | ''[[:d:Q2036148|Eastern Sudanic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/sdv sdv] | sdv | | | ''[[:d:Q33705|Nilo-Saharan]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q34049|Q34049]] | [[linguas semitic]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/sem sem] | sem | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/semi1276 semi1276] | | [[linguas afro-asiatic]]<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q34228|Q34228]] | [[Lingua de signos|lingua de signo]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/sgn sgn] | sgn | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sign1238 sign1238] | | ''[[:d:Q184767|signed language]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6752310|manual communication]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20829075|type of language]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q34181|Q34181]] | ''[[:d:Q34181|Siouan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/sio sio] | sio | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/siou1252 siou1252] | [http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=64-A 64-A] | ''[[:d:Q120385549|Hoka-Sioux]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4200688|indigenous language of North America]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q45961|Q45961]] | ''[[:d:Q45961|Sino-Tibetan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/sit sit] | sit | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sino1245 sino1245] | | ''[[:d:Q7524744|Sino-Austronesian]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q507968|Dené–Caucasian]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q97690709|Sino-Tibetan-Indo-European]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98791755|Asian languages]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q23526|Q23526]] | [[linguas slave]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/sla sla] | sla | | | ''[[:d:Q147356|Balto-Slavic]]''<br/>[[linguas indoeuropee]]<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | ''[[:d:Q941501|gruppo linguistic]]''<br/>[[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<ref name="ref_964917aaf8df1498ee0dd42b5e4cdf4844c446288183591ac1190131d186604b">''[[:d:Q23301814|Archaeology & Language]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q56463|Q56463]] | ''[[:d:Q56463|Sámi]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/smi smi] | smi | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/saam1281 saam1281] | [http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=41-AAB 41-AAB] | ''[[:d:Q163652|Finno-Samic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q79890|Finno-Ugric]]''<ref name="ref_b84465aa4ed2bf995d5948bcb20f604d14a3f9c126482a57f4cfa6cf9a27ead2">''[[:d:Q14790|Ethnologue]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<ref name="ref_b84465aa4ed2bf995d5948bcb20f604d14a3f9c126482a57f4cfa6cf9a27ead2">''[[:d:Q14790|Ethnologue]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q505198|Q505198]] | ''[[:d:Q505198|Songhay]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/son son] | son | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/song1307 song1307] | | ''[[:d:Q33705|Nilo-Saharan]]''<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q12626698|Q12626698]] | ''[[:d:Q12626698|Albanian]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/sqj sqj] | sqj | | | [[linguas indoeuropee]]<ref name="ref_63c99a27a888dabd05dbf690680d148251272fcc6cb4f0683ef8dc00a43f3e2f">''[[:d:Q125150402|The Indo-European Language Family]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q124505618|Albanoid]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11820611|language subfamily]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q33705|Q33705]] | ''[[:d:Q33705|Nilo-Saharan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/ssa ssa] | ssa | | | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q21484471|Wikimedia article covering multiple topics]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q34005|Q34005]] | ''[[:d:Q34005|Samoyedic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/syd syd] | syd | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/samo1298 samo1298] | | [[linguas uralic]]<ref name="ref_987e00d285b5b1c920505ede89ce3153c332c600eea77ac8346a2a4fbbdcc683">''[[:d:Q23306977|The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language]]''</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q749720|Q749720]] | ''[[:d:Q749720|Tai]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/tai tai] | tai | | | ''[[:d:Q4921933|Kam–Tai]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11820611|language subfamily]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q34064|Q34064]] | ''[[:d:Q34064|Tibeto-Burman]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/tbq tbq] | tbq | | | ''[[:d:Q45961|Sino-Tibetan]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q34090|Q34090]] | ''[[:d:Q34090|Turkic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/trk trk] | trk | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/turk1311 turk1311] | | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q34070|Q34070]] | [[Linguas tupi|Tupi]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/tup tup] | tup | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tupi1275 tupi1275] | | [[Linguas indigena de America|linguas indigena del Americas]] | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q37845|Q37845]] | ''[[:d:Q37845|Altaic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/tut tut] | tut | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/alta1235 alta1235] | | ''[[:d:Q276314|Nostratic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98791755|Asian languages]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<br/>''[[:d:Q839463|sprachbund]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q34230|Q34230]] | ''[[:d:Q34230|Tungusic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/tuw tuw] | tuw | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tung1282 tung1282] | [http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=44-C 44-C] | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q34113|Q34113]] | [[linguas uralic]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/urj urj] | urj | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ural1272 ural1272] | | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q60069|Q60069]] | ''[[:d:Q60069|Wakashan]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/wak wak] | wak | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/waka1280 waka1280] | | ''[[:d:Q4200688|indigenous language of North America]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q25442|Q25442]] | ''[[:d:Q25442|Sorbian]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/wen wen] | wen | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sorb1249 sorb1249] | | ''[[:d:Q742782|Lechitic]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q145852|West Slavic]]''<ref name="ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731">''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | ''[[:d:Q34770|lingua]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q645304|indigenous language]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q33750|Q33750]] | ''[[:d:Q33750|Mongolic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/xgn xgn] | xgn | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mong1329 mong1329] | | ''[[:d:Q20162172|human language]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q26986|Q26986]] | [[Na-Dené]] | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/xnd xnd] | xnd | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/atha1245 atha1245] | | ''[[:d:Q4200688|indigenous language of North America]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q27970|Q27970]] | ''[[:d:Q27970|Yupik]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/ypk ypk] | ypk | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/yupi1267 yupi1267] | [http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=60-ABA 60-ABA] | ''[[:d:Q20736|Inuit–Yupik]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11820611|language subfamily]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q33857|Q33857]] | ''[[:d:Q33857|Sinitic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/zhx zhx] | | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sini1245 sini1245] | [http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=79-AAA 79-AAA] | ''[[:d:Q45961|Sino-Tibetan]]'' | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q144713|Q144713]] | ''[[:d:Q144713|East Slavic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/zle zle] | zle | | | [[linguas slave]] | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q146665|Q146665]] | ''[[:d:Q146665|South Slavic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/zls zls] | zls | | | [[linguas slave]] | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |- | [[:d:Q145852|Q145852]] | ''[[:d:Q145852|West Slavic]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/zlw zlw] | zlw | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/west2792 west2792] | | [[linguas slave]]<ref name="ref_964917aaf8df1498ee0dd42b5e4cdf4844c446288183591ac1190131d186604b">''[[:d:Q23301814|Archaeology & Language]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]]<ref name="ref_964917aaf8df1498ee0dd42b5e4cdf4844c446288183591ac1190131d186604b">''[[:d:Q23301814|Archaeology & Language]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q8066072|Q8066072]] | ''[[:d:Q8066072|Zande]]'' | [https://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/iso639-5/znd znd] | znd | [https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/zand1246 zand1246] | | ''[[:d:Q33838|Niger–Congo]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q771124|Atlantic–Congo]]''<ref name="ref_f799e3024db2cd3b73d908515827bd113735a7f51c2fc7c0f8a474fd54a50586">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/hier.php</ref> | [[Familia de linguas|familia linguistic]] | |} ---- &sum; 116 items. {{Wikidata list end}} gh306r160wqzy3e4pc07o7ojos55rnk 0 43337 704817 679628 2026-10-18T09:57:50Z Interlingvisto 60932 704817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox}} Le '''manat''' (Symbolo: '''₼''', [[ISO 4217]]: '''AZN'''), es le [[numerario|numerario monetari]] in [[Azerbaijan]]. Illo es dividite in 100 [[qəpik]]es. [[File:Azerbaijan 20 manat 2020 obverse.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35]] [[File:Azerbaijan 20 manat 2020 reverse.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35]] {{clear}} Notas de banca de 20 manates == Ligamines externe == {{Commonscat|Banknotes of Azerbaijan}} * [https://www.cbar.az/moneymarks/ Banca Centra de Azerbaijanl] {{az}} {{en}} * [https://www.banknoteworld.com/banknotes/Banknotes-by-Country/azerbaijan/ Manat (Billetes de banca)] {{en}} [[Categoria:Moneta de Azerbaijan]] hs767q55l48dopekuhcv965r6h3q43s 0 44761 704786 656093 2026-10-18T09:44:37Z Interlingvisto 60932 704786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Academia National de Scientias de Azerbaijan''' es le organisation statal primari pro recerca scientific in [[Azerbaijan]]. Illo era fundate in 1945 e es situate in [[Baku]]. [[Categoria:Academias de Scientias]] [[Categoria:Edificios in Azerbaijan]] [[Categoria:Baku]] {{Pecietta}} oi9zaebo293fkta3u40xyjme4x4qxjc 14 45522 704765 693408 2026-10-18T09:35:18Z Interlingvisto 60932 704765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 0 47283 704772 696092 2026-10-18T09:36:36Z Interlingvisto 60932 704772 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Azerbaijanis.png|thumb|Visages de personas prominente in le panorama historic e cultral azerie.]] Le '''azerios''' (note anque como: '''azerbaijanos''' o '''turcos azerie'''; in [[lingua azeri|azeri]]: ''Azəriler,'' آذریلر, ''Azərbaycanlılar,'' آذربایجانلیلار, o ''Azərbaycan Türkləri,'' آذربایجان تۆرکلری‎) son un [[Populos turchic|populo turchic]] vivente principalmente in le area nord-occidental de [[Iran]] e in le [[Azerbaijan|Republica Azerie]]. Cum un hereditate ethnocultural mixte date per lor position eurasiatic central, que include elementos [[Caucasicos|caucasic]], [[Turcos|turc]], e [[Persianos|persian]], le azerios son le secunde gente turcophone le plus numerose post le turcos, e professa prevalentemente le [[islam siita]]. Lor lingua native es le [[Lingua azerie|azerio]], un lingua pertinente al [[Lingua turchic sud-occidental|branca sud-occidental]] del [[linguas turchic]], e le sol official in [[Azerbaijan]]. [[Categoria:Azerbaijan]] 4ityr16j6okkzboeicp6m0x8pg2bz1h 14 47886 704791 656427 2026-10-18T09:46:12Z Interlingvisto 60932 Contento reimplaciate per “{{delete}}” 704791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 47887 704763 645251 2026-10-18T09:34:54Z Interlingvisto 60932 704763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Geography of Azerbaijan}} [[Categoria:Azerbaijan]] [[Categoria:Geographia per pais|A]] rw0qgl9u4ihwac2n2vt75exu7w4rg25 704827 704763 2026-10-18T10:02:11Z Interlingvisto 60932 704827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 47888 704824 645253 2026-10-18T09:59:36Z Interlingvisto 60932 Contento reimplaciate per “{{delete}}” 704824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 53692 704823 656092 2026-10-18T09:59:29Z Interlingvisto 60932 704823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Baku}} [[Categoria:Citates in Azerbaijan]] 9x4uoajdwu3nkiy17nvh9gmmw96j03h 0 53693 704777 656240 2026-10-18T09:39:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 704777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Aeroporto International Baku Heydar Aliyev''' ([[Lingua azer|azero]]: ''Bakı Heydər Əliyev adına Beynəlxalq Hava Limanı'') es un [[aeroporto international]] in [[Baku]], le capital de [[Azerbaijan]]. Illo es situate a 20 km nord-est del centro del citate. Illo ha 2 pistas de atterrage. Illo esseva construite in 1933. Illo es le plus grande aeroporto in Azerbaijan e in [[Caucaso]]. == Ligamines externe == {{Commonscat|Heydar Aliyev International Airport}} * {{az}} {{en}} {{ru}} [https://airport.az/ Sito official] [[Categoria:Aeroportos de Azerbaijan]] [[Categoria:Baku]] {{pecietta|transporto}} ebcgl51sjkfidwd4l8ug288pvxqd6mw 14 53694 704779 656096 2026-10-18T09:40:55Z Interlingvisto 60932 Contento reimplaciate per “{{delete}}” 704779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 53695 704781 656097 2026-10-18T09:41:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 Contento reimplaciate per “{{delete}}” 704781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 53696 704802 656098 2026-10-18T09:51:14Z Interlingvisto 60932 Contento reimplaciate per “{{delete}}” 704802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 53697 704770 656116 2026-10-18T09:36:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 704770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Transport in Azerbaijan}} [[Categoria:Transporto public]] [[Categoria:Azerbaijan]] 7t0v6spjjwaakw3rsvmzv4e2uzw04w2 704805 704770 2026-10-18T09:52:33Z Interlingvisto 60932 704805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 53698 704769 656100 2026-10-18T09:36:19Z Interlingvisto 60932 704769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Society of Azerbaijan}} [[Categoria:Societate]] [[Categoria:Azerbaijan]] 9necirjrczxmh96vvs52auncfx5vjkv 704815 704769 2026-10-18T09:56:33Z Interlingvisto 60932 704815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 53699 704808 696462 2026-10-18T09:53:34Z Interlingvisto 60932 Contento reimplaciate per “{{delete}}” 704808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 53700 704811 656108 2026-10-18T09:54:56Z Interlingvisto 60932 Contento reimplaciate per “{{delete}}” 704811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 53701 704813 656110 2026-10-18T09:56:01Z Interlingvisto 60932 704813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 53702 704767 656115 2026-10-18T09:35:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 704767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Politics of Azerbaijan}} [[Categoria:Politica per pais|A]] [[Categoria:Azerbaijan]] jo6ccbpc1u2c9yvvltg8sjz2sc7eff9 704789 704767 2026-10-18T09:45:30Z Interlingvisto 60932 704789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 0 53703 704782 674830 2026-10-18T09:42:26Z Interlingvisto 60932 704782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Station ferroviari Baku''' ([[Lingua azeri|azero]]: ''Bakı Dəmir Yolu Vağzalı'') es un [[station ferroviari]] in [[Baku]], le capital de [[Azerbaijan]]. Illo es situate in le centro del citate. Illo esseva construite in 1880. Illo es le plus grande station ferroviari in Azerbaijan. == Ligamines externe == {{Commonscat|Baku train station}} * {{az}} [https://ticket.ady.az/stansiyalar/vagzallar Ticket.ady.az] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020062846/https://ticket.ady.az/stansiyalar/vagzallar |date=2021-10-20 }} [[Categoria:Stationes ferroviari de Azerbaijan]] [[Categoria:Baku]] {{pecietta|transporto}} t5f5lgtp8nfou9jn1nggpdbku5z3jq2 14 53704 704792 656120 2026-10-18T09:46:25Z Interlingvisto 60932 Contento reimplaciate per “{{delete}}” 704792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 53705 704794 656119 2026-10-18T09:47:11Z Interlingvisto 60932 Contento reimplaciate per “{{delete}}” 704794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 53751 704800 656428 2026-10-18T09:50:35Z Interlingvisto 60932 Contento reimplaciate per “{{delete}}” 704800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 53752 704798 656429 2026-10-18T09:49:26Z Interlingvisto 60932 Contento reimplaciate per “{{delete}}” 704798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 53753 704761 656430 2026-10-18T09:34:27Z Interlingvisto 60932 704761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Culture of Azerbaijan}} [[Categoria:Azerbaijan]] [[Categoria:Cultura per pais|A]] huwsnjkb7f0vrcz0d7f3y43aw822y5n 704797 704761 2026-10-18T09:48:29Z Interlingvisto 60932 704797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 0 55423 704774 660833 2026-10-18T09:39:09Z Interlingvisto 60932 704774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} Le '''Bibliotheca National de Azerbaijan''' ([[Lingua azer|azero]]: ''Azərbaycan Milli Kitabxanası'') es le plus vetule [[bibliotheca]] public in [[Azerbaijan]]. Illo es situate in [[Baku]], le capital de Azerbaijan. Fundate in 1922, le bibliotheca es le loco de un grande collection de documentos super le [[historia]], [[cultura]], [[politica]] e [[geographia]] de Azerbaijan. Le bibliotheca collige e conserva tote documentos imprimite que es editate in Azerbaijan desde 1923, e illo tamben es responsabile pro collection de medios audiovisual. Hodie le collectiones contine 4,5 milliones objectos, non solmente libros ma tamben imagines, affiches e tal imprimitos.<ref>{{en}} [https://www.millikitabxana.az/en/about-us/history Bibliotheca National de Azerbaijan / About Us – History]</ref> == Referentias == {{reflist}} == Ligamines externe == {{Commonscat|National Library of Azerbaijan}} * {{az}} {{ru}} {{en}} [https://www.millikitabxana.az/ Site official del Bibliotheca National de Azerbaijan] [[Categoria:Bibliothecas]] [[Categoria:Edificios in Azerbaidzhan]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Azerbaidzhan]] [[Categoria:Baku]] {{Pecietta}} 48s00d8uafqsmuw4p2wg2kyxugbzq1a 704775 704774 2026-10-18T09:39:15Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Bibliotheca National de Azerbaidzhan]] a [[Bibliotheca National de Azerbaijan]] 704774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} Le '''Bibliotheca National de Azerbaijan''' ([[Lingua azer|azero]]: ''Azərbaycan Milli Kitabxanası'') es le plus vetule [[bibliotheca]] public in [[Azerbaijan]]. Illo es situate in [[Baku]], le capital de Azerbaijan. Fundate in 1922, le bibliotheca es le loco de un grande collection de documentos super le [[historia]], [[cultura]], [[politica]] e [[geographia]] de Azerbaijan. Le bibliotheca collige e conserva tote documentos imprimite que es editate in Azerbaijan desde 1923, e illo tamben es responsabile pro collection de medios audiovisual. Hodie le collectiones contine 4,5 milliones objectos, non solmente libros ma tamben imagines, affiches e tal imprimitos.<ref>{{en}} [https://www.millikitabxana.az/en/about-us/history Bibliotheca National de Azerbaijan / About Us – History]</ref> == Referentias == {{reflist}} == Ligamines externe == {{Commonscat|National Library of Azerbaijan}} * {{az}} {{ru}} {{en}} [https://www.millikitabxana.az/ Site official del Bibliotheca National de Azerbaijan] [[Categoria:Bibliothecas]] [[Categoria:Edificios in Azerbaidzhan]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Azerbaidzhan]] [[Categoria:Baku]] {{Pecietta}} 48s00d8uafqsmuw4p2wg2kyxugbzq1a 704785 704775 2026-10-18T09:44:31Z Interlingvisto 60932 704785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} Le '''Bibliotheca National de Azerbaijan''' ([[Lingua azer|azero]]: ''Azərbaycan Milli Kitabxanası'') es le plus vetule [[bibliotheca]] public in [[Azerbaijan]]. Illo es situate in [[Baku]], le capital de Azerbaijan. Fundate in 1922, le bibliotheca es le loco de un grande collection de documentos super le [[historia]], [[cultura]], [[politica]] e [[geographia]] de Azerbaijan. Le bibliotheca collige e conserva tote documentos imprimite que es editate in Azerbaijan desde 1923, e illo tamben es responsabile pro collection de medios audiovisual. Hodie le collectiones contine 4,5 milliones objectos, non solmente libros ma tamben imagines, affiches e tal imprimitos.<ref>{{en}} [https://www.millikitabxana.az/en/about-us/history Bibliotheca National de Azerbaijan / About Us – History]</ref> == Referentias == {{reflist}} == Ligamines externe == {{Commonscat|National Library of Azerbaijan}} * {{az}} {{ru}} {{en}} [https://www.millikitabxana.az/ Site official del Bibliotheca National de Azerbaijan] [[Categoria:Bibliothecas]] [[Categoria:Edificios in Azerbaijan]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Azerbaidzhan]] [[Categoria:Baku]] {{Pecietta}} 0gr154tycf5zesczz49b7e0uadfap8j 704795 704785 2026-10-18T09:48:03Z Interlingvisto 60932 704795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} Le '''Bibliotheca National de Azerbaijan''' ([[Lingua azer|azero]]: ''Azərbaycan Milli Kitabxanası'') es le plus vetule [[bibliotheca]] public in [[Azerbaijan]]. Illo es situate in [[Baku]], le capital de Azerbaijan. Fundate in 1922, le bibliotheca es le loco de un grande collection de documentos super le [[historia]], [[cultura]], [[politica]] e [[geographia]] de Azerbaijan. Le bibliotheca collige e conserva tote documentos imprimite que es editate in Azerbaijan desde 1923, e illo tamben es responsabile pro collection de medios audiovisual. Hodie le collectiones contine 4,5 milliones objectos, non solmente libros ma tamben imagines, affiches e tal imprimitos.<ref>{{en}} [https://www.millikitabxana.az/en/about-us/history Bibliotheca National de Azerbaijan / About Us – History]</ref> == Referentias == {{reflist}} == Ligamines externe == {{Commonscat|National Library of Azerbaijan}} * {{az}} {{ru}} {{en}} [https://www.millikitabxana.az/ Site official del Bibliotheca National de Azerbaijan] [[Categoria:Bibliothecas]] [[Categoria:Edificios in Azerbaijan]] [[Categoria:Cultura de Azerbaijan]] [[Categoria:Baku]] {{Pecietta}} 4b1dyn1amypggkfdn2v6nxm0vm591ya 14 59201 704762 674367 2026-10-18T09:34:41Z Interlingvisto 60932 704762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Economy of Azerbaijan}} [[Categoria:Azerbaijan]] [[Categoria:Economia per pais|A]] ezm93vzouqt9s43mzmt4xnmvvhfpeut 704821 704762 2026-10-18T09:58:39Z Interlingvisto 60932 704821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 0 59202 704818 674382 2026-10-18T09:57:56Z Interlingvisto 60932 704818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox}} Le '''qəpik''' es un unitate de moneta in [[Azerbaijan]]. 100 qəpikes = 1 [[Manat (moneta)|manat]]. [[File:Azerbaijani qapiks.jpg|thumb|center|Moneta de qəpikes]] == Ligamines externe == {{Commonscat|Coins of Azerbaijan|Qəpik}} * [https://www.cbar.az/moneymarks/ Banca Centra de Azerbaijanl] {{az}} {{en}} * [https://www.banknoteworld.com/banknotes/Banknotes-by-Country/azerbaijan/ Manat (Billetes de banca)] {{en}} [[Categoria:Moneta de Azerbaijan]] 3661iotu41ak6j56hrxezho4v3njg95 14 59203 704819 674377 2026-10-18T09:58:09Z Interlingvisto 60932 704819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 0 59748 704688 702283 2026-10-17T15:19:20Z Tortoise0308 17411 articulo principal de cat. 704688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Historia de Portugal}} On nomina '''Reconquesta''' al periodo del historia del [[peninsula Iberic]] de approximativemente 780 annos inter le conquesto omeyade de Espania in 711 e le cade del regno nazarite de Granada in 1492 ante le regnos christian in expansion: iste conquesta de Granada marca le fin del periodo. Le [[historiographia]] traditional usa le termino «Reconquesta» a partir del seculo 19 como concepto nationalista espaniol. Previemente, lo esseva cognoscite como «restauration» del regnos christian visigothic, intendite como le conquesto de nove territorios per nove monarchias christian que pretendeva legitimar le ordine politic e religiose de istos monarchias, ligante los al antiquo regno visigothic. Le initio del Reconquesta es marcate per le battalia de Covadonga (718 o 722), le prime victoria cognoscite del forcas militar christian in le peninsula Iberic ab le intervention militar del forcas combinate arabe-berbere in 711. In iste parve battalia, un grupo conducite per le noble Pelayo venciva un patrulla musulman in le montanias del cordillera cantabric e establiva le regno christian independente de Asturias. Le Reconquesta finiva con le conquesto del emirato de Granada, le ultime stato musulman in le peninsula, in 1492; le conquesto e cadeva esseva precedite per le Capitulaciones de Granada o Tractato de Granada (1491). Post 1492, tote le peninsula esseva controlate per governatores christian. Le Reconquesta esseva sequite per le Edicto de Granada (1492) que expulsiava le judios de Castilia e Aragon que non se convertiva al [[christianismo]], e un serie de edictos (1499-1526) que forciava le conversiones del musulmanes in Espania, e in 1609-1610, lor exilio. Ab le medio del seculo 19, le idea de un «Reconquesta» se radicava in Espania associate al seu crescente nationalismo e colonialismo. {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Reconquesta| ]] [[Categoria:Historia de Espania]] 7ujego8jvtzcy6m53mpwl6f2tsc5rew 704689 704688 2026-10-17T15:39:41Z Tortoise0308 17411 commonscat. 704689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Historia de Portugal}} On nomina '''Reconquesta''' al periodo del historia del [[peninsula Iberic]] de approximativemente 780 annos inter le conquesto omeyade de Espania in 711 e le cade del regno nazarite de Granada in 1492 ante le regnos christian in expansion: iste conquesta de Granada marca le fin del periodo. Le [[historiographia]] traditional usa le termino «Reconquesta» a partir del seculo 19 como concepto nationalista espaniol. Previemente, lo esseva cognoscite como «restauration» del regnos christian visigothic, intendite como le conquesto de nove territorios per nove monarchias christian que pretendeva legitimar le ordine politic e religiose de istos monarchias, ligante los al antiquo regno visigothic. Le initio del Reconquesta es marcate per le battalia de Covadonga (718 o 722), le prime victoria cognoscite del forcas militar christian in le peninsula Iberic ab le intervention militar del forcas combinate arabe-berbere in 711. In iste parve battalia, un grupo conducite per le noble Pelayo venciva un patrulla musulman in le montanias del cordillera cantabric e establiva le regno christian independente de Asturias. Le Reconquesta finiva con le conquesto del emirato de Granada, le ultime stato musulman in le peninsula, in 1492; le conquesto e cadeva esseva precedite per le Capitulaciones de Granada o Tractato de Granada (1491). Post 1492, tote le peninsula esseva controlate per governatores christian. Le Reconquesta esseva sequite per le Edicto de Granada (1492) que expulsiava le judios de Castilia e Aragon que non se convertiva al [[christianismo]], e un serie de edictos (1499-1526) que forciava le conversiones del musulmanes in Espania, e in 1609-1610, lor exilio. Ab le medio del seculo 19, le idea de un «Reconquesta» se radicava in Espania associate al seu crescente nationalismo e colonialismo. {{commonscat|Reconquista}} {{Historia de Espania}} [[Categoria:Reconquesta| ]] [[Categoria:Historia de Espania]] r2g8fpupm8i78p7asyfg3kss8fxb61u 10 59836 704742 682706 2026-10-18T07:34:08Z Interlingvisto 60932 704742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Historia de Asia | state = | title = [[Historia de Asia]] |listclass=hlist | bodystyle = text-align:center; | group1 = | list1 = * [[Historia de Afghanistan‎|Afghanistan‎]] * [[Historia de Arabia Saudi|‎]] * [[Historia de Azerbaidzhan|Azerbaidzhan]] * [[Historia de Bahrain|Bahrain]] * [[Historia de Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] * [[Historia de Bhutan|Bhutan]] * [[Historia de Birmania|Birmania]] * [[Historia de Brunei|Brunei]] * [[Historia de Cambodja|Cambodja]] * [[Historia de China|China]] * [[Historia de Corea del Nord|Corea del Nord]] * [[Historia de Corea del Sud|Corea del Sud]] * [[Historia de Emiratos Arabe Unite|Emiratos Arabe Unite]] * [[Historia de India|India]] * [[Historia de Indonesia|Indonesia]] * [[Historia de Irak|Irak]] * [[Historia de Iran|Iran]] * [[Historia de Israel|Israel]] * [[Historia de Japon|Japon]] * [[Historia de Jordania|Jordania]] * [[Historia de Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] * [[Historia de Kirghizistan|Kirghizistan]] * [[Historia de Kuwait|Kuwait]] * [[Historia de Laos|Laos]] * [[Historia de Libano|Libano]] * [[Historia de Malaysia|Malaysia]] * [[Historia de Mongolia|Mongolia]] * [[Historia de Nepal|Nepal]] * [[Historia de Oman|Oman]] * [[Historia de Pakistan|Pakistan]] * [[Historia de Philippinas|Philippinas]] * [[Historia del Republica de China|Republica de China]] * [[Historia de Singapur|Singapur]] * [[Historia de Syria|Syria]] * [[Historia de Tajikistan|Tajikistan]] * [[Historia de Thailanda|Thailanda]] * [[Historia de Timor Oriental|Timor Oriental]] * [[Historia de Turchia|Turchia]] * [[Historia de Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]] * [[Historia de Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]] * [[Historia de Vietnam|Vietnam]] * [[Historia de Yemen|Yemen]] }} <noinclude>[[Categoria:Patronos de historia|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> j4br4vjwwp2q3gc2cqa857ui3bvebfe 704829 704742 2026-10-18T10:03:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 704829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Historia de Asia | state = | title = [[Historia de Asia]] |listclass=hlist | bodystyle = text-align:center; | group1 = | list1 = * [[Historia de Afghanistan‎|Afghanistan‎]] * [[Historia de Arabia Saudi|Arabia Saudi‎]] * [[Historia de Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] * [[Historia de Bahrain|Bahrain]] * [[Historia de Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] * [[Historia de Bhutan|Bhutan]] * [[Historia de Birmania|Birmania]] * [[Historia de Brunei|Brunei]] * [[Historia de Cambodja|Cambodja]] * [[Historia de China|China]] * [[Historia de Corea del Nord|Corea del Nord]] * [[Historia de Corea del Sud|Corea del Sud]] * [[Historia de Emiratos Arabe Unite|Emiratos Arabe Unite]] * [[Historia de India|India]] * [[Historia de Indonesia|Indonesia]] * [[Historia de Irak|Irak]] * [[Historia de Iran|Iran]] * [[Historia de Israel|Israel]] * [[Historia de Japon|Japon]] * [[Historia de Jordania|Jordania]] * [[Historia de Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] * [[Historia de Kirghizistan|Kirghizistan]] * [[Historia de Kuwait|Kuwait]] * [[Historia de Laos|Laos]] * [[Historia de Libano|Libano]] * [[Historia de Malaysia|Malaysia]] * [[Historia de Mongolia|Mongolia]] * [[Historia de Nepal|Nepal]] * [[Historia de Oman|Oman]] * [[Historia de Pakistan|Pakistan]] * [[Historia de Philippinas|Philippinas]] * [[Historia del Republica de China|Republica de China]] * [[Historia de Singapur|Singapur]] * [[Historia de Syria|Syria]] * [[Historia de Tajikistan|Tajikistan]] * [[Historia de Thailanda|Thailanda]] * [[Historia de Timor Oriental|Timor Oriental]] * [[Historia de Turchia|Turchia]] * [[Historia de Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]] * [[Historia de Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]] * [[Historia de Vietnam|Vietnam]] * [[Historia de Yemen|Yemen]] }} <noinclude>[[Categoria:Patronos de historia|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> fllik6d6p89sx77pa2z43anaofk763t 14 60507 704674 693311 2026-10-17T12:08:09Z Interlingvisto 60932 704674 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Serbia]] [[Categoria:Historia per pais]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] s13dti8e1n7agub2ynhuqhjr4d0u3xq 14 60521 704715 693407 2026-10-17T21:05:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 704715 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:America del Nord]] [[Categoria:Historia de America]] 7iprajdjmj4mlhpxiokxgu8grdtg2l8 0 60951 704828 696095 2026-10-18T10:02:41Z Interlingvisto 60932 704828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/objecto natural}} '''Bazardüzü''' ([[lingua azeri|azeri]]: ''Bazardüzü dağı''; [[lingua russe|russo]]: ''Базардюзю'', translitterate ''Bazardyuzyu'') es un montania que es situate in le [[Caucaso]]. Le frontiera international inter [[Azerbaijan]] e [[Russia]] extende trans le puncto precise del summitate. Es le monte le plus alte in Azerbaijan. Su summito es 4,466 metros super le [[nivello del mar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10428 |title=Bazardüzü, Russia/Azerbaijan |publisher=Peakbagger.com |access-date=2013-01-30 |archive-date=2019-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503105709/http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10428 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> {{Traduction|en|Bazardüzü}} [[Categoria:Montes]] [[Categoria:Caucaso]] [[Categoria:Geographia de Azerbaijan]] [[Categoria:Russia]] {{pecietta|geographia}} 43vn8f2zxp2zllq79ftt4vlac0q83ch 14 60986 704766 696461 2026-10-18T09:35:25Z Interlingvisto 60932 704766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Organizations of Azerbaijan}} [[Categoria:Organisationes]] [[Categoria:Azerbaijan]] mvysr2qbhtx7gzph7amg0w04lsz0swj 704810 704766 2026-10-18T09:54:29Z Interlingvisto 60932 Disface le version [[Special:Diff/704766|704766]] per [[Special:Contributions/Interlingvisto|Interlingvisto]] ([[User talk:Interlingvisto|discussion]]) 704810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 0 61057 704684 704672 2026-10-17T12:28:56Z Tim Ocean 30221 /* Biographia */ ref. 704684 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stanislaw Lem 2 manually dusted.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stanisław Lem, 1996]] '''Stanisław Herman Lem''' - (12 de septembre 1921 - 27 de martio 2006) esseva un [[scriptor]] [[Polonia|polonese]]. Ille esseva le autor de multe [[Romance (litteratura)|romances]], contos e [[Essayo|essayos]] super subjectos varie, includente [[philosophia]], [[futurologia]] e critica [[Litteratura|litterari]]. Multe de su operas de [[scientia fictive]] es de character satiric e humorose. Libros de Lem ha essite traducite a plus que 50 linguas e ha essite vendite in plus que 45 milliones de copias. Trans le mundo ille es melio cognoscite como le autor del romance ''[[Solaris]]'' ab 1961. In 1976 Theodore Strugeon scribeva que Lem es le plus largemente legite scriptor de scientia fictive in tote le mundo. Lem esseva le autor del obra philosophic fundamental ''Summa Technologiae'' in le qual ille anticipava le creation del realitate virtual, intelligentia artificial e anque disveloppava le ideas de autoevolution human, le creation de ''simulacros'' e multe alteres. Obras de Lem in scientia fictive explora themas philosophic via speculationes super technologia, le natura de intelligentia, le impossibilitate de communication con e intendimento de intelligentia extraterrestre, despero re limitationes human e le loco del humanitate in le universo. Su essayos e libros philosophic coperi iste e multe altere subjectos. Traduction de obras de Lem es difficile a causa de neologismos sophisticate e joco de parolas. == Biographia == === Juventute e le Secunde guerra mundial === Lem nasceva in Lwów in Polonia ante le Secunde Guerra Mundial (hodie Lviv in [[Ukraina]]) in un ric familia [[Judeo|judee]]. Su patre cambiava su supernomine in 1902 ab Lehm (significante [[argilla]] in [[Lingua german|germano]]) ad plus polonese Lem. In Lwów sub occupation [[Union Sovietic|sovietic]] Lem studiava [[medicina]] a un [[universitate]]. Post le invasion del Union Sovietic per [[Germania Nazi]] Judeos ab Lwów esseva fortiate a purificar un carcere ab corpores de prisioneros occidite per sovietistas. Judeos laborante illac esseva occidite per Germanos. Lem superviveva solmente proque ille laborava in un cellario ubi le odor de corpores esseva tam forte que Germanos non vadeva ibi. Le familia de Lem habitava in un ghetto. Post un tempore illes succedeva a partir lo. Lem superviveva le guerra celante in appartamentos differente. Le parentes de Lem superviveva le guerra celate per un familia polonese. === Vita e labor === Post le guerra le familia de Lem, que perdeva toto, resideva in Kraków. Lem continuava su studios medic, ma non passava le examine final proque non voleva devenir un medico lo que esseva associate con servicio militar obligatori. Lem comenciava su carriera de un scriptor e scribeva multe libros de scientia fictive. Le plus importante e popular de illos es Solaris. Le libro conta un historia de tentativas de communicar con un intelligentia extraterrestre - un [[oceano]] intelligente super le planeta Solaris. === Emigration e retorno === A rationes como manco de accesso ad litteratura mundial, censura e disparition de correspondentia con editores occidental Lem voleva emigrar ex Polonia. In 1982 Lem emigrava ad [[Berlin]] Occidental, tamen ille non esseva permittite apportar su familia. Lem timeva que enunciationes critic concernente Polonia Communista facerea vider su familia impossibile. Per consequente ille retornava a Polonia. Un secunde chance pro emigration appareva in 1983 quando Lem recipeva un invitation del Association de Scriptores in [[Vienna]]. Tote le familia de Lem obteneva passaportos e partiva Polonia. Lem viveva in Vienna pro alcun annos, ma non esseva felice ibi. Ille se plangeva de Austriacos. Lem les considerava como xenophobos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kultura/175237%2C1%2Crozmowa-ze-stanislawem-lemem.read|language=pl|year=2006|title=Rozmowa ze Stanisławem Lemem|quote=- Ale nie chciał pan zostać na Zachodzie? - Pewnie że nie. Moją ojczyzną jest język. Austriacy są ksenofobami i mieli bardzo pogardliwy stosunek do Polaków. Uważali, że zawsze będziemy żebrakami.}}</ref> Le familia de Lems retornava a Polonia in 1988 mesmo ante fallimento de communismo. === Morte === Lem moriva le 27 de martio, 2006 in Kraków. == Referentias == <references/> [[categoria:scriptores]] [[categoria:gente polonese]] jen4spb8msbogz2jeforg0lkquurvkd 2 61141 704675 704669 2026-10-17T12:08:27Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704675 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] byj5fka95fu59t1re9frv1i1h88g9ft 704678 704675 2026-10-17T12:10:44Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704678 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 8quu7sfkmiuyi2atjfc0lt5zpuj6u03 704681 704678 2026-10-17T12:13:44Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704681 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 8pgcyiy0vzojm7tldupmfvqlfsbeieo 704698 704681 2026-10-17T20:17:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704698 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] f441j3tjuf5ygdq22fh9bu7evs4swbs 704701 704698 2026-10-17T20:19:57Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704701 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] sj8r9rox3wcvyooho5eg7l0e8jcl7nx 704704 704701 2026-10-17T20:22:00Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704704 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** Historia de Europa *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] rf3upt4tls3cf3g7qlh0hxvxxpk9vdk 704707 704704 2026-10-17T20:35:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704707 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 7kjxiazkd2a05grf8wuo6txv4q12wms 704709 704707 2026-10-17T20:46:16Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704709 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] pvsz1cw258lti2oawuy1ud54f6ftffa 704721 704709 2026-10-17T21:15:33Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704721 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] la672m2xopyplialyrxsbio2h0ghqnu 704722 704721 2026-10-17T21:15:45Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Geographia */ 704722 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] iqtac09d8gvuwmghafp7s2om98paoux 704725 704722 2026-10-17T21:19:16Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Geographia */ 704725 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] jxdhq647ohsjk5u0seho1mshspncff0 704727 704725 2026-10-17T21:23:14Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Geographia */ 704727 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 8gucsw0yvpiw8uxvcyud1t3imwt6y06 704729 704727 2026-10-17T21:26:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Geographia */ 704729 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] j11bjlg5joanog1upwhm22m8z8p221t 704732 704729 2026-10-17T21:31:35Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Geographia */ 704732 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 2uihcelsdvziogcztewzcl9eirwlb8j 704737 704732 2026-10-17T22:01:55Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704737 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 6cuamj48np7vvcsfnsklk4vcrrurynp 704747 704737 2026-10-18T07:56:55Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704747 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] avatyatz8emjjmt5co977brma6y3qig 704752 704747 2026-10-18T09:21:10Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704752 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] asefz3y2ce9rz46vpsb139dz5nzwq4k 704758 704752 2026-10-18T09:32:42Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704758 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de Cuba]] *** [[Historia de Grenada]] *** [[Historia de Haiti]] *** [[Historia de Dominica]] *** [[Historia de Jamaica]] *** [[Historia del Republica Dominican]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Kitts e Nevis]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Lucia]] *** [[Historia de Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]] *** [[Historia de Trinidad e Tobago]] ** [[Historia de America del Sud]] *** [[Historia de Chile]] *** [[Historia de Colombia]] *** [[Historia de Ecuador]] *** [[Historia de Guyana]] *** [[Historia de Paraguay]] *** [[Historia de Peru]] *** [[Historia de Suriname]] *** [[Historia de Uruguay]] *** [[Historia de Venezuela]] ** [[Historia de Europa]] *** [[Historia de Danmark]] *** [[Historia de Islanda]] *** [[Historia de Norvegia]] *** [[Historia de Svedia]] *** [[Historia de Finlandia]] *** [[Historia de Estonia]] *** [[Historia de Lettonia]] *** [[Historia de Lituania]] *** [[Historia del Republica de Irlanda]] *** [[Historia de Belgica]] *** [[Historia de Luxemburg]] *** [[Historia de Austria]] *** [[Historia de Russia]] *** [[Historia de Slovenia]] *** [[Historia de Polonia]] *** [[Historia del Republic Chec]] *** [[Historia de Slovachia]] *** [[Historia de Moldavia]] *** [[Historia de Croatia]] *** [[Historia de Monaco]] *** [[Historia de Hungaria]] *** [[Historia de Bielorussia]] *** [[Historia de Switza]] *** [[Historia de Liechtenstein]] *** [[Historia de Ukraina]] *** [[Historia de Romania]] *** [[Historia de Bulgaria]] *** [[Historia de San Marino]] *** [[Historia del Vaticano]] *** [[Historia de Bosnia e Herzegovina]] *** [[Historia de Macedonia del Nord]] *** [[Historia de Serbia]] *** [[Historia de Kosovo]] *** [[Historia de Montenegro]] *** [[Historia de Albania]] *** [[Historia de Turchia]] *** [[Historia de Cypro]] ** [[Historia de Asia]] *** [[Historia de Afghanistan]] *** [[Historia del Philippinas]] *** [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] ** [[Historia de Oceania]] {{div col end}} === Philosophia === * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Platonismo]] * [[Neoplatonismo]] === Religion === * [[Mandeismo]] ** [[Ginza Rabba]] * [[Jesus in le manicheismo]] === Geographia === * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ukraina]] * Espania ** Madrid *** [[Complexo Cuzco]] * [[Rif]] * [[Fluvio Tago]] * [[Iberoamerica]] * [[Antarctica]] * [[America]] * [[Africa]] * [[Oceania]] * [[Asia]] === Meliorate === * [[San Marino]] * [[8 (numero)]] * [[5 (numero)]] * [[Nord-est (direction geographic)]] * [[Jeszenszky Ferenc (1932)]] * [[Gaetano Mercurio]] * [[Consonante palatal]] * [[Societate cooperative europee]] * [[Unbitrium]] * [[Tachybaptus ruficollis]] === Alteres === * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Reschke Fernsehen]] * [[ELIZA]] * [[Effecto ELIZA]] * [[Cyclo de Krebs]] * [[Mitochondrion]] * [[Nucleolo]] * [[Basilica]] * [[Bulla immobiliari]] * [[Camino]] * [[Precio del allogiamento]] * [[Traffico de influentias]] * [[Privacitate]] ** [[Revelationes re le rete de surveliantia mundial de 2013–2015]] ** [[PRISM]] ** [[Surveliantia massive]] * [[Information classificate]] * [[CETME]] * [[Unitate militar]] * [[Separation de poteres]] * [[Palestinos]] * [[Disoccupation technologic]] * [[Marina]] * [[Strategia de defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 24wkkq6e7kixo8i8lsp4pc7u7v9gur4 704839 704758 2026-10-18T10:11:39Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 704839 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text-align:center" !Io prende ferias. |} Mi objectivo ha essite, in le tempore que io ha adjutate hic, ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io voleva ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io ha create articulos eminente, augmentate le information in le peciettas, e create articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. Io face articulos principalmente re Espania, e alteres re historia e religion, le themas que me interessa le plus. == Articulos facite e meliorate == === Biographias === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Mónica Palacios]] * [[Viviana Veloz]] * [[Christophoro Columbo]] * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] * [[Bashar al-Assad]] * [[Erika Vélez]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[Alena Buyx]] * [[Mariano Rajoy]] * [[Paola Cabezas]] * [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] * [[Navi Pillay]] * [[Antonio García-Trevijano]] * [[Valeria Racu]] * [[Salman de Arabia Saudita]] </div> </div> === Espania === <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Historia de Espania ** [[Transition espaniol]] ** [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] ** [[Campamentos pro le derecto al allogiamento in Espania de 2026]] ** [[Movimento pro le allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Plataforma de Affectatos per le Hypotheca]] ** [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ** [[Disastro del Prestige]] ** [[Nunca Máis]] ** [[Movimento 15-M]] ** [[Protestas in Espania de 2011–2015]] ** [[Democratia Real NUNC!]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * Geografía de España ** [[Organisation territorial de Espania]] ** [[Provincia de Badajoz]] ** [[Extremadura]] ** [[Ceuta]] ** [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] ** [[Melilla]] ** Fluvios *** [[Fluvio Ebro]] *** [[Fluvio Duero]] *** [[Fluvio Guadiana]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[IESE Business School]] * [[Real Instituto Elcano]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Foro Ermua]] * [[Delcygate]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Economia de Espania]] ** [[Bulla immobiliari in Espania]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Precio del allogiamento in Espania]] ** [[Crise economic espaniol de 2008–2014]] ** [[Crise immobiliari espaniol de 2022–presente]] ** [[Evictiones in Espania durante le crise economic]] ** [[Sindicato de Locatarias e Locatarios de Madrid]] * [[Societate espaniol]] ** [[Eviction de Maricarmen Abascal]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] ** Architectura *** [[Palatio del Senato]] *** [[Palatio del Cortes]] *** [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] * [[Organismo public (Espania)]] * [[SITEL]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Ministerio]] ** [[Ministerio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretario de Stato (Espania)]] ** [[Subsecretario (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto (Espania)]] ** [[Regal Decreto]] ** [[Lege organic (Espania)]] ** [[Cabinetto del Presidentia del Governamento]] ** [[Defensor del Populo (Espania)]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Prestation de servicios public (Espania)]] ** [[Presidentia del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Structura del Presidentia del Governamento de Espania]] *** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] ** [[Consilio de Ministros (Espania)]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] *** [[Subdelegation del Governamento]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] *** [[Commissiones del Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Bulletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] *** [[Ministerio Fiscal de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] *** [[Presidente del Tribunal de Contos]] *** [[Commission Mixte pro le Relationes con le Tribunal de Contos]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretariato General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] </div> </div> <div style="display:flex; gap:40px;"> <div style="flex:1;"> * Ministerios ** [[Ministerio pro le Transformation Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Digitalisation e Intelligentia Artificial]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Telecomunicationes e Infrastructuras Digital]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Function Public]] ** [[Ministerio de Agricultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Agricultura e Alimentation]] *** [[Secretariato General de Ressources Agrari e Securitate Alimentari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Pisca]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Agricultura, Pisca e Alimentation]] ** [[Ministerio de Industria (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Equalitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Derectos Social]] ** [[Ministerio de Cultura (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Cultura]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Cultura]] ** [[Ministerio de Inclusion, Securitate Social e Migrationes]] ** [[Ministerio para la Transition Ecologic e le Reto Demographic]] ** [[Ministerio de Juventute e Infantia]] ** [[Ministerio de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic]] ** [[Ministerio de Scientia (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Universitates e Investigation]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Scientia]] ** [[Ministerio de Affaires Interne (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Secretariato General de Institutiones Penitentiari]] *** [[Secretariato General de Protection Civil e Emergentias]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Interne]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato General de Politica de Defensa]] **** [[Direction General de Politica de Defensa]] *** [[Secretariato de Stato de Defensa]] *** [[Subsecretariato de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Centro Superior de Studios del Defensa National]] *** [[Fortias e corpores de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias special]] *** [[Unitate tactic policial]] **** [[Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Direction General del Guarda Civil]] ***** [[Unitate Central Operative]] **** [[Corpore National de Policia]] **** [[Commando de Operationes Special]] **** [[Direction General del Policia]] **** [[Director adjuncte operative]] ***** Commissariatos general ****** [[Commissariato General de Policia Judicial]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Immigration e Frontieras]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Information]] ****** [[Commissariato General de Securitate Citatan]] ***** Unitates e gruppos ****** [[Gruppo de Attention al Citatano]] ****** [[Gruppo de Localisation de Fugitivos]] ****** [[Gruppo Operative de Responsa]] ****** [[Gruppo Special de Operationes]] ****** [[Gruppos de Responsa Special pro le Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Gruppos Operative Special de Securitate]] ****** [[Policia Judicial de Espania]] ****** [[Section de Analyse de Conducta]] ****** [[Servicio de Medios Aeree]] ****** [[Unitate de Droga e Crimine Organisate]] ****** [[Unitate de Subsolo e Protection Ambiental]] ****** [[Unitate National de Europol (Espania)]] ****** [[Unitates de Intervention Policial]] ****** [[Unitates de Prevention e Reaction]] ****** [[Unitate Central de Protection]] ***** Unitates adscripte al Communitates Autonome ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Aragon|Aragon]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Principato de Asturias|Asturias]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Gallecia|Gallecia]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Valencian|Communitate Valencian]] ****** [[Unitate del Corpore National de Policia Adscripte al Communitate Autonome de Andalusia|Andalusia]] ******* [[Ordine al Merito Policial de Andalusia]] **** [[Policia local de Espania]] **** [[Policia autonomic]] ***** [[Ertzaintza]] ***** [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] ***** [[Corpore General del Policia Canari]] ***** [[Policia Foral de Navarra]] **** [[TEDAX]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] **** [[Corpores Commun del Fortias Armate Espaniol]] **** [[Armea de Terra (Espania)]] ***** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] ***** [[Legion Espaniol]] ***** [[Gruppos de Operationes Special (Espania)]] **** [[Marina espaniol]] ***** [[Stato Major del Marina]] ****** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] **** [[Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] ***** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aer e del Spatio]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] **** [[Director del Centro National de Intelligentia]] </div> <div style="flex:1;"> * [[Ministerio del Presidentia, Justitia e Relationes con le Cortes]] ** [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Ministerio de Transportos (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Transportos e Mobilitate Sostenibile]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transporto Terrestre]] **** [[Direction General de Stratas]] **** [[Direction General del Sector Ferroviari]] **** [[Direction General de Transporto per Carretera e Ferrocarril]] *** [[Secretariato General de Transportos Aeree e Maritime]] **** [[Direction General de Aviation Civil (Espania)]] **** [[Direction General del Marina Mercante]] *** [[Secretariato General de Mobilitate Sostenibile]] **** [[Direction General de Strategias de Mobilitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Transportos]] *** [[Secretariato General Technic del Ministerio de Fomento]] *** [[Direction General de Programmation Economic e Budgetos]] *** [[Direction General de Organisation e Inspection]] *** [[Instituto Geographic National (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Education (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Education]] ** [[Secretariato General de Formation Professional]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Education]] ** [[Consilio Superior de Sportes]] * [[Ministerio de Allogiamento (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Allogiamento]] *** [[Secretariato General de Allogiamento]] **** [[Directorio General de Agenda Urban e Architectura]] **** [[Directorio General de Allogiamento e Solo]] **** [[Directorio General de Planification e Evaluation]] * [[Ministerio de Travalio (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Travalio]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Economia Social]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Travalio]] * [[Ministerio de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Justitia]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Justitia]] ** [[Advocato General del Stato]] ** [[Centro de Studios Juridic]] * [[Ministerio de Affaires Extere (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Union Europee]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Iberoamerica]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro Cooperation International]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Affaires Extere]] ** [[Directorio General de Communication, Diplomatia Public e Retes]] ** [[Directorio General de Diplomatia Economic]] * [[Ministerio de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Financias]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Budgetos e Expensas]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Financias (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato General de Fondos Europee]] * [[Ministerio de Sanitate (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Sanitate]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Sanitate]] ** [[Commissariato de Sanitate Mental]] ** [[Systema National de Sanitate (Espania)]] * [[Ministerio de Economia (Espania)]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato pro le Economia e le Supporto al Interprisa]] ** [[Secretariato de Stato de Commercio]] ** [[Subsecretariato de Economia]] </div> </div> === Ecuador === * [[Alianza PAIS]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Pachakutik]] === Francia === * [[Turre Eiffel]] * [[Basilica del Sacre Corde de Montmartre]] * [[Panthéon]] * [[Opera Garnier]] * [[Arco de Triumpho del Stella]] * [[Lutetia]] * [[Palatio del Louvre]] * [[Sainte-Chapelle]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Dionysio del Sancte Sacramento]] * [[Campo de Marte]] * [[Avenida del Campos Elysee]] * [[Universitate Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne]] * [[Ecclesia de Sancte Paulo e Sancte Ludovico]] * [[Palatio Bourbon]] * [[Bibliotheca National de Francia]] * [[Archivos public in Francia]] * [[Fortias Armate Francese]] === Germania === * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] * [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln]] === Israel === * [[Communitate de Intelligentia de Israel]] === Italia === * [[Regno Longobarde]] * [[Regno de Italia (Sacre Imperio Roman)]] * [[Historia del Islam in Italia medieval]] * [[Conquesta normanne de Italia meridional]] * [[Republicas maritime]] * [[Guelfos e Ghibellinos]] * [[Guerras de Italia]] * [[Republica Italian (1802-1805)]] * [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Italia meridional]] * [[Colonialismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Prime Guerra Mundial]] * [[Historia del fascismo italian]] * [[Italia in le Secunde Guerra Mundial]] * [[Italia central]] * [[Italia insular]] * [[Mezzogiorno]] * [[Relievo de Italia]] * [[Regno del Duo Sicilias]] === Portugal === * [[Fortias Armate de Portugal]] * [[Implantation del Republica Portugese]] * [[Contato Portucalense]] * [[Medievo in Portugal]] * [[Portugal in le Reconquesta]] === Statos Unite === * Historia ** [[Attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] * Fortias Armate del Statos Unite ** [[Fortias Aeree del Statos Unite]] * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] === Sancte Sede === * [[Curia Roman]] * [[Derecto canonic del Ecclesia Catholic]] * [[Codice de Derecto Canonic de 1983]] === Medicina e sanitate === * [[Impacto social del pandemia de COVID-19]] * [[Recession del COVID-19]] === Scientia e technologia === * [[Industria de semiconductores in Taiwan]] ==== Intelligentia artificial ==== * [[Disputa inter Anthropic e le Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] * [[Intelligentia artificial generative]] * [[Apprendimento profunde]] * [[Boom del intelligentia artificial]] ==== Biologia ==== * [[Hippopotamidae]] ==== Chimia ==== <div style="column-count:2; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;"> * [[Isotopos del germanium]] * [[Isotopos del lanthano]] * [[Isotopos del nickel]] * [[Isotopos del cobalt]] * [[Isotopos del indium]] * [[Isotopos del lithium]] * [[Isotopos del krypton]] * [[Isotopos del natrium]] * [[Isotopos del sulfure]] * [[Isotopos del gallium]] * [[Isotopos del yttrium]] * [[Isotopos del niobium]] * [[Isotopos del rhodium]] * [[Isotopos del cesium]] * [[Isotopos del samarium]] * [[Isotopos del nitrogeno]] * [[Isotopos del gadolinium]] * [[Isotopos del chromium]] * [[Isotopos del selenium]] * [[Isotopos del scandium]] * [[Isotopos del titanium]] * [[Isotopos del rubidium]] * [[Isotopos del silicium]] * [[Isotopos del manganese]] * [[Isotopos del magnesium]] * [[Isotopos del radium]] * [[Isotopos del phosphoro]] * [[Isotopos del strontium]] * [[Ununennium]] </div> === Historia === {{div col|2}} * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Constantinopole]] * [[Guerras de religion in Europa]] * [[Guerra del Octanta Annos]] * [[Contrareforma]] * [[Scientia in le mundo islamic medieval]] * [[Movimento lyceal e studiantil de 2026 in Francia]] * [[Guerra indirecte inter Iran e Arabia Saudita]] ** [[Conflicto diplomatic inter Qatar e Arabia Saudita]] * [[Guerra civil yemenita]] ** [[Huthi]] *** [[Consilio Politic Supreme]] ** [[Intervention saudita in Yemen]] *** [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] * [[Gruppo Wagner]] * [[Historia del Stato de Palestina]] * [[Conflicto arabo-israelita]] ** [[Conflicto israelita-palestinian]] *** [[Guerra de independentia de Israel]] *** [[Guerra del Sex Dies]] *** [[Guerra de Yom Kippur]] *** [[Prime Intifada]] *** [[Secunde Intifada]] *** [[Conflicto Gaza-Israel]] *** [[Guerra de Gaza]] * [[Guerra contra le terrorismo]] ** [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] *** [[Guerra de Afghanistan (2001–2021)]] ** [[Guerra de Irak]] ** [[Intervention militar in Libya de 2011]] ** [[Stato Islamic]] *** [[Intervention del Statos Unite in Syria]] * [[Crise del Medio Oriente (2023–presente)]] ** [[Conflicto indirecte inter Iran e Israel]] ** [[Conflicto Iran–Israel de 2024]] ** [[Guerra del Dece-Duo Dies]] ** [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] *** [[Campania del Stricto de Hormuz de 2026]] * [[Conflicto ecuadorian (2024–presente)]] * [[Revolution Gloriose]] * [[Guerra civil syrie]] * [[Congresso de Vienna]] * [[Crise del euro]] * [[Guerra contra le drogas]] ** [[Guerra contra le carteles (2025-nunc)]] *** [[Attacco statounitese contra Venezuela de 2026]] * [[Historia de America]] ** [[Historia de America del Nord]] ** [[Historia de America Central]] *** [[Historia de Belize]] *** [[Historia de Guatemala]] *** [[Historia de Honduras]] *** [[Historia de Nicaragua]] *** [[Historia de El Salvador]] *** [[Historia de Panama]] *** [[Historia de Costa Rica]] ** [[Historia del Caribe]] *** [[Historia de Antigua e Barbuda]] *** [[Historia de Bahamas]] *** [[Historia de Barbados]] *** [[Historia de 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defensa in mosaico]] * [[Combatto]] * [[Conflicto]] * Ethica ** [[Vengiantia]] * [[Mantello]] * [[Lingua artificial]] == Altere == * Reorganisar e redirigir le articulos re isotopos. [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] a8puyxhug0hh2wh98pufe0bzrb8dyp8 0 61756 704691 702305 2026-10-17T16:13:12Z Tortoise0308 17411 nomine del infobox; pais de nationalitate; ligar data; ligar nationalitate; defaultsort; commonscat; cats. 704691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Rebeca Viviana Veloz Ramírez''' (Santo Domingo, [[Ecuador]] le [[7 de novembre]] [[1984]]&nbsp;– ) es un politica [[Ecuador|ecuadorian]], membro del [[Assemblea National del Ecuador]] per le provincia de [[Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas]] e membro del movimento [[Revolución Ciudadana]]. Illa esseva presidente del Assemblea National inter le 2 de octobre 2024 e le 13 de maio 2025. Veloz ha exercite diverse functiones in le Assemblea National e ha occupate positiones in commissiones legislative. Durante le periodo 2021–2023, illa esseva membro del Commission Permanente de Biodiversitate e Recursos Natural e, in 2023, esseva presidente del Commission occasionale incargate del investigation del caso cognoscite como «El Gran Padrino». == Biographia == Viviana Veloz nasceva le 7 de novembre 1984 in [[Santo Domingo]], in le provincia de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. Ante su ingresso al Assemblea National, Veloz esseva active in le politica local. In 2019 illa se presentava como candidata a concejal rural de Santo Domingo per le movimento que posteriormente adoptava le nomine [[Revolución Ciudadana]]. In junio 2020 illa esseva nominate coordinatrice provincial del movimento, cargo que occupava usque al su candidatura al Assemblea National in le electiones de 2021. In le dominio academic, fontes public mentiona su formation in jurisprudential al [[Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil]] e un diplomate in derectos human ab le [[Universidad de Guanajuato]] in Mexico. == Carriera legislative == In le electiones legislative de 2021, Veloz esseva eligite como asambleista pro le provincia de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas per le [[Revolución Ciudadana]]. Durante iste periodo illa esseva membro del Commission Permanente de Biodiversitate e Recursos Natural. In januario 2023, le Pleno del Assemblea National le eligeva presidente del Commission occasionale pro le Veritate, Justitia e Lucta contra le Corruption in le caso «El Gran Padrino». Le commission esseva incargate de investigar allegationes concernente presuntos relationes inter le governamento de [[Guillermo Lasso]] e redes de corruption associate al sector public. Le commission presentava un reporto que recommendava al Assemblea National de initiar le processo de judicio politic contra Lasso. Veloz esseva ulteriormente inter le legislatores que presentava le requesta de judicio politic in martio 2023. Le 17 de maio 2023, Lasso dissolveva le Assemblea National per medio del mecanismo constitutional cognoscite como «morte cruzate», post su comparition ante le Pleno in le processo de judicio politic. Le dissolution conduceva a electiones legislative anticipate. == Reelection e cargos in le Assemblea == In le electiones legislative anticipate del 20 de augusto 2023, Veloz esseva reelecte como asambleista de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. Le nove periodo legislative comenciava in novembre 2023. Le 14 de maio 2023, durante le periodo anterior, illa esseva eligite prime vocal del Consejo de Administración Legislativa (CAL), le organo de administration del Assemblea National. Su mandato in iste position esseva interrompite per le dissolution del Assemblea le 17 de maio. In le nove legislatura, Veloz esseva eligite prime vicepresidenta del Assemblea National le 17 de novembre 2023. Illa esseva etiam associate al direction del bancada de Revolución Ciudadana durante iste periodo. == Presidente del Assemblea National == Le 2 de octobre 2024, post le renunciation de [[Henry Kronfle]] como presidente del Assemblea National e su renunciation al charge de asambleista, Veloz assumeva le preside del Parlamento e prestava juramento ante le Pleno. Su mandato como presidente se extendeba del 2 de octobre 2024 al 13 de maio 2025. Le [[Unión Interparlamentari]] registra Veloz como presidente del Assemblea National durante iste periodo. Durante su preside, illa dirigeva le sessiones del Pleno e le labores institutional del Parlamento. In maio 2025, ante le fin de su mandato, illa presentava un reporto de gestion presidencial. Secundo le reporto official, inter novembre 2023 e septembre 2024 esseva approbate trenta projectos de lege, e altere trenta esseva approbate inter octobre 2024 e maio 2025. Le 13 de maio 2025, su periodo como presidente terminava; le 14 de maio [[Niels Olsen]] esseva eligite nove presidente del Assemblea National. == Activitate posterior al preside == Post le fin de su mandato como presidente del Assemblea, Veloz remaneva membro del Assemblea National como representante de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. Le sito official del Assemblea continua a presentar la como asambleista del [[Revolución Ciudadana]] e publica su agendas e documentos de rendition de contos. In le legislatura 2025–2029, le information institutional del Assemblea indica que Veloz continua a representar Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. Un profilo del Observatorio Legislativo le lista como membro del Commission Permanente de Protection Integral al Infantes, Infantes e Adolescentes. == Referentias == {{commonscat|Viviana Veloz}} <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Veloz, Viviana}} [[Categoria:Assembleistas de Ecuador 2021-2025]] [[Categoria:Assembleistas de Ecuador 2025-2029]] [[Categoria:Revolution Citatan]] [[Categoria:Nascite in Santo Domingo (Ecuador)]] [[Categoria:Socialdemocratas de Ecuador]] [[Categoria:Socialistas democratic]] [[Categoria:Gente ecuadorian]] [[Categoria:Politicos]] l9o4kog0stie15di60cuell4hn1pux7 0 61823 704685 702209 2026-10-17T14:12:46Z Tortoise0308 17411 Locos de nascentia e decesso; formato de datas; ligar nationalitate; que -> qui; et -> e; Virgo -> Virgine; orthographia: rubre; orthographia:Pio commonscatt. 704685 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Teresita Castillo''' (Liga, [[Philippinas]] le [[4 de julio]], [[1927]]&nbsp;– Parañaque. Philippinas le [[16 de novembre]], [[2006]]) esseva un [[postulante]] [[Philippinas|philippin]] del [[Ordo Carmelita Discalceatora]]( abbrev.: OCD) qui habeva visiones de Maria, id est, [[Apparitiones de Virgine Mariae]] in [[Lipa]], [[Batangas]] que esseva descontate ab le [[Papa]] Pio XII.<ref>[https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/229882/vatican-overrules-batangas-bishop-declares-1948-marian-apparitions-not-genuine/#ixzz4AQp1GNGE LifestyleInquirer.VaticanOverrulesMarianApparition.Y2026]</ref> Quando esseva apparationes, le [[Virgine Maria]] ipse le "Mediatix de Omnes Gratia" declarava e esseva etiam petalos rubre de flor. <ref>[https://www.ewtnnews.com/world/asia-pacific/the-curious-case-of-the-lipa-marian-apparitions LipaMarianApparitions.EWTNNews.Y2026]</ref> [[File:Teresita Castillo tomb 02.jpg|thumb|Tumba de Teresita Castillo]] == Bibliographia == {{commonscat|Teresita Castillo}} <references /> [[Categoria:Christianismo]] [[Categoria:Religiosos]] [[Categoria:Gente philippin]] 0dab8ympoty3r7rznfiah9t1jrfcxz1 704686 704685 2026-10-17T14:19:12Z Tortoise0308 17411 orthographia:Lipa. 704686 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Teresita Castillo''' (Lipa, [[Philippinas]] le [[4 de julio]], [[1927]]&nbsp;– Parañaque. Philippinas le [[16 de novembre]], [[2006]]) esseva un [[postulante]] [[Philippinas|philippin]] del [[Ordo Carmelita Discalceatora]]( abbrev.: OCD) qui habeva visiones de Maria, id est, [[Apparitiones de Virgine Mariae]] in [[Lipa]], [[Batangas]] que esseva descontate ab le [[Papa]] Pio XII.<ref>[https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/229882/vatican-overrules-batangas-bishop-declares-1948-marian-apparitions-not-genuine/#ixzz4AQp1GNGE LifestyleInquirer.VaticanOverrulesMarianApparition.Y2026]</ref> Quando esseva apparationes, le [[Virgine Maria]] ipse le "Mediatix de Omnes Gratia" declarava e esseva etiam petalos rubre de flor. <ref>[https://www.ewtnnews.com/world/asia-pacific/the-curious-case-of-the-lipa-marian-apparitions LipaMarianApparitions.EWTNNews.Y2026]</ref> [[File:Teresita Castillo tomb 02.jpg|thumb|Tumba de Teresita Castillo]] == Bibliographia == {{commonscat|Teresita Castillo}} <references /> [[Categoria:Christianismo]] [[Categoria:Religiosos]] [[Categoria:Gente philippin]] 8h4br22fv7o5iv4dwkilkfmlegytmty 0 61824 704687 702210 2026-10-17T14:31:05Z Tortoise0308 17411 Tortoise0308 ha renominate le pagina [[Virgo Maria]] a [[Virgine Maria]] sin lassar un redirection: Titulo mal orthographiate 702210 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Maria (matre de Jesus)]] pzyfuo0farq7gbg66w9adbjyxbr7x8i 14 61836 704690 702373 2026-10-17T15:43:03Z Tortoise0308 17411 catmore; commonscat. 704690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{catmore|Reconquesta}} {{commonscat|Reconquista}} [[Category:Cruciadas]] [[Categoria:Historia militari del christianismo]] [[Category:Al-Andalus]] [[Category:Historia del catholicismo in Espania]] [[Category:Historia medieval de Portugal]] [[Category:Historia medieval de Espania]] [[Category:Historia judee de Espania]] [[Category:Unificationes national]] [[Category:Guerras de religion]] [[Category:Guerras implicante Espania]] [[Category:Guerras del Etate Media]] [[Category:Guerras implicante Portugal]] [[Category:Historia militar del christianismo]] [[Category:Violentia christiano-islamic]] lhb04nrv8w697xtg47olb9hs7ifori4 14 62200 704714 704405 2026-10-17T21:05:30Z Interlingvisto 60932 704714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|History of Central America}} [[Categoria:Historia de America]] [[Categoria:America Central]] oxqw1dno5mv7j5q7736e3vyalon0kav 0 62320 704673 2026-10-17T12:07:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Serbia''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del stato serbe, desde le societates prehistorical e le populationes de Antiquitate usque al [[Republica de Serbia]] contemporanee. Situate al crocevia inter Europa Central e le Peninsula Balcanic, Serbia ha essite influentiate per le mundos roman, bizantin, slave, ottoman e centro-europee. Le historia del pais comprende le formation del prime principatos serbe durante le M...” 704673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Serbia''' tracta le evolution del territorio e del stato serbe, desde le societates prehistorical e le populationes de Antiquitate usque al [[Republica de Serbia]] contemporanee. Situate al crocevia inter Europa Central e le Peninsula Balcanic, Serbia ha essite influentiate per le mundos roman, bizantin, slave, ottoman e centro-europee. Le historia del pais comprende le formation del prime principatos serbe durante le Medioevo, le expansion del [[Regno de Serbia]] e del [[Imperio Serbe]], le domination del [[Imperio Ottoman]], le guerras de independentia del seculo XIX e le formation del stato moderne. Durante le seculo XX, Serbia deveniva un del componentes principal del [[Yugoslavia]], ante de devenir un stato independente de nove in 2006, post le dissolution del union statal con [[Montenegro]]. Le frontieras e le structuras politic de Serbia ha variate considerabilemente durante le historia. Le territorio del actual stato non corresponde exactemente al territorios governate per le monarchias serbe medieval, ni al total del territorios habitate per communitates serbe in differente periodos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/55957/chapter/439409567 |titulo=Serbia and the Serbs Before the Nineteenth Century |sitioweb=Oxford Academic |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Serbia esseva habitate desde le Paleolithico. Le excavations archaeologic ha revelate restas de habitationes, utensiles e altere elementos que documenta le evolution del societates prehistorical in le region del Danubio e del Balcanes. Un del culturas archaeologic plus cognoscite del Europa sud-oriental es le cultura de Vinča, developpate principalmente durante le Neolithico, circa inter 5500 e 4500 a.C. Su sitios, includente Vinča-Belo Brdo vicino a Belgrado, ha revelate habitationes organisate, ceramica e objetos associate al agricultura e al vita sedentari. Le interpretation del signos trovate in certe objetos de Vinča como un systema de scriptura resta controverse. == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio esseva habitate per populationes de differente origines, includente gruppos associate al mundos [[Illyria|illyric]], [[Tracia|thracic]] e celtic. Le tribo del [[Scordiscos]] exerceva un influentia importante in partes del region del Danubio e del Sava. Roma extendeva su dominio verso le Balcanes durante le ultime seculos a.C. e incorporava gradualmente le territorio in su provincias. Partes del actual Serbia esseva associate al provincias de [[Moesia]], [[Pannonia]] e, in altere periodos, al provincias vicin. Le dominio roman produceva transformationes importante in le vita urban, le commercio, le infrastructura e le administration. Le vias militar e commercial connecteva le region con altere partes del imperio. Certe centros, como [[Sirmium]] (hodie Sremska Mitrovica), deveniva importante centros administrative e militar. Durante le seculo IV, le christianismo se diffundeva in le region. Le territorio remaneva parte del Imperio Roman post le division administrative del imperio in le seculo IV e deveniva ulteriormente un zona de frontiera del [[Imperio Bizantin]]. == Medievo == === Migrationes slave e prime principatos === Durante le seculos VI e VII, gruppos slave se establiva in grande parte del Peninsula Balcanic, includente le territorios del actual Serbia. Illes entrava in contacto con le populationes local e con le administration del Imperio Bizantin. Le formation del communitates serbe e de lor prime structuras politic esseva un processo gradual. Le relationes inter le principatos local e le Imperio Bizantin alternava inter cooperation, dependentia e conflicto. Durante le seculo IX, le dynastia Vlastimirović emergeva como un del principal dynastias del prime principato serbe. Le christianisation del Serbes se consolidava durante le seculo IX sub le influentia de missiones christian, e le adoption del christianismo ortodox contribueva al integration del principatos serbe in le mundo ecclesiastic e cultural bizantin. === Grand Principato de Serbia e dynastia Nemanjić === Durante le seculo XI e al initio del seculo XII, le centros del poter serbe se displaciava inter differente regiones, includente [[Duklja]] e [[Raška]]. Le Grand Principato de Serbia se consolidava gradualmente, in particular durante le regno de [[Stefan Nemanja]], fundator del dynastia Nemanjić. Su filio [[Sava de Serbia|Sava]] obteneva in 1219 le recognition del autonomia ecclesiastic del [[Ecclesia Orthodoxe Serbe]], deveniente su prime archiepiscopo. In 1217, [[Stefan Nemanjić]] recipeva le corona regal, marcating le establimento del [[Regno de Serbia]]. Durante le regnos de [[Stefan Uroš I]], [[Stefan Milutin]] e altere monarchas Nemanjić, Serbia disveloppava su commercio e extraction de metalles (argento). Le monasterios de [[Studenica]], [[Žiča]], [[Sopoćani]], [[Gračanica]] e [[Visoki Dečani]] deveniva centros importante de religion, education e arte. === Imperio Serbe === Le potentia del stato serbe attingeva su apogeo durante le regno de [[Stefan Dušan]] (1331–1355). In 1346, Dušan esseva coronate imperator del Serbes e del Grecos (Imperio Serbe). Le [[Codice de Dušan]], promulgate in 1349, contineva normas juridic importante. Post le morte de Dušan, le stato se fragmentava in plure dominios regional, debilitante le capacitate de resistir al expansion ottoman.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.rs/en/ministry/history |titulo=History of Serbian Diplomacy and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs |sitioweb=Ministerio del Affaires Externe de Serbia |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Battalia de Kosovo e Despotato Serbe === Le Battalia de Kosovo occurreva le 15 de junio 1389 inter un coalition balcanic dirigite per [[Lazar Hrebeljanović]] e le fortias ottoman sub [[Murad I]]. Ben que le resultato militar es discutite, le battalia deveniva central in le memoria historic serbe. Le [[Despotato Serbe]] se consolidava durante le seculo XV sub [[Stefan Lazarević]] e [[Đurađ Branković]], qui developpava Smederevo como capital. Le cadita de Smederevo in 1459 es considerate le fin del stato serbe medieval independente. == Etate moderne == === Serbia sub dominio ottoman === Post le conquesta del Despotato Serbe, le major parte del territorio esseva incorporate al [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le population christian manteneva su institutiones religiose, dum numerose Serbes migratiava verso le territorios habsburgic (Vojvodina e frontieras militar). ### Revolution serbe e formation del Principato === In 1804 comenciava le Prime Insurrection Serbe sub [[Đorđe Petrović]] (Karađorđe), sequite in 1815 per le Secunde Insurrection sub [[Miloš Obrenović]], le quales conduceva al recognition del autonomia del principato serbe intra le Imperio Ottoman in 1830. === Independentia e Regno de Serbia === Le [[Congresso de Berlin]] de 1878 recognosceva internationalmente le independentia de Serbia. In 1882, Serbia deveniva un regno sub [[Milan I de Serbia]]. Durante le [[Prime Guerra Balcanic]] (1912) e le [[Secunde Guerra Balcanic]] (1913), Serbia expandiva su territorio verso le sud (Macedonia e Kosovo). == Etate contemporanee == === Prime Guerra Mundial e formation de Yugoslavia === Le assassinio del archiduca [[Francisco Fernando de Austria]] in Sarajevo per [[Gavrilo Princip]] le 28 de junio 1914 precedeva le declaration de guerra de Austria-Hungaria contra Serbia, initiante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]]. Post le tristi retirada per Albania e le victoria final del alliatos, Serbia participava in 1918 al formation del Regno del Serbes, Croatos e Slovenos, renominate [[Yugoslavia]] in 1929. === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In april 1941, le Potentias del Axe invadeva Yugoslavia. Le resistance esseva condusse per le [[Partisanos yugoslav]] de [[Josip Broz Tito]] e le [[Chetniks]] de [[Draža Mihailović]]. Belgrado esseva liberate in octobre 1944. === Yugoslavia socialista === Post 1945, Serbia deveniva un del sex republicas constitutivas del [[Republica Socialista Federal de Yugoslavia]], includendo le provincias autonome de [[Kosovo]] e [[Vojvodina]]. === Dissolution de Yugoslavia e guerras des annos 1990 === Le dissolution de Yugoslavia in le annos 1990 provocava conflictos armate in Croazia e Bosnia. En 1992, Serbia e Montenegro formava le Republica Federal de Yugoslavia. Le conflicto in Kosovo in 1998–1999 e le intervention de [[NATO]] in 1999 resultava in un administration international pro Kosovo, le qual declarava su independentia in 2008 (non recognoscite per Serbia). === Independentia de Serbia e Serbia contemporanee === Post le referendo de maio 2006, Montenegro proclamava su independentia, e le 5 de junio 2006 Serbia deveniva un stato independente de nove. Actualmente, Serbia es un pais candidato al adhesion al [[Union Europee]] (ab 2012) e mantene un position active in le cooperation regional e international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.rs/en/ministry/history |titulo=History of Serbian Diplomacy and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs |sitioweb=Ministerio del Affaires Externe de Serbia |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Serbia| ]] lmjokacd1959bvotn9izdr0wpc4vtdk 0 62322 704676 2026-10-17T12:09:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Kosovo''' tracta le evolution del territorio situate in le Balcanes occidental, desde le societates prehistorical e le regno antique de [[Dardania]] usque al [[Republica de Kosovo]] contemporanee. Le region ha essite un zona de contacto inter populationes e traditiones cultural diverse, includente le mundos roman, bizantin, slave, serbe, albanese e ottoman. Durante le Medioevo, Kosovo deveniva un centro politic e religi...” 704676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Kosovo''' tracta le evolution del territorio situate in le Balcanes occidental, desde le societates prehistorical e le regno antique de [[Dardania]] usque al [[Republica de Kosovo]] contemporanee. Le region ha essite un zona de contacto inter populationes e traditiones cultural diverse, includente le mundos roman, bizantin, slave, serbe, albanese e ottoman. Durante le Medioevo, Kosovo deveniva un centro politic e religiose importante del statos serbe, specialmente sub le dynastia Nemanjić. Post le conquesta ottoman, le region faceva parte del Imperio Ottoman durante plure seculos. In le seculo XX, illo esseva integrate in le statos yugoslav e deveniva un provincia autonome del Republica Socialista de Serbia. Le tensiones inter le autoritates serbe e le majoritate albanese culminava in le guerra de Kosovo de 1998–1999. Le 17 de februario 2008, le institutiones de Kosovo declarava le independentia. Le Republica de Kosovo exerce su proprie governamento, ma su independentia non es recognoscite per Serbia e le recognition international remane incomplete. Le interpretation del historia del territorio e del relationes inter le communitates serbe e albanese continua a esser un subjecto de debatte politic e historiographic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/kosovo |titulo=Kosovo |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Kosovo esseva habitate desde le prehistoria. Le investigationes archaeologic ha revelate restas de habitationes, utensiles, ceramica e sepulturas que documenta le evolution del societates del Balcanes central. Durante le Neolithico, le region participava al diffusion de culturas agricultural como le cultura de Vinča e altere traditiones archaeologic del Europa sud-oriental. == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio faceva parte del area associate al [[Regno de Dardania]], un entitate politic formate per le Dardanos, un population que le autores grec e roman mentionava in le Balcanes central. Le extension del regno variava durante le tempo, e le region era un zona de contacto inter gruppos que le fontes antique associa a traditiones illyric e thracic. Dardania deveniva un del potentias regional del Balcanes central durante le seculo IV a.C. Le regno manteneva relationes e conflictos con Macedonia e altere potentias vicin. Durante le expansion roman, le territorio esseva gradualmente incorporate al systema politic e militar de Roma. Le conquestas roman del Balcanes comenciava durante le seculo II a.C. e le territorio del actual Kosovo esseva incorporate al provincias roman durante le ultime seculos a.C. e le prime seculos d.C. Durante le reformas administrative del imperio, partes del region esseva associate al provincias de Moesia Superior, Dardania e Praevalitana. Le administration roman introduceva vias, centros urban, installationes militar e systemas de exploitation del recursos natural. Le urbe de [[Ulpiana]], vicino al actual Lipjan, deveniva un centro importante. Le christianismo se diffundeva durante le periodo roman tardive, e le region esseva integrate in le structuras del Imperio Roman Oriental post le division del imperio. == Medievo == === Migrationes slave e periodo bizantin === Durante le seculos VI e VII, gruppos slave se establiva in plure partes del Balcanes, includente le territorio del actual Kosovo. Le migrationes transformava le composition linguistic e cultural del region e conduceva a nove relationes inter le communitates local e le autoritates del [[Imperio Bizantin]]. Le formation del populationes slave del Balcanes esseva un processo complexe, que involveva migrationes, integration e contactos con le populationes que ja viveva in le region. Le origines precise del communitates albanese contemporanee e lor relation con le populationes antique del Balcanes es subjecto a interpretationes historiographic differente. Durante le Medioevo initial, le controlo del territorio alternava inter le Imperio Bizantin e le potentias slave regional, specialmente le [[Primo Imperio Bulgar]]. Le frontieras politic non correspondeva a illos del actual statos, e le dominio super le citates e le valles variava conforme al conflictos e al accordos inter le potentias regional. Le christianismo orthodoxe deveniva un elemento importante del vita religiose del region. Le relationes con Constantinopole e con le centros ecclesiastic del Balcanes contribuiva al disveloppamento del traditiones religiose que postea marcava le historia medieval serbe. === Kosovo in le stato serbe medieval === Durante le seculo XII, le expansion del [[Grand Principato de Serbia]] sub [[Stefan Nemanja]] incorporava Kosovo in le territorio del stato serbe. Su successores, le dynastia [[Nemanjić]], consolidava le poter politic e developpava le institutiones del regno. Durante le seculos XIII e XIV, Kosovo deveniva un del centros politic, economic e religiose del Serbia medieval. Le monasterios de [[Peć]], [[Dečani]], [[Gračanica]] e altere centros ecclesiastic esseva construite o expandite durante iste periodo. Le [[Patriarchato de Peć]] deveniva un centro importante del [[Ecclesia Orthodoxe Serbe]]. Le monarchia serbe disveloppava etiam le agricultura, le commercio e le exploitation del minieras. Le production de argento e altere metalles contribuiva al prosperitate de certe zonas e al disveloppamento de centros commercial. Sub [[Stefan Dušan]], qui regnava inter 1331 e 1355, le stato serbe extendeva su territorio e deveniva un potentia major del Balcanes. Le expansion includeva Kosovo e altere regiones que antea esseva sub influentia bizantine. Post le morte de Dušan, le imperio se fragmentava inter potentias regional. Le familias nobiliar acquireva plus autonomia, e le rivalitates interne debilitava le capacitate del stato serbe a resister al expansion del [[Imperio Ottoman]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RS20213.html |titulo=Kosovo: Historical Background to the Current Conflict |sitioweb=Congressional Research Service |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Battalia de Kosovo e conquesta ottoman === Le Battalia de Kosovo occurreva le 15 de junio 1389, inter un coalition de fortias balcanic sub le direction del principe [[Lazar Hrebeljanović]] e le exercito ottoman del sultan [[Murad I]]. Le battalia causava le morte de ambes commandantes e habeva consequentias importante pro le potentias regional. Le significato militar immediate del battalia e le detalios del su resultato es objecto de debatte inter historiadores. Nonobstante, le evento deveniva un elemento central del memoria historic serbe e del traditiones literari e religiose associate al Medioevo. Le domination ottoman se extendeva gradualmente durante le seculo XV. Le statos serbe remanente perdeva lor autonomia e le conquesta de Smederevo in 1459 es generalmente considerate le fin del stato serbe medieval independente. Le territorio del actual Kosovo esseva incorporate al [[Imperio Ottoman]] e administrate per medio de districtos e provincias cuje limites cambiava durante le seculos. Le administration ottoman integrava le region in su systemas fiscal, militar e commercial. == Etate moderne == === Kosovo sub le Imperio Ottoman === Le domination ottoman durava durante plure seculos. Le societate del region includeva communitates de lingua albanese e slave, durante que le islam se diffundeva inter partes del population. Le christianismo orthodoxe continuava a esser importante, specialmente in le communitates serbe e in le monasterios associate al ecclesia. Le composition demographic del region cambiava durante le periodo ottoman per causa de migrationes, conversiones religiose, guerras e transformationes economic. Le distribution precise del population in le differente periodos es difficile a establir, e le interpretationes del cambios demografic varia inter fontes e traditiones national. Le monasterios orthodoxe serbe, includente Peć, Dečani e Gračanica, manteneva un rolo religiose e cultural importante. Le citates e le mercados del region participava al commercio del imperio e manteneva contactos con altere partes del Balcanes. Durante le seculo XIX, le expansion del nationalismos balcanic e le debilitamento del Imperio Ottoman transformava le region in un zona de competition inter movimentos national. Le movimentos albanese promoveva le defense del derectos del population albanese e, ulteriormente, le autonomia e le independentia; le movimentos serbe considerava Kosovo un territorio central del historia medieval e del tradition religiose serbe. === Nationalismos e formation del Kosovo Vilayet === Durante le seculo XIX, le disveloppamento del movimentos national albanese e serbe intensificava le competition politic super le futuro del territorio. In 1878, le [[Liga de Prizren]] esseva establite pro defender le interesses del populationes albanese in le contexto del reorganisation del Balcanes post le [[Guerra Russo-Turc de 1877–1878]]. Le Liga promoveva le protection del territorios habitate per albaneses e opposeva se a certe propositiones de partition territorial. In 1877, le autoritates ottoman establiva le [[Vilayet de Kosovo]], un provincia que includeva territorios plus vaste que le actual Republica de Kosovo. Su frontieras cambiava durante le tempo, e le provincia comprendeva, durante differente periodos, zonas que hodie pertine a Serbia, Macedonia del Nord e altere partes del Balcanes. Le competition inter le nationalismos e le crisis del Imperio Ottoman conduceva a revoltas e a conflictos local. Le question del administration del territorio deveniva un elemento central del diplomatia e del politica del Balcanes al fin del seculo XIX e al initio del seculo XX. == Etate contemporanee == === Guerras balcanic e incorporation in Serbia === Durante le [[Prime Guerra Balcanic]] de 1912, Serbia e altere estados balcanic combatteva contra le Imperio Ottoman. Le exercito serbe occupava Kosovo e altere territorios del Balcanes central. Le [[Secunde Guerra Balcanic]] de 1913 e le tractatos que sequiva repartiva le territorios conquistate inter le estados victoriose. Le major parte del actual Kosovo esseva incorporate al Regno de Serbia, durante que altere partes del ancian Vilayet de Kosovo esseva attribuite a Montenegro e a altere entitates. Le incorporation esseva accompaniate per cambios administrative, migrationes e tensiones inter le autoritates e partes del population albanese. Le region remaneva un zona de competition politic e de conflictos local durante le periodo ante le Prime Guerra Mundial. === Prime Guerra Mundial e periodo interbellic === Durante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], le territorio esseva occupate per le Potentias Central post le invasion de Serbia in 1915. Le administration e le controle militar del region cambiava durante le conflicto. Post le fin del guerra in 1918, Kosovo esseva integrate in le [[Regno del Serbios, Croatos e Slovenos]], que deveniva le [[Regno de Yugoslavia]] in 1929. Le autoritates del nove stato reorganisava le administration e promoveva politicas de centralisation. Le periodo interbellic esseva marcate per tensiones concernente le proprietate del terra, le colonisation, le education e le representation politic. Le politicas del stato e le relationes inter le communitates variava secundo le localitate e le periodo, e le migrationes continuava a influentiar le composition del population. === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In april 1941, le [[Potentias del Axe]] invadeva e dismantellava Yugoslavia. Le territorio de Kosovo esseva repartite inter le administrationes del Italia fascista, le Albania sub controlo italian e le Bulgaria, con limites que cambiava durante le guerra. Le persecution e le violentia contra le population civil affectava le communitates del region. Le guerra includeva expulsiones, represalias e conflictos inter le fortias de occupation, le grupos de resistance e altere actores local. Le resistance communista, associate al [[Partisanos yugoslav]] de [[Josip Broz Tito]], deveniva progressivemente un del principales fortias contra le occupation. Le situation de Kosovo durante le guerra esseva complexe e involveva etiam le participation de albaneses e serbes in movimentos politic e militar de orientation differente. Post le liberation, le autoritates communistas integrate Kosovo in le nove [[Yugoslavia socialista]], como parte del Republica Socialista de Serbia. === Kosovo in le Yugoslavia socialista === Post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Kosovo deveniva un region autonome intra le Republica Socialista de Serbia, un del republicas constitutivas del [[Republica Socialista Federal de Yugoslavia]]. Le grado de autonomia cambiava durante le periodo socialista. Le constitution yugoslav de 1974 augmentava considerabilemente le autonomia de Kosovo, concedente al provincia institutiones proprie e un rolo importante in le structuras federal. Le autonomia includeva representation in institutiones yugoslav e competentias in areas del administration, education e cultura. Durante le periodo socialista, le education in lingua albanese se expandiva e le institutiones cultural e educational del provincia se disveloppava. Le Universitate de Pristina deveniva un centro importante pro le education superior del population albanese. Nonobstante, le tensiones inter le autoritates serbe, le institutiones federal e le communitates albanese e serbe non dispariva. Le differentias economic, le questiones de representation politic e le interpretation del autonomia provincial remaneva fontes de conflicto. === Abolition del autonomia e tensiones del annos 1980 === Durante le annos 1980, le protestas e le tensiones ethnic e politic cresceva in Kosovo. In 1981, manifestationes de studentes e protestas social deveniva un crise politic importante. Le autoritates yugoslav respondeva con mesuras de securitate e arrestos. Durante le fin del annos 1980, [[Slobodan Milošević]] deveniva un figura central del politica serbe. Le reformas constitutional de 1989 reduceva drasticamente le autonomia de Kosovo e augmentava le controlo de Belgrado super le institutiones provincial. Le autoritates serbe assumeva le controlo de plure institutiones e le relationes inter le communitates se deteriorava. Numerose albaneses perdeva lor postos in le administration, le education e altere sectores public. In response, le communitates albanese developpava structuras parallel de education e de vita politic. In 1990, representantes albanese proclamava un constitution pro un Republica de Kosovo e, in 1991, un referendo non official susteneva le independentia. Le governamento serbe non recognosceva iste actiones e continuava a considerar Kosovo un parte integral de Serbia. === Conflicto de 1998–1999 === Durante le annos 1990, le opposition politic albanese in Kosovo, associate in grande parte con [[Ibrahim Rugova]], promoveva un strategia de resistance non violente e de construction de institutiones parallel. Le manco de progresso politic e le repression augmentava le supporto a formas de resistance armate. Le [[Armata de Liberation de Kosovo]] (KLA) deveniva un actor importante del conflicto. Durante 1998, le affrontamentos inter le KLA e le fortias de securitate serbe e yugoslav intensificava se, con mortes e displaciamento de civiles. Le operationes del fortias serbe e yugoslav e le actiones del KLA causava un crise humanitari. Le population civil, specialmente albanese, esseva fortemente affectate per le violentia e le expulsiones. Le abusos e le ataques contra civiles esseva documentate per organisationes international, e le conflicto involveva etiam mortes e displaciamento inter le communitates serbe e romani. Post le fallimento del negotiationes de Rambouillet, le [[NATO]] comenciava le campania de bombardamento contra le Republica Federal de Yugoslavia le 24 de martio 1999. Le operationes aerie durava 78 dies e terminava in junio, post un accordo que conduceva al retiro del fortias serbe e yugoslav de Kosovo.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/kosovo |titulo=Kosovo |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Administration del Nationes Unite === Le 10 de junio 1999, le [[Consilio de Securitate del Nationes Unite]] adoptava le [[Resolution 1244 del Consilio de Securitate]], que establiva un administration civil international e un presentia de securitate international in Kosovo. Le [[Mission del Nationes Unite in Kosovo]] (UNMIK) assumeva le administration interim, durante que le [[KFOR]], un fortia multinational sub direction del NATO, esseva incaricate de contribuir al securitate del territorio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://unmik.unmissions.org/en/united-nations-resolution-1244 |titulo=United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 |sitioweb=UNMIK, Nationes Unite |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post le fin del guerra, un grande numero de albaneses displaciate retornava a lor casas. Simultaneemente, multe serbes e romani abandonava Kosovo, in parte per causa de represalias, insecuritate e violentia post le retirada del fortias yugoslav. UNMIK organisava le administration civil e le creation de institutiones provisional de autogovernamento. Le securitate e le protection del communitates minoritari remaneva questiones importante pro le autoritates international e local. === Declaration de independentia in 2008 === Le 17 de februario 2008, le Assemblea de Kosovo declarava le independentia del Republica de Kosovo, post negotiationes fallite super le [[Plan Ahtisaari]]. Le declaration affirmava le intention de establir un stato democratic e multiethnic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/en/news/kosovo-declaration-of-independence/ |titulo=Kosovo Declaration of Independence |sitioweb=Prime Minister's Office, Republica de Kosovo |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Numerose estados recognosceva Kosovo, dum Serbia e altere paises refusava le recognition. In 2010, le [[Corte International de Justitia]] opinava que le declaration non violava le derecto international. === Kosovo contemporanee === Post 2008, Kosovo ha consolidate su institutiones e disveloppate relationes diplomatic. Le dialogo inter Belgrado e Pristina, facilitate per le [[Union Europee]], cerca a normalizar le relationes inter le duos partes, ben que le tensiones remane, specialmente in le nord del pais. Le KFOR e UNMIK mantenen lor presentia pro assister in le securitate e le stabilitate regional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://unmik.unmissions.org/en/node/136325 |titulo=UNMIK Fact Sheet |sitioweb=Mission del Nationes Unite in Kosovo |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Kosovo| ]] 3qspoblktryi2nc9bdktu1f8tuj9tgl 14 62323 704677 2026-10-17T12:10:19Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Kosovo]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704677 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Kosovo]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] r4tvhthk222lkhuq2kgwp12cbs1fjyc 0 62324 704679 2026-10-17T12:12:52Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Montenegro''' tracta le evolution del territorio que hodie constitue le stato montenegrin, desde le populationes prehistorical e le provincia roman de [[Praevalitana]] usque al [[Montenegro]] contemporanee. Situate al costa del [[Mar Adriatic]] e in le regiones montaniose del Balcanes occidental, Montenegro ha occupate durante seculos un position inter le mundos mediterranee, bizantin, serbe, venetian e ottoman. Durante...” 704679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Montenegro''' tracta le evolution del territorio que hodie constitue le stato montenegrin, desde le populationes prehistorical e le provincia roman de [[Praevalitana]] usque al [[Montenegro]] contemporanee. Situate al costa del [[Mar Adriatic]] e in le regiones montaniose del Balcanes occidental, Montenegro ha occupate durante seculos un position inter le mundos mediterranee, bizantin, serbe, venetian e ottoman. Durante le Medioevo, le region esseva associate al principatos de [[Duklja]] e [[Zeta]], que deveniva centros importante del statalitate slave meridional. Post le expansion del Imperio Ottoman, le territorio montenegrin manteneva periodos de autonomia, specialmente sub le governamento del principes-episcopos de [[Cetinje]]. In le seculo XIX, Montenegro deveniva un principato independente e, in 1910, un regno. Post le Prime Guerra Mundial, illo esseva incorporate in le nove stato yugoslav. Le dissolution de Yugoslavia e le referendo de 2006 conduceva al restablimento del independentia. == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Montenegro esseva habitate desde le prehistoria. Le sitios archaeologic del costa adriatic e del regiones interior documenta le presentia de societates que practicava le agricultura, le allevamento, le metallurgia e le commercio. == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le region esseva habitate per populationes que le fontes grec e roman associa al mundos [[Illyria|illyric]] e adriatic. Le tribo del [[Docleates]] dava su nomine al citate antique de [[Doclea]], situate vicino al confluente del Zeta e del Morača, in le vicinitate del actual [[Podgorica]]. Le expansion del [[Republica Roman]] in le Balcanes conduceva al incorporation progressive del region in le systema politic e militar roman. Le territorio esseva integrate in le provincia de [[Illyricum]] e, post le reformas administrative del imperio, in provincias como Dalmatia e Praevalitana. Le citate de Doclea deveniva un centro urban importante, con edificios public, vias e installationes associate al administration roman. Le restos archaeologic del citate documenta le integration del region in le rete urban e commercial del Imperio Roman. Post le division del Imperio Roman in le seculo IV, le territorio remaneva in le parte oriental del imperio. Le influentia bizantin continuava a esser importante in le vita politic e religiose del region. == Medievo == === Migrationes slave e prime principatos === Durante le seculos VI e VII, gruppos slave se establiva in le Balcanes occidental. Illes entrava in contacto con le populationes local e con le structuras administrative e ecclesiastic del Imperio Bizantin. Durante le prime seculos del Medioevo, le territorio del actual Montenegro esseva dividite inter plure entitates politic, inter le quales [[Duklja]] in le sud, [[Travunia]] in le west e [[Raška]] in le nord. Le frontieras e le relationes inter iste principatos variava conforme al evolution del potentias regional. Duklja, cognoscite etiam per le nomine latin [[Dioclea]], deveniva un del principal centros politic del costa adriatic meridional. Durante le seculo XI, le governamento de [[Stefan Vojislav]] conduceva a un periodo de autonomia e de resistentia contra le dominio bizantin. Sub [[Mihailo I de Duklja]] e su filio [[Constantino Bodin]], Duklja attingeva un periodo de expansion e influentia. Mihailo recipeva le titulo regal in 1077, secundo le tradition historiographic associate al recognition pontifical del su dignitate. Le stato includeva territorios del costa adriatic e del regiones interior del Balcanes.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://snl.no/Montenegros_historie |titulo=Montenegros historie |sitioweb=Store norske leksikon |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le potentia de Duklja diminuiva durante le seculo XII, in parte a causa de conflictos dinastic e del expansion del [[Grand Principato de Serbia]]. Le nomine Zeta deveniva gradualmente plus commun pro le territorio e su structuras politic. === Zeta e le stato serbe medieval === Durante le seculos XII e XIII, Zeta esseva incorporate in grande parte al stato governate per le dynastia serbe [[Nemanjić]]. Le territorio manteneva tamen un importantia strategic e administrative, in particular per su accesso al mar Adriatic e su relationes con le citates commercial costal. Post le morte de [[Stefan Dušan]] in 1355 e le fragmentation del [[Imperio Serbe]], Zeta deveniva un territorio governate per potentias regional. Le familias nobiliar [[Balšić]] e, ulteriormente, [[Crnojević]] exerceva un rolo importante in le politica del region. Durante le seculo XIV, le Balšić extendeva lor influentia in le costa e in le regiones interior. Le citate de [[Shkodër]] e altere centros del region esseva importante in lor dominios. Post le extinction del linea principal del Balšić in 1421, le Crnojević assumeva un position central in Zeta. Le pressione del [[Imperio Ottoman]] e le conflitos con le [[Republica de Venetia]] transformava le situation politic. In le fin del seculo XV, [[Ivan Crnojević]] transferiva le centro del su dominio verso le montanias e establiva su sede in [[Cetinje]], que deveniva ulteriormente le principal centro politic e religiose de Montenegro. Le nomine Crna Gora, que significa «montania nigre» in le lingua local, deveniva gradualmente associate al territorio. Le forma italian e venetian Montenegro se diffundeva in le usage international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://snl.no/Montenegros_historie |titulo=Montenegros historie |sitioweb=Store norske leksikon |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Etate moderne == === Expansion ottoman e autonomia de Montenegro === Durante le fin del seculo XV, le expansion del [[Imperio Ottoman]] transformava le situation politic del Balcanes. Le conquesta de plure centros del costa adriatic e del regiones interior reduceva le autonomia del estados christian local. Le territorio montenegrin esseva in grande parte circumdate per territorios sub controlo ottoman. Le regiones litoral includeva etiam zonas sub influentia o administration venetian, specialmente in le area de [[Kotor]] e del costa adriatic. In 1516, le governamento de Montenegro passava a un succession de vladikas, o principes-episcopos de Cetinje. Iste forma de governamento combinava le autoritate religiose orthodoxe con le direction politic e militar del communitates montaniose. Le vladikas exerceva lor autoritate con le supporto de assembleas e de chefes local. Le autonomia del territorio non esseva sempre uniforme, e le relationes con le Ottomanos variava inter periodos de guerra, negotiation e accordos temporari. Le position geografic del montanias facilitava le resistentia contra le exercitos ottoman, ma le territorio suffreva etiam invasiones, destructiones e difficultates economic. Le monasterio de Cetinje deveniva un centro religiose e politic importante. Le relationes con [[Russia]] se disveloppava durante le seculo XVIII. Le governantes montenegrin cercava supporto diplomatic e material del imperio russe, que se presentava como un protectore de plure communitates orthodoxe del Balcanes.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.rs/en/ministry/history |titulo=History of Serbian Diplomacy and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs |sitioweb=Ministerio del Affaires Externe de Serbia |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Dynastia Petrović-Njegoš === In 1696, [[Danilo I Petrović-Njegoš]] deveniva vladika de Montenegro e initiava le consolidation del governamento hereditari del familia [[Petrović-Njegoš]]. Proque le vladikas esseva clericos orthodoxe e non se maritava, le succession passava frequentemente de tio a nepote. Durante le seculo XVIII, le governantes montenegrin夫婦 affrontava plure expeditiones militar ottoman e cercava supporto russe. Le conflictos includeva le invasiones del territorio e le destruction de Cetinje e de su monasterio. Le vladika [[Petar I Petrović-Njegoš]], qui governava inter 1782 e 1830, exerceva un rolo importante in le consolidation del autoritate central. Ille promoveva le unification de communitates local, le organisation militar e le codification del normas juridic. Durante su governamento, Montenegro obteneva successos contra fortias ottoman e extendeva su influentia verso regiones vicin. Le tradition orthodoxe e le memoria del resistentia contra le Ottomanos deveniva elementos central del identitate politic del territorio. Su successor, [[Petar II Petrović-Njegoš]], governava inter 1830 e 1851. Ille esseva etiam un poeta e un figura cultural importante, cognoscite pro su obra [[Gorski vijenac]] (Le corona del montania), que deveniva un del textos plus influente del litteratura del Balcanes meridional. Petar II promoveva reformas administrative e educational, e su governamento contribuiva al consolidation del institutiones del territorio. == Etate contemporanee == === Principato de Montenegro === In 1852, [[Danilo II Petrović-Njegoš]] abandonava le dignitate ecclesiastic e assumeva formalmente le titulo de principe secular. Iste transformation marcava le transition del governamento del principes-episcopos verso un principato hereditari. Le Principato de Montenegro affrontava conflictos con le Imperio Ottoman e cercava recognoscentia international. Le guerras del annos 1860 e le difficultates economic poneva le nove stato sub pression. Sub [[Nikola I de Montenegro]], qui deveniva principe in 1860, Montenegro disveloppava su administration, reformava le exercito e promoveva le education. Le governamento cercava etiam a extender le territorio e a obtener le recognition international de su independentia. Le guerras contra le Ottomanos durante le annos 1870 conduceva a nove expansion territorial. Le [[Congresso de Berlin]] de 1878 recognosceva Montenegro como un stato independente e sovrano, insimul con altere estados del Balcanes. Le territorio esseva augmentate e Montenegro obteneva accesso plus secur al mar Adriatic, includente le porto de [[Bar]].<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/montenegro |titulo=Montenegro |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Regno de Montenegro === Le 28 de augusto 1910, Nikola I proclamava Montenegro un regno. Le nove regno manteneva su independentia e disveloppava su relationes diplomatic con le potentias europee, specialmente Russia, Italia e Austria-Hungaria. Le governamento promoveva reformas del administration, del education e del infrastructura. Nonobstante, le economia remaneva largemente rural e le stato dependiva in parte del assistentia exterior. Durante le [[Prime Guerra Balcanic]] de 1912–1913, Montenegro participava con Serbia, Bulgaria e Grecia al guerra contra le Imperio Ottoman. Le conflicto extendeva le territorio montenegrin e contribuiva al disintegration del dominio ottoman in le Balcanes. Durante le Prime Guerra Mundial, Montenegro se alleava con le [[Allies]] e combatteva contra Austria-Hungaria. In 1916, le exercito austro-hungaric occupava le territorio e Nikola I partiva in exilio. Le governamento montenegrin continuava su activitate al exterior durante le guerra. Post le collapse de Austria-Hungaria in 1918, le tropas serbe entrava in Montenegro. Un assemblea national reunite in Podgorica in novembre 1918 votava le deposition del rege Nikola e le union con Serbia, que conduceva al incorporation in le nove [[Regno del Serbios, Croatos e Slovenos]]. Le decision esseva contestate per parte del population e del elites politic montenegrin. Le movimento [[Verdi (Montenegro)|Verde]] opponeva se al union e un insurrection armate occurreva in januario 1919. Le questione del legitimidade del decision de 1918 deveniva un del temas plus disputate del memoria historic montenegrin.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/montenegro |titulo=Montenegro |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Montenegro in Yugoslavia === Post le Prime Guerra Mundial, Montenegro esseva incorporate in le Regno del Serbios, Croatos e Slovenos, que in 1929 recipeva le nomine de [[Regno de Yugoslavia]]. Le monarchia centralisava le administration e le territorio montenegrin non disponeva de un entitate federal proprie. Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], le [[Potentias del Axe]] invadeva e dismantellava Yugoslavia in april 1941. Le territorio montenegrin esseva occupate principalmente per Italia, que establiva un administration sub su controlo. Le annexion e le organisamento politic del territorio provocava opposition e resistance. In julio 1941, un insurrection contra le occupation italian comenciava in Montenegro. Le movimento partisan, guidate per le communistas yugoslav, deveniva un actor importante del resistance, durante que altere gruppos nationalista e monarchic combatteva etiam contra le occupation. Le conflictos inter le differente movimentos produceva un guerra civil local in plure regiones. Post le liberation, Montenegro deveniva in 1945 un del republicas constitutivas del [[Republica Socialista Federal de Yugoslavia]]. Le nove republica recipeva su proprie institutiones politic e esseva integrate in le structura federal yugoslav sub le direction de [[Josip Broz Tito]]. Durante le periodo socialista, Montenegro experientiava industrialisation, urbanisation e expansion del education e del servicios public. Le construction de infrastructuras, le disveloppamento del turismo al costa adriatic e le expansion de Podgorica transformava le economia e le societate. Le constitution yugoslav de 1974 augmentava le autonomia del republicas constitutivas. Montenegro participava al institutiones federal e disveloppava su proprie administration, education e cultura in le quadro del federation. === Dissolution de Yugoslavia e union con Serbia === Durante le annos 1980, le crise economic e politic del federation yugoslav augmentava le tensiones inter le republicas. Post le morte de Tito in 1980, le question del repartition del poter federal deveniva plus importante. In 1991, Slovenia e Croazia declarava lor independentia, sequite per Macedonia e Bosnia e Herzegovina. Montenegro remaneva in union con Serbia e participava al formation del [[Republica Federal de Yugoslavia]] in 1992. Durante le guerras del annos 1990, le governamento montenegrin manteneva relationes politicamente e militarmente proxime con Serbia. Montenegro participava in le structuras federal e esseva affectate per le sanctiones international e le difficultates economic del periodo. Le relationes inter le duo republicas cambiava durante le annos sequente. Sub [[Milo Đukanović]], le direction politic montenegrin se distantiava progressivemente del governamento de [[Slobodan Milošević]] e promoveva un politica plus autonome, includente le adoption del marco german como moneta de facto e, postea, del euro. In 2003, le Republica Federal de Yugoslavia esseva transformate in le Union Statal de Serbia e Montenegro, un structura commun con competentias limitate e un procedura previde pro un eventual referendo de independentia post tres annos. === Independentia in 2006 === Le 21 de maio 2006, Montenegro teneva un referendo super su independentia. Le resultato esseva favorabile al independentia con un majoritate de poco plus de 55% del votos valide, superante le limine establite in le accordo politic e electoral que regulava le referendo. Le parlamento montenegrin proclamava le independentia le 3 de junio 2006. Serbia recognosceva le nove stato, e altere paises establiva relationes diplomatic con Montenegro durante le dies e le septimanas sequente. Le independentia poneva fin al union statal con Serbia e restabliva Montenegro como stato sovrane.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/montenegro |titulo=Montenegro |sitioweb=Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le constitution del Republica de Montenegro esseva adoptate in octobre 2007. Illo defini le pais como un stato civic e democratic e establi le quadro del institutiones legislative, executive e judicial. === Montenegro contemporanee === Post le independentia, Montenegro se orientava verso le integration euro-atlantic e le adhesion al Union Europee. Le pais deveniva membro del [[NATO]] le 5 de junio 2017, post le completion del proceduras de accession.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/news-and-events/articles/news/2017/06/05/montenegro-joins-nato-as-29th-ally |titulo=Montenegro joins NATO as 29th Ally |sitioweb=NATO |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le negotiationes de adhesion al [[Union Europee]] comenciava in 2012. Le processo require reformas in areas como le stato de derecto, le administration public, le lucta contra le corruption e le protection del derectos fundamental. Le politica interne ha essite marcate per competition inter partitos, debattes super le identitate national e le relationes con Serbia, assi como questiones concernente le independentia del justitia e le gestion del institutiones public. Le economia depende in parte del turismo, del servicios e del investitiones. Le costa adriatic e le citates historic attrahe visitantes, durante que le regiones interior enfrenta questiones concernente le infrastructura, le disveloppamento economic e le depopulation. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Montenegro| ]] 4pf1n5ruygektiooo5prlzw49l2pruv 14 62325 704680 2026-10-17T12:13:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Montenegro]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704680 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Montenegro]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] mh5cjlunf3cp8m6v75spp2ksf0ejhl5 0 62326 704682 2026-10-17T12:14:11Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Serbia]] 704682 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Serbia]] 480xcvwjjzrtpors4r9t7bv07hrybn3 0 62327 704683 2026-10-17T12:14:30Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Kosovo]] 704683 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Kosovo]] 105s3ql7uunvb0aojkvzvr9cfl8ntjo 0 62328 704696 2026-10-17T20:16:06Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Albania''' describe le evolution del territorio del actual [[Albania]] e del populo albanese desde le prehistoria usque al stato contemporanee. Situate in le [[Balcanes|Balcani]] occidental, al costa del [[Mar Adriatic]] e del [[Mar Ionic]], Albania ha occupate durante le seculos un position importante inter le Europa sud-oriental, le Mediterraneo e le regiones del Imperio Ottoman. Su historia comprende le populationes i...” 704696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Albania''' describe le evolution del territorio del actual [[Albania]] e del populo albanese desde le prehistoria usque al stato contemporanee. Situate in le [[Balcanes|Balcani]] occidental, al costa del [[Mar Adriatic]] e del [[Mar Ionic]], Albania ha occupate durante le seculos un position importante inter le Europa sud-oriental, le Mediterraneo e le regiones del Imperio Ottoman. Su historia comprende le populationes illiric del Antiquitate, le domination roman e bizantin, le principatos medieval, le incorporation al Imperio Ottoman, le movimento national albanese del seculo XIX, le independentia proclamate in 1912, le monarchia del seculo XX, le occupationes italian e german, le regime communista e le transition verso un republica multipartitic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Albania |titulo=Albania: History, Geography, Customs, and Traditions |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le identitate national albanese se formava gradualmente per medio del lingua, del traditiones cultural e del movimentos politic. Le relation inter le population albanese e le ancian illirios es un thema importante del historiographia, ma le continuitate ethnic e linguistic inter le populationes del Antiquitate e le albaneses moderne non pote esser establite con absolute certitude in tote su aspectos. == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Albania esseva habitate desde le prehistoria. Le restos archeologic trovate in differente partes del pais demonstra le existentia de communitates de cacciatores, collectores e, ulteriormente, agricultores sedentari. Durante le Neolithico, le populationes del region developpava le agricultura, le allevamento de animales e le production de ceramica. Le contactos con altere partes del Balcanes e del Mediterraneo contribueva al circulation de technicas e de objectos. Durante le etates del Bronzo e del Ferro, le societates local se organisava in communitates e grupos que participava in redes de intercambio regional. Le cultura material del region presenta similitudes con celle de altere partes del Balcanes occidental, ben que le populationes non formava un sol unitate politic. == Antiquitate == === Le Illirios === Durante le prime millennio a.C., grande parte del territorio albanese esseva habitate per grupos que le fontes grec e roman designava como Illirios. Illes includeva plure tribos e communitates, inter le quales le [[Taulantios]], le [[Ardiaeos]] e altere gruppos del costa adriatic e del interior. Le Illirios non constitueva un stato unic durante tote lor historia. Plure regnos e confederationes exerceva le poter in differente partes del region. Le regno del Ardiaeos deveniva un del principal potentias illiric durante le seculo III a.C., specialmente sub le rege [[Agron]] e su successor [[Teuta]]. Le conflictos inter le regnos illiric e le [[Republica Roman]] conduceva al [[Guerras Illiric]]. Post plure expeditiones roman, le territorios illiric esseva progressivemente submittite al domination de Roma. In 168 a.C., le victoria roman super le rege [[Gentius]] marca un moment decisive in le perdita del independentia del principal regnos illiric. === Colonias grec e commercio === Le costa del actual Albania faceva parte del mundo commercial grec desde le prime millennio a.C. Le colonos grec fundava o developpava citates como [[Apollonia]] e [[Epidamnos]], hodie associate con le sitos de Fier e Durres. Iste citates deveniva centros de commercio, navigation, education e cultura. Illos manteneva relationes con le mundo grec e con le populationes del interior del Balcanes. Le contacto inter le colonias grec e le communitates illiric contribuiva al circulation de technicas, objectos, monetas e practicas cultural. === Albania sub Roma === Durante le seculo II a.C., Roma extendiva su dominio super le region. Le territorio esseva incorporate in plure provincias roman, includente [[Macedonia (provincia romana)|Macedonia]], [[Dalmatia]] e altere divisiones administrative que cambiava con le tempore. Le administration roman construiva vias, pontes e infrastructuras que facilitava le circulation de exercitos e mercantias. Le citate de [[Dyrrachium]], hodie [[Durres]], deveniva un porto importante e un puncto de connexion con le [[Via Egnatia]], un grande via que ligava le costa adriatic con le Balcanes interior e Constantinopla. Le romanisation non eliminava immediatemente le linguas e traditiones local. Le populationes del region participava in le economia e in le institutiones del imperio, durante que le latin e le grec exerceva influentias differente secundo le zona. == Medievo == === Periodo roman tardive e bizantin === Post le division del Imperio Roman, le territorio albanese remaneva in le parte oriental, que deveniva le [[Imperio Bizantin]]. Le region occupava un position strategic inter le Adriatico, Grecia e le Balcanes interior. Durante le seculos IV–VI, le citates e le fortificationes del region continuava a functionar, ben que le invasiones e le crises del imperio affectava le vita economic. Le christianismo se diffundeva e deveniva un elemento importante del organisation religiose e cultural. Desde le seculo VI, le invasiones e settlementes de populationes slave transformava le composition demographic e linguistic de plure partes del Balcanes. Le territorio del actual Albania remaneva sub influentia bizantin, ma le controlo effective variava e esseva disputate per potentias regional. === Imperios bulgar e bizantin === Durante le seculos IX e X, partes del territorio albanese esseva incorporate in o influentiate per le [[Primo Imperio Bulgar|Imperio Bulgar]]. Le Imperio Bizantin recuperava ulteriormente le controlo de plure zonas, ma le frontieras continuava a cambiar. Le region contineva citates, fortificationes e communitates agricole con ligamines al mundo grec, slave e latin. Le ecclesias orthodoxe e catholic participava al vita religiose, durante que le costa remaneva un zona de contacto inter le Mediterraneo oriental e occidental. === Principato de Arbanon === Durante le seculo XII e le initio del seculo XIII, un principato medieval cognoscite como [[Arbanon]] se formava in partes del Albania central. Su dirigentes, inter le quales [[Progon]] e su successores, governava un territorio que manteneva relationes con le Imperio Bizantin e con altere potentias del Balcanes. Le Principato de Arbanon es considerate un del prime formationes politic medieval associate al nomine de Albania e al populationes albanese. Su dimension e su organisation esseva limitate, e le territorio continuava a esser dividite inter differente poteres regional. === Regno de Albania e potentias regional === Durante le seculo XIII, le expansion del potentias occidental in le Balcanes conduceva al creation de un entitate cognoscite como le [[Regno de Albania]], associate al expansion del [[Regno de Sicilia]] e del [[Casa de Anjou]]. Su controlo esseva discontinue e limitate a partes del costa e del interior. Durante le seculos XIV e XV, plure familias nobiliar albanese establiva principatos regional. Inter le familias plus importante se trovava le [[Kastrioti]], le [[Arianiti]] e le [[Thopia]]. Le territorio esseva etiam influentiate per le [[Imperio Serbe]] durante le regno de [[Stefan Dušan|Stephan Dushan]] e per le [[Republica de Venetia]] in le zonas costal. === Skanderbeg e le resistentia contra le Ottomanos === In le seculo XV, le expansion del [[Imperio Ottoman]] in le Balcanes poneva le principatos albanese sub pression crescente. Un del figuras central del resistentia esseva [[Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg]], qui comenciava in 1443 a organisar un rebellion contra le Ottomanos. Skanderbeg reuniva plure dirigentes albanese in le [[Liga de Lezha]] de 1444. Le coalition organisava campanias militar contra le exercitos Ottoman e manteneva un resistentia que durava plus de duo decennios. Skanderbeg deveniva un figura central del memoria historic albanese e un symbolo del resistentia contra le expansion Ottoman. Post su morte in 1468, le resistentia organisate perdeva parte de su capacitate. Le Ottomanos conquistava gradualmente le citates e fortificationes albanese, e durante le fin del seculo XV le major parte del territorio esseva incorporate in le Imperio Ottoman. == Etate moderne == === Albania sub le Imperio Ottoman === ==== Incorporation e administration ==== Le incorporation del territorio albanese al [[Imperio Ottoman]] occurreva progressivemente durante le seculo XV. Le administration Ottoman divideva le territorio in unitates provincial e incorporava le communitates local in le systemas fiscal, militar e juridic del imperio. Le population albanese non esseva religiosemente uniforme. Le christianismo orthodoxe dominava in plure zonas del sud, durante que le catholicismo remaneva importante in le nord. Le islam se diffundeva gradualmente, specialmente desde le seculo XVI, e deveniva le religion del major parte del population albanese al fin del periodo Ottoman. Le conversiones al islam habeva causas differente, includente opportunitates social e economic, relationes con le administration e transformationes cultural. Non tote le population se convertiva, e communitates musulman, orthodoxe e catholic continuava a viver in le mesme regiones. ==== Autonomia local e dirigentes regional ==== Ben que le Imperio Ottoman exerceva le autoritate superior, plure familias local manteneva un grado de autonomia, specialmente in zonas montaniose e in regiones distante del centros administrative. Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, dirigentes regional como [[Ali Pasha de Tepelena]] e le familia [[Bushati]] exerceva un poter importante in partes del Albania. Ali Pasha, qui governava desde [[Ioannina]], extendeva su influentia super regiones que comprendeva partes del actual Albania e Grecia. Le autonomia de iste dirigentes non significava le existentia de un stato albanese independente. Illes operava intra le structura del Imperio Ottoman, ben que frequentemente entrava in conflicto con le autoritate central. ==== Economia e societate ==== Durante le periodo Ottoman, le agricultura remaneva le base del economia. Le citates developpava mercados, officinas artisanal e redes commercial que ligava le region al altere partes del imperio. Le lingua albanese continuava a esser usate in le vita quotidian, ma le administration, le education religiose e le cultura litterari empleava etiam le turco Ottoman, le arabic, le persian, le grec e le linguas liturgic del communitates christian. Le division religiose non correspondeva sempre a divisiones linguistic o ethnic. Le identitate albanese se developpava gradualmente e deveniva plus explicitemente politic durante le seculo XIX. === Nationalismo albanese e independentia === ==== Le Renascentia National Albanese ==== Durante le seculo XIX, le expansion del nationalismo in Europa e le declino del Imperio Ottoman contribuiva al developpamento del movimento national albanese, cognoscite como [[Rilindja Kombëtare]] o Renascentia National Albanese. Le intellectuals albanese promoveva le uso del lingua albanese in le education e le litteratura, le creation de un alphabeto standard e le recognition del population albanese como un communitate national distincte. Le education in albanese deveniva un del principales questiones del movimento, perque le autoritates Ottoman limitava in plure periodos le publication e le instruction in iste lingua. Le [[Liga de Prizren]], fundate in 1878, esseva un del principales organisationes del movimento national. Illa nasceva in un contexto de timor que territorios albanese esserea transferite a statos vicin post le [[Guerra russo-ottoman de 1877–1878|Guerra Russo-Turc]] e le [[Congresso de Berlin]]. Le Liga reclamava le protection del territorios habitate per albaneses e, gradualmente, plus grande autonomia administrative. Le movimento national albanese includeva correntes differente, desde le defensa del integritate territorial del Imperio Ottoman usque al reclamation de autonomia e independentia. ==== Revoltas e crise del Imperio Ottoman ==== Durante le initio del seculo XX, le debilitamento del Imperio Ottoman e le conflictos in le Balcanes augmentava le tensiones politic. Le [[Revolution del Jovene Turcos]] de 1908 inicialmente creava expectationes de reformas e de equalitate inter le citatanos del imperio, ma le relationes inter le nationalistas albanese e le governamento deveniva rapidemente plus difficile. Le revoltas albanese de 1910–1912 reclamava le recognition del lingua, reformas administrative e autonomia. In 1912, le rebellion se expandiva in diverse regiones, e le debilitamento militar Ottoman facilitava le successos del insurgentes. Le [[Prime Guerra Balcanic]], initiate in octobre 1912, accelerava le crise. Le statos del [[Liga Balcanic]] attaccava le Imperio Ottoman e occupava partes importante del territorio europee del imperio. Le dirigentes albanese timeva que le terras habitate per albaneses esserea dividite inter Serbia, Montenegro e Grecia. == Etate contemporanee == === Declaration de independentia === Le 28 de novembre 1912, representantes albanese reunite in [[Vlora]] proclamava le independentia de Albania. [[Ismail Qemali]] deveniva le dirigente del governamento provisori, que cercava recognition international e le establimento de un administration national.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mhk.gov.al/en/?elemenfolio=pavijoni-i-pavaresise-2 |titulo=Hall of Independence of Albania (1912–1939) |sitioweb=National Historical Museum of Albania |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le independentia esseva proclamate in un momento de guerra e de incertezza territorial. Le conferentia international de Londra, reunite per le grande potentias europee, recognosceva Albania como un stato independente in 1913 e determinava su frontieras. Le decisiones lassava tamen un parte importante del population albanese foras del nove stato, specialmente in regiones que deveniva parte de Serbia, Montenegro e Grecia. === Prime annos del stato albanese === ==== Principato e instabilitate politic ==== In 1914, le grande potentias europee susteneva le establimento de un principato albanese sub [[Wilhelm de Wied]], un principe german. Ille arrivava in Albania in martio 1914, ma su governamento incontrava opposition interne e un situation de instabilitate politic e militar. Le rebellion e le conflictos regional debilitava le principato. Quando le Prime Guerra Mundial se expandiva, Wilhelm de Wied abandonava le pais in septembre 1914. Albania entrava in un periodo de fragmentation e occupation per diverse fortias estranier. ==== Prime Guerra Mundial ==== Durante le Prime Guerra Mundial, partes del territorio albanese esseva occupate per fortias austro-hungare, italian, grec e francese. Le frontieras e le administration local variava secundo le evolution del guerra. Le Conferentia de Pace de Paris post 1918 discutava le futuro del pais, e le independentia e le frontieras albanese esseva objecto de negotiationes inter le grande potentias. Le dirigentes albanese organisava le [[Congresso de Lushnja]] in januario 1920, que reafirmava le independentia e establiva un governamento national. Le capital esseva transferite a [[Tirana]] in 1920. Albania deveniva membro del [[Societate del Nationes]] in decembre del mesme anno, un passo importante pro le recognition international del stato. === Republica e Regno de Albania === ==== Ahmet Zogu e le prime republica ==== Durante le annos 1920, le politica albanese esseva marcate per rivalitates inter dirigentes, revoltas e instabilitate institutional. [[Fan Noli]] assumeva le direction del governamento in 1924 post un movimento politic que deponeva le governamento precedente, ma su administration durava poc tempore. [[Ahmet Zogu]] retornava al poter in decembre 1924 con supporto de fortias local e assistance exterior. In januario 1925, Albania esseva proclamate un republica, e Zogu deveniva presidente. Le governamento de Zogu reforçava le administration central e initiava reformas in le legislation, le education e le structura del stato. Nonobstante, le regime deveniva progressivemente autoritari e dependeva de plus in plus del supporto economic e politic italian. ==== Regno de Albania ==== Le 1 de septembre 1928, le assemblea constitutional proclamava le [[Regno de Albania]] e Ahmet Zogu assumeva le titulo de [[Zog I]]. Le monarchia cercava a consolidar le institutiones del stato, modernisar le infrastructura e reforçar le administration. Le relationes con Italia deveniva tamen plus importante e le economia albanese dependeva in grande mesura del prestites e investitiones italian. Le influentia de Roma super le governamento e le fortias armate cresceva durante le annos 1930. === Occupation italian e Secunde Guerra Mundial === ==== Invasion italian de 1939 ==== Le 7 de april 1939, le [[Italia fascista]] invadeva Albania. Le resistentia albanese non impediva le occupation, e le rege Zog fugiva del pais. Albania esseva incorporate in le sfera de controlo italian e, in 1939, le corona albanese esseva unite al corona italian. Le autoritates italian reorganisava le administration e promoveva projectos de infrastructura, ma le occupation limitava le independentia politic del pais. Le movimento de resistentia se developpava durante le guerra, con gruppos nationalistas e communistas que combatteva le fortias occupante. ==== Occupation german e resistentia ==== Post le armistitio italian con le Allies in septembre 1943, le fortias german occupava Albania. Le resistentia albanese cresceva, e le [[Movimento de Liberation National]] dominate per le communistas deveniva un del principal actores militar contra le occupation. Le resistance includeva etiam gruppos nationalistas como le [[Balli Kombëtar]], ben que le relationes inter le differentes movimientos esseva marcate per conflictos e rivalitates. Durante le ultime fases del guerra, le communistas acquireva le superioritate militar e politic. In novembre 1944, le fortias german se retirava e le movimento de liberation prendeva le controlo del major parte del pais. Albania sortiva del guerra con un governamento dominat per le communistas. === Republica Popular e regime communista === ==== Consolidation del poter communista ==== Post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, le governamento de [[Enver Hoxha]] establiva un regime communista de partito unic. In 1946, Albania deveniva officialmente le [[Republica Popular de Albania]]. Le stato nationalisava grande parte del industria, le banca e le proprietates major e initiava un processo de collectivisation agricole. Le regime suppressava le opposition politic, limitava le libertate religiose e establiva un forte systema de securitate interne. Numerose personas esseva incarcerate, executate o internate in campamentos de labor. Le ecclesias, moscheas e altere institutiones religiose esseva submittite a un controlo crescente. Le governamento promoveva le alfabetisation, le instruction public e le industrialisation, ma iste transformationes occurreva in un quadro de repression politic e de restricte libertates individual. ==== Relationes con le Union Sovietic e China ==== In le periodo postguerra, Albania manteneva relationes strette con le [[Union Sovietic]] e participava al organisationes del bloc communista. Durante le annos 1960, le relationes con [[Nikita Khrushchev]] e le direction sovietic se deteriorava, e Albania se separava politicmente del Union Sovietic. Le governamento de Hoxha establiva alora relationes plus strette con le [[Republica Popular de China]]. Le cooperation sino-albanese includeva assistentia economic e militar, ma le relationes se deteriorava etiam in le annos 1970, specialmente post le morte de [[Mao Zedong]] e le transformationes del politica chinese. Albania deveniva un del statos le plus isolate de Europa. Le governamento limitava le contactos con le exterior e promoveva un politica de autarchia, con effectos importante super le economia e le vita quotidian. ==== Atheismo de stato e isolation ==== In 1967, le regime initiateva un campania contra le religion organisate. Le institutiones religiose esseva claudite o transformate, e in 1976 le constitution declarava Albania un stato atheista. Le practica religiose esseva severemente restringite. Le governamento construiva etiam numerose bunkers militar, destinate a preparar le pais pro un invasion potential. Le isolation international, le controlo del information e le repression del opposition deveniva elementos central del systema politic. ==== Morte de Hoxha e reformas limitate ==== Enver Hoxha moriva in 1985 e esseva succedite per [[Ramiz Alia]]. Le nove dirigente manteneva le systema de partito unic, ma initiava gradualmente certe reformas economic e diplomatic. Le crise economic, le difficultates de approvisionamento e le cambiamentos in altere statos communistas europee augmentava le pression pro reformas plus profonde. Durante le fin del annos 1980, le societate albanese deveniva plus receptive al cambiamento politic. === Fin del communismo e transition democratic === ==== Protestas e multipartitismo ==== In 1990, protestas e mobilizationes studentes contribuiva al fin del monopolio politic del Partito del Labor de Albania. Le governamento acceptava le formation de partidos politic independente e organisava electiones multipartitic. In martio 1992, le [[Partito Democratic de Albania]] ganiava le electiones parlamentari e poneva fin al regime communista. Albania initiava un transition verso un economia de mercato e un systema politic multipartitic. Le transition esseva difficile. Le privatization, le debilitate del institutiones, le desempleo e le difficultates economic causava tensiones social e migration importante verso Grecia, Italia e altere paises europee. ==== Crise de 1997 ==== In 1997, le collapse de plure schemas de investition piramidal provocava un grave crise economic e social. Multe citatanos perdeva lor economias, e protestas e rebellion armate se expandiva in diverse partes del pais. Le stato perdeva temporaneamente le controlo de certe regiones, e le crise requireva un intervento international pro restaurar le ordine. Le electiones de 1997 conduceva al retorno al poter del Partito Socialista, durante que le pais tentava reconstruer su institutiones e su economia. === Albania e le guerra in Kosovo === Durante le guerra in [[Kosovo]] de 1998–1999, Albania supportava le population albanese de Kosovo e recipeva un grande numero de refugiatos. Le influxo de personas poneva pression super le infrastructuras e le servicios public, ma etiam reforçava le ligamines politic e social inter le albaneses del duo territorios. Le conflicto e le situation del Balcanes occidental deveniva un elemento central del politica exterior albanese. Albania promoveva le cooperation regional e le relationes con le [[NATO]], le [[Union Europee]] e le [[Statos Unite]]. === Albania in le seculo XXI === ==== Integration euro-atlantic ==== Post le fin del regime communista, Albania orientava su politica exterior verso le integration in institutiones euro-atlantic. Le pais aderiva al [[NATO]] le 1 de april 2009, deveniente le 28e membro del organisation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://arkiva.punetejashtme.gov.al/en/shqiperia-ne-nato/ |titulo=Albania in NATO |sitioweb=Ministerio pro Europa e Affaires Externe de Albania |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Albania presentava su requesta formal de adhesion al Union Europee in 2009 e recipeva le status de pais candidato in junio 2014. Le negotiationes de adhesion comenciava formalmente in julio 2022. Le processo include reformas in le administration public, le justitia, le lutte contra le corruption e le protection del derectos fundamental.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/countries/albania_en |titulo=Albania |sitioweb=Commission Europee |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> ==== Evolution politic e economic ==== Durante le annos 2000 e 2010, Albania experimentava reformas institutional e transformationes economic. Le servitios, le construction, le turismo e le commercio deveniva sectores importante, durante que le pais continuava a enfrentar problemas de corruption, migration, desempleo e inegalitate regional. In 2013, le coalition guidate per le Partito Socialista ganiava le electiones, e [[Edi Rama]] deveniva prime ministro. Le successive governamentos poneva le integration europee, le reformas del justitia e le disveloppamento economic inter lor objectivos principal. Le systema politic remaneva marcate per un forte competition inter le partidos principal, con controversias concernente le electiones, le independentia del institutiones e le lutte contra le corruption. ==== Terremoto de 2019 e pandemia ==== Le 26 de novembre 2019, un terremoto potente affectava le costa occidental de Albania, specialmente le regiones de [[Durres]] e [[Tirana]]. Le disastro causava mortes, ferimentos e damnos importante a edificios e infrastructuras. Le assistentia international e le reconstruction deveniva un del principal prioridades del governamento. Durante le pandemia de COVID-19 in 2020 e 2021, Albania adoptava mesuras de salute public e recipeva assistentia international. Le pandemia affectava le turismo, le activitate economic e le systema de sanitate, ben que le economia recuperava gradualmente durante le annos sequente. ==== Albania e le Union Europee ==== Le integration europee continua a esser un del principales orientationes del politica exterior albanese. Le negotiationes de adhesion tracta un large insimul de materias, includente le functionamento del institutiones democratic, le administration public, le economia, le protection del medio ambiente e le harmonisation del legislation con le derecto del Union Europee. Le progressos del negotiationes depende del evaluation del reformas e del accordo inter Albania e le statos membros del Union Europee. Le status de candidato e le negotiationes non significa que Albania es ja membro del Union. == Societate, lingua e identitate == Le lingua official de Albania es le [[albanese]], un lingua del ramo albanese del familia indoeuropee. Illa ha duo principales varietates dialectal, [[Gheg]] in le nord e [[Tosk]] in le sud. Le lingua standard moderne se basa principalmente super le varietate tosk, formalmente standardisate durante le seculo XX. Le population albanese es religiosemente diverse. Le communitates musulman, orthodoxe e catholic ha un longe historia in le pais, e le periodo communista ha lassate un hereditage de secularisation. Le identitate national albanese ha frequentemente accentuate le lingua e le cultura commun plus que un religion specific. Le diaspora albanese es importante in Grecia, Italia, Kosovo, Macedonia del Nord, Montenegro e in numerose paises de Europa occidental e del America del Nord. Le migration ha influentiate le economia, le vita familial e le relationes cultural del pais. == Patrimonio historic == Le patrimonio de Albania reflecte le succession de culturas e imperios que ha dominat o influentiate le region. Inter le principales sitos archeologic se trova [[Butrint]], un citate con restos grec, roman, bizantin e medieval; [[Apollonia]], un ancian colonia grec; e le vestigios del citates roman de Durres. Le centros historic de [[Berat]] e [[Gjirokastër]] es recognoscite como patrimonio mundial per le [[UNESCO]] pro lor architectura historic e lor valor cultural. Le castellos, ecclesias, moscheas, pontes e edificios Ottoman del pais representa etiam le diversitate del historia albanese. Le historia de Albania es assi marcate per le interaction inter traditiones local, influentias mediterranee e balcanic, dominationes estranier e movimentos national. Le creation del stato independente in 1912 e le transformationes politic del seculo XX ha defined le structura del Albania contemporanee. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Albania| ]] ker2h8mttk0z4p3l1s34v0wrt73ispo 14 62329 704697 2026-10-17T20:16:33Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Albania]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]]” 704697 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Albania]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] ng1ue5i9vtuf4qisfpa6bd9xgvavzhn 0 62330 704699 2026-10-17T20:18:48Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Turchia''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Turchia]], situate principalmente in [[Anatolia]] e, in parte, in [[Thrace Oriental]]. Per su position inter Europa e Asia, iste territorio ha essite un puncto de incontro inter populos, imperios, religiones e traditiones cultural. Su historia comprende le civilisationes del Antiquitate, le domination roman e bizantin, le expansion del populos turc...” 704699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Turchia''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Turchia]], situate principalmente in [[Anatolia]] e, in parte, in [[Thrace Oriental]]. Per su position inter Europa e Asia, iste territorio ha essite un puncto de incontro inter populos, imperios, religiones e traditiones cultural. Su historia comprende le civilisationes del Antiquitate, le domination roman e bizantin, le expansion del populos turcic, le [[Imperio Selgiuchide]], le [[Imperio Ottoman]] e, desde 1923, le Republica de Turchia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anatolia |titulo=Anatolia: Historical region, Asia |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le historia del territorio debe esser distinguite del historia del populos turcic. Le lingua e le identitate turcic se diffundeva desde partes de Asia Central verso Anatolia durante le Medievo. Le populationes que habitava le peninsula ante e durante iste migrationes includeva hittitas, phrygios, grecos, armenios, assyrios, kurdos e altere communitates. Le formation del actual stato turc resulta de un longe processo historic, marcate per migrationes, conquestas, transformationes religiose e cultural, reformas politic e le dissolution del Imperio Ottoman post le Prime Guerra Mundial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire |titulo=Ottoman Empire |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Turchia ha un del historias de habitation human le plus ancian del mundo. Le restos archeologic trovate in Anatolia e in le regiones circumjacente demonstra habitation desde le Palaeolithico e le developpamento de communitates sedentari durante le Neolithico. Un del sitios archeologic le plus importante es [[Göbekli Tepe]], in le sud-est del pais. Le complexe comprende structuras monumentale construite circa in le decime e le none millennios a.C. e es importante pro le studio del societates de cacciatores e collectores e del origines del practicas ritual collective. Le settlement de [[Çatalhöyük]], in Anatolia central, es un altere exemplo importante del Neolithico. Su habitationes dense, pinturas, objectos ritual e restos de production agricole provide information super le organisation social e economic del communitates sedentari. Durante le millennios sequente, le agricultura, le allevamento, le production de ceramica e le commercio se diffundeva in le peninsula. Le contactos con Mesopotamia, le Caucaso e le region del Egeo contribuiva al circulation de technicas e de objectos. == Antiquitate == === Civilisationes del Antiquitate === ==== Hittitas ==== Durante le secunde millennio a.C., le [[Hittitas]] fundava un del principal imperios del Antiquitate in Anatolia. Lor capital esseva [[Hattusa]], situate in le actual provincia de Çorum. Le Imperio Hittita deveniva un potentia major del Near Oriente e manteneva relationes diplomatic e militar con Egipto, Assyria e altere regnos. Le [[Batalla de Kadesh]], circa 1274 a.C., opposeva le fortias hittita de [[Muwatalli II]] al exercito egyptee de [[Ramses II]]. Un tractato de pace posterior es considerate un del exemplos plus ancian cognoscite de diplomatia international. Durante le seculo XII a.C., le structuras politic hittita se disintegrava in le quadro del crises que affectava grande parte del Mediterraneo oriental. Plure statos neo-hittita continuava tamen a existir in partes del sud e sud-est de Anatolia. ==== Phrygios, Lydios e Urartu ==== Post le fin del principal regno hittita, plure populos e statos dominava partes del peninsula. Le [[Phrygios]] establiva centros politic in Anatolia occidental e central; lor capital esseva [[Gordium]]. Le [[Lydios]], con centro in [[Sardes]], deveniva importante per lor commercio e per le uso de monetas metallic. In le est, le regno de [[Urartu]] developpava un organisation politic e militar centrate in le region del lac de Van. Le statos de [[Caria]], [[Lycia]] e [[Cilicia]] contribuiva etiam al diversitate cultural e politic del region. Le contactos inter iste populationes, le mundo mesopotamic e le culturas del Egeo faceva de Anatolia un region de grande pluralitate linguistic e religiose. ==== Colonias grec e Persia ==== Desde circa le prime millennio a.C., coloni grec fundava citates al costa occidental de Anatolia. Inter le plus importante se trovava [[Mileto]], [[Epheso]], [[Smyrna]] e [[Halicarnasso]]. Iste citates deveniva centros de commercio, philosophia, scientia e cultura del mundo grec. In le seculo VI a.C., le [[Imperio Aquemenide]] incorporava grande parte de Anatolia. Le regiones costal e le citates grec entrava in contacto con le administration persian, durante que altere partes del peninsula conservava organisationes local. Post le [[Guerras Greco-Persian]], le citates grec continuava a participar in le conflictos e transformationes politic del Mediterraneo oriental. ==== Conquista macedonic e periodo hellenistic ==== In 334 a.C., [[Alexandro le Grande]] initiava su invasion del Imperio Aquemenide. Le conquista de Anatolia esseva un del prime phases de su expedition militar, que terminava con le disintegration del imperio persian. Post le morte de Alexandro in 323 a.C., su territorio esseva dividite inter plure successores. In Anatolia, le regnos hellenistic, includente le [[Regno de Pergamo]] e le [[Regno de Pontus]], exerceva un rolo importante. Le cultura grec se diffundeva in le citates e in le administration, frequentemente in combination con traditiones local. == Medievo == === Anatolia roman e bizantin === ==== Expansion roman ==== Durante le seculos II e I a.C., le [[Republica Roman]] extendiva su dominio super Anatolia. Le [[Regno de Pergamo]] esseva legate a Roma per testamento in 133 a.C., e le territorio esseva gradualmente integrate in le systema provincial roman. Le citates de Anatolia prosperava como centros de commercio, administration e cultura. Le construction de vias, aqueductos, theatros e edificios public facilitava le integration del region in le mundo roman. Le christianismo se diffundeva durante le prime seculos del era commun. Citates como [[Epheso]], [[Nicaea]] e [[Antiochia]] deveniva importante in le historia del prime ecclesias christian. Diverses concilios ecclesiastic importante esseva celebratos in citates del actual Turchia, includente le [[Concilio de Nicaea]] in 325 e le [[Concilio de Chalcedon]] in 451. ==== Constantinopla e le Imperio Bizantin ==== In 324, le imperator [[Constantino le Grande]] seligeva [[Byzantium]] como sito pro un nove capital imperial. Le citate esseva inaugurate in 330 sub le nomine de [[Constantinopla]], e deveniva le centro politic del [[Imperio Roman Oriental]], generalmente cognoscite como [[Imperio Bizantin]]. Post le division permanente del Imperio Roman in 395, Anatolia remaneva un parte central del imperio oriental. Constantinopla deveniva un del principal centros politic, economic e religiose del mundo medieval. Le Imperio Bizantin conservava multe institutiones administrative e juridic roman. Le lingua grec deveniva gradualmente dominante in le administration, e le christianismo orthodoxe assumeva un position central in le cultura imperial. Durante plure seculos, Anatolia formava le nucleo territorial del imperio. Le guerras con Persia, le expansion arabe e le conflictos interne modificava tamen le frontieras e le capacitate del stato. Le invasiones e settlementes de populationes slave transformava etiam partes del Balcanes durante le prime Medievo. === Arrivo del populos turcic === ==== Selgiuchidas e le Batalla de Manzikert ==== Desde le seculo XI, gruppos turcic proveniente de Asia Central e del regiones iranian se diffundeva verso Anatolia. Le [[Selgiuchidas]] establiva un grande potentia politic in le Near Oriente e extendiva su influentia verso le territorio bizantin. Le [[Batalla de Manzikert]], in 1071, terminava con le victoria del exercito selgiuchide super le fortias bizantin del imperator [[Romanus IV Diogenes]]. Le battalia accelerava le expansion turcic in Anatolia, ben que le transformation del region in un territorio majoritariamente turcophone esseva un processo de plure seculos. Le [[Sultanato de Rum]] deveniva un importante stato musulman con centros politic in Nicaea e, ulteriormente, [[Iconium]] (hodie [[Konya]]). Le cultura selgiuchide combinava influentias turcic, persian e islamic e produceva monumentos architectonic, institutiones educational e centros commercial. Le populationes grec, armenie, syriac e altere continuava a habitar le peninsula insimul con le nove communitates turcic. Le transformation demografic e cultural variava considerabilemente secundo le region. ==== Invasion mongol e beyliks ==== Durante le seculo XIII, le [[Imperio Mongol]] extendiva su dominio in le Near Oriente. Le victoria mongol in le [[Batalla de Köse Dağ]] in 1243 debilitava le Sultanato de Rum, que deveniva dependente del potere mongol. Le disintegration progressive del autoritate selgiuchide facilitava le apparition de numerose principatos turcic independente, cognoscite como [[beyliks]]. Un de iste principatos, situate in Anatolia nord-occidental, deveniva le nucleo del futur Imperio Ottoman. == Etate moderne == === Imperio Ottoman === ==== Origines e expansion initial ==== Le [[Imperio Ottoman]] deriva su nomine de [[Osman I]], dirigente de un principato turcic in Anatolia nord-occidental al fin del seculo XIII. Su successores extendiva le territorio per conquestas, alianças e incorporation de altere principatos. In 1326, le Ottomanos conquistava [[Bursa]], que deveniva un del prime capitales del stato. In le seculo XIV, illes passava in Europa e establiva bases in le Balcanes. [[Edirne]] deveniva un importante capital del imperio ante le conquista de Constantinopla. Le expansion Ottoman esseva facilitate per un combination de organisation militar, integration de territorios e cooperation con diverse gruppos local. Le stato deveniva gradualmente un potentia regional in Anatolia e in Europa sud-oriental. ==== Conquista de Constantinopla ==== Le 29 de maio 1453, le sultan [[Mehmed II]] conquistava Constantinopla post un assedio. Le evento poneva fin al Imperio Bizantin e transformava le citate in le capital del Imperio Ottoman. Constantinopla, ulteriormente cognoscite como Istanbul, deveniva un del principal centros politic e cultural del Mediterraneo. Le Ottomanos restaurava edificios bizantin e construiva moscheas, palatios, bazares e altere infrastructuras urban. Le imperio incorporava gradualmente territorios in le Balcanes, le Mar Nere e Anatolia. Le conquista de Trebizond in 1461 eliminava un altere stato successor del mundo bizantin. ==== Expansion del seculos XV e XVI ==== Durante le seculos XV e XVI, le Imperio Ottoman extendiva su dominio in le Balcanes, le Near Oriente, le Africa del Nord e partes del Mediterraneo. Le sultan [[Selim I]] extendiva le dominio Ottoman verso Syria e Egipto in 1516–1517, incorporante territorios que habeva essite sub le Sultanato Mameluco. Sub [[Suleiman le Magnific]], qui regnava inter 1520 e 1566, le imperio attingeva un del apices de su potentia. Le exercitos Ottoman operava in Europa central e in le Mediterraneo, durante que le administration imperial developpava su systemas fiscal, juridic e provincial. Le Imperio Ottoman esseva un stato multilingue e multireligiose. Su population includeva turcicos, arabes, grecos, armenios, kurdos, judee, slavos e numerose altere communitates. Le administration recognosceva differente communitates religiose, ben que lor derectos e obligationes non esseva sempre equal e variava secundo le epocha e le region. ==== Evolution del imperio e perdita de territorios ==== Durante le seculo XVII, le Imperio Ottoman continuava a esser un grande potentia, ma affrontava guerras costose, difficultates fiscal e conflictos interne. Le assedio de Vienna in 1683 terminava con un disastro militar Ottoman e esseva sequite per guerras contra un coalition europee. Le [[Tractato de Karlowitz]] de 1699 marcava le perdita de grande territorios in Europa central, specialmente in favor del Monarchia Habsburg. Le imperio remaneva tamen un actor important in le Mediterraneo oriental e in le Near Oriente. Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le autoritates Ottoman initiava reformas militar e administrative pro responder al transformationes del potentias europee. Le resultatos esseva inegual, e le imperio continuava a perder territorios durante guerras con Russia e altere statos. ==== Reformas del seculo XIX ==== Le reformas cognoscite como [[Tanzimat]] comenciava formalmente in 1839. Illas tentava modernisar le administration, le systema fiscal, le education, le armata e le legislation, e establir un quadro juridic plus uniforme pro le subjectos del imperio. Le reformatores cercava etiam a reforçar le autoritate central e a limitar le autonomia de potentias provincial. Le execution del reformas variava inter le regiones e incontrava opposition interne. Le [[Guerra de Crimea]] (1853–1856) opposeva Russia a un coalition que includeva le Imperio Ottoman, le Regno Unite e Francia. Le conflictos del seculo XIX e le expansion del nationalismos in Europa sud-oriental debilitava ulteriormente le imperio. ==== Constitution e Jovene Turcos ==== In 1876, le sultan [[Abdülhamid II]] proclamava un constitution e un parlamento. Le experimento constitutional esseva breve: le parlamento esseva suspendite in 1878, e le sultan consolidava un governamento autoritari. Le [[Revolution del Jovene Turcos]] de 1908 restabliva le constitution e le parlamento. Le movimento comprendeva diverse correntes politic que voleva reformar le imperio e limitar le autoritate absolute del sultan. In 1909, Abdülhamid II esseva depostate e succedite per [[Mehmed V]]. Le politica Ottoman remaneva instabile, con conflictos inter factiones politic e le continuation de guerras e pression international. == Etate contemporanee == === Prime Guerra Mundial e fin del Imperio Ottoman === ==== Entrata in le guerra ==== Le Imperio Ottoman entrava in le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] in 1914 al latere del [[Imperio German]] e del [[Imperio Austro-Hungar]]. Le guerra involveva le frontieras del Caucaso, Mesopotamia, Palestina e le Dardanellos. Le [[Campania de Gallipoli]] de 1915–1916 terminava con le retirada del fortias alleate que tentava superar le straitos e attinger Constantinopla. In altere frontes, le exercitos Ottoman suffreva importante perdas territorial e human. ==== Genocidio armenie e altere persecutiones ==== Durante 1915–1917, le autoritates Ottoman deportava e massacra grande parte del population armenie del imperio. Le deportationes, le marchas forzate, le executiones e le conditiones mortifere causava le morte de un numero enorme de armenios. Le major parte del historiographia international qualifica iste eventos como le Genocidio Armenie. Le autoritates turc contemporanee contesta le qualification juridic de genocidio e disputa certe interpretationes del eventos; iste controversia continua a esser un subjecto de memoria historic e de relationes international. Altere communitates, includente assyrios e grecos, suffreva etiam persecutiones, deportationes e massacres durante le guerra e le disintegration del imperio. Le circumstantias e le extension del violentia variava secundo le communitate e le region. ==== Armistitie e partition proponite ==== Le Imperio Ottoman firmava un armistitie con le Allies in octobre 1918. Post le guerra, le potencias victoriose occupava partes del territorio Ottoman e proponeva un partition del imperio. Le [[Tractato de Sèvres]] de 1920 prevedeva un reduction importante del territorio Ottoman e diverse arrangiamentos international. Le movimento national emergente in Anatolia refusava le tractato e initiava un guerra pro impedir le partition e establir un nove stato independent. === Guerra de independentia e fundation del Republica === ==== Movimento national turc ==== Post le armistitie de 1918, [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] deveniva un del principales dirigentes del movimento national turc. In 1919, ille organisava le opposition al occupationes e al planos de partition. Le Grande Assemblea National se reuniva in [[Ankara]] le 23 de april 1920 e se proclamava le autoritate representative del movimento national. Le fortias national combatteva contra le exercitos grec in Anatolia occidental e contra altere fortias in diverse frontes. Le [[Guerra Greco-Turc (1919–1922)|Guerra Greco-Turc]] terminava con le victoria del nationalistas turc e le recapture de [[Izmir]] in septembre 1922. ==== Abolition del Sultanato e Tractato de Lausanne ==== Le 1 de novembre 1922, le Grande Assemblea National aboliva le sultanato, ponente fin al institution monarchic Ottoman. Le [[Tractato de Lausanne]], signate le 24 de julio 1923, establiva le recognition international del nove stato turc e definiva le bases de su suverenitate territorial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/treaty-with-turkey-and-other-instruments-signed-at-lausanne.en.mfa |titulo=Treaty with Turkey and Other Instruments Signed at Lausanne |sitioweb=Ministerio de Affaires Externe de Turchia |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Tractato de Lausanne substitueva le Tractato de Sèvres e regulava etiam questiones relative al straitos, al relationes con le statos vicin e al exchange de populationes inter Grecia e Turchia. Le exchange organisate in 1923 transferiva centos de milles de personas inter le duo paises, con exceptiones specific pro certe communitates. ==== Proclamation del Republica ==== Le Republica de Turchia esseva proclamate le 29 de octobre 1923, con Ankara como capital. Mustafa Kemal deveniva le prime presidente e le nove stato initiava un programma de transformation institutional, juridic, educational e cultural. Le abolition del caliphato, le adoption de un codice civil inspirate per modelos europee, le reforma del alphabet turc in 1928 e le expansion del education public formava parte del programma de reformas associate a Atatürk. Le reformas includeva etiam le extension del derectos politic del feminas: le feminas obteneva le derecto de voto in electiones municipal in 1930 e in electiones national in 1934. Le nove Republica adopteva un conception secular del stato e cercava a establir un identitate national turc commun. Iste transformationes modernisava numerose institutiones, ma esseva effectuate in un quadro politic de partito unic e con repression de certe oppositiones politic e movimentos regional. === Republica de Turchia: 1923–1945 === ==== Regime de partito unic e reformas ==== Durante le prime decennios del Republica, le [[Partito Republican del Populo]] (CHP), fundate per Atatürk, dominava le vita politic. Le governamento promoveva le industrialisation, le centralisation administrative, le education laic e le adoption de symbolos national commun. Le reformas del lingua e del scriptura habeva un rolo central. In 1928, le alphabet latin substitueva le scriptura arabic in le lingua turc official. Le Lege del Cognomines de 1934 requireva cognomines familiar standardisate; le parlamento attribueva a Mustafa Kemal le cognomine honorific Atatürk, significante «Patre del Turcos». Le politica de centralisation causava conflictos con parte del populationes kurd e con altere gruppos que resisteva al assimilation cultural o al autoritate del stato. Le rebellion de Sheikh Said in 1925 e le operationes de Dersim in 1937–1938 es exemplos de iste tensiones. ==== Politica exterior ante le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==== Le Republica cercava a consolidar su independentia e a evitar un nove guerra de grande scala. Le governamento developpava relationes diplomatic con statos europee e con le Union Sovietic, durante que accordos regional contribuiva al securitate del straitos e del frontieras. Turchia manteneva un politica de neutralitate durante le major parte del [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]. In februario 1945, illo declarava le guerra contra Germania e Japonia, principalement in le contexto del conditiones diplomatic pro participar in le organisation international postguerra. === Democratization e colpos militar === ==== Transition al multipartitismo ==== Post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Turchia initiava un transition verso un systema multipartitic. Le electiones de 1950 conduceva al victoria del [[Partito Democratic (Turchia)|Partito Democratic]], que poneva fin al governamento continuate del CHP. Sub le prime ministro [[Adnan Menderes]], le economia cresceva durante certe annos e le vita religiose deveniva plus visibile in le spatio public. Nonobstante, le opposition politic, le presse e altere institutiones denunciava un crescent autoritarismo del governamento. ==== Colpo militar de 1960 ==== Le 27 de maio 1960, le fortias armate deponeva Menderes e su governamento. Un junta militar assumeva le poter e organisava un nove constitution. Menderes e duo ministros esseva processate e executate in 1961. Le colpo establiva un precedente de intervention militar in le politica turc. Le constitution de 1961 introduceva nove institutiones e un quadro plus ample de derectos, ma le relation inter le autoritate civil e le militares remaneva un fonte de tension. ==== Instabilitate politic e colpo de 1971 ==== Durante le annos 1960 e 1970, Turchia experimentava polarisation politic, conflictos inter gruppos de sinistra e de derecta, difficultates economic e violentia politic. Le 12 de martio 1971, le chefes militar presentava un memorandum que conduceva al resignation del prime ministro [[Süleyman Demirel]]. Le periodo sequente esseva marcate per governamentos instabile, repression politic e interventiones del apparato securitari. Le crise economic e le confrontationes social continuava durante le fin del decennio. ==== Colpo de 1980 ==== Le 12 de septembre 1980, le armata prendeva le poter per un nove colpo militar. Le governamento militar dissolveva le parlamento, suspendiva le activitate del partidos politic e arrestava numerose activistas e dirigentes. Le periodo esseva marcate per tortura, detentiones e restriction del libertates politic. Le constitution de 1982, adoptate durante le regime militar, establi un nove quadro institutional con un forte autoritate executive e limitationes super le activitate politic. Le governamento civil esseva restabilite post le electiones de 1983, organisate sub conditiones definite per le regime militar. === Liberalisation economic e relationes international === ==== Annis 1980 e 1990 ==== Durante le governamento de [[Turgut Özal]], Turchia initiava reformas economic orientate al mercatos, al exportation e al integration in le economia global. Le liberalisation transformava le structura del economia, augmentava le importantia del industria manufacturiera e expandiva le relationes commercial international. Le pais continuava a experimentar tensiones politic, conflictos inter le partidos e interventiones militar indirecte. In 1997, un intervention del chefes militar e del institutiones secular contra le governamento de [[Necmettin Erbakan]] conduceva a su resignation, evento frequentemente designate como le «processo del 28 de februario». ==== Turchia e le Union Europee ==== Turchia deveniva membro associate del Communitate Economic Europee in 1963 e presentava un requesta de adhesion al Union Europee in 1987. In 1999, le Consilio Europee accordava al pais le status de candidato, e in 2005 comenciava formalmente le negotiationes de adhesion. Le relationes con le Union Europee ha essite influentiate per reformas juridic e politic, le question cipriota, le derectos human, le independentia del justitia e le evolution del systema politic turc. Le negotiationes non ha conducite usque al adhesion e le relationes ha devenite plus complexe durante le seculo XXI. === Era contemporanee === ==== Governamentos del Partito de Justitia e Disveloppamento ==== In 2002, le [[Partito de Justitia e Disveloppamento]] (AKP) ganiava le electiones parlamentari. [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] deveniva prime ministro in 2003 e, postea, presidente in 2014. Durante le prime annos del governamento del AKP, Turchia experimentava crescimento economic, reformas institutional e negotiationes de adhesion al Union Europee. Le governamento promoveva etiam projectos de infrastructura e expansion del servicios public. Durante le annos sequente, le relation inter le governamento, le opposition, le presse e le institutiones judicial deveniva un del principal questiones del politica turc. Le grado de independentia del institutiones, le libertate de expression e le concentration del poter executive ha essite objecto de debatte e de criticas per organisationes national e international. ==== Protestas de Gezi e tentativa de colpo de 2016 ==== In 2013, protestas comenciate in le [[Parco Gezi]] de Istanbul se expandiva a altere citates. Le mobilization initiava in opposition al projecto de transformation urban del parco, ma deveniva un protesto plus large contra le governamento e su methodos de administration. Le 15 de julio 2016, un faction del Fortias Armate tentava un colpo de stato. Le tentativa esseva reprimite e causava mortes e ferimentos. Le governamento accusava le movimento associate al predicator [[Fethullah Gülen]] de esser responsabile; Gülen negava implication. Post le tentativa, le autoritates declarava un stato de emergentia e effectua un grande serie de purgas, detentiones e removimentos in le administration, le armata, le education e le medios de communication. ==== Reforma del systema politic ==== In 2017, un referendo constitutional approbava un transition desde le systema parlamentar verso un systema presidencial executive. Le nove systema entrava plenemente in vigor post le electiones de 2018, concentrante le functiones executive in le presidente e supprimente le cargo de prime ministro. Le reforma esseva defendite per su fautores como un medio de stabilisar le governamento e augmentar le efficacia executive. Le oppositores e diverse observatores exprimiva timores concernente le concentration del poter e le reduction del contrapesos institutional. ==== Economia e societate ==== Le economia turc ha continuate a combinar industria, agricultura, turismo, construction e servicios. Istanbul remane un importante centro financiari e commercial, durante que Ankara es le capital politic e administrative. Le pais ha affrontate periodos de inflation elevate, depreciation del moneta, difficultates de costo de vita e debattos super le direction del politica economic. Le terremotos del 6 de februario 2023, que affectava le sud-est de Turchia e partes de Syria, causava destruction extensive e un grande numero de mortes e displaciamentos. Le reconstruction deveniva un del principales questiones public del annos sequente. == Identitate national e diversitate == Le identitate national turc se formava in le quadro del dissolution del Imperio Ottoman e del creation del Republica. Le lingua turc standardisate e le institutiones republican habeva un rolo central in le construction del stato national. Tamen, Turchia continua a esser un societate diverse. Le population include communitates kurd, arabe, armenie, grec, assyrie, circassie e altere gruppos. Le question del derectos linguistic e cultural, le memoria del violencias historic e le relation inter le stato e le minoritates remane aspectos importante del vita politic e social. Le historia del [[Genocidio Armenie]], le deportationes e massacres del annos 1915–1917 e le memoria del communitates christian del Imperio Ottoman continua a influentiar le relationes inter Turchia e Armenia e le debates super memoria historic. Le interpretationes official e le recognitiones international differente remane un subjecto de controversia. == Cultura e patrimonio historic == Le patrimonio historic de Turchia reflecte le succession de civilisationes e imperios que ha occupate le territorio. Le sitos de [[Troia]], [[Hattusa]], [[Epheso]], [[Pergamo]] e [[Göbekli Tepe]] documenta phases differente del historia del region. Istanbul conserva monumentos del periodo bizantin e Ottoman, includente [[Hagia Sophia]], le [[Palatio de Topkapı]] e le [[Moschea Sultan Ahmed]]. Le architectura selgiuchide es visibile in citates como Konya e Sivas, durante que le traditiones Ottoman se manifesta in moscheas, caravanserraglios, pontes e edificios public. Le patrimonio cultural include etiam le musica, le litteratura, le gastronomia, le artes artisanal e le traditiones regional. Le historia turc contemporanee es assi le resultato non solmente del transformationes del stato, ma etiam del contactos e del intercambio inter le communitates del peninsula. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Turchia| ]] gbgu22c72h3rwm8nvgcizuvd0k5fx62 704744 704699 2026-10-18T07:35:00Z Interlingvisto 60932 704744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Turchia''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Turchia]], situate principalmente in [[Anatolia]] e, in parte, in [[Thrace Oriental]]. Per su position inter Europa e Asia, iste territorio ha essite un puncto de incontro inter populos, imperios, religiones e traditiones cultural. Su historia comprende le civilisationes del Antiquitate, le domination roman e bizantin, le expansion del populos turcic, le [[Imperio Selgiuchide]], le [[Imperio Ottoman]] e, desde 1923, le Republica de Turchia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anatolia |titulo=Anatolia: Historical region, Asia |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le historia del territorio debe esser distinguite del historia del populos turcic. Le lingua e le identitate turcic se diffundeva desde partes de Asia Central verso Anatolia durante le Medievo. Le populationes que habitava le peninsula ante e durante iste migrationes includeva hittitas, phrygios, grecos, armenios, assyrios, kurdos e altere communitates. Le formation del actual stato turc resulta de un longe processo historic, marcate per migrationes, conquestas, transformationes religiose e cultural, reformas politic e le dissolution del Imperio Ottoman post le Prime Guerra Mundial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire |titulo=Ottoman Empire |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Turchia ha un del historias de habitation human le plus ancian del mundo. Le restos archeologic trovate in Anatolia e in le regiones circumjacente demonstra habitation desde le Palaeolithico e le developpamento de communitates sedentari durante le Neolithico. Un del sitios archeologic le plus importante es [[Göbekli Tepe]], in le sud-est del pais. Le complexe comprende structuras monumentale construite circa in le decime e le none millennios a.C. e es importante pro le studio del societates de cacciatores e collectores e del origines del practicas ritual collective. Le settlement de [[Çatalhöyük]], in Anatolia central, es un altere exemplo importante del Neolithico. Su habitationes dense, pinturas, objectos ritual e restos de production agricole provide information super le organisation social e economic del communitates sedentari. Durante le millennios sequente, le agricultura, le allevamento, le production de ceramica e le commercio se diffundeva in le peninsula. Le contactos con Mesopotamia, le Caucaso e le region del Egeo contribuiva al circulation de technicas e de objectos. == Antiquitate == === Civilisationes del Antiquitate === ==== Hittitas ==== Durante le secunde millennio a.C., le [[Hittitas]] fundava un del principal imperios del Antiquitate in Anatolia. Lor capital esseva [[Hattusa]], situate in le actual provincia de Çorum. Le Imperio Hittita deveniva un potentia major del Near Oriente e manteneva relationes diplomatic e militar con Egipto, Assyria e altere regnos. Le [[Batalla de Kadesh]], circa 1274 a.C., opposeva le fortias hittita de [[Muwatalli II]] al exercito egyptee de [[Ramses II]]. Un tractato de pace posterior es considerate un del exemplos plus ancian cognoscite de diplomatia international. Durante le seculo XII a.C., le structuras politic hittita se disintegrava in le quadro del crises que affectava grande parte del Mediterraneo oriental. Plure statos neo-hittita continuava tamen a existir in partes del sud e sud-est de Anatolia. ==== Phrygios, Lydios e Urartu ==== Post le fin del principal regno hittita, plure populos e statos dominava partes del peninsula. Le [[Phrygios]] establiva centros politic in Anatolia occidental e central; lor capital esseva [[Gordium]]. Le [[Lydios]], con centro in [[Sardes]], deveniva importante per lor commercio e per le uso de monetas metallic. In le est, le regno de [[Urartu]] developpava un organisation politic e militar centrate in le region del lac de Van. Le statos de [[Caria]], [[Lycia]] e [[Cilicia]] contribuiva etiam al diversitate cultural e politic del region. Le contactos inter iste populationes, le mundo mesopotamic e le culturas del Egeo faceva de Anatolia un region de grande pluralitate linguistic e religiose. ==== Colonias grec e Persia ==== Desde circa le prime millennio a.C., coloni grec fundava citates al costa occidental de Anatolia. Inter le plus importante se trovava [[Mileto]], [[Epheso]], [[Smyrna]] e [[Halicarnasso]]. Iste citates deveniva centros de commercio, philosophia, scientia e cultura del mundo grec. In le seculo VI a.C., le [[Imperio Aquemenide]] incorporava grande parte de Anatolia. Le regiones costal e le citates grec entrava in contacto con le administration persian, durante que altere partes del peninsula conservava organisationes local. Post le [[Guerras Greco-Persian]], le citates grec continuava a participar in le conflictos e transformationes politic del Mediterraneo oriental. ==== Conquista macedonic e periodo hellenistic ==== In 334 a.C., [[Alexandro le Grande]] initiava su invasion del Imperio Aquemenide. Le conquista de Anatolia esseva un del prime phases de su expedition militar, que terminava con le disintegration del imperio persian. Post le morte de Alexandro in 323 a.C., su territorio esseva dividite inter plure successores. In Anatolia, le regnos hellenistic, includente le [[Regno de Pergamo]] e le [[Regno de Pontus]], exerceva un rolo importante. Le cultura grec se diffundeva in le citates e in le administration, frequentemente in combination con traditiones local. == Medievo == === Anatolia roman e bizantin === ==== Expansion roman ==== Durante le seculos II e I a.C., le [[Republica Roman]] extendiva su dominio super Anatolia. Le [[Regno de Pergamo]] esseva legate a Roma per testamento in 133 a.C., e le territorio esseva gradualmente integrate in le systema provincial roman. Le citates de Anatolia prosperava como centros de commercio, administration e cultura. Le construction de vias, aqueductos, theatros e edificios public facilitava le integration del region in le mundo roman. Le christianismo se diffundeva durante le prime seculos del era commun. Citates como [[Epheso]], [[Nicaea]] e [[Antiochia]] deveniva importante in le historia del prime ecclesias christian. Diverses concilios ecclesiastic importante esseva celebratos in citates del actual Turchia, includente le [[Concilio de Nicaea]] in 325 e le [[Concilio de Chalcedon]] in 451. ==== Constantinopla e le Imperio Bizantin ==== In 324, le imperator [[Constantino le Grande]] seligeva [[Byzantium]] como sito pro un nove capital imperial. Le citate esseva inaugurate in 330 sub le nomine de [[Constantinopla]], e deveniva le centro politic del [[Imperio Roman Oriental]], generalmente cognoscite como [[Imperio Bizantin]]. Post le division permanente del Imperio Roman in 395, Anatolia remaneva un parte central del imperio oriental. Constantinopla deveniva un del principal centros politic, economic e religiose del mundo medieval. Le Imperio Bizantin conservava multe institutiones administrative e juridic roman. Le lingua grec deveniva gradualmente dominante in le administration, e le christianismo orthodoxe assumeva un position central in le cultura imperial. Durante plure seculos, Anatolia formava le nucleo territorial del imperio. Le guerras con Persia, le expansion arabe e le conflictos interne modificava tamen le frontieras e le capacitate del stato. Le invasiones e settlementes de populationes slave transformava etiam partes del Balcanes durante le prime Medievo. === Arrivo del populos turcic === ==== Selgiuchidas e le Batalla de Manzikert ==== Desde le seculo XI, gruppos turcic proveniente de Asia Central e del regiones iranian se diffundeva verso Anatolia. Le [[Selgiuchidas]] establiva un grande potentia politic in le Near Oriente e extendiva su influentia verso le territorio bizantin. Le [[Batalla de Manzikert]], in 1071, terminava con le victoria del exercito selgiuchide super le fortias bizantin del imperator [[Romanus IV Diogenes]]. Le battalia accelerava le expansion turcic in Anatolia, ben que le transformation del region in un territorio majoritariamente turcophone esseva un processo de plure seculos. Le [[Sultanato de Rum]] deveniva un importante stato musulman con centros politic in Nicaea e, ulteriormente, [[Iconium]] (hodie [[Konya]]). Le cultura selgiuchide combinava influentias turcic, persian e islamic e produceva monumentos architectonic, institutiones educational e centros commercial. Le populationes grec, armenie, syriac e altere continuava a habitar le peninsula insimul con le nove communitates turcic. Le transformation demografic e cultural variava considerabilemente secundo le region. ==== Invasion mongol e beyliks ==== Durante le seculo XIII, le [[Imperio Mongol]] extendiva su dominio in le Near Oriente. Le victoria mongol in le [[Batalla de Köse Dağ]] in 1243 debilitava le Sultanato de Rum, que deveniva dependente del potere mongol. Le disintegration progressive del autoritate selgiuchide facilitava le apparition de numerose principatos turcic independente, cognoscite como [[beyliks]]. Un de iste principatos, situate in Anatolia nord-occidental, deveniva le nucleo del futur Imperio Ottoman. == Etate moderne == === Imperio Ottoman === ==== Origines e expansion initial ==== Le [[Imperio Ottoman]] deriva su nomine de [[Osman I]], dirigente de un principato turcic in Anatolia nord-occidental al fin del seculo XIII. Su successores extendiva le territorio per conquestas, alianças e incorporation de altere principatos. In 1326, le Ottomanos conquistava [[Bursa]], que deveniva un del prime capitales del stato. In le seculo XIV, illes passava in Europa e establiva bases in le Balcanes. [[Edirne]] deveniva un importante capital del imperio ante le conquista de Constantinopla. Le expansion Ottoman esseva facilitate per un combination de organisation militar, integration de territorios e cooperation con diverse gruppos local. Le stato deveniva gradualmente un potentia regional in Anatolia e in Europa sud-oriental. ==== Conquista de Constantinopla ==== Le 29 de maio 1453, le sultan [[Mehmed II]] conquistava Constantinopla post un assedio. Le evento poneva fin al Imperio Bizantin e transformava le citate in le capital del Imperio Ottoman. Constantinopla, ulteriormente cognoscite como Istanbul, deveniva un del principal centros politic e cultural del Mediterraneo. Le Ottomanos restaurava edificios bizantin e construiva moscheas, palatios, bazares e altere infrastructuras urban. Le imperio incorporava gradualmente territorios in le Balcanes, le Mar Nere e Anatolia. Le conquista de Trebizond in 1461 eliminava un altere stato successor del mundo bizantin. ==== Expansion del seculos XV e XVI ==== Durante le seculos XV e XVI, le Imperio Ottoman extendiva su dominio in le Balcanes, le Near Oriente, le Africa del Nord e partes del Mediterraneo. Le sultan [[Selim I]] extendiva le dominio Ottoman verso Syria e Egipto in 1516–1517, incorporante territorios que habeva essite sub le Sultanato Mameluco. Sub [[Suleiman le Magnific]], qui regnava inter 1520 e 1566, le imperio attingeva un del apices de su potentia. Le exercitos Ottoman operava in Europa central e in le Mediterraneo, durante que le administration imperial developpava su systemas fiscal, juridic e provincial. Le Imperio Ottoman esseva un stato multilingue e multireligiose. Su population includeva turcicos, arabes, grecos, armenios, kurdos, judee, slavos e numerose altere communitates. Le administration recognosceva differente communitates religiose, ben que lor derectos e obligationes non esseva sempre equal e variava secundo le epocha e le region. ==== Evolution del imperio e perdita de territorios ==== Durante le seculo XVII, le Imperio Ottoman continuava a esser un grande potentia, ma affrontava guerras costose, difficultates fiscal e conflictos interne. Le assedio de Vienna in 1683 terminava con un disastro militar Ottoman e esseva sequite per guerras contra un coalition europee. Le [[Tractato de Karlowitz]] de 1699 marcava le perdita de grande territorios in Europa central, specialmente in favor del Monarchia Habsburg. Le imperio remaneva tamen un actor important in le Mediterraneo oriental e in le Near Oriente. Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le autoritates Ottoman initiava reformas militar e administrative pro responder al transformationes del potentias europee. Le resultatos esseva inegual, e le imperio continuava a perder territorios durante guerras con Russia e altere statos. ==== Reformas del seculo XIX ==== Le reformas cognoscite como [[Tanzimat]] comenciava formalmente in 1839. Illas tentava modernisar le administration, le systema fiscal, le education, le armata e le legislation, e establir un quadro juridic plus uniforme pro le subjectos del imperio. Le reformatores cercava etiam a reforçar le autoritate central e a limitar le autonomia de potentias provincial. Le execution del reformas variava inter le regiones e incontrava opposition interne. Le [[Guerra de Crimea]] (1853–1856) opposeva Russia a un coalition que includeva le Imperio Ottoman, le Regno Unite e Francia. Le conflictos del seculo XIX e le expansion del nationalismos in Europa sud-oriental debilitava ulteriormente le imperio. ==== Constitution e Jovene Turcos ==== In 1876, le sultan [[Abdülhamid II]] proclamava un constitution e un parlamento. Le experimento constitutional esseva breve: le parlamento esseva suspendite in 1878, e le sultan consolidava un governamento autoritari. Le [[Revolution del Jovene Turcos]] de 1908 restabliva le constitution e le parlamento. Le movimento comprendeva diverse correntes politic que voleva reformar le imperio e limitar le autoritate absolute del sultan. In 1909, Abdülhamid II esseva depostate e succedite per [[Mehmed V]]. Le politica Ottoman remaneva instabile, con conflictos inter factiones politic e le continuation de guerras e pression international. == Etate contemporanee == === Prime Guerra Mundial e fin del Imperio Ottoman === ==== Entrata in le guerra ==== Le Imperio Ottoman entrava in le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] in 1914 al latere del [[Imperio German]] e del [[Imperio Austro-Hungar]]. Le guerra involveva le frontieras del Caucaso, Mesopotamia, Palestina e le Dardanellos. Le [[Campania de Gallipoli]] de 1915–1916 terminava con le retirada del fortias alleate que tentava superar le straitos e attinger Constantinopla. In altere frontes, le exercitos Ottoman suffreva importante perdas territorial e human. ==== Genocidio armenie e altere persecutiones ==== Durante 1915–1917, le autoritates Ottoman deportava e massacra grande parte del population armenie del imperio. Le deportationes, le marchas forzate, le executiones e le conditiones mortifere causava le morte de un numero enorme de armenios. Le major parte del historiographia international qualifica iste eventos como le Genocidio Armenie. Le autoritates turc contemporanee contesta le qualification juridic de genocidio e disputa certe interpretationes del eventos; iste controversia continua a esser un subjecto de memoria historic e de relationes international. Altere communitates, includente assyrios e grecos, suffreva etiam persecutiones, deportationes e massacres durante le guerra e le disintegration del imperio. Le circumstantias e le extension del violentia variava secundo le communitate e le region. ==== Armistitie e partition proponite ==== Le Imperio Ottoman firmava un armistitie con le Allies in octobre 1918. Post le guerra, le potencias victoriose occupava partes del territorio Ottoman e proponeva un partition del imperio. Le [[Tractato de Sèvres]] de 1920 prevedeva un reduction importante del territorio Ottoman e diverse arrangiamentos international. Le movimento national emergente in Anatolia refusava le tractato e initiava un guerra pro impedir le partition e establir un nove stato independent. === Guerra de independentia e fundation del Republica === ==== Movimento national turc ==== Post le armistitie de 1918, [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] deveniva un del principales dirigentes del movimento national turc. In 1919, ille organisava le opposition al occupationes e al planos de partition. Le Grande Assemblea National se reuniva in [[Ankara]] le 23 de april 1920 e se proclamava le autoritate representative del movimento national. Le fortias national combatteva contra le exercitos grec in Anatolia occidental e contra altere fortias in diverse frontes. Le [[Guerra Greco-Turc (1919–1922)|Guerra Greco-Turc]] terminava con le victoria del nationalistas turc e le recapture de [[Izmir]] in septembre 1922. ==== Abolition del Sultanato e Tractato de Lausanne ==== Le 1 de novembre 1922, le Grande Assemblea National aboliva le sultanato, ponente fin al institution monarchic Ottoman. Le [[Tractato de Lausanne]], signate le 24 de julio 1923, establiva le recognition international del nove stato turc e definiva le bases de su suverenitate territorial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/treaty-with-turkey-and-other-instruments-signed-at-lausanne.en.mfa |titulo=Treaty with Turkey and Other Instruments Signed at Lausanne |sitioweb=Ministerio de Affaires Externe de Turchia |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le Tractato de Lausanne substitueva le Tractato de Sèvres e regulava etiam questiones relative al straitos, al relationes con le statos vicin e al exchange de populationes inter Grecia e Turchia. Le exchange organisate in 1923 transferiva centos de milles de personas inter le duo paises, con exceptiones specific pro certe communitates. ==== Proclamation del Republica ==== Le Republica de Turchia esseva proclamate le 29 de octobre 1923, con Ankara como capital. Mustafa Kemal deveniva le prime presidente e le nove stato initiava un programma de transformation institutional, juridic, educational e cultural. Le abolition del caliphato, le adoption de un codice civil inspirate per modelos europee, le reforma del alphabet turc in 1928 e le expansion del education public formava parte del programma de reformas associate a Atatürk. Le reformas includeva etiam le extension del derectos politic del feminas: le feminas obteneva le derecto de voto in electiones municipal in 1930 e in electiones national in 1934. Le nove Republica adopteva un conception secular del stato e cercava a establir un identitate national turc commun. Iste transformationes modernisava numerose institutiones, ma esseva effectuate in un quadro politic de partito unic e con repression de certe oppositiones politic e movimentos regional. === Republica de Turchia: 1923–1945 === ==== Regime de partito unic e reformas ==== Durante le prime decennios del Republica, le [[Partito Republican del Populo]] (CHP), fundate per Atatürk, dominava le vita politic. Le governamento promoveva le industrialisation, le centralisation administrative, le education laic e le adoption de symbolos national commun. Le reformas del lingua e del scriptura habeva un rolo central. In 1928, le alphabet latin substitueva le scriptura arabic in le lingua turc official. Le Lege del Cognomines de 1934 requireva cognomines familiar standardisate; le parlamento attribueva a Mustafa Kemal le cognomine honorific Atatürk, significante «Patre del Turcos». Le politica de centralisation causava conflictos con parte del populationes kurd e con altere gruppos que resisteva al assimilation cultural o al autoritate del stato. Le rebellion de Sheikh Said in 1925 e le operationes de Dersim in 1937–1938 es exemplos de iste tensiones. ==== Politica exterior ante le Secunde Guerra Mundial ==== Le Republica cercava a consolidar su independentia e a evitar un nove guerra de grande scala. Le governamento developpava relationes diplomatic con statos europee e con le Union Sovietic, durante que accordos regional contribuiva al securitate del straitos e del frontieras. Turchia manteneva un politica de neutralitate durante le major parte del [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]]. In februario 1945, illo declarava le guerra contra Germania e Japonia, principalement in le contexto del conditiones diplomatic pro participar in le organisation international postguerra. === Democratization e colpos militar === ==== Transition al multipartitismo ==== Post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, Turchia initiava un transition verso un systema multipartitic. Le electiones de 1950 conduceva al victoria del [[Partito Democratic (Turchia)|Partito Democratic]], que poneva fin al governamento continuate del CHP. Sub le prime ministro [[Adnan Menderes]], le economia cresceva durante certe annos e le vita religiose deveniva plus visibile in le spatio public. Nonobstante, le opposition politic, le presse e altere institutiones denunciava un crescent autoritarismo del governamento. ==== Colpo militar de 1960 ==== Le 27 de maio 1960, le fortias armate deponeva Menderes e su governamento. Un junta militar assumeva le poter e organisava un nove constitution. Menderes e duo ministros esseva processate e executate in 1961. Le colpo establiva un precedente de intervention militar in le politica turc. Le constitution de 1961 introduceva nove institutiones e un quadro plus ample de derectos, ma le relation inter le autoritate civil e le militares remaneva un fonte de tension. ==== Instabilitate politic e colpo de 1971 ==== Durante le annos 1960 e 1970, Turchia experimentava polarisation politic, conflictos inter gruppos de sinistra e de derecta, difficultates economic e violentia politic. Le 12 de martio 1971, le chefes militar presentava un memorandum que conduceva al resignation del prime ministro [[Süleyman Demirel]]. Le periodo sequente esseva marcate per governamentos instabile, repression politic e interventiones del apparato securitari. Le crise economic e le confrontationes social continuava durante le fin del decennio. ==== Colpo de 1980 ==== Le 12 de septembre 1980, le armata prendeva le poter per un nove colpo militar. Le governamento militar dissolveva le parlamento, suspendiva le activitate del partidos politic e arrestava numerose activistas e dirigentes. Le periodo esseva marcate per tortura, detentiones e restriction del libertates politic. Le constitution de 1982, adoptate durante le regime militar, establi un nove quadro institutional con un forte autoritate executive e limitationes super le activitate politic. Le governamento civil esseva restabilite post le electiones de 1983, organisate sub conditiones definite per le regime militar. === Liberalisation economic e relationes international === ==== Annis 1980 e 1990 ==== Durante le governamento de [[Turgut Özal]], Turchia initiava reformas economic orientate al mercatos, al exportation e al integration in le economia global. Le liberalisation transformava le structura del economia, augmentava le importantia del industria manufacturiera e expandiva le relationes commercial international. Le pais continuava a experimentar tensiones politic, conflictos inter le partidos e interventiones militar indirecte. In 1997, un intervention del chefes militar e del institutiones secular contra le governamento de [[Necmettin Erbakan]] conduceva a su resignation, evento frequentemente designate como le «processo del 28 de februario». ==== Turchia e le Union Europee ==== Turchia deveniva membro associate del Communitate Economic Europee in 1963 e presentava un requesta de adhesion al Union Europee in 1987. In 1999, le Consilio Europee accordava al pais le status de candidato, e in 2005 comenciava formalmente le negotiationes de adhesion. Le relationes con le Union Europee ha essite influentiate per reformas juridic e politic, le question cipriota, le derectos human, le independentia del justitia e le evolution del systema politic turc. Le negotiationes non ha conducite usque al adhesion e le relationes ha devenite plus complexe durante le seculo XXI. === Era contemporanee === ==== Governamentos del Partito de Justitia e Disveloppamento ==== In 2002, le [[Partito de Justitia e Disveloppamento]] (AKP) ganiava le electiones parlamentari. [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] deveniva prime ministro in 2003 e, postea, presidente in 2014. Durante le prime annos del governamento del AKP, Turchia experimentava crescimento economic, reformas institutional e negotiationes de adhesion al Union Europee. Le governamento promoveva etiam projectos de infrastructura e expansion del servicios public. Durante le annos sequente, le relation inter le governamento, le opposition, le presse e le institutiones judicial deveniva un del principal questiones del politica turc. Le grado de independentia del institutiones, le libertate de expression e le concentration del poter executive ha essite objecto de debatte e de criticas per organisationes national e international. ==== Protestas de Gezi e tentativa de colpo de 2016 ==== In 2013, protestas comenciate in le [[Parco Gezi]] de Istanbul se expandiva a altere citates. Le mobilization initiava in opposition al projecto de transformation urban del parco, ma deveniva un protesto plus large contra le governamento e su methodos de administration. Le 15 de julio 2016, un faction del Fortias Armate tentava un colpo de stato. Le tentativa esseva reprimite e causava mortes e ferimentos. Le governamento accusava le movimento associate al predicator [[Fethullah Gülen]] de esser responsabile; Gülen negava implication. Post le tentativa, le autoritates declarava un stato de emergentia e effectua un grande serie de purgas, detentiones e removimentos in le administration, le armata, le education e le medios de communication. ==== Reforma del systema politic ==== In 2017, un referendo constitutional approbava un transition desde le systema parlamentar verso un systema presidencial executive. Le nove systema entrava plenemente in vigor post le electiones de 2018, concentrante le functiones executive in le presidente e supprimente le cargo de prime ministro. Le reforma esseva defendite per su fautores como un medio de stabilisar le governamento e augmentar le efficacia executive. Le oppositores e diverse observatores exprimiva timores concernente le concentration del poter e le reduction del contrapesos institutional. ==== Economia e societate ==== Le economia turc ha continuate a combinar industria, agricultura, turismo, construction e servicios. Istanbul remane un importante centro financiari e commercial, durante que Ankara es le capital politic e administrative. Le pais ha affrontate periodos de inflation elevate, depreciation del moneta, difficultates de costo de vita e debattos super le direction del politica economic. Le terremotos del 6 de februario 2023, que affectava le sud-est de Turchia e partes de Syria, causava destruction extensive e un grande numero de mortes e displaciamentos. Le reconstruction deveniva un del principales questiones public del annos sequente. == Identitate national e diversitate == Le identitate national turc se formava in le quadro del dissolution del Imperio Ottoman e del creation del Republica. Le lingua turc standardisate e le institutiones republican habeva un rolo central in le construction del stato national. Tamen, Turchia continua a esser un societate diverse. Le population include communitates kurd, arabe, armenie, grec, assyrie, circassie e altere gruppos. Le question del derectos linguistic e cultural, le memoria del violencias historic e le relation inter le stato e le minoritates remane aspectos importante del vita politic e social. Le historia del [[Genocidio Armenie]], le deportationes e massacres del annos 1915–1917 e le memoria del communitates christian del Imperio Ottoman continua a influentiar le relationes inter Turchia e Armenia e le debates super memoria historic. Le interpretationes official e le recognitiones international differente remane un subjecto de controversia. == Cultura e patrimonio historic == Le patrimonio historic de Turchia reflecte le succession de civilisationes e imperios que ha occupate le territorio. Le sitos de [[Troia]], [[Hattusa]], [[Epheso]], [[Pergamo]] e [[Göbekli Tepe]] documenta phases differente del historia del region. Istanbul conserva monumentos del periodo bizantin e Ottoman, includente [[Hagia Sophia]], le [[Palatio de Topkapı]] e le [[Moschea Sultan Ahmed]]. Le architectura selgiuchide es visibile in citates como Konya e Sivas, durante que le traditiones Ottoman se manifesta in moscheas, caravanserraglios, pontes e edificios public. Le patrimonio cultural include etiam le musica, le litteratura, le gastronomia, le artes artisanal e le traditiones regional. Le historia turc contemporanee es assi le resultato non solmente del transformationes del stato, ma etiam del contactos e del intercambio inter le communitates del peninsula. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} {{Historia de Asia}} [[Categoria:Historia de Turchia| ]] blcp1rpfgwe2rafli5xd1i5yn28lm3q 14 62331 704700 2026-10-17T20:19:18Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Turchia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia]]” 704700 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Turchia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa per pais]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia]] ie0ciyxdkwgfeg15nx3hd3t86gbm4al 0 62332 704702 2026-10-17T20:21:11Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Cypro''' es marcate per su position strategic in le Mediterraneo oriental, al puncto de incontro inter Europa, Asia e Africa. Le insula ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e governate, in differente periodos, per poteres del Mediterraneo e del Near Oriente, includente le [[Assyrios]], [[Egypto antique|Egyptios]], [[Persia antique|Persas]], [[Roma antique|Romanos]], le [[Imperio Bizantin]], le [[Regno de Cypro]], le [...” 704702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Cypro''' es marcate per su position strategic in le Mediterraneo oriental, al puncto de incontro inter Europa, Asia e Africa. Le insula ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e governate, in differente periodos, per poteres del Mediterraneo e del Near Oriente, includente le [[Assyrios]], [[Egypto antique|Egyptios]], [[Persia antique|Persas]], [[Roma antique|Romanos]], le [[Imperio Bizantin]], le [[Regno de Cypro]], le [[Republica de Venecia|Venetianos]], le [[Imperio Ottoman]] e le [[Imperio Britannic]]. Le historia moderne de Cypro es particularimente influentiate per le relationes inter le communitates greco-cypriote e turco-cypriote, le fin del dominio colonial britannic, le independentia in 1960 e le division territorial que se consolidava post le eventos de 1974. Cypro deveniva membro del [[Union Europee]] le 1 de maio 2004, durante que le insula remaneva de facto dividite.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.cy/mfa/en/documents/historical-background/ |titulo=Historical background |sitioweb=Ministerio de Affaires Externe del Republica de Cypro |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cyprus.representation.ec.europa.eu/about-us/cyprus-eu_en |titulo=Cyprus in the EU |sitioweb=Commission Europee |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le habitation human de Cypro remonta al [[Neolitico]], con settlements que existeva ja durante le dece millennio ante nostre era. Le sito de [[Choirokoitia]] es un del exemplos le plus importante del prime communitates sedentari del insula. Su vestigios archaeologic include habitationes circulare, utensiles e restos que documenta le transition verso un modo de vita basate super le agricultura e le allevamento. Le insula deveniva progressivemente un centro de production e intercambio. Su ressources de [[cupro]] — le metal que dava al insula su nomine in multe linguas — contribuiva al disveloppamento de activitates metallurgic e al integration de Cypro in le retia commercial del Mediterraneo oriental. == Antiquitate == === Edad del Bronzo e prime contactos grec === Durante le [[Edad del Bronzo]], le communitates cypriote developpava centros de habitation plus grande e relationes commercial con [[Egypto antique]], le Levante e le regiones del [[Mar Egee]]. Le cupro cypriote esseva un producto importante in le commercio mediterranee. Durante le fin del Edad del Bronzo (seculos XIII–XI a.C.), gruppos de origine grec, includente migrantes associate al mundo [[Mycenae|mycenaee]], se establiva in Cypro, diffundente le lingua grec. In le seculo IX a.C., colones [[Phoenicia|phoenicie]] comenciava a establir se in le insula, specialmente in [[Kition]] (larnaca), contribuivanto al diversitate cultural. === Cypro antique: Regnos e imperio === Durante le [[Edad del Ferro]], Cypro esseva organisate in plure regnos e citates, como [[Salamis de Cypro|Salamis]], [[Kition]], [[Paphos antique|Paphos]], [[Amathus]] e [[Soloi]]. Le insula passava sub le domination de differente poteres: * **Dominio assyrie:** Cypro deveniva tributari al [[Imperio Neo-Assyrie]] circa 709 a.C. * **Egyptios e Persas:** Post le declino assyrie, le insula passava sub le influentia de Egypto e del [[Imperio Achemenide|Imperio Persa]], participante sin successo al [[Revolta Ionian]] in 499–498 a.C. * **Periodo hellenistic:** Post le conquesta de [[Alexandro le Grande]] in 333 a.C., Cypro passava sub le controlo del [[Ptolemeos|dinastia ptolemaic]] de Egypto, faciente del cultura grec le elemento dominante. === Cypro roman e bizantin === In 58 a.C., Cypro esseva annexate per le [[Republica Romana]]. Secundo le tradition christian, le apostolos [[Paulo de Tarso|Paulo]] e [[Barnabas]] visitava le insula, facente de Cypro un del prime regiones christianizzate. In 330, con le establimento de [[Constantinopla]], le insula remaneva in le [[Imperio Bizantin]], disveloppant un tradition de autonomia ecclesiastic per le [[Ecclesia de Cypro]]. == Medievo == === Richard I e le Regno de Lusignan === In 1191, durante le [[Tertie Crociata]], [[Richard I de Anglaterra]] occupava le insula, vendente lo postea al [[Casa de Lusignan|Lusignans]], qui establiva le [[Regno de Cypro]]. [[Famagusta]] deveniva un del portos plus prosperose del Levante. Le regno esseva characterisate per le coexistentia de elites latin e un majoritate grec orthodox. === Cypro venetian (1489–1571) === In 1489, le ultime regina lusignana, [[Caterina Cornaro]], cedeva le insula al [[Republica de Venecia]]. Le Venetianos fortificava citates como [[Nicosia]] e Famagusta pro proteger lo contra le expansion ottoman. == Etate moderne == === Cypro ottoman (1571–1878) === Le [[Imperio Ottoman]] conquistava Cypro in 1570–1571 post le siege de Nicosia e Famagusta. Le administration ottoman permitteva le continuation del [[Ecclesia Orthodoxe de Cypro]] e introduceva un nove communitate musulman, stabiliente le bases del population turco-cypriote. ### Administration britannic (1878–1960) === In 1878, le [[Regno Unite]] assumeva le administration del insula per le [[Convention de Cypro]], annexando lo formalmente in 1914 e declarando lo colonia de Corona in 1925. Durante le annos 1950, le organisation [[EOKA]] initiava un campania pro le *enosis* (union con Grecia), durante que le turco-cypriotes demandava garanties o partition. Le conflictos conduceva al [[Accordos de Zürich e Londra|Accordos de Zürich e Londra]] de 1959. == Etate contemporanee == === Independentia e crisis intercommunitari === Le [[Republica de Cypro]] deveniva independente in 1960 sub le presidentia de [[Makarios III]], con un constitution de partage del poter inter grec-cypriotes e turco-cypriotes. In decembre 1963, le violentia intercommunitari se intensificava, conducendo al formation de enclaves turco-cypriotes e al deployment del forza de pace de le Nationes Unite ([[UNFICYP]]) in 1964. === Coup d'État et division de 1974 === Le 15 de julio 1974, un coup d'État supportate per le junta militar grec deponeva Makarios. In responsa, le 20 de julio 1974, le fortias armate turc initiava un intervention militar, occupand le nord del insula e dividiente le population secundo lineas ethnic. En 1983, le Republica Turc de Cypro del Nord (RTCN) esseva proclamate in le nord, recognoscite solmente per le Turcia, dum le Republica de Cypro remaneva le sol stato recognoscite internationalmente pro le insula integre. === Cypro in le Union Europee e contemporanee === Le Republica de Cypro deveniva membro del [[Union Europee]] le 1 de maio 2004, adoptand le [[euro]] in 2008. Le application del derecto europee es suspendite in le nord. Le negotiationes pro le reunification sub un systema federative ha continuate sin successo definitive, e le insula remane dividite per le Linea Verde sub le vigilantia de le Nationes Unite.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.cy/mfa/en/documents/historical-background/ |titulo=Historical background |sitioweb=Ministerio de Affaires Externe del Republica de Cypro |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cyprus.representation.ec.europa.eu/about-us/cyprus-eu_en |titulo=Cyprus in the EU |sitioweb=Commission Europee |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Cypro| ]] 7vy0ebliaezott2iijogzaxrwtgasxm 704703 704702 2026-10-17T20:21:36Z Interlingvisto 60932 704703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Cypro''' es marcate per su position strategic in le Mediterraneo oriental, al puncto de incontro inter Europa, Asia e Africa. Le insula ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria e governate, in differente periodos, per poteres del Mediterraneo e del Near Oriente, includente le [[Assyrios]], [[Egypto antique|Egyptios]], [[Persia antique|Persas]], [[Roma antique|Romanos]], le [[Imperio Byzantin]], le [[Regno de Cypro]], le [[Republica de Venecia|Venetianos]], le [[Imperio Ottoman]] e le [[Imperio Britannic]]. Le historia moderne de Cypro es particularimente influentiate per le relationes inter le communitates greco-cypriote e turco-cypriote, le fin del dominio colonial britannic, le independentia in 1960 e le division territorial que se consolidava post le eventos de 1974. Cypro deveniva membro del [[Union Europee]] le 1 de maio 2004, durante que le insula remaneva de facto dividite.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.cy/mfa/en/documents/historical-background/ |titulo=Historical background |sitioweb=Ministerio de Affaires Externe del Republica de Cypro |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cyprus.representation.ec.europa.eu/about-us/cyprus-eu_en |titulo=Cyprus in the EU |sitioweb=Commission Europee |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le habitation human de Cypro remonta al [[Neolitico]], con settlements que existeva ja durante le dece millennio ante nostre era. Le sito de [[Choirokoitia]] es un del exemplos le plus importante del prime communitates sedentari del insula. Su vestigios archaeologic include habitationes circulare, utensiles e restos que documenta le transition verso un modo de vita basate super le agricultura e le allevamento. Le insula deveniva progressivemente un centro de production e intercambio. Su ressources de [[cupro]] — le metal que dava al insula su nomine in multe linguas — contribuiva al disveloppamento de activitates metallurgic e al integration de Cypro in le retia commercial del Mediterraneo oriental. == Antiquitate == === Edad del Bronzo e prime contactos grec === Durante le [[Edad del Bronzo]], le communitates cypriote developpava centros de habitation plus grande e relationes commercial con [[Egypto antique]], le Levante e le regiones del [[Mar Egee]]. Le cupro cypriote esseva un producto importante in le commercio mediterranee. Durante le fin del Edad del Bronzo (seculos XIII–XI a.C.), gruppos de origine grec, includente migrantes associate al mundo [[Mycenae|mycenaee]], se establiva in Cypro, diffundente le lingua grec. In le seculo IX a.C., colones [[Phoenicia|phoenicie]] comenciava a establir se in le insula, specialmente in [[Kition]] (larnaca), contribuivanto al diversitate cultural. === Cypro antique: Regnos e imperio === Durante le [[Edad del Ferro]], Cypro esseva organisate in plure regnos e citates, como [[Salamis de Cypro|Salamis]], [[Kition]], [[Paphos antique|Paphos]], [[Amathus]] e [[Soloi]]. Le insula passava sub le domination de differente poteres: * **Dominio assyrie:** Cypro deveniva tributari al [[Imperio Neo-Assyrie]] circa 709 a.C. * **Egyptios e Persas:** Post le declino assyrie, le insula passava sub le influentia de Egypto e del [[Imperio Achemenide|Imperio Persa]], participante sin successo al [[Revolta Ionian]] in 499–498 a.C. * **Periodo hellenistic:** Post le conquesta de [[Alexandro le Grande]] in 333 a.C., Cypro passava sub le controlo del [[Ptolemeos|dinastia ptolemaic]] de Egypto, faciente del cultura grec le elemento dominante. === Cypro roman e bizantin === In 58 a.C., Cypro esseva annexate per le [[Republica Romana]]. Secundo le tradition christian, le apostolos [[Paulo de Tarso|Paulo]] e [[Barnabas]] visitava le insula, facente de Cypro un del prime regiones christianizzate. In 330, con le establimento de [[Constantinopla]], le insula remaneva in le [[Imperio Bizantin]], disveloppant un tradition de autonomia ecclesiastic per le [[Ecclesia de Cypro]]. == Medievo == === Richard I e le Regno de Lusignan === In 1191, durante le [[Tertie Crociata]], [[Richard I de Anglaterra]] occupava le insula, vendente lo postea al [[Casa de Lusignan|Lusignans]], qui establiva le [[Regno de Cypro]]. [[Famagusta]] deveniva un del portos plus prosperose del Levante. Le regno esseva characterisate per le coexistentia de elites latin e un majoritate grec orthodox. === Cypro venetian (1489–1571) === In 1489, le ultime regina lusignana, [[Caterina Cornaro]], cedeva le insula al [[Republica de Venecia]]. Le Venetianos fortificava citates como [[Nicosia]] e Famagusta pro proteger lo contra le expansion ottoman. == Etate moderne == === Cypro ottoman (1571–1878) === Le [[Imperio Ottoman]] conquistava Cypro in 1570–1571 post le siege de Nicosia e Famagusta. Le administration ottoman permitteva le continuation del [[Ecclesia Orthodoxe de Cypro]] e introduceva un nove communitate musulman, stabiliente le bases del population turco-cypriote. ### Administration britannic (1878–1960) === In 1878, le [[Regno Unite]] assumeva le administration del insula per le [[Convention de Cypro]], annexando lo formalmente in 1914 e declarando lo colonia de Corona in 1925. Durante le annos 1950, le organisation [[EOKA]] initiava un campania pro le *enosis* (union con Grecia), durante que le turco-cypriotes demandava garanties o partition. Le conflictos conduceva al [[Accordos de Zürich e Londra|Accordos de Zürich e Londra]] de 1959. == Etate contemporanee == === Independentia e crisis intercommunitari === Le [[Republica de Cypro]] deveniva independente in 1960 sub le presidentia de [[Makarios III]], con un constitution de partage del poter inter grec-cypriotes e turco-cypriotes. In decembre 1963, le violentia intercommunitari se intensificava, conducendo al formation de enclaves turco-cypriotes e al deployment del forza de pace de le Nationes Unite ([[UNFICYP]]) in 1964. === Coup d'État et division de 1974 === Le 15 de julio 1974, un coup d'État supportate per le junta militar grec deponeva Makarios. In responsa, le 20 de julio 1974, le fortias armate turc initiava un intervention militar, occupand le nord del insula e dividiente le population secundo lineas ethnic. En 1983, le Republica Turc de Cypro del Nord (RTCN) esseva proclamate in le nord, recognoscite solmente per le Turcia, dum le Republica de Cypro remaneva le sol stato recognoscite internationalmente pro le insula integre. === Cypro in le Union Europee e contemporanee === Le Republica de Cypro deveniva membro del [[Union Europee]] le 1 de maio 2004, adoptand le [[euro]] in 2008. Le application del derecto europee es suspendite in le nord. Le negotiationes pro le reunification sub un systema federative ha continuate sin successo definitive, e le insula remane dividite per le Linea Verde sub le vigilantia de le Nationes Unite.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.gov.cy/mfa/en/documents/historical-background/ |titulo=Historical background |sitioweb=Ministerio de Affaires Externe del Republica de Cypro |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cyprus.representation.ec.europa.eu/about-us/cyprus-eu_en |titulo=Cyprus in the EU |sitioweb=Commission Europee |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Cypro| ]] map0ckp2357nl1c0g9f5zwx1eado2nu 0 62333 704705 2026-10-17T20:22:26Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Turchia]] 704705 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Turchia]] 0l20tr0mz0bur40mcmpdigtai2d8a1g 0 62334 704706 2026-10-17T20:34:46Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Europa''' es le historia del populationes, societates, culturas e estados que se ha developpate in le continente europee desde le prehistoria usque al epocha contemporanee. Illo include le formation del prime communitates agricole, le civilisationes del Grecia e Roma antique, le transformationes del Medievo, le Renaissance, le Reforma, le expansion colonial europee, le industrialisation, le guerras mundial e le construct...” 704706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Europa''' es le historia del populationes, societates, culturas e estados que se ha developpate in le continente europee desde le prehistoria usque al epocha contemporanee. Illo include le formation del prime communitates agricole, le civilisationes del Grecia e Roma antique, le transformationes del Medievo, le Renaissance, le Reforma, le expansion colonial europee, le industrialisation, le guerras mundial e le construction de institutiones de cooperation como le [[Union Europee]]. Europa non ha essite un unitate politic permanente. Durante su historia, le continente esseva dividite inter imperios, regnos, citates independente e nationes, e su frontieras geographic e cultural ha variate. Le relationes con Asia e Africa ha influentiate le disveloppamento europee, specialmente in le Mediterraneo, le Mar Nere e le regiones del [[Mar Baltico]]. Le historia del continente include etiam conquestas, migrationes, conflictos religiose, expansion economic e contactos cultural.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe |titulo=History of Europe |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == === Paleolitico === Le habitation human de Europa remonta a centenas de milles de annos. Le prime populationes human includeva species ancestral como [[Homo erectus]] e [[Homo heidelbergensis]], durante que [[Homo neanderthalensis]] habitava grande partes del continente ante le expansion de [[Homo sapiens]]. Le prime humanos moderne arrivava in Europa durante le [[Paleolitico Superior]], circa 45 000 annos ante nostre era, ben que le chronologia varia secundo le sito archaeologic e le interpretation del evidentia. Illes viveva principalmente como cacciatores e collectores, adaptante se a ambientes que cambiava con le succession de periodos glaciar e interglaciar. Le arte paleolithic include pinturas rupestre, gravuras, sculpturas e objectos ritual. Le picturas de [[Lascaux]] in Francia e le pinturas del [[Caverna de Altamira]] in Espania es exemplos importante del arte prehistorica. Le instrumentos de petra, osso e corno monstra le evolution del technicas e del organisation del prime communitates. === Mesolitico e Neolitico === Post le fin del ultime grande glaciation, circa 11 700 annos ante nostre era, multe regiones europee experimentava cambios climatic e ecologic. Durante le [[Mesolitico]], le populationes continuava a cacciar, piscar e collecter alimentos, ma developpava technicas adaptate al nove ambientes forestal e costal. Le [[Neolitico]] introduceva le agricultura e le allevamento de animales in Europa. Le nove practicas arrivava principalmente desde Anatolia e le Near Oriente, expandente se gradualmente desde le Balcanes verso Europa central e occidental. Le sedentarisation favoreva le formation de villages, le stockage de alimentos e le developpamento de novas formas de organisation social. Le agricultura non substitueva immediatemente le cacia e le collection in tote le regiones. Le transition esseva gradual e varia de un zona al altere. Durante iste periodo, le populationes construiva etiam monumentos de petra, como le [[Stonehenge]] in Grande Britannia e le tumulos megalithic de Europa occidental. === Edad del Cupro, del Bronzo e del Ferro === Durante le [[Edad del Cupro]], le metallurgia comenciava a transformar le production de utensiles e ornamentos in diverse partes del continente. Le adoption del [[Edad del Bronzo|bronzo]], un aleation de cupro e stano, permitteva fabricar utensiles e armas plus resistente e favoreva le expansion del retias commercial. Inter le tertie e le secunde millennio ante nostre era, societates del [[steppe pontic-caspie]] se expandiva verso partes de Europa. Le migrationes e contactos associate a iste expansion contribueva al diffusion de linguas indo-europee in grande parte del continente, ben que le historia linguistic e demographic es complexe e non pote esser reducite a un sol migration. Durante le [[Edad del Ferro]], le utilisation le ferro se diffundeva e le societates europee developpava formas plus complexe de organisation politic e economic. Le culturas celtic, germanic, italice e altere se developpava in differente regiones. In le Mediterraneo, le contactos con Phoenicios, Grecos e altere populos contribuiva al diffusion del scriptura, del commercio e de practicas urban. == Antiquitate == === Civilisationes del Mediterraneo antique === ==== Grecia antique ==== Le civilisation grec antique exerceva un influentia importante super le politica, le philosophia, le scientia, le arte e le litteratura de Europa. Durante le prime millennio ante nostre era, le citates-stato grec, o [[polis]], se developpava in le peninsula grec, le insulas del Egeo e le costas del Mediterraneo e del Mar Nere. Inter le citates le plus cognoscite se trovava [[Athena]] e [[Sparta]], cuje organisation politic e social esseva distincte. In Athena se developpava formas de [[democratia]] directe pro certe categorias de citatanos masculin libere. Le systema excludeva tamen le feminas, le sclavos e multe residentes sin derectos politic. Le philosophos [[Socrates]], [[Platon]] e [[Aristoteles]] contribuiva al disveloppamento del philosophia occidental. Le Grecos developpava etiam le historia como disciplina, le mathematica, le medicina, le theatro e diverse formas de arte monumental. Le [[Juegos Olympic antique]] constituiva un importante evento religiose e athletic. Le [[Guerras Greco-Persian]] del seculo V ante nostre era reforçava le cooperation inter certe citates grec contra le expansion del [[Imperio Achemenide]]. Ulteriormente, le [[Guerra del Peloponneso]] inter Athena e Sparta debilitava le mundo grec. ==== Alexandro le Grande e le mundo hellenistic ==== In le seculo IV ante nostre era, [[Philippo II de Macedonia]] reuniva gran parte del Grecia sub le hegemonia macedonic. Su filio, [[Alexandro le Grande]], conquistava le Imperio Persa e extendava su domination usque a Egypto e partes de Asia central. Post le morte de Alexandro in 323 ante nostre era, su imperio se divideva inter le successores. Le periodo [[hellenistic]] esseva marcate per le diffusion del lingua e cultura grec in Egypto, le Near Oriente e partes de Asia. Le citates hellenistic deveniva centros de commercio, scientia e cultura. [[Alexandria]] in Egypto, per exemplo, deveniva un importante centro intellectual. Le contactos inter le mundo grec e le societates de Egypto e Asia produceva formas cultural composite. ==== Roma antique ==== Le [[Roma antique|civilisation roman]] se developpava in le peninsula italica e, durante plure seculos, construiva un imperio que dominava gran parte del Europa, del Mediterraneo e del Near Oriente. Roma esseva traditionalmente fundate in 753 ante nostre era, ben que iste data pertine al tradition mythic e non a un facto historic cert. Le citate evolueva desde un monarchia a un republica in 509 ante nostre era, e postea a un imperio sub [[Augusto]], a partir de 27 ante nostre era. Le expansion roman incorporava partes de Europa occidental, meridional e sudoriental. Le imperio construiva vias, pontes, aqueductos e citates, e diffundeva le [[lingua latin]], le derecto roman e formas de administration urban. Le [[Pax Romana]], un periodo de relative stabilitate in multe regiones del imperio, favoreva le commercio e le communication. Le economia se basava super agricultura, commercio, tributos e sclavitude. Le christianismo nasceva in le provincia roman de [[Judea]] durante le seculo I de nostre era e se diffundeva progressivemente per le imperio. In le seculo IV, le imperator [[Constantino I]] accordava le toleration al christianismo, e sub [[Theodosio I]] le christianismo niceno deveniva le religion official del imperio. === Le transformation del Imperio Roman === Durante le seculos III a V, le Imperio Roman affrontava crises politic, economic e militar. Le pressiones al frontieras, le guerras civil e le difficultates administrative contribueva a su transformation. In 395, post le morte de Theodosio I, le administration esseva dividite inter le parte occidental e le parte oriental. Le Imperio Roman de Occidente perdeva gradualmente le controlo de multe territorios. In 476, le deposition del ultime imperator occidental conventionalmente marca le fin del imperio in Occidente. Le [[Imperio Roman de Oriente]], con su capital in [[Constantinopla]], continuava a existir durante circa un millennio. Illo es cognoscite in le historiographia moderne como le [[Imperio Byzantin]]. Le imperio preservava traditiones juridic roman, cultura grec e christianismo orthodoxe, e manteneva un importante rolo in le Mediterraneo oriental. In le Occidente, le former territorios roman esseva occupate o governate per differente regnos post-romane, includente le [[Regno del Visigotos]], le [[Regno del Francos]] e le [[Regno del Ostrogotos]]. Le integration de traditiones roman, germanic e christian contribueva al formation del societates medieval. == Medievo == === Le prime Medievo === Le periodo conventionalmente appellate [[Medievo]] comencia circa le seculo V e se extende usque al fin del seculo XV, ben que iste limites varia secundo le region e le historiador. In Europa occidental, le disintegration del administration roman favoreva le formation de regnos regional. Le [[Francos]], sub le direction de [[Clodoveo I]] e de su successores, deveniva un del principal poteres del Europa occidental. In 800, [[Carlo Magno]] esseva coronate imperator per le papa [[Leone III]]. Su imperio comprendeva grande partes del Europa occidental e central. Post su morte, le divisiones dynastic e le [[Tractato de Verdun]] de 843 contribuiva al formation de differente centros politic que, durante le seculos sequente, participava al evolution de Francia, Germania e altere estados europee. Durante le prime Medievo, le christianismo se diffundeva in Europa septentrional e oriental. Le missiones christian contribuiva al formation de institutiones ecclesiastic e al integration de nove regnos in le retia cultural del Europa christian. === Byzantinos e expansion islamic === Le Imperio Byzantin continuava a esser un del principales poteres del Mediterraneo oriental. Su capital, Constantinopla, esseva un centro de commercio, administration e cultura. Durante le seculo VII, le expansion del califatos islamic transformava le panorama politic del Mediterraneo. Le territorios de Syria, Egypto e Africa del Nord passava sub domination islamic, e in 711, fortias musulman traversava le Stretto de Gibraltar e initiava le conquista de grande partes del [[Peninsula Iberic]]. Le societates de [[Al-Andalus]] developpava centros urban e intellectual importante, in le quales musulmanes, christianos e judeos participava, con relationes que variava secundo le periodo e le contexto politic. Le intercambio de cognoscentias in philosophia, medicina, mathematica e astronomia contribuiva al circulation de textos e technicas inter le Mediterraneo e Europa occidental. === Vikings, Magiares e Slavos === Durante le seculos VIII a XI, le [[Vikings]] navigava e faceva expeditiones in partes de Europa occidental, septentrional e oriental. Illes fundava settlements, establi retias commercial e participa al formation de nove entidades politic, inter le quales le principatos de [[Kiev]]. Le [[Magiares]] se establiva in le [[Bacino Pannonic]] durante le fin del seculo IX, e lor integration in un regno christian conduceva al formation del [[Regno de Hungaria]] circa le anno 1000. Le populos slavic se diffundeva in Europa central, oriental e sudoriental. Lor linguas e culturas evolveva in differente directiones, e le adoption del christianismo occidental o oriental contribueva al formation de traditiones religiose distincte. === Le alte Medievo === Inter circa 1000 e 1300, multe regiones europee experimentava un augmento del population, del production agricole e del vita urban. Le meliorationes del technicas agricole e le expansion del terras cultivate susteneva iste crescimento, ben que le beneficios e le conditiones variava considerabilemente. Le [[feudalisme]] es un termino usate pro describer certe relationes de poter, obligation e proprietate del terra in partes del Europa medieval, ma le structuras social e juridic variava inter regiones e epocas. Le [[Ecclesia Catholic]] exerceva un grande influentia super le education, le cultura, le politica e le vita quotidian in Europa occidental. Le monasterios conservava e copiava textos, durante que le cathedral e le ecclesias deveniva centros de vita religiose e artistic. Le [[Universitate de Bologna]], le [[Universitate de Paris]] e altere institutiones docente se developpava durante le seculos XI e XII. Illos contribuiva al formation de communitates de studiosos e al disveloppamento del derecto, del theologia e del philosophia. === Crusadas e contactos mediterranee === Desde 1095, le [[Crusadas]] conduceva a expeditiones militar organisate per poteres christian occidental verso le Levante e altere regiones. Le objectivos religiose se combinava con interesses politic, territorial e economic. Le expeditiones causava violentia, conquestas e persecutiones, includente attaccos contra communitates judeo e musulman. Le contactos inter Europa, Byzantio e le mundo islamic facilitava etiam le circulation de productos, textos e cognoscentias. Le citates maritime de [[Venetia]], [[Genoa]] e [[Pisa]] establiva retias commercial in le Mediterraneo. Le [[Imperio Mongol]] e le expansion mongol del seculo XIII transformava le relationes in partes de Europa oriental e central. Le incursiones mongol de 1241–1242 affectava le Regno de Hungaria e partes del Europa central, durante que le retias eurasiatic deveniva importante pro le commercio e le diplomatia. === Le fin del Medievo === Durante le seculos XIV e XV, Europa affrontava crises importante. Le [[Grande Famine de 1315–1317]] e le [[Peste Nere]] de 1347–1352 causava un grande reduction del population in multe regiones. Le effectos variava, ma le peste provocava millions de mortes e transformava le economia, le relationes de labor e le structuras social. Le [[Guerra de Cento Annos]] inter le regnos de Anglaterra e Francia, combattite con interruptiones inter 1337 e 1453, marcava le politica de Europa occidental. In le peninsula iberic, le regnos christian extendava lor territorios verso le sud, durante que le [[Regno de Granada]] remaneva sub governamento musulman usque a 1492. In 1453, Constantinopla esseva conquistate per le [[Imperio Ottoman]], terminante le Imperio Byzantin. Le evento transformava le geopolitica del Mediterraneo oriental e contribuiva al reorganisation del retias commercial e diplomatic. == Etate moderne == === Renaissance e transformationes religiose === ==== Renaissance ==== Le [[Renaissance]] comenciava in le citates del peninsula italica durante le seculos XIV e XV e se diffundeva gradualmente a altere partes de Europa. Illa promoveva un renovate interesse in le litteratura, le arte e le philosophia del Grecia e Roma antique. Artistas como [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Michelangelo]] e [[Rafael]] contribuiva al transformation del arte europee. In litteratura e philosophia, le [[humanismo]] promoveva le studio del linguas classic e un attention plus grande al experientia e al capacitate human. Le invention e diffusion del [[imprimeria]] con characteres mobile in Europa, associate al activitate de [[Johannes Gutenberg]] durante le seculo XV, transformava le reproduction e le circulation del libros. Le nove technica facilitava le diffusion de textos religiose, scientific e politic. ==== Reforma protestante e Contra-Reforma ==== In 1517, [[Martin Luther]] publica su [[95 theses]], un evento traditionalmente associate al initio del [[Reforma protestante]]. Le movementos reformator se diffundeva in Germania, le Confederation Helvetic, Scandinavia, le Insulas Britannic e altere regiones. Le Reforma divideva le christianismo occidental e provocava conflictos religiose e politic. Le [[Ecclesia Catholic]] respondeva per le [[Contra-Reforma]], includente le [[Concilio de Trento]] (1545–1563), reformas ecclesiastic e le disveloppamento de nove institutiones educative e missionari. Le conflictos inter catolicos e protestantes includeva guerras civil e international. Le [[Guerra de Trenta Annos]] (1618–1648), que comenciava como un conflicto in le [[Sacro Imperio Roman]], deveniva un guerra europee plus large, con consequencias demografic e economic grave in partes de Europa central. Le [[Pace de Westphalia]] de 1648 contribuiva a terminar le guerra e a reorganisar le relationes politic in le imperio e inter le poteres europee. === Expansion maritime e formation del imperios === Desde le fin del seculo XV, poteres europee initiava expeditiones maritime de grande distantia, que conduceva a un expansion colonial in le Americas, Africa e Asia. In 1492, [[Cristophoro Colombo]] arrivava in le Americas sub le patrocinio del monarchos de Castilia e Aragon. Le expeditiones de [[Portugal]] e [[Hispania]] esseva sequite per expeditiones e colonisationes de [[Francia]], [[Anglaterra]], le [[Republica de Nederland]] e altere poteres europee. Le expansion colonial creava retias commercial global e transferiva plantas, animales, metales e productos inter continentes. Illa esseva etiam associate a conquestas, appropriation del terras, epidemias, sclavitude e exploitation del populationes indigene. Le [[Commercio transatlantic de sclavos]] deportava million de africanos al Americas. Le sclavitude e le systemas colonial produceva consequencias demografic, social e economic de longe duration. Le expansion europee transformava etiam le relationes inter le poteres del continente. Le competition pro colonias, rotas commercial e recursos contribuiva a guerras e a transformationes del stato e del finantias public. === Europa del seculos XVII e XVIII === ==== Monarquias e estados ==== Durante le seculos XVII e XVIII, diverse monarchias europee fortificava lor administration central e lor exercitos. Le [[Francia]] de [[Ludovico XIV]] deveniva un exemplo importante de monarquia absolute, durante que le [[Sacro Imperio Roman]] remaneva un structura politic composite de numerose territorios e entitates. Le [[Revolution Gloriosa]] de 1688 in Anglaterra e le evolution del Parlamento contribuiva al transformation del relation inter le monarchia e le institutiones representative. Le systemas politic variava tamen considerabilemente inter le estados europee. ==== Revolution scientific e Illumination ==== Le [[Revolution scientific]] del seculos XVI e XVII transformava le studio del natura per medio de observation, experimento e mathematica. [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], [[Galileo Galilei]], [[Johannes Kepler]] e [[Isaac Newton]] contribuiva al transformation del astronomia e del physic. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Illumination]] promoveva le ration, le discussion public, le education e le critica de certe formas de autoritate. Pensatores como [[John Locke]], [[Voltaire]], [[Montesquieu]] e [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] influentiava le debates super le governamento, le derectos e le organisation del societate. Le ideas del Illumination non esseva uniformemente adoptate, e lor interpretation variava inter autores e movimentos politic. Illas contribuiva tamen al debates que accompaniava le revolutiones del fin del seculo XVIII. ==== Revolutiones american e francese ==== Le [[Revolution American]] (1775–1783) conduceva al independentia del [[Statos Unite]], un evento que influentiava le debates politic in Europa. In 1789, le [[Revolution Francese]] initiava un transformation radical del institutiones politic e social de Francia. Le abolition de privilegios feudal, le declaration de derectos e le changement del forma de governamento habeva repercussiones in tote le continente. Le guerras revolutionari e le expeditiones de [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] transformava le frontieras e le organisation del estados europee. Le [[Guerras Napoleonian]] terminava post le derrota de Napoleon in 1815, e le [[Congresso de Vienna]] reorganisava le relationes inter le grande poteres europee. == Etate contemporanee == === Revolution industrial e nationalismo === ==== Revolution industrial ==== Le [[Revolution industrial]] comenciava in Grande Britannia durante le secunde medietate del seculo XVIII e se diffundeva a Europa occidental e central durante le seculos XIX. Le uso del machinas a vapor, le mechanisation del production e le expansion del ferrovias transformava le economia e le societate. Le industrialisation favoreva le crescimento de citates e del population urban, ma produceva etiam novas conditiones de labor e problemas social. Le movimentos del laboratores, le [[syndicalismo]] e le [[socialismo]] emergeva como responsas a iste transformationes. Le disveloppamento del industria alterava le relationes economic inter le regiones europee e contribuiva al expansion del commercio global. Le differences inter regiones industrialisate e regiones predominantemente agricole remaneva importante. ==== Nationalismo e unificationes ==== Durante le seculo XIX, le [[nationalismo]] deveniva un forza politic importante. Movimentos national reclamava autonomia o independentia, e in altere casos promoveva le unification de territorios dividite. In 1861, le [[Unification italian|Regno de Italia]] esseva proclamate, e in 1871 le [[Unification german|Imperio German]] esseva establite sub le direction prussiana. Le unificationes transformava le equilibrio politic de Europa. Le [[Imperio Ottoman]] perdeva gradualmente territorios in Europa sudoriental, durante que le movimentos national in le [[Balcans]] conduceva a nove estados o a autonomia plus grande. Le [[Imperio Austro-Hungar]] e le [[Imperio Rus]] contineva numerose populos e traditiones linguistic, religiose e national distincte. ==== Imperios colonial e rivalitates ==== Le competition inter le poteres europee pro colonias e influentia international se intensificava durante le fin del seculo XIX. Le [[Imperio Britannic]], le [[Imperio Francese]], le Imperio German e altere estados extendava lor domination in Africa e Asia. Le expansion imperial esseva justificate in diverse contextos per argumentos economic, strategic e ideologic, ma esseva etiam associate a coercition, appropriation de ressources e domination politic del populationes colonisate. Le rivalitates inter le estados europee, le systemas de alliantias e le cursa al armamentos contribuiva al tensions que precedeva le Prime Guerra Mundial. === Prime Guerra Mundial (1914–1918) === Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] comenciava in 1914 post le assassination del archiduca [[Francisco Fernando de Austria]] in Sarajevo e le escalation del crises diplomatic e militar inter le poteres europee. Le conflicto divideva le estados in grande blocos, specialmente le [[Entente]] e le [[Poteres Central]]. Le guerra esseva combattite in Europa occidental e oriental, in le Balcanes e in altere regiones. Le guerra involveva mobilizationes de massa, trenchas, bombardamentos e nove technologias militar. Illo causava million de mortes militar e civil e produceva destructiones importante. In 1917, le [[Revolution russe]] conduceva al fin del monarchia in Russia e al ascension del bolchevicos. Le imperios German, Austro-Hungar, Ottoman e Rus esseva transformate o disintegrate durante le guerra e in su aftermath. Le [[Tractato de Versailles]] de 1919 e altere accordos de pace reorganisava le frontieras europee. Noves estados emergeva o esseva restabilite in Europa central e oriental, includente [[Polonia]], [[Checoslovachia]] e [[Yugoslavia]]. Le nove ordination non elimina le tensiones national e territorial. === Entre le guerras (1918–1939) === Le periodo inter le guerras esseva marcate per crises economic, instabilitate politic e le disveloppamento de regimes autoritari e totalitari. In Italia, [[Benito Mussolini]] establi un regime fascista. In Germania, le crise economic e politic post le Prime Guerra Mundial contribuiva al ascension del [[Partito Nazional-Socialista del Laboratores German]] e de [[Adolf Hitler]], qui deveniva cancellero in 1933 e transforma le republica in un dictatura. Le [[Union Sovietic]], establite post le revolution e le guerra civil russe, deveniva un stato unic-partitic sub le direction de [[Iosif Stalin]]. In altere partes de Europa, regimes autoritari se establi in differente formas. Le [[Grande Depression]] que comenciava in 1929 affectava le economia global e augmentava le disoccupation e le tensiones social. Le expansion territorial del Germania nazista, le remilitarisation e le crisi diplomatic conduceva al disveloppamento de un nove guerra europee. === Secunde Guerra Mundial (1939–1945) === Le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] comenciava in Europa le 1 de septembre 1939, quando le Germania nazista invadeva [[Polonia]]. Le Regno Unite e Francia declarava guerra al Germania. Le invasiones german de grande partes del Europa, le occupation de territorios e le collaboration de certe regimes local transformava le vita de millions de personas. Le guerra involveva etiam le [[Union Sovietic]], que esseva invadite per le Germania in 1941, e le [[Statos Unite]], que entrava in guerra post le attacco a [[Pearl Harbor]] in decembre 1941. Le regime nazista organisava le [[Holocausto]], le genocidio de circa sex milliones de judeos, insimul con le persecution e le occision de altere gruppos. Le guerra causava etiam le morte de numerosissime civiles, prisioneros de guerra e personas displaciate. Le fortias del [[Alliados]] liberava Europa occidental e meridional, durante que le Armata Rubie sovietic avanciava desde le est. Le Germania capitulava in maio 1945. Le guerra terminava in septembre 1945 post le capitulation del Japon. Le conflictos e occupationes de iste periodo transformava profundemente le population, le frontieras e le institutiones politic de Europa. Le continente esseva etiam confrontate con destruction material, crise economic e un grande numero de refugiatos e displaciatos. === Guerra Frie e division de Europa (1945–1991) === ==== Europa occidental e oriental ==== Post 1945, Europa esseva dividite in grande parte inter un zona occidental associate al Statos Unite e un zona oriental sub influentia sovietic. Le division esseva simbolisate per le [[Cortina de Ferro]] e le separation de Germania in le [[Republica Federal de Germania]] e le [[Republica Democratic German]]. Le [[NATO]] esseva fundate in 1949 como un alliantia de defense occidental. In 1955, le Union Sovietic e plure estados de Europa oriental creava le [[Pacto de Varsovia]]. Le [[Guerra Frie]] esseva caracterisate per rivalitate strategic, competition ideologic, cursa al armamentos e crises diplomatic. Europa deveniva un del principales spacios de confrontation indirecte inter le Statos Unite e le Union Sovietic. In Europa occidental, le recuperation economic esseva sustenite per le [[Plan Marshall]] e per cooperation inter estados. Le integration economic comenciava con le creation del [[Communitate Europee del Carbon e del Acciaio]] in 1951 e le [[Communitate Economic Europee]] in 1957. ==== Welfare, prosperitate e transformation social ==== Durante le decennios post 1945, multe paises de Europa occidental experimentava croissance economic, expansion del education, extension del protection social e transformation del mercato del labor. Le societates deveniva plus urban e industrial, e le consumo de massa cresceva. Le movimentos pro derectos del feminas, derectos civil e altere reformas social influentiava le legislation e le vita public. Le Europa oriental, sub regimes communistas, experimentava formas differente de industrialisation e protection social, ma etiam restrictiones del libertate politic e del expression. Le oppositiones e le protestas includeva le insurrection hungarese de 1956 e le [[Primavera de Praga]] de 1968. ==== Fin del Guerra Frie ==== Durante le annos 1980, le difficultates economic e le reformes in le Union Sovietic debilitava le bloc oriental. Le movimento [[Solidarność]] in Polonia, le protestas popular e le reformas politic contribuiva al transformation le region. In 1989, protestas e cambios politic conduceva al cadita de plure regimes communistas. Le [[Muro de Berlin]] cadeva le 9 de novembre 1989, deveniente un symbolo del fin del division de Europa. In 1990, le Germania esseva reunificate. In 1991, le Union Sovietic se disintegrava, e plure republicas deveniva estados independente. Le dissolution del Pacto de Varsovia e le fin del Guerra Frie transformava le securitate e le relationes international europee. === Europa post 1991 === ==== Expansion del Union Europee ==== Post le fin del Guerra Frie, le cooperation europee se extendeva. Le [[Tractato de Maastricht]], entrate in vigor in 1993, creava le [[Union Europee]] e establi un quadro plus large de cooperation politic e economic. Le Union Europee se expandiva durante plure undas, incorporante estados de Europa central e oriental post lor transitiones politic e economic. In 2004, dece nove membros non esseva incorporate, ma dece estados, multe ex illos proveniente del ancian bloc oriental, entrava in le Union. Le expansion continuava in 2007 e 2013. Le [[euro]] esseva introducite como moneta scriptural in 1999 e como moneta fisic in 2002. Non tote le membros del Union Europee adopta le euro, e non tote le estados europee es membros del Union. Le integration include le mercato unic, cooperation juridic e regulatori, programs educational e scientific e politicas commun in differente areas. Le relation inter le estados membros e le institutiones europee continua a esser un subjecto de debatte politic. ==== Disintegration de Yugoslavia e conflictos in le Balcanes ==== Durante le annos 1990, le [[Disintegration de Yugoslavia]] conduceva a plure guerras in le Balcanes. Le conflictos includeva le guerras in Croacia e Bosnia-Herzegovina e le guerra de Kosovo. Le guerras esseva associate a rivalitates national, conflictos territorial e violentia contra populationes civil. Le [[Genocidio de Srebrenica]] in 1995 constitue un del atrocitates plus grave del conflictos. Le intervention international e le accordos de pace modificava le situation politic del region, ma multe questiones concernente le reconciliation e le cooperation remaneva. Le [[Montenegro]] deveniva independente in 2006, e le [[Kosovo]] declarava su independentia in 2008, recognoscite per plure estados ma non per tote le communitate international. ==== Crise economic e Brexit ==== Le [[crise financiari de 2007–2008]] e le [[crise del debita souveran in le zona euro]] affectava multe economias europee durante le annos 2010. Le crise provocava recesiones, disoccupation e debates super le politica budgetari e le coordination economic. In 2016, un referendum in le Regno Unite produceva un majoritate pro le retiro del Union Europee. Le [[Brexit]] deveniva effective le 31 de januario 2020, con un periodo de transition que terminava le 31 de decembre 2020. Le retiro britannic esseva le prime caso in le qual un stato membro lassava le Union Europee. Illo modificava le relationes economic e institutional inter le Regno Unite e le Union. === Europa in le seculo XXI === ==== Migration, societate e politica ==== Europa contemporanee affronta questiones concernente migration, envejecimento demographic, disveloppamento economic, cambiamento climatic e le evolution del relationes international. Le migration include personas que se move pro labor, education, reunification familial, protection contra persecution o fuga de guerras. Le politicas de migration e asylum varia inter le estados e es subjecte a debattes public e institutionales. Le societates europee ha devenite plus diverse in multe regiones. Le relation inter le identitates national, regional e europee continua a influentiar le debates super le futuro del continente. ==== Pandemia de COVID-19 ==== Le pandemia de [[COVID-19]] affectava Europa desde 2020, provocante crises sanitari, restrictiones del movemento, interruptiones economic e transformationes del modos de labor e education. Le estados e le Union Europee adoptava mesuras de emergentia, programs de supporto economic e campanias de vaccination. Le pandemia revelava differencias inter systemas sanitari e inter le capacitate economic del estados, ma etiam conduceva a nove formas de cooperation. ==== Invasion russe de Ucraina ==== Le invasion de Ucraina per Russia in februario 2022 marcava un crise major de securitate e de politica international in Europa. Le conflicto armate provocava un crise de refugiatos sin precedentes desde le Secunde Guerra Mundial, le imposition de severe sanctions economic contra Russia e un reorientation radical del politicas de defensa e de independentia energetic in plure estados europee. Le guerra continua a modificar le panorama geopolitical del continente e a redefinir le relationes international. Europa contemporanee mantene su position in le schena global, basante se super le cooperation institutional, le integration economic e le valores democratic, dum affronta simulmente le defios complexe del seculo XXI, como le cambiamento climatic, le transformation digital e le securitate regional. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Europa per pais}} [[Categoria:Historia de Europa| ]] njz7m2k4fje9f7gimm9f71lane5ubce 0 62335 704708 2026-10-17T20:45:49Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Asia''' es le historia del populationes, civilisationes, culturas, imperios e estados que se ha developpate in le continente asiatic desde le prehistoria usque al epocha contemporanee. Asia es le continente plus grande e plus populate del mundo e ha essite le loco de origine de plure del prime civilisationes urban, systemas de scriptura, traditiones philosophic e religiones universal. Le historia asiatic comprende le ci...” 704708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Asia''' es le historia del populationes, civilisationes, culturas, imperios e estados que se ha developpate in le continente asiatic desde le prehistoria usque al epocha contemporanee. Asia es le continente plus grande e plus populate del mundo e ha essite le loco de origine de plure del prime civilisationes urban, systemas de scriptura, traditiones philosophic e religiones universal. Le historia asiatic comprende le civilisationes de [[Mesopotamia]], le [[Valle del Indo]], le [[China antique]] e le regiones del [[Medio Oriente]], assi como le imperios de Persia, India, China, Mongolia, le mundo islamic e le [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le continente ha etiam essite un centro de commercio international, specialmente per le [[Via del Seta]] e le rotas maritime del Oceano Indian. Asia non ha un historia uniforme. Le regiones de Asia occidental, central, meridional, oriental, sudoriental e septentrional ha developpate societates distincte, ben que migrationes, guerras, commercio e intercambios cultural ha connectite los durante millennios.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Asia |titulo=History of Asia |sitioweb=Wikipedia in anglese |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == === Prime populationes human === Le habitation human de Asia remonta a centos de milles de annos. Le restos archaeologic monstra que diverse species human, includente [[Homo erectus]] e [[Homo neanderthalensis]], habitava partes del continente ante e durante le expansion de [[Homo sapiens]]. Le populationes prehistorical se adaptava a ambientes multo variate, ab le regiones glacial de Siberia usque al foreste tropical de Asia sudoriental e le deserto del Peninsula Arabic. Le cacia, le pesca e le collection de plantas constituiva le base del subsistentia de multe communitates. Le migrationes human connecteva Asia con Africa e Europa. Durante le millennios, le populationes developpava technicas de fabrication de utensiles, formas de expression artistic e practicas social adaptate al ambientes local. === Revolution neolithic === Le [[Neolitico]] marcava un transformation fundamental in le historia de Asia. In plure regiones, le populationes comenciava a cultivar plantas e alleviar animales, permittente le formation de settlements permanente e le accumulation de ressources. In Asia occidental, le agricultura e le allevamento se developpava in regiones del [[Fertil Crescent]], includente partes del actual Irak, Syria, Turquia e Iran. Le cultivation de cereales e le domestication de animales favorisava le formation de villages e le disveloppamento de novas formas de organisation social. In Asia meridional, le agricultura se developpava in le regiones del subcontinente indian. In Asia oriental, le populationes del valle del [[Fluvio Flave]] cultivava principalmente milio, durante que in le valle del [[Fluvio Yangtze]] le cultura del [[ris]] deveniva importante. Iste transformationes non occurreva simultaneemente in tote le continente. Illas se developpava in differente momentos e per processos regional distincte. == Antiquitate == === Prime civilisationes de Asia occidental === ==== Mesopotamia ==== Le [[Mesopotamia]], situate inter le fluvios [[Tigris]] e [[Eufrates]], esseva un del prime regiones del mundo ubi se developpava citates, estados e administrationes complexe. Durante le IV millennio ante nostre era, citates como [[Uruk]] deveniva centros de population, commercio e poter politic. Le development del scriptura cuneiforme, usate inicialmente pro registrar benes e operationes administrative, marca un del prime formas documentate de scriptura. Le civilisationes sumeric, accadic, babylonie e assyrie succedeva o coexisteva in differente periodos. Illas developpava systemas de lege, literatura, mathematica, astronomia e administration estatal. Le [[Imperio Babylonie]] es cognoscite, inter altere aspectos, pro le codice de leges associate al rege [[Hammurabi]] in le seculo XVIII ante nostre era. Le [[Imperio Assyrie]] deveniva ulteriormente un del principales poteres militar del Near Oriente. ==== Imperios persian ==== Le [[Imperio Achemenide]], fundate per [[Ciro le Grande]] in le seculo VI ante nostre era, unificava un vaste territorio que includeva partes de Asia occidental, Asia central e regiones adjacent de Africa e Europa. Le imperio developpava un administration provincial, un rete de vias e systemas de communication que facilitava le circulation de personas, benes e information. [[Dario I]] reorganisava le administration e le taxation del imperio. Post le conquestas de [[Alexandro le Grande]], le territorio esseva dividite inter su successores. In le seculos sequente, le imperios [[Parthia]] e [[Sasanian]] exerceva un influentia importante in Iran e le regiones vicin. Le cultura persian influentiava le administration, le arte e le litteratura de multe societates asiatic. Le imperios persian serviva etiam como ponte inter le Mediterraneo, Asia central, India e China. === Asia meridional === ==== Civilisation del Valle del Indo ==== Le [[Civilisation del Valle del Indo]] se developpava in le regiones del actual Pakistan e del nord-west de India. Su periodo de maxime expansion occurreva circa 2600–1900 ante nostre era. Citates como [[Harappa]] e [[Mohenjo-daro]] habeva stratas planificate, systemas de drainage, habitationes construite con lateres e infrastructuras que indica un grado importante de organisation urban. Le economia se basava super agricultura, artesanato e commercio. Le objectos archaeologic monstra contactos con Mesopotamia e altere regiones del Near Oriente. Le scriptura del civilisation del Indo non ha essite decifrate con certezza, e multe aspectos del su religion, lingua e organisation politic remane incognite. Le civilisation perdeva gradualmente su forma urban durante le secunde millennio ante nostre era, in un processo cuje causas probabilemente includeva cambios ambiental e transformationes economic e social. ==== India vedic e imperios antique ==== Post le declino del citates del Indo, le regiones del subcontinente indian videva le developpamento de nove formas de societate e de traditiones religiose. Le textos del [[Vedas]], componite in sanscrito durante le secunde millennio e le prime millennio ante nostre era, constitue un fonte fundamental pro le studio del religion e del cultura vedic. Durante le prime millennio ante nostre era, le [[Mahajanapadas]], o grande entidades politic, emergeva in le nord de India. In iste contexto se developpava le traditiones del [[Hinduismo]], del [[Buddhismo]] e del [[Jainismo]]. Le [[Imperio Maurya]], fundate per [[Chandragupta Maurya]] circa 322 ante nostre era, reuniva un grande parte del subcontinente. Sub le imperator [[Ashoka]], qui regnava durante le seculo III ante nostre era, le Buddhismo recipeva supporto imperial e se diffundeva verso altere regiones. Post le declino Maurya, diverse regnos regional se developpava in India. Le [[Imperio Gupta]], durante le seculos IV a VI de nostre era, es associate al disveloppamento de mathematica, astronomia, litteratura e arte. Le periodo esseva importante pro le evolution de traditiones intellectual e religiose, ben que le prosperitate e le organisation variava inter regiones. === Asia oriental === ==== China antique ==== Le [[China antique]] es le loco de origine de un del civilisationes continue le plus ancian del mundo. Le prime societates agricole se developpava in le valle del Fluvio Flave e del Yangtze, e le tradition historic chinese identifica dynastias como Xia, Shang e Zhou. Le evidentia archaeologic e le inscriptiones confirma le existentia del [[Dynastia Shang]] durante le secunde millennio ante nostre era. Le [[Dynastia Zhou]] governava desde circa 1046 ante nostre era usque a 256 ante nostre era, durante un periodo que videva le developpamento de traditiones philosophic importante. [[Confucio]], [[Laozi]] e altere pensatores contribuiva al evolution del [[Confucianismo]], del [[Daoismo]] e de altere traditiones intellectual. Le [[Periodo del Statos Combatente]] esseva marcate per conflictos inter entitates politic, innovationes administrative e transformationes militar. In 221 ante nostre era, [[Qin Shi Huang]] unificava le principal estados chinese e fundava le [[Dynastia Qin]]. Su governamento introduciva formas de standardisation administrative e monetari e reforçava le autoritate central. ==== Dynastias Han, Tang e Song ==== Le [[Dynastia Han]] (202 ante nostre era–220 de nostre era) establi un imperio durabile e extendeva le contactos con Asia central. Le commercio associate al [[Via del Seta]] connecteva China con Asia occidental e, indirectemente, con le Mediterraneo. Post un periodo de division, le unification esseva restabilite per le dynastias Sui e Tang. Le [[Dynastia Tang]] (618–907) es associate a un periodo de expansion commercial, activitate artistic e contactos international. Le capital [[Chang'an]] deveniva un grande centro urban e cosmopolitic. Le [[Dynastia Song]] (960–1279) videva progressos in le administration, le production manufacturari, le navigation e le technologia. Le imprimeria, le uso del bussole e le diffusion del polvere de pyrotechnia e de guerra es inter le disveloppamentos associate al historia technologic de China, ben que lor evolution se extendeva super plure periodos. == Medievo == === Asia central e le steppe eurasiatic === Asia central has historicamente functionate como un zona de contacto inter China, India, Persia e Europa. Le oasis e le citates commercial del region participava al retias del [[Via del Seta]], durante que le steppe esseva habitate per populationes pastoral e nomadic. Le [[Xiongnu]], le [[Turcos]], le [[Uigures]] e altere confederationes exerceva influentia super le regiones del steppe. Le migrationes e le conquestas del populationes nomadic contribuiva al transformation del estados e del culturas in Asia central e in le regiones vicin. In le seculo XIII, le conquestas de [[Genghis Khan]] conduceva al formation del [[Imperio Mongol]], que extendeva se ab Asia oriental usque a partes de Europa oriental e del Medio Oriente. Le imperio facilitava certe formas de communication e commercio transcontinental, ma le conquestas causava etiam destruction e perdita de population in numerose citates. Post le disintegration del imperio mongol, dynastias regional e poteres turco-mongol governava partes del Asia central. Le imperio de [[Timur]] durante le seculo XIV e le prime parte del seculo XV deveniva un important potentia regional. === Asia occidental e le expansion del Islam === Le [[Islam]] nasceva in le Peninsula Arabic durante le seculo VII. Post le morte de [[Muhammad]], le califatos islamic extendeva lor controlo verso le Levante, Mesopotamia, Persia e partes de Asia central. Le [[Califato Omayyade]] e le [[Califato Abbaside]] connecteva vaste regiones per administration, commercio e cultura. [[Bagdad]] deveniva un importante centro de scientia, philosophia e litteratura. Le studiosos del mundo islamic traduceva, preservava e disveloppava textos grec, persian e indian. Le expansion del Islam non occurreva uniformemente ni solmente per conquesta militar. In plure partes de Asia, le religion se diffundeva per commercio, migration, instruction religiose e relationes social, specialmente in Asia sudoriental. Durante le seculos sequente, plure dynastias e imperios governava partes de Asia occidental, includente le [[Selgiucidas]], le [[Ilkhanato]] e le [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le Ottomanos conquistava Constantinopla in 1453 e establi un imperio que dominava partes de Asia occidental, Europa sudoriental e Africa del Nord. Le [[Imperio Safavide]] in Persia e le [[Imperio Mughal]] in India deveniva etiam poteres importante del periodo moderne. Lor societates developpava traditiones artistic, administrative e religiose distincte, con contactos commercial e diplomatic inter illos. === Asia meridional: Sultanatos e Imperio Mughal === Durante le Medievo, plure dynastias musulman governava partes del subcontinente indian. Le [[Sultanato de Delhi]], establite in le initio del seculo XIII, exerceva un influentia importante in le nord de India. In 1526, [[Babur]] fundava le [[Imperio Mughal]] post su victoria al [[Battalia de Panipat]]. Le imperio se expandiva e deveniva un del principales poteres politic e economic del Asia meridional. Sub governantes como [[Akbar]], [[Jahangir]], [[Shah Jahan]] e [[Aurangzeb]], le imperio administrava vaste territorios e promoveva diverse formas de arte, architectura e litteratura. Le [[Taj Mahal]], construite sub Shah Jahan, es un del monumentos plus cognoscite de iste periodo. Le societate mughal combinava traditiones persian, islamic e indian. Le relationes inter le communitates religiose e le administration imperial variava secundo le governante e le periodo. In le seculos XVII e XVIII, le poter mughal se debilitava, durante que poteres regional, includente le [[Imperio Maratha]], cresceva. Le [[Compania Britannic del Indias Oriental]] extendeva su controlo e deveniva un actor politic e militar dominante in multe partes del subcontinente. === Asia oriental: Mongolos, Ming e Qing === In le seculo XIII, le [[Imperio Mongol]] conquistava grande partes de Asia. Sub [[Kublai Khan]], le Mongolos establi le [[Dynastia Yuan]] in China, que governava inter 1271 e 1368. Le [[Dynastia Ming]] (1368–1644) restabliva un governamento dynastic chinese. Durante le seculo XV, le expeditions maritime de [[Zheng He]] attingeva regiones del Oceano Indian e stabiliva contactos diplomatic e commercial con numerose portos. In 1644, le [[Dynastia Qing]], de origine manchu, prendeva le poder in China e extendeva le territorio del imperio. Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le Qing affrontava conflictos interne, pressiones demografic e interventiones de poteres estranier. Le [[Prime Guerra del Opio]] (1839–1842) e le [[Secunde Guerra del Opio]] (1856–1860) conduceva a nove concessiones commercial e territorial al poteres occidental. Le rebelliones interne, includente le [[Rebellion Taiping]], debilitava ulteriormente le imperio. === Japon e Corea === Le historia de [[Japon]] esseva marcate per le evolution de un stato imperial, le disveloppamento del cultura de corte e le formation de un ordine feudal. Durante le periodo [[Heian]] (794–1185), le cultura de corte e le litteratura japone se developpava, durante que le potentia del guerreros cresceva. Desde le seculo XII, le [[shogunato]] deveniva le centro del poter militar e politic. Le [[Shogunato Tokugawa]], establite in 1603, manteneva le pace interne durante plus de duo seculos, con un regime de controlo social e restrictiones del contactos estranier. In 1868, le [[Restoration Meiji]] initiava un processo de modernisation del stato, del economia e del fuerzas armate. Japon deveniva un poter industrial e militar e extendeva su dominio in Asia oriental durante le fin del seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX. Le peninsula de [[Corea]] habeva su proprie dynastias e traditiones cultural. Le [[Dynastia Joseon]] governava desde 1392 usque al initio del seculo XX. Corea esseva annexe per Japon in 1910 e remaneva sub dominio colonial usque al fin del Secunde Guerra Mundial in 1945. === Asia sudoriental === Le [[Asia sudoriental]] se developpava como un zona de intercambio inter India, China e le Oceano Indian. Le commercio maritime portava mercantes, religiones e technicas a portos e regnos del continente e del archipelago. Le [[Regno de Funan]], le [[Imperio Khmer]], le regno de [[Srivijaya]] e le [[Imperio Majapahit]] esseva inter le entitates politic importante del region. Le [[Angkor Wat]] in Cambodia e le monumento buddhista de [[Borobudur]] in Java reflecte le richessa artistic e religiose de iste societates. Le influentia del Hinduismo e del Buddhismo se diffundeva per contactos commercial e diplomatic. Le Islam deveniva importante in plure regiones maritime, specialmente in le archipelago malay e in Indonesia, durante le Medievo tardive e le periodo moderne. Desde le seculo XVI, poteres europee establi bases commercial e colonias in le region. Portugal occupava [[Malacca]] in 1511; le Nederlandeses extendeva lor controlo in partes de Indonesia; le britannicos governava partes de Burma, Malaya e Singapore; e le franceses colonisava Vietnam, Laos e Cambodia. [[Thailand]] conservava su independentia formal durante le periodo del expansion colonial, ben que le su governantes debeva negociar con le poteres europee e adaptar su institutiones. == Etate moderne == === Expansion europee e colonialismo in Asia === Desde le fin del seculo XV, le expansion maritime europee transformava le relationes commercial e politic in Asia. Portugal establi bases in le costa de India, in Malacca e in altere portos strategic. Ulteriormente, le Nederlandeses, britannicos e franceses developpava imperios commercial e territorial. Le [[Compania Britannic del Indias Oriental]] deveniva un important actor politic in India, e le dominio britannic se extendeva durante le seculos XVIII e XIX. Le [[Raj Britannic]] governava le subcontinente indian desde 1858 usque al independentia de India e Pakistan in 1947. In Asia sudoriental, le colonisation europee affectava Indonesia, Malaya, Burma, Indochina e le Philippinas, ben que le chronologia e le forma del dominio variava. Japon, durante le seculo XIX, evitava esser colonisate per poteres occidental per medio de un processo rapid de modernisation e industrialisation. Le commercio colonial, le extraction de ressources e le introduction de novas infrastructuras transformava le economias asiatic. Le colonisation esseva tamen etiam associate a coercition, appropriation del terras, exploitation del labor e resistance local. == Etate contemporanee == === Nationalismo e guerras del seculo XX === Durante le fin del seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX, movimentos nationalista e reformator cresceva in plure partes de Asia. Le [[Revolution Xinhai]] de 1911 finiva le monarchia imperial in China e conduceva al creation del [[Republica de China]]. Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] affectava etiam Asia, includente le territorios del Imperio Ottoman e le colonias europee. Post le guerra, le dissolvimento del Imperio Ottoman e le formation de novos estados transformava le geopolitica del Medio Oriente. Durante le annos 1930, Japon extendeva su expansion militar in Asia oriental. Le invasion de Manchuria in 1931 e le guerra a grande scala contra China desde 1937 precedeva le expansion del guerra in Asia e in le Pacifico. Le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] causava destruction massive in plure regiones asiatic. Le occupation japone affectava China, Corea, le Philippinas, Indochina, Malaya, Indonesia e altere territorios. Le guerra terminava in 1945 con le capitulation de Japon. === Decolonisation e nove estados === Post 1945, le fin del imperios colonial se accelerava. [[India]] e [[Pakistan]] deveniva independente in 1947, e le partition causava migrationes massive e violentia inter communitates. [[Sri Lanka]] e [[Birmania]] obteneva lor independentia in 1948, e [[Indonesia]] consolidava su independentia post le conflicto con Nederland. Le [[Republica Popular de China]] esseva proclamate in 1949 post le victoria del Partito Communista in le Guerra Civil Chinese. Le governamento nationalista se retirava a Taiwan, ubi le Republica de China continuava a existir. Le [[Guerra de Corea]] (1950–1953) consolidava le division inter [[Corea del Nord]] e [[Corea del Sud]]. Le [[Guerra de Vietnam]] e altere conflictos del Guerra Frie affectava le Asia sudoriental. Le [[Particion del India]] e le conflictos inter India e Pakistan remaneva importante in le politica del Asia meridional. Le decolonisation non eliminava tote le conflictos. In plure regiones, le nove estados affrontava difficultates concernente le frontieras, le formation del institutiones, le disveloppamento economic e le relationes inter gruppos linguistic e religiose. === Asia durante le Guerra Frie === Durante le Guerra Frie, Asia deveniva un importante campo de competition inter le [[Statos Unite]], le [[Union Sovietic]] e le estados regional. China, sub le direction de [[Mao Zedong]], adoptava un systema communista post 1949. Le [[Grande Salto Avante]] del fin del annos 1950 e le [[Revolution Cultural]] del annos 1960 causava transformationes social e politic profunde e consequencias human grave. Japon, post le guerra, developpava un economia industrial exportator e deveniva un del principal economias del mundo. Corea del Sud, Taiwan, Hong Kong e Singapore experimentava etiam rapid transformationes economic durante le secunde medietate del seculo XX, ben que lor systemas politic e trajectorias social differeva. In le Medio Oriente, le creation del [[Stato de Israel]] in 1948 e le conflictos israeliano-palestinian influentiava le politica regional e international. Le guerras inter Israel e estados arabic e le disveloppamento del question palestinian deveniva elementos central del historia contemporanee del region. === Asia contemporanee === ==== Reformas economic e globalization ==== Desde le fin del seculo XX, plure partes de Asia experimentava cambios economic importante. In China, le reformas initiate sub [[Deng Xiaoping]] desde 1978 introduciva mecanismos de mercato e augmentava le integration del pais in le economia global. India adoptava reformas economic significative in 1991, que contribuiva al expansion de sectores como le services, le industria e le technologias del information. In Asia oriental e sudoriental, le industrialisation e le commercio international transformava le production e le conditiones de vita. Le trajectorias economic remaneva diverse. Alcun paises deveniva centros industrial e technologic, durante que altere regiones continuava a affrontar paupertate, disigualitate, conflictos o vulnerabilitate ambiental. ==== Conflictos e transformationes politic ==== Le historia recente de Asia include conflictos e crises politic in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Myanmar e altere regiones. Le guerras e le instabilitate ha causate displaciamentos de population, destruction de infrastructuras e crises humanitari. Le relationes inter China, India, Pakistan, Japon, Corea, Russia e le estados del Asia sudoriental continua a influentiar le securitate regional. Le reclamationes territorial, le competition strategic e le cooperation economic coexiste in un ambiente international complexe. Le [[Association de Nationes del Asia Sudoriental]] (ASEAN), fundate in 1967, promove le cooperation regional in Asia sudoriental. Alteres formas de cooperation include institutiones economic, accordos commercial e foros de dialogo inter estados asiatic. == Religiones e culturas de Asia == Asia es le loco de origine de plure del principal religiones del mundo. Le [[Hinduismo]], le [[Buddhismo]], le [[Jainismo]], le [[Sikhismo]], le [[Judaismo]], le [[Christianismo]], le [[Islam]] e le [[Zoroastrismo]] ha origines o historias formative in diverse regiones del continente. Le diffusion del religiones occurreva per migration, commercio, conquestas, peregrinationes e missiones. Le [[Via del Seta]] e le rotas maritime del Oceano Indian facilitava le circulation de ideas, libros, artistas e traditiones. Le culturas asiatic include un grande varietate de linguas, formas artistic, traditiones musical, architecturas e systemas philosophic. Le contactos inter regiones ha producite culturas composite, durante que multe communitates ha mantenite identitates local distincte. == Signification historic == Le historia de Asia es marcate per le formation de civilisationes antique, le disveloppamento de imperios, le diffusion de religiones, le expansion del commercio e le transformationes provocate per le colonialismo e le modernisation. Le continente ha essite un centro de innovation in agricultura, scriptura, mathematica, technologia, navigation e philosophia. Le relationes inter Asia e le altere partes del mundo ha influentiate le historia global durante millennios. Le historia asiatica non es un trajectoria unic: le regiones ha evolvite per processos distincte e interconnectite, e le diversitate del lor experientias historic continua a formar le mundo contemporanee. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Asia| ]] 0alu0iw6sdhz0mgnf9xy34pf04i4fit 704743 704708 2026-10-18T07:34:21Z Interlingvisto 60932 704743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Asia''' es le historia del populationes, civilisationes, culturas, imperios e estados que se ha developpate in le continente asiatic desde le prehistoria usque al epocha contemporanee. Asia es le continente plus grande e plus populate del mundo e ha essite le loco de origine de plure del prime civilisationes urban, systemas de scriptura, traditiones philosophic e religiones universal. Le historia asiatic comprende le civilisationes de [[Mesopotamia]], le [[Valle del Indo]], le [[China antique]] e le regiones del [[Medio Oriente]], assi como le imperios de Persia, India, China, Mongolia, le mundo islamic e le [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le continente ha etiam essite un centro de commercio international, specialmente per le [[Via del Seta]] e le rotas maritime del Oceano Indian. Asia non ha un historia uniforme. Le regiones de Asia occidental, central, meridional, oriental, sudoriental e septentrional ha developpate societates distincte, ben que migrationes, guerras, commercio e intercambios cultural ha connectite los durante millennios.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Asia |titulo=History of Asia |sitioweb=Wikipedia in anglese |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == === Prime populationes human === Le habitation human de Asia remonta a centos de milles de annos. Le restos archaeologic monstra que diverse species human, includente [[Homo erectus]] e [[Homo neanderthalensis]], habitava partes del continente ante e durante le expansion de [[Homo sapiens]]. Le populationes prehistorical se adaptava a ambientes multo variate, ab le regiones glacial de Siberia usque al foreste tropical de Asia sudoriental e le deserto del Peninsula Arabic. Le cacia, le pesca e le collection de plantas constituiva le base del subsistentia de multe communitates. Le migrationes human connecteva Asia con Africa e Europa. Durante le millennios, le populationes developpava technicas de fabrication de utensiles, formas de expression artistic e practicas social adaptate al ambientes local. === Revolution neolithic === Le [[Neolitico]] marcava un transformation fundamental in le historia de Asia. In plure regiones, le populationes comenciava a cultivar plantas e alleviar animales, permittente le formation de settlements permanente e le accumulation de ressources. In Asia occidental, le agricultura e le allevamento se developpava in regiones del [[Fertil Crescent]], includente partes del actual Irak, Syria, Turquia e Iran. Le cultivation de cereales e le domestication de animales favorisava le formation de villages e le disveloppamento de novas formas de organisation social. In Asia meridional, le agricultura se developpava in le regiones del subcontinente indian. In Asia oriental, le populationes del valle del [[Fluvio Flave]] cultivava principalmente milio, durante que in le valle del [[Fluvio Yangtze]] le cultura del [[ris]] deveniva importante. Iste transformationes non occurreva simultaneemente in tote le continente. Illas se developpava in differente momentos e per processos regional distincte. == Antiquitate == === Prime civilisationes de Asia occidental === ==== Mesopotamia ==== Le [[Mesopotamia]], situate inter le fluvios [[Tigris]] e [[Eufrates]], esseva un del prime regiones del mundo ubi se developpava citates, estados e administrationes complexe. Durante le IV millennio ante nostre era, citates como [[Uruk]] deveniva centros de population, commercio e poter politic. Le development del scriptura cuneiforme, usate inicialmente pro registrar benes e operationes administrative, marca un del prime formas documentate de scriptura. Le civilisationes sumeric, accadic, babylonie e assyrie succedeva o coexisteva in differente periodos. Illas developpava systemas de lege, literatura, mathematica, astronomia e administration estatal. Le [[Imperio Babylonie]] es cognoscite, inter altere aspectos, pro le codice de leges associate al rege [[Hammurabi]] in le seculo XVIII ante nostre era. Le [[Imperio Assyrie]] deveniva ulteriormente un del principales poteres militar del Near Oriente. ==== Imperios persian ==== Le [[Imperio Achemenide]], fundate per [[Ciro le Grande]] in le seculo VI ante nostre era, unificava un vaste territorio que includeva partes de Asia occidental, Asia central e regiones adjacent de Africa e Europa. Le imperio developpava un administration provincial, un rete de vias e systemas de communication que facilitava le circulation de personas, benes e information. [[Dario I]] reorganisava le administration e le taxation del imperio. Post le conquestas de [[Alexandro le Grande]], le territorio esseva dividite inter su successores. In le seculos sequente, le imperios [[Parthia]] e [[Sasanian]] exerceva un influentia importante in Iran e le regiones vicin. Le cultura persian influentiava le administration, le arte e le litteratura de multe societates asiatic. Le imperios persian serviva etiam como ponte inter le Mediterraneo, Asia central, India e China. === Asia meridional === ==== Civilisation del Valle del Indo ==== Le [[Civilisation del Valle del Indo]] se developpava in le regiones del actual Pakistan e del nord-west de India. Su periodo de maxime expansion occurreva circa 2600–1900 ante nostre era. Citates como [[Harappa]] e [[Mohenjo-daro]] habeva stratas planificate, systemas de drainage, habitationes construite con lateres e infrastructuras que indica un grado importante de organisation urban. Le economia se basava super agricultura, artesanato e commercio. Le objectos archaeologic monstra contactos con Mesopotamia e altere regiones del Near Oriente. Le scriptura del civilisation del Indo non ha essite decifrate con certezza, e multe aspectos del su religion, lingua e organisation politic remane incognite. Le civilisation perdeva gradualmente su forma urban durante le secunde millennio ante nostre era, in un processo cuje causas probabilemente includeva cambios ambiental e transformationes economic e social. ==== India vedic e imperios antique ==== Post le declino del citates del Indo, le regiones del subcontinente indian videva le developpamento de nove formas de societate e de traditiones religiose. Le textos del [[Vedas]], componite in sanscrito durante le secunde millennio e le prime millennio ante nostre era, constitue un fonte fundamental pro le studio del religion e del cultura vedic. Durante le prime millennio ante nostre era, le [[Mahajanapadas]], o grande entidades politic, emergeva in le nord de India. In iste contexto se developpava le traditiones del [[Hinduismo]], del [[Buddhismo]] e del [[Jainismo]]. Le [[Imperio Maurya]], fundate per [[Chandragupta Maurya]] circa 322 ante nostre era, reuniva un grande parte del subcontinente. Sub le imperator [[Ashoka]], qui regnava durante le seculo III ante nostre era, le Buddhismo recipeva supporto imperial e se diffundeva verso altere regiones. Post le declino Maurya, diverse regnos regional se developpava in India. Le [[Imperio Gupta]], durante le seculos IV a VI de nostre era, es associate al disveloppamento de mathematica, astronomia, litteratura e arte. Le periodo esseva importante pro le evolution de traditiones intellectual e religiose, ben que le prosperitate e le organisation variava inter regiones. === Asia oriental === ==== China antique ==== Le [[China antique]] es le loco de origine de un del civilisationes continue le plus ancian del mundo. Le prime societates agricole se developpava in le valle del Fluvio Flave e del Yangtze, e le tradition historic chinese identifica dynastias como Xia, Shang e Zhou. Le evidentia archaeologic e le inscriptiones confirma le existentia del [[Dynastia Shang]] durante le secunde millennio ante nostre era. Le [[Dynastia Zhou]] governava desde circa 1046 ante nostre era usque a 256 ante nostre era, durante un periodo que videva le developpamento de traditiones philosophic importante. [[Confucio]], [[Laozi]] e altere pensatores contribuiva al evolution del [[Confucianismo]], del [[Daoismo]] e de altere traditiones intellectual. Le [[Periodo del Statos Combatente]] esseva marcate per conflictos inter entitates politic, innovationes administrative e transformationes militar. In 221 ante nostre era, [[Qin Shi Huang]] unificava le principal estados chinese e fundava le [[Dynastia Qin]]. Su governamento introduciva formas de standardisation administrative e monetari e reforçava le autoritate central. ==== Dynastias Han, Tang e Song ==== Le [[Dynastia Han]] (202 ante nostre era–220 de nostre era) establi un imperio durabile e extendeva le contactos con Asia central. Le commercio associate al [[Via del Seta]] connecteva China con Asia occidental e, indirectemente, con le Mediterraneo. Post un periodo de division, le unification esseva restabilite per le dynastias Sui e Tang. Le [[Dynastia Tang]] (618–907) es associate a un periodo de expansion commercial, activitate artistic e contactos international. Le capital [[Chang'an]] deveniva un grande centro urban e cosmopolitic. Le [[Dynastia Song]] (960–1279) videva progressos in le administration, le production manufacturari, le navigation e le technologia. Le imprimeria, le uso del bussole e le diffusion del polvere de pyrotechnia e de guerra es inter le disveloppamentos associate al historia technologic de China, ben que lor evolution se extendeva super plure periodos. == Medievo == === Asia central e le steppe eurasiatic === Asia central has historicamente functionate como un zona de contacto inter China, India, Persia e Europa. Le oasis e le citates commercial del region participava al retias del [[Via del Seta]], durante que le steppe esseva habitate per populationes pastoral e nomadic. Le [[Xiongnu]], le [[Turcos]], le [[Uigures]] e altere confederationes exerceva influentia super le regiones del steppe. Le migrationes e le conquestas del populationes nomadic contribuiva al transformation del estados e del culturas in Asia central e in le regiones vicin. In le seculo XIII, le conquestas de [[Genghis Khan]] conduceva al formation del [[Imperio Mongol]], que extendeva se ab Asia oriental usque a partes de Europa oriental e del Medio Oriente. Le imperio facilitava certe formas de communication e commercio transcontinental, ma le conquestas causava etiam destruction e perdita de population in numerose citates. Post le disintegration del imperio mongol, dynastias regional e poteres turco-mongol governava partes del Asia central. Le imperio de [[Timur]] durante le seculo XIV e le prime parte del seculo XV deveniva un important potentia regional. === Asia occidental e le expansion del Islam === Le [[Islam]] nasceva in le Peninsula Arabic durante le seculo VII. Post le morte de [[Muhammad]], le califatos islamic extendeva lor controlo verso le Levante, Mesopotamia, Persia e partes de Asia central. Le [[Califato Omayyade]] e le [[Califato Abbaside]] connecteva vaste regiones per administration, commercio e cultura. [[Bagdad]] deveniva un importante centro de scientia, philosophia e litteratura. Le studiosos del mundo islamic traduceva, preservava e disveloppava textos grec, persian e indian. Le expansion del Islam non occurreva uniformemente ni solmente per conquesta militar. In plure partes de Asia, le religion se diffundeva per commercio, migration, instruction religiose e relationes social, specialmente in Asia sudoriental. Durante le seculos sequente, plure dynastias e imperios governava partes de Asia occidental, includente le [[Selgiucidas]], le [[Ilkhanato]] e le [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le Ottomanos conquistava Constantinopla in 1453 e establi un imperio que dominava partes de Asia occidental, Europa sudoriental e Africa del Nord. Le [[Imperio Safavide]] in Persia e le [[Imperio Mughal]] in India deveniva etiam poteres importante del periodo moderne. Lor societates developpava traditiones artistic, administrative e religiose distincte, con contactos commercial e diplomatic inter illos. === Asia meridional: Sultanatos e Imperio Mughal === Durante le Medievo, plure dynastias musulman governava partes del subcontinente indian. Le [[Sultanato de Delhi]], establite in le initio del seculo XIII, exerceva un influentia importante in le nord de India. In 1526, [[Babur]] fundava le [[Imperio Mughal]] post su victoria al [[Battalia de Panipat]]. Le imperio se expandiva e deveniva un del principales poteres politic e economic del Asia meridional. Sub governantes como [[Akbar]], [[Jahangir]], [[Shah Jahan]] e [[Aurangzeb]], le imperio administrava vaste territorios e promoveva diverse formas de arte, architectura e litteratura. Le [[Taj Mahal]], construite sub Shah Jahan, es un del monumentos plus cognoscite de iste periodo. Le societate mughal combinava traditiones persian, islamic e indian. Le relationes inter le communitates religiose e le administration imperial variava secundo le governante e le periodo. In le seculos XVII e XVIII, le poter mughal se debilitava, durante que poteres regional, includente le [[Imperio Maratha]], cresceva. Le [[Compania Britannic del Indias Oriental]] extendeva su controlo e deveniva un actor politic e militar dominante in multe partes del subcontinente. === Asia oriental: Mongolos, Ming e Qing === In le seculo XIII, le [[Imperio Mongol]] conquistava grande partes de Asia. Sub [[Kublai Khan]], le Mongolos establi le [[Dynastia Yuan]] in China, que governava inter 1271 e 1368. Le [[Dynastia Ming]] (1368–1644) restabliva un governamento dynastic chinese. Durante le seculo XV, le expeditions maritime de [[Zheng He]] attingeva regiones del Oceano Indian e stabiliva contactos diplomatic e commercial con numerose portos. In 1644, le [[Dynastia Qing]], de origine manchu, prendeva le poder in China e extendeva le territorio del imperio. Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le Qing affrontava conflictos interne, pressiones demografic e interventiones de poteres estranier. Le [[Prime Guerra del Opio]] (1839–1842) e le [[Secunde Guerra del Opio]] (1856–1860) conduceva a nove concessiones commercial e territorial al poteres occidental. Le rebelliones interne, includente le [[Rebellion Taiping]], debilitava ulteriormente le imperio. === Japon e Corea === Le historia de [[Japon]] esseva marcate per le evolution de un stato imperial, le disveloppamento del cultura de corte e le formation de un ordine feudal. Durante le periodo [[Heian]] (794–1185), le cultura de corte e le litteratura japone se developpava, durante que le potentia del guerreros cresceva. Desde le seculo XII, le [[shogunato]] deveniva le centro del poter militar e politic. Le [[Shogunato Tokugawa]], establite in 1603, manteneva le pace interne durante plus de duo seculos, con un regime de controlo social e restrictiones del contactos estranier. In 1868, le [[Restoration Meiji]] initiava un processo de modernisation del stato, del economia e del fuerzas armate. Japon deveniva un poter industrial e militar e extendeva su dominio in Asia oriental durante le fin del seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX. Le peninsula de [[Corea]] habeva su proprie dynastias e traditiones cultural. Le [[Dynastia Joseon]] governava desde 1392 usque al initio del seculo XX. Corea esseva annexe per Japon in 1910 e remaneva sub dominio colonial usque al fin del Secunde Guerra Mundial in 1945. === Asia sudoriental === Le [[Asia sudoriental]] se developpava como un zona de intercambio inter India, China e le Oceano Indian. Le commercio maritime portava mercantes, religiones e technicas a portos e regnos del continente e del archipelago. Le [[Regno de Funan]], le [[Imperio Khmer]], le regno de [[Srivijaya]] e le [[Imperio Majapahit]] esseva inter le entitates politic importante del region. Le [[Angkor Wat]] in Cambodia e le monumento buddhista de [[Borobudur]] in Java reflecte le richessa artistic e religiose de iste societates. Le influentia del Hinduismo e del Buddhismo se diffundeva per contactos commercial e diplomatic. Le Islam deveniva importante in plure regiones maritime, specialmente in le archipelago malay e in Indonesia, durante le Medievo tardive e le periodo moderne. Desde le seculo XVI, poteres europee establi bases commercial e colonias in le region. Portugal occupava [[Malacca]] in 1511; le Nederlandeses extendeva lor controlo in partes de Indonesia; le britannicos governava partes de Burma, Malaya e Singapore; e le franceses colonisava Vietnam, Laos e Cambodia. [[Thailand]] conservava su independentia formal durante le periodo del expansion colonial, ben que le su governantes debeva negociar con le poteres europee e adaptar su institutiones. == Etate moderne == === Expansion europee e colonialismo in Asia === Desde le fin del seculo XV, le expansion maritime europee transformava le relationes commercial e politic in Asia. Portugal establi bases in le costa de India, in Malacca e in altere portos strategic. Ulteriormente, le Nederlandeses, britannicos e franceses developpava imperios commercial e territorial. Le [[Compania Britannic del Indias Oriental]] deveniva un important actor politic in India, e le dominio britannic se extendeva durante le seculos XVIII e XIX. Le [[Raj Britannic]] governava le subcontinente indian desde 1858 usque al independentia de India e Pakistan in 1947. In Asia sudoriental, le colonisation europee affectava Indonesia, Malaya, Burma, Indochina e le Philippinas, ben que le chronologia e le forma del dominio variava. Japon, durante le seculo XIX, evitava esser colonisate per poteres occidental per medio de un processo rapid de modernisation e industrialisation. Le commercio colonial, le extraction de ressources e le introduction de novas infrastructuras transformava le economias asiatic. Le colonisation esseva tamen etiam associate a coercition, appropriation del terras, exploitation del labor e resistance local. == Etate contemporanee == === Nationalismo e guerras del seculo XX === Durante le fin del seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX, movimentos nationalista e reformator cresceva in plure partes de Asia. Le [[Revolution Xinhai]] de 1911 finiva le monarchia imperial in China e conduceva al creation del [[Republica de China]]. Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] affectava etiam Asia, includente le territorios del Imperio Ottoman e le colonias europee. Post le guerra, le dissolvimento del Imperio Ottoman e le formation de novos estados transformava le geopolitica del Medio Oriente. Durante le annos 1930, Japon extendeva su expansion militar in Asia oriental. Le invasion de Manchuria in 1931 e le guerra a grande scala contra China desde 1937 precedeva le expansion del guerra in Asia e in le Pacifico. Le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] causava destruction massive in plure regiones asiatic. Le occupation japone affectava China, Corea, le Philippinas, Indochina, Malaya, Indonesia e altere territorios. Le guerra terminava in 1945 con le capitulation de Japon. === Decolonisation e nove estados === Post 1945, le fin del imperios colonial se accelerava. [[India]] e [[Pakistan]] deveniva independente in 1947, e le partition causava migrationes massive e violentia inter communitates. [[Sri Lanka]] e [[Birmania]] obteneva lor independentia in 1948, e [[Indonesia]] consolidava su independentia post le conflicto con Nederland. Le [[Republica Popular de China]] esseva proclamate in 1949 post le victoria del Partito Communista in le Guerra Civil Chinese. Le governamento nationalista se retirava a Taiwan, ubi le Republica de China continuava a existir. Le [[Guerra de Corea]] (1950–1953) consolidava le division inter [[Corea del Nord]] e [[Corea del Sud]]. Le [[Guerra de Vietnam]] e altere conflictos del Guerra Frie affectava le Asia sudoriental. Le [[Particion del India]] e le conflictos inter India e Pakistan remaneva importante in le politica del Asia meridional. Le decolonisation non eliminava tote le conflictos. In plure regiones, le nove estados affrontava difficultates concernente le frontieras, le formation del institutiones, le disveloppamento economic e le relationes inter gruppos linguistic e religiose. === Asia durante le Guerra Frie === Durante le Guerra Frie, Asia deveniva un importante campo de competition inter le [[Statos Unite]], le [[Union Sovietic]] e le estados regional. China, sub le direction de [[Mao Zedong]], adoptava un systema communista post 1949. Le [[Grande Salto Avante]] del fin del annos 1950 e le [[Revolution Cultural]] del annos 1960 causava transformationes social e politic profunde e consequencias human grave. Japon, post le guerra, developpava un economia industrial exportator e deveniva un del principal economias del mundo. Corea del Sud, Taiwan, Hong Kong e Singapore experimentava etiam rapid transformationes economic durante le secunde medietate del seculo XX, ben que lor systemas politic e trajectorias social differeva. In le Medio Oriente, le creation del [[Stato de Israel]] in 1948 e le conflictos israeliano-palestinian influentiava le politica regional e international. Le guerras inter Israel e estados arabic e le disveloppamento del question palestinian deveniva elementos central del historia contemporanee del region. === Asia contemporanee === ==== Reformas economic e globalization ==== Desde le fin del seculo XX, plure partes de Asia experimentava cambios economic importante. In China, le reformas initiate sub [[Deng Xiaoping]] desde 1978 introduciva mecanismos de mercato e augmentava le integration del pais in le economia global. India adoptava reformas economic significative in 1991, que contribuiva al expansion de sectores como le services, le industria e le technologias del information. In Asia oriental e sudoriental, le industrialisation e le commercio international transformava le production e le conditiones de vita. Le trajectorias economic remaneva diverse. Alcun paises deveniva centros industrial e technologic, durante que altere regiones continuava a affrontar paupertate, disigualitate, conflictos o vulnerabilitate ambiental. ==== Conflictos e transformationes politic ==== Le historia recente de Asia include conflictos e crises politic in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Myanmar e altere regiones. Le guerras e le instabilitate ha causate displaciamentos de population, destruction de infrastructuras e crises humanitari. Le relationes inter China, India, Pakistan, Japon, Corea, Russia e le estados del Asia sudoriental continua a influentiar le securitate regional. Le reclamationes territorial, le competition strategic e le cooperation economic coexiste in un ambiente international complexe. Le [[Association de Nationes del Asia Sudoriental]] (ASEAN), fundate in 1967, promove le cooperation regional in Asia sudoriental. Alteres formas de cooperation include institutiones economic, accordos commercial e foros de dialogo inter estados asiatic. == Religiones e culturas de Asia == Asia es le loco de origine de plure del principal religiones del mundo. Le [[Hinduismo]], le [[Buddhismo]], le [[Jainismo]], le [[Sikhismo]], le [[Judaismo]], le [[Christianismo]], le [[Islam]] e le [[Zoroastrismo]] ha origines o historias formative in diverse regiones del continente. Le diffusion del religiones occurreva per migration, commercio, conquestas, peregrinationes e missiones. Le [[Via del Seta]] e le rotas maritime del Oceano Indian facilitava le circulation de ideas, libros, artistas e traditiones. Le culturas asiatic include un grande varietate de linguas, formas artistic, traditiones musical, architecturas e systemas philosophic. Le contactos inter regiones ha producite culturas composite, durante que multe communitates ha mantenite identitates local distincte. == Signification historic == Le historia de Asia es marcate per le formation de civilisationes antique, le disveloppamento de imperios, le diffusion de religiones, le expansion del commercio e le transformationes provocate per le colonialismo e le modernisation. Le continente ha essite un centro de innovation in agricultura, scriptura, mathematica, technologia, navigation e philosophia. Le relationes inter Asia e le altere partes del mundo ha influentiate le historia global durante millennios. Le historia asiatica non es un trajectoria unic: le regiones ha evolvite per processos distincte e interconnectite, e le diversitate del lor experientias historic continua a formar le mundo contemporanee. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Asia}} [[Categoria:Historia de Asia| ]] dht497a8mzp8xig1miudeo8ene0cdal 14 62336 704710 2026-10-17T20:50:21Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Asia]] [[Categoria:Historia per continente]]” 704710 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Asia]] [[Categoria:Historia per continente]] 23z0pyrt7qtly4s8uuc3t3p9milevuh 0 62337 704711 2026-10-17T20:55:49Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Oceania''' comprende le historia del [[Australia]], [[Nova Zelanda]], [[Papua Nova Guinea]] e del insulas de [[Melanesia]], [[Micronesia]] e [[Polynesia]]. Illa es marcate per le migrationes human que comenciava decenas de millennios retro, le disveloppamento de societates indigena, le navigation transoceanic del populos del Pacifico, le exploration europee, le colonisation, le guerras mundial e le formation de statos in...” 704711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Oceania''' comprende le historia del [[Australia]], [[Nova Zelanda]], [[Papua Nova Guinea]] e del insulas de [[Melanesia]], [[Micronesia]] e [[Polynesia]]. Illa es marcate per le migrationes human que comenciava decenas de millennios retro, le disveloppamento de societates indigena, le navigation transoceanic del populos del Pacifico, le exploration europee, le colonisation, le guerras mundial e le formation de statos independente durante le seculo XX. Oceania es un region de grande diversitate linguistic, cultural e geographic. Le populationes indigena del Australia e del Nova Guinea possede historias multo ancian, durante que numerose insulas del Pacifico esseva populate plus recentemente per navigatores que disveloppava technicas sophistcate de navigation e manteneva relationes commercial, familial e cultural sur grande distantias. Le historia del region non pote dunque esser reducite al expansion europee: illo include millennios de disveloppamento autonome e de contactos inter societates oceanic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34645 |titulo=The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == === Prime populationes del Australia e del Nova Guinea === Le prime populationes human arrivava in le region de Oceania durante le [[Pleistocene]], quando le nivello del mar esseva plus basse que hodie e certe terras esseva connectite per pontes terrestri o separate per distantias maritime plus curte. Le Australia e le Nova Guinea faceva parte de un grande massa continental cognoscite como [[Sahul]], que includeva etiam Tasmania. Le evidentia archaeologic indica que humanos habitava le Australia e le Nova Guinea al minus 50 000 annos retro, e possibilemente plus longe. Le prime migrationes requireva ja navigation, perque mesmo durante le periodos de nivello marin basse, alcun passages maritime remaneva inevitabile.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34645 |titulo=The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le descendentes de iste prime populationes developpava un grande varietate de linguas, practicas cultural e formas de organisation social. In Australia, le populos aborigene creava relationes profunde con le paisage, le aquas, le animales e le territorios, con systemas de cognoscentia e traditiones oral transmittite inter generationes. Le societates indigena del Nova Guinea developpava tamben formas variate de agricultura, gestion del ambiente e organisation comunitari. === Societates indigena del Australia === Le [[aborigenes australian]] habita le continente desde multe millennios ante le arrivata del europeos. Lor societates comprendeva numerose gruppos linguistic e cultural, con territorios, traditiones, leges consuetudinari e formas de gestion del recursos distincte. Le agricultura intensive non esseva universal in Australia, ma multe communitates utilisava technicas de gestion del ambiente, includente le uso controlate del foco, le collection de plantas e le exploitation saisonal del recursos aquatic e terrestre. Le cognoscentia del territorios esseva transmittite per narrationes, cantos, ceremonias e traditiones spiritual. Le conceptos de parentela, responsabilitate territorial e relation con le ancestras habeva un rolo central in multe societates aborigene. Le colonisation europee alterava radicalmente iste relationes, ma le communitates indigena ha mantenite e revitalisate lor linguas, traditiones e institutiones. === Origines del navigation austronesian === Un secunde grande processo de migration comenciava in le insulas del Asia del Sud-Est. Durante le ultime millennios ante nostre era, populationes parlante linguas del familia [[austronesian]] se expandiva verso le Filippinas, Indonesia e le insulas del Pacifico occidental. Le migrationes austronesian contribueva al disveloppamento de nove formas de agricultura, ceramica, navigation e commercio. Le expansion non esseva un movemento simple o uniforme: illo involveva contactos e mesclas inter populationes, includente le communitates que jam habitava partes del Nova Guinea e de Melanesia. Le linguistica, le archaeologia e le genetica es usate conjunctemente pro reconstruer iste historias, que resta subjecte a recerca.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104936 |titulo=Peopling of the Pacific: A Holistic Anthropological Perspective |autor=Patrick V. Kirch |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |fecha=2010 |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Cultura Lapita e le settlement del Pacifico === ==== Expansion de Lapita ==== Le [[cultura Lapita]] es un del principal referentias archaeologic pro comprender le settlement del Pacifico occidental e central. Illa es associate con communitates de navigatores austronesian que produceva ceramica decorate con motivos geometric e manteneva relationes sur grande distantias. Desde circa 1600–1300 a.C., formas de cultura Lapita se developpava in le archipelago de [[Bismarck]] e se expandiva verso le insulas de Melanesia e, ulteriormente, verso [[Fiji]], [[Tonga]] e [[Samoa]]. Durante alcun seculos, iste expansion conduceva al colonisation de insulas que requireva traver­sias maritime de milles de kilometros.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p69411/mobile/ch06.html |titulo=The Lapita Culture and Austronesian Prehistory in Oceania |autor=Matthew Spriggs |sitioweb=ANU Press |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ceramica Lapita representa un importante indicio archaeologic, ma le termino designa un complex cultural e material, non un populo completemente uniforme. Le communitates associate con Lapita manteneva contactos con populationes anterior e developpava nove formas de subsistentia, intercambio e organisation social. ==== Melanesia, Micronesia e Polynesia ==== Le region del Pacifico es frequentemente dividite in tres grande areas cultural-geographic: * **Melanesia**, que include le Nova Guinea e plure archipelagos del Pacifico occidental; * **Micronesia**, que comprende numerose insulas del Pacifico nord-occidental e central; * **Polynesia**, un vaste region que include Tonga, Samoa, Hawaii, Aotearoa/Nova Zelanda, le Insula de Pascha e multe altere insulas. Iste categorias es utile pro description, ma illos non representa culturas homogenee. Le linguas, le formas de organisation politic, le religion e le practicas social varia considerabilemente inter insulas e communitates. Le navigatores del Pacifico developpava cognoscentias elaborate del stellas, del ventos, del currentes, del undas e del comportamento del aves. Illes utilisava canoas simple e composite, includente canoas con outriggers e canoas a duple coque, que permitteva traver­sias longe e le transporto de personas, plantas e animales.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1586/polynesian-navigation--settlement-of-the-pacific/ |titulo=Polynesian Navigation and Settlement of the Pacific |sitioweb=World History Encyclopedia |fecha=7 de augusto 2020 |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> ==== Settlement de Polynesia ==== Le expansion verso le partes plus distante de Polynesia occurreva in plure phases. Post le settlement de Tonga e Samoa, le navigatores se expandiva verso le Insulas de Societate, le Marquesas, Hawaii, Aotearoa/Nova Zelanda e le Insula de Pascha. Le chronologias exact varia inter le archipelagos e resta un campo de recerca active. Le settlement de Aotearoa/Nova Zelanda occurreva multo plus tarde que le occupation del Australia e del Nova Guinea, probabilemente durante le ultime seculos del prime millennio e le initio del secunde millennio de nostre era.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34645 |titulo=The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le societates polynesian developpava formas de organisation basate super familias extendite, chefaturas, genealogias e relationes ritual. In certe insulas, le chefaturas se transformava in structuras politic complexe, con hierarchias, redes de tributo e ceremonias public. Le navigation e le intercambio de benes e cognoscentias continuava a ligar insulas mesmo quando illas se trovava a grande distantia. === Societates e organisation politic ante le colonisation === Ante le expansion europee, Oceania contineva numerose formas de organisation politic e economic. In le insulas del Pacifico, le structuras social poteva esser basate super communitates local, chefaturas hereditari, alianças inter familias o regnos regional. In Tonga, le institution del [[Tuʻi Tonga]] developpava un grande influentia regional. Durante certe periodos, le autoritate tongan exerceva influentia cultural e politic sur insulas vicin e participa a redes de intercambio maritime. Le expression «Imperio Tongano» es usate per alcun autores, ma le natura e le extension de iste dominio continua a esser discutite inter historicos e archaeologos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oceania |titulo=History of Oceania |sitioweb=Wikipedia in anglese |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Hawaii, le societates polynesian developpava systemas de chefatura e de organisation territorial que, in le seculos ante le contacto europee, conduceva al formation de regnos insular. In Aotearoa, le [[Māori]] establiva communitates organisate per iwi e hapū, con relationes de parentela, autoritate e responsabilitate verso le territorio. In Micronesia, diverse insulas developpava systemas de intercambio e hierarchias local. Le navigatores manteneva contactes inter archipelagos, e iste relationes permitteva le circulation de benes, matrimonios, cognoscentias e practicas ritual. == Etate moderne == === Contacto e exploration europee === ==== Prime explorationes in le seculo XVI ==== Le contactos europee con partes de Oceania comenciava in le seculo XVI. Navigatores portugese explorava partes del insulas del Asia del Sud-Est e del Pacifico occidental, includente le Moluccas, Timor e areas del Nova Guinea. Le expedition de [[Ferdinand Magellan]], initiate in 1519, traversava le Pacifico in 1520 e demonstra le dimension extraordinari del oceano. Magellan moriva in le Filippinas in 1521, ma un nave del expedition, sub le commandamento de [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]], completava le prime circumnavigation documentate del Terra.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oceania |titulo=History of Oceania |sitioweb=Wikipedia in anglese |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le seculo XVI, expeditiones hispanic explorava partes del Pacifico e establiva un route commercial transoceanic inter Mexico e le Filippinas. Le galeones de Manila transportava argento american, porcelana, seta, spices e altere benes, ligante le economias de Asia, America e Europa. Le contactos europee non significava que le insulas esseva antea incognite o isolate. Le populos del Pacifico habeva ja explorate e populate vaste areas oceanic per lor proprie redes de navigation. ==== Explorationes nederlandese e britanic ==== Durante le seculo XVII, navigatores nederlandese explorava e cartographava partes del Australia, Tasmania, Nova Zelanda e diverse insulas del Pacifico. [[Willem Janszoon]] attingeva le costa del Australia in 1606, e [[Abel Tasman]] explorava Tasmania e Nova Zelanda in 1642. In le seculo XVIII, expeditiones europee deveniva plus frequente. [[James Cook]] explorava le costa oriental del Australia in 1770 e visitava plure insulas del Pacifico. Su viages produceva mapas plus precise e augmentava le cognoscentia europee del region, ma illos initiava tamben nove phases de contacto, reclamation territorial e expansion colonial. Le expeditiones scientific e commercial esseva frequentemente accompaniate per missionarios, comerciantes e agentes del imperios europee. Le effectos del contacto variava: intercambio de benes e cognoscentias, ma etiam introduction de maladias, conflictos, conversiones religiose e pression super le territorios indigena. === Colonisation europee === ==== Australia ==== In 1788, le Grande Britannia establiva un colonia penal in [[Nova Gales del Sud]], initiante le colonisation britannic permanente del Australia. Le expansion colonial se extendiva ulteriormente verso altere regiones del continente. Le colonisation provocava le appropriation de terras ab le populos aborigene, le restriction de lor accesso al territorios traditional e numerose episodios de violentia. Le introduction de maladias e le transformation del ambientes habeva etiam effectos demographic e social profunde. Durante le seculo XIX, colonias britannic esseva establite in differente partes del Australia. Le migration europee cresceva con le expansion de agricultura, extraction de minerales e infrastructuras. Le colonisation alterava le distribution del population e le uso del terra, durante que le communitates indigena continuava a resistir, negociar e adaptar se. ==== Nova Zelanda ==== En Aotearoa/Nova Zelanda, le contacto europee cresceva durante le seculos XVIII e XIX. Le [[Tractato de Waitangi]], signate in 1840 per representantes britannic e numerose rangatira Māori, deveniva un documento central del relationes inter le Corona e le Māori. Le interpretation del tractato differiva inter le versiones in anglese e māori, specialmente concernente le sovranitate e le autoritate. Le colonisation britannic esseva sequite per guerras, acquisitiones coercitive de terras e altere conflictos, con consequentias durabile pro le communitates Māori. Durante le seculo XX e le initio del seculo XXI, le questiones concernente le tractato, le restitution de terras e le recognoscentia del derectos Māori deveniva partes importante del vita politic e juridic del pais. ==== Colonisation del insulas del Pacifico ==== Durante le seculo XIX, le poteres europee e le Statos Unite establiva colonias, protectoratos e zonas de influentia in diverse partes de Melanesia, Micronesia e Polynesia. Le Grande Britannia assumeva le controlo de Fiji in 1874 e extendiva su influentia super altere archipelagos. Francia establiva un protectorato super Tahiti in le seculo XIX e assumeva le controlo de Nova Caledonia in 1853. Germania acquireva territorios in le Nova Guinea e Samoa, durante que le Statos Unite augmentava su presentia in le Pacifico. Le colonisation introduceva nove systemas administrative, monetari e juridic, e transformava le commercio e le production. In multe insulas, le plantations de zucchero, copra e altere productos requireva grande quantitates de labor. Le migrantes contractate proveniente del India e del Asia oriental deveniva partes importante de certe societates insular, specialmente in Fiji. Le missiones christian diffundeva nove institutiones religiose e educational. Le conversiones e le adoption de nove practicas religiose occurreva in modos differente, con adaptationes local e continuidades de traditiones indigena. === Labor, migration e transformation economic === Le expansion del plantations e del extraction de recursos generava un forte demanda de labor in plure territorios colonial. In Fiji, le administration britannic organisava le migration de trabalhadores indianos contractate, que contribuiva al developpamento del industria zucchera e al formation de un societate multietnic. In Australia, le expansion de agricultura, mineria e industria attraheva migrantes proveniente de Europa e, in differente periodos, de Asia. Le politicas de immigration esseva frequentemente restrictive e discriminatori, specialmente verso personas non europee. Le migration transformava le composition linguistic, religiose e cultural del region. Le communitates migrant manteneva lor linguas e traditiones, ma developpava etiam nove identitates local e relationes con le populos indigena. == Etate contemporanee == === Oceania durante le guerras mundial === ==== Prime Guerra Mundial ==== Durante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], diverse territorios oceanic esseva implicate in le conflicto. Le tropas australian e neozelandese participa a operationes in Europa e in le Mediteraneo, includente le campania de Gallipoli in 1915. In le Pacifico, le Japon occupava possessiones germanic, includente partes del Micronesia, durante le prime annos del guerra. Le administration de certe territorios esseva ulteriormente transferite a Japon sub mandatos international. Le guerra reforçava le relationes militar e politic inter Australia, Nova Zelanda e le Grande Britannia, ma etiam contribueva al disveloppamento de identitates national distincte. ==== Secunde Guerra Mundial ==== Le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] transformava le Pacifico in un major teatro de guerra. Post le expansion militar del Japon in Asia e le Pacifico, numerose insulas deveniva locos de combats, bases militar e operationes naval e aerie. In 1941, le Japon attaccava [[Pearl Harbor]] e occupava territorios in Micronesia e partes del Melanesia. Le [[Campania del Pacifico]] includeva combats in [[Guadalcanal]], le Insulas Gilbert, le Insulas Marshall, Nova Guinea e altere archipelagos. Australia e Nova Zelanda participa al effortio de guerra del [[Allied Powers]], durante que le Statos Unite establiva un grande rete de bases e infrastructuras in le Pacifico. Le guerra provoca­va displacements de population, destruction de villas e infrastructuras e perdidas human considerabile. Le conflict alterava le relationes colonial e demonstrava le importantia strategic del Pacifico. Post 1945, le bases militar e le structuras de securitate continuava a influentiar le geopolitica del region. === Decolonisation e independentia === Post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, le processus de [[decolonisation]] se accel­erava. Le poteres colonial affrontava pressiones economic e politic, durante que le movimientos nationalistas e le institutiones local reclamava plus grande autonomia. Le independentia occurreva in differente momentos: * Samoa deveniva independente in 1962; * Nauru in 1968; * Fiji in 1970; * Tonga terminava su status de protectorato britannic in 1970; * Papua Nova Guinea deveniva independente in 1975; * Insulas Salomon in 1978; * Kiribati e Tuvalu in 1978 e 1979; * Vanuatu in 1980; * Statos Federate de Micronesia e Insulas Marshall obteneva lor independentia in association con le Statos Unite durante le annos 1980. Le processus non esseva uniforme. Alcun territorios deveniva statos souveran, alteres manteneva un association special con le Statos Unite, e alteres restava territorios non autonome sub administration de Francia, le Statos Unite, le Grande Britannia o altere paises. Le independentia politica non eliminava automaticamente le dependentia economic, le difficultates de infrastructure o le effectos del frontieras colonial. Numerose statos insular continuava a depender del exportation de un numero limitate de productos, del turismo, del adjuta international e del remessas de emigrantes. === Australia e Nova Zelanda post le guerra === Australia e Nova Zelanda developpava economias industrial e systemas politic democratic durante le periodo postbellic. Ambes manteneva relationes historic con le Grande Britannia, ma augmentava progressivemente lor cooperation con le Statos Unite e con le paises de Asia e del Pacifico. In Australia, le migration postbellic contribueva al expansion del population e al transformation del societate. Le politicas de immigration restrictive esseva progressivemente reformate, includente le abandono del [[White Australia policy]] durante le secunde medietate del seculo XX. Le recognoscentia del derectos del populos aborigene deveniva un tema central del politica australiana. Le referendum de 1967 permitteva al Commonwealth de legislar super le populos aborigene e de includer illes in le census national. Durante le decennios sequente, le question del terras, del representation e del reparations historic remaneva importante. In Nova Zelanda, le relationes inter le Stato e le Māori evolueva per medio de reformas juridic, movimentos social e processus de restitution de terras. Le recognoscentia del lingua māori e del cultura indigena cresceva, ben que le disputas super le interpretation del Tractato de Waitangi continuava. === Guerra Frie e geopolitica del Pacifico === Durante le [[Guerra Frie]], Oceania occupava un position strategic inter le Asia e le Americas. Le Statos Unite manteneva bases militar e accordos de securitate in Hawaii, Guam e altere insulas, durante que Australia e Nova Zelanda participa al cooperationes occidental. Le explosion de armas nuclear in le Pacifico deveniva un del problemas politic e ambiental plus importante del periodo. Francia realisava test nuclear in le area de [[Polynesia Francese]], specialmente in Mururoa e Fangataufa, desde 1966 usque al fin del seculo XX. Le test provocava protestas local e international concernente le effectos super le sanitate, le ambiente e le sovranitate del territorios. Le opposition al test nuclear contribueva al developpamento de movimentos regional pro le pace e le protection del oceano. In 1985, le Tractato de Rarotonga establi le [[Zona Libere de Armas Nuclear del Pacifico Sud]], reforçante le opposition regional al test nuclear e al stationamento de armas nuclear in le region. === Cooperation regional === Le cooperation regional deveniva un instrumento importante pro le statos del Pacifico. Le [[Forum del Insulas del Pacifico]], fundate in 1971 como Forum del Pacifico Sud, facilita le coordination politic e economic inter le governos regional. Le cooperation concerne le commercio, le education, le pesca, le transporto, le protection del ambiente, le securitate e le relationes con le grande poteres. Le organisationes regional tenta tamben representar le interesses del statos insular in foros international, specialmente in materias concernente le cambiamento climatic e le oceanos. Australia e Nova Zelanda exerce un rolo economic e diplomatic importante in le region, durante que le Statos Unite, Japon, China, Francia e altere actores augmentava lor cooperation e investitiones in le Pacifico. == Societate, cultura e identitate == Le cultura de Oceania es caracterisate per un grande diversitate de linguas, religiones e traditiones. Le populos aborigene del Australia, le Māori de Nova Zelanda e le communitates de Melanesia, Micronesia e Polynesia possede formas distincte de organisation social, relation con le ambiente, expression artistic e memoria historic. Le linguas indigena es un elemento central del identitate cultural. Multe linguas ha essite vulnerabile a causa del colonisation, del education in linguas europee e del migration verso centros urban. Durante le ultime decennios, programas de revitalisation linguistic e education bilingue ha essite disveloppate in plure paises e territorios. Le christianismo deveniva le religion majoritari in multe insulas del Pacifico post le missiones del seculos XVIII e XIX, ma le practicas religiose local e le traditiones indigena continua a influentiar le cultura contemporanee. Le artes traditional include sculptura, tecelage, pintura, tatuage, musica, danza e construction de canoas. In multe communitates, iste formas artistic ha un function social, genealogic o ritual e non es solmente expressiones esthetic. == Economia e transformation contemporanee == Le economias de Oceania varia considerabilemente. Australia e Nova Zelanda possede economias industrial e de servicios diversificate, durante que multe statos insular depende del pesca, del agricultura, del turismo, del adjuta international e del transferentias financiari del emigrantes. Le extraction de minerales e le production agricole ha un importantia particular in partes del Australia, del Nova Guinea e de Melanesia. Le turismo es un fonte importante de revenus in multe insulas, ma le dependentia de transporto aerie e maritime e le vulnerabilitate al disastres natural pote crear difficultates economic. Le cambiamento climatic representa un problema major pro le statos insular de basse altitude. Le augmento del nivello del mar, le erosion costal, le salinisation del aquas e le intensification de certe eventos climatic afecta le habitation, le agricultura e le securitate del populationes. Le gouvernos del Pacifico ha reclamate actiones international plus forte pro reducir le emissiones de gases a effecto de serra e pro financiar le adaptation climatic. Le ocean e le protection del ecosistemas marin es etiam temas central del cooperation regional. == Oceania in le seculo XXI == In le seculo XXI, Oceania continua a esser un region de grande importantia strategic, economic e ambiental. Le relationes inter le Statos Unite, China, Australia, Nova Zelanda e le statos insular influentia le securitate, le investitiones e le cooperation regional. Le statos del Pacifico tenta augmentar lor autonomia diplomatic e defender lor interesses in le governance del oceanos, le pesca, le clima e le disveloppamento economic. Le questiones de sovranitate, decolonisation e recognition del populos indigena resta tamben relevante in Australia, Nova Zelanda e in plure territorios non autonome. Le historia contemporanee de Oceania es assi marcate per le interaction inter traditiones indigena, institutiones moderne, migration, cooperation regional e pressiones global. Le region continua a transformar se, durante que su societates conserva e revitalisa formas de identitate e cognoscentia developpate durante millennios. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Oceania| ]] t9h1d49a282tr1oprq3hptrexolh75j 704712 704711 2026-10-17T20:56:30Z Interlingvisto 60932 704712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Oceania''' comprende le historia del [[Australia]], [[Nove Zelanda]], [[Papua Nove Guinea]] e del insulas de [[Melanesia]], [[Micronesia]] e [[Polynesia]]. Illa es marcate per le migrationes human que comenciava decenas de millennios retro, le disveloppamento de societates indigena, le navigation transoceanic del populos del Pacifico, le exploration europee, le colonisation, le guerras mundial e le formation de statos independente durante le seculo XX. Oceania es un region de grande diversitate linguistic, cultural e geographic. Le populationes indigena del Australia e del Nova Guinea possede historias multo ancian, durante que numerose insulas del Pacifico esseva populate plus recentemente per navigatores que disveloppava technicas sophistcate de navigation e manteneva relationes commercial, familial e cultural sur grande distantias. Le historia del region non pote dunque esser reducite al expansion europee: illo include millennios de disveloppamento autonome e de contactos inter societates oceanic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34645 |titulo=The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == === Prime populationes del Australia e del Nova Guinea === Le prime populationes human arrivava in le region de Oceania durante le [[Pleistocene]], quando le nivello del mar esseva plus basse que hodie e certe terras esseva connectite per pontes terrestri o separate per distantias maritime plus curte. Le Australia e le Nova Guinea faceva parte de un grande massa continental cognoscite como [[Sahul]], que includeva etiam Tasmania. Le evidentia archaeologic indica que humanos habitava le Australia e le Nova Guinea al minus 50 000 annos retro, e possibilemente plus longe. Le prime migrationes requireva ja navigation, perque mesmo durante le periodos de nivello marin basse, alcun passages maritime remaneva inevitabile.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34645 |titulo=The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le descendentes de iste prime populationes developpava un grande varietate de linguas, practicas cultural e formas de organisation social. In Australia, le populos aborigene creava relationes profunde con le paisage, le aquas, le animales e le territorios, con systemas de cognoscentia e traditiones oral transmittite inter generationes. Le societates indigena del Nova Guinea developpava tamben formas variate de agricultura, gestion del ambiente e organisation comunitari. === Societates indigena del Australia === Le [[aborigenes australian]] habita le continente desde multe millennios ante le arrivata del europeos. Lor societates comprendeva numerose gruppos linguistic e cultural, con territorios, traditiones, leges consuetudinari e formas de gestion del recursos distincte. Le agricultura intensive non esseva universal in Australia, ma multe communitates utilisava technicas de gestion del ambiente, includente le uso controlate del foco, le collection de plantas e le exploitation saisonal del recursos aquatic e terrestre. Le cognoscentia del territorios esseva transmittite per narrationes, cantos, ceremonias e traditiones spiritual. Le conceptos de parentela, responsabilitate territorial e relation con le ancestras habeva un rolo central in multe societates aborigene. Le colonisation europee alterava radicalmente iste relationes, ma le communitates indigena ha mantenite e revitalisate lor linguas, traditiones e institutiones. === Origines del navigation austronesian === Un secunde grande processo de migration comenciava in le insulas del Asia del Sud-Est. Durante le ultime millennios ante nostre era, populationes parlante linguas del familia [[austronesian]] se expandiva verso le Filippinas, Indonesia e le insulas del Pacifico occidental. Le migrationes austronesian contribueva al disveloppamento de nove formas de agricultura, ceramica, navigation e commercio. Le expansion non esseva un movemento simple o uniforme: illo involveva contactos e mesclas inter populationes, includente le communitates que jam habitava partes del Nova Guinea e de Melanesia. Le linguistica, le archaeologia e le genetica es usate conjunctemente pro reconstruer iste historias, que resta subjecte a recerca.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104936 |titulo=Peopling of the Pacific: A Holistic Anthropological Perspective |autor=Patrick V. Kirch |sitioweb=Annual Review of Anthropology |fecha=2010 |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Cultura Lapita e le settlement del Pacifico === ==== Expansion de Lapita ==== Le [[cultura Lapita]] es un del principal referentias archaeologic pro comprender le settlement del Pacifico occidental e central. Illa es associate con communitates de navigatores austronesian que produceva ceramica decorate con motivos geometric e manteneva relationes sur grande distantias. Desde circa 1600–1300 a.C., formas de cultura Lapita se developpava in le archipelago de [[Bismarck]] e se expandiva verso le insulas de Melanesia e, ulteriormente, verso [[Fiji]], [[Tonga]] e [[Samoa]]. Durante alcun seculos, iste expansion conduceva al colonisation de insulas que requireva traver­sias maritime de milles de kilometros.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p69411/mobile/ch06.html |titulo=The Lapita Culture and Austronesian Prehistory in Oceania |autor=Matthew Spriggs |sitioweb=ANU Press |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le ceramica Lapita representa un importante indicio archaeologic, ma le termino designa un complex cultural e material, non un populo completemente uniforme. Le communitates associate con Lapita manteneva contactos con populationes anterior e developpava nove formas de subsistentia, intercambio e organisation social. ==== Melanesia, Micronesia e Polynesia ==== Le region del Pacifico es frequentemente dividite in tres grande areas cultural-geographic: * **Melanesia**, que include le Nova Guinea e plure archipelagos del Pacifico occidental; * **Micronesia**, que comprende numerose insulas del Pacifico nord-occidental e central; * **Polynesia**, un vaste region que include Tonga, Samoa, Hawaii, Aotearoa/Nova Zelanda, le Insula de Pascha e multe altere insulas. Iste categorias es utile pro description, ma illos non representa culturas homogenee. Le linguas, le formas de organisation politic, le religion e le practicas social varia considerabilemente inter insulas e communitates. Le navigatores del Pacifico developpava cognoscentias elaborate del stellas, del ventos, del currentes, del undas e del comportamento del aves. Illes utilisava canoas simple e composite, includente canoas con outriggers e canoas a duple coque, que permitteva traver­sias longe e le transporto de personas, plantas e animales.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1586/polynesian-navigation--settlement-of-the-pacific/ |titulo=Polynesian Navigation and Settlement of the Pacific |sitioweb=World History Encyclopedia |fecha=7 de augusto 2020 |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> ==== Settlement de Polynesia ==== Le expansion verso le partes plus distante de Polynesia occurreva in plure phases. Post le settlement de Tonga e Samoa, le navigatores se expandiva verso le Insulas de Societate, le Marquesas, Hawaii, Aotearoa/Nova Zelanda e le Insula de Pascha. Le chronologias exact varia inter le archipelagos e resta un campo de recerca active. Le settlement de Aotearoa/Nova Zelanda occurreva multo plus tarde que le occupation del Australia e del Nova Guinea, probabilemente durante le ultime seculos del prime millennio e le initio del secunde millennio de nostre era.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34645 |titulo=The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania |sitioweb=Oxford University Press |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le societates polynesian developpava formas de organisation basate super familias extendite, chefaturas, genealogias e relationes ritual. In certe insulas, le chefaturas se transformava in structuras politic complexe, con hierarchias, redes de tributo e ceremonias public. Le navigation e le intercambio de benes e cognoscentias continuava a ligar insulas mesmo quando illas se trovava a grande distantia. === Societates e organisation politic ante le colonisation === Ante le expansion europee, Oceania contineva numerose formas de organisation politic e economic. In le insulas del Pacifico, le structuras social poteva esser basate super communitates local, chefaturas hereditari, alianças inter familias o regnos regional. In Tonga, le institution del [[Tuʻi Tonga]] developpava un grande influentia regional. Durante certe periodos, le autoritate tongan exerceva influentia cultural e politic sur insulas vicin e participa a redes de intercambio maritime. Le expression «Imperio Tongano» es usate per alcun autores, ma le natura e le extension de iste dominio continua a esser discutite inter historicos e archaeologos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oceania |titulo=History of Oceania |sitioweb=Wikipedia in anglese |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In Hawaii, le societates polynesian developpava systemas de chefatura e de organisation territorial que, in le seculos ante le contacto europee, conduceva al formation de regnos insular. In Aotearoa, le [[Māori]] establiva communitates organisate per iwi e hapū, con relationes de parentela, autoritate e responsabilitate verso le territorio. In Micronesia, diverse insulas developpava systemas de intercambio e hierarchias local. Le navigatores manteneva contactes inter archipelagos, e iste relationes permitteva le circulation de benes, matrimonios, cognoscentias e practicas ritual. == Etate moderne == === Contacto e exploration europee === ==== Prime explorationes in le seculo XVI ==== Le contactos europee con partes de Oceania comenciava in le seculo XVI. Navigatores portugese explorava partes del insulas del Asia del Sud-Est e del Pacifico occidental, includente le Moluccas, Timor e areas del Nova Guinea. Le expedition de [[Ferdinand Magellan]], initiate in 1519, traversava le Pacifico in 1520 e demonstra le dimension extraordinari del oceano. Magellan moriva in le Filippinas in 1521, ma un nave del expedition, sub le commandamento de [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]], completava le prime circumnavigation documentate del Terra.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oceania |titulo=History of Oceania |sitioweb=Wikipedia in anglese |accesso=7 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le seculo XVI, expeditiones hispanic explorava partes del Pacifico e establiva un route commercial transoceanic inter Mexico e le Filippinas. Le galeones de Manila transportava argento american, porcelana, seta, spices e altere benes, ligante le economias de Asia, America e Europa. Le contactos europee non significava que le insulas esseva antea incognite o isolate. Le populos del Pacifico habeva ja explorate e populate vaste areas oceanic per lor proprie redes de navigation. ==== Explorationes nederlandese e britanic ==== Durante le seculo XVII, navigatores nederlandese explorava e cartographava partes del Australia, Tasmania, Nova Zelanda e diverse insulas del Pacifico. [[Willem Janszoon]] attingeva le costa del Australia in 1606, e [[Abel Tasman]] explorava Tasmania e Nova Zelanda in 1642. In le seculo XVIII, expeditiones europee deveniva plus frequente. [[James Cook]] explorava le costa oriental del Australia in 1770 e visitava plure insulas del Pacifico. Su viages produceva mapas plus precise e augmentava le cognoscentia europee del region, ma illos initiava tamben nove phases de contacto, reclamation territorial e expansion colonial. Le expeditiones scientific e commercial esseva frequentemente accompaniate per missionarios, comerciantes e agentes del imperios europee. Le effectos del contacto variava: intercambio de benes e cognoscentias, ma etiam introduction de maladias, conflictos, conversiones religiose e pression super le territorios indigena. === Colonisation europee === ==== Australia ==== In 1788, le Grande Britannia establiva un colonia penal in [[Nova Gales del Sud]], initiante le colonisation britannic permanente del Australia. Le expansion colonial se extendiva ulteriormente verso altere regiones del continente. Le colonisation provocava le appropriation de terras ab le populos aborigene, le restriction de lor accesso al territorios traditional e numerose episodios de violentia. Le introduction de maladias e le transformation del ambientes habeva etiam effectos demographic e social profunde. Durante le seculo XIX, colonias britannic esseva establite in differente partes del Australia. Le migration europee cresceva con le expansion de agricultura, extraction de minerales e infrastructuras. Le colonisation alterava le distribution del population e le uso del terra, durante que le communitates indigena continuava a resistir, negociar e adaptar se. ==== Nova Zelanda ==== En Aotearoa/Nova Zelanda, le contacto europee cresceva durante le seculos XVIII e XIX. Le [[Tractato de Waitangi]], signate in 1840 per representantes britannic e numerose rangatira Māori, deveniva un documento central del relationes inter le Corona e le Māori. Le interpretation del tractato differiva inter le versiones in anglese e māori, specialmente concernente le sovranitate e le autoritate. Le colonisation britannic esseva sequite per guerras, acquisitiones coercitive de terras e altere conflictos, con consequentias durabile pro le communitates Māori. Durante le seculo XX e le initio del seculo XXI, le questiones concernente le tractato, le restitution de terras e le recognoscentia del derectos Māori deveniva partes importante del vita politic e juridic del pais. ==== Colonisation del insulas del Pacifico ==== Durante le seculo XIX, le poteres europee e le Statos Unite establiva colonias, protectoratos e zonas de influentia in diverse partes de Melanesia, Micronesia e Polynesia. Le Grande Britannia assumeva le controlo de Fiji in 1874 e extendiva su influentia super altere archipelagos. Francia establiva un protectorato super Tahiti in le seculo XIX e assumeva le controlo de Nova Caledonia in 1853. Germania acquireva territorios in le Nova Guinea e Samoa, durante que le Statos Unite augmentava su presentia in le Pacifico. Le colonisation introduceva nove systemas administrative, monetari e juridic, e transformava le commercio e le production. In multe insulas, le plantations de zucchero, copra e altere productos requireva grande quantitates de labor. Le migrantes contractate proveniente del India e del Asia oriental deveniva partes importante de certe societates insular, specialmente in Fiji. Le missiones christian diffundeva nove institutiones religiose e educational. Le conversiones e le adoption de nove practicas religiose occurreva in modos differente, con adaptationes local e continuidades de traditiones indigena. === Labor, migration e transformation economic === Le expansion del plantations e del extraction de recursos generava un forte demanda de labor in plure territorios colonial. In Fiji, le administration britannic organisava le migration de trabalhadores indianos contractate, que contribuiva al developpamento del industria zucchera e al formation de un societate multietnic. In Australia, le expansion de agricultura, mineria e industria attraheva migrantes proveniente de Europa e, in differente periodos, de Asia. Le politicas de immigration esseva frequentemente restrictive e discriminatori, specialmente verso personas non europee. Le migration transformava le composition linguistic, religiose e cultural del region. Le communitates migrant manteneva lor linguas e traditiones, ma developpava etiam nove identitates local e relationes con le populos indigena. == Etate contemporanee == === Oceania durante le guerras mundial === ==== Prime Guerra Mundial ==== Durante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], diverse territorios oceanic esseva implicate in le conflicto. Le tropas australian e neozelandese participa a operationes in Europa e in le Mediteraneo, includente le campania de Gallipoli in 1915. In le Pacifico, le Japon occupava possessiones germanic, includente partes del Micronesia, durante le prime annos del guerra. Le administration de certe territorios esseva ulteriormente transferite a Japon sub mandatos international. Le guerra reforçava le relationes militar e politic inter Australia, Nova Zelanda e le Grande Britannia, ma etiam contribueva al disveloppamento de identitates national distincte. ==== Secunde Guerra Mundial ==== Le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]] transformava le Pacifico in un major teatro de guerra. Post le expansion militar del Japon in Asia e le Pacifico, numerose insulas deveniva locos de combats, bases militar e operationes naval e aerie. In 1941, le Japon attaccava [[Pearl Harbor]] e occupava territorios in Micronesia e partes del Melanesia. Le [[Campania del Pacifico]] includeva combats in [[Guadalcanal]], le Insulas Gilbert, le Insulas Marshall, Nova Guinea e altere archipelagos. Australia e Nova Zelanda participa al effortio de guerra del [[Allied Powers]], durante que le Statos Unite establiva un grande rete de bases e infrastructuras in le Pacifico. Le guerra provoca­va displacements de population, destruction de villas e infrastructuras e perdidas human considerabile. Le conflict alterava le relationes colonial e demonstrava le importantia strategic del Pacifico. Post 1945, le bases militar e le structuras de securitate continuava a influentiar le geopolitica del region. === Decolonisation e independentia === Post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, le processus de [[decolonisation]] se accel­erava. Le poteres colonial affrontava pressiones economic e politic, durante que le movimientos nationalistas e le institutiones local reclamava plus grande autonomia. Le independentia occurreva in differente momentos: * Samoa deveniva independente in 1962; * Nauru in 1968; * Fiji in 1970; * Tonga terminava su status de protectorato britannic in 1970; * Papua Nova Guinea deveniva independente in 1975; * Insulas Salomon in 1978; * Kiribati e Tuvalu in 1978 e 1979; * Vanuatu in 1980; * Statos Federate de Micronesia e Insulas Marshall obteneva lor independentia in association con le Statos Unite durante le annos 1980. Le processus non esseva uniforme. Alcun territorios deveniva statos souveran, alteres manteneva un association special con le Statos Unite, e alteres restava territorios non autonome sub administration de Francia, le Statos Unite, le Grande Britannia o altere paises. Le independentia politica non eliminava automaticamente le dependentia economic, le difficultates de infrastructure o le effectos del frontieras colonial. Numerose statos insular continuava a depender del exportation de un numero limitate de productos, del turismo, del adjuta international e del remessas de emigrantes. === Australia e Nova Zelanda post le guerra === Australia e Nova Zelanda developpava economias industrial e systemas politic democratic durante le periodo postbellic. Ambes manteneva relationes historic con le Grande Britannia, ma augmentava progressivemente lor cooperation con le Statos Unite e con le paises de Asia e del Pacifico. In Australia, le migration postbellic contribueva al expansion del population e al transformation del societate. Le politicas de immigration restrictive esseva progressivemente reformate, includente le abandono del [[White Australia policy]] durante le secunde medietate del seculo XX. Le recognoscentia del derectos del populos aborigene deveniva un tema central del politica australiana. Le referendum de 1967 permitteva al Commonwealth de legislar super le populos aborigene e de includer illes in le census national. Durante le decennios sequente, le question del terras, del representation e del reparations historic remaneva importante. In Nova Zelanda, le relationes inter le Stato e le Māori evolueva per medio de reformas juridic, movimentos social e processus de restitution de terras. Le recognoscentia del lingua māori e del cultura indigena cresceva, ben que le disputas super le interpretation del Tractato de Waitangi continuava. === Guerra Frie e geopolitica del Pacifico === Durante le [[Guerra Frie]], Oceania occupava un position strategic inter le Asia e le Americas. Le Statos Unite manteneva bases militar e accordos de securitate in Hawaii, Guam e altere insulas, durante que Australia e Nova Zelanda participa al cooperationes occidental. Le explosion de armas nuclear in le Pacifico deveniva un del problemas politic e ambiental plus importante del periodo. Francia realisava test nuclear in le area de [[Polynesia Francese]], specialmente in Mururoa e Fangataufa, desde 1966 usque al fin del seculo XX. Le test provocava protestas local e international concernente le effectos super le sanitate, le ambiente e le sovranitate del territorios. Le opposition al test nuclear contribueva al developpamento de movimentos regional pro le pace e le protection del oceano. In 1985, le Tractato de Rarotonga establi le [[Zona Libere de Armas Nuclear del Pacifico Sud]], reforçante le opposition regional al test nuclear e al stationamento de armas nuclear in le region. === Cooperation regional === Le cooperation regional deveniva un instrumento importante pro le statos del Pacifico. Le [[Forum del Insulas del Pacifico]], fundate in 1971 como Forum del Pacifico Sud, facilita le coordination politic e economic inter le governos regional. Le cooperation concerne le commercio, le education, le pesca, le transporto, le protection del ambiente, le securitate e le relationes con le grande poteres. Le organisationes regional tenta tamben representar le interesses del statos insular in foros international, specialmente in materias concernente le cambiamento climatic e le oceanos. Australia e Nova Zelanda exerce un rolo economic e diplomatic importante in le region, durante que le Statos Unite, Japon, China, Francia e altere actores augmentava lor cooperation e investitiones in le Pacifico. == Societate, cultura e identitate == Le cultura de Oceania es caracterisate per un grande diversitate de linguas, religiones e traditiones. Le populos aborigene del Australia, le Māori de Nova Zelanda e le communitates de Melanesia, Micronesia e Polynesia possede formas distincte de organisation social, relation con le ambiente, expression artistic e memoria historic. Le linguas indigena es un elemento central del identitate cultural. Multe linguas ha essite vulnerabile a causa del colonisation, del education in linguas europee e del migration verso centros urban. Durante le ultime decennios, programas de revitalisation linguistic e education bilingue ha essite disveloppate in plure paises e territorios. Le christianismo deveniva le religion majoritari in multe insulas del Pacifico post le missiones del seculos XVIII e XIX, ma le practicas religiose local e le traditiones indigena continua a influentiar le cultura contemporanee. Le artes traditional include sculptura, tecelage, pintura, tatuage, musica, danza e construction de canoas. In multe communitates, iste formas artistic ha un function social, genealogic o ritual e non es solmente expressiones esthetic. == Economia e transformation contemporanee == Le economias de Oceania varia considerabilemente. Australia e Nova Zelanda possede economias industrial e de servicios diversificate, durante que multe statos insular depende del pesca, del agricultura, del turismo, del adjuta international e del transferentias financiari del emigrantes. Le extraction de minerales e le production agricole ha un importantia particular in partes del Australia, del Nova Guinea e de Melanesia. Le turismo es un fonte importante de revenus in multe insulas, ma le dependentia de transporto aerie e maritime e le vulnerabilitate al disastres natural pote crear difficultates economic. Le cambiamento climatic representa un problema major pro le statos insular de basse altitude. Le augmento del nivello del mar, le erosion costal, le salinisation del aquas e le intensification de certe eventos climatic afecta le habitation, le agricultura e le securitate del populationes. Le gouvernos del Pacifico ha reclamate actiones international plus forte pro reducir le emissiones de gases a effecto de serra e pro financiar le adaptation climatic. Le ocean e le protection del ecosistemas marin es etiam temas central del cooperation regional. == Oceania in le seculo XXI == In le seculo XXI, Oceania continua a esser un region de grande importantia strategic, economic e ambiental. Le relationes inter le Statos Unite, China, Australia, Nova Zelanda e le statos insular influentia le securitate, le investitiones e le cooperation regional. Le statos del Pacifico tenta augmentar lor autonomia diplomatic e defender lor interesses in le governance del oceanos, le pesca, le clima e le disveloppamento economic. Le questiones de sovranitate, decolonisation e recognition del populos indigena resta tamben relevante in Australia, Nova Zelanda e in plure territorios non autonome. Le historia contemporanee de Oceania es assi marcate per le interaction inter traditiones indigena, institutiones moderne, migration, cooperation regional e pressiones global. Le region continua a transformar se, durante que su societates conserva e revitalisa formas de identitate e cognoscentia developpate durante millennios. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Oceania| ]] ft81zfg14dqe0eiwxih9kwsrhx7aoj9 14 62338 704713 2026-10-17T21:04:57Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Oceania]] [[Categoria:Historia per continente]]” 704713 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Oceania]] [[Categoria:Historia per continente]] ovir3jaexn430fnkdtgiyuiyt6ldkd3 0 62339 704733 2026-10-17T22:00:18Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “<escape>{{Infobox/articulo/generic}}</escape> Le '''conflicto houthi–saudita''' es un conflicto militar e politic inter le [[Arabia Saudita]] e le movimento houthi del [[Yemen]], officialmente cognoscite como [[Ansar Allah]]. Le conflicto forma parte del [[Guerra civil yemenita]] e es ligate al rivalitate regional inter Arabia Saudita e [[Iran]], que supporta le Houthis. Le confrontation include operationes militar saudita in Yemen, attaccos houthi contra territori...” 704733 wikitext text/x-wiki <escape>{{Infobox/articulo/generic}}</escape> Le '''conflicto houthi–saudita''' es un conflicto militar e politic inter le [[Arabia Saudita]] e le movimento houthi del [[Yemen]], officialmente cognoscite como [[Ansar Allah]]. Le conflicto forma parte del [[Guerra civil yemenita]] e es ligate al rivalitate regional inter Arabia Saudita e [[Iran]], que supporta le Houthis. Le confrontation include operationes militar saudita in Yemen, attaccos houthi contra territorio saudita e infrastructura civil e energetic, e periodos de negotiation e tregua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le conflicto se intensificava in 2009, quando le Houthis e le fortias saudita entrava in confrontation directe al frontiera inter le duo paises. Le guerra civil yemenita, comenciate in su forma contemporanee in 2014, internationalisava le conflicto in martio 2015, quando Arabia Saudita lanceva un intervention militar al capite de un coalition que supportava le governamento yemenita internationalmente recognoscite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/4/11/a-timeline-of-yemens-slide-into-conflict-and-war |titulo=A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war |sitioweb=Al Jazeera, information de Reuters |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post un periodo de reduction del combattes associate al tregua mediate per le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] in 2022, le confrontation se intensificava de novo in 2026. Le escalada includeva attaccos houthi contra Arabia Saudita, operationes aeree saudita in Yemen e combattes inter le Houthis e le fortias del governamento yemenita. Le ONU avertiva in octobre 2026 que Yemen habeva retornate a un situation de guerra a grande scala, con combattes sur plure frontes e un deterioramento del situation humanitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/news/yemen-has-returned-to-full-scale-war-special-envoy-warns |titulo=Yemen has returned to full-scale war, Special Envoy warns |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto == === Le movimento houthi === Le Houthis es un movimento politic e militar originari del nord del Yemen. Su denomination official es Ansar Allah. Le movimento se disveloppava durante le annos 1990 in le communitates zaydita del governatorato de Saada, in le nord del pais, in un contexto de dissatisfaction concernente le marginalisation politic e social del region. Le [[zaydismo]] es un branca del islam chiita con un longe historia in le nord del Yemen. Le Houthis deveniva un movimento armate durante le prime decennio del seculo XXI e combatteva le governamento del presidente [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] durante plure guerras inter 2004 e 2010. Le movimento deveniva un actor central del politica yemenita post le protestas de 2011 e le crise del transition politic. In 2014, le Houthis, in aliantia con elementos fidel a Saleh, prendeva le controlo de [[Sanaa]], le capital del Yemen. In 2015, le presidente [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]] abandonava le capital e le intervention militar saudita comenciava in supporto al governamento internationalmente recognoscite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le meos e interesses de Arabia Saudita === Arabia Saudita comparte un longe frontiera con Yemen e considera le stabilitate de su vicino meridional como un question de securitate national. Le expansion del controlo houthi super le nord del Yemen e le possibilitate de que un movimento associate a Iran controla un grande parte del pais deveniva un fonte de preoccupation pro Riyadh. Le governamento saudita declarava que su intervention in 2015 habeva como objectivo restaurar le governamento yemenita recognoscite e impedir que le Houthis consolida un potentia militar al frontiera saudita. Le Houthis, de su parte, denunciava le intervention e le restrictiones al importationes e al navigation verso le territorios sub lor controlo. Le conflicto deveniva assi un del principal manifestationes del rivalitate regional inter Arabia Saudita e Iran, ben que le guerra yemenita ha etiam causas interne e include actores cuje interesses non es reducibile al rivalitate inter le duo paises. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/explainerwhats-happening-in-yemen-and-why-are-saudi-arabia-and-the-uae-involved-4437721 |titulo=Explainer—What’s happening in Yemen, and why are Saudi Arabia and the UAE involved? |sitioweb=Reuters, publicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de januario 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cronologia == === 2004–2010: le prime guerras houthi === Le prime confrontationes armate importante inter le Houthis e le governamento yemenita comenciava in 2004, durante le governamento de Ali Abdullah Saleh. Le combattes occurreva principalmente in le governatorato de Saada e in regiones vicin. Inter 2004 e 2010, le fortias governamental e le Houthis participava a plure rondas de combattes, frequentemente appellate le guerras de Saada. Le conflictos involveva le controlo del territorio, le relationes inter le Stato e le communitates del nord e le position del movimento houthi in le politica national. In 2009, le confrontation se extendeva al frontiera saudita. Le fortias saudita interveniva contra combatentes houthi que habeva penetrate in territorio saudita, e le operationes militar se extendeva al zonas montaniose al frontiera. Iste episodio constitueva un del prime confrontationes militar directe inter Arabia Saudita e le Houthis. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/4/11/a-timeline-of-yemens-slide-into-conflict-and-war |titulo=A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war |sitioweb=Al Jazeera, information de Reuters |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2011–2014: crise politic e expansion houthi === Le protestas popular de 2011 contra Saleh contribuiva al disintegration del ordine politic yemenita. Saleh abandonava le presidentia in 2012, e su vice-presidente, Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, assumeva le cargo durante un transition supportate per un accordo regional e international. Le transition esseva confrontate con difficultates concernente le repartition del poter, le federalisation, le recursos e le relationes inter le differente regiones e gruppos politic. Le processo de dialogo national non produceva un accordo que poteva esser acceptate e implementate per tote le actores. In 2014, le Houthis prendeva le controlo de Sanaa con le supporto de elementos fidel a Saleh. Le expansion del movimento e le crise del governamento duceva al fuga de Hadi e al internationalisation del guerra. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/explainerwhats-happening-in-yemen-and-why-are-saudi-arabia-and-the-uae-involved-4437721 |titulo=Explainer—What’s happening in Yemen, and why are Saudi Arabia and the UAE involved? |sitioweb=Reuters, publicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de januario 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2015: intervention saudita === In martio 2015, Arabia Saudita initiava un campania militar contra le Houthis al capite de un coalition regional. Le intervention esseva effectuate a requesta del governamento de Hadi, que habeva perdite le controlo de Sanaa e se habeva refugiate al exterior. Le coalition usava principalmente attaccos aeree contra positiones, installationes e equipamento houthi. Le intervention includeva etiam restrictiones maritime e aeree que affectava le importation de alimentos, combustibile e altere benes essential al Yemen. Le Houthis manteneva le controlo de Sanaa e de grande parte del nord-west del pais, durante que le fortias del governamento recognoscite e altere gruppos anti-houthi manteneva o recuperava territorios in le sud e le est. Le guerra deveniva un conflicto prolongate con numerose actores yemenita e interventiones externe. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2016–2021: attaccos transfrontier e prolongation del guerra === Durante le annos sequente, le Houthis augmentava le uso de missiles e drones contra objectivos in Arabia Saudita. Le attaccos includeva installationes militar, aeroportos, infrastructura energetic e altere objectivos strategic. Arabia Saudita respondeva con attaccos aeree e operationes militar in Yemen. In 2017, le aliantia inter le Houthis e Ali Abdullah Saleh se rumpeva. Saleh tentava cambiar de campo politic, ma esseva occidite in decembre 2017 durante le combattes in Sanaa. In 2018, le fortias del coalition avançava in le costa del Mar Rubie, con le objectivo de prender le controlo de [[Hodeidah]], un porto importante pro le importation de alimentos e assistentia humanitari. Le accordos de Stockholm de decembre 2018 includeva un tregua in le area de Hodeidah, ma le execution del accordo esseva incomplete e le combattes continuava in altere regiones. In 2021, le Houthis intensificava lor offensive contra [[Marib]], un del principal bastiones del governamento recognoscite in le nord e un area importante pro le production de energia. Le combattes causava nove displaciamentos e aggravava le situation humanitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/4/11/a-timeline-of-yemens-slide-into-conflict-and-war |titulo=A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war |sitioweb=Al Jazeera, information de Reuters |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2022: tregua mediate per le ONU === In april 2022, le partes acceptava un tregua mediate per le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]]. Le accordo includeva un reduction del operationes militar, mesuras concernente le volos commercial desde Sanaa e le accesso a combustibile e benes per le porto de Hodeidah. Le tregua esseva extendite plure vices, ma expirava in octobre 2022 sin un accordo formal pro su prolongation. Nonobstante, le intensitate del combattes inter le Houthis e le fortias del coalition se reduceva considerabilemente, e le frontieras interne deveniva relativemente stabile. Le tregua non resolveva le questiones fundamental del conflicto, includente le repartition del poter, le recursos, le situation economic e le relationes inter le governamento recognoscite e le administration houthi. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2023–2025: negotiationes e tensiones regional === In 2023, Arabia Saudita e Iran accordava restaurar lor relationes diplomatic, un disveloppamento que generava expectationes de progressos in le negotiationes super Yemen. Delegationes saudita e omanita visitava Sanaa pro discutir le possibilitate de un accordo plus permanente con le Houthis. Le negotiationes non duceva a un accordo definitive de pace, ma le periodos de relative calma continuava. Le question del restrictiones al portos e aeroportos, le pagamento del salarios public, le repartition del entratas petrolier e le futuro del governamento remaneva sin solution. Desde novembre 2023, le Houthis initiava attaccos contra naves commercial e militar in le [[Mar Rubie]] e le [[Golfo de Aden]], ligante lor actiones al guerra inter Israel e Hamas in Gaza. Le attaccos provocava operationes naval international e attaccos aeree de [[Statos Unite]] e [[Regno Unite]] contra objectivos houthi. In 2025, un accordo mediate per Oman duceva al suspension del attaccos houthi contra naves statounitese e al cessation del campania statounitese de bombardamento, ben que altere tensiones regional continuava. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF12581.html |titulo=Yemen: Conflict, Red Sea Security, and U.S. Policy |sitioweb=Congressional Research Service |fecha=21 de julio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2026: retorno al guerra a grande scala === In 2026, le confrontation inter le Houthis, Arabia Saudita e le fortias del governamento yemenita se intensificava de novo. Le escalada occurreva in un contexto regional plus large, marcate per le guerra inter Iran e le coalition conducite per Statos Unite e Israel, e per le importantia strategic del corredor maritime del Mar Rubie. In julio 2026, le Houthis lansava missiles verso le sud de Arabia Saudita. Le autoritates saudita declarava haber interceptate projectiles dirigite verso le region meridional, durante que le Houthis presentava lor attacco como responsa a bombardamentos contra installationes sub lor controlo in Yemen. Iste incidentes rumpeva le periodo de relative calma que habeva persistite desde 2022. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/saudi-says-it-intercepted-houthi-missiles-fired-at-south-in-test-of-yearslong-truce-4789062 |titulo=Houthis fire missiles at Saudi Arabia, breaking years of calm |sitioweb=Reuters, publicate per Investing.com |fecha=13 de julio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le ultime parte del anno, le Houthis intensificava lor offensive in le costa occidental del Yemen, in le direction del [[Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb]], un passage maritime strategic inter le Mar Rubie e le Golfo de Aden. Le avance provocava combattes con le fortias del governamento yemenita e operationes militar supportate per Arabia Saudita. Le 9 de octobre 2026, le Enviato Special del Secretario General del ONU pro Yemen, [[Hans Grundberg]], declarava que le pais habeva retornate a un guerra a grande scala. Le combattes se extendeva al zonas de [[Taiz]], [[Marib]], [[Al-Jawf]], [[Hajjah]] e [[Lahij]], e le Houthis effectuava attaccos contra infrastructura civil e energetic in Arabia Saudita. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/news/yemen-has-returned-to-full-scale-war-special-envoy-warns |titulo=Yemen has returned to full-scale war, Special Envoy warns |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |fecha=9 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 10 de octobre 2026, le Secretario General del ONU condemnava un attacco houthi contra le [[Aeroporto International King Khalid]] de [[Riyadh]]. Secundo le communication del ONU, le attacco habeva causate mortes e centenarios de feritos civil. Le ONU appellava al cessation immediate del attaccos contra personas e infrastructura civil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://osesgy.unmissions.org/en |titulo=Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen: statements on the attacks against Saudi Arabia |sitioweb=United Nations |fecha=11 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le situation restava volatile al 17 de octobre 2026, con combattes active, attaccos transfrontier e timores de un aggravation del crise humanitari. Le resultato militar e politic del nove escalada non pote ancora esser determinate con certitude. == Partes del conflicto == === Houthis === Le Houthis, officialmente Ansar Allah, es un movimento politic e militar que controla Sanaa e grande parte del nord-west del Yemen. Illes dispone de missiles balistic, drones e altere armamentos que ha usate contra objectivos in Yemen e in paises vicin. Le movimento ha ligamines politic e militar con Iran, que es considerate per Arabia Saudita e altere actores international como un fonte importante de supporto. Le Houthis contesta alcun caracterisationes de lor relation con Teheran e presenta se como un movimento yemenita que resiste al intervention externe. === Arabia Saudita e le coalition === Arabia Saudita interveniva in Yemen in 2015 al capite de un coalition que supportava le governamento internationalmente recognoscite. Le operationes includeva attaccos aeree, supporto militar e logistic a fortias yemenita e mesuras destinate a impedir le transferentia de armas al Houthis. Le coalition includeva inicialmente altere statos arabe, specialmente le [[Emiratos Arabe Unite]]. Le interesses de iste statos non esseva identic, e le relationes inter le actores anti-houthi deveniva plus complexe durante le guerra. === Le governamento yemenita recognoscite === Le governamento yemenita recognoscite internationalmente esseva dirigite per Hadi durante le prime annos del intervention. In april 2022, Hadi transferiva su competentias a un [[Consilio Presidential de Direction]], que representa le autoritate recognoscite e ha su sede in le sud del pais. Le Consilio depende de un coalition de fortias yemenita con interesses differente, includente gruppos regional e separatista. Le division interne limita su capacitate de coordinar un strategia militar e politic uniforme contra le Houthis. === Iran e altere actores regional === Iran es un actor importante in le dimension regional del conflicto. Arabia Saudita accusa Teheran de fornir armas, formation e supporto al Houthis; Iran contesta o relativisa alcun de iste accusationes. Le relation inter Iran e le Houthis es un del factores que conecta le guerra yemenita al rivalitates plus large del Medio Oriente. [[Oman]] ha exercite un rolo diplomatic in le facilitation de negotiationes inter le Houthis e Arabia Saudita. Le Statos Unite, le Regno Unite e altere paises ha participate in operationes maritime o aeree in relation con le securitate del Mar Rubie e le attaccos contra le navigation commercial. == Dimension maritime e strategic == Le position geographic del Yemen rende le conflicto importante pro le navigation international. Le pais borda le Mar Rubie e le Golfo de Aden e es proxime al [[Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb]], un passage essential pro le commercio inter Europa, Asia e le Oceano Indian. Le attaccos contra naves commercial e le menacias contra le traffico maritime pote causar interruptiones de rutas commercial, augmentar le costo del transporto e obligar le naves a cercar itinerarios plus longe. Le importantia del corredor cresce quando altere passages strategic del Medio Oriente es perturbate. Le attaccos houthi contra infrastructura saudita ha etiam implicate le securitate del industria petrolier e del transporto energetic. Le effectos del conflicto pote assi extender se ultra le Yemen e Arabia Saudita, con consequentias pro le commercio e le securitate regional. == Impacto humanitari == Le guerra civil yemenita ha provocate un del plus grave crises humanitari contemporanee. Le population ha suffrite mortes, ferimentos, displaciamento, destruction de infrastructura, interruption del servicios public e difficultates in le accesso a alimentos, aqua, sanitate e education. Secundo le [[Officio del Nationes Unite pro le Coordination del Affaires Humanitari]] (OCHA), plus de 22 milliones de personas in Yemen necessitava assistentia humanitari e servicios de protection in 2026. Le mesme plano indicava que 18,3 milliones de personas affrontava inseguritate alimentari acute, e que le systemas de sanitate, aqua e sanitation esseva sub forte pression. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://yemen.un.org/en/312711-ocha-yemen-yemen-humanitarian-needs-and-response-plan-2026-march-2026 |titulo=Yemen Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan 2026 |sitioweb=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |fecha=29 de martio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reprise del guerra in 2026 aggravava le situation in plure zonas. In le citate de [[Taiz]], le combattes e le restriction del accesso a rutas impedeva le livration de alimentos e assistentia a centenarios de milles de personas. Le aggravar del situation economic faceva augmentar le precios de alimentos e combustibile e reduceva le accesso a servicios basic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/oct/15/yemen-stockpile-supplies-houthis-advance-taiz |titulo=Food and fuel run low as besieged Yemeni city braces for Houthi breakthrough |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=15 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le effectos humanitari del guerra meaza le population civil in tote le pais, includente le regiones sub administration houthi e illos sub controlo del governamento recognoscite. Le organisationes humanitari ha sublineate le necessitate de proteger le civiles, garantir le accesso humanitari e liberar le personal de assistentia detenite arbitrariamente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/news/yemen-has-returned-to-full-scale-war-special-envoy-warns |titulo=Yemen has returned to full-scale war, Special Envoy warns |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |fecha=9 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Negotiationes e tentativas de pace == Le negotiationes inter le Houthis, Arabia Saudita e le governamento yemenita ha includite iniciativas mediate per le ONU e per Oman. Le tregua de 2022 reduceva le combattes e permitteva alcun melioramentos humanitari, ma non produceva un accordo permanente. In 2023, le contactos directe inter Arabia Saudita e le Houthis generava expectationes de un accordo plus longe. Nonobstante, le partes non finalisava un accordo comprehensive concernente le governamento, le securitate del frontieras, le restrictiones al importationes e le repartition del recursos. Le Enviato Special del ONU continua a promover un processo politic inclusive e conducite per le yemenitas. Le reprise del combattes in 2026 ha complicate iste effortios, e le ONU ha demandate que tote le partes reduce le escalada, protege le civiles e retorna al negotiationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://osesgy.unmissions.org/en |titulo=Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Consequentias regional == Le conflicto ha influentiate le relationes inter Arabia Saudita, Iran, le Emiratos Arabe Unite e altere actores regional. Le rivalitate inter Riyadh e Teheran ha contribuite al dimension international del guerra, durante que le differentias inter Arabia Saudita e le Emiratos super le futuro politic del Yemen ha complicate le coalition anti-houthi. Le securitate del Mar Rubie e del Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb es un altere consequentia importante. Le perturbation del navigation commercial pote affectar le commercio mundial, le transporto de petroleo e le accesso a benes essential. Le guerra ha etiam affectate le effortios international de pace, le cooperation humanitari e le stabilitate del Corno de Africa, situate al altere latere del Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb. == Situation actual == Al 17 de octobre 2026, le conflicto houthi–saudita se trova in un nove fase de confrontation directe, post le rupture del periodo de relative calma que habeva sequite le tregua de 2022. Le Houthis ha intensificate lor operationes in Yemen e lor attaccos contra Arabia Saudita, durante que le fortias del governamento yemenita, supportate per Riyadh, tenta recuperar territorios strategic. Le situation militar resta instabile e le negotiationes non ha ancora restabilite un tregua durabile. Le effectos super le population civil e le navigation regional constitue duo del principal problemas immediate del escalada. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2026-10/yemen-91.php?print=true |titulo=Yemen: October 2026 Monthly Forecast |sitioweb=Security Council Report |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Guerra civil yemenita]] [[Categoria:Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Yemen]] [[Categoria:Historia militar]] tizsb9l9913p7zdmq4io30cwf7y1y8u 704734 704733 2026-10-17T22:00:35Z Interlingvisto 60932 704734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''conflicto houthi–saudita''' es un conflicto militar e politic inter le [[Arabia Saudita]] e le movimento houthi del [[Yemen]], officialmente cognoscite como [[Ansar Allah]]. Le conflicto forma parte del [[Guerra civil yemenita]] e es ligate al rivalitate regional inter Arabia Saudita e [[Iran]], que supporta le Houthis. Le confrontation include operationes militar saudita in Yemen, attaccos houthi contra territorio saudita e infrastructura civil e energetic, e periodos de negotiation e tregua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le conflicto se intensificava in 2009, quando le Houthis e le fortias saudita entrava in confrontation directe al frontiera inter le duo paises. Le guerra civil yemenita, comenciate in su forma contemporanee in 2014, internationalisava le conflicto in martio 2015, quando Arabia Saudita lanceva un intervention militar al capite de un coalition que supportava le governamento yemenita internationalmente recognoscite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/4/11/a-timeline-of-yemens-slide-into-conflict-and-war |titulo=A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war |sitioweb=Al Jazeera, information de Reuters |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post un periodo de reduction del combattes associate al tregua mediate per le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] in 2022, le confrontation se intensificava de novo in 2026. Le escalada includeva attaccos houthi contra Arabia Saudita, operationes aeree saudita in Yemen e combattes inter le Houthis e le fortias del governamento yemenita. Le ONU avertiva in octobre 2026 que Yemen habeva retornate a un situation de guerra a grande scala, con combattes sur plure frontes e un deterioramento del situation humanitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/news/yemen-has-returned-to-full-scale-war-special-envoy-warns |titulo=Yemen has returned to full-scale war, Special Envoy warns |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto == === Le movimento houthi === Le Houthis es un movimento politic e militar originari del nord del Yemen. Su denomination official es Ansar Allah. Le movimento se disveloppava durante le annos 1990 in le communitates zaydita del governatorato de Saada, in le nord del pais, in un contexto de dissatisfaction concernente le marginalisation politic e social del region. Le [[zaydismo]] es un branca del islam chiita con un longe historia in le nord del Yemen. Le Houthis deveniva un movimento armate durante le prime decennio del seculo XXI e combatteva le governamento del presidente [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] durante plure guerras inter 2004 e 2010. Le movimento deveniva un actor central del politica yemenita post le protestas de 2011 e le crise del transition politic. In 2014, le Houthis, in aliantia con elementos fidel a Saleh, prendeva le controlo de [[Sanaa]], le capital del Yemen. In 2015, le presidente [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]] abandonava le capital e le intervention militar saudita comenciava in supporto al governamento internationalmente recognoscite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le meos e interesses de Arabia Saudita === Arabia Saudita comparte un longe frontiera con Yemen e considera le stabilitate de su vicino meridional como un question de securitate national. Le expansion del controlo houthi super le nord del Yemen e le possibilitate de que un movimento associate a Iran controla un grande parte del pais deveniva un fonte de preoccupation pro Riyadh. Le governamento saudita declarava que su intervention in 2015 habeva como objectivo restaurar le governamento yemenita recognoscite e impedir que le Houthis consolida un potentia militar al frontiera saudita. Le Houthis, de su parte, denunciava le intervention e le restrictiones al importationes e al navigation verso le territorios sub lor controlo. Le conflicto deveniva assi un del principal manifestationes del rivalitate regional inter Arabia Saudita e Iran, ben que le guerra yemenita ha etiam causas interne e include actores cuje interesses non es reducibile al rivalitate inter le duo paises. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/explainerwhats-happening-in-yemen-and-why-are-saudi-arabia-and-the-uae-involved-4437721 |titulo=Explainer—What’s happening in Yemen, and why are Saudi Arabia and the UAE involved? |sitioweb=Reuters, publicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de januario 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cronologia == === 2004–2010: le prime guerras houthi === Le prime confrontationes armate importante inter le Houthis e le governamento yemenita comenciava in 2004, durante le governamento de Ali Abdullah Saleh. Le combattes occurreva principalmente in le governatorato de Saada e in regiones vicin. Inter 2004 e 2010, le fortias governamental e le Houthis participava a plure rondas de combattes, frequentemente appellate le guerras de Saada. Le conflictos involveva le controlo del territorio, le relationes inter le Stato e le communitates del nord e le position del movimento houthi in le politica national. In 2009, le confrontation se extendeva al frontiera saudita. Le fortias saudita interveniva contra combatentes houthi que habeva penetrate in territorio saudita, e le operationes militar se extendeva al zonas montaniose al frontiera. Iste episodio constitueva un del prime confrontationes militar directe inter Arabia Saudita e le Houthis. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/4/11/a-timeline-of-yemens-slide-into-conflict-and-war |titulo=A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war |sitioweb=Al Jazeera, information de Reuters |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2011–2014: crise politic e expansion houthi === Le protestas popular de 2011 contra Saleh contribuiva al disintegration del ordine politic yemenita. Saleh abandonava le presidentia in 2012, e su vice-presidente, Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, assumeva le cargo durante un transition supportate per un accordo regional e international. Le transition esseva confrontate con difficultates concernente le repartition del poter, le federalisation, le recursos e le relationes inter le differente regiones e gruppos politic. Le processo de dialogo national non produceva un accordo que poteva esser acceptate e implementate per tote le actores. In 2014, le Houthis prendeva le controlo de Sanaa con le supporto de elementos fidel a Saleh. Le expansion del movimento e le crise del governamento duceva al fuga de Hadi e al internationalisation del guerra. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/explainerwhats-happening-in-yemen-and-why-are-saudi-arabia-and-the-uae-involved-4437721 |titulo=Explainer—What’s happening in Yemen, and why are Saudi Arabia and the UAE involved? |sitioweb=Reuters, publicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de januario 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2015: intervention saudita === In martio 2015, Arabia Saudita initiava un campania militar contra le Houthis al capite de un coalition regional. Le intervention esseva effectuate a requesta del governamento de Hadi, que habeva perdite le controlo de Sanaa e se habeva refugiate al exterior. Le coalition usava principalmente attaccos aeree contra positiones, installationes e equipamento houthi. Le intervention includeva etiam restrictiones maritime e aeree que affectava le importation de alimentos, combustibile e altere benes essential al Yemen. Le Houthis manteneva le controlo de Sanaa e de grande parte del nord-west del pais, durante que le fortias del governamento recognoscite e altere gruppos anti-houthi manteneva o recuperava territorios in le sud e le est. Le guerra deveniva un conflicto prolongate con numerose actores yemenita e interventiones externe. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2016–2021: attaccos transfrontier e prolongation del guerra === Durante le annos sequente, le Houthis augmentava le uso de missiles e drones contra objectivos in Arabia Saudita. Le attaccos includeva installationes militar, aeroportos, infrastructura energetic e altere objectivos strategic. Arabia Saudita respondeva con attaccos aeree e operationes militar in Yemen. In 2017, le aliantia inter le Houthis e Ali Abdullah Saleh se rumpeva. Saleh tentava cambiar de campo politic, ma esseva occidite in decembre 2017 durante le combattes in Sanaa. In 2018, le fortias del coalition avançava in le costa del Mar Rubie, con le objectivo de prender le controlo de [[Hodeidah]], un porto importante pro le importation de alimentos e assistentia humanitari. Le accordos de Stockholm de decembre 2018 includeva un tregua in le area de Hodeidah, ma le execution del accordo esseva incomplete e le combattes continuava in altere regiones. In 2021, le Houthis intensificava lor offensive contra [[Marib]], un del principal bastiones del governamento recognoscite in le nord e un area importante pro le production de energia. Le combattes causava nove displaciamentos e aggravava le situation humanitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/4/11/a-timeline-of-yemens-slide-into-conflict-and-war |titulo=A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war |sitioweb=Al Jazeera, information de Reuters |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2022: tregua mediate per le ONU === In april 2022, le partes acceptava un tregua mediate per le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]]. Le accordo includeva un reduction del operationes militar, mesuras concernente le volos commercial desde Sanaa e le accesso a combustibile e benes per le porto de Hodeidah. Le tregua esseva extendite plure vices, ma expirava in octobre 2022 sin un accordo formal pro su prolongation. Nonobstante, le intensitate del combattes inter le Houthis e le fortias del coalition se reduceva considerabilemente, e le frontieras interne deveniva relativemente stabile. Le tregua non resolveva le questiones fundamental del conflicto, includente le repartition del poter, le recursos, le situation economic e le relationes inter le governamento recognoscite e le administration houthi. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2023–2025: negotiationes e tensiones regional === In 2023, Arabia Saudita e Iran accordava restaurar lor relationes diplomatic, un disveloppamento que generava expectationes de progressos in le negotiationes super Yemen. Delegationes saudita e omanita visitava Sanaa pro discutir le possibilitate de un accordo plus permanente con le Houthis. Le negotiationes non duceva a un accordo definitive de pace, ma le periodos de relative calma continuava. Le question del restrictiones al portos e aeroportos, le pagamento del salarios public, le repartition del entratas petrolier e le futuro del governamento remaneva sin solution. Desde novembre 2023, le Houthis initiava attaccos contra naves commercial e militar in le [[Mar Rubie]] e le [[Golfo de Aden]], ligante lor actiones al guerra inter Israel e Hamas in Gaza. Le attaccos provocava operationes naval international e attaccos aeree de [[Statos Unite]] e [[Regno Unite]] contra objectivos houthi. In 2025, un accordo mediate per Oman duceva al suspension del attaccos houthi contra naves statounitese e al cessation del campania statounitese de bombardamento, ben que altere tensiones regional continuava. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF12581.html |titulo=Yemen: Conflict, Red Sea Security, and U.S. Policy |sitioweb=Congressional Research Service |fecha=21 de julio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2026: retorno al guerra a grande scala === In 2026, le confrontation inter le Houthis, Arabia Saudita e le fortias del governamento yemenita se intensificava de novo. Le escalada occurreva in un contexto regional plus large, marcate per le guerra inter Iran e le coalition conducite per Statos Unite e Israel, e per le importantia strategic del corredor maritime del Mar Rubie. In julio 2026, le Houthis lansava missiles verso le sud de Arabia Saudita. Le autoritates saudita declarava haber interceptate projectiles dirigite verso le region meridional, durante que le Houthis presentava lor attacco como responsa a bombardamentos contra installationes sub lor controlo in Yemen. Iste incidentes rumpeva le periodo de relative calma que habeva persistite desde 2022. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/saudi-says-it-intercepted-houthi-missiles-fired-at-south-in-test-of-yearslong-truce-4789062 |titulo=Houthis fire missiles at Saudi Arabia, breaking years of calm |sitioweb=Reuters, publicate per Investing.com |fecha=13 de julio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le ultime parte del anno, le Houthis intensificava lor offensive in le costa occidental del Yemen, in le direction del [[Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb]], un passage maritime strategic inter le Mar Rubie e le Golfo de Aden. Le avance provocava combattes con le fortias del governamento yemenita e operationes militar supportate per Arabia Saudita. Le 9 de octobre 2026, le Enviato Special del Secretario General del ONU pro Yemen, [[Hans Grundberg]], declarava que le pais habeva retornate a un guerra a grande scala. Le combattes se extendeva al zonas de [[Taiz]], [[Marib]], [[Al-Jawf]], [[Hajjah]] e [[Lahij]], e le Houthis effectuava attaccos contra infrastructura civil e energetic in Arabia Saudita. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/news/yemen-has-returned-to-full-scale-war-special-envoy-warns |titulo=Yemen has returned to full-scale war, Special Envoy warns |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |fecha=9 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 10 de octobre 2026, le Secretario General del ONU condemnava un attacco houthi contra le [[Aeroporto International King Khalid]] de [[Riyadh]]. Secundo le communication del ONU, le attacco habeva causate mortes e centenarios de feritos civil. Le ONU appellava al cessation immediate del attaccos contra personas e infrastructura civil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://osesgy.unmissions.org/en |titulo=Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen: statements on the attacks against Saudi Arabia |sitioweb=United Nations |fecha=11 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le situation restava volatile al 17 de octobre 2026, con combattes active, attaccos transfrontier e timores de un aggravation del crise humanitari. Le resultato militar e politic del nove escalada non pote ancora esser determinate con certitude. == Partes del conflicto == === Houthis === Le Houthis, officialmente Ansar Allah, es un movimento politic e militar que controla Sanaa e grande parte del nord-west del Yemen. Illes dispone de missiles balistic, drones e altere armamentos que ha usate contra objectivos in Yemen e in paises vicin. Le movimento ha ligamines politic e militar con Iran, que es considerate per Arabia Saudita e altere actores international como un fonte importante de supporto. Le Houthis contesta alcun caracterisationes de lor relation con Teheran e presenta se como un movimento yemenita que resiste al intervention externe. === Arabia Saudita e le coalition === Arabia Saudita interveniva in Yemen in 2015 al capite de un coalition que supportava le governamento internationalmente recognoscite. Le operationes includeva attaccos aeree, supporto militar e logistic a fortias yemenita e mesuras destinate a impedir le transferentia de armas al Houthis. Le coalition includeva inicialmente altere statos arabe, specialmente le [[Emiratos Arabe Unite]]. Le interesses de iste statos non esseva identic, e le relationes inter le actores anti-houthi deveniva plus complexe durante le guerra. === Le governamento yemenita recognoscite === Le governamento yemenita recognoscite internationalmente esseva dirigite per Hadi durante le prime annos del intervention. In april 2022, Hadi transferiva su competentias a un [[Consilio Presidential de Direction]], que representa le autoritate recognoscite e ha su sede in le sud del pais. Le Consilio depende de un coalition de fortias yemenita con interesses differente, includente gruppos regional e separatista. Le division interne limita su capacitate de coordinar un strategia militar e politic uniforme contra le Houthis. === Iran e altere actores regional === Iran es un actor importante in le dimension regional del conflicto. Arabia Saudita accusa Teheran de fornir armas, formation e supporto al Houthis; Iran contesta o relativisa alcun de iste accusationes. Le relation inter Iran e le Houthis es un del factores que conecta le guerra yemenita al rivalitates plus large del Medio Oriente. [[Oman]] ha exercite un rolo diplomatic in le facilitation de negotiationes inter le Houthis e Arabia Saudita. Le Statos Unite, le Regno Unite e altere paises ha participate in operationes maritime o aeree in relation con le securitate del Mar Rubie e le attaccos contra le navigation commercial. == Dimension maritime e strategic == Le position geographic del Yemen rende le conflicto importante pro le navigation international. Le pais borda le Mar Rubie e le Golfo de Aden e es proxime al [[Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb]], un passage essential pro le commercio inter Europa, Asia e le Oceano Indian. Le attaccos contra naves commercial e le menacias contra le traffico maritime pote causar interruptiones de rutas commercial, augmentar le costo del transporto e obligar le naves a cercar itinerarios plus longe. Le importantia del corredor cresce quando altere passages strategic del Medio Oriente es perturbate. Le attaccos houthi contra infrastructura saudita ha etiam implicate le securitate del industria petrolier e del transporto energetic. Le effectos del conflicto pote assi extender se ultra le Yemen e Arabia Saudita, con consequentias pro le commercio e le securitate regional. == Impacto humanitari == Le guerra civil yemenita ha provocate un del plus grave crises humanitari contemporanee. Le population ha suffrite mortes, ferimentos, displaciamento, destruction de infrastructura, interruption del servicios public e difficultates in le accesso a alimentos, aqua, sanitate e education. Secundo le [[Officio del Nationes Unite pro le Coordination del Affaires Humanitari]] (OCHA), plus de 22 milliones de personas in Yemen necessitava assistentia humanitari e servicios de protection in 2026. Le mesme plano indicava que 18,3 milliones de personas affrontava inseguritate alimentari acute, e que le systemas de sanitate, aqua e sanitation esseva sub forte pression. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://yemen.un.org/en/312711-ocha-yemen-yemen-humanitarian-needs-and-response-plan-2026-march-2026 |titulo=Yemen Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan 2026 |sitioweb=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |fecha=29 de martio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reprise del guerra in 2026 aggravava le situation in plure zonas. In le citate de [[Taiz]], le combattes e le restriction del accesso a rutas impedeva le livration de alimentos e assistentia a centenarios de milles de personas. Le aggravar del situation economic faceva augmentar le precios de alimentos e combustibile e reduceva le accesso a servicios basic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/oct/15/yemen-stockpile-supplies-houthis-advance-taiz |titulo=Food and fuel run low as besieged Yemeni city braces for Houthi breakthrough |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=15 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le effectos humanitari del guerra meaza le population civil in tote le pais, includente le regiones sub administration houthi e illos sub controlo del governamento recognoscite. Le organisationes humanitari ha sublineate le necessitate de proteger le civiles, garantir le accesso humanitari e liberar le personal de assistentia detenite arbitrariamente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/news/yemen-has-returned-to-full-scale-war-special-envoy-warns |titulo=Yemen has returned to full-scale war, Special Envoy warns |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |fecha=9 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Negotiationes e tentativas de pace == Le negotiationes inter le Houthis, Arabia Saudita e le governamento yemenita ha includite iniciativas mediate per le ONU e per Oman. Le tregua de 2022 reduceva le combattes e permitteva alcun melioramentos humanitari, ma non produceva un accordo permanente. In 2023, le contactos directe inter Arabia Saudita e le Houthis generava expectationes de un accordo plus longe. Nonobstante, le partes non finalisava un accordo comprehensive concernente le governamento, le securitate del frontieras, le restrictiones al importationes e le repartition del recursos. Le Enviato Special del ONU continua a promover un processo politic inclusive e conducite per le yemenitas. Le reprise del combattes in 2026 ha complicate iste effortios, e le ONU ha demandate que tote le partes reduce le escalada, protege le civiles e retorna al negotiationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://osesgy.unmissions.org/en |titulo=Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Consequentias regional == Le conflicto ha influentiate le relationes inter Arabia Saudita, Iran, le Emiratos Arabe Unite e altere actores regional. Le rivalitate inter Riyadh e Teheran ha contribuite al dimension international del guerra, durante que le differentias inter Arabia Saudita e le Emiratos super le futuro politic del Yemen ha complicate le coalition anti-houthi. Le securitate del Mar Rubie e del Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb es un altere consequentia importante. Le perturbation del navigation commercial pote affectar le commercio mundial, le transporto de petroleo e le accesso a benes essential. Le guerra ha etiam affectate le effortios international de pace, le cooperation humanitari e le stabilitate del Corno de Africa, situate al altere latere del Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb. == Situation actual == Al 17 de octobre 2026, le conflicto houthi–saudita se trova in un nove fase de confrontation directe, post le rupture del periodo de relative calma que habeva sequite le tregua de 2022. Le Houthis ha intensificate lor operationes in Yemen e lor attaccos contra Arabia Saudita, durante que le fortias del governamento yemenita, supportate per Riyadh, tenta recuperar territorios strategic. Le situation militar resta instabile e le negotiationes non ha ancora restabilite un tregua durabile. Le effectos super le population civil e le navigation regional constitue duo del principal problemas immediate del escalada. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2026-10/yemen-91.php?print=true |titulo=Yemen: October 2026 Monthly Forecast |sitioweb=Security Council Report |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Guerra civil yemenita]] [[Categoria:Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Yemen]] [[Categoria:Historia militar]] 5c4ztx9eyen513wnmz68zofimj57upw 704735 704734 2026-10-17T22:01:01Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Conflicto houthi–saudita]] a [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] 704734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''conflicto houthi–saudita''' es un conflicto militar e politic inter le [[Arabia Saudita]] e le movimento houthi del [[Yemen]], officialmente cognoscite como [[Ansar Allah]]. Le conflicto forma parte del [[Guerra civil yemenita]] e es ligate al rivalitate regional inter Arabia Saudita e [[Iran]], que supporta le Houthis. Le confrontation include operationes militar saudita in Yemen, attaccos houthi contra territorio saudita e infrastructura civil e energetic, e periodos de negotiation e tregua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le conflicto se intensificava in 2009, quando le Houthis e le fortias saudita entrava in confrontation directe al frontiera inter le duo paises. Le guerra civil yemenita, comenciate in su forma contemporanee in 2014, internationalisava le conflicto in martio 2015, quando Arabia Saudita lanceva un intervention militar al capite de un coalition que supportava le governamento yemenita internationalmente recognoscite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/4/11/a-timeline-of-yemens-slide-into-conflict-and-war |titulo=A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war |sitioweb=Al Jazeera, information de Reuters |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post un periodo de reduction del combattes associate al tregua mediate per le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] in 2022, le confrontation se intensificava de novo in 2026. Le escalada includeva attaccos houthi contra Arabia Saudita, operationes aeree saudita in Yemen e combattes inter le Houthis e le fortias del governamento yemenita. Le ONU avertiva in octobre 2026 que Yemen habeva retornate a un situation de guerra a grande scala, con combattes sur plure frontes e un deterioramento del situation humanitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/news/yemen-has-returned-to-full-scale-war-special-envoy-warns |titulo=Yemen has returned to full-scale war, Special Envoy warns |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto == === Le movimento houthi === Le Houthis es un movimento politic e militar originari del nord del Yemen. Su denomination official es Ansar Allah. Le movimento se disveloppava durante le annos 1990 in le communitates zaydita del governatorato de Saada, in le nord del pais, in un contexto de dissatisfaction concernente le marginalisation politic e social del region. Le [[zaydismo]] es un branca del islam chiita con un longe historia in le nord del Yemen. Le Houthis deveniva un movimento armate durante le prime decennio del seculo XXI e combatteva le governamento del presidente [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] durante plure guerras inter 2004 e 2010. Le movimento deveniva un actor central del politica yemenita post le protestas de 2011 e le crise del transition politic. In 2014, le Houthis, in aliantia con elementos fidel a Saleh, prendeva le controlo de [[Sanaa]], le capital del Yemen. In 2015, le presidente [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]] abandonava le capital e le intervention militar saudita comenciava in supporto al governamento internationalmente recognoscite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le meos e interesses de Arabia Saudita === Arabia Saudita comparte un longe frontiera con Yemen e considera le stabilitate de su vicino meridional como un question de securitate national. Le expansion del controlo houthi super le nord del Yemen e le possibilitate de que un movimento associate a Iran controla un grande parte del pais deveniva un fonte de preoccupation pro Riyadh. Le governamento saudita declarava que su intervention in 2015 habeva como objectivo restaurar le governamento yemenita recognoscite e impedir que le Houthis consolida un potentia militar al frontiera saudita. Le Houthis, de su parte, denunciava le intervention e le restrictiones al importationes e al navigation verso le territorios sub lor controlo. Le conflicto deveniva assi un del principal manifestationes del rivalitate regional inter Arabia Saudita e Iran, ben que le guerra yemenita ha etiam causas interne e include actores cuje interesses non es reducibile al rivalitate inter le duo paises. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/explainerwhats-happening-in-yemen-and-why-are-saudi-arabia-and-the-uae-involved-4437721 |titulo=Explainer—What’s happening in Yemen, and why are Saudi Arabia and the UAE involved? |sitioweb=Reuters, publicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de januario 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cronologia == === 2004–2010: le prime guerras houthi === Le prime confrontationes armate importante inter le Houthis e le governamento yemenita comenciava in 2004, durante le governamento de Ali Abdullah Saleh. Le combattes occurreva principalmente in le governatorato de Saada e in regiones vicin. Inter 2004 e 2010, le fortias governamental e le Houthis participava a plure rondas de combattes, frequentemente appellate le guerras de Saada. Le conflictos involveva le controlo del territorio, le relationes inter le Stato e le communitates del nord e le position del movimento houthi in le politica national. In 2009, le confrontation se extendeva al frontiera saudita. Le fortias saudita interveniva contra combatentes houthi que habeva penetrate in territorio saudita, e le operationes militar se extendeva al zonas montaniose al frontiera. Iste episodio constitueva un del prime confrontationes militar directe inter Arabia Saudita e le Houthis. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/4/11/a-timeline-of-yemens-slide-into-conflict-and-war |titulo=A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war |sitioweb=Al Jazeera, information de Reuters |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2011–2014: crise politic e expansion houthi === Le protestas popular de 2011 contra Saleh contribuiva al disintegration del ordine politic yemenita. Saleh abandonava le presidentia in 2012, e su vice-presidente, Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, assumeva le cargo durante un transition supportate per un accordo regional e international. Le transition esseva confrontate con difficultates concernente le repartition del poter, le federalisation, le recursos e le relationes inter le differente regiones e gruppos politic. Le processo de dialogo national non produceva un accordo que poteva esser acceptate e implementate per tote le actores. In 2014, le Houthis prendeva le controlo de Sanaa con le supporto de elementos fidel a Saleh. Le expansion del movimento e le crise del governamento duceva al fuga de Hadi e al internationalisation del guerra. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/explainerwhats-happening-in-yemen-and-why-are-saudi-arabia-and-the-uae-involved-4437721 |titulo=Explainer—What’s happening in Yemen, and why are Saudi Arabia and the UAE involved? |sitioweb=Reuters, publicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de januario 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2015: intervention saudita === In martio 2015, Arabia Saudita initiava un campania militar contra le Houthis al capite de un coalition regional. Le intervention esseva effectuate a requesta del governamento de Hadi, que habeva perdite le controlo de Sanaa e se habeva refugiate al exterior. Le coalition usava principalmente attaccos aeree contra positiones, installationes e equipamento houthi. Le intervention includeva etiam restrictiones maritime e aeree que affectava le importation de alimentos, combustibile e altere benes essential al Yemen. Le Houthis manteneva le controlo de Sanaa e de grande parte del nord-west del pais, durante que le fortias del governamento recognoscite e altere gruppos anti-houthi manteneva o recuperava territorios in le sud e le est. Le guerra deveniva un conflicto prolongate con numerose actores yemenita e interventiones externe. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2016–2021: attaccos transfrontier e prolongation del guerra === Durante le annos sequente, le Houthis augmentava le uso de missiles e drones contra objectivos in Arabia Saudita. Le attaccos includeva installationes militar, aeroportos, infrastructura energetic e altere objectivos strategic. Arabia Saudita respondeva con attaccos aeree e operationes militar in Yemen. In 2017, le aliantia inter le Houthis e Ali Abdullah Saleh se rumpeva. Saleh tentava cambiar de campo politic, ma esseva occidite in decembre 2017 durante le combattes in Sanaa. In 2018, le fortias del coalition avançava in le costa del Mar Rubie, con le objectivo de prender le controlo de [[Hodeidah]], un porto importante pro le importation de alimentos e assistentia humanitari. Le accordos de Stockholm de decembre 2018 includeva un tregua in le area de Hodeidah, ma le execution del accordo esseva incomplete e le combattes continuava in altere regiones. In 2021, le Houthis intensificava lor offensive contra [[Marib]], un del principal bastiones del governamento recognoscite in le nord e un area importante pro le production de energia. Le combattes causava nove displaciamentos e aggravava le situation humanitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/4/11/a-timeline-of-yemens-slide-into-conflict-and-war |titulo=A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war |sitioweb=Al Jazeera, information de Reuters |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2022: tregua mediate per le ONU === In april 2022, le partes acceptava un tregua mediate per le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]]. Le accordo includeva un reduction del operationes militar, mesuras concernente le volos commercial desde Sanaa e le accesso a combustibile e benes per le porto de Hodeidah. Le tregua esseva extendite plure vices, ma expirava in octobre 2022 sin un accordo formal pro su prolongation. Nonobstante, le intensitate del combattes inter le Houthis e le fortias del coalition se reduceva considerabilemente, e le frontieras interne deveniva relativemente stabile. Le tregua non resolveva le questiones fundamental del conflicto, includente le repartition del poter, le recursos, le situation economic e le relationes inter le governamento recognoscite e le administration houthi. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2023–2025: negotiationes e tensiones regional === In 2023, Arabia Saudita e Iran accordava restaurar lor relationes diplomatic, un disveloppamento que generava expectationes de progressos in le negotiationes super Yemen. Delegationes saudita e omanita visitava Sanaa pro discutir le possibilitate de un accordo plus permanente con le Houthis. Le negotiationes non duceva a un accordo definitive de pace, ma le periodos de relative calma continuava. Le question del restrictiones al portos e aeroportos, le pagamento del salarios public, le repartition del entratas petrolier e le futuro del governamento remaneva sin solution. Desde novembre 2023, le Houthis initiava attaccos contra naves commercial e militar in le [[Mar Rubie]] e le [[Golfo de Aden]], ligante lor actiones al guerra inter Israel e Hamas in Gaza. Le attaccos provocava operationes naval international e attaccos aeree de [[Statos Unite]] e [[Regno Unite]] contra objectivos houthi. In 2025, un accordo mediate per Oman duceva al suspension del attaccos houthi contra naves statounitese e al cessation del campania statounitese de bombardamento, ben que altere tensiones regional continuava. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF12581.html |titulo=Yemen: Conflict, Red Sea Security, and U.S. Policy |sitioweb=Congressional Research Service |fecha=21 de julio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2026: retorno al guerra a grande scala === In 2026, le confrontation inter le Houthis, Arabia Saudita e le fortias del governamento yemenita se intensificava de novo. Le escalada occurreva in un contexto regional plus large, marcate per le guerra inter Iran e le coalition conducite per Statos Unite e Israel, e per le importantia strategic del corredor maritime del Mar Rubie. In julio 2026, le Houthis lansava missiles verso le sud de Arabia Saudita. Le autoritates saudita declarava haber interceptate projectiles dirigite verso le region meridional, durante que le Houthis presentava lor attacco como responsa a bombardamentos contra installationes sub lor controlo in Yemen. Iste incidentes rumpeva le periodo de relative calma que habeva persistite desde 2022. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/saudi-says-it-intercepted-houthi-missiles-fired-at-south-in-test-of-yearslong-truce-4789062 |titulo=Houthis fire missiles at Saudi Arabia, breaking years of calm |sitioweb=Reuters, publicate per Investing.com |fecha=13 de julio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le ultime parte del anno, le Houthis intensificava lor offensive in le costa occidental del Yemen, in le direction del [[Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb]], un passage maritime strategic inter le Mar Rubie e le Golfo de Aden. Le avance provocava combattes con le fortias del governamento yemenita e operationes militar supportate per Arabia Saudita. Le 9 de octobre 2026, le Enviato Special del Secretario General del ONU pro Yemen, [[Hans Grundberg]], declarava que le pais habeva retornate a un guerra a grande scala. Le combattes se extendeva al zonas de [[Taiz]], [[Marib]], [[Al-Jawf]], [[Hajjah]] e [[Lahij]], e le Houthis effectuava attaccos contra infrastructura civil e energetic in Arabia Saudita. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/news/yemen-has-returned-to-full-scale-war-special-envoy-warns |titulo=Yemen has returned to full-scale war, Special Envoy warns |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |fecha=9 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 10 de octobre 2026, le Secretario General del ONU condemnava un attacco houthi contra le [[Aeroporto International King Khalid]] de [[Riyadh]]. Secundo le communication del ONU, le attacco habeva causate mortes e centenarios de feritos civil. Le ONU appellava al cessation immediate del attaccos contra personas e infrastructura civil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://osesgy.unmissions.org/en |titulo=Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen: statements on the attacks against Saudi Arabia |sitioweb=United Nations |fecha=11 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le situation restava volatile al 17 de octobre 2026, con combattes active, attaccos transfrontier e timores de un aggravation del crise humanitari. Le resultato militar e politic del nove escalada non pote ancora esser determinate con certitude. == Partes del conflicto == === Houthis === Le Houthis, officialmente Ansar Allah, es un movimento politic e militar que controla Sanaa e grande parte del nord-west del Yemen. Illes dispone de missiles balistic, drones e altere armamentos que ha usate contra objectivos in Yemen e in paises vicin. Le movimento ha ligamines politic e militar con Iran, que es considerate per Arabia Saudita e altere actores international como un fonte importante de supporto. Le Houthis contesta alcun caracterisationes de lor relation con Teheran e presenta se como un movimento yemenita que resiste al intervention externe. === Arabia Saudita e le coalition === Arabia Saudita interveniva in Yemen in 2015 al capite de un coalition que supportava le governamento internationalmente recognoscite. Le operationes includeva attaccos aeree, supporto militar e logistic a fortias yemenita e mesuras destinate a impedir le transferentia de armas al Houthis. Le coalition includeva inicialmente altere statos arabe, specialmente le [[Emiratos Arabe Unite]]. Le interesses de iste statos non esseva identic, e le relationes inter le actores anti-houthi deveniva plus complexe durante le guerra. === Le governamento yemenita recognoscite === Le governamento yemenita recognoscite internationalmente esseva dirigite per Hadi durante le prime annos del intervention. In april 2022, Hadi transferiva su competentias a un [[Consilio Presidential de Direction]], que representa le autoritate recognoscite e ha su sede in le sud del pais. Le Consilio depende de un coalition de fortias yemenita con interesses differente, includente gruppos regional e separatista. Le division interne limita su capacitate de coordinar un strategia militar e politic uniforme contra le Houthis. === Iran e altere actores regional === Iran es un actor importante in le dimension regional del conflicto. Arabia Saudita accusa Teheran de fornir armas, formation e supporto al Houthis; Iran contesta o relativisa alcun de iste accusationes. Le relation inter Iran e le Houthis es un del factores que conecta le guerra yemenita al rivalitates plus large del Medio Oriente. [[Oman]] ha exercite un rolo diplomatic in le facilitation de negotiationes inter le Houthis e Arabia Saudita. Le Statos Unite, le Regno Unite e altere paises ha participate in operationes maritime o aeree in relation con le securitate del Mar Rubie e le attaccos contra le navigation commercial. == Dimension maritime e strategic == Le position geographic del Yemen rende le conflicto importante pro le navigation international. Le pais borda le Mar Rubie e le Golfo de Aden e es proxime al [[Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb]], un passage essential pro le commercio inter Europa, Asia e le Oceano Indian. Le attaccos contra naves commercial e le menacias contra le traffico maritime pote causar interruptiones de rutas commercial, augmentar le costo del transporto e obligar le naves a cercar itinerarios plus longe. Le importantia del corredor cresce quando altere passages strategic del Medio Oriente es perturbate. Le attaccos houthi contra infrastructura saudita ha etiam implicate le securitate del industria petrolier e del transporto energetic. Le effectos del conflicto pote assi extender se ultra le Yemen e Arabia Saudita, con consequentias pro le commercio e le securitate regional. == Impacto humanitari == Le guerra civil yemenita ha provocate un del plus grave crises humanitari contemporanee. Le population ha suffrite mortes, ferimentos, displaciamento, destruction de infrastructura, interruption del servicios public e difficultates in le accesso a alimentos, aqua, sanitate e education. Secundo le [[Officio del Nationes Unite pro le Coordination del Affaires Humanitari]] (OCHA), plus de 22 milliones de personas in Yemen necessitava assistentia humanitari e servicios de protection in 2026. Le mesme plano indicava que 18,3 milliones de personas affrontava inseguritate alimentari acute, e que le systemas de sanitate, aqua e sanitation esseva sub forte pression. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://yemen.un.org/en/312711-ocha-yemen-yemen-humanitarian-needs-and-response-plan-2026-march-2026 |titulo=Yemen Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan 2026 |sitioweb=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |fecha=29 de martio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reprise del guerra in 2026 aggravava le situation in plure zonas. In le citate de [[Taiz]], le combattes e le restriction del accesso a rutas impedeva le livration de alimentos e assistentia a centenarios de milles de personas. Le aggravar del situation economic faceva augmentar le precios de alimentos e combustibile e reduceva le accesso a servicios basic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/oct/15/yemen-stockpile-supplies-houthis-advance-taiz |titulo=Food and fuel run low as besieged Yemeni city braces for Houthi breakthrough |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=15 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le effectos humanitari del guerra meaza le population civil in tote le pais, includente le regiones sub administration houthi e illos sub controlo del governamento recognoscite. Le organisationes humanitari ha sublineate le necessitate de proteger le civiles, garantir le accesso humanitari e liberar le personal de assistentia detenite arbitrariamente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/news/yemen-has-returned-to-full-scale-war-special-envoy-warns |titulo=Yemen has returned to full-scale war, Special Envoy warns |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |fecha=9 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Negotiationes e tentativas de pace == Le negotiationes inter le Houthis, Arabia Saudita e le governamento yemenita ha includite iniciativas mediate per le ONU e per Oman. Le tregua de 2022 reduceva le combattes e permitteva alcun melioramentos humanitari, ma non produceva un accordo permanente. In 2023, le contactos directe inter Arabia Saudita e le Houthis generava expectationes de un accordo plus longe. Nonobstante, le partes non finalisava un accordo comprehensive concernente le governamento, le securitate del frontieras, le restrictiones al importationes e le repartition del recursos. Le Enviato Special del ONU continua a promover un processo politic inclusive e conducite per le yemenitas. Le reprise del combattes in 2026 ha complicate iste effortios, e le ONU ha demandate que tote le partes reduce le escalada, protege le civiles e retorna al negotiationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://osesgy.unmissions.org/en |titulo=Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Consequentias regional == Le conflicto ha influentiate le relationes inter Arabia Saudita, Iran, le Emiratos Arabe Unite e altere actores regional. Le rivalitate inter Riyadh e Teheran ha contribuite al dimension international del guerra, durante que le differentias inter Arabia Saudita e le Emiratos super le futuro politic del Yemen ha complicate le coalition anti-houthi. Le securitate del Mar Rubie e del Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb es un altere consequentia importante. Le perturbation del navigation commercial pote affectar le commercio mundial, le transporto de petroleo e le accesso a benes essential. Le guerra ha etiam affectate le effortios international de pace, le cooperation humanitari e le stabilitate del Corno de Africa, situate al altere latere del Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb. == Situation actual == Al 17 de octobre 2026, le conflicto houthi–saudita se trova in un nove fase de confrontation directe, post le rupture del periodo de relative calma que habeva sequite le tregua de 2022. Le Houthis ha intensificate lor operationes in Yemen e lor attaccos contra Arabia Saudita, durante que le fortias del governamento yemenita, supportate per Riyadh, tenta recuperar territorios strategic. Le situation militar resta instabile e le negotiationes non ha ancora restabilite un tregua durabile. Le effectos super le population civil e le navigation regional constitue duo del principal problemas immediate del escalada. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2026-10/yemen-91.php?print=true |titulo=Yemen: October 2026 Monthly Forecast |sitioweb=Security Council Report |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Guerra civil yemenita]] [[Categoria:Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Yemen]] [[Categoria:Historia militar]] 5c4ztx9eyen513wnmz68zofimj57upw 704739 704735 2026-10-18T07:30:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 704739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''conflicto huthi–saudita''' es un conflicto militar e politic inter le [[Arabia Saudita]] e le movimento huthi del [[Yemen]], officialmente cognoscite como [[Ansar Allah]]. Le conflicto forma parte del [[Guerra civil yemenita]] e es ligate al rivalitate regional inter Arabia Saudita e [[Iran]], que supporta le huthis. Le confrontation include operationes militar saudita in Yemen, attaccos huthi contra territorio saudita e infrastructura civil e energetic, e periodos de negotiation e tregua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le conflicto se intensificava in 2009, quando le huthis e le fortias saudita entrava in confrontation directe al frontiera inter le duo paises. Le guerra civil yemenita, comenciate in su forma contemporanee in 2014, internationalisava le conflicto in martio 2015, quando Arabia Saudita lanceva un intervention militar al capite de un coalition que supportava le governamento yemenita internationalmente recognoscite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/4/11/a-timeline-of-yemens-slide-into-conflict-and-war |titulo=A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war |sitioweb=Al Jazeera, information de Reuters |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post un periodo de reduction del combattes associate al tregua mediate per le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] in 2022, le confrontation se intensificava de novo in 2026. Le escalada includeva attaccos huthi contra Arabia Saudita, operationes aeree saudita in Yemen e combattes inter le huthis e le fortias del governamento yemenita. Le ONU avertiva in octobre 2026 que Yemen habeva retornate a un situation de guerra a grande scala, con combattes sur plure frontes e un deterioramento del situation humanitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/news/yemen-has-returned-to-full-scale-war-special-envoy-warns |titulo=Yemen has returned to full-scale war, Special Envoy warns |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto == === Le movimento huthi === Le huthis es un movimento politic e militar originari del nord del Yemen. Su denomination official es Ansar Allah. Le movimento se disveloppava durante le annos 1990 in le communitates zaydita del governatorato de Saada, in le nord del pais, in un contexto de dissatisfaction concernente le marginalisation politic e social del region. Le [[zaydismo]] es un branca del islam chiita con un longe historia in le nord del Yemen. Le huthis deveniva un movimento armate durante le prime decennio del seculo XXI e combatteva le governamento del presidente [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] durante plure guerras inter 2004 e 2010. Le movimento deveniva un actor central del politica yemenita post le protestas de 2011 e le crise del transition politic. In 2014, le huthis, in aliantia con elementos fidel a Saleh, prendeva le controlo de [[Sanaa]], le capital del Yemen. In 2015, le presidente [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]] abandonava le capital e le intervention militar saudita comenciava in supporto al governamento internationalmente recognoscite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le meos e interesses de Arabia Saudita === Arabia Saudita comparte un longe frontiera con Yemen e considera le stabilitate de su vicino meridional como un question de securitate national. Le expansion del controlo huthi super le nord del Yemen e le possibilitate de que un movimento associate a Iran controla un grande parte del pais deveniva un fonte de preoccupation pro Riyadh. Le governamento saudita declarava que su intervention in 2015 habeva como objectivo restaurar le governamento yemenita recognoscite e impedir que le huthis consolida un potentia militar al frontiera saudita. Le huthis, de su parte, denunciava le intervention e le restrictiones al importationes e al navigation verso le territorios sub lor controlo. Le conflicto deveniva assi un del principal manifestationes del rivalitate regional inter Arabia Saudita e Iran, ben que le guerra yemenita ha etiam causas interne e include actores cuje interesses non es reducibile al rivalitate inter le duo paises. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/explainerwhats-happening-in-yemen-and-why-are-saudi-arabia-and-the-uae-involved-4437721 |titulo=Explainer—What’s happening in Yemen, and why are Saudi Arabia and the UAE involved? |sitioweb=Reuters, publicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de januario 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cronologia == === 2004–2010: le prime guerras huthi === Le prime confrontationes armate importante inter le huthis e le governamento yemenita comenciava in 2004, durante le governamento de Ali Abdullah Saleh. Le combattes occurreva principalmente in le governatorato de Saada e in regiones vicin. Inter 2004 e 2010, le fortias governamental e le huthis participava a plure rondas de combattes, frequentemente appellate le guerras de Saada. Le conflictos involveva le controlo del territorio, le relationes inter le Stato e le communitates del nord e le position del movimento huthi in le politica national. In 2009, le confrontation se extendeva al frontiera saudita. Le fortias saudita interveniva contra combatentes huthi que habeva penetrate in territorio saudita, e le operationes militar se extendeva al zonas montaniose al frontiera. Iste episodio constitueva un del prime confrontationes militar directe inter Arabia Saudita e le huthis. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/4/11/a-timeline-of-yemens-slide-into-conflict-and-war |titulo=A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war |sitioweb=Al Jazeera, information de Reuters |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2011–2014: crise politic e expansion huthi === Le protestas popular de 2011 contra Saleh contribuiva al disintegration del ordine politic yemenita. Saleh abandonava le presidentia in 2012, e su vice-presidente, Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, assumeva le cargo durante un transition supportate per un accordo regional e international. Le transition esseva confrontate con difficultates concernente le repartition del poter, le federalisation, le recursos e le relationes inter le differente regiones e gruppos politic. Le processo de dialogo national non produceva un accordo que poteva esser acceptate e implementate per tote le actores. In 2014, le huthis prendeva le controlo de Sanaa con le supporto de elementos fidel a Saleh. Le expansion del movimento e le crise del governamento duceva al fuga de Hadi e al internationalisation del guerra. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/explainerwhats-happening-in-yemen-and-why-are-saudi-arabia-and-the-uae-involved-4437721 |titulo=Explainer—What’s happening in Yemen, and why are Saudi Arabia and the UAE involved? |sitioweb=Reuters, publicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de januario 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2015: intervention saudita === In martio 2015, Arabia Saudita initiava un campania militar contra le huthis al capite de un coalition regional. Le intervention esseva effectuate a requesta del governamento de Hadi, que habeva perdite le controlo de Sanaa e se habeva refugiate al exterior. Le coalition usava principalmente attaccos aeree contra positiones, installationes e equipamento houthi. Le intervention includeva etiam restrictiones maritime e aeree que affectava le importation de alimentos, combustibile e altere benes essential al Yemen. Le huthis manteneva le controlo de Sanaa e de grande parte del nord-west del pais, durante que le fortias del governamento recognoscite e altere gruppos anti-huthi manteneva o recuperava territorios in le sud e le est. Le guerra deveniva un conflicto prolongate con numerose actores yemenita e interventiones externe. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2016–2021: attaccos transfrontier e prolongation del guerra === Durante le annos sequente, le huthis augmentava le uso de missiles e drones contra objectivos in Arabia Saudita. Le attaccos includeva installationes militar, aeroportos, infrastructura energetic e altere objectivos strategic. Arabia Saudita respondeva con attaccos aeree e operationes militar in Yemen. In 2017, le aliantia inter le huthis e Ali Abdullah Saleh se rumpeva. Saleh tentava cambiar de campo politic, ma esseva occidite in decembre 2017 durante le combattes in Sanaa. In 2018, le fortias del coalition avançava in le costa del Mar Rubie, con le objectivo de prender le controlo de [[Hodeidah]], un porto importante pro le importation de alimentos e assistentia humanitari. Le accordos de Stockholm de decembre 2018 includeva un tregua in le area de Hodeidah, ma le execution del accordo esseva incomplete e le combattes continuava in altere regiones. In 2021, le huthis intensificava lor offensive contra [[Marib]], un del principal bastiones del governamento recognoscite in le nord e un area importante pro le production de energia. Le combattes causava nove displaciamentos e aggravava le situation humanitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/4/11/a-timeline-of-yemens-slide-into-conflict-and-war |titulo=A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war |sitioweb=Al Jazeera, information de Reuters |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2022: tregua mediate per le ONU === In april 2022, le partes acceptava un tregua mediate per le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]]. Le accordo includeva un reduction del operationes militar, mesuras concernente le volos commercial desde Sanaa e le accesso a combustibile e benes per le porto de Hodeidah. Le tregua esseva extendite plure vices, ma expirava in octobre 2022 sin un accordo formal pro su prolongation. Nonobstante, le intensitate del combattes inter le huthis e le fortias del coalition se reduceva considerabilemente, e le frontieras interne deveniva relativemente stabile. Le tregua non resolveva le questiones fundamental del conflicto, includente le repartition del poter, le recursos, le situation economic e le relationes inter le governamento recognoscite e le administration houthi. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2023–2025: negotiationes e tensiones regional === In 2023, Arabia Saudita e Iran accordava restaurar lor relationes diplomatic, un disveloppamento que generava expectationes de progressos in le negotiationes super Yemen. Delegationes saudita e omanita visitava Sanaa pro discutir le possibilitate de un accordo plus permanente con le huthis. Le negotiationes non duceva a un accordo definitive de pace, ma le periodos de relative calma continuava. Le question del restrictiones al portos e aeroportos, le pagamento del salarios public, le repartition del entratas petrolier e le futuro del governamento remaneva sin solution. Desde novembre 2023, le huthis initiava attaccos contra naves commercial e militar in le [[Mar Rubie]] e le [[Golfo de Aden]], ligante lor actiones al guerra inter Israel e Hamas in Gaza. Le attaccos provocava operationes naval international e attaccos aeree de [[Statos Unite]] e [[Regno Unite]] contra objectivos houthi. In 2025, un accordo mediate per Oman duceva al suspension del attaccos huthi contra naves statounitese e al cessation del campania statounitese de bombardamento, ben que altere tensiones regional continuava. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF12581.html |titulo=Yemen: Conflict, Red Sea Security, and U.S. Policy |sitioweb=Congressional Research Service |fecha=21 de julio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2026: retorno al guerra a grande scala === In 2026, le confrontation inter le huthis, Arabia Saudita e le fortias del governamento yemenita se intensificava de novo. Le escalada occurreva in un contexto regional plus large, marcate per le guerra inter Iran e le coalition conducite per Statos Unite e Israel, e per le importantia strategic del corredor maritime del Mar Rubie. In julio 2026, le huthis lansava missiles verso le sud de Arabia Saudita. Le autoritates saudita declarava haber interceptate projectiles dirigite verso le region meridional, durante que le huthis presentava lor attacco como responsa a bombardamentos contra installationes sub lor controlo in Yemen. Iste incidentes rumpeva le periodo de relative calma que habeva persistite desde 2022. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/saudi-says-it-intercepted-houthi-missiles-fired-at-south-in-test-of-yearslong-truce-4789062 |titulo=Houthis fire missiles at Saudi Arabia, breaking years of calm |sitioweb=Reuters, publicate per Investing.com |fecha=13 de julio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le ultime parte del anno, le huthis intensificava lor offensive in le costa occidental del Yemen, in le direction del [[Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb]], un passage maritime strategic inter le Mar Rubie e le Golfo de Aden. Le avance provocava combattes con le fortias del governamento yemenita e operationes militar supportate per Arabia Saudita. Le 9 de octobre 2026, le Enviato Special del Secretario General del ONU pro Yemen, [[Hans Grundberg]], declarava que le pais habeva retornate a un guerra a grande scala. Le combattes se extendeva al zonas de [[Taiz]], [[Marib]], [[Al-Jawf]], [[Hajjah]] e [[Lahij]], e le huthis effectuava attaccos contra infrastructura civil e energetic in Arabia Saudita. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/news/yemen-has-returned-to-full-scale-war-special-envoy-warns |titulo=Yemen has returned to full-scale war, Special Envoy warns |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |fecha=9 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 10 de octobre 2026, le Secretario General del ONU condemnava un attacco huthi contra le [[Aeroporto International King Khalid]] de [[Riyadh]]. Secundo le communication del ONU, le attacco habeva causate mortes e centenarios de feritos civil. Le ONU appellava al cessation immediate del attaccos contra personas e infrastructura civil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://osesgy.unmissions.org/en |titulo=Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen: statements on the attacks against Saudi Arabia |sitioweb=United Nations |fecha=11 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le situation restava volatile al 17 de octobre 2026, con combattes active, attaccos transfrontier e timores de un aggravation del crise humanitari. Le resultato militar e politic del nove escalada non pote ancora esser determinate con certitude. == Partes del conflicto == === Huthis === Le huthis, officialmente Ansar Allah, es un movimento politic e militar que controla Sanaa e grande parte del nord-west del Yemen. Illes dispone de missiles balistic, drones e altere armamentos que ha usate contra objectivos in Yemen e in paises vicin. Le movimento ha ligamines politic e militar con Iran, que es considerate per Arabia Saudita e altere actores international como un fonte importante de supporto. Le huthis contesta alcun caracterisationes de lor relation con Teheran e presenta se como un movimento yemenita que resiste al intervention externe. === Arabia Saudita e le coalition === Arabia Saudita interveniva in Yemen in 2015 al capite de un coalition que supportava le governamento internationalmente recognoscite. Le operationes includeva attaccos aeree, supporto militar e logistic a fortias yemenita e mesuras destinate a impedir le transferentia de armas al huthis. Le coalition includeva inicialmente altere statos arabe, specialmente le [[Emiratos Arabe Unite]]. Le interesses de iste statos non esseva identic, e le relationes inter le actores anti-huthi deveniva plus complexe durante le guerra. === Le governamento yemenita recognoscite === Le governamento yemenita recognoscite internationalmente esseva dirigite per Hadi durante le prime annos del intervention. In april 2022, Hadi transferiva su competentias a un [[Consilio Presidential de Direction]], que representa le autoritate recognoscite e ha su sede in le sud del pais. Le Consilio depende de un coalition de fortias yemenita con interesses differente, includente gruppos regional e separatista. Le division interne limita su capacitate de coordinar un strategia militar e politic uniforme contra le huthis. === Iran e altere actores regional === Iran es un actor importante in le dimension regional del conflicto. Arabia Saudita accusa Teheran de fornir armas, formation e supporto al huthis; Iran contesta o relativisa alcun de iste accusationes. Le relation inter Iran e le huthis es un del factores que conecta le guerra yemenita al rivalitates plus large del Medio Oriente. [[Oman]] ha exercite un rolo diplomatic in le facilitation de negotiationes inter le huthis e Arabia Saudita. Le Statos Unite, le Regno Unite e altere paises ha participate in operationes maritime o aeree in relation con le securitate del Mar Rubie e le attaccos contra le navigation commercial. == Dimension maritime e strategic == Le position geographic del Yemen rende le conflicto importante pro le navigation international. Le pais borda le Mar Rubie e le Golfo de Aden e es proxime al [[Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb]], un passage essential pro le commercio inter Europa, Asia e le Oceano Indian. Le attaccos contra naves commercial e le menacias contra le traffico maritime pote causar interruptiones de rutas commercial, augmentar le costo del transporto e obligar le naves a cercar itinerarios plus longe. Le importantia del corredor cresce quando altere passages strategic del Medio Oriente es perturbate. Le attaccos huthi contra infrastructura saudita ha etiam implicate le securitate del industria petrolier e del transporto energetic. Le effectos del conflicto pote assi extender se ultra le Yemen e Arabia Saudita, con consequentias pro le commercio e le securitate regional. == Impacto humanitari == Le guerra civil yemenita ha provocate un del plus grave crises humanitari contemporanee. Le population ha suffrite mortes, ferimentos, displaciamento, destruction de infrastructura, interruption del servicios public e difficultates in le accesso a alimentos, aqua, sanitate e education. Secundo le [[Officio del Nationes Unite pro le Coordination del Affaires Humanitari]] (OCHA), plus de 22 milliones de personas in Yemen necessitava assistentia humanitari e servicios de protection in 2026. Le mesme plano indicava que 18,3 milliones de personas affrontava inseguritate alimentari acute, e que le systemas de sanitate, aqua e sanitation esseva sub forte pression. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://yemen.un.org/en/312711-ocha-yemen-yemen-humanitarian-needs-and-response-plan-2026-march-2026 |titulo=Yemen Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan 2026 |sitioweb=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |fecha=29 de martio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reprise del guerra in 2026 aggravava le situation in plure zonas. In le citate de [[Taiz]], le combattes e le restriction del accesso a rutas impedeva le livration de alimentos e assistentia a centenarios de milles de personas. Le aggravar del situation economic faceva augmentar le precios de alimentos e combustibile e reduceva le accesso a servicios basic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/oct/15/yemen-stockpile-supplies-houthis-advance-taiz |titulo=Food and fuel run low as besieged Yemeni city braces for Houthi breakthrough |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=15 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le effectos humanitari del guerra meaza le population civil in tote le pais, includente le regiones sub administration huthi e illos sub controlo del governamento recognoscite. Le organisationes humanitari ha sublineate le necessitate de proteger le civiles, garantir le accesso humanitari e liberar le personal de assistentia detenite arbitrariamente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/news/yemen-has-returned-to-full-scale-war-special-envoy-warns |titulo=Yemen has returned to full-scale war, Special Envoy warns |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |fecha=9 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Negotiationes e tentativas de pace == Le negotiationes inter le huthis, Arabia Saudita e le governamento yemenita ha includite iniciativas mediate per le ONU e per Oman. Le tregua de 2022 reduceva le combattes e permitteva alcun melioramentos humanitari, ma non produceva un accordo permanente. In 2023, le contactos directe inter Arabia Saudita e le huthis generava expectationes de un accordo plus longe. Nonobstante, le partes non finalisava un accordo comprehensive concernente le governamento, le securitate del frontieras, le restrictiones al importationes e le repartition del recursos. Le Enviato Special del ONU continua a promover un processo politic inclusive e conducite per le yemenitas. Le reprise del combattes in 2026 ha complicate iste effortios, e le ONU ha demandate que tote le partes reduce le escalada, protege le civiles e retorna al negotiationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://osesgy.unmissions.org/en |titulo=Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Consequentias regional == Le conflicto ha influentiate le relationes inter Arabia Saudita, Iran, le Emiratos Arabe Unite e altere actores regional. Le rivalitate inter Riyadh e Teheran ha contribuite al dimension international del guerra, durante que le differentias inter Arabia Saudita e le Emiratos super le futuro politic del Yemen ha complicate le coalition anti-houthi. Le securitate del Mar Rubie e del Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb es un altere consequentia importante. Le perturbation del navigation commercial pote affectar le commercio mundial, le transporto de petroleo e le accesso a benes essential. Le guerra ha etiam affectate le effortios international de pace, le cooperation humanitari e le stabilitate del Corno de Africa, situate al altere latere del Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb. == Situation actual == Al 17 de octobre 2026, le conflicto houthi–saudita se trova in un nove fase de confrontation directe, post le rupture del periodo de relative calma que habeva sequite le tregua de 2022. Le huthis ha intensificate lor operationes in Yemen e lor attaccos contra Arabia Saudita, durante que le fortias del governamento yemenita, supportate per Riyadh, tenta recuperar territorios strategic. Le situation militar resta instabile e le negotiationes non ha ancora restabilite un tregua durabile. Le effectos super le population civil e le navigation regional constitue duo del principal problemas immediate del escalada. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2026-10/yemen-91.php?print=true |titulo=Yemen: October 2026 Monthly Forecast |sitioweb=Security Council Report |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Guerra civil yemenita]] [[Categoria:Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Yemen]] [[Categoria:Historia militar]] 3qpxiel6tcjla1xtalxsvmmcjcqb7sb 704740 704739 2026-10-18T07:31:26Z Interlingvisto 60932 704740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''conflicto huthi–saudita''' es un conflicto militar e politic inter le [[Arabia Saudita]] e le movimento huthi del [[Yemen]], officialmente cognoscite como [[Ansar Allah]]. Le conflicto forma parte del [[Guerra civil yemenita]] e es ligate al rivalitate regional inter Arabia Saudita e [[Iran]], que supporta le huthis. Le confrontation include operationes militar saudita in Yemen, attaccos huthi contra territorio saudita e infrastructura civil e energetic, e periodos de negotiation e tregua. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le conflicto se intensificava in 2009, quando le huthis e le fortias saudita entrava in confrontation directe al frontiera inter le duo paises. Le guerra civil yemenita, comenciate in su forma contemporanee in 2014, internationalisava le conflicto in martio 2015, quando Arabia Saudita lanceva un intervention militar al capite de un coalition que supportava le governamento yemenita internationalmente recognoscite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/4/11/a-timeline-of-yemens-slide-into-conflict-and-war |titulo=A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war |sitioweb=Al Jazeera, information de Reuters |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Post un periodo de reduction del combattes associate al tregua mediate per le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]] in 2022, le confrontation se intensificava de novo in 2026. Le escalada includeva attaccos huthi contra Arabia Saudita, operationes aeree saudita in Yemen e combattes inter le huthis e le fortias del governamento yemenita. Le ONU avertiva in octobre 2026 que Yemen habeva retornate a un situation de guerra a grande scala, con combattes sur plure frontes e un deterioramento del situation humanitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/news/yemen-has-returned-to-full-scale-war-special-envoy-warns |titulo=Yemen has returned to full-scale war, Special Envoy warns |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto == === Le movimento huthi === Le huthis es un movimento politic e militar originari del nord del Yemen. Su denomination official es Ansar Allah. Le movimento se disveloppava durante le annos 1990 in le communitates zaydita del governatorato de Saada, in le nord del pais, in un contexto de dissatisfaction concernente le marginalisation politic e social del region. Le [[zaydismo]] es un branca del islam chiita con un longe historia in le nord del Yemen. Le huthis deveniva un movimento armate durante le prime decennio del seculo XXI e combatteva le governamento del presidente [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] durante plure guerras inter 2004 e 2010. Le movimento deveniva un actor central del politica yemenita post le protestas de 2011 e le crise del transition politic. In 2014, le huthis, in aliantia con elementos fidel a Saleh, prendeva le controlo de [[Sanaa]], le capital del Yemen. In 2015, le presidente [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]] abandonava le capital e le intervention militar saudita comenciava in supporto al governamento internationalmente recognoscite. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Le meos e interesses de Arabia Saudita === Arabia Saudita comparte un longe frontiera con Yemen e considera le stabilitate de su vicino meridional como un question de securitate national. Le expansion del controlo huthi super le nord del Yemen e le possibilitate de que un movimento associate a Iran controla un grande parte del pais deveniva un fonte de preoccupation pro Riyadh. Le governamento saudita declarava que su intervention in 2015 habeva como objectivo restaurar le governamento yemenita recognoscite e impedir que le huthis consolida un potentia militar al frontiera saudita. Le huthis, de su parte, denunciava le intervention e le restrictiones al importationes e al navigation verso le territorios sub lor controlo. Le conflicto deveniva assi un del principal manifestationes del rivalitate regional inter Arabia Saudita e Iran, ben que le guerra yemenita ha etiam causas interne e include actores cuje interesses non es reducibile al rivalitate inter le duo paises. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/explainerwhats-happening-in-yemen-and-why-are-saudi-arabia-and-the-uae-involved-4437721 |titulo=Explainer—What’s happening in Yemen, and why are Saudi Arabia and the UAE involved? |sitioweb=Reuters, publicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de januario 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Cronologia == === 2004–2010: le prime guerras huthi === Le prime confrontationes armate importante inter le huthis e le governamento yemenita comenciava in 2004, durante le governamento de Ali Abdullah Saleh. Le combattes occurreva principalmente in le governatorato de Saada e in regiones vicin. Inter 2004 e 2010, le fortias governamental e le huthis participava a plure rondas de combattes, frequentemente appellate le guerras de Saada. Le conflictos involveva le controlo del territorio, le relationes inter le Stato e le communitates del nord e le position del movimento huthi in le politica national. In 2009, le confrontation se extendeva al frontiera saudita. Le fortias saudita interveniva contra combatentes huthi que habeva penetrate in territorio saudita, e le operationes militar se extendeva al zonas montaniose al frontiera. Iste episodio constitueva un del prime confrontationes militar directe inter Arabia Saudita e le huthis. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/4/11/a-timeline-of-yemens-slide-into-conflict-and-war |titulo=A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war |sitioweb=Al Jazeera, information de Reuters |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2011–2014: crise politic e expansion huthi === Le protestas popular de 2011 contra Saleh contribuiva al disintegration del ordine politic yemenita. Saleh abandonava le presidentia in 2012, e su vice-presidente, Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, assumeva le cargo durante un transition supportate per un accordo regional e international. Le transition esseva confrontate con difficultates concernente le repartition del poter, le federalisation, le recursos e le relationes inter le differente regiones e gruppos politic. Le processo de dialogo national non produceva un accordo que poteva esser acceptate e implementate per tote le actores. In 2014, le huthis prendeva le controlo de Sanaa con le supporto de elementos fidel a Saleh. Le expansion del movimento e le crise del governamento duceva al fuga de Hadi e al internationalisation del guerra. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/world-news/explainerwhats-happening-in-yemen-and-why-are-saudi-arabia-and-the-uae-involved-4437721 |titulo=Explainer—What’s happening in Yemen, and why are Saudi Arabia and the UAE involved? |sitioweb=Reuters, publicate per Investing.com |fecha=8 de januario 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2015: intervention saudita === In martio 2015, Arabia Saudita initiava un campania militar contra le huthis al capite de un coalition regional. Le intervention esseva effectuate a requesta del governamento de Hadi, que habeva perdite le controlo de Sanaa e se habeva refugiate al exterior. Le coalition usava principalmente attaccos aeree contra positiones, installationes e equipamento houthi. Le intervention includeva etiam restrictiones maritime e aeree que affectava le importation de alimentos, combustibile e altere benes essential al Yemen. Le huthis manteneva le controlo de Sanaa e de grande parte del nord-west del pais, durante que le fortias del governamento recognoscite e altere gruppos anti-huthi manteneva o recuperava territorios in le sud e le est. Le guerra deveniva un conflicto prolongate con numerose actores yemenita e interventiones externe. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2016–2021: attaccos transfrontier e prolongation del guerra === Durante le annos sequente, le huthis augmentava le uso de missiles e drones contra objectivos in Arabia Saudita. Le attaccos includeva installationes militar, aeroportos, infrastructura energetic e altere objectivos strategic. Arabia Saudita respondeva con attaccos aeree e operationes militar in Yemen. In 2017, le aliantia inter le huthis e Ali Abdullah Saleh se rumpeva. Saleh tentava cambiar de campo politic, ma esseva occidite in decembre 2017 durante le combattes in Sanaa. In 2018, le fortias del coalition avançava in le costa del Mar Rubie, con le objectivo de prender le controlo de [[Hodeidah]], un porto importante pro le importation de alimentos e assistentia humanitari. Le accordos de Stockholm de decembre 2018 includeva un tregua in le area de Hodeidah, ma le execution del accordo esseva incomplete e le combattes continuava in altere regiones. In 2021, le huthis intensificava lor offensive contra [[Marib]], un del principal bastiones del governamento recognoscite in le nord e un area importante pro le production de energia. Le combattes causava nove displaciamentos e aggravava le situation humanitari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2023/4/11/a-timeline-of-yemens-slide-into-conflict-and-war |titulo=A timeline of Yemen’s slide into conflict and war |sitioweb=Al Jazeera, information de Reuters |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2022: tregua mediate per le ONU === In april 2022, le partes acceptava un tregua mediate per le [[Organisation del Nationes Unite]]. Le accordo includeva un reduction del operationes militar, mesuras concernente le volos commercial desde Sanaa e le accesso a combustibile e benes per le porto de Hodeidah. Le tregua esseva extendite plure vices, ma expirava in octobre 2022 sin un accordo formal pro su prolongation. Nonobstante, le intensitate del combattes inter le huthis e le fortias del coalition se reduceva considerabilemente, e le frontieras interne deveniva relativemente stabile. Le tregua non resolveva le questiones fundamental del conflicto, includente le repartition del poter, le recursos, le situation economic e le relationes inter le governamento recognoscite e le administration houthi. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/yemen-crisis |titulo=Yemen’s Tragedy: War, Stalemate, and Suffering |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2023–2025: negotiationes e tensiones regional === In 2023, Arabia Saudita e Iran accordava restaurar lor relationes diplomatic, un disveloppamento que generava expectationes de progressos in le negotiationes super Yemen. Delegationes saudita e omanita visitava Sanaa pro discutir le possibilitate de un accordo plus permanente con le huthis. Le negotiationes non duceva a un accordo definitive de pace, ma le periodos de relative calma continuava. Le question del restrictiones al portos e aeroportos, le pagamento del salarios public, le repartition del entratas petrolier e le futuro del governamento remaneva sin solution. Desde novembre 2023, le huthis initiava attaccos contra naves commercial e militar in le [[Mar Rubie]] e le [[Golfo de Aden]], ligante lor actiones al guerra inter Israel e Hamas in Gaza. Le attaccos provocava operationes naval international e attaccos aeree de [[Statos Unite]] e [[Regno Unite]] contra objectivos houthi. In 2025, un accordo mediate per Oman duceva al suspension del attaccos huthi contra naves statounitese e al cessation del campania statounitese de bombardamento, ben que altere tensiones regional continuava. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF12581.html |titulo=Yemen: Conflict, Red Sea Security, and U.S. Policy |sitioweb=Congressional Research Service |fecha=21 de julio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === 2026: retorno al guerra a grande scala === In 2026, le confrontation inter le huthis, Arabia Saudita e le fortias del governamento yemenita se intensificava de novo. Le escalada occurreva in un contexto regional plus large, marcate per le guerra inter Iran e le coalition conducite per Statos Unite e Israel, e per le importantia strategic del corredor maritime del Mar Rubie. In julio 2026, le huthis lansava missiles verso le sud de Arabia Saudita. Le autoritates saudita declarava haber interceptate projectiles dirigite verso le region meridional, durante que le huthis presentava lor attacco como responsa a bombardamentos contra installationes sub lor controlo in Yemen. Iste incidentes rumpeva le periodo de relative calma que habeva persistite desde 2022. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.investing.com/news/commodities-news/saudi-says-it-intercepted-houthi-missiles-fired-at-south-in-test-of-yearslong-truce-4789062 |titulo=Houthis fire missiles at Saudi Arabia, breaking years of calm |sitioweb=Reuters, publicate per Investing.com |fecha=13 de julio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le ultime parte del anno, le huthis intensificava lor offensive in le costa occidental del Yemen, in le direction del [[Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb]], un passage maritime strategic inter le Mar Rubie e le Golfo de Aden. Le avance provocava combattes con le fortias del governamento yemenita e operationes militar supportate per Arabia Saudita. Le 9 de octobre 2026, le Enviato Special del Secretario General del ONU pro Yemen, [[Hans Grundberg]], declarava que le pais habeva retornate a un guerra a grande scala. Le combattes se extendeva al zonas de [[Taiz]], [[Marib]], [[Al-Jawf]], [[Hajjah]] e [[Lahij]], e le huthis effectuava attaccos contra infrastructura civil e energetic in Arabia Saudita. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/news/yemen-has-returned-to-full-scale-war-special-envoy-warns |titulo=Yemen has returned to full-scale war, Special Envoy warns |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |fecha=9 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 10 de octobre 2026, le Secretario General del ONU condemnava un attacco huthi contra le [[Aeroporto International King Khalid]] de [[Riyadh]]. Secundo le communication del ONU, le attacco habeva causate mortes e centenarios de feritos civil. Le ONU appellava al cessation immediate del attaccos contra personas e infrastructura civil. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://osesgy.unmissions.org/en |titulo=Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen: statements on the attacks against Saudi Arabia |sitioweb=United Nations |fecha=11 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le situation restava volatile al 17 de octobre 2026, con combattes active, attaccos transfrontier e timores de un aggravation del crise humanitari. Le resultato militar e politic del nove escalada non pote ancora esser determinate con certitude. == Partes del conflicto == === Huthis === Le huthis, officialmente Ansar Allah, es un movimento politic e militar que controla Sanaa e grande parte del nord-west del Yemen. Illes dispone de missiles balistic, drones e altere armamentos que ha usate contra objectivos in Yemen e in paises vicin. Le movimento ha ligamines politic e militar con Iran, que es considerate per Arabia Saudita e altere actores international como un fonte importante de supporto. Le huthis contesta alcun caracterisationes de lor relation con Teheran e presenta se como un movimento yemenita que resiste al intervention externe. === Arabia Saudita e le coalition === Arabia Saudita interveniva in Yemen in 2015 al capite de un coalition que supportava le governamento internationalmente recognoscite. Le operationes includeva attaccos aeree, supporto militar e logistic a fortias yemenita e mesuras destinate a impedir le transferentia de armas al huthis. Le coalition includeva inicialmente altere statos arabe, specialmente le [[Emiratos Arabe Unite]]. Le interesses de iste statos non esseva identic, e le relationes inter le actores anti-huthi deveniva plus complexe durante le guerra. === Le governamento yemenita recognoscite === Le governamento yemenita recognoscite internationalmente esseva dirigite per Hadi durante le prime annos del intervention. In april 2022, Hadi transferiva su competentias a un [[Consilio Presidential de Direction]], que representa le autoritate recognoscite e ha su sede in le sud del pais. Le Consilio depende de un coalition de fortias yemenita con interesses differente, includente gruppos regional e separatista. Le division interne limita su capacitate de coordinar un strategia militar e politic uniforme contra le huthis. === Iran e altere actores regional === Iran es un actor importante in le dimension regional del conflicto. Arabia Saudita accusa Teheran de fornir armas, formation e supporto al huthis; Iran contesta o relativisa alcun de iste accusationes. Le relation inter Iran e le huthis es un del factores que conecta le guerra yemenita al rivalitates plus large del Medio Oriente. [[Oman]] ha exercite un rolo diplomatic in le facilitation de negotiationes inter le huthis e Arabia Saudita. Le Statos Unite, le Regno Unite e altere paises ha participate in operationes maritime o aeree in relation con le securitate del Mar Rubie e le attaccos contra le navigation commercial. == Dimension maritime e strategic == Le position geographic del Yemen rende le conflicto importante pro le navigation international. Le pais borda le Mar Rubie e le Golfo de Aden e es proxime al [[Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb]], un passage essential pro le commercio inter Europa, Asia e le Oceano Indian. Le attaccos contra naves commercial e le menacias contra le traffico maritime pote causar interruptiones de rutas commercial, augmentar le costo del transporto e obligar le naves a cercar itinerarios plus longe. Le importantia del corredor cresce quando altere passages strategic del Medio Oriente es perturbate. Le attaccos huthi contra infrastructura saudita ha etiam implicate le securitate del industria petrolier e del transporto energetic. Le effectos del conflicto pote assi extender se ultra le Yemen e Arabia Saudita, con consequentias pro le commercio e le securitate regional. == Impacto humanitari == Le guerra civil yemenita ha provocate un del plus grave crises humanitari contemporanee. Le population ha suffrite mortes, ferimentos, displaciamento, destruction de infrastructura, interruption del servicios public e difficultates in le accesso a alimentos, aqua, sanitate e education. Secundo le [[Officio del Nationes Unite pro le Coordination del Affaires Humanitari]] (OCHA), plus de 22 milliones de personas in Yemen necessitava assistentia humanitari e servicios de protection in 2026. Le mesme plano indicava que 18,3 milliones de personas affrontava inseguritate alimentari acute, e que le systemas de sanitate, aqua e sanitation esseva sub forte pression. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://yemen.un.org/en/312711-ocha-yemen-yemen-humanitarian-needs-and-response-plan-2026-march-2026 |titulo=Yemen Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan 2026 |sitioweb=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |fecha=29 de martio 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le reprise del guerra in 2026 aggravava le situation in plure zonas. In le citate de [[Taiz]], le combattes e le restriction del accesso a rutas impedeva le livration de alimentos e assistentia a centenarios de milles de personas. Le aggravar del situation economic faceva augmentar le precios de alimentos e combustibile e reduceva le accesso a servicios basic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/oct/15/yemen-stockpile-supplies-houthis-advance-taiz |titulo=Food and fuel run low as besieged Yemeni city braces for Houthi breakthrough |sitioweb=The Guardian |fecha=15 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le effectos humanitari del guerra meaza le population civil in tote le pais, includente le regiones sub administration huthi e illos sub controlo del governamento recognoscite. Le organisationes humanitari ha sublineate le necessitate de proteger le civiles, garantir le accesso humanitari e liberar le personal de assistentia detenite arbitrariamente. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/news/yemen-has-returned-to-full-scale-war-special-envoy-warns |titulo=Yemen has returned to full-scale war, Special Envoy warns |sitioweb=United Nations, Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs |fecha=9 de octobre 2026 |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Negotiationes e tentativas de pace == Le negotiationes inter le huthis, Arabia Saudita e le governamento yemenita ha includite iniciativas mediate per le ONU e per Oman. Le tregua de 2022 reduceva le combattes e permitteva alcun melioramentos humanitari, ma non produceva un accordo permanente. In 2023, le contactos directe inter Arabia Saudita e le huthis generava expectationes de un accordo plus longe. Nonobstante, le partes non finalisava un accordo comprehensive concernente le governamento, le securitate del frontieras, le restrictiones al importationes e le repartition del recursos. Le Enviato Special del ONU continua a promover un processo politic inclusive e conducite per le yemenitas. Le reprise del combattes in 2026 ha complicate iste effortios, e le ONU ha demandate que tote le partes reduce le escalada, protege le civiles e retorna al negotiationes. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://osesgy.unmissions.org/en |titulo=Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen |sitioweb=United Nations |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Consequentias regional == Le conflicto ha influentiate le relationes inter Arabia Saudita, Iran, le Emiratos Arabe Unite e altere actores regional. Le rivalitate inter Riyadh e Teheran ha contribuite al dimension international del guerra, durante que le differentias inter Arabia Saudita e le Emiratos super le futuro politic del Yemen ha complicate le coalition anti-houthi. Le securitate del Mar Rubie e del Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb es un altere consequentia importante. Le perturbation del navigation commercial pote affectar le commercio mundial, le transporto de petroleo e le accesso a benes essential. Le guerra ha etiam affectate le effortios international de pace, le cooperation humanitari e le stabilitate del Corno de Africa, situate al altere latere del Stricto de Bab el-Mandeb. == Situation actual == Al 17 de octobre 2026, le conflicto houthi–saudita se trova in un nove fase de confrontation directe, post le rupture del periodo de relative calma que habeva sequite le tregua de 2022. Le huthis ha intensificate lor operationes in Yemen e lor attaccos contra Arabia Saudita, durante que le fortias del governamento yemenita, supportate per Riyadh, tenta recuperar territorios strategic. Le situation militar resta instabile e le negotiationes non ha ancora restabilite un tregua durabile. Le effectos super le population civil e le navigation regional constitue duo del principal problemas immediate del escalada. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2026-10/yemen-91.php?print=true |titulo=Yemen: October 2026 Monthly Forecast |sitioweb=Security Council Report |accesso=17 de octobre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Guerra civil yemenita]] [[Categoria:Arabia Saudi]] [[Categoria:Yemen]] [[Categoria:Historia militar]] sle8iszpenxzzp1v3zfzwxmj96o269d 0 62340 704736 2026-10-17T22:01:01Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Conflicto houthi–saudita]] a [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] 704736 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Conflicto huthi–saudita]] 9uembctv44gts68p8r7lctdck4elsjp 0 62341 704745 2026-10-18T07:55:46Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Afghanistan''' es marcate per su position geographic inter Asia central, Asia meridional e Asia occidental. Le territorio del actual [[Afghanistan]] ha essite un puncto de incontro inter civilisations, imperios, religiones e rotas commercial durante millennios. Le region ha essite governate, in differente periodos, per imperios persian, regnos hellenistic, imperios buddhista, dynastias islamic, imperios turco-mongol e po...” 704745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Afghanistan''' es marcate per su position geographic inter Asia central, Asia meridional e Asia occidental. Le territorio del actual [[Afghanistan]] ha essite un puncto de incontro inter civilisations, imperios, religiones e rotas commercial durante millennios. Le region ha essite governate, in differente periodos, per imperios persian, regnos hellenistic, imperios buddhista, dynastias islamic, imperios turco-mongol e poteres regional afghan. Le Stato afghan moderne comenciava a formar se in 1747, quando [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] fundava le Imperio Durrani. Durante le seculos XIX e XX, Afghanistan deveniva un territorio central del rivalitate inter le [[Imperio Britannic]] e le [[Imperio Russian]], cognoscite como le [[Grande Joco]]. Post le guerras anglo-afghan, le pais obteneva un independentia plus complete in 1919. Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XX e le initio del seculo XXI, Afghanistan suffreva un serie de golpes de Stato, guerras civil, invasion sovietic, intervention international e cambiamentos de regime. Le [[Taliban]] prendeva le poter in 1996, perdeva le controlo del governamento in 2001 e retornava al poter in augusto 2021, post le retirada del fortias international e le collapso del governamento del Republica Islamic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan |titulo=Afghanistan: History and geography |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/taliban-afghanistan |titulo=The Taliban in Afghanistan |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria e Antiquitate == === Prime habitationes === Le territorio que hodie constitue Afghanistan ha essite habitate desde le prehistoria. Evidentia archeologic indica le presentia de communitates human in le region durante le Paleolitico, e le agricultura e le sedentarisation se developpava in diverse partes del pais durante le millennios sequente. Le sito de Mundigak, vicin a [[Kandahar]], es un del principal centros archeologic del sud del pais. Le vestigios del sito documenta le evolution de communitates agricole verso formas plus complexe de habitation e organisation social durante le etates del bronzo. Le position del region inter le Plateau Iranian, le Asia central e le subcontinente indian favorava le contactos commercial e cultural. Le populationes del territorio participava a redes de intercambio de metalles, productos agricole, artesanato e ideas religiose.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan |titulo=Ancient history of Afghanistan |sitioweb=Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Imperio Achaemenide === Durante le seculo VI ante nostre era, grande parte del territorio del actual Afghanistan esseva incorporate al [[Imperio Achaemenide]] de Persia. Le region comprendeva territorios que le administration persian divideva in satrapias, o provincias, e participava al systema fiscal e administrative del imperio. Le dominios persian establiva ligamines inter le Plateau Iranian e le regiones de Bactria, Arachosia e le valle del Indus. Le lingua, le administration e le traditiones religiose iranian exerceva un influentia importante super le region. === Alexander le Grande e le regnos hellenistic === In 330–329 ante nostre era, [[Alexander le Grande]] conquistava partes importante del Imperio Achaemenide e penetrava in le territorio del actual Afghanistan. Su expeditiones incontrava resistentia in le regiones montaniose, e le consolidation del controlo macedonic requireva plure campagne militar. Post le morte de Alexander in 323 ante nostre era, le territorio passava per diverse fases de controlo per successores hellenistic. Le [[Imperio Seleucid]] exerceva initialmente autoritate super partes del region, ma le expansion del [[Imperio Maurya]] in le seculo III ante nostre era modificava le equilibrio politic. Le contactos hellenistic produceva formas de intercambio artistic e cultural que plus tarde deveniva visibile in centros como [[Ai-Khanoum]], ubi elementos del architectura e del cultura grec se combinava con traditiones local.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/afghanistan-was-a-crossroad-of-the-ancient-world-where-hellenistic-culture-blended-with-buddhist-influences-180988065/ |titulo=Afghanistan Was a Crossroad of the Ancient World, Where Hellenistic Culture Blended With Buddhist Influences |sitioweb=Smithsonian Magazine |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Bactria, Kushan e le diffusion del buddhismo === Durante le seculos sequente, le region esseva dividite inter regnos hellenistic, iranian, indian e central-asiatic. Le [[Regno Greco-Bactrian]] e le [[Regno Indo-Grec]] participa a un periodo de intens commercio e intercambio cultural. Plus tarde, le [[Imperio Kushan]] deveniva un del principal poteres del Asia central e meridional. Durante certe periodos de su historia, le Kushan controlava partes del Afghanistan contemporanee, del Pakistan e del nord del India. Le imperio favorava le commercio transregional e le diffusion del [[buddhismo]]. Le [[Arte greco-buddhista]], particularmente visibile in le region de [[Gandhara]], combinava elementos artistic hellenistic con themas buddhista. Le monasterios, statuas e centros religiose del region documenta le importantia del Afghanistan in le diffusion del buddhismo verso Asia central e oriental. === Sasanians e Hephthalitas === Durante le ultime seculos del Antiquitate, partes del Afghanistan esseva governate per le [[Imperio Sasanide]], le [[Imperio Hephthalita]] e altere dynastias regional. Le frontieras e le alianças cambiava frequentemente, e le territorio continuava a esser un zona de contacto inter poteres iranian e central-asiatic. Le populationes practicava diverse traditiones religiose, includente le [[zoroastrismo]], le buddhismo, formas de hinduismo e credentias iranian local. Le diversitate religiose variava secundo le region e le periodo historic. == Conqueste islamic e Medievo == === Arrivo del islam === Le expansion del [[islam]] in Afghanistan comenciava durante le seculo VII, post le conquestas arabe del Imperios Sasanide e Bizantin. Le prime incursiones musulman attingeva le regiones occidental del pais, includente [[Herat]] e [[Sistan]]. Le islamisation esseva un processo gradualmente extendite durante plure seculos. Le conversion non occurreva simultaneemente in tote le territorio: alcun regiones conservava traditiones buddhista, hindu e iranian durante periodos considerabilemente longe, durante que altere zonas adoptava le islam plus rapidemente. Le dynastias local, includente le [[Saffaridas]] e le [[Samanidas]], contribuiva al consolidation del cultura islamic e del linguas persian in partes del region. === Ghaznavidas e Ghuridas === Durante le seculos X e XI, le [[Imperio Ghaznavide]] deveniva un importante potentia regional, con su capital in [[Ghazni]]. Le governator [[Mahmud de Ghazni]] conduceva plure campagne militar verso le subcontinente indian e promoveva le cultura persian e le education islamic in su corte. Le Ghaznavidas esseva succedite in partes del region per le [[Ghuridas]], que durante le seculo XII e le initio del seculo XIII establiva un imperio extendite verso le nord del India. Le architectura del periodo include monumentos como le [[Minareto de Jam]], un del exemplos plus notabile del architectura islamic medieval in Afghanistan. === Conqueste mongol === In 1219, le [[Imperio Mongol]] de [[Genghis Khan]] initiava un grande invasion del Imperio Khwarazmian, cuje territorio includeva partes del actual Afghanistan. Le campagne mongol provocava destructiones considerabile in citates e zonas agricole, includente partes de [[Balkh]], [[Herat]] e [[Bamiyan]]. Le conqueste modificava le structuras politic e economic del region. Le populationes suffreva mortes, displaciamento e destruction de infrastructura, durante que le administration mongol e su successores exerceva control super partes del territorio durante le seculos sequente. === Timuridas e le cultura de Herat === Durante le seculo XIV, [[Timur]] e su successores incorporateva partes del Afghanistan al [[Imperio Timuride]]. In le seculo XV, [[Herat]] deveniva un importante centro de cultura, architectura, litteratura e artes. Le corte timuride supportava poetas, artistas, calligraphos e studiosos. Le architectura monumental de Herat e altere citates del region reflecte le prosperitate de certe centros urban durante iste periodo. === Mogules e Safavidas === Durante le seculo XVI, partes del Afghanistan esseva incorporate in le spherias de influentia del [[Imperio Mogul]], fundate per [[Babur]], e del [[Imperio Safavide]] de Persia. Le citate de Kabul habeva un rolo importante in le historia del Mogules, e Babur esseva sepelite in un jardin in le citate. Le controle del territorio variava secundo le region. Le partes occidental manteneva ligamines forte con Persia, durante que le regiones oriental e sud-oriental habeva relationes con le subcontinente indian. Le citates e le rotas commercial del region continuava a connecter Asia central, Persia e India. == Creation del Stato afghan moderne == === Imperio Durrani === Le fundation conventional del Stato afghan moderne es associate con le creation del [[Imperio Durrani]] in 1747. Post le morte de [[Nader Shah]] de Persia, un consilio de chefes tribal pashtun seligeva [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] como governator. Ahmad Shah establiva un imperio que se extendeva in certe periodos ab partes del Asia central usque al subcontinente indian e le Plateau Iranian. Le centro politic del imperio esseva initialmente [[Kandahar]], e le territorio includeva populationes de linguas, religiones e traditiones differente. Le Imperio Durrani es frequentemente considerate le base del Stato afghan moderne, ben que le frontieras e le structuras del pais actual se formava gradualmente durante le seculos sequente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/historiography-xi/ |titulo=Historiography XI: Afghanistan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Declino e fragmentation del imperio === Post le morte de Ahmad Shah in 1772, le imperio esseva governate per su successores, includente [[Timur Shah Durrani]]. Durante le decennios sequente, le rivalitates dynastic, le conflictos regional e le pression de poteres vicin contribueva al declino del imperio. Le territorio se fragmentava in plure centros de poter, includente [[Kabul]], [[Kandahar]] e [[Herat]]. Le rivalitates inter dynastias e chefes regional continuava usque al reunification partial del territorio durante le seculo XIX. == Afghanistan e le Grande Joco == === Formation del Emirato de Kabul === Durante le seculo XIX, [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] deveniva un del figuras central del reunification del Afghanistan. Ille establiva le controlo de Kabul e altere territorios, ma le expansion del influentia britannic e russe in Asia central transformava le pais in un zona de rivalitate strategic. Le rivalitate inter le [[Imperio Britannic]] in India e le [[Imperio Russian]] in Asia central deveniva cognoscite como le [[Grande Joco]]. Afghanistan habeva un position geographic importante proque su territorio se trovava inter le spherias de influentia de iste duo imperios. === Prime Guerra Anglo-Afghan (1839–1842) === In 1839, le Britannicos invadeva Afghanistan con le objectivo de substituir Dost Mohammad per [[Shah Shuja Durrani]], que illes considerava plus favorabile a lor interesses. Le invasion conduceva initialmente al occupation de Kabul, ma le resistentia local e le difficultates logistic debilitava le position britannic. In 1842, durante le retirada del fortias britannic e indian ab Kabul, le expedition esseva quasi totalmente destruite. Le Britannicos respondeva con un nove expedition punitiv ante de retirar se, e Dost Mohammad retornava al poter. Le Prime Guerra Anglo-Afghan deveniva un episodio importante in le historia del relationes inter Afghanistan e le Imperio Britannic e illustrava le difficultates de controlar le pais per medio de occupation militar externe. === Secunde Guerra Anglo-Afghan (1878–1880) === Le Secunde Guerra Anglo-Afghan comenciava in 1878, post un crise diplomatic concernente le relationes exterior del Afghanistan e le influentia russe. Le fortias britannic invadeva le pais e obteneva un position dominante in le negotiationes diplomatic. Le emir [[Abdur Rahman Khan]], qui assumeva le poter in 1880, consolidava le autoritate central e contribueva al formation del frontieras del Afghanistan moderne. Le accordos con le Britannicos limitava le autonomia afghan in le relationes exterior, durante que le administration interne remaneva in grande parte sub le emir. === Formation del frontieras moderne === Durante le ultime parte del seculo XIX, le frontieras del Afghanistan esseva definite progressivemente per accordos inter le Britannicos, le Russos e le autoritates afghan. Le [[Linea Durand]], establite in 1893, defini un limite inter Afghanistan e le territorios que alora pertineva al India Britannic e que hodie es parte de Pakistan. Le creation de iste frontieras divideva communitates e territorios tribal, e le question del relation inter Afghanistan e Pakistan continuava a esser un fonte de tension politic post le independentia de Pakistan in 1947. == Independentia e monarchia == === Tertie Guerra Anglo-Afghan e independentia === In 1919, post le accession al poter de [[Amanullah Khan]], Afghanistan initiava un nove guerra contra le Britannicos pro obtener plus grande autonomia in su relationes exterior. Le conflict, cognoscite como le [[Tertie Guerra Anglo-Afghan]], terminava con accordos que permitteva al pais conducer su proprie politica exterior. Afghanistan deveniva assi un Stato independent in su relationes international, e Amanullah initiava reformas administrative, educational e social. Le reformas includeva le disveloppamento del education, le modification de certe costumes legal e le promotion de relationes diplomatic con altere paises. === Regno de Amanullah e reformas === Amanullah tentava modernisar le pais, includente le education e le administration del Stato. Alcun reformas incontrava resistentia de gruppos religiose e tribal, e le opposition deveniva un factor del crise politic que conduceva a su abdication in 1929. Post un periodo de instabilitate, [[Mohammed Nadir Shah]] assumeva le monarchia in 1929 e esseva succedite per [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]] in 1933. === Regno de Zahir Shah (1933–1973) === Le regno de Zahir Shah esseva le plus longe periodo de monarchia del Afghanistan moderne. Durante su prime decennios, le pais manteneva le politica exterior prudente e cercava supporto economic e technic tanto del Union Sovietic como de paises occidental. Le constitution de 1964 introduceva un quadro constitutional plus moderne e permitteva un periodo limitate de activitate parlamentar e politic. Nonobstante, le economia remaneva in grande parte dependente del agricultura e le disveloppamento variava considerabilemente inter le citates e le zonas rural. In 1973, le prime ministro [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]] deponeva le rege per un colpo de Stato e proclamava un republica. == Republica e revolution (1973–1979) === === Republica de Daoud Khan === Daoud Khan establiva un republica e deveniva presidente. Su governamento cercava de reforçar le autoritate central e de promover le disveloppamento economic, ma affrontava tensiones con gruppos politic, includente communistas e islamistas. Le [[Partito Democratico Popular de Afghanistan]] (PDPA), un partito de orientation marxista-leninista, habeva un influentia crescente in certe sectores del exercito e del administration. === Revolution de Saur (1978) === In april 1978, un colpo de Stato conducite per le PDPA, cognoscite como le [[Revolution de Saur]], deponeva e occideva Daoud Khan. Le nove governamento initiava reformas radical in le agricultura, le education, le relationes social e le administration del Stato. Le reformas, le repression politic e le conflictos inter facciones del PDPA provocava opposition armate in numerose partes del pais. Le governamento perdeva le controlo de vaste zonas rural, e le crise interne intensificava se durante 1978 e 1979. == Invasion sovietic e guerra (1979–1989) === === Invasion del Union Sovietic === In decembre 1979, le [[Union Sovietic]] invadeva Afghanistan e installava [[Babrak Karmal]] al capite del governamento, post haber deposte e occidite le presidente [[Hafizullah Amin]]. Le invasion provocava un guerra de dece annos inter le fortias sovietic e le governamento afghan, de un latere, e plure gruppos de resistentia islamic, sovente appellate [[mujahidin]], del altere. Le Union Sovietic empleava fortias terrestre, aviation e altere medios militar pro supportar le governamento. Le mujahidin recipeva supporto de plure paises, includente le Statos Unite, Pakistan, Arabia Saudita e altere actores regional. Le guerra provocava mortes, destruction de villages e displaciamento massive del population. === Refugios e resistentia === Durante le annos 1980, milliones de afghanos fugiva verso Pakistan e Iran. Le zonas rural esseva gravemente affectate per le combats, le minas terrestre e le destruction de infrastructura. Le resistentia mujahidin non esseva un movemento unic: illo comprendeva plure gruppos con differente orientamentos politic e religiose, redes de supporto e lideres. Le rivalitates inter iste gruppos deveniva un problema importante post le retirada sovietic. === Retirada sovietic === Le accordos de Geneva de 1988 establiva le quadro pro le retirada del fortias sovietic. Le ultime fortias sovietic abandonava Afghanistan in februario 1989. Le governamento de [[Mohammad Najibullah]] continuava a resister al mujahidin durante plure annos, ma le collapso del Union Sovietic e le reduction del supporto exterior contribueva al fin del governamento in 1992. == Guerra civil e ascension del Taliban (1992–2001) === === Collapso del Republica Democratic === In 1992, le governamento de Najibullah collabeva, e plure gruppos mujahidin entrava in Kabul. Le differente facciones comenciava a combatter inter se pro le controlo del capital e del Stato. Le guerra civil causava destruction extensive in Kabul e in altere citates. Le population civil suffreva bombardamentos, displaciamento e violationes del derectos human, durante que le autoritate central se fragmentava. === Emergentia del Taliban === Le [[Taliban]] emergeva in 1994 in le region de Kandahar, in un contexto de inseguritate, corruption e rivalitates inter chefes armate. Le movemento se componeva principalmente de studentes religiose e combatentes que prometteva restaurar le ordine secundo lor interpretation del lege islamic. Le Taliban prendeva Kabul in 1996 e proclamava le [[Emirato Islamic de Afghanistan]]. Illes imponeva restrictiones sever super le education, le labor e le vita public del feminas, e applicava un interpretation rigide del [[sharia]]. Le regime esseva recognoscite officialmente solmente per un numero reducite de paises. Le Taliban dava refugio a [[Osama bin Laden]] e a [[al-Qaeda]], que organisava operationes terroristic international. Le relation inter le regime taliban e al-Qaeda deveniva un factor central del intervention militar international in 2001.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/taliban-afghanistan |titulo=The Taliban in Afghanistan |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Intervention international e Republica Islamic (2001–2021) === === Intervention del 2001 === Post le [[attaccos del 11 de septembre 2001]] in le Statos Unite, le governamento statounitese exigiva que le Taliban expelleva al-Qaeda e entrega Osama bin Laden. Post le refusal del Taliban de satisfacer le demandas del Statos Unite, un coalition conducite per Washington initiava operationes militar in Afghanistan in octobre 2001. Le regime taliban collabeva in decembre 2001, e un nove processo politic esseva initiate per medio del [[Accordos de Bonn]]. Le conferentia establi un quadro pro le creation de un administration interim e le preparation de un nove systema constitutional. === Creation del Republica Islamic === In 2004, Afghanistan adoptava un nove constitution e organisava electiones presidential. [[Hamid Karzai]] deveniva presidente e le pais establiva institutiones electoral e parlamentar. Le governamento recipeva supporto militar, economic e technic de un coalition international, includente le [[NATO]] e le Statos Unite. Le objectivos declarate includeva le reconstruction del Stato, le formation de fortias de securitate afghan, le disveloppamento economic e le reduction del capacitate operative de gruppos armate. Le periodo videva progressos in alcun areas, includente le education e le accesso de feminas al vita public, ma le resultatos variava considerabilemente inter regiones e gruppos social. === Insurgentia e guerra prolongate === Le Taliban reorganisava se e initiava un insurgentia contra le governamento e le fortias international. Le violence se intensificava durante le annos 2000 e 2010, con attaccos, operationes militar e conflictos in numerose provincias. Le guerra provocava un grande numero de victimas civil e militar. Corruption, debilitate institutional, rivalitates local e dependentia super le supporto international limitava le capacitate del governamento de extender su autoritate in tote le pais. Le Statos Unite e le Taliban initiava negotiationes directe que conduceva al accordo de Doha in februario 2020. Le accordo establiva le quadro pro le retirada del fortias statounitese e includeva commitmentes concernente le securitate e le dialogo intra-afghan. === Collapso del governamento in 2021 === In 2021, durante le retirada del fortias international, le Taliban lanceva un offensive rapide e prendeva le controlo de numerose provincias. In augusto, le movemento entrava in Kabul e le presidente [[Ashraf Ghani]] abandonava le pais. Le takeover del Taliban terminava le Republica Islamic e restabliva un governamento de facto del Emirato Islamic. Le evacuationes international, le displaciamento e le incertitude politic e economic affectava le population. Le situation post-2021 esseva marcate per restrictiones severe super le derectos del feminas e del pueras, includente le interdiction de education secundari e superior pro le major parte del pueras e le limitation del employment feminine. Le recognition international del governamento taliban remane limitate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/taliban-afghanistan |titulo=The Taliban in Afghanistan |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Afghanistan sub le Taliban desde 2021 == Post lor retorno al poter, le Taliban establiva un administration de facto e reintroduceva un interpretation rigorose del sharia. Le structure politic concentra le autoritate in le Emirato Islamic, e le institutiones electoral del anterior Republica Islamic esseva dissolvite o transformate. Le restrictiones super le education e le employment del feminas ha habite effectos profunde super le societate e le economia. Le organisationes international ha etiam signalate problemas concernente le securitate alimentari, le accesso al servicios basic, le situation del refugiatos e le reduction del assistentia exterior. Le economia afghan continua a enfrentar difficultates structural, includente le limitate accesso al financiamiento international, le debilitate del mercato del labor e le effectos de decennios de guerra. Le situation varia inter regiones e sectores, ma le necessitates humanitari remane importante.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/taliban-afghanistan |titulo=The Taliban in Afghanistan |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Relationes con Pakistan e le region == Le relationes inter Afghanistan e [[Pakistan]] ha essite marcate per questiones de frontiera, securitate e refugio de gruppos armate. Le controversia super le [[Linea Durand]] e le accusationes concernente le presentia de militantes transfrontier ha contribuite a tensiones recurrente. In 2025 e 2026, le tension inter le Taliban e Pakistan intensificava se, con combats al frontiera e attaccos contra objectivos in territorio afghan. Le autoritates pakistanese accusava le Taliban de tolerar o supportar le [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (TTP), accusationes que le Taliban contestava. Le escalation de 2026 includeva attaccos aeree pakistanese contra citates afghan e un deterioration del relationes diplomatic.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/taliban-afghanistan |titulo=The Taliban in Afghanistan |sitioweb=Council on Foreign Relations |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le pais manteneva etiam relationes con Iran, China, Russia, le statos de Asia central e altere paises. Le relationes economic e de securitate es influentiate per le commercio transfrontalier, le migration, le gestion del aqua e le situation politic interne. == Societate e cultura == Afghanistan es un pais multietnic e multilingue. Le population include communitates [[pashtun]], [[tadjik]], [[hazara]], [[uzbek]], [[aimak]], [[turkmen]] e altere gruppos. Le distribution geographic e le identitates de iste communitates varia secundo le region e le historia local. Le linguas official del pais es [[dari]] e [[pashto]]. Le dari es un varietate del persian, e le pashto pertine al familia de linguas iranian oriental. Altere linguas regional include uzbek, turkmen, baluchi e plure linguas minoritari. Le cultura afghan es marcate per traditiones literari, poetic, musical, artisanal e architectonic. Le citates historic como [[Herat]], [[Balkh]], [[Kabul]] e [[Kandahar]] habeva importante roles in le historia cultural del region. Le religione majoritari es le [[islam]], principalmente in su formas sunnita e chiita. Le communitates hazara include in grande parte musulmanes chiita, durante que le major parte del population es sunnita. Le diversitate religiose e ethnic ha essite influentiate per migrationes, conflictos e cambios politic. == Patrimonio historic == Afghanistan conserva un patrimonio archeologic e architectonic importante, ben que numerose sitios ha essite danate per guerras e destruction. Inter le sitios historic se trova le restos de [[Bamiyan]], le [[Minareto de Jam]], le citate ancian de [[Balkh]], le monumentos de [[Herat]] e le vestigios de centros hellenistic e buddhista como [[Ai-Khanoum]]. Iste sitios documenta le position del region como un zona de incontro inter culturas iranian, indian, hellenistic e central-asiatic. Le destruction de statuas buddhista de Bamiyan per le Taliban in 2001 deveniva un evento internationalmente condemnate e un exemplo del damno al patrimonio cultural durante le conflicto. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Asia}} [[Categoria:Historia de Afghanistan| ]] 9v3gqtek17wyuvnpnt8kjiudo7jeaqk 14 62342 704746 2026-10-18T07:56:04Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Afghanistan]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia]]” 704746 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Afghanistan]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia]] hu63hkhbl8j4vpqk5evphxfylwxqmkz 14 62343 704751 2026-10-18T09:20:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Philippinas]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia]]” 704751 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Philippinas]] [[Categoria:Historia de Asia]] j2vmrzngcy1b250v6elynz5injnz6df 0 62344 704753 2026-10-18T09:21:16Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Philippinas]] 704753 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Philippinas]] cfcznct1v5tihte4c4kw8m3g2yj4jak 0 62345 704754 2026-10-18T09:31:08Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Azerbaijan''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Azerbaijan]], situate in le [[Caucaso del Sud]], inter le Mar Caspian e le frontieras con Russia, Georgia, Armenia e Iran. Le region ha essite un zona de contacto inter imperios e traditiones cultural del Caucaso, Persia, le mundo turco e le Asia Central. Le historia del territorio comprende le civilisationes prehistoricas, le regnos antique de...” 704754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Azerbaijan''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Azerbaijan]], situate in le [[Caucaso del Sud]], inter le Mar Caspian e le frontieras con Russia, Georgia, Armenia e Iran. Le region ha essite un zona de contacto inter imperios e traditiones cultural del Caucaso, Persia, le mundo turco e le Asia Central. Le historia del territorio comprende le civilisationes prehistoricas, le regnos antique del Caucaso, le domination de imperios persian e roman, le diffusion del [[Islam]], le incorporation in imperios turco-mongol e persian, le conquista per le [[Imperio Russo]], le formation del nationalismo azere e le creation del [[Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan]] in 1918. Post un breve periodo de independentia, Azerbaijan deveniva un republica sovietic in 1920 e recuperava su independentia in 1991. Desde le fin del seculo XX, le historia del pais ha essite fortemente influentiate per le dissolution del Union Sovietic, le conflictos con Armenia concernente [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], le exploitation del petroleum e del gas natural e le disveloppamento del relationes international del stato independente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Azerbaijan |titulo=Azerbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index/ |titulo=Azarbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Azerbaijan es habitate desde le prehistoria. Le vestigios archaeologic trovate in cavernas e altere sitios del Caucaso indica que homines viveva in le region desde centos de milles de annos ante nostre era. Le sitios de [[Gobustan]], al sud de Baku, es cognoscite pro lor gravuras rupestre, que representa animales, escenas de cassa, figuras human e actividades quotidian. Iste gravuras documenta diverse periodos prehistoric e historic e constitue un fonte importante pro le studio del vita e del expressiones cultural del communitates ancian. Altere sitios, includente Azykh, Taghlar e Damjili, ha producite utensiles de petra e altere vestigios del occupation human. Le agricultura, le allevamento de animales, le ceramica e le metallurgia se disveloppava progressivemente durante le Neolithico e le etates del Rame e del Bronzo. Le position del region, inter le Caucaso, le Mar Caspian e le plateau iranian, favorava le contactos inter communitates de differente ambientes geographic. Le commercio e le migrationes contribuiva al formation de societates con traditiones cultural diverse. == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio del actual Azerbaijan esseva dividite inter plure regiones historic e politicas. Le zonas al sud del fluvio Aras habeva relationes forte con le imperios del plateau iranian, durante que le territorios al nord del fluvio esseva associate con le region de [[Arran]] e le regno de [[Albania Caucasic]]. === Imperio Medo e Imperio Achaemenide === Durante le prime millennio ante nostre era, partes del territorio esseva influentiate per le [[Medos]] e postea incorporate in le [[Imperio Achaemenide]], fundate per [[Ciro le Grande]] in le seculo VI a.C. Le domination achaemenide integra le region in un vaste systema imperial que connectava le Iran, le Mesopotamia, le Asia Central e partes del Caucaso. Le administration, le commercio e le traditiones religiose del mundo iranian exerceva un influentia importante, includente le diffusion de traditiones associate al [[Zoroastrismo]]. Le termino Azerbaijan deriva del nomine del ancian region iranian de [[Atropatene]], situate principalmente al sud del fluvio Aras. Le historia del region iranian de Azerbaijan debe esser distinguite del historia del actual Republica de Azerbaijan, que se trova principalmente al nord del fluvio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index/ |titulo=Azarbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Albania Caucasic === Al nord del Aras se developpava le [[Albania Caucasic]], un regno antique cuje territorio includeva partes del actual Azerbaijan. Le population comprendeva diverse gruppos e linguas, inter illos le antecessores del hodierne udinos. Le regno manteneva relationes e conflictos con poteres vicin, includente Armenia, Persia e Roma. Durante certe periodos, partes del territorio esseva sub influentia o control del [[Imperio Parthe]] e del [[Imperio Romano]]. Le christianismo se diffundeva in Albania Caucasic durante le prime seculos de nostre era. Le tradition christian del region deveniva ulteriormente un elemento importante del historia religiose del Caucaso, ben que le communitates local manteneva linguas e traditiones distincte. === Sasanians e Byzantinos === Durante le seculos III–VII, le [[Imperio Sasanian]] exerceva un influentia importante super le region. Le Caucaso deveniva un zona strategic pro le defense del frontieras del imperio e pro le controlo del rotas commercial inter Persia, le Mar Caspian e le regiones del Mar Nere. Le conflictos inter Sasanians e Byzantinos affectava le Caucaso e alterava le control politic de partes del territorio. Le fortificationes, le centros urban e le relationes religiose del region evolveva in iste quadro de rivalitate imperial. == Conqueste islamic e Medievo == Durante le seculo VII, le exercitos del [[Califato Rashidun]] e postea del [[Califato Omeia]] penetrava in le Caucaso e in le territorios del hodierne Azerbaijan. Le conquista esseva un processo gradualmente developpate, marcate per conflictos, accordos con elites local e le integration administrative del region in le mundo islamic. Le [[Islam]] deveniva progressivemente le religion dominante in multe partes del territorio. Le conversiones esseva gradual e le communitates christian e altere traditiones religiose continuava a existir in diverse zonas. Le region deveniva un puncto de contacto inter le cultura persian, le mundo arab e le populos turcophone que migrava verso le Caucaso. === Dynastias local e influentia persian === Post le debilitamento del califatos, plure dynastias governava partes del region. Inter illos se trovava le [[Shirvanshahs]], le [[Sajids]], le [[Salarids]], le [[Shaddadids]] e le [[Rawadids]]. Le territorios e le limites de lor dominios variava durante le seculos. Le Shirvanshahs, con centros politic in [[Shamakhi]] e ulteriormente in [[Baku]], mainteneva un tradition de governamento regional durante longe periodos. Le commercio, le poesia, le architectura e le cultura de corte se disveloppava in le ciudades del Mar Caspian. Le lingua persian habeva un rolo importante in le administration, le litteratura e le cultura urban, durante que le linguas turcicas cresceva in importantia con le migrationes e le transformationes del population. === Seljuks e migrationes turcicas === Durante le seculo XI, le expansion del [[Imperio Seljuk]] introduceva nove transformationes politic e demographic in le Caucaso. Le migrationes de populos turcophone contribuiva al evolution del linguas e del identitates del region. Le interaction inter populationes local, elites persianophone e gruppos turcophone produceva un societate plurilingue e culturalmente complexe. Durante le seculos sequente, le lingua que deveniva le actual [[lingua azerbaijani]] se developpava in le quadro plus ample del linguas turcicas occidental. === Mongols e Ilkhanatos === In le seculo XIII, le invasiones del [[Imperio Mongol]] devastava plure centros urban e agricola del Caucaso. Le territorio esseva incorporate in le structuras imperial mongol e, postea, in le [[Ilkhanato]], un stato governate per descendentes de [[Hulagu Khan]]. Le domination mongol alterava le organisation politic e le rotas commercial, ma etiam connectava le region a redes plus vaste que se extendiva desde le Asia Central usque al Medio Oriente. Post le disintegration del Ilkhanato, le territorio esseva disputate per dynastias regional e per le successive poteres del [[Timurides]] e de altere governantes del Caucaso. == Etate moderne == === Periodo safavide e integration in Persia === Le [[Safavides]], un dynastia de origine iranian que establiva un grande imperio in 1501, habeva un influentia decisive super le historia del region. Le prime governantes safavide proveniva de un ambiente cultural e linguistic associate al Caucaso e al Azerbaijan iranian. Le Safavides establiva le [[Islam shiite]] como religion official del imperio. Le diffusion del shiismo transformava le institutiones religiose e le identitates de multe communitates, includente partes del population del actual Azerbaijan. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le region esseva un zona de conflictos inter le Safavides e le [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le guerras e le tractatos modificava le control de citates, fortificationes e territorios. Le domination safavide integra le region in un systema politic e cultural persian. Le lingua persian manteneva un rolo importante in le administration e le litteratura, durante que le lingua azerbaijani se disveloppava como un lingua turcic importante del region. === Khanatos del seculo XVIII === Post le morte de [[Nader Shah]] in 1747 e le disintegration de su imperio, plure [[khanatos del Caucaso]] emergeva in le territorio del actual Azerbaijan. Inter illos se trovava le Khanato de Baku, le Khanato de Ganja, le Khanato de Karabakh, le Khanato de Quba, le Khanato de Shirvan e le Khanato de Nakhchivan. Le khanatos variava in dimension, autonomia e relationes exterior. Alcun governantes manteneva relationes con Persia, durante que alteres cercava supporto ab Russia o ab le Imperio Ottoman. Le commercio maritime e terrestre remaneva importante, specialmente in Baku e in altere centros del Mar Caspian. Le petroleum de Baku esseva cognoscite e usate desde le antiquitate, ben que su exploitation industrial de grande scala deveniva importante solmente plus tarde. Le rivalitate inter Persia e Russia pro le controlo del Caucaso deveniva un del factores central del historia del region in le fin del seculo XVIII e le initio del seculo XIX. === Conquista russe e division del territorio === Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le [[Imperio Russo]] expandiva se verso le Caucaso. Le guerras russo-persian del 1804–1813 e 1826–1828 terminava con le derrota del [[Dynastia Qajar]] e le cession a Russia de vaste territorios al nord del Aras. Le [[Tractato de Gulistan]] de 1813 e le [[Tractato de Turkmenchay]] de 1828 establiva le nove frontiera inter Russia e Persia. Le territorios del actual Republica de Azerbaijan esseva incorporate in le Imperio Russo, durante que le region que continua a portar le nomine Azerbaijan al sud del Aras remaneva in Persia, hodie Iran. Iste division habeva consequentias durabile. Le population azerbaijani deveniva repartite inter imperios e, plus tarde, inter statos differente. Le migrationes, le commercio e le contactos cultural continuava tamen a transir le frontiera. Le administration russe reorganisava le khanatos e incorporava lor territorios in gubernias e altere unidades administrative. Le elites local perdeva parte de lor autonomia, durante que le economia del region se integra plus profundemente in le systema imperial russe. === Petroleum e industrialisation de Baku === Durante le seculo XIX, le industria petrolifere de [[Baku]] cresceva rapidemente. Le exploitation de petroleum atraheva capital, technicos e laboratores ab Russia, Europa e altere partes del Caucaso. Le construction de infrastructura, le ferrovias e le oleoductos connectava Baku a altere centros economic. In le fin del seculo XIX, Baku deveniva un del principal centros mondial de production petrolifere. Le industria contribuiva al expansion del population urban e al formation de un classe laborista. Le conditiones de labor, le desigualitates social e le conflictos inter interesses industrial e laborista favorava le developpamento de movimentos sindical e politic. Le diversitate ethnic e religiose del population urban includeva azerbaijanos, armenios, russos, persianos e altere gruppos. Le rivalitates politic e le tensiones intercommunautari deveniva un factor importante durante le revolutiones russe e le crise del imperio in le initio del seculo XX. == Etate contemporanee == === Revolution russe e Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan === Le [[Revolution Russe de 1917]] e le collapse del Imperio Russo aperiva un periodo de instabilitate in le Caucaso. Le structuras politic del region se disintegrava, e le elites local cercava de establir nove institutiones. Le Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan esseva proclamate le 28 de maio 1918. Illa es sovente considerate le prime republica democratic del mundo musulman. Su governamento esseva dirigite per le partito [[Musavat]] e altere gruppos politic, e le capital deveniva Baku post que le forzas Ottoman e lor alliatos prendeva le citate in septembre 1918. Le republica establiva un parlamento, un governamento e symbolos national. Illa adoptava le bandiera tricolor, promoveva le education e declarava le azerbaijani como lingua de stato. Le suffragio esseva extendite al feminas, un mesura importante in le contexto politic del epocha. Le republica缝affrontava tamen graves difficultates: conflictos territorial, rivalitates regional, intervention de poteres exterior e un situation economic fragile. Su independentia durava solmente circa 23 menses. === Incorporation al Union Sovietic === In april 1920, le [[Armata Rubie]] entrava in Azerbaijan e le governamento democratic esseva deposte. Le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Azerbaijan esseva establite le 28 de april 1920. Le nove governamento esseva integrate in le systema sovietic. In 1922, Azerbaijan esseva includite, con Armenia e Georgia, in le [[Republica Socialista Federative Sovietic Transcaucasic]], que deveniva un del republicas fundatores del [[Union Sovietic]]. In 1936, Azerbaijan deveniva directemente un republica unionale del URSS. Le periodo sovietic esseva marcate per collectivisation del agricultura, industrialisation, expansion del education e transformation del societate. Le petroleum remaneva un del principales ressources economic, e Baku deveniva un centro industrial e strategic. Le politica sovietic produceva etiam repression politic, collectivisation coercitive e deportationes. Durante le purgas del annos 1930, numerose intellectuales, officiales e figuras cultural esseva arrestate, exiliate o executate. Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], le petroleum de Baku habeva un importantia strategic pro le effortio militar sovietic. Le republica contribuiva con petroleum, industria e personal militar al guerra contra le Germania nazi. === Azerbaijan sovietic post 1945 === Post le guerra, le industrialisation continuava e le population urban cresceva. Le education, le scientia e le cultura esseva developpate in le quadro del institutiones sovietic, durante que le expression politic independente remaneva fortemente limitate. Le lingua azerbaijani manteneva un position importante in le vita cultural del republica, ma le russic habeva un rolo importante in le administration superior, le scientia e le communication interrepublican. Le politica sovietic concernente le frontieras interne, le autonomia del region de [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] e le relationes inter populationes deveniva un elemento importante del historia posterior. Nagorno-Karabakh esseva organisate como un oblast autonome intra le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Azerbaijan in 1923 e habeva un population majoritari armenian. === Dissolution del URSS e independentia === Durante le fin del annos 1980, le debilitamento del Union Sovietic e le disveloppamento de movimentos nationalistas provoca un crise politic in le Caucaso. Le questione de Nagorno-Karabakh deveniva un foco de protestas e de conflictos inter armenios e azerbaijanos. In januario 1990, le intervention del forzas sovietic in Baku, cognoscite como le Januario Nere, causava numerose mortes civil e fortificava le opposition al autoritate sovietic. Azerbaijan declarava su sovranitate statal in 1989 e proclamava su independentia le 30 de augusto 1991. Le independentia esseva ulteriormente confirmate per le declaration constitutional del 18 de octobre 1991. Post le dissolution del Union Sovietic, Azerbaijan deveniva un stato independente e esseva admittite al [[Nationes Unite]] in 1992. Le prime annos de independentia esseva marcate per crise economic, instabilitate politic e guerra con Armenia super Nagorno-Karabakh e territorios adjacente. === Prime guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh === Le [[Guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh]] del 1988–1994 emergeva del conflicto super le status del oblast autonome, le securitate del population armenian e azerbaijani e le dissolution del Union Sovietic. Durante le guerra, le forzas armenian e le forzas del autoproclamate entitate de Nagorno-Karabakh prendeva le controlo de Nagorno-Karabakh e de plure territorios circostante, que internationalmente esseva recognoscite como parte de Azerbaijan. Le guerra causava mortes e le displaciamento de centos de milles de personas, includente azerbaijanos fugiente del territorios occupate e armenios fugiente altere areas. Un cessate-le-foco esseva establite in 1994, ma le conflicto non esseva resolvite. Nagorno-Karabakh remaneva sub le controlo de un administration de facto armenian, non recognoscite internationalmente como stato independente. Le disputa deveniva un del principales factores del politica exterior e del securitate national de Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/repertoire/armenia-azerbaijan-conflict |titulo=Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict |sitioweb=United Nations Security Council |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Heydar Aliyev e le consolidation del stato === In 1993, [[Heydar Aliyev]], un ex dirigente del Partito Communista de Azerbaijan, retornava al poter durante un periodo de crise politic e militar. Ille deveniva presidente e dirigiva le consolidation del nove stato. Le governamento de Aliyev centralisava le poter executive e concludeva un cessate-le-foco con Armenia in 1994. Le accordos de production e exportation de petroleum con companias international contribuiva al disveloppamento del industria energetic e al integration de Azerbaijan in le mercatos global. Le Contracto del Seculo, signate in 1994, establiva cooperationes international pro le exploitation de campos petrolifere del Mar Caspian. Le construction del oleoductos e le expansion del exportation de petroleum deveniva elementos central del strategia economic del pais. In 1995 esseva adoptate un nove constitution. Le periodo esseva tamen etiam marcate per criticas international concernente le concentration del poter, le conditiones del opposition politic, le libertate del medios de communication e le regularitate de certe electiones. === Ilham Aliyev e le economia del petroleum === [[Ilham Aliyev]] succedeva a su patre in le presidentia in 2003. Su governamento continuava a basar un parte importante del economia super le exportation de petroleum e gas natural, con investitiones in infrastructura, construction e servicios. Le [[Oleoducto Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan]], inaugurate in 2006, permitteva transportar petroleum del Mar Caspian verso le Mediterraneo per Georgia e Turquia. Le [[Corridor de Gas del Sud]] deveniva un altere instrumento pro exportar gas natural verso Turquia e Europa. Le crescimento del entratas energetic contribuiva al modernisation de Baku e al expansion de infrastructura national. Le economia remaneva tamen dependente del fluctuationes del precio del petroleum e del gas, e le distribution del benes e le governance deveniva temas de debatte public e international. Le systema politic remaneva fortemente centralisate sub le presidentia de Ilham Aliyev. Organismos international e grupos de derectos human ha exprimite criticas concernente le libertate de expression, le conditiones del opposition e le tractamento de activistas, durante que le governamento insiste super le stabilitate e le disveloppamento del pais. === Secunde guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) === In septembre 2020, le hostilitate inter Azerbaijan e Armenia escalava in un guerra de grande scala in e circum Nagorno-Karabakh. Le conflicto involveva armamentos moderne, drones, artilleria e operationes terrestre. Post plure septimanas de combates, un accordo de cessate-le-foco mediate per Russia esseva signate le 9 de novembre 2020 e entrava in vigor le die sequente. Azerbaijan recuperava le controlo de plure territorios, e le accordo establiva le deployment de forzas de pace russe in partes del region. Le guerra transformava le situation militar e territorial, ma non resolveva tote le questiones relative al status del population armenian, al communicationes regional e al relationes inter le duo paises. === Offensiva de 2023 e exodo del population armenian === Le 19 de septembre 2023, Azerbaijan initiava un operation militar in Nagorno-Karabakh. Le forzas del administration de facto armenian capitulava post circa un die de combates. Post le operation, le autoritates del entitate de facto annunciava su dissolution, effectivemente terminante le institutiones separatista. Le major parte del population armenian del region fugiava verso Armenia. Le Nationes Unite reportava que un mission visitava le region le 1 de octobre 2023, in un contexto de urgente necessitates humanitari e de displaciamento massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh |titulo=UN team completes mission to Karabakh |sitioweb=United Nations in Azerbaijan |fecha=2 de octobre 2023 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Azerbaijan restabliva le controlo de facto super le region, que internationalmente esseva recognoscite como parte de su territorio. Le exodo de plus de cent milles armenios provocava preoccupationes international concernente le protection del derectos human, le possibilitate de retorno, le preservation del patrimonio cultural e le securitate del population remanente. Le governamento de Azerbaijan declarava que le armenios qui remaneva in Nagorno-Karabakh putea conservar lor derectos secundo le legislation del pais e reciper protection como citatanos. Numerose habitantes armenian, tamen, abandonava le region durante le exodo de septembre 2023. Le circumstantias del displaciamento e le conditiones pro un eventual retorno deveniva temas de preoccupation international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh |titulo=UN team completes mission to Karabakh |sitioweb=Nationes Unite in Azerbaijan |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Normalisation con Armenia === Post le operation militar de 2023, le relationes inter Azerbaijan e Armenia entrava in un nove phase de negotiationes super le frontieras, le transporto regional e le establimento de relationes diplomatic. Le question del derectos del personas displaciate, le delimitacion del frontiera e le communicationes inter le territorios remaneva elementos importante del processo. In martio 2025, le duo governamentos annunciava que le negotiationes super le texto de un accordo de pace e de relationes interstatal habeva essite completate. Le texto esseva publicate in augusto 2025 post esser initialate per le ministros de affaires externe. Le accordo concerne le recognoscimento del sovranitate, le integritate territorial e le principios de non-uso del fortia in le relationes inter le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2025/08/11/Initialed%20Arm-Az%20Peace%20Agreement%20text/13394 |titulo=Publication of the initialed Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan |sitioweb=Ministerio de Affaires Externe de Armenia |fecha=11 de augusto 2025 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 8 de augusto 2025, le leaders de Armenia e Azerbaijan signava etiam un declaration politic in Washington, con le participation del presidente del Statos Unite. Le Union Europee salutava le accordos como un passo importante verso le fin del conflicto, ma le formalisation e le implementation integral del accordo de pace requireva ulterior progressos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan: relationes con le Union Europee e processo de normalisation |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In augusto 2026, le presidente de Azerbaijan e le prime ministro de Armenia se incontrava in le margine del summit del Organisation de Cooperation de Shanghai. Secundo le communication official del presidente azere, le discussion includeva le implementation del accordos de Washington, le cooperation commercial e le transit de mercantias inter le duo paises. Le processo de pace remaneva dependente del execution del accordos e del resolution de questiones juridic e politic ancora pendente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/73399 |titulo=Press Statement on the Meeting between President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev and Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan |sitioweb=Presidentia del Republica de Azerbaijan |fecha=31 de augusto 2026 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Economia e ressources natural == Le petroleum e le gas natural ha habite un rolo central in le economia de Azerbaijan desde le industrialisation del seculo XIX. Le campos petrolifere circum Baku attirava capital estranier e laboratores e contribuiva al transformation del region in un centro industrial importante durante le periodo del Imperio Russo. Post le independentia, le exploitation del ressources energetic deveniva un elemento central del politica economic del stato. Le accordos con companias international, le construction de oleoductos e gasoductos e le exportation verso le mercatos europee contribuiva al augmento del investitiones e del entratas public. Le Oleoducto Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan e le Corridor de Gas del Sud es infrastructuras importante pro le exportation de petroleum e gas desde le Mar Caspian. Le Union Europee considera Azerbaijan un socio energetic e ha developpate cooperationes in materia de gas, energia renovabile e interconnexion regional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan: cooperation economic e energetic |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Nonobstante, le dependentia del ressources fossil rende le economia sensibile al variationes del precios international e al evolution del demanda energetic. Le diversification economic, le disveloppamento del agricultura, del industria non petrolifere e del servicios remane questiones importante pro le evolution economic del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://stat.gov.az/news/index.php?id=6329&lang=en |titulo=Azerbaijan — Facts and Figures |sitioweb=Comitate Statistica del Stato de Azerbaijan |fecha=21 de junio 2025 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Societate, lingua e cultura == Le societate azere es multilingue e ha un patrimonio cultural formate per traditiones caucasic, iranian, turcic e islamic. Le lingua azerbaijani, un lingua turcic, es le lingua official del republica. Le russo continua a esser usate in certe contextos social e professional, durante que le linguas de minoritates es parlate in plure regiones. Le major parte del population es musulman, principalement shiite, ma le societate include etiam communitates sunnite, christian e judee. Le historia religiose del pais es marcate per le interaction inter traditiones local, influentias persian e le evolution del institutiones religiose durante le periodos safavide e russo. Le cultura azere comprende le poesia, le musica traditional mugham, le tappetes, le architectura historic e le traditiones oral. Le poeta [[Nizami Ganjavi]], active in le seculo XII, es un figura importante del patrimonio litterari del region. Le [[Icherisheher]] de Baku, le complex del [[Palatio del Shirvanshahs]] e le [[Torre de le Virgine]] es inter le monumentos que documenta le historia urban del pais. Le cultura contemporanee es etiam marcate per le relationes con le diaspora azere, le migrationes e le participation in eventos cultural international. == Relationes international == Le position geographic de Azerbaijan, inter Russia, Iran, Turquia e le Mar Caspian, ha facite del pais un puncto de interesse strategic. Su politica exterior combina relationes con le paises vicin, cooperation con le Union Europee e le participation in organisationes regional e international. Azerbaijan es membro del Nationes Unite, del Organisation pro Securitate e Cooperation in Europa e del [[Movimento de Non-Allineamento]]. Illo mantene relationes economic e energetic con le Union Europee e cooperationes politic e militar con Turquia. Le relationes con Russia e Iran es influentiate per le geographia, le commercio, le securitate regional e le evolution del situation in le Caucaso. Le relationes con Armenia ha essite marcate per le conflictos de Nagorno-Karabakh, le displaciamento de populationes e le disputas super le frontiera. Le negotiationes e declarationes de pace de 2025–2026 representa un nove phase del relationes bilateral, ma le implementation del accordos e le establimento de un pace durabile depende del execution de lor conditiones e del cooperation inter le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan e le processo de normalisation con Armenia |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation contemporanee e conclusion == Le historia de Azerbaijan es le resultato de plure transformationes politic e cultural: ab le regnos antique del Caucaso e le imperios persian, per le dominio russe e le breve Republica Democratic de 1918–1920, usque al periodo sovietic e le independentia recuperate in 1991. Le independentia ha permitte al pais de developpar su proprie institutiones statal e de usar su ressources energetic pro promover le disveloppamento economic. Al mesme tempore, le concentration del poter politic, le relationes inter le Stato e le societate civil, le dependentia del petroleum e le consequentias human del conflictos territorial remane questiones importante in le historia contemporanee. Le recuperation del controlo azere super Nagorno-Karabakh in 2023 ha cambiate profundemente le situation territorial del Caucaso del Sud e ha provocate le exodo de quasi tote le population armenian del region. Le accordos e negotiationes de 2025–2026 ha create opportunitates pro le normalisation con Armenia, ma le pace durabile depende del execution del accordos, del resolution del questiones pendente e del protection del derectos del populationes affectate. Le historia del pais continua dunque a esser marcate per le interaction inter identitate national, geopolitica del Caucaso, ressources energetic e le relationes con le poteres regional e international. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Asia}} [[Categoria:Historia de Azerbaijan| ]] g18s5hauhe6nuugcy77szaqn7g0uqjp 704756 704754 2026-10-18T09:31:59Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Historia de Azerbaidzhan]] a [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] 704754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Azerbaijan''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Azerbaijan]], situate in le [[Caucaso del Sud]], inter le Mar Caspian e le frontieras con Russia, Georgia, Armenia e Iran. Le region ha essite un zona de contacto inter imperios e traditiones cultural del Caucaso, Persia, le mundo turco e le Asia Central. Le historia del territorio comprende le civilisationes prehistoricas, le regnos antique del Caucaso, le domination de imperios persian e roman, le diffusion del [[Islam]], le incorporation in imperios turco-mongol e persian, le conquista per le [[Imperio Russo]], le formation del nationalismo azere e le creation del [[Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan]] in 1918. Post un breve periodo de independentia, Azerbaijan deveniva un republica sovietic in 1920 e recuperava su independentia in 1991. Desde le fin del seculo XX, le historia del pais ha essite fortemente influentiate per le dissolution del Union Sovietic, le conflictos con Armenia concernente [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], le exploitation del petroleum e del gas natural e le disveloppamento del relationes international del stato independente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Azerbaijan |titulo=Azerbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index/ |titulo=Azarbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Azerbaijan es habitate desde le prehistoria. Le vestigios archaeologic trovate in cavernas e altere sitios del Caucaso indica que homines viveva in le region desde centos de milles de annos ante nostre era. Le sitios de [[Gobustan]], al sud de Baku, es cognoscite pro lor gravuras rupestre, que representa animales, escenas de cassa, figuras human e actividades quotidian. Iste gravuras documenta diverse periodos prehistoric e historic e constitue un fonte importante pro le studio del vita e del expressiones cultural del communitates ancian. Altere sitios, includente Azykh, Taghlar e Damjili, ha producite utensiles de petra e altere vestigios del occupation human. Le agricultura, le allevamento de animales, le ceramica e le metallurgia se disveloppava progressivemente durante le Neolithico e le etates del Rame e del Bronzo. Le position del region, inter le Caucaso, le Mar Caspian e le plateau iranian, favorava le contactos inter communitates de differente ambientes geographic. Le commercio e le migrationes contribuiva al formation de societates con traditiones cultural diverse. == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio del actual Azerbaijan esseva dividite inter plure regiones historic e politicas. Le zonas al sud del fluvio Aras habeva relationes forte con le imperios del plateau iranian, durante que le territorios al nord del fluvio esseva associate con le region de [[Arran]] e le regno de [[Albania Caucasic]]. === Imperio Medo e Imperio Achaemenide === Durante le prime millennio ante nostre era, partes del territorio esseva influentiate per le [[Medos]] e postea incorporate in le [[Imperio Achaemenide]], fundate per [[Ciro le Grande]] in le seculo VI a.C. Le domination achaemenide integra le region in un vaste systema imperial que connectava le Iran, le Mesopotamia, le Asia Central e partes del Caucaso. Le administration, le commercio e le traditiones religiose del mundo iranian exerceva un influentia importante, includente le diffusion de traditiones associate al [[Zoroastrismo]]. Le termino Azerbaijan deriva del nomine del ancian region iranian de [[Atropatene]], situate principalmente al sud del fluvio Aras. Le historia del region iranian de Azerbaijan debe esser distinguite del historia del actual Republica de Azerbaijan, que se trova principalmente al nord del fluvio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index/ |titulo=Azarbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Albania Caucasic === Al nord del Aras se developpava le [[Albania Caucasic]], un regno antique cuje territorio includeva partes del actual Azerbaijan. Le population comprendeva diverse gruppos e linguas, inter illos le antecessores del hodierne udinos. Le regno manteneva relationes e conflictos con poteres vicin, includente Armenia, Persia e Roma. Durante certe periodos, partes del territorio esseva sub influentia o control del [[Imperio Parthe]] e del [[Imperio Romano]]. Le christianismo se diffundeva in Albania Caucasic durante le prime seculos de nostre era. Le tradition christian del region deveniva ulteriormente un elemento importante del historia religiose del Caucaso, ben que le communitates local manteneva linguas e traditiones distincte. === Sasanians e Byzantinos === Durante le seculos III–VII, le [[Imperio Sasanian]] exerceva un influentia importante super le region. Le Caucaso deveniva un zona strategic pro le defense del frontieras del imperio e pro le controlo del rotas commercial inter Persia, le Mar Caspian e le regiones del Mar Nere. Le conflictos inter Sasanians e Byzantinos affectava le Caucaso e alterava le control politic de partes del territorio. Le fortificationes, le centros urban e le relationes religiose del region evolveva in iste quadro de rivalitate imperial. == Conqueste islamic e Medievo == Durante le seculo VII, le exercitos del [[Califato Rashidun]] e postea del [[Califato Omeia]] penetrava in le Caucaso e in le territorios del hodierne Azerbaijan. Le conquista esseva un processo gradualmente developpate, marcate per conflictos, accordos con elites local e le integration administrative del region in le mundo islamic. Le [[Islam]] deveniva progressivemente le religion dominante in multe partes del territorio. Le conversiones esseva gradual e le communitates christian e altere traditiones religiose continuava a existir in diverse zonas. Le region deveniva un puncto de contacto inter le cultura persian, le mundo arab e le populos turcophone que migrava verso le Caucaso. === Dynastias local e influentia persian === Post le debilitamento del califatos, plure dynastias governava partes del region. Inter illos se trovava le [[Shirvanshahs]], le [[Sajids]], le [[Salarids]], le [[Shaddadids]] e le [[Rawadids]]. Le territorios e le limites de lor dominios variava durante le seculos. Le Shirvanshahs, con centros politic in [[Shamakhi]] e ulteriormente in [[Baku]], mainteneva un tradition de governamento regional durante longe periodos. Le commercio, le poesia, le architectura e le cultura de corte se disveloppava in le ciudades del Mar Caspian. Le lingua persian habeva un rolo importante in le administration, le litteratura e le cultura urban, durante que le linguas turcicas cresceva in importantia con le migrationes e le transformationes del population. === Seljuks e migrationes turcicas === Durante le seculo XI, le expansion del [[Imperio Seljuk]] introduceva nove transformationes politic e demographic in le Caucaso. Le migrationes de populos turcophone contribuiva al evolution del linguas e del identitates del region. Le interaction inter populationes local, elites persianophone e gruppos turcophone produceva un societate plurilingue e culturalmente complexe. Durante le seculos sequente, le lingua que deveniva le actual [[lingua azerbaijani]] se developpava in le quadro plus ample del linguas turcicas occidental. === Mongols e Ilkhanatos === In le seculo XIII, le invasiones del [[Imperio Mongol]] devastava plure centros urban e agricola del Caucaso. Le territorio esseva incorporate in le structuras imperial mongol e, postea, in le [[Ilkhanato]], un stato governate per descendentes de [[Hulagu Khan]]. Le domination mongol alterava le organisation politic e le rotas commercial, ma etiam connectava le region a redes plus vaste que se extendiva desde le Asia Central usque al Medio Oriente. Post le disintegration del Ilkhanato, le territorio esseva disputate per dynastias regional e per le successive poteres del [[Timurides]] e de altere governantes del Caucaso. == Etate moderne == === Periodo safavide e integration in Persia === Le [[Safavides]], un dynastia de origine iranian que establiva un grande imperio in 1501, habeva un influentia decisive super le historia del region. Le prime governantes safavide proveniva de un ambiente cultural e linguistic associate al Caucaso e al Azerbaijan iranian. Le Safavides establiva le [[Islam shiite]] como religion official del imperio. Le diffusion del shiismo transformava le institutiones religiose e le identitates de multe communitates, includente partes del population del actual Azerbaijan. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le region esseva un zona de conflictos inter le Safavides e le [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le guerras e le tractatos modificava le control de citates, fortificationes e territorios. Le domination safavide integra le region in un systema politic e cultural persian. Le lingua persian manteneva un rolo importante in le administration e le litteratura, durante que le lingua azerbaijani se disveloppava como un lingua turcic importante del region. === Khanatos del seculo XVIII === Post le morte de [[Nader Shah]] in 1747 e le disintegration de su imperio, plure [[khanatos del Caucaso]] emergeva in le territorio del actual Azerbaijan. Inter illos se trovava le Khanato de Baku, le Khanato de Ganja, le Khanato de Karabakh, le Khanato de Quba, le Khanato de Shirvan e le Khanato de Nakhchivan. Le khanatos variava in dimension, autonomia e relationes exterior. Alcun governantes manteneva relationes con Persia, durante que alteres cercava supporto ab Russia o ab le Imperio Ottoman. Le commercio maritime e terrestre remaneva importante, specialmente in Baku e in altere centros del Mar Caspian. Le petroleum de Baku esseva cognoscite e usate desde le antiquitate, ben que su exploitation industrial de grande scala deveniva importante solmente plus tarde. Le rivalitate inter Persia e Russia pro le controlo del Caucaso deveniva un del factores central del historia del region in le fin del seculo XVIII e le initio del seculo XIX. === Conquista russe e division del territorio === Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le [[Imperio Russo]] expandiva se verso le Caucaso. Le guerras russo-persian del 1804–1813 e 1826–1828 terminava con le derrota del [[Dynastia Qajar]] e le cession a Russia de vaste territorios al nord del Aras. Le [[Tractato de Gulistan]] de 1813 e le [[Tractato de Turkmenchay]] de 1828 establiva le nove frontiera inter Russia e Persia. Le territorios del actual Republica de Azerbaijan esseva incorporate in le Imperio Russo, durante que le region que continua a portar le nomine Azerbaijan al sud del Aras remaneva in Persia, hodie Iran. Iste division habeva consequentias durabile. Le population azerbaijani deveniva repartite inter imperios e, plus tarde, inter statos differente. Le migrationes, le commercio e le contactos cultural continuava tamen a transir le frontiera. Le administration russe reorganisava le khanatos e incorporava lor territorios in gubernias e altere unidades administrative. Le elites local perdeva parte de lor autonomia, durante que le economia del region se integra plus profundemente in le systema imperial russe. === Petroleum e industrialisation de Baku === Durante le seculo XIX, le industria petrolifere de [[Baku]] cresceva rapidemente. Le exploitation de petroleum atraheva capital, technicos e laboratores ab Russia, Europa e altere partes del Caucaso. Le construction de infrastructura, le ferrovias e le oleoductos connectava Baku a altere centros economic. In le fin del seculo XIX, Baku deveniva un del principal centros mondial de production petrolifere. Le industria contribuiva al expansion del population urban e al formation de un classe laborista. Le conditiones de labor, le desigualitates social e le conflictos inter interesses industrial e laborista favorava le developpamento de movimentos sindical e politic. Le diversitate ethnic e religiose del population urban includeva azerbaijanos, armenios, russos, persianos e altere gruppos. Le rivalitates politic e le tensiones intercommunautari deveniva un factor importante durante le revolutiones russe e le crise del imperio in le initio del seculo XX. == Etate contemporanee == === Revolution russe e Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan === Le [[Revolution Russe de 1917]] e le collapse del Imperio Russo aperiva un periodo de instabilitate in le Caucaso. Le structuras politic del region se disintegrava, e le elites local cercava de establir nove institutiones. Le Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan esseva proclamate le 28 de maio 1918. Illa es sovente considerate le prime republica democratic del mundo musulman. Su governamento esseva dirigite per le partito [[Musavat]] e altere gruppos politic, e le capital deveniva Baku post que le forzas Ottoman e lor alliatos prendeva le citate in septembre 1918. Le republica establiva un parlamento, un governamento e symbolos national. Illa adoptava le bandiera tricolor, promoveva le education e declarava le azerbaijani como lingua de stato. Le suffragio esseva extendite al feminas, un mesura importante in le contexto politic del epocha. Le republica缝affrontava tamen graves difficultates: conflictos territorial, rivalitates regional, intervention de poteres exterior e un situation economic fragile. Su independentia durava solmente circa 23 menses. === Incorporation al Union Sovietic === In april 1920, le [[Armata Rubie]] entrava in Azerbaijan e le governamento democratic esseva deposte. Le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Azerbaijan esseva establite le 28 de april 1920. Le nove governamento esseva integrate in le systema sovietic. In 1922, Azerbaijan esseva includite, con Armenia e Georgia, in le [[Republica Socialista Federative Sovietic Transcaucasic]], que deveniva un del republicas fundatores del [[Union Sovietic]]. In 1936, Azerbaijan deveniva directemente un republica unionale del URSS. Le periodo sovietic esseva marcate per collectivisation del agricultura, industrialisation, expansion del education e transformation del societate. Le petroleum remaneva un del principales ressources economic, e Baku deveniva un centro industrial e strategic. Le politica sovietic produceva etiam repression politic, collectivisation coercitive e deportationes. Durante le purgas del annos 1930, numerose intellectuales, officiales e figuras cultural esseva arrestate, exiliate o executate. Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], le petroleum de Baku habeva un importantia strategic pro le effortio militar sovietic. Le republica contribuiva con petroleum, industria e personal militar al guerra contra le Germania nazi. === Azerbaijan sovietic post 1945 === Post le guerra, le industrialisation continuava e le population urban cresceva. Le education, le scientia e le cultura esseva developpate in le quadro del institutiones sovietic, durante que le expression politic independente remaneva fortemente limitate. Le lingua azerbaijani manteneva un position importante in le vita cultural del republica, ma le russic habeva un rolo importante in le administration superior, le scientia e le communication interrepublican. Le politica sovietic concernente le frontieras interne, le autonomia del region de [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] e le relationes inter populationes deveniva un elemento importante del historia posterior. Nagorno-Karabakh esseva organisate como un oblast autonome intra le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Azerbaijan in 1923 e habeva un population majoritari armenian. === Dissolution del URSS e independentia === Durante le fin del annos 1980, le debilitamento del Union Sovietic e le disveloppamento de movimentos nationalistas provoca un crise politic in le Caucaso. Le questione de Nagorno-Karabakh deveniva un foco de protestas e de conflictos inter armenios e azerbaijanos. In januario 1990, le intervention del forzas sovietic in Baku, cognoscite como le Januario Nere, causava numerose mortes civil e fortificava le opposition al autoritate sovietic. Azerbaijan declarava su sovranitate statal in 1989 e proclamava su independentia le 30 de augusto 1991. Le independentia esseva ulteriormente confirmate per le declaration constitutional del 18 de octobre 1991. Post le dissolution del Union Sovietic, Azerbaijan deveniva un stato independente e esseva admittite al [[Nationes Unite]] in 1992. Le prime annos de independentia esseva marcate per crise economic, instabilitate politic e guerra con Armenia super Nagorno-Karabakh e territorios adjacente. === Prime guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh === Le [[Guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh]] del 1988–1994 emergeva del conflicto super le status del oblast autonome, le securitate del population armenian e azerbaijani e le dissolution del Union Sovietic. Durante le guerra, le forzas armenian e le forzas del autoproclamate entitate de Nagorno-Karabakh prendeva le controlo de Nagorno-Karabakh e de plure territorios circostante, que internationalmente esseva recognoscite como parte de Azerbaijan. Le guerra causava mortes e le displaciamento de centos de milles de personas, includente azerbaijanos fugiente del territorios occupate e armenios fugiente altere areas. Un cessate-le-foco esseva establite in 1994, ma le conflicto non esseva resolvite. Nagorno-Karabakh remaneva sub le controlo de un administration de facto armenian, non recognoscite internationalmente como stato independente. Le disputa deveniva un del principales factores del politica exterior e del securitate national de Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/repertoire/armenia-azerbaijan-conflict |titulo=Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict |sitioweb=United Nations Security Council |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Heydar Aliyev e le consolidation del stato === In 1993, [[Heydar Aliyev]], un ex dirigente del Partito Communista de Azerbaijan, retornava al poter durante un periodo de crise politic e militar. Ille deveniva presidente e dirigiva le consolidation del nove stato. Le governamento de Aliyev centralisava le poter executive e concludeva un cessate-le-foco con Armenia in 1994. Le accordos de production e exportation de petroleum con companias international contribuiva al disveloppamento del industria energetic e al integration de Azerbaijan in le mercatos global. Le Contracto del Seculo, signate in 1994, establiva cooperationes international pro le exploitation de campos petrolifere del Mar Caspian. Le construction del oleoductos e le expansion del exportation de petroleum deveniva elementos central del strategia economic del pais. In 1995 esseva adoptate un nove constitution. Le periodo esseva tamen etiam marcate per criticas international concernente le concentration del poter, le conditiones del opposition politic, le libertate del medios de communication e le regularitate de certe electiones. === Ilham Aliyev e le economia del petroleum === [[Ilham Aliyev]] succedeva a su patre in le presidentia in 2003. Su governamento continuava a basar un parte importante del economia super le exportation de petroleum e gas natural, con investitiones in infrastructura, construction e servicios. Le [[Oleoducto Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan]], inaugurate in 2006, permitteva transportar petroleum del Mar Caspian verso le Mediterraneo per Georgia e Turquia. Le [[Corridor de Gas del Sud]] deveniva un altere instrumento pro exportar gas natural verso Turquia e Europa. Le crescimento del entratas energetic contribuiva al modernisation de Baku e al expansion de infrastructura national. Le economia remaneva tamen dependente del fluctuationes del precio del petroleum e del gas, e le distribution del benes e le governance deveniva temas de debatte public e international. Le systema politic remaneva fortemente centralisate sub le presidentia de Ilham Aliyev. Organismos international e grupos de derectos human ha exprimite criticas concernente le libertate de expression, le conditiones del opposition e le tractamento de activistas, durante que le governamento insiste super le stabilitate e le disveloppamento del pais. === Secunde guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) === In septembre 2020, le hostilitate inter Azerbaijan e Armenia escalava in un guerra de grande scala in e circum Nagorno-Karabakh. Le conflicto involveva armamentos moderne, drones, artilleria e operationes terrestre. Post plure septimanas de combates, un accordo de cessate-le-foco mediate per Russia esseva signate le 9 de novembre 2020 e entrava in vigor le die sequente. Azerbaijan recuperava le controlo de plure territorios, e le accordo establiva le deployment de forzas de pace russe in partes del region. Le guerra transformava le situation militar e territorial, ma non resolveva tote le questiones relative al status del population armenian, al communicationes regional e al relationes inter le duo paises. === Offensiva de 2023 e exodo del population armenian === Le 19 de septembre 2023, Azerbaijan initiava un operation militar in Nagorno-Karabakh. Le forzas del administration de facto armenian capitulava post circa un die de combates. Post le operation, le autoritates del entitate de facto annunciava su dissolution, effectivemente terminante le institutiones separatista. Le major parte del population armenian del region fugiava verso Armenia. Le Nationes Unite reportava que un mission visitava le region le 1 de octobre 2023, in un contexto de urgente necessitates humanitari e de displaciamento massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh |titulo=UN team completes mission to Karabakh |sitioweb=United Nations in Azerbaijan |fecha=2 de octobre 2023 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Azerbaijan restabliva le controlo de facto super le region, que internationalmente esseva recognoscite como parte de su territorio. Le exodo de plus de cent milles armenios provocava preoccupationes international concernente le protection del derectos human, le possibilitate de retorno, le preservation del patrimonio cultural e le securitate del population remanente. Le governamento de Azerbaijan declarava que le armenios qui remaneva in Nagorno-Karabakh putea conservar lor derectos secundo le legislation del pais e reciper protection como citatanos. Numerose habitantes armenian, tamen, abandonava le region durante le exodo de septembre 2023. Le circumstantias del displaciamento e le conditiones pro un eventual retorno deveniva temas de preoccupation international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh |titulo=UN team completes mission to Karabakh |sitioweb=Nationes Unite in Azerbaijan |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Normalisation con Armenia === Post le operation militar de 2023, le relationes inter Azerbaijan e Armenia entrava in un nove phase de negotiationes super le frontieras, le transporto regional e le establimento de relationes diplomatic. Le question del derectos del personas displaciate, le delimitacion del frontiera e le communicationes inter le territorios remaneva elementos importante del processo. In martio 2025, le duo governamentos annunciava que le negotiationes super le texto de un accordo de pace e de relationes interstatal habeva essite completate. Le texto esseva publicate in augusto 2025 post esser initialate per le ministros de affaires externe. Le accordo concerne le recognoscimento del sovranitate, le integritate territorial e le principios de non-uso del fortia in le relationes inter le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2025/08/11/Initialed%20Arm-Az%20Peace%20Agreement%20text/13394 |titulo=Publication of the initialed Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan |sitioweb=Ministerio de Affaires Externe de Armenia |fecha=11 de augusto 2025 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 8 de augusto 2025, le leaders de Armenia e Azerbaijan signava etiam un declaration politic in Washington, con le participation del presidente del Statos Unite. Le Union Europee salutava le accordos como un passo importante verso le fin del conflicto, ma le formalisation e le implementation integral del accordo de pace requireva ulterior progressos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan: relationes con le Union Europee e processo de normalisation |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In augusto 2026, le presidente de Azerbaijan e le prime ministro de Armenia se incontrava in le margine del summit del Organisation de Cooperation de Shanghai. Secundo le communication official del presidente azere, le discussion includeva le implementation del accordos de Washington, le cooperation commercial e le transit de mercantias inter le duo paises. Le processo de pace remaneva dependente del execution del accordos e del resolution de questiones juridic e politic ancora pendente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/73399 |titulo=Press Statement on the Meeting between President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev and Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan |sitioweb=Presidentia del Republica de Azerbaijan |fecha=31 de augusto 2026 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Economia e ressources natural == Le petroleum e le gas natural ha habite un rolo central in le economia de Azerbaijan desde le industrialisation del seculo XIX. Le campos petrolifere circum Baku attirava capital estranier e laboratores e contribuiva al transformation del region in un centro industrial importante durante le periodo del Imperio Russo. Post le independentia, le exploitation del ressources energetic deveniva un elemento central del politica economic del stato. Le accordos con companias international, le construction de oleoductos e gasoductos e le exportation verso le mercatos europee contribuiva al augmento del investitiones e del entratas public. Le Oleoducto Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan e le Corridor de Gas del Sud es infrastructuras importante pro le exportation de petroleum e gas desde le Mar Caspian. Le Union Europee considera Azerbaijan un socio energetic e ha developpate cooperationes in materia de gas, energia renovabile e interconnexion regional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan: cooperation economic e energetic |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Nonobstante, le dependentia del ressources fossil rende le economia sensibile al variationes del precios international e al evolution del demanda energetic. Le diversification economic, le disveloppamento del agricultura, del industria non petrolifere e del servicios remane questiones importante pro le evolution economic del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://stat.gov.az/news/index.php?id=6329&lang=en |titulo=Azerbaijan — Facts and Figures |sitioweb=Comitate Statistica del Stato de Azerbaijan |fecha=21 de junio 2025 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Societate, lingua e cultura == Le societate azere es multilingue e ha un patrimonio cultural formate per traditiones caucasic, iranian, turcic e islamic. Le lingua azerbaijani, un lingua turcic, es le lingua official del republica. Le russo continua a esser usate in certe contextos social e professional, durante que le linguas de minoritates es parlate in plure regiones. Le major parte del population es musulman, principalement shiite, ma le societate include etiam communitates sunnite, christian e judee. Le historia religiose del pais es marcate per le interaction inter traditiones local, influentias persian e le evolution del institutiones religiose durante le periodos safavide e russo. Le cultura azere comprende le poesia, le musica traditional mugham, le tappetes, le architectura historic e le traditiones oral. Le poeta [[Nizami Ganjavi]], active in le seculo XII, es un figura importante del patrimonio litterari del region. Le [[Icherisheher]] de Baku, le complex del [[Palatio del Shirvanshahs]] e le [[Torre de le Virgine]] es inter le monumentos que documenta le historia urban del pais. Le cultura contemporanee es etiam marcate per le relationes con le diaspora azere, le migrationes e le participation in eventos cultural international. == Relationes international == Le position geographic de Azerbaijan, inter Russia, Iran, Turquia e le Mar Caspian, ha facite del pais un puncto de interesse strategic. Su politica exterior combina relationes con le paises vicin, cooperation con le Union Europee e le participation in organisationes regional e international. Azerbaijan es membro del Nationes Unite, del Organisation pro Securitate e Cooperation in Europa e del [[Movimento de Non-Allineamento]]. Illo mantene relationes economic e energetic con le Union Europee e cooperationes politic e militar con Turquia. Le relationes con Russia e Iran es influentiate per le geographia, le commercio, le securitate regional e le evolution del situation in le Caucaso. Le relationes con Armenia ha essite marcate per le conflictos de Nagorno-Karabakh, le displaciamento de populationes e le disputas super le frontiera. Le negotiationes e declarationes de pace de 2025–2026 representa un nove phase del relationes bilateral, ma le implementation del accordos e le establimento de un pace durabile depende del execution de lor conditiones e del cooperation inter le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan e le processo de normalisation con Armenia |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation contemporanee e conclusion == Le historia de Azerbaijan es le resultato de plure transformationes politic e cultural: ab le regnos antique del Caucaso e le imperios persian, per le dominio russe e le breve Republica Democratic de 1918–1920, usque al periodo sovietic e le independentia recuperate in 1991. Le independentia ha permitte al pais de developpar su proprie institutiones statal e de usar su ressources energetic pro promover le disveloppamento economic. Al mesme tempore, le concentration del poter politic, le relationes inter le Stato e le societate civil, le dependentia del petroleum e le consequentias human del conflictos territorial remane questiones importante in le historia contemporanee. Le recuperation del controlo azere super Nagorno-Karabakh in 2023 ha cambiate profundemente le situation territorial del Caucaso del Sud e ha provocate le exodo de quasi tote le population armenian del region. Le accordos e negotiationes de 2025–2026 ha create opportunitates pro le normalisation con Armenia, ma le pace durabile depende del execution del accordos, del resolution del questiones pendente e del protection del derectos del populationes affectate. Le historia del pais continua dunque a esser marcate per le interaction inter identitate national, geopolitica del Caucaso, ressources energetic e le relationes con le poteres regional e international. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Asia}} [[Categoria:Historia de Azerbaijan| ]] g18s5hauhe6nuugcy77szaqn7g0uqjp 704832 704756 2026-10-18T10:08:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Prehistoria */ 704832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Azerbaijan''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Azerbaijan]], situate in le [[Caucaso del Sud]], inter le Mar Caspian e le frontieras con Russia, Georgia, Armenia e Iran. Le region ha essite un zona de contacto inter imperios e traditiones cultural del Caucaso, Persia, le mundo turco e le Asia Central. Le historia del territorio comprende le civilisationes prehistoricas, le regnos antique del Caucaso, le domination de imperios persian e roman, le diffusion del [[Islam]], le incorporation in imperios turco-mongol e persian, le conquista per le [[Imperio Russo]], le formation del nationalismo azere e le creation del [[Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan]] in 1918. Post un breve periodo de independentia, Azerbaijan deveniva un republica sovietic in 1920 e recuperava su independentia in 1991. Desde le fin del seculo XX, le historia del pais ha essite fortemente influentiate per le dissolution del Union Sovietic, le conflictos con Armenia concernente [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], le exploitation del petroleum e del gas natural e le disveloppamento del relationes international del stato independente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Azerbaijan |titulo=Azerbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index/ |titulo=Azarbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Azerbaijan es habitate desde le prehistoria. Le vestigios archaeologic trovate in cavernas e altere sitios del Caucaso indica que homines viveva in le region desde centos de milles de annos ante nostre era. Le sitios de [[Gobustan]], al sud de Baku, es cognoscite pro lor gravuras rupestre, que representa animales, escenas de cassa, figuras human e actividades quotidian. Iste gravuras documenta diverse periodos prehistoric e historic e constitue un fonte importante pro le studio del vita e del expressiones cultural del communitates ancian. Altere sitios, includente Azykh, Taghlar e Damjili, ha producite utensiles de petra e altere vestigios del occupation human. Le agricultura, le allevamento de animales, le ceramica e le metallurgia se disveloppava progressivemente durante le Neolithico e le etates del Rame e del Bronzo. Le position del region, inter le Caucaso, le Mar Caspian e le plateau iranian, favorava le contactos inter communitates de differente ambientes geographic. Le commercio e le migrationes contribuiva al formation de societates con traditiones cultural diverse. <gallery> [[File:Petroglyphs in Gobustan 01.jpg|Arte rupestre de Gobustan]] [[File:Göytəpə(əsas).JPG|[[Complexo archeologic de Goytepe|Sito de Goytepe]]]] [[File:Painted vessel from Kultepe I.JPG|Ceramica de Kul-Tepe I]] [[File:Game of Hounds and Jackals MET DP264105.jpg|Joco de "Canes e chacales"]] </gallery> == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio del actual Azerbaijan esseva dividite inter plure regiones historic e politicas. Le zonas al sud del fluvio Aras habeva relationes forte con le imperios del plateau iranian, durante que le territorios al nord del fluvio esseva associate con le region de [[Arran]] e le regno de [[Albania Caucasic]]. === Imperio Medo e Imperio Achaemenide === Durante le prime millennio ante nostre era, partes del territorio esseva influentiate per le [[Medos]] e postea incorporate in le [[Imperio Achaemenide]], fundate per [[Ciro le Grande]] in le seculo VI a.C. Le domination achaemenide integra le region in un vaste systema imperial que connectava le Iran, le Mesopotamia, le Asia Central e partes del Caucaso. Le administration, le commercio e le traditiones religiose del mundo iranian exerceva un influentia importante, includente le diffusion de traditiones associate al [[Zoroastrismo]]. Le termino Azerbaijan deriva del nomine del ancian region iranian de [[Atropatene]], situate principalmente al sud del fluvio Aras. Le historia del region iranian de Azerbaijan debe esser distinguite del historia del actual Republica de Azerbaijan, que se trova principalmente al nord del fluvio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index/ |titulo=Azarbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Albania Caucasic === Al nord del Aras se developpava le [[Albania Caucasic]], un regno antique cuje territorio includeva partes del actual Azerbaijan. Le population comprendeva diverse gruppos e linguas, inter illos le antecessores del hodierne udinos. Le regno manteneva relationes e conflictos con poteres vicin, includente Armenia, Persia e Roma. Durante certe periodos, partes del territorio esseva sub influentia o control del [[Imperio Parthe]] e del [[Imperio Romano]]. Le christianismo se diffundeva in Albania Caucasic durante le prime seculos de nostre era. Le tradition christian del region deveniva ulteriormente un elemento importante del historia religiose del Caucaso, ben que le communitates local manteneva linguas e traditiones distincte. === Sasanians e Byzantinos === Durante le seculos III–VII, le [[Imperio Sasanian]] exerceva un influentia importante super le region. Le Caucaso deveniva un zona strategic pro le defense del frontieras del imperio e pro le controlo del rotas commercial inter Persia, le Mar Caspian e le regiones del Mar Nere. Le conflictos inter Sasanians e Byzantinos affectava le Caucaso e alterava le control politic de partes del territorio. Le fortificationes, le centros urban e le relationes religiose del region evolveva in iste quadro de rivalitate imperial. == Conqueste islamic e Medievo == Durante le seculo VII, le exercitos del [[Califato Rashidun]] e postea del [[Califato Omeia]] penetrava in le Caucaso e in le territorios del hodierne Azerbaijan. Le conquista esseva un processo gradualmente developpate, marcate per conflictos, accordos con elites local e le integration administrative del region in le mundo islamic. Le [[Islam]] deveniva progressivemente le religion dominante in multe partes del territorio. Le conversiones esseva gradual e le communitates christian e altere traditiones religiose continuava a existir in diverse zonas. Le region deveniva un puncto de contacto inter le cultura persian, le mundo arab e le populos turcophone que migrava verso le Caucaso. === Dynastias local e influentia persian === Post le debilitamento del califatos, plure dynastias governava partes del region. Inter illos se trovava le [[Shirvanshahs]], le [[Sajids]], le [[Salarids]], le [[Shaddadids]] e le [[Rawadids]]. Le territorios e le limites de lor dominios variava durante le seculos. Le Shirvanshahs, con centros politic in [[Shamakhi]] e ulteriormente in [[Baku]], mainteneva un tradition de governamento regional durante longe periodos. Le commercio, le poesia, le architectura e le cultura de corte se disveloppava in le ciudades del Mar Caspian. Le lingua persian habeva un rolo importante in le administration, le litteratura e le cultura urban, durante que le linguas turcicas cresceva in importantia con le migrationes e le transformationes del population. === Seljuks e migrationes turcicas === Durante le seculo XI, le expansion del [[Imperio Seljuk]] introduceva nove transformationes politic e demographic in le Caucaso. Le migrationes de populos turcophone contribuiva al evolution del linguas e del identitates del region. Le interaction inter populationes local, elites persianophone e gruppos turcophone produceva un societate plurilingue e culturalmente complexe. Durante le seculos sequente, le lingua que deveniva le actual [[lingua azerbaijani]] se developpava in le quadro plus ample del linguas turcicas occidental. === Mongols e Ilkhanatos === In le seculo XIII, le invasiones del [[Imperio Mongol]] devastava plure centros urban e agricola del Caucaso. Le territorio esseva incorporate in le structuras imperial mongol e, postea, in le [[Ilkhanato]], un stato governate per descendentes de [[Hulagu Khan]]. Le domination mongol alterava le organisation politic e le rotas commercial, ma etiam connectava le region a redes plus vaste que se extendiva desde le Asia Central usque al Medio Oriente. Post le disintegration del Ilkhanato, le territorio esseva disputate per dynastias regional e per le successive poteres del [[Timurides]] e de altere governantes del Caucaso. == Etate moderne == === Periodo safavide e integration in Persia === Le [[Safavides]], un dynastia de origine iranian que establiva un grande imperio in 1501, habeva un influentia decisive super le historia del region. Le prime governantes safavide proveniva de un ambiente cultural e linguistic associate al Caucaso e al Azerbaijan iranian. Le Safavides establiva le [[Islam shiite]] como religion official del imperio. Le diffusion del shiismo transformava le institutiones religiose e le identitates de multe communitates, includente partes del population del actual Azerbaijan. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le region esseva un zona de conflictos inter le Safavides e le [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le guerras e le tractatos modificava le control de citates, fortificationes e territorios. Le domination safavide integra le region in un systema politic e cultural persian. Le lingua persian manteneva un rolo importante in le administration e le litteratura, durante que le lingua azerbaijani se disveloppava como un lingua turcic importante del region. === Khanatos del seculo XVIII === Post le morte de [[Nader Shah]] in 1747 e le disintegration de su imperio, plure [[khanatos del Caucaso]] emergeva in le territorio del actual Azerbaijan. Inter illos se trovava le Khanato de Baku, le Khanato de Ganja, le Khanato de Karabakh, le Khanato de Quba, le Khanato de Shirvan e le Khanato de Nakhchivan. Le khanatos variava in dimension, autonomia e relationes exterior. Alcun governantes manteneva relationes con Persia, durante que alteres cercava supporto ab Russia o ab le Imperio Ottoman. Le commercio maritime e terrestre remaneva importante, specialmente in Baku e in altere centros del Mar Caspian. Le petroleum de Baku esseva cognoscite e usate desde le antiquitate, ben que su exploitation industrial de grande scala deveniva importante solmente plus tarde. Le rivalitate inter Persia e Russia pro le controlo del Caucaso deveniva un del factores central del historia del region in le fin del seculo XVIII e le initio del seculo XIX. === Conquista russe e division del territorio === Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le [[Imperio Russo]] expandiva se verso le Caucaso. Le guerras russo-persian del 1804–1813 e 1826–1828 terminava con le derrota del [[Dynastia Qajar]] e le cession a Russia de vaste territorios al nord del Aras. Le [[Tractato de Gulistan]] de 1813 e le [[Tractato de Turkmenchay]] de 1828 establiva le nove frontiera inter Russia e Persia. Le territorios del actual Republica de Azerbaijan esseva incorporate in le Imperio Russo, durante que le region que continua a portar le nomine Azerbaijan al sud del Aras remaneva in Persia, hodie Iran. Iste division habeva consequentias durabile. Le population azerbaijani deveniva repartite inter imperios e, plus tarde, inter statos differente. Le migrationes, le commercio e le contactos cultural continuava tamen a transir le frontiera. Le administration russe reorganisava le khanatos e incorporava lor territorios in gubernias e altere unidades administrative. Le elites local perdeva parte de lor autonomia, durante que le economia del region se integra plus profundemente in le systema imperial russe. === Petroleum e industrialisation de Baku === Durante le seculo XIX, le industria petrolifere de [[Baku]] cresceva rapidemente. Le exploitation de petroleum atraheva capital, technicos e laboratores ab Russia, Europa e altere partes del Caucaso. Le construction de infrastructura, le ferrovias e le oleoductos connectava Baku a altere centros economic. In le fin del seculo XIX, Baku deveniva un del principal centros mondial de production petrolifere. Le industria contribuiva al expansion del population urban e al formation de un classe laborista. Le conditiones de labor, le desigualitates social e le conflictos inter interesses industrial e laborista favorava le developpamento de movimentos sindical e politic. Le diversitate ethnic e religiose del population urban includeva azerbaijanos, armenios, russos, persianos e altere gruppos. Le rivalitates politic e le tensiones intercommunautari deveniva un factor importante durante le revolutiones russe e le crise del imperio in le initio del seculo XX. == Etate contemporanee == === Revolution russe e Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan === Le [[Revolution Russe de 1917]] e le collapse del Imperio Russo aperiva un periodo de instabilitate in le Caucaso. Le structuras politic del region se disintegrava, e le elites local cercava de establir nove institutiones. Le Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan esseva proclamate le 28 de maio 1918. Illa es sovente considerate le prime republica democratic del mundo musulman. Su governamento esseva dirigite per le partito [[Musavat]] e altere gruppos politic, e le capital deveniva Baku post que le forzas Ottoman e lor alliatos prendeva le citate in septembre 1918. Le republica establiva un parlamento, un governamento e symbolos national. Illa adoptava le bandiera tricolor, promoveva le education e declarava le azerbaijani como lingua de stato. Le suffragio esseva extendite al feminas, un mesura importante in le contexto politic del epocha. Le republica缝affrontava tamen graves difficultates: conflictos territorial, rivalitates regional, intervention de poteres exterior e un situation economic fragile. Su independentia durava solmente circa 23 menses. === Incorporation al Union Sovietic === In april 1920, le [[Armata Rubie]] entrava in Azerbaijan e le governamento democratic esseva deposte. Le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Azerbaijan esseva establite le 28 de april 1920. Le nove governamento esseva integrate in le systema sovietic. In 1922, Azerbaijan esseva includite, con Armenia e Georgia, in le [[Republica Socialista Federative Sovietic Transcaucasic]], que deveniva un del republicas fundatores del [[Union Sovietic]]. In 1936, Azerbaijan deveniva directemente un republica unionale del URSS. Le periodo sovietic esseva marcate per collectivisation del agricultura, industrialisation, expansion del education e transformation del societate. Le petroleum remaneva un del principales ressources economic, e Baku deveniva un centro industrial e strategic. Le politica sovietic produceva etiam repression politic, collectivisation coercitive e deportationes. Durante le purgas del annos 1930, numerose intellectuales, officiales e figuras cultural esseva arrestate, exiliate o executate. Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], le petroleum de Baku habeva un importantia strategic pro le effortio militar sovietic. Le republica contribuiva con petroleum, industria e personal militar al guerra contra le Germania nazi. === Azerbaijan sovietic post 1945 === Post le guerra, le industrialisation continuava e le population urban cresceva. Le education, le scientia e le cultura esseva developpate in le quadro del institutiones sovietic, durante que le expression politic independente remaneva fortemente limitate. Le lingua azerbaijani manteneva un position importante in le vita cultural del republica, ma le russic habeva un rolo importante in le administration superior, le scientia e le communication interrepublican. Le politica sovietic concernente le frontieras interne, le autonomia del region de [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] e le relationes inter populationes deveniva un elemento importante del historia posterior. Nagorno-Karabakh esseva organisate como un oblast autonome intra le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Azerbaijan in 1923 e habeva un population majoritari armenian. === Dissolution del URSS e independentia === Durante le fin del annos 1980, le debilitamento del Union Sovietic e le disveloppamento de movimentos nationalistas provoca un crise politic in le Caucaso. Le questione de Nagorno-Karabakh deveniva un foco de protestas e de conflictos inter armenios e azerbaijanos. In januario 1990, le intervention del forzas sovietic in Baku, cognoscite como le Januario Nere, causava numerose mortes civil e fortificava le opposition al autoritate sovietic. Azerbaijan declarava su sovranitate statal in 1989 e proclamava su independentia le 30 de augusto 1991. Le independentia esseva ulteriormente confirmate per le declaration constitutional del 18 de octobre 1991. Post le dissolution del Union Sovietic, Azerbaijan deveniva un stato independente e esseva admittite al [[Nationes Unite]] in 1992. Le prime annos de independentia esseva marcate per crise economic, instabilitate politic e guerra con Armenia super Nagorno-Karabakh e territorios adjacente. === Prime guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh === Le [[Guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh]] del 1988–1994 emergeva del conflicto super le status del oblast autonome, le securitate del population armenian e azerbaijani e le dissolution del Union Sovietic. Durante le guerra, le forzas armenian e le forzas del autoproclamate entitate de Nagorno-Karabakh prendeva le controlo de Nagorno-Karabakh e de plure territorios circostante, que internationalmente esseva recognoscite como parte de Azerbaijan. Le guerra causava mortes e le displaciamento de centos de milles de personas, includente azerbaijanos fugiente del territorios occupate e armenios fugiente altere areas. Un cessate-le-foco esseva establite in 1994, ma le conflicto non esseva resolvite. Nagorno-Karabakh remaneva sub le controlo de un administration de facto armenian, non recognoscite internationalmente como stato independente. Le disputa deveniva un del principales factores del politica exterior e del securitate national de Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/repertoire/armenia-azerbaijan-conflict |titulo=Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict |sitioweb=United Nations Security Council |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Heydar Aliyev e le consolidation del stato === In 1993, [[Heydar Aliyev]], un ex dirigente del Partito Communista de Azerbaijan, retornava al poter durante un periodo de crise politic e militar. Ille deveniva presidente e dirigiva le consolidation del nove stato. Le governamento de Aliyev centralisava le poter executive e concludeva un cessate-le-foco con Armenia in 1994. Le accordos de production e exportation de petroleum con companias international contribuiva al disveloppamento del industria energetic e al integration de Azerbaijan in le mercatos global. Le Contracto del Seculo, signate in 1994, establiva cooperationes international pro le exploitation de campos petrolifere del Mar Caspian. Le construction del oleoductos e le expansion del exportation de petroleum deveniva elementos central del strategia economic del pais. In 1995 esseva adoptate un nove constitution. Le periodo esseva tamen etiam marcate per criticas international concernente le concentration del poter, le conditiones del opposition politic, le libertate del medios de communication e le regularitate de certe electiones. === Ilham Aliyev e le economia del petroleum === [[Ilham Aliyev]] succedeva a su patre in le presidentia in 2003. Su governamento continuava a basar un parte importante del economia super le exportation de petroleum e gas natural, con investitiones in infrastructura, construction e servicios. Le [[Oleoducto Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan]], inaugurate in 2006, permitteva transportar petroleum del Mar Caspian verso le Mediterraneo per Georgia e Turquia. Le [[Corridor de Gas del Sud]] deveniva un altere instrumento pro exportar gas natural verso Turquia e Europa. Le crescimento del entratas energetic contribuiva al modernisation de Baku e al expansion de infrastructura national. Le economia remaneva tamen dependente del fluctuationes del precio del petroleum e del gas, e le distribution del benes e le governance deveniva temas de debatte public e international. Le systema politic remaneva fortemente centralisate sub le presidentia de Ilham Aliyev. Organismos international e grupos de derectos human ha exprimite criticas concernente le libertate de expression, le conditiones del opposition e le tractamento de activistas, durante que le governamento insiste super le stabilitate e le disveloppamento del pais. === Secunde guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) === In septembre 2020, le hostilitate inter Azerbaijan e Armenia escalava in un guerra de grande scala in e circum Nagorno-Karabakh. Le conflicto involveva armamentos moderne, drones, artilleria e operationes terrestre. Post plure septimanas de combates, un accordo de cessate-le-foco mediate per Russia esseva signate le 9 de novembre 2020 e entrava in vigor le die sequente. Azerbaijan recuperava le controlo de plure territorios, e le accordo establiva le deployment de forzas de pace russe in partes del region. Le guerra transformava le situation militar e territorial, ma non resolveva tote le questiones relative al status del population armenian, al communicationes regional e al relationes inter le duo paises. === Offensiva de 2023 e exodo del population armenian === Le 19 de septembre 2023, Azerbaijan initiava un operation militar in Nagorno-Karabakh. Le forzas del administration de facto armenian capitulava post circa un die de combates. Post le operation, le autoritates del entitate de facto annunciava su dissolution, effectivemente terminante le institutiones separatista. Le major parte del population armenian del region fugiava verso Armenia. Le Nationes Unite reportava que un mission visitava le region le 1 de octobre 2023, in un contexto de urgente necessitates humanitari e de displaciamento massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh |titulo=UN team completes mission to Karabakh |sitioweb=United Nations in Azerbaijan |fecha=2 de octobre 2023 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Azerbaijan restabliva le controlo de facto super le region, que internationalmente esseva recognoscite como parte de su territorio. Le exodo de plus de cent milles armenios provocava preoccupationes international concernente le protection del derectos human, le possibilitate de retorno, le preservation del patrimonio cultural e le securitate del population remanente. Le governamento de Azerbaijan declarava que le armenios qui remaneva in Nagorno-Karabakh putea conservar lor derectos secundo le legislation del pais e reciper protection como citatanos. Numerose habitantes armenian, tamen, abandonava le region durante le exodo de septembre 2023. Le circumstantias del displaciamento e le conditiones pro un eventual retorno deveniva temas de preoccupation international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh |titulo=UN team completes mission to Karabakh |sitioweb=Nationes Unite in Azerbaijan |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Normalisation con Armenia === Post le operation militar de 2023, le relationes inter Azerbaijan e Armenia entrava in un nove phase de negotiationes super le frontieras, le transporto regional e le establimento de relationes diplomatic. Le question del derectos del personas displaciate, le delimitacion del frontiera e le communicationes inter le territorios remaneva elementos importante del processo. In martio 2025, le duo governamentos annunciava que le negotiationes super le texto de un accordo de pace e de relationes interstatal habeva essite completate. Le texto esseva publicate in augusto 2025 post esser initialate per le ministros de affaires externe. Le accordo concerne le recognoscimento del sovranitate, le integritate territorial e le principios de non-uso del fortia in le relationes inter le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2025/08/11/Initialed%20Arm-Az%20Peace%20Agreement%20text/13394 |titulo=Publication of the initialed Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan |sitioweb=Ministerio de Affaires Externe de Armenia |fecha=11 de augusto 2025 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 8 de augusto 2025, le leaders de Armenia e Azerbaijan signava etiam un declaration politic in Washington, con le participation del presidente del Statos Unite. Le Union Europee salutava le accordos como un passo importante verso le fin del conflicto, ma le formalisation e le implementation integral del accordo de pace requireva ulterior progressos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan: relationes con le Union Europee e processo de normalisation |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In augusto 2026, le presidente de Azerbaijan e le prime ministro de Armenia se incontrava in le margine del summit del Organisation de Cooperation de Shanghai. Secundo le communication official del presidente azere, le discussion includeva le implementation del accordos de Washington, le cooperation commercial e le transit de mercantias inter le duo paises. Le processo de pace remaneva dependente del execution del accordos e del resolution de questiones juridic e politic ancora pendente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/73399 |titulo=Press Statement on the Meeting between President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev and Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan |sitioweb=Presidentia del Republica de Azerbaijan |fecha=31 de augusto 2026 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Economia e ressources natural == Le petroleum e le gas natural ha habite un rolo central in le economia de Azerbaijan desde le industrialisation del seculo XIX. Le campos petrolifere circum Baku attirava capital estranier e laboratores e contribuiva al transformation del region in un centro industrial importante durante le periodo del Imperio Russo. Post le independentia, le exploitation del ressources energetic deveniva un elemento central del politica economic del stato. Le accordos con companias international, le construction de oleoductos e gasoductos e le exportation verso le mercatos europee contribuiva al augmento del investitiones e del entratas public. Le Oleoducto Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan e le Corridor de Gas del Sud es infrastructuras importante pro le exportation de petroleum e gas desde le Mar Caspian. Le Union Europee considera Azerbaijan un socio energetic e ha developpate cooperationes in materia de gas, energia renovabile e interconnexion regional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan: cooperation economic e energetic |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Nonobstante, le dependentia del ressources fossil rende le economia sensibile al variationes del precios international e al evolution del demanda energetic. Le diversification economic, le disveloppamento del agricultura, del industria non petrolifere e del servicios remane questiones importante pro le evolution economic del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://stat.gov.az/news/index.php?id=6329&lang=en |titulo=Azerbaijan — Facts and Figures |sitioweb=Comitate Statistica del Stato de Azerbaijan |fecha=21 de junio 2025 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Societate, lingua e cultura == Le societate azere es multilingue e ha un patrimonio cultural formate per traditiones caucasic, iranian, turcic e islamic. Le lingua azerbaijani, un lingua turcic, es le lingua official del republica. Le russo continua a esser usate in certe contextos social e professional, durante que le linguas de minoritates es parlate in plure regiones. Le major parte del population es musulman, principalement shiite, ma le societate include etiam communitates sunnite, christian e judee. Le historia religiose del pais es marcate per le interaction inter traditiones local, influentias persian e le evolution del institutiones religiose durante le periodos safavide e russo. Le cultura azere comprende le poesia, le musica traditional mugham, le tappetes, le architectura historic e le traditiones oral. Le poeta [[Nizami Ganjavi]], active in le seculo XII, es un figura importante del patrimonio litterari del region. Le [[Icherisheher]] de Baku, le complex del [[Palatio del Shirvanshahs]] e le [[Torre de le Virgine]] es inter le monumentos que documenta le historia urban del pais. Le cultura contemporanee es etiam marcate per le relationes con le diaspora azere, le migrationes e le participation in eventos cultural international. == Relationes international == Le position geographic de Azerbaijan, inter Russia, Iran, Turquia e le Mar Caspian, ha facite del pais un puncto de interesse strategic. Su politica exterior combina relationes con le paises vicin, cooperation con le Union Europee e le participation in organisationes regional e international. Azerbaijan es membro del Nationes Unite, del Organisation pro Securitate e Cooperation in Europa e del [[Movimento de Non-Allineamento]]. Illo mantene relationes economic e energetic con le Union Europee e cooperationes politic e militar con Turquia. Le relationes con Russia e Iran es influentiate per le geographia, le commercio, le securitate regional e le evolution del situation in le Caucaso. Le relationes con Armenia ha essite marcate per le conflictos de Nagorno-Karabakh, le displaciamento de populationes e le disputas super le frontiera. Le negotiationes e declarationes de pace de 2025–2026 representa un nove phase del relationes bilateral, ma le implementation del accordos e le establimento de un pace durabile depende del execution de lor conditiones e del cooperation inter le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan e le processo de normalisation con Armenia |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation contemporanee e conclusion == Le historia de Azerbaijan es le resultato de plure transformationes politic e cultural: ab le regnos antique del Caucaso e le imperios persian, per le dominio russe e le breve Republica Democratic de 1918–1920, usque al periodo sovietic e le independentia recuperate in 1991. Le independentia ha permitte al pais de developpar su proprie institutiones statal e de usar su ressources energetic pro promover le disveloppamento economic. Al mesme tempore, le concentration del poter politic, le relationes inter le Stato e le societate civil, le dependentia del petroleum e le consequentias human del conflictos territorial remane questiones importante in le historia contemporanee. Le recuperation del controlo azere super Nagorno-Karabakh in 2023 ha cambiate profundemente le situation territorial del Caucaso del Sud e ha provocate le exodo de quasi tote le population armenian del region. Le accordos e negotiationes de 2025–2026 ha create opportunitates pro le normalisation con Armenia, ma le pace durabile depende del execution del accordos, del resolution del questiones pendente e del protection del derectos del populationes affectate. Le historia del pais continua dunque a esser marcate per le interaction inter identitate national, geopolitica del Caucaso, ressources energetic e le relationes con le poteres regional e international. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Asia}} [[Categoria:Historia de Azerbaijan| ]] bfui2qbymqghhhhjohayrn67tppg4fh 704833 704832 2026-10-18T10:08:41Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Prehistoria */ 704833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Azerbaijan''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Azerbaijan]], situate in le [[Caucaso del Sud]], inter le Mar Caspian e le frontieras con Russia, Georgia, Armenia e Iran. Le region ha essite un zona de contacto inter imperios e traditiones cultural del Caucaso, Persia, le mundo turco e le Asia Central. Le historia del territorio comprende le civilisationes prehistoricas, le regnos antique del Caucaso, le domination de imperios persian e roman, le diffusion del [[Islam]], le incorporation in imperios turco-mongol e persian, le conquista per le [[Imperio Russo]], le formation del nationalismo azere e le creation del [[Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan]] in 1918. Post un breve periodo de independentia, Azerbaijan deveniva un republica sovietic in 1920 e recuperava su independentia in 1991. Desde le fin del seculo XX, le historia del pais ha essite fortemente influentiate per le dissolution del Union Sovietic, le conflictos con Armenia concernente [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], le exploitation del petroleum e del gas natural e le disveloppamento del relationes international del stato independente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Azerbaijan |titulo=Azerbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index/ |titulo=Azarbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Azerbaijan es habitate desde le prehistoria. Le vestigios archaeologic trovate in cavernas e altere sitios del Caucaso indica que homines viveva in le region desde centos de milles de annos ante nostre era. Le sitios de [[Gobustan]], al sud de Baku, es cognoscite pro lor gravuras rupestre, que representa animales, escenas de cassa, figuras human e actividades quotidian. Iste gravuras documenta diverse periodos prehistoric e historic e constitue un fonte importante pro le studio del vita e del expressiones cultural del communitates ancian. Altere sitios, includente Azykh, Taghlar e Damjili, ha producite utensiles de petra e altere vestigios del occupation human. Le agricultura, le allevamento de animales, le ceramica e le metallurgia se disveloppava progressivemente durante le Neolithico e le etates del Rame e del Bronzo. Le position del region, inter le Caucaso, le Mar Caspian e le plateau iranian, favorava le contactos inter communitates de differente ambientes geographic. Le commercio e le migrationes contribuiva al formation de societates con traditiones cultural diverse. <gallery> File:Petroglyphs in Gobustan 01.jpg|Arte rupestre de Gobustan File:Göytəpə(əsas).JPG|[[Complexo archeologic de Goytepe|Sito de Goytepe]] File:Painted vessel from Kultepe I.JPG|Ceramica de Kul-Tepe I File:Game of Hounds and Jackals MET DP264105.jpg|Joco de "Canes e chacales" </gallery> == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio del actual Azerbaijan esseva dividite inter plure regiones historic e politicas. Le zonas al sud del fluvio Aras habeva relationes forte con le imperios del plateau iranian, durante que le territorios al nord del fluvio esseva associate con le region de [[Arran]] e le regno de [[Albania Caucasic]]. === Imperio Medo e Imperio Achaemenide === Durante le prime millennio ante nostre era, partes del territorio esseva influentiate per le [[Medos]] e postea incorporate in le [[Imperio Achaemenide]], fundate per [[Ciro le Grande]] in le seculo VI a.C. Le domination achaemenide integra le region in un vaste systema imperial que connectava le Iran, le Mesopotamia, le Asia Central e partes del Caucaso. Le administration, le commercio e le traditiones religiose del mundo iranian exerceva un influentia importante, includente le diffusion de traditiones associate al [[Zoroastrismo]]. Le termino Azerbaijan deriva del nomine del ancian region iranian de [[Atropatene]], situate principalmente al sud del fluvio Aras. Le historia del region iranian de Azerbaijan debe esser distinguite del historia del actual Republica de Azerbaijan, que se trova principalmente al nord del fluvio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index/ |titulo=Azarbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Albania Caucasic === Al nord del Aras se developpava le [[Albania Caucasic]], un regno antique cuje territorio includeva partes del actual Azerbaijan. Le population comprendeva diverse gruppos e linguas, inter illos le antecessores del hodierne udinos. Le regno manteneva relationes e conflictos con poteres vicin, includente Armenia, Persia e Roma. Durante certe periodos, partes del territorio esseva sub influentia o control del [[Imperio Parthe]] e del [[Imperio Romano]]. Le christianismo se diffundeva in Albania Caucasic durante le prime seculos de nostre era. Le tradition christian del region deveniva ulteriormente un elemento importante del historia religiose del Caucaso, ben que le communitates local manteneva linguas e traditiones distincte. === Sasanians e Byzantinos === Durante le seculos III–VII, le [[Imperio Sasanian]] exerceva un influentia importante super le region. Le Caucaso deveniva un zona strategic pro le defense del frontieras del imperio e pro le controlo del rotas commercial inter Persia, le Mar Caspian e le regiones del Mar Nere. Le conflictos inter Sasanians e Byzantinos affectava le Caucaso e alterava le control politic de partes del territorio. Le fortificationes, le centros urban e le relationes religiose del region evolveva in iste quadro de rivalitate imperial. == Conqueste islamic e Medievo == Durante le seculo VII, le exercitos del [[Califato Rashidun]] e postea del [[Califato Omeia]] penetrava in le Caucaso e in le territorios del hodierne Azerbaijan. Le conquista esseva un processo gradualmente developpate, marcate per conflictos, accordos con elites local e le integration administrative del region in le mundo islamic. Le [[Islam]] deveniva progressivemente le religion dominante in multe partes del territorio. Le conversiones esseva gradual e le communitates christian e altere traditiones religiose continuava a existir in diverse zonas. Le region deveniva un puncto de contacto inter le cultura persian, le mundo arab e le populos turcophone que migrava verso le Caucaso. === Dynastias local e influentia persian === Post le debilitamento del califatos, plure dynastias governava partes del region. Inter illos se trovava le [[Shirvanshahs]], le [[Sajids]], le [[Salarids]], le [[Shaddadids]] e le [[Rawadids]]. Le territorios e le limites de lor dominios variava durante le seculos. Le Shirvanshahs, con centros politic in [[Shamakhi]] e ulteriormente in [[Baku]], mainteneva un tradition de governamento regional durante longe periodos. Le commercio, le poesia, le architectura e le cultura de corte se disveloppava in le ciudades del Mar Caspian. Le lingua persian habeva un rolo importante in le administration, le litteratura e le cultura urban, durante que le linguas turcicas cresceva in importantia con le migrationes e le transformationes del population. === Seljuks e migrationes turcicas === Durante le seculo XI, le expansion del [[Imperio Seljuk]] introduceva nove transformationes politic e demographic in le Caucaso. Le migrationes de populos turcophone contribuiva al evolution del linguas e del identitates del region. Le interaction inter populationes local, elites persianophone e gruppos turcophone produceva un societate plurilingue e culturalmente complexe. Durante le seculos sequente, le lingua que deveniva le actual [[lingua azerbaijani]] se developpava in le quadro plus ample del linguas turcicas occidental. === Mongols e Ilkhanatos === In le seculo XIII, le invasiones del [[Imperio Mongol]] devastava plure centros urban e agricola del Caucaso. Le territorio esseva incorporate in le structuras imperial mongol e, postea, in le [[Ilkhanato]], un stato governate per descendentes de [[Hulagu Khan]]. Le domination mongol alterava le organisation politic e le rotas commercial, ma etiam connectava le region a redes plus vaste que se extendiva desde le Asia Central usque al Medio Oriente. Post le disintegration del Ilkhanato, le territorio esseva disputate per dynastias regional e per le successive poteres del [[Timurides]] e de altere governantes del Caucaso. == Etate moderne == === Periodo safavide e integration in Persia === Le [[Safavides]], un dynastia de origine iranian que establiva un grande imperio in 1501, habeva un influentia decisive super le historia del region. Le prime governantes safavide proveniva de un ambiente cultural e linguistic associate al Caucaso e al Azerbaijan iranian. Le Safavides establiva le [[Islam shiite]] como religion official del imperio. Le diffusion del shiismo transformava le institutiones religiose e le identitates de multe communitates, includente partes del population del actual Azerbaijan. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le region esseva un zona de conflictos inter le Safavides e le [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le guerras e le tractatos modificava le control de citates, fortificationes e territorios. Le domination safavide integra le region in un systema politic e cultural persian. Le lingua persian manteneva un rolo importante in le administration e le litteratura, durante que le lingua azerbaijani se disveloppava como un lingua turcic importante del region. === Khanatos del seculo XVIII === Post le morte de [[Nader Shah]] in 1747 e le disintegration de su imperio, plure [[khanatos del Caucaso]] emergeva in le territorio del actual Azerbaijan. Inter illos se trovava le Khanato de Baku, le Khanato de Ganja, le Khanato de Karabakh, le Khanato de Quba, le Khanato de Shirvan e le Khanato de Nakhchivan. Le khanatos variava in dimension, autonomia e relationes exterior. Alcun governantes manteneva relationes con Persia, durante que alteres cercava supporto ab Russia o ab le Imperio Ottoman. Le commercio maritime e terrestre remaneva importante, specialmente in Baku e in altere centros del Mar Caspian. Le petroleum de Baku esseva cognoscite e usate desde le antiquitate, ben que su exploitation industrial de grande scala deveniva importante solmente plus tarde. Le rivalitate inter Persia e Russia pro le controlo del Caucaso deveniva un del factores central del historia del region in le fin del seculo XVIII e le initio del seculo XIX. === Conquista russe e division del territorio === Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le [[Imperio Russo]] expandiva se verso le Caucaso. Le guerras russo-persian del 1804–1813 e 1826–1828 terminava con le derrota del [[Dynastia Qajar]] e le cession a Russia de vaste territorios al nord del Aras. Le [[Tractato de Gulistan]] de 1813 e le [[Tractato de Turkmenchay]] de 1828 establiva le nove frontiera inter Russia e Persia. Le territorios del actual Republica de Azerbaijan esseva incorporate in le Imperio Russo, durante que le region que continua a portar le nomine Azerbaijan al sud del Aras remaneva in Persia, hodie Iran. Iste division habeva consequentias durabile. Le population azerbaijani deveniva repartite inter imperios e, plus tarde, inter statos differente. Le migrationes, le commercio e le contactos cultural continuava tamen a transir le frontiera. Le administration russe reorganisava le khanatos e incorporava lor territorios in gubernias e altere unidades administrative. Le elites local perdeva parte de lor autonomia, durante que le economia del region se integra plus profundemente in le systema imperial russe. === Petroleum e industrialisation de Baku === Durante le seculo XIX, le industria petrolifere de [[Baku]] cresceva rapidemente. Le exploitation de petroleum atraheva capital, technicos e laboratores ab Russia, Europa e altere partes del Caucaso. Le construction de infrastructura, le ferrovias e le oleoductos connectava Baku a altere centros economic. In le fin del seculo XIX, Baku deveniva un del principal centros mondial de production petrolifere. Le industria contribuiva al expansion del population urban e al formation de un classe laborista. Le conditiones de labor, le desigualitates social e le conflictos inter interesses industrial e laborista favorava le developpamento de movimentos sindical e politic. Le diversitate ethnic e religiose del population urban includeva azerbaijanos, armenios, russos, persianos e altere gruppos. Le rivalitates politic e le tensiones intercommunautari deveniva un factor importante durante le revolutiones russe e le crise del imperio in le initio del seculo XX. == Etate contemporanee == === Revolution russe e Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan === Le [[Revolution Russe de 1917]] e le collapse del Imperio Russo aperiva un periodo de instabilitate in le Caucaso. Le structuras politic del region se disintegrava, e le elites local cercava de establir nove institutiones. Le Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan esseva proclamate le 28 de maio 1918. Illa es sovente considerate le prime republica democratic del mundo musulman. Su governamento esseva dirigite per le partito [[Musavat]] e altere gruppos politic, e le capital deveniva Baku post que le forzas Ottoman e lor alliatos prendeva le citate in septembre 1918. Le republica establiva un parlamento, un governamento e symbolos national. Illa adoptava le bandiera tricolor, promoveva le education e declarava le azerbaijani como lingua de stato. Le suffragio esseva extendite al feminas, un mesura importante in le contexto politic del epocha. Le republica缝affrontava tamen graves difficultates: conflictos territorial, rivalitates regional, intervention de poteres exterior e un situation economic fragile. Su independentia durava solmente circa 23 menses. === Incorporation al Union Sovietic === In april 1920, le [[Armata Rubie]] entrava in Azerbaijan e le governamento democratic esseva deposte. Le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Azerbaijan esseva establite le 28 de april 1920. Le nove governamento esseva integrate in le systema sovietic. In 1922, Azerbaijan esseva includite, con Armenia e Georgia, in le [[Republica Socialista Federative Sovietic Transcaucasic]], que deveniva un del republicas fundatores del [[Union Sovietic]]. In 1936, Azerbaijan deveniva directemente un republica unionale del URSS. Le periodo sovietic esseva marcate per collectivisation del agricultura, industrialisation, expansion del education e transformation del societate. Le petroleum remaneva un del principales ressources economic, e Baku deveniva un centro industrial e strategic. Le politica sovietic produceva etiam repression politic, collectivisation coercitive e deportationes. Durante le purgas del annos 1930, numerose intellectuales, officiales e figuras cultural esseva arrestate, exiliate o executate. Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], le petroleum de Baku habeva un importantia strategic pro le effortio militar sovietic. Le republica contribuiva con petroleum, industria e personal militar al guerra contra le Germania nazi. === Azerbaijan sovietic post 1945 === Post le guerra, le industrialisation continuava e le population urban cresceva. Le education, le scientia e le cultura esseva developpate in le quadro del institutiones sovietic, durante que le expression politic independente remaneva fortemente limitate. Le lingua azerbaijani manteneva un position importante in le vita cultural del republica, ma le russic habeva un rolo importante in le administration superior, le scientia e le communication interrepublican. Le politica sovietic concernente le frontieras interne, le autonomia del region de [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] e le relationes inter populationes deveniva un elemento importante del historia posterior. Nagorno-Karabakh esseva organisate como un oblast autonome intra le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Azerbaijan in 1923 e habeva un population majoritari armenian. === Dissolution del URSS e independentia === Durante le fin del annos 1980, le debilitamento del Union Sovietic e le disveloppamento de movimentos nationalistas provoca un crise politic in le Caucaso. Le questione de Nagorno-Karabakh deveniva un foco de protestas e de conflictos inter armenios e azerbaijanos. In januario 1990, le intervention del forzas sovietic in Baku, cognoscite como le Januario Nere, causava numerose mortes civil e fortificava le opposition al autoritate sovietic. Azerbaijan declarava su sovranitate statal in 1989 e proclamava su independentia le 30 de augusto 1991. Le independentia esseva ulteriormente confirmate per le declaration constitutional del 18 de octobre 1991. Post le dissolution del Union Sovietic, Azerbaijan deveniva un stato independente e esseva admittite al [[Nationes Unite]] in 1992. Le prime annos de independentia esseva marcate per crise economic, instabilitate politic e guerra con Armenia super Nagorno-Karabakh e territorios adjacente. === Prime guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh === Le [[Guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh]] del 1988–1994 emergeva del conflicto super le status del oblast autonome, le securitate del population armenian e azerbaijani e le dissolution del Union Sovietic. Durante le guerra, le forzas armenian e le forzas del autoproclamate entitate de Nagorno-Karabakh prendeva le controlo de Nagorno-Karabakh e de plure territorios circostante, que internationalmente esseva recognoscite como parte de Azerbaijan. Le guerra causava mortes e le displaciamento de centos de milles de personas, includente azerbaijanos fugiente del territorios occupate e armenios fugiente altere areas. Un cessate-le-foco esseva establite in 1994, ma le conflicto non esseva resolvite. Nagorno-Karabakh remaneva sub le controlo de un administration de facto armenian, non recognoscite internationalmente como stato independente. Le disputa deveniva un del principales factores del politica exterior e del securitate national de Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/repertoire/armenia-azerbaijan-conflict |titulo=Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict |sitioweb=United Nations Security Council |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Heydar Aliyev e le consolidation del stato === In 1993, [[Heydar Aliyev]], un ex dirigente del Partito Communista de Azerbaijan, retornava al poter durante un periodo de crise politic e militar. Ille deveniva presidente e dirigiva le consolidation del nove stato. Le governamento de Aliyev centralisava le poter executive e concludeva un cessate-le-foco con Armenia in 1994. Le accordos de production e exportation de petroleum con companias international contribuiva al disveloppamento del industria energetic e al integration de Azerbaijan in le mercatos global. Le Contracto del Seculo, signate in 1994, establiva cooperationes international pro le exploitation de campos petrolifere del Mar Caspian. Le construction del oleoductos e le expansion del exportation de petroleum deveniva elementos central del strategia economic del pais. In 1995 esseva adoptate un nove constitution. Le periodo esseva tamen etiam marcate per criticas international concernente le concentration del poter, le conditiones del opposition politic, le libertate del medios de communication e le regularitate de certe electiones. === Ilham Aliyev e le economia del petroleum === [[Ilham Aliyev]] succedeva a su patre in le presidentia in 2003. Su governamento continuava a basar un parte importante del economia super le exportation de petroleum e gas natural, con investitiones in infrastructura, construction e servicios. Le [[Oleoducto Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan]], inaugurate in 2006, permitteva transportar petroleum del Mar Caspian verso le Mediterraneo per Georgia e Turquia. Le [[Corridor de Gas del Sud]] deveniva un altere instrumento pro exportar gas natural verso Turquia e Europa. Le crescimento del entratas energetic contribuiva al modernisation de Baku e al expansion de infrastructura national. Le economia remaneva tamen dependente del fluctuationes del precio del petroleum e del gas, e le distribution del benes e le governance deveniva temas de debatte public e international. Le systema politic remaneva fortemente centralisate sub le presidentia de Ilham Aliyev. Organismos international e grupos de derectos human ha exprimite criticas concernente le libertate de expression, le conditiones del opposition e le tractamento de activistas, durante que le governamento insiste super le stabilitate e le disveloppamento del pais. === Secunde guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) === In septembre 2020, le hostilitate inter Azerbaijan e Armenia escalava in un guerra de grande scala in e circum Nagorno-Karabakh. Le conflicto involveva armamentos moderne, drones, artilleria e operationes terrestre. Post plure septimanas de combates, un accordo de cessate-le-foco mediate per Russia esseva signate le 9 de novembre 2020 e entrava in vigor le die sequente. Azerbaijan recuperava le controlo de plure territorios, e le accordo establiva le deployment de forzas de pace russe in partes del region. Le guerra transformava le situation militar e territorial, ma non resolveva tote le questiones relative al status del population armenian, al communicationes regional e al relationes inter le duo paises. === Offensiva de 2023 e exodo del population armenian === Le 19 de septembre 2023, Azerbaijan initiava un operation militar in Nagorno-Karabakh. Le forzas del administration de facto armenian capitulava post circa un die de combates. Post le operation, le autoritates del entitate de facto annunciava su dissolution, effectivemente terminante le institutiones separatista. Le major parte del population armenian del region fugiava verso Armenia. Le Nationes Unite reportava que un mission visitava le region le 1 de octobre 2023, in un contexto de urgente necessitates humanitari e de displaciamento massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh |titulo=UN team completes mission to Karabakh |sitioweb=United Nations in Azerbaijan |fecha=2 de octobre 2023 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Azerbaijan restabliva le controlo de facto super le region, que internationalmente esseva recognoscite como parte de su territorio. Le exodo de plus de cent milles armenios provocava preoccupationes international concernente le protection del derectos human, le possibilitate de retorno, le preservation del patrimonio cultural e le securitate del population remanente. Le governamento de Azerbaijan declarava que le armenios qui remaneva in Nagorno-Karabakh putea conservar lor derectos secundo le legislation del pais e reciper protection como citatanos. Numerose habitantes armenian, tamen, abandonava le region durante le exodo de septembre 2023. Le circumstantias del displaciamento e le conditiones pro un eventual retorno deveniva temas de preoccupation international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh |titulo=UN team completes mission to Karabakh |sitioweb=Nationes Unite in Azerbaijan |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Normalisation con Armenia === Post le operation militar de 2023, le relationes inter Azerbaijan e Armenia entrava in un nove phase de negotiationes super le frontieras, le transporto regional e le establimento de relationes diplomatic. Le question del derectos del personas displaciate, le delimitacion del frontiera e le communicationes inter le territorios remaneva elementos importante del processo. In martio 2025, le duo governamentos annunciava que le negotiationes super le texto de un accordo de pace e de relationes interstatal habeva essite completate. Le texto esseva publicate in augusto 2025 post esser initialate per le ministros de affaires externe. Le accordo concerne le recognoscimento del sovranitate, le integritate territorial e le principios de non-uso del fortia in le relationes inter le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2025/08/11/Initialed%20Arm-Az%20Peace%20Agreement%20text/13394 |titulo=Publication of the initialed Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan |sitioweb=Ministerio de Affaires Externe de Armenia |fecha=11 de augusto 2025 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 8 de augusto 2025, le leaders de Armenia e Azerbaijan signava etiam un declaration politic in Washington, con le participation del presidente del Statos Unite. Le Union Europee salutava le accordos como un passo importante verso le fin del conflicto, ma le formalisation e le implementation integral del accordo de pace requireva ulterior progressos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan: relationes con le Union Europee e processo de normalisation |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In augusto 2026, le presidente de Azerbaijan e le prime ministro de Armenia se incontrava in le margine del summit del Organisation de Cooperation de Shanghai. Secundo le communication official del presidente azere, le discussion includeva le implementation del accordos de Washington, le cooperation commercial e le transit de mercantias inter le duo paises. Le processo de pace remaneva dependente del execution del accordos e del resolution de questiones juridic e politic ancora pendente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/73399 |titulo=Press Statement on the Meeting between President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev and Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan |sitioweb=Presidentia del Republica de Azerbaijan |fecha=31 de augusto 2026 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Economia e ressources natural == Le petroleum e le gas natural ha habite un rolo central in le economia de Azerbaijan desde le industrialisation del seculo XIX. Le campos petrolifere circum Baku attirava capital estranier e laboratores e contribuiva al transformation del region in un centro industrial importante durante le periodo del Imperio Russo. Post le independentia, le exploitation del ressources energetic deveniva un elemento central del politica economic del stato. Le accordos con companias international, le construction de oleoductos e gasoductos e le exportation verso le mercatos europee contribuiva al augmento del investitiones e del entratas public. Le Oleoducto Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan e le Corridor de Gas del Sud es infrastructuras importante pro le exportation de petroleum e gas desde le Mar Caspian. Le Union Europee considera Azerbaijan un socio energetic e ha developpate cooperationes in materia de gas, energia renovabile e interconnexion regional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan: cooperation economic e energetic |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Nonobstante, le dependentia del ressources fossil rende le economia sensibile al variationes del precios international e al evolution del demanda energetic. Le diversification economic, le disveloppamento del agricultura, del industria non petrolifere e del servicios remane questiones importante pro le evolution economic del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://stat.gov.az/news/index.php?id=6329&lang=en |titulo=Azerbaijan — Facts and Figures |sitioweb=Comitate Statistica del Stato de Azerbaijan |fecha=21 de junio 2025 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Societate, lingua e cultura == Le societate azere es multilingue e ha un patrimonio cultural formate per traditiones caucasic, iranian, turcic e islamic. Le lingua azerbaijani, un lingua turcic, es le lingua official del republica. Le russo continua a esser usate in certe contextos social e professional, durante que le linguas de minoritates es parlate in plure regiones. Le major parte del population es musulman, principalement shiite, ma le societate include etiam communitates sunnite, christian e judee. Le historia religiose del pais es marcate per le interaction inter traditiones local, influentias persian e le evolution del institutiones religiose durante le periodos safavide e russo. Le cultura azere comprende le poesia, le musica traditional mugham, le tappetes, le architectura historic e le traditiones oral. Le poeta [[Nizami Ganjavi]], active in le seculo XII, es un figura importante del patrimonio litterari del region. Le [[Icherisheher]] de Baku, le complex del [[Palatio del Shirvanshahs]] e le [[Torre de le Virgine]] es inter le monumentos que documenta le historia urban del pais. Le cultura contemporanee es etiam marcate per le relationes con le diaspora azere, le migrationes e le participation in eventos cultural international. == Relationes international == Le position geographic de Azerbaijan, inter Russia, Iran, Turquia e le Mar Caspian, ha facite del pais un puncto de interesse strategic. Su politica exterior combina relationes con le paises vicin, cooperation con le Union Europee e le participation in organisationes regional e international. Azerbaijan es membro del Nationes Unite, del Organisation pro Securitate e Cooperation in Europa e del [[Movimento de Non-Allineamento]]. Illo mantene relationes economic e energetic con le Union Europee e cooperationes politic e militar con Turquia. Le relationes con Russia e Iran es influentiate per le geographia, le commercio, le securitate regional e le evolution del situation in le Caucaso. Le relationes con Armenia ha essite marcate per le conflictos de Nagorno-Karabakh, le displaciamento de populationes e le disputas super le frontiera. Le negotiationes e declarationes de pace de 2025–2026 representa un nove phase del relationes bilateral, ma le implementation del accordos e le establimento de un pace durabile depende del execution de lor conditiones e del cooperation inter le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan e le processo de normalisation con Armenia |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation contemporanee e conclusion == Le historia de Azerbaijan es le resultato de plure transformationes politic e cultural: ab le regnos antique del Caucaso e le imperios persian, per le dominio russe e le breve Republica Democratic de 1918–1920, usque al periodo sovietic e le independentia recuperate in 1991. Le independentia ha permitte al pais de developpar su proprie institutiones statal e de usar su ressources energetic pro promover le disveloppamento economic. Al mesme tempore, le concentration del poter politic, le relationes inter le Stato e le societate civil, le dependentia del petroleum e le consequentias human del conflictos territorial remane questiones importante in le historia contemporanee. Le recuperation del controlo azere super Nagorno-Karabakh in 2023 ha cambiate profundemente le situation territorial del Caucaso del Sud e ha provocate le exodo de quasi tote le population armenian del region. Le accordos e negotiationes de 2025–2026 ha create opportunitates pro le normalisation con Armenia, ma le pace durabile depende del execution del accordos, del resolution del questiones pendente e del protection del derectos del populationes affectate. Le historia del pais continua dunque a esser marcate per le interaction inter identitate national, geopolitica del Caucaso, ressources energetic e le relationes con le poteres regional e international. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Asia}} [[Categoria:Historia de Azerbaijan| ]] ea1gnahzadn7wg4gnpx9jc52o3ke489 704834 704833 2026-10-18T10:08:54Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Prehistoria */ 704834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Azerbaijan''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Azerbaijan]], situate in le [[Caucaso del Sud]], inter le Mar Caspian e le frontieras con Russia, Georgia, Armenia e Iran. Le region ha essite un zona de contacto inter imperios e traditiones cultural del Caucaso, Persia, le mundo turco e le Asia Central. Le historia del territorio comprende le civilisationes prehistoricas, le regnos antique del Caucaso, le domination de imperios persian e roman, le diffusion del [[Islam]], le incorporation in imperios turco-mongol e persian, le conquista per le [[Imperio Russo]], le formation del nationalismo azere e le creation del [[Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan]] in 1918. Post un breve periodo de independentia, Azerbaijan deveniva un republica sovietic in 1920 e recuperava su independentia in 1991. Desde le fin del seculo XX, le historia del pais ha essite fortemente influentiate per le dissolution del Union Sovietic, le conflictos con Armenia concernente [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], le exploitation del petroleum e del gas natural e le disveloppamento del relationes international del stato independente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Azerbaijan |titulo=Azerbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index/ |titulo=Azarbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Azerbaijan es habitate desde le prehistoria. Le vestigios archaeologic trovate in cavernas e altere sitios del Caucaso indica que homines viveva in le region desde centos de milles de annos ante nostre era. Le sitios de [[Gobustan]], al sud de Baku, es cognoscite pro lor gravuras rupestre, que representa animales, escenas de cassa, figuras human e actividades quotidian. Iste gravuras documenta diverse periodos prehistoric e historic e constitue un fonte importante pro le studio del vita e del expressiones cultural del communitates ancian. Altere sitios, includente Azykh, Taghlar e Damjili, ha producite utensiles de petra e altere vestigios del occupation human. Le agricultura, le allevamento de animales, le ceramica e le metallurgia se disveloppava progressivemente durante le Neolithico e le etates del Rame e del Bronzo. Le position del region, inter le Caucaso, le Mar Caspian e le plateau iranian, favorava le contactos inter communitates de differente ambientes geographic. Le commercio e le migrationes contribuiva al formation de societates con traditiones cultural diverse. <center> <gallery> File:Petroglyphs in Gobustan 01.jpg|Arte rupestre de Gobustan File:Göytəpə(əsas).JPG|[[Complexo archeologic de Goytepe|Sito de Goytepe]] File:Painted vessel from Kultepe I.JPG|Ceramica de Kul-Tepe I File:Game of Hounds and Jackals MET DP264105.jpg|Joco de "Canes e chacales" </gallery> </center> == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio del actual Azerbaijan esseva dividite inter plure regiones historic e politicas. Le zonas al sud del fluvio Aras habeva relationes forte con le imperios del plateau iranian, durante que le territorios al nord del fluvio esseva associate con le region de [[Arran]] e le regno de [[Albania Caucasic]]. === Imperio Medo e Imperio Achaemenide === Durante le prime millennio ante nostre era, partes del territorio esseva influentiate per le [[Medos]] e postea incorporate in le [[Imperio Achaemenide]], fundate per [[Ciro le Grande]] in le seculo VI a.C. Le domination achaemenide integra le region in un vaste systema imperial que connectava le Iran, le Mesopotamia, le Asia Central e partes del Caucaso. Le administration, le commercio e le traditiones religiose del mundo iranian exerceva un influentia importante, includente le diffusion de traditiones associate al [[Zoroastrismo]]. Le termino Azerbaijan deriva del nomine del ancian region iranian de [[Atropatene]], situate principalmente al sud del fluvio Aras. Le historia del region iranian de Azerbaijan debe esser distinguite del historia del actual Republica de Azerbaijan, que se trova principalmente al nord del fluvio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index/ |titulo=Azarbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Albania Caucasic === Al nord del Aras se developpava le [[Albania Caucasic]], un regno antique cuje territorio includeva partes del actual Azerbaijan. Le population comprendeva diverse gruppos e linguas, inter illos le antecessores del hodierne udinos. Le regno manteneva relationes e conflictos con poteres vicin, includente Armenia, Persia e Roma. Durante certe periodos, partes del territorio esseva sub influentia o control del [[Imperio Parthe]] e del [[Imperio Romano]]. Le christianismo se diffundeva in Albania Caucasic durante le prime seculos de nostre era. Le tradition christian del region deveniva ulteriormente un elemento importante del historia religiose del Caucaso, ben que le communitates local manteneva linguas e traditiones distincte. === Sasanians e Byzantinos === Durante le seculos III–VII, le [[Imperio Sasanian]] exerceva un influentia importante super le region. Le Caucaso deveniva un zona strategic pro le defense del frontieras del imperio e pro le controlo del rotas commercial inter Persia, le Mar Caspian e le regiones del Mar Nere. Le conflictos inter Sasanians e Byzantinos affectava le Caucaso e alterava le control politic de partes del territorio. Le fortificationes, le centros urban e le relationes religiose del region evolveva in iste quadro de rivalitate imperial. == Conqueste islamic e Medievo == Durante le seculo VII, le exercitos del [[Califato Rashidun]] e postea del [[Califato Omeia]] penetrava in le Caucaso e in le territorios del hodierne Azerbaijan. Le conquista esseva un processo gradualmente developpate, marcate per conflictos, accordos con elites local e le integration administrative del region in le mundo islamic. Le [[Islam]] deveniva progressivemente le religion dominante in multe partes del territorio. Le conversiones esseva gradual e le communitates christian e altere traditiones religiose continuava a existir in diverse zonas. Le region deveniva un puncto de contacto inter le cultura persian, le mundo arab e le populos turcophone que migrava verso le Caucaso. === Dynastias local e influentia persian === Post le debilitamento del califatos, plure dynastias governava partes del region. Inter illos se trovava le [[Shirvanshahs]], le [[Sajids]], le [[Salarids]], le [[Shaddadids]] e le [[Rawadids]]. Le territorios e le limites de lor dominios variava durante le seculos. Le Shirvanshahs, con centros politic in [[Shamakhi]] e ulteriormente in [[Baku]], mainteneva un tradition de governamento regional durante longe periodos. Le commercio, le poesia, le architectura e le cultura de corte se disveloppava in le ciudades del Mar Caspian. Le lingua persian habeva un rolo importante in le administration, le litteratura e le cultura urban, durante que le linguas turcicas cresceva in importantia con le migrationes e le transformationes del population. === Seljuks e migrationes turcicas === Durante le seculo XI, le expansion del [[Imperio Seljuk]] introduceva nove transformationes politic e demographic in le Caucaso. Le migrationes de populos turcophone contribuiva al evolution del linguas e del identitates del region. Le interaction inter populationes local, elites persianophone e gruppos turcophone produceva un societate plurilingue e culturalmente complexe. Durante le seculos sequente, le lingua que deveniva le actual [[lingua azerbaijani]] se developpava in le quadro plus ample del linguas turcicas occidental. === Mongols e Ilkhanatos === In le seculo XIII, le invasiones del [[Imperio Mongol]] devastava plure centros urban e agricola del Caucaso. Le territorio esseva incorporate in le structuras imperial mongol e, postea, in le [[Ilkhanato]], un stato governate per descendentes de [[Hulagu Khan]]. Le domination mongol alterava le organisation politic e le rotas commercial, ma etiam connectava le region a redes plus vaste que se extendiva desde le Asia Central usque al Medio Oriente. Post le disintegration del Ilkhanato, le territorio esseva disputate per dynastias regional e per le successive poteres del [[Timurides]] e de altere governantes del Caucaso. == Etate moderne == === Periodo safavide e integration in Persia === Le [[Safavides]], un dynastia de origine iranian que establiva un grande imperio in 1501, habeva un influentia decisive super le historia del region. Le prime governantes safavide proveniva de un ambiente cultural e linguistic associate al Caucaso e al Azerbaijan iranian. Le Safavides establiva le [[Islam shiite]] como religion official del imperio. Le diffusion del shiismo transformava le institutiones religiose e le identitates de multe communitates, includente partes del population del actual Azerbaijan. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le region esseva un zona de conflictos inter le Safavides e le [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le guerras e le tractatos modificava le control de citates, fortificationes e territorios. Le domination safavide integra le region in un systema politic e cultural persian. Le lingua persian manteneva un rolo importante in le administration e le litteratura, durante que le lingua azerbaijani se disveloppava como un lingua turcic importante del region. === Khanatos del seculo XVIII === Post le morte de [[Nader Shah]] in 1747 e le disintegration de su imperio, plure [[khanatos del Caucaso]] emergeva in le territorio del actual Azerbaijan. Inter illos se trovava le Khanato de Baku, le Khanato de Ganja, le Khanato de Karabakh, le Khanato de Quba, le Khanato de Shirvan e le Khanato de Nakhchivan. Le khanatos variava in dimension, autonomia e relationes exterior. Alcun governantes manteneva relationes con Persia, durante que alteres cercava supporto ab Russia o ab le Imperio Ottoman. Le commercio maritime e terrestre remaneva importante, specialmente in Baku e in altere centros del Mar Caspian. Le petroleum de Baku esseva cognoscite e usate desde le antiquitate, ben que su exploitation industrial de grande scala deveniva importante solmente plus tarde. Le rivalitate inter Persia e Russia pro le controlo del Caucaso deveniva un del factores central del historia del region in le fin del seculo XVIII e le initio del seculo XIX. === Conquista russe e division del territorio === Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le [[Imperio Russo]] expandiva se verso le Caucaso. Le guerras russo-persian del 1804–1813 e 1826–1828 terminava con le derrota del [[Dynastia Qajar]] e le cession a Russia de vaste territorios al nord del Aras. Le [[Tractato de Gulistan]] de 1813 e le [[Tractato de Turkmenchay]] de 1828 establiva le nove frontiera inter Russia e Persia. Le territorios del actual Republica de Azerbaijan esseva incorporate in le Imperio Russo, durante que le region que continua a portar le nomine Azerbaijan al sud del Aras remaneva in Persia, hodie Iran. Iste division habeva consequentias durabile. Le population azerbaijani deveniva repartite inter imperios e, plus tarde, inter statos differente. Le migrationes, le commercio e le contactos cultural continuava tamen a transir le frontiera. Le administration russe reorganisava le khanatos e incorporava lor territorios in gubernias e altere unidades administrative. Le elites local perdeva parte de lor autonomia, durante que le economia del region se integra plus profundemente in le systema imperial russe. === Petroleum e industrialisation de Baku === Durante le seculo XIX, le industria petrolifere de [[Baku]] cresceva rapidemente. Le exploitation de petroleum atraheva capital, technicos e laboratores ab Russia, Europa e altere partes del Caucaso. Le construction de infrastructura, le ferrovias e le oleoductos connectava Baku a altere centros economic. In le fin del seculo XIX, Baku deveniva un del principal centros mondial de production petrolifere. Le industria contribuiva al expansion del population urban e al formation de un classe laborista. Le conditiones de labor, le desigualitates social e le conflictos inter interesses industrial e laborista favorava le developpamento de movimentos sindical e politic. Le diversitate ethnic e religiose del population urban includeva azerbaijanos, armenios, russos, persianos e altere gruppos. Le rivalitates politic e le tensiones intercommunautari deveniva un factor importante durante le revolutiones russe e le crise del imperio in le initio del seculo XX. == Etate contemporanee == === Revolution russe e Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan === Le [[Revolution Russe de 1917]] e le collapse del Imperio Russo aperiva un periodo de instabilitate in le Caucaso. Le structuras politic del region se disintegrava, e le elites local cercava de establir nove institutiones. Le Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan esseva proclamate le 28 de maio 1918. Illa es sovente considerate le prime republica democratic del mundo musulman. Su governamento esseva dirigite per le partito [[Musavat]] e altere gruppos politic, e le capital deveniva Baku post que le forzas Ottoman e lor alliatos prendeva le citate in septembre 1918. Le republica establiva un parlamento, un governamento e symbolos national. Illa adoptava le bandiera tricolor, promoveva le education e declarava le azerbaijani como lingua de stato. Le suffragio esseva extendite al feminas, un mesura importante in le contexto politic del epocha. Le republica缝affrontava tamen graves difficultates: conflictos territorial, rivalitates regional, intervention de poteres exterior e un situation economic fragile. Su independentia durava solmente circa 23 menses. === Incorporation al Union Sovietic === In april 1920, le [[Armata Rubie]] entrava in Azerbaijan e le governamento democratic esseva deposte. Le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Azerbaijan esseva establite le 28 de april 1920. Le nove governamento esseva integrate in le systema sovietic. In 1922, Azerbaijan esseva includite, con Armenia e Georgia, in le [[Republica Socialista Federative Sovietic Transcaucasic]], que deveniva un del republicas fundatores del [[Union Sovietic]]. In 1936, Azerbaijan deveniva directemente un republica unionale del URSS. Le periodo sovietic esseva marcate per collectivisation del agricultura, industrialisation, expansion del education e transformation del societate. Le petroleum remaneva un del principales ressources economic, e Baku deveniva un centro industrial e strategic. Le politica sovietic produceva etiam repression politic, collectivisation coercitive e deportationes. Durante le purgas del annos 1930, numerose intellectuales, officiales e figuras cultural esseva arrestate, exiliate o executate. Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], le petroleum de Baku habeva un importantia strategic pro le effortio militar sovietic. Le republica contribuiva con petroleum, industria e personal militar al guerra contra le Germania nazi. === Azerbaijan sovietic post 1945 === Post le guerra, le industrialisation continuava e le population urban cresceva. Le education, le scientia e le cultura esseva developpate in le quadro del institutiones sovietic, durante que le expression politic independente remaneva fortemente limitate. Le lingua azerbaijani manteneva un position importante in le vita cultural del republica, ma le russic habeva un rolo importante in le administration superior, le scientia e le communication interrepublican. Le politica sovietic concernente le frontieras interne, le autonomia del region de [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] e le relationes inter populationes deveniva un elemento importante del historia posterior. Nagorno-Karabakh esseva organisate como un oblast autonome intra le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Azerbaijan in 1923 e habeva un population majoritari armenian. === Dissolution del URSS e independentia === Durante le fin del annos 1980, le debilitamento del Union Sovietic e le disveloppamento de movimentos nationalistas provoca un crise politic in le Caucaso. Le questione de Nagorno-Karabakh deveniva un foco de protestas e de conflictos inter armenios e azerbaijanos. In januario 1990, le intervention del forzas sovietic in Baku, cognoscite como le Januario Nere, causava numerose mortes civil e fortificava le opposition al autoritate sovietic. Azerbaijan declarava su sovranitate statal in 1989 e proclamava su independentia le 30 de augusto 1991. Le independentia esseva ulteriormente confirmate per le declaration constitutional del 18 de octobre 1991. Post le dissolution del Union Sovietic, Azerbaijan deveniva un stato independente e esseva admittite al [[Nationes Unite]] in 1992. Le prime annos de independentia esseva marcate per crise economic, instabilitate politic e guerra con Armenia super Nagorno-Karabakh e territorios adjacente. === Prime guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh === Le [[Guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh]] del 1988–1994 emergeva del conflicto super le status del oblast autonome, le securitate del population armenian e azerbaijani e le dissolution del Union Sovietic. Durante le guerra, le forzas armenian e le forzas del autoproclamate entitate de Nagorno-Karabakh prendeva le controlo de Nagorno-Karabakh e de plure territorios circostante, que internationalmente esseva recognoscite como parte de Azerbaijan. Le guerra causava mortes e le displaciamento de centos de milles de personas, includente azerbaijanos fugiente del territorios occupate e armenios fugiente altere areas. Un cessate-le-foco esseva establite in 1994, ma le conflicto non esseva resolvite. Nagorno-Karabakh remaneva sub le controlo de un administration de facto armenian, non recognoscite internationalmente como stato independente. Le disputa deveniva un del principales factores del politica exterior e del securitate national de Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/repertoire/armenia-azerbaijan-conflict |titulo=Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict |sitioweb=United Nations Security Council |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Heydar Aliyev e le consolidation del stato === In 1993, [[Heydar Aliyev]], un ex dirigente del Partito Communista de Azerbaijan, retornava al poter durante un periodo de crise politic e militar. Ille deveniva presidente e dirigiva le consolidation del nove stato. Le governamento de Aliyev centralisava le poter executive e concludeva un cessate-le-foco con Armenia in 1994. Le accordos de production e exportation de petroleum con companias international contribuiva al disveloppamento del industria energetic e al integration de Azerbaijan in le mercatos global. Le Contracto del Seculo, signate in 1994, establiva cooperationes international pro le exploitation de campos petrolifere del Mar Caspian. Le construction del oleoductos e le expansion del exportation de petroleum deveniva elementos central del strategia economic del pais. In 1995 esseva adoptate un nove constitution. Le periodo esseva tamen etiam marcate per criticas international concernente le concentration del poter, le conditiones del opposition politic, le libertate del medios de communication e le regularitate de certe electiones. === Ilham Aliyev e le economia del petroleum === [[Ilham Aliyev]] succedeva a su patre in le presidentia in 2003. Su governamento continuava a basar un parte importante del economia super le exportation de petroleum e gas natural, con investitiones in infrastructura, construction e servicios. Le [[Oleoducto Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan]], inaugurate in 2006, permitteva transportar petroleum del Mar Caspian verso le Mediterraneo per Georgia e Turquia. Le [[Corridor de Gas del Sud]] deveniva un altere instrumento pro exportar gas natural verso Turquia e Europa. Le crescimento del entratas energetic contribuiva al modernisation de Baku e al expansion de infrastructura national. Le economia remaneva tamen dependente del fluctuationes del precio del petroleum e del gas, e le distribution del benes e le governance deveniva temas de debatte public e international. Le systema politic remaneva fortemente centralisate sub le presidentia de Ilham Aliyev. Organismos international e grupos de derectos human ha exprimite criticas concernente le libertate de expression, le conditiones del opposition e le tractamento de activistas, durante que le governamento insiste super le stabilitate e le disveloppamento del pais. === Secunde guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) === In septembre 2020, le hostilitate inter Azerbaijan e Armenia escalava in un guerra de grande scala in e circum Nagorno-Karabakh. Le conflicto involveva armamentos moderne, drones, artilleria e operationes terrestre. Post plure septimanas de combates, un accordo de cessate-le-foco mediate per Russia esseva signate le 9 de novembre 2020 e entrava in vigor le die sequente. Azerbaijan recuperava le controlo de plure territorios, e le accordo establiva le deployment de forzas de pace russe in partes del region. Le guerra transformava le situation militar e territorial, ma non resolveva tote le questiones relative al status del population armenian, al communicationes regional e al relationes inter le duo paises. === Offensiva de 2023 e exodo del population armenian === Le 19 de septembre 2023, Azerbaijan initiava un operation militar in Nagorno-Karabakh. Le forzas del administration de facto armenian capitulava post circa un die de combates. Post le operation, le autoritates del entitate de facto annunciava su dissolution, effectivemente terminante le institutiones separatista. Le major parte del population armenian del region fugiava verso Armenia. Le Nationes Unite reportava que un mission visitava le region le 1 de octobre 2023, in un contexto de urgente necessitates humanitari e de displaciamento massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh |titulo=UN team completes mission to Karabakh |sitioweb=United Nations in Azerbaijan |fecha=2 de octobre 2023 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Azerbaijan restabliva le controlo de facto super le region, que internationalmente esseva recognoscite como parte de su territorio. Le exodo de plus de cent milles armenios provocava preoccupationes international concernente le protection del derectos human, le possibilitate de retorno, le preservation del patrimonio cultural e le securitate del population remanente. Le governamento de Azerbaijan declarava que le armenios qui remaneva in Nagorno-Karabakh putea conservar lor derectos secundo le legislation del pais e reciper protection como citatanos. Numerose habitantes armenian, tamen, abandonava le region durante le exodo de septembre 2023. Le circumstantias del displaciamento e le conditiones pro un eventual retorno deveniva temas de preoccupation international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh |titulo=UN team completes mission to Karabakh |sitioweb=Nationes Unite in Azerbaijan |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Normalisation con Armenia === Post le operation militar de 2023, le relationes inter Azerbaijan e Armenia entrava in un nove phase de negotiationes super le frontieras, le transporto regional e le establimento de relationes diplomatic. Le question del derectos del personas displaciate, le delimitacion del frontiera e le communicationes inter le territorios remaneva elementos importante del processo. In martio 2025, le duo governamentos annunciava que le negotiationes super le texto de un accordo de pace e de relationes interstatal habeva essite completate. Le texto esseva publicate in augusto 2025 post esser initialate per le ministros de affaires externe. Le accordo concerne le recognoscimento del sovranitate, le integritate territorial e le principios de non-uso del fortia in le relationes inter le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2025/08/11/Initialed%20Arm-Az%20Peace%20Agreement%20text/13394 |titulo=Publication of the initialed Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan |sitioweb=Ministerio de Affaires Externe de Armenia |fecha=11 de augusto 2025 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 8 de augusto 2025, le leaders de Armenia e Azerbaijan signava etiam un declaration politic in Washington, con le participation del presidente del Statos Unite. Le Union Europee salutava le accordos como un passo importante verso le fin del conflicto, ma le formalisation e le implementation integral del accordo de pace requireva ulterior progressos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan: relationes con le Union Europee e processo de normalisation |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In augusto 2026, le presidente de Azerbaijan e le prime ministro de Armenia se incontrava in le margine del summit del Organisation de Cooperation de Shanghai. Secundo le communication official del presidente azere, le discussion includeva le implementation del accordos de Washington, le cooperation commercial e le transit de mercantias inter le duo paises. Le processo de pace remaneva dependente del execution del accordos e del resolution de questiones juridic e politic ancora pendente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/73399 |titulo=Press Statement on the Meeting between President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev and Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan |sitioweb=Presidentia del Republica de Azerbaijan |fecha=31 de augusto 2026 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Economia e ressources natural == Le petroleum e le gas natural ha habite un rolo central in le economia de Azerbaijan desde le industrialisation del seculo XIX. Le campos petrolifere circum Baku attirava capital estranier e laboratores e contribuiva al transformation del region in un centro industrial importante durante le periodo del Imperio Russo. Post le independentia, le exploitation del ressources energetic deveniva un elemento central del politica economic del stato. Le accordos con companias international, le construction de oleoductos e gasoductos e le exportation verso le mercatos europee contribuiva al augmento del investitiones e del entratas public. Le Oleoducto Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan e le Corridor de Gas del Sud es infrastructuras importante pro le exportation de petroleum e gas desde le Mar Caspian. Le Union Europee considera Azerbaijan un socio energetic e ha developpate cooperationes in materia de gas, energia renovabile e interconnexion regional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan: cooperation economic e energetic |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Nonobstante, le dependentia del ressources fossil rende le economia sensibile al variationes del precios international e al evolution del demanda energetic. Le diversification economic, le disveloppamento del agricultura, del industria non petrolifere e del servicios remane questiones importante pro le evolution economic del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://stat.gov.az/news/index.php?id=6329&lang=en |titulo=Azerbaijan — Facts and Figures |sitioweb=Comitate Statistica del Stato de Azerbaijan |fecha=21 de junio 2025 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Societate, lingua e cultura == Le societate azere es multilingue e ha un patrimonio cultural formate per traditiones caucasic, iranian, turcic e islamic. Le lingua azerbaijani, un lingua turcic, es le lingua official del republica. Le russo continua a esser usate in certe contextos social e professional, durante que le linguas de minoritates es parlate in plure regiones. Le major parte del population es musulman, principalement shiite, ma le societate include etiam communitates sunnite, christian e judee. Le historia religiose del pais es marcate per le interaction inter traditiones local, influentias persian e le evolution del institutiones religiose durante le periodos safavide e russo. Le cultura azere comprende le poesia, le musica traditional mugham, le tappetes, le architectura historic e le traditiones oral. Le poeta [[Nizami Ganjavi]], active in le seculo XII, es un figura importante del patrimonio litterari del region. Le [[Icherisheher]] de Baku, le complex del [[Palatio del Shirvanshahs]] e le [[Torre de le Virgine]] es inter le monumentos que documenta le historia urban del pais. Le cultura contemporanee es etiam marcate per le relationes con le diaspora azere, le migrationes e le participation in eventos cultural international. == Relationes international == Le position geographic de Azerbaijan, inter Russia, Iran, Turquia e le Mar Caspian, ha facite del pais un puncto de interesse strategic. Su politica exterior combina relationes con le paises vicin, cooperation con le Union Europee e le participation in organisationes regional e international. Azerbaijan es membro del Nationes Unite, del Organisation pro Securitate e Cooperation in Europa e del [[Movimento de Non-Allineamento]]. Illo mantene relationes economic e energetic con le Union Europee e cooperationes politic e militar con Turquia. Le relationes con Russia e Iran es influentiate per le geographia, le commercio, le securitate regional e le evolution del situation in le Caucaso. Le relationes con Armenia ha essite marcate per le conflictos de Nagorno-Karabakh, le displaciamento de populationes e le disputas super le frontiera. Le negotiationes e declarationes de pace de 2025–2026 representa un nove phase del relationes bilateral, ma le implementation del accordos e le establimento de un pace durabile depende del execution de lor conditiones e del cooperation inter le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan e le processo de normalisation con Armenia |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation contemporanee e conclusion == Le historia de Azerbaijan es le resultato de plure transformationes politic e cultural: ab le regnos antique del Caucaso e le imperios persian, per le dominio russe e le breve Republica Democratic de 1918–1920, usque al periodo sovietic e le independentia recuperate in 1991. Le independentia ha permitte al pais de developpar su proprie institutiones statal e de usar su ressources energetic pro promover le disveloppamento economic. Al mesme tempore, le concentration del poter politic, le relationes inter le Stato e le societate civil, le dependentia del petroleum e le consequentias human del conflictos territorial remane questiones importante in le historia contemporanee. Le recuperation del controlo azere super Nagorno-Karabakh in 2023 ha cambiate profundemente le situation territorial del Caucaso del Sud e ha provocate le exodo de quasi tote le population armenian del region. Le accordos e negotiationes de 2025–2026 ha create opportunitates pro le normalisation con Armenia, ma le pace durabile depende del execution del accordos, del resolution del questiones pendente e del protection del derectos del populationes affectate. Le historia del pais continua dunque a esser marcate per le interaction inter identitate national, geopolitica del Caucaso, ressources energetic e le relationes con le poteres regional e international. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Asia}} [[Categoria:Historia de Azerbaijan| ]] 9gdf4zf5q2ipqkozz4pojoo5vszwy65 704835 704834 2026-10-18T10:09:12Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Imperio Medo e Imperio Achaemenide */ 704835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Azerbaijan''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Azerbaijan]], situate in le [[Caucaso del Sud]], inter le Mar Caspian e le frontieras con Russia, Georgia, Armenia e Iran. Le region ha essite un zona de contacto inter imperios e traditiones cultural del Caucaso, Persia, le mundo turco e le Asia Central. Le historia del territorio comprende le civilisationes prehistoricas, le regnos antique del Caucaso, le domination de imperios persian e roman, le diffusion del [[Islam]], le incorporation in imperios turco-mongol e persian, le conquista per le [[Imperio Russo]], le formation del nationalismo azere e le creation del [[Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan]] in 1918. Post un breve periodo de independentia, Azerbaijan deveniva un republica sovietic in 1920 e recuperava su independentia in 1991. Desde le fin del seculo XX, le historia del pais ha essite fortemente influentiate per le dissolution del Union Sovietic, le conflictos con Armenia concernente [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], le exploitation del petroleum e del gas natural e le disveloppamento del relationes international del stato independente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Azerbaijan |titulo=Azerbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index/ |titulo=Azarbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Azerbaijan es habitate desde le prehistoria. Le vestigios archaeologic trovate in cavernas e altere sitios del Caucaso indica que homines viveva in le region desde centos de milles de annos ante nostre era. Le sitios de [[Gobustan]], al sud de Baku, es cognoscite pro lor gravuras rupestre, que representa animales, escenas de cassa, figuras human e actividades quotidian. Iste gravuras documenta diverse periodos prehistoric e historic e constitue un fonte importante pro le studio del vita e del expressiones cultural del communitates ancian. Altere sitios, includente Azykh, Taghlar e Damjili, ha producite utensiles de petra e altere vestigios del occupation human. Le agricultura, le allevamento de animales, le ceramica e le metallurgia se disveloppava progressivemente durante le Neolithico e le etates del Rame e del Bronzo. Le position del region, inter le Caucaso, le Mar Caspian e le plateau iranian, favorava le contactos inter communitates de differente ambientes geographic. Le commercio e le migrationes contribuiva al formation de societates con traditiones cultural diverse. <center> <gallery> File:Petroglyphs in Gobustan 01.jpg|Arte rupestre de Gobustan File:Göytəpə(əsas).JPG|[[Complexo archeologic de Goytepe|Sito de Goytepe]] File:Painted vessel from Kultepe I.JPG|Ceramica de Kul-Tepe I File:Game of Hounds and Jackals MET DP264105.jpg|Joco de "Canes e chacales" </gallery> </center> == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio del actual Azerbaijan esseva dividite inter plure regiones historic e politicas. Le zonas al sud del fluvio Aras habeva relationes forte con le imperios del plateau iranian, durante que le territorios al nord del fluvio esseva associate con le region de [[Arran]] e le regno de [[Albania Caucasic]]. === Imperio Medo e Imperio Achemenide === Durante le prime millennio ante nostre era, partes del territorio esseva influentiate per le [[Medos]] e postea incorporate in le [[Imperio Achemenide]], fundate per [[Ciro le Grande]] in le seculo VI a.C. Le domination achemenide integra le region in un vaste systema imperial que connectava le Iran, le Mesopotamia, le Asia Central e partes del Caucaso. Le administration, le commercio e le traditiones religiose del mundo iranian exerceva un influentia importante, includente le diffusion de traditiones associate al [[Zoroastrismo]]. Le termino Azerbaijan deriva del nomine del ancian region iranian de [[Atropatene]], situate principalmente al sud del fluvio Aras. Le historia del region iranian de Azerbaijan debe esser distinguite del historia del actual Republica de Azerbaijan, que se trova principalmente al nord del fluvio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index/ |titulo=Azarbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Albania Caucasic === Al nord del Aras se developpava le [[Albania Caucasic]], un regno antique cuje territorio includeva partes del actual Azerbaijan. Le population comprendeva diverse gruppos e linguas, inter illos le antecessores del hodierne udinos. Le regno manteneva relationes e conflictos con poteres vicin, includente Armenia, Persia e Roma. Durante certe periodos, partes del territorio esseva sub influentia o control del [[Imperio Parthe]] e del [[Imperio Romano]]. Le christianismo se diffundeva in Albania Caucasic durante le prime seculos de nostre era. Le tradition christian del region deveniva ulteriormente un elemento importante del historia religiose del Caucaso, ben que le communitates local manteneva linguas e traditiones distincte. === Sasanians e Byzantinos === Durante le seculos III–VII, le [[Imperio Sasanian]] exerceva un influentia importante super le region. Le Caucaso deveniva un zona strategic pro le defense del frontieras del imperio e pro le controlo del rotas commercial inter Persia, le Mar Caspian e le regiones del Mar Nere. Le conflictos inter Sasanians e Byzantinos affectava le Caucaso e alterava le control politic de partes del territorio. Le fortificationes, le centros urban e le relationes religiose del region evolveva in iste quadro de rivalitate imperial. == Conqueste islamic e Medievo == Durante le seculo VII, le exercitos del [[Califato Rashidun]] e postea del [[Califato Omeia]] penetrava in le Caucaso e in le territorios del hodierne Azerbaijan. Le conquista esseva un processo gradualmente developpate, marcate per conflictos, accordos con elites local e le integration administrative del region in le mundo islamic. Le [[Islam]] deveniva progressivemente le religion dominante in multe partes del territorio. Le conversiones esseva gradual e le communitates christian e altere traditiones religiose continuava a existir in diverse zonas. Le region deveniva un puncto de contacto inter le cultura persian, le mundo arab e le populos turcophone que migrava verso le Caucaso. === Dynastias local e influentia persian === Post le debilitamento del califatos, plure dynastias governava partes del region. Inter illos se trovava le [[Shirvanshahs]], le [[Sajids]], le [[Salarids]], le [[Shaddadids]] e le [[Rawadids]]. Le territorios e le limites de lor dominios variava durante le seculos. Le Shirvanshahs, con centros politic in [[Shamakhi]] e ulteriormente in [[Baku]], mainteneva un tradition de governamento regional durante longe periodos. Le commercio, le poesia, le architectura e le cultura de corte se disveloppava in le ciudades del Mar Caspian. Le lingua persian habeva un rolo importante in le administration, le litteratura e le cultura urban, durante que le linguas turcicas cresceva in importantia con le migrationes e le transformationes del population. === Seljuks e migrationes turcicas === Durante le seculo XI, le expansion del [[Imperio Seljuk]] introduceva nove transformationes politic e demographic in le Caucaso. Le migrationes de populos turcophone contribuiva al evolution del linguas e del identitates del region. Le interaction inter populationes local, elites persianophone e gruppos turcophone produceva un societate plurilingue e culturalmente complexe. Durante le seculos sequente, le lingua que deveniva le actual [[lingua azerbaijani]] se developpava in le quadro plus ample del linguas turcicas occidental. === Mongols e Ilkhanatos === In le seculo XIII, le invasiones del [[Imperio Mongol]] devastava plure centros urban e agricola del Caucaso. Le territorio esseva incorporate in le structuras imperial mongol e, postea, in le [[Ilkhanato]], un stato governate per descendentes de [[Hulagu Khan]]. Le domination mongol alterava le organisation politic e le rotas commercial, ma etiam connectava le region a redes plus vaste que se extendiva desde le Asia Central usque al Medio Oriente. Post le disintegration del Ilkhanato, le territorio esseva disputate per dynastias regional e per le successive poteres del [[Timurides]] e de altere governantes del Caucaso. == Etate moderne == === Periodo safavide e integration in Persia === Le [[Safavides]], un dynastia de origine iranian que establiva un grande imperio in 1501, habeva un influentia decisive super le historia del region. Le prime governantes safavide proveniva de un ambiente cultural e linguistic associate al Caucaso e al Azerbaijan iranian. Le Safavides establiva le [[Islam shiite]] como religion official del imperio. Le diffusion del shiismo transformava le institutiones religiose e le identitates de multe communitates, includente partes del population del actual Azerbaijan. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le region esseva un zona de conflictos inter le Safavides e le [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le guerras e le tractatos modificava le control de citates, fortificationes e territorios. Le domination safavide integra le region in un systema politic e cultural persian. Le lingua persian manteneva un rolo importante in le administration e le litteratura, durante que le lingua azerbaijani se disveloppava como un lingua turcic importante del region. === Khanatos del seculo XVIII === Post le morte de [[Nader Shah]] in 1747 e le disintegration de su imperio, plure [[khanatos del Caucaso]] emergeva in le territorio del actual Azerbaijan. Inter illos se trovava le Khanato de Baku, le Khanato de Ganja, le Khanato de Karabakh, le Khanato de Quba, le Khanato de Shirvan e le Khanato de Nakhchivan. Le khanatos variava in dimension, autonomia e relationes exterior. Alcun governantes manteneva relationes con Persia, durante que alteres cercava supporto ab Russia o ab le Imperio Ottoman. Le commercio maritime e terrestre remaneva importante, specialmente in Baku e in altere centros del Mar Caspian. Le petroleum de Baku esseva cognoscite e usate desde le antiquitate, ben que su exploitation industrial de grande scala deveniva importante solmente plus tarde. Le rivalitate inter Persia e Russia pro le controlo del Caucaso deveniva un del factores central del historia del region in le fin del seculo XVIII e le initio del seculo XIX. === Conquista russe e division del territorio === Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le [[Imperio Russo]] expandiva se verso le Caucaso. Le guerras russo-persian del 1804–1813 e 1826–1828 terminava con le derrota del [[Dynastia Qajar]] e le cession a Russia de vaste territorios al nord del Aras. Le [[Tractato de Gulistan]] de 1813 e le [[Tractato de Turkmenchay]] de 1828 establiva le nove frontiera inter Russia e Persia. Le territorios del actual Republica de Azerbaijan esseva incorporate in le Imperio Russo, durante que le region que continua a portar le nomine Azerbaijan al sud del Aras remaneva in Persia, hodie Iran. Iste division habeva consequentias durabile. Le population azerbaijani deveniva repartite inter imperios e, plus tarde, inter statos differente. Le migrationes, le commercio e le contactos cultural continuava tamen a transir le frontiera. Le administration russe reorganisava le khanatos e incorporava lor territorios in gubernias e altere unidades administrative. Le elites local perdeva parte de lor autonomia, durante que le economia del region se integra plus profundemente in le systema imperial russe. === Petroleum e industrialisation de Baku === Durante le seculo XIX, le industria petrolifere de [[Baku]] cresceva rapidemente. Le exploitation de petroleum atraheva capital, technicos e laboratores ab Russia, Europa e altere partes del Caucaso. Le construction de infrastructura, le ferrovias e le oleoductos connectava Baku a altere centros economic. In le fin del seculo XIX, Baku deveniva un del principal centros mondial de production petrolifere. Le industria contribuiva al expansion del population urban e al formation de un classe laborista. Le conditiones de labor, le desigualitates social e le conflictos inter interesses industrial e laborista favorava le developpamento de movimentos sindical e politic. Le diversitate ethnic e religiose del population urban includeva azerbaijanos, armenios, russos, persianos e altere gruppos. Le rivalitates politic e le tensiones intercommunautari deveniva un factor importante durante le revolutiones russe e le crise del imperio in le initio del seculo XX. == Etate contemporanee == === Revolution russe e Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan === Le [[Revolution Russe de 1917]] e le collapse del Imperio Russo aperiva un periodo de instabilitate in le Caucaso. Le structuras politic del region se disintegrava, e le elites local cercava de establir nove institutiones. Le Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan esseva proclamate le 28 de maio 1918. Illa es sovente considerate le prime republica democratic del mundo musulman. Su governamento esseva dirigite per le partito [[Musavat]] e altere gruppos politic, e le capital deveniva Baku post que le forzas Ottoman e lor alliatos prendeva le citate in septembre 1918. Le republica establiva un parlamento, un governamento e symbolos national. Illa adoptava le bandiera tricolor, promoveva le education e declarava le azerbaijani como lingua de stato. Le suffragio esseva extendite al feminas, un mesura importante in le contexto politic del epocha. Le republica缝affrontava tamen graves difficultates: conflictos territorial, rivalitates regional, intervention de poteres exterior e un situation economic fragile. Su independentia durava solmente circa 23 menses. === Incorporation al Union Sovietic === In april 1920, le [[Armata Rubie]] entrava in Azerbaijan e le governamento democratic esseva deposte. Le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Azerbaijan esseva establite le 28 de april 1920. Le nove governamento esseva integrate in le systema sovietic. In 1922, Azerbaijan esseva includite, con Armenia e Georgia, in le [[Republica Socialista Federative Sovietic Transcaucasic]], que deveniva un del republicas fundatores del [[Union Sovietic]]. In 1936, Azerbaijan deveniva directemente un republica unionale del URSS. Le periodo sovietic esseva marcate per collectivisation del agricultura, industrialisation, expansion del education e transformation del societate. Le petroleum remaneva un del principales ressources economic, e Baku deveniva un centro industrial e strategic. Le politica sovietic produceva etiam repression politic, collectivisation coercitive e deportationes. Durante le purgas del annos 1930, numerose intellectuales, officiales e figuras cultural esseva arrestate, exiliate o executate. Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], le petroleum de Baku habeva un importantia strategic pro le effortio militar sovietic. Le republica contribuiva con petroleum, industria e personal militar al guerra contra le Germania nazi. === Azerbaijan sovietic post 1945 === Post le guerra, le industrialisation continuava e le population urban cresceva. Le education, le scientia e le cultura esseva developpate in le quadro del institutiones sovietic, durante que le expression politic independente remaneva fortemente limitate. Le lingua azerbaijani manteneva un position importante in le vita cultural del republica, ma le russic habeva un rolo importante in le administration superior, le scientia e le communication interrepublican. Le politica sovietic concernente le frontieras interne, le autonomia del region de [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] e le relationes inter populationes deveniva un elemento importante del historia posterior. Nagorno-Karabakh esseva organisate como un oblast autonome intra le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Azerbaijan in 1923 e habeva un population majoritari armenian. === Dissolution del URSS e independentia === Durante le fin del annos 1980, le debilitamento del Union Sovietic e le disveloppamento de movimentos nationalistas provoca un crise politic in le Caucaso. Le questione de Nagorno-Karabakh deveniva un foco de protestas e de conflictos inter armenios e azerbaijanos. In januario 1990, le intervention del forzas sovietic in Baku, cognoscite como le Januario Nere, causava numerose mortes civil e fortificava le opposition al autoritate sovietic. Azerbaijan declarava su sovranitate statal in 1989 e proclamava su independentia le 30 de augusto 1991. Le independentia esseva ulteriormente confirmate per le declaration constitutional del 18 de octobre 1991. Post le dissolution del Union Sovietic, Azerbaijan deveniva un stato independente e esseva admittite al [[Nationes Unite]] in 1992. Le prime annos de independentia esseva marcate per crise economic, instabilitate politic e guerra con Armenia super Nagorno-Karabakh e territorios adjacente. === Prime guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh === Le [[Guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh]] del 1988–1994 emergeva del conflicto super le status del oblast autonome, le securitate del population armenian e azerbaijani e le dissolution del Union Sovietic. Durante le guerra, le forzas armenian e le forzas del autoproclamate entitate de Nagorno-Karabakh prendeva le controlo de Nagorno-Karabakh e de plure territorios circostante, que internationalmente esseva recognoscite como parte de Azerbaijan. Le guerra causava mortes e le displaciamento de centos de milles de personas, includente azerbaijanos fugiente del territorios occupate e armenios fugiente altere areas. Un cessate-le-foco esseva establite in 1994, ma le conflicto non esseva resolvite. Nagorno-Karabakh remaneva sub le controlo de un administration de facto armenian, non recognoscite internationalmente como stato independente. Le disputa deveniva un del principales factores del politica exterior e del securitate national de Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/repertoire/armenia-azerbaijan-conflict |titulo=Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict |sitioweb=United Nations Security Council |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Heydar Aliyev e le consolidation del stato === In 1993, [[Heydar Aliyev]], un ex dirigente del Partito Communista de Azerbaijan, retornava al poter durante un periodo de crise politic e militar. Ille deveniva presidente e dirigiva le consolidation del nove stato. Le governamento de Aliyev centralisava le poter executive e concludeva un cessate-le-foco con Armenia in 1994. Le accordos de production e exportation de petroleum con companias international contribuiva al disveloppamento del industria energetic e al integration de Azerbaijan in le mercatos global. Le Contracto del Seculo, signate in 1994, establiva cooperationes international pro le exploitation de campos petrolifere del Mar Caspian. Le construction del oleoductos e le expansion del exportation de petroleum deveniva elementos central del strategia economic del pais. In 1995 esseva adoptate un nove constitution. Le periodo esseva tamen etiam marcate per criticas international concernente le concentration del poter, le conditiones del opposition politic, le libertate del medios de communication e le regularitate de certe electiones. === Ilham Aliyev e le economia del petroleum === [[Ilham Aliyev]] succedeva a su patre in le presidentia in 2003. Su governamento continuava a basar un parte importante del economia super le exportation de petroleum e gas natural, con investitiones in infrastructura, construction e servicios. Le [[Oleoducto Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan]], inaugurate in 2006, permitteva transportar petroleum del Mar Caspian verso le Mediterraneo per Georgia e Turquia. Le [[Corridor de Gas del Sud]] deveniva un altere instrumento pro exportar gas natural verso Turquia e Europa. Le crescimento del entratas energetic contribuiva al modernisation de Baku e al expansion de infrastructura national. Le economia remaneva tamen dependente del fluctuationes del precio del petroleum e del gas, e le distribution del benes e le governance deveniva temas de debatte public e international. Le systema politic remaneva fortemente centralisate sub le presidentia de Ilham Aliyev. Organismos international e grupos de derectos human ha exprimite criticas concernente le libertate de expression, le conditiones del opposition e le tractamento de activistas, durante que le governamento insiste super le stabilitate e le disveloppamento del pais. === Secunde guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) === In septembre 2020, le hostilitate inter Azerbaijan e Armenia escalava in un guerra de grande scala in e circum Nagorno-Karabakh. Le conflicto involveva armamentos moderne, drones, artilleria e operationes terrestre. Post plure septimanas de combates, un accordo de cessate-le-foco mediate per Russia esseva signate le 9 de novembre 2020 e entrava in vigor le die sequente. Azerbaijan recuperava le controlo de plure territorios, e le accordo establiva le deployment de forzas de pace russe in partes del region. Le guerra transformava le situation militar e territorial, ma non resolveva tote le questiones relative al status del population armenian, al communicationes regional e al relationes inter le duo paises. === Offensiva de 2023 e exodo del population armenian === Le 19 de septembre 2023, Azerbaijan initiava un operation militar in Nagorno-Karabakh. Le forzas del administration de facto armenian capitulava post circa un die de combates. Post le operation, le autoritates del entitate de facto annunciava su dissolution, effectivemente terminante le institutiones separatista. Le major parte del population armenian del region fugiava verso Armenia. Le Nationes Unite reportava que un mission visitava le region le 1 de octobre 2023, in un contexto de urgente necessitates humanitari e de displaciamento massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh |titulo=UN team completes mission to Karabakh |sitioweb=United Nations in Azerbaijan |fecha=2 de octobre 2023 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Azerbaijan restabliva le controlo de facto super le region, que internationalmente esseva recognoscite como parte de su territorio. Le exodo de plus de cent milles armenios provocava preoccupationes international concernente le protection del derectos human, le possibilitate de retorno, le preservation del patrimonio cultural e le securitate del population remanente. Le governamento de Azerbaijan declarava que le armenios qui remaneva in Nagorno-Karabakh putea conservar lor derectos secundo le legislation del pais e reciper protection como citatanos. Numerose habitantes armenian, tamen, abandonava le region durante le exodo de septembre 2023. Le circumstantias del displaciamento e le conditiones pro un eventual retorno deveniva temas de preoccupation international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh |titulo=UN team completes mission to Karabakh |sitioweb=Nationes Unite in Azerbaijan |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Normalisation con Armenia === Post le operation militar de 2023, le relationes inter Azerbaijan e Armenia entrava in un nove phase de negotiationes super le frontieras, le transporto regional e le establimento de relationes diplomatic. Le question del derectos del personas displaciate, le delimitacion del frontiera e le communicationes inter le territorios remaneva elementos importante del processo. In martio 2025, le duo governamentos annunciava que le negotiationes super le texto de un accordo de pace e de relationes interstatal habeva essite completate. Le texto esseva publicate in augusto 2025 post esser initialate per le ministros de affaires externe. Le accordo concerne le recognoscimento del sovranitate, le integritate territorial e le principios de non-uso del fortia in le relationes inter le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2025/08/11/Initialed%20Arm-Az%20Peace%20Agreement%20text/13394 |titulo=Publication of the initialed Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan |sitioweb=Ministerio de Affaires Externe de Armenia |fecha=11 de augusto 2025 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 8 de augusto 2025, le leaders de Armenia e Azerbaijan signava etiam un declaration politic in Washington, con le participation del presidente del Statos Unite. Le Union Europee salutava le accordos como un passo importante verso le fin del conflicto, ma le formalisation e le implementation integral del accordo de pace requireva ulterior progressos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan: relationes con le Union Europee e processo de normalisation |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In augusto 2026, le presidente de Azerbaijan e le prime ministro de Armenia se incontrava in le margine del summit del Organisation de Cooperation de Shanghai. Secundo le communication official del presidente azere, le discussion includeva le implementation del accordos de Washington, le cooperation commercial e le transit de mercantias inter le duo paises. Le processo de pace remaneva dependente del execution del accordos e del resolution de questiones juridic e politic ancora pendente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/73399 |titulo=Press Statement on the Meeting between President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev and Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan |sitioweb=Presidentia del Republica de Azerbaijan |fecha=31 de augusto 2026 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Economia e ressources natural == Le petroleum e le gas natural ha habite un rolo central in le economia de Azerbaijan desde le industrialisation del seculo XIX. Le campos petrolifere circum Baku attirava capital estranier e laboratores e contribuiva al transformation del region in un centro industrial importante durante le periodo del Imperio Russo. Post le independentia, le exploitation del ressources energetic deveniva un elemento central del politica economic del stato. Le accordos con companias international, le construction de oleoductos e gasoductos e le exportation verso le mercatos europee contribuiva al augmento del investitiones e del entratas public. Le Oleoducto Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan e le Corridor de Gas del Sud es infrastructuras importante pro le exportation de petroleum e gas desde le Mar Caspian. Le Union Europee considera Azerbaijan un socio energetic e ha developpate cooperationes in materia de gas, energia renovabile e interconnexion regional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan: cooperation economic e energetic |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Nonobstante, le dependentia del ressources fossil rende le economia sensibile al variationes del precios international e al evolution del demanda energetic. Le diversification economic, le disveloppamento del agricultura, del industria non petrolifere e del servicios remane questiones importante pro le evolution economic del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://stat.gov.az/news/index.php?id=6329&lang=en |titulo=Azerbaijan — Facts and Figures |sitioweb=Comitate Statistica del Stato de Azerbaijan |fecha=21 de junio 2025 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Societate, lingua e cultura == Le societate azere es multilingue e ha un patrimonio cultural formate per traditiones caucasic, iranian, turcic e islamic. Le lingua azerbaijani, un lingua turcic, es le lingua official del republica. Le russo continua a esser usate in certe contextos social e professional, durante que le linguas de minoritates es parlate in plure regiones. Le major parte del population es musulman, principalement shiite, ma le societate include etiam communitates sunnite, christian e judee. Le historia religiose del pais es marcate per le interaction inter traditiones local, influentias persian e le evolution del institutiones religiose durante le periodos safavide e russo. Le cultura azere comprende le poesia, le musica traditional mugham, le tappetes, le architectura historic e le traditiones oral. Le poeta [[Nizami Ganjavi]], active in le seculo XII, es un figura importante del patrimonio litterari del region. Le [[Icherisheher]] de Baku, le complex del [[Palatio del Shirvanshahs]] e le [[Torre de le Virgine]] es inter le monumentos que documenta le historia urban del pais. Le cultura contemporanee es etiam marcate per le relationes con le diaspora azere, le migrationes e le participation in eventos cultural international. == Relationes international == Le position geographic de Azerbaijan, inter Russia, Iran, Turquia e le Mar Caspian, ha facite del pais un puncto de interesse strategic. Su politica exterior combina relationes con le paises vicin, cooperation con le Union Europee e le participation in organisationes regional e international. Azerbaijan es membro del Nationes Unite, del Organisation pro Securitate e Cooperation in Europa e del [[Movimento de Non-Allineamento]]. Illo mantene relationes economic e energetic con le Union Europee e cooperationes politic e militar con Turquia. Le relationes con Russia e Iran es influentiate per le geographia, le commercio, le securitate regional e le evolution del situation in le Caucaso. Le relationes con Armenia ha essite marcate per le conflictos de Nagorno-Karabakh, le displaciamento de populationes e le disputas super le frontiera. Le negotiationes e declarationes de pace de 2025–2026 representa un nove phase del relationes bilateral, ma le implementation del accordos e le establimento de un pace durabile depende del execution de lor conditiones e del cooperation inter le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan e le processo de normalisation con Armenia |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation contemporanee e conclusion == Le historia de Azerbaijan es le resultato de plure transformationes politic e cultural: ab le regnos antique del Caucaso e le imperios persian, per le dominio russe e le breve Republica Democratic de 1918–1920, usque al periodo sovietic e le independentia recuperate in 1991. Le independentia ha permitte al pais de developpar su proprie institutiones statal e de usar su ressources energetic pro promover le disveloppamento economic. Al mesme tempore, le concentration del poter politic, le relationes inter le Stato e le societate civil, le dependentia del petroleum e le consequentias human del conflictos territorial remane questiones importante in le historia contemporanee. Le recuperation del controlo azere super Nagorno-Karabakh in 2023 ha cambiate profundemente le situation territorial del Caucaso del Sud e ha provocate le exodo de quasi tote le population armenian del region. Le accordos e negotiationes de 2025–2026 ha create opportunitates pro le normalisation con Armenia, ma le pace durabile depende del execution del accordos, del resolution del questiones pendente e del protection del derectos del populationes affectate. Le historia del pais continua dunque a esser marcate per le interaction inter identitate national, geopolitica del Caucaso, ressources energetic e le relationes con le poteres regional e international. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Asia}} [[Categoria:Historia de Azerbaijan| ]] hhmvlkl28l1cn3pfh5of3mx0t09dgx9 704836 704835 2026-10-18T10:09:30Z Interlingvisto 60932 704836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Azerbaijan''' concerne le evolution del territorio del actual [[Republica de Azerbaijan]], situate in le [[Caucaso del Sud]], inter le Mar Caspian e le frontieras con Russia, Georgia, Armenia e Iran. Le region ha essite un zona de contacto inter imperios e traditiones cultural del Caucaso, Persia, le mundo turco e le Asia Central. Le historia del territorio comprende le civilisationes prehistoricas, le regnos antique del Caucaso, le domination de imperios persian e roman, le diffusion del [[Islam]], le incorporation in imperios turco-mongol e persian, le conquista per le [[Imperio Russo]], le formation del nationalismo azere e le creation del [[Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan]] in 1918. Post un breve periodo de independentia, Azerbaijan deveniva un republica sovietic in 1920 e recuperava su independentia in 1991. Desde le fin del seculo XX, le historia del pais ha essite fortemente influentiate per le dissolution del Union Sovietic, le conflictos con Armenia concernente [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], le exploitation del petroleum e del gas natural e le disveloppamento del relationes international del stato independente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Azerbaijan |titulo=Azerbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index/ |titulo=Azarbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Prehistoria == Le territorio del actual Azerbaijan es habitate desde le prehistoria. Le vestigios archeologic trovate in cavernas e altere sitios del Caucaso indica que homines viveva in le region desde centos de milles de annos ante nostre era. Le sitios de [[Gobustan]], al sud de Baku, es cognoscite pro lor gravuras rupestre, que representa animales, escenas de cassa, figuras human e actividades quotidian. Iste gravuras documenta diverse periodos prehistoric e historic e constitue un fonte importante pro le studio del vita e del expressiones cultural del communitates ancian. Altere sitios, includente Azykh, Taghlar e Damjili, ha producite utensiles de petra e altere vestigios del occupation human. Le agricultura, le allevamento de animales, le ceramica e le metallurgia se disveloppava progressivemente durante le Neolithico e le etates del Rame e del Bronzo. Le position del region, inter le Caucaso, le Mar Caspian e le plateau iranian, favorava le contactos inter communitates de differente ambientes geographic. Le commercio e le migrationes contribuiva al formation de societates con traditiones cultural diverse. <center> <gallery> File:Petroglyphs in Gobustan 01.jpg|Arte rupestre de Gobustan File:Göytəpə(əsas).JPG|[[Complexo archeologic de Goytepe|Sito de Goytepe]] File:Painted vessel from Kultepe I.JPG|Ceramica de Kul-Tepe I File:Game of Hounds and Jackals MET DP264105.jpg|Joco de "Canes e chacales" </gallery> </center> == Antiquitate == Durante le Antiquitate, le territorio del actual Azerbaijan esseva dividite inter plure regiones historic e politicas. Le zonas al sud del fluvio Aras habeva relationes forte con le imperios del plateau iranian, durante que le territorios al nord del fluvio esseva associate con le region de [[Arran]] e le regno de [[Albania Caucasic]]. === Imperio Medo e Imperio Achemenide === Durante le prime millennio ante nostre era, partes del territorio esseva influentiate per le [[Medos]] e postea incorporate in le [[Imperio Achemenide]], fundate per [[Ciro le Grande]] in le seculo VI a.C. Le domination achemenide integra le region in un vaste systema imperial que connectava le Iran, le Mesopotamia, le Asia Central e partes del Caucaso. Le administration, le commercio e le traditiones religiose del mundo iranian exerceva un influentia importante, includente le diffusion de traditiones associate al [[Zoroastrismo]]. Le termino Azerbaijan deriva del nomine del ancian region iranian de [[Atropatene]], situate principalmente al sud del fluvio Aras. Le historia del region iranian de Azerbaijan debe esser distinguite del historia del actual Republica de Azerbaijan, que se trova principalmente al nord del fluvio.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-index/ |titulo=Azarbaijan |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Albania Caucasic === Al nord del Aras se developpava le [[Albania Caucasic]], un regno antique cuje territorio includeva partes del actual Azerbaijan. Le population comprendeva diverse gruppos e linguas, inter illos le antecessores del hodierne udinos. Le regno manteneva relationes e conflictos con poteres vicin, includente Armenia, Persia e Roma. Durante certe periodos, partes del territorio esseva sub influentia o control del [[Imperio Parthe]] e del [[Imperio Romano]]. Le christianismo se diffundeva in Albania Caucasic durante le prime seculos de nostre era. Le tradition christian del region deveniva ulteriormente un elemento importante del historia religiose del Caucaso, ben que le communitates local manteneva linguas e traditiones distincte. === Sasanians e Byzantinos === Durante le seculos III–VII, le [[Imperio Sasanian]] exerceva un influentia importante super le region. Le Caucaso deveniva un zona strategic pro le defense del frontieras del imperio e pro le controlo del rotas commercial inter Persia, le Mar Caspian e le regiones del Mar Nere. Le conflictos inter Sasanians e Byzantinos affectava le Caucaso e alterava le control politic de partes del territorio. Le fortificationes, le centros urban e le relationes religiose del region evolveva in iste quadro de rivalitate imperial. == Conqueste islamic e Medievo == Durante le seculo VII, le exercitos del [[Califato Rashidun]] e postea del [[Califato Omeia]] penetrava in le Caucaso e in le territorios del hodierne Azerbaijan. Le conquista esseva un processo gradualmente developpate, marcate per conflictos, accordos con elites local e le integration administrative del region in le mundo islamic. Le [[Islam]] deveniva progressivemente le religion dominante in multe partes del territorio. Le conversiones esseva gradual e le communitates christian e altere traditiones religiose continuava a existir in diverse zonas. Le region deveniva un puncto de contacto inter le cultura persian, le mundo arab e le populos turcophone que migrava verso le Caucaso. === Dynastias local e influentia persian === Post le debilitamento del califatos, plure dynastias governava partes del region. Inter illos se trovava le [[Shirvanshahs]], le [[Sajids]], le [[Salarids]], le [[Shaddadids]] e le [[Rawadids]]. Le territorios e le limites de lor dominios variava durante le seculos. Le Shirvanshahs, con centros politic in [[Shamakhi]] e ulteriormente in [[Baku]], mainteneva un tradition de governamento regional durante longe periodos. Le commercio, le poesia, le architectura e le cultura de corte se disveloppava in le ciudades del Mar Caspian. Le lingua persian habeva un rolo importante in le administration, le litteratura e le cultura urban, durante que le linguas turcicas cresceva in importantia con le migrationes e le transformationes del population. === Seljuks e migrationes turcicas === Durante le seculo XI, le expansion del [[Imperio Seljuk]] introduceva nove transformationes politic e demographic in le Caucaso. Le migrationes de populos turcophone contribuiva al evolution del linguas e del identitates del region. Le interaction inter populationes local, elites persianophone e gruppos turcophone produceva un societate plurilingue e culturalmente complexe. Durante le seculos sequente, le lingua que deveniva le actual [[lingua azerbaijani]] se developpava in le quadro plus ample del linguas turcicas occidental. === Mongols e Ilkhanatos === In le seculo XIII, le invasiones del [[Imperio Mongol]] devastava plure centros urban e agricola del Caucaso. Le territorio esseva incorporate in le structuras imperial mongol e, postea, in le [[Ilkhanato]], un stato governate per descendentes de [[Hulagu Khan]]. Le domination mongol alterava le organisation politic e le rotas commercial, ma etiam connectava le region a redes plus vaste que se extendiva desde le Asia Central usque al Medio Oriente. Post le disintegration del Ilkhanato, le territorio esseva disputate per dynastias regional e per le successive poteres del [[Timurides]] e de altere governantes del Caucaso. == Etate moderne == === Periodo safavide e integration in Persia === Le [[Safavides]], un dynastia de origine iranian que establiva un grande imperio in 1501, habeva un influentia decisive super le historia del region. Le prime governantes safavide proveniva de un ambiente cultural e linguistic associate al Caucaso e al Azerbaijan iranian. Le Safavides establiva le [[Islam shiite]] como religion official del imperio. Le diffusion del shiismo transformava le institutiones religiose e le identitates de multe communitates, includente partes del population del actual Azerbaijan. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, le region esseva un zona de conflictos inter le Safavides e le [[Imperio Ottoman]]. Le guerras e le tractatos modificava le control de citates, fortificationes e territorios. Le domination safavide integra le region in un systema politic e cultural persian. Le lingua persian manteneva un rolo importante in le administration e le litteratura, durante que le lingua azerbaijani se disveloppava como un lingua turcic importante del region. === Khanatos del seculo XVIII === Post le morte de [[Nader Shah]] in 1747 e le disintegration de su imperio, plure [[khanatos del Caucaso]] emergeva in le territorio del actual Azerbaijan. Inter illos se trovava le Khanato de Baku, le Khanato de Ganja, le Khanato de Karabakh, le Khanato de Quba, le Khanato de Shirvan e le Khanato de Nakhchivan. Le khanatos variava in dimension, autonomia e relationes exterior. Alcun governantes manteneva relationes con Persia, durante que alteres cercava supporto ab Russia o ab le Imperio Ottoman. Le commercio maritime e terrestre remaneva importante, specialmente in Baku e in altere centros del Mar Caspian. Le petroleum de Baku esseva cognoscite e usate desde le antiquitate, ben que su exploitation industrial de grande scala deveniva importante solmente plus tarde. Le rivalitate inter Persia e Russia pro le controlo del Caucaso deveniva un del factores central del historia del region in le fin del seculo XVIII e le initio del seculo XIX. === Conquista russe e division del territorio === Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le [[Imperio Russo]] expandiva se verso le Caucaso. Le guerras russo-persian del 1804–1813 e 1826–1828 terminava con le derrota del [[Dynastia Qajar]] e le cession a Russia de vaste territorios al nord del Aras. Le [[Tractato de Gulistan]] de 1813 e le [[Tractato de Turkmenchay]] de 1828 establiva le nove frontiera inter Russia e Persia. Le territorios del actual Republica de Azerbaijan esseva incorporate in le Imperio Russo, durante que le region que continua a portar le nomine Azerbaijan al sud del Aras remaneva in Persia, hodie Iran. Iste division habeva consequentias durabile. Le population azerbaijani deveniva repartite inter imperios e, plus tarde, inter statos differente. Le migrationes, le commercio e le contactos cultural continuava tamen a transir le frontiera. Le administration russe reorganisava le khanatos e incorporava lor territorios in gubernias e altere unidades administrative. Le elites local perdeva parte de lor autonomia, durante que le economia del region se integra plus profundemente in le systema imperial russe. === Petroleum e industrialisation de Baku === Durante le seculo XIX, le industria petrolifere de [[Baku]] cresceva rapidemente. Le exploitation de petroleum atraheva capital, technicos e laboratores ab Russia, Europa e altere partes del Caucaso. Le construction de infrastructura, le ferrovias e le oleoductos connectava Baku a altere centros economic. In le fin del seculo XIX, Baku deveniva un del principal centros mondial de production petrolifere. Le industria contribuiva al expansion del population urban e al formation de un classe laborista. Le conditiones de labor, le desigualitates social e le conflictos inter interesses industrial e laborista favorava le developpamento de movimentos sindical e politic. Le diversitate ethnic e religiose del population urban includeva azerbaijanos, armenios, russos, persianos e altere gruppos. Le rivalitates politic e le tensiones intercommunautari deveniva un factor importante durante le revolutiones russe e le crise del imperio in le initio del seculo XX. == Etate contemporanee == === Revolution russe e Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan === Le [[Revolution Russe de 1917]] e le collapse del Imperio Russo aperiva un periodo de instabilitate in le Caucaso. Le structuras politic del region se disintegrava, e le elites local cercava de establir nove institutiones. Le Republica Democratic de Azerbaijan esseva proclamate le 28 de maio 1918. Illa es sovente considerate le prime republica democratic del mundo musulman. Su governamento esseva dirigite per le partito [[Musavat]] e altere gruppos politic, e le capital deveniva Baku post que le forzas Ottoman e lor alliatos prendeva le citate in septembre 1918. Le republica establiva un parlamento, un governamento e symbolos national. Illa adoptava le bandiera tricolor, promoveva le education e declarava le azerbaijani como lingua de stato. Le suffragio esseva extendite al feminas, un mesura importante in le contexto politic del epocha. Le republica缝affrontava tamen graves difficultates: conflictos territorial, rivalitates regional, intervention de poteres exterior e un situation economic fragile. Su independentia durava solmente circa 23 menses. === Incorporation al Union Sovietic === In april 1920, le [[Armata Rubie]] entrava in Azerbaijan e le governamento democratic esseva deposte. Le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Azerbaijan esseva establite le 28 de april 1920. Le nove governamento esseva integrate in le systema sovietic. In 1922, Azerbaijan esseva includite, con Armenia e Georgia, in le [[Republica Socialista Federative Sovietic Transcaucasic]], que deveniva un del republicas fundatores del [[Union Sovietic]]. In 1936, Azerbaijan deveniva directemente un republica unionale del URSS. Le periodo sovietic esseva marcate per collectivisation del agricultura, industrialisation, expansion del education e transformation del societate. Le petroleum remaneva un del principales ressources economic, e Baku deveniva un centro industrial e strategic. Le politica sovietic produceva etiam repression politic, collectivisation coercitive e deportationes. Durante le purgas del annos 1930, numerose intellectuales, officiales e figuras cultural esseva arrestate, exiliate o executate. Durante le [[Secunde Guerra Mundial]], le petroleum de Baku habeva un importantia strategic pro le effortio militar sovietic. Le republica contribuiva con petroleum, industria e personal militar al guerra contra le Germania nazi. === Azerbaijan sovietic post 1945 === Post le guerra, le industrialisation continuava e le population urban cresceva. Le education, le scientia e le cultura esseva developpate in le quadro del institutiones sovietic, durante que le expression politic independente remaneva fortemente limitate. Le lingua azerbaijani manteneva un position importante in le vita cultural del republica, ma le russic habeva un rolo importante in le administration superior, le scientia e le communication interrepublican. Le politica sovietic concernente le frontieras interne, le autonomia del region de [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] e le relationes inter populationes deveniva un elemento importante del historia posterior. Nagorno-Karabakh esseva organisate como un oblast autonome intra le Republica Socialista Sovietic de Azerbaijan in 1923 e habeva un population majoritari armenian. === Dissolution del URSS e independentia === Durante le fin del annos 1980, le debilitamento del Union Sovietic e le disveloppamento de movimentos nationalistas provoca un crise politic in le Caucaso. Le questione de Nagorno-Karabakh deveniva un foco de protestas e de conflictos inter armenios e azerbaijanos. In januario 1990, le intervention del forzas sovietic in Baku, cognoscite como le Januario Nere, causava numerose mortes civil e fortificava le opposition al autoritate sovietic. Azerbaijan declarava su sovranitate statal in 1989 e proclamava su independentia le 30 de augusto 1991. Le independentia esseva ulteriormente confirmate per le declaration constitutional del 18 de octobre 1991. Post le dissolution del Union Sovietic, Azerbaijan deveniva un stato independente e esseva admittite al [[Nationes Unite]] in 1992. Le prime annos de independentia esseva marcate per crise economic, instabilitate politic e guerra con Armenia super Nagorno-Karabakh e territorios adjacente. === Prime guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh === Le [[Guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh]] del 1988–1994 emergeva del conflicto super le status del oblast autonome, le securitate del population armenian e azerbaijani e le dissolution del Union Sovietic. Durante le guerra, le forzas armenian e le forzas del autoproclamate entitate de Nagorno-Karabakh prendeva le controlo de Nagorno-Karabakh e de plure territorios circostante, que internationalmente esseva recognoscite como parte de Azerbaijan. Le guerra causava mortes e le displaciamento de centos de milles de personas, includente azerbaijanos fugiente del territorios occupate e armenios fugiente altere areas. Un cessate-le-foco esseva establite in 1994, ma le conflicto non esseva resolvite. Nagorno-Karabakh remaneva sub le controlo de un administration de facto armenian, non recognoscite internationalmente como stato independente. Le disputa deveniva un del principales factores del politica exterior e del securitate national de Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/repertoire/armenia-azerbaijan-conflict |titulo=Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict |sitioweb=United Nations Security Council |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Heydar Aliyev e le consolidation del stato === In 1993, [[Heydar Aliyev]], un ex dirigente del Partito Communista de Azerbaijan, retornava al poter durante un periodo de crise politic e militar. Ille deveniva presidente e dirigiva le consolidation del nove stato. Le governamento de Aliyev centralisava le poter executive e concludeva un cessate-le-foco con Armenia in 1994. Le accordos de production e exportation de petroleum con companias international contribuiva al disveloppamento del industria energetic e al integration de Azerbaijan in le mercatos global. Le Contracto del Seculo, signate in 1994, establiva cooperationes international pro le exploitation de campos petrolifere del Mar Caspian. Le construction del oleoductos e le expansion del exportation de petroleum deveniva elementos central del strategia economic del pais. In 1995 esseva adoptate un nove constitution. Le periodo esseva tamen etiam marcate per criticas international concernente le concentration del poter, le conditiones del opposition politic, le libertate del medios de communication e le regularitate de certe electiones. === Ilham Aliyev e le economia del petroleum === [[Ilham Aliyev]] succedeva a su patre in le presidentia in 2003. Su governamento continuava a basar un parte importante del economia super le exportation de petroleum e gas natural, con investitiones in infrastructura, construction e servicios. Le [[Oleoducto Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan]], inaugurate in 2006, permitteva transportar petroleum del Mar Caspian verso le Mediterraneo per Georgia e Turquia. Le [[Corridor de Gas del Sud]] deveniva un altere instrumento pro exportar gas natural verso Turquia e Europa. Le crescimento del entratas energetic contribuiva al modernisation de Baku e al expansion de infrastructura national. Le economia remaneva tamen dependente del fluctuationes del precio del petroleum e del gas, e le distribution del benes e le governance deveniva temas de debatte public e international. Le systema politic remaneva fortemente centralisate sub le presidentia de Ilham Aliyev. Organismos international e grupos de derectos human ha exprimite criticas concernente le libertate de expression, le conditiones del opposition e le tractamento de activistas, durante que le governamento insiste super le stabilitate e le disveloppamento del pais. === Secunde guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) === In septembre 2020, le hostilitate inter Azerbaijan e Armenia escalava in un guerra de grande scala in e circum Nagorno-Karabakh. Le conflicto involveva armamentos moderne, drones, artilleria e operationes terrestre. Post plure septimanas de combates, un accordo de cessate-le-foco mediate per Russia esseva signate le 9 de novembre 2020 e entrava in vigor le die sequente. Azerbaijan recuperava le controlo de plure territorios, e le accordo establiva le deployment de forzas de pace russe in partes del region. Le guerra transformava le situation militar e territorial, ma non resolveva tote le questiones relative al status del population armenian, al communicationes regional e al relationes inter le duo paises. === Offensiva de 2023 e exodo del population armenian === Le 19 de septembre 2023, Azerbaijan initiava un operation militar in Nagorno-Karabakh. Le forzas del administration de facto armenian capitulava post circa un die de combates. Post le operation, le autoritates del entitate de facto annunciava su dissolution, effectivemente terminante le institutiones separatista. Le major parte del population armenian del region fugiava verso Armenia. Le Nationes Unite reportava que un mission visitava le region le 1 de octobre 2023, in un contexto de urgente necessitates humanitari e de displaciamento massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh |titulo=UN team completes mission to Karabakh |sitioweb=United Nations in Azerbaijan |fecha=2 de octobre 2023 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Azerbaijan restabliva le controlo de facto super le region, que internationalmente esseva recognoscite como parte de su territorio. Le exodo de plus de cent milles armenios provocava preoccupationes international concernente le protection del derectos human, le possibilitate de retorno, le preservation del patrimonio cultural e le securitate del population remanente. Le governamento de Azerbaijan declarava que le armenios qui remaneva in Nagorno-Karabakh putea conservar lor derectos secundo le legislation del pais e reciper protection como citatanos. Numerose habitantes armenian, tamen, abandonava le region durante le exodo de septembre 2023. Le circumstantias del displaciamento e le conditiones pro un eventual retorno deveniva temas de preoccupation international.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh |titulo=UN team completes mission to Karabakh |sitioweb=Nationes Unite in Azerbaijan |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Normalisation con Armenia === Post le operation militar de 2023, le relationes inter Azerbaijan e Armenia entrava in un nove phase de negotiationes super le frontieras, le transporto regional e le establimento de relationes diplomatic. Le question del derectos del personas displaciate, le delimitacion del frontiera e le communicationes inter le territorios remaneva elementos importante del processo. In martio 2025, le duo governamentos annunciava que le negotiationes super le texto de un accordo de pace e de relationes interstatal habeva essite completate. Le texto esseva publicate in augusto 2025 post esser initialate per le ministros de affaires externe. Le accordo concerne le recognoscimento del sovranitate, le integritate territorial e le principios de non-uso del fortia in le relationes inter le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2025/08/11/Initialed%20Arm-Az%20Peace%20Agreement%20text/13394 |titulo=Publication of the initialed Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan |sitioweb=Ministerio de Affaires Externe de Armenia |fecha=11 de augusto 2025 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Le 8 de augusto 2025, le leaders de Armenia e Azerbaijan signava etiam un declaration politic in Washington, con le participation del presidente del Statos Unite. Le Union Europee salutava le accordos como un passo importante verso le fin del conflicto, ma le formalisation e le implementation integral del accordo de pace requireva ulterior progressos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan: relationes con le Union Europee e processo de normalisation |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> In augusto 2026, le presidente de Azerbaijan e le prime ministro de Armenia se incontrava in le margine del summit del Organisation de Cooperation de Shanghai. Secundo le communication official del presidente azere, le discussion includeva le implementation del accordos de Washington, le cooperation commercial e le transit de mercantias inter le duo paises. Le processo de pace remaneva dependente del execution del accordos e del resolution de questiones juridic e politic ancora pendente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/73399 |titulo=Press Statement on the Meeting between President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev and Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan |sitioweb=Presidentia del Republica de Azerbaijan |fecha=31 de augusto 2026 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Economia e ressources natural == Le petroleum e le gas natural ha habite un rolo central in le economia de Azerbaijan desde le industrialisation del seculo XIX. Le campos petrolifere circum Baku attirava capital estranier e laboratores e contribuiva al transformation del region in un centro industrial importante durante le periodo del Imperio Russo. Post le independentia, le exploitation del ressources energetic deveniva un elemento central del politica economic del stato. Le accordos con companias international, le construction de oleoductos e gasoductos e le exportation verso le mercatos europee contribuiva al augmento del investitiones e del entratas public. Le Oleoducto Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan e le Corridor de Gas del Sud es infrastructuras importante pro le exportation de petroleum e gas desde le Mar Caspian. Le Union Europee considera Azerbaijan un socio energetic e ha developpate cooperationes in materia de gas, energia renovabile e interconnexion regional.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan: cooperation economic e energetic |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Nonobstante, le dependentia del ressources fossil rende le economia sensibile al variationes del precios international e al evolution del demanda energetic. Le diversification economic, le disveloppamento del agricultura, del industria non petrolifere e del servicios remane questiones importante pro le evolution economic del pais.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://stat.gov.az/news/index.php?id=6329&lang=en |titulo=Azerbaijan — Facts and Figures |sitioweb=Comitate Statistica del Stato de Azerbaijan |fecha=21 de junio 2025 |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Societate, lingua e cultura == Le societate azere es multilingue e ha un patrimonio cultural formate per traditiones caucasic, iranian, turcic e islamic. Le lingua azerbaijani, un lingua turcic, es le lingua official del republica. Le russo continua a esser usate in certe contextos social e professional, durante que le linguas de minoritates es parlate in plure regiones. Le major parte del population es musulman, principalement shiite, ma le societate include etiam communitates sunnite, christian e judee. Le historia religiose del pais es marcate per le interaction inter traditiones local, influentias persian e le evolution del institutiones religiose durante le periodos safavide e russo. Le cultura azere comprende le poesia, le musica traditional mugham, le tappetes, le architectura historic e le traditiones oral. Le poeta [[Nizami Ganjavi]], active in le seculo XII, es un figura importante del patrimonio litterari del region. Le [[Icherisheher]] de Baku, le complex del [[Palatio del Shirvanshahs]] e le [[Torre de le Virgine]] es inter le monumentos que documenta le historia urban del pais. Le cultura contemporanee es etiam marcate per le relationes con le diaspora azere, le migrationes e le participation in eventos cultural international. == Relationes international == Le position geographic de Azerbaijan, inter Russia, Iran, Turquia e le Mar Caspian, ha facite del pais un puncto de interesse strategic. Su politica exterior combina relationes con le paises vicin, cooperation con le Union Europee e le participation in organisationes regional e international. Azerbaijan es membro del Nationes Unite, del Organisation pro Securitate e Cooperation in Europa e del [[Movimento de Non-Allineamento]]. Illo mantene relationes economic e energetic con le Union Europee e cooperationes politic e militar con Turquia. Le relationes con Russia e Iran es influentiate per le geographia, le commercio, le securitate regional e le evolution del situation in le Caucaso. Le relationes con Armenia ha essite marcate per le conflictos de Nagorno-Karabakh, le displaciamento de populationes e le disputas super le frontiera. Le negotiationes e declarationes de pace de 2025–2026 representa un nove phase del relationes bilateral, ma le implementation del accordos e le establimento de un pace durabile depende del execution de lor conditiones e del cooperation inter le duo paises.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/azerbaijan/ |titulo=Azerbaijan e le processo de normalisation con Armenia |sitioweb=Consilio del Union Europee |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Situation contemporanee e conclusion == Le historia de Azerbaijan es le resultato de plure transformationes politic e cultural: ab le regnos antique del Caucaso e le imperios persian, per le dominio russe e le breve Republica Democratic de 1918–1920, usque al periodo sovietic e le independentia recuperate in 1991. Le independentia ha permitte al pais de developpar su proprie institutiones statal e de usar su ressources energetic pro promover le disveloppamento economic. Al mesme tempore, le concentration del poter politic, le relationes inter le Stato e le societate civil, le dependentia del petroleum e le consequentias human del conflictos territorial remane questiones importante in le historia contemporanee. Le recuperation del controlo azere super Nagorno-Karabakh in 2023 ha cambiate profundemente le situation territorial del Caucaso del Sud e ha provocate le exodo de quasi tote le population armenian del region. Le accordos e negotiationes de 2025–2026 ha create opportunitates pro le normalisation con Armenia, ma le pace durabile depende del execution del accordos, del resolution del questiones pendente e del protection del derectos del populationes affectate. Le historia del pais continua dunque a esser marcate per le interaction inter identitate national, geopolitica del Caucaso, ressources energetic e le relationes con le poteres regional e international. {{Ref}} {{Historia de Asia}} [[Categoria:Historia de Azerbaijan| ]] ijq1gltn8fqkmmli9cyt89uqg4rl45d 0 62346 704755 2026-10-18T09:31:41Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Azerbaijan]] 704755 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Azerbaijan]] 1qvdw7avrunvhdiwzagltdj00ca67yh 0 62347 704757 2026-10-18T09:31:59Z Interlingvisto 60932 Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Historia de Azerbaidzhan]] a [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] 704757 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] 3p36auij3t4xcqhvsspzgovq9wgqesv 704831 704757 2026-10-18T10:04:48Z Interlingvisto 60932 Redirection a [[Historia de Azerbaijan]] removite 704831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} 35r2j9t4ectnt1cmb7mlgcqvwz6h5k6 14 62348 704759 2026-10-18T09:33:13Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con 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[[Categoria:Geographia per pais|A]]” 704826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Geography of Azerbaijan}} [[Categoria:Azerbaijan]] [[Categoria:Geographia per pais|A]] rw0qgl9u4ihwac2n2vt75exu7w4rg25 0 62371 704837 2026-10-18T10:10:58Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo''' concerne le evolution politic, religiose e cultural del territorios del actual [[Republica de Azerbaijan]] e del regiones historic adjacente inter le seculos III e XI. Durante iste periodo, le region passava sub le influentia e le domination del [[Imperio Sasanida]], del [[Imperio Byzantin]], del califatos islamic e de poteres regional del Caucaso. Un distinction geographic es importante...” 704837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo''' concerne le evolution politic, religiose e cultural del territorios del actual [[Republica de Azerbaijan]] e del regiones historic adjacente inter le seculos III e XI. Durante iste periodo, le region passava sub le influentia e le domination del [[Imperio Sasanida]], del [[Imperio Byzantin]], del califatos islamic e de poteres regional del Caucaso. Un distinction geographic es importante: le historia del actual Azerbaijan include territorios que in le Antiquitate e le Medievo esseva associate a Albania Caucasic, o [[Arran]], al nord del fluvio Aras, durante que le nomine historic de Azerbaijan o Azarbaijan designava principalement un provincia del Iran actual, al sud del fluvio. Le historias de iste regiones es intimemente ligate, ma lor frontieras e institutiones non esseva identic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iv/ |titulo=Azarbaijan iv. Islamic History to 1941 |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto geographic e politic == Durante le Alta Medievo, le Caucaso del Sud esseva un zona de contacto inter imperios e populationes. Le Mar Caspian, le fluvios Kura e Aras e le passos montaniose facilitava le commercio e le communication, ma permitteva etiam incursiones e invasiones ab le steppas del nord. Le territorios del actual Azerbaijan includeva partes del ancian [[Albania Caucasic]], un regno con su proprie elites e traditiones, que durante le Antiquitate tarde esseva sub influentia crescente del imperios iranian. Le citate de [[Barda]] —ancianmente Partav— e le fortificationes de [[Derbent]] habeva un importantia strategic pro le controlo del rutas commercial e del passages inter le Caucaso e le steppas septentrional. Le region esseva etiam importante pro le defensa del frontieras del imperio persa. Le poteres que dominava le Caucaso cercava controlar le vias maritime e terrestre e impedir le incursiones de populos proveniente del nord. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/darband-i-ancient-city/ |titulo=Darband |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Dominio sasanida == === Incorporation al Imperio Sasanida === In 252–253, le [[Imperio Sasanida]] subjugava e incorporava le regno de Albania Caucasic in su sphera de domination. Le monarchia local continuava a existir durante certe periodos, ma le poter real esseva progressivemente limitate per le governatores e officiales sasanida, inter illos le *marzban*, un autoritate provincial con responsabilitates militar e administrative. Le inscriptiones real del rege [[Shapur I]] documenta le expansion sasanida e su confrontationes con le [[Imperio Roman]]. Le Caucaso esseva un frontiera importante in iste rivalitate, e Albania Caucasic poteva esser obligate a furnir tropas al exercitus sasanida. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm/ |titulo=Albania |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le regno de [[Shapur II]] (309–379), le rege albanese [[Urnayr]] manteneva un aliantia con le Sasanidas e participava, secundo le fontes historic, al operationes militar contra Roma. Le region restava tamen un spatio de interaction inter le autoritate imperial persa, le elites local e le potentias christian del Caucaso. === Christianisation de Albania Caucasic === Le christianismo se diffundeva in Albania Caucasic durante le seculo IV. Secundo le tradition historic del region, le rege Urnayr adoptava le religion christian durante su regno. Le ecclesia albanese disveloppava su proprie traditiones e institutiones e manteneva relationes con le ecclesias armenian e georgian. Le christianismo deveniva un elemento importante del identitate religiose e politic del elites albanese. Tamen, le societate non esseva religiosemente uniforme: traditiones local anterior persisteva, e le autoritates sasanida cercava periodicamente reforçar le religion official del imperio, le [[Zoroastrismo]]. Durante le seculo V, le conflictos religiose e politic inter le Sasanidas e le communitates christian del Caucaso provocava revoltas e cambios del politica del monarchias local. Le rege [[Vachagan III]] (fin del seculo V) es associate con le reinfortiamento del ecclesia christian albanese e con le convocation de un concilio ecclesiastic a Aghuen. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm/ |titulo=Albania |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Conflictos inter Sasanidas e Byzantinos == Durante le seculos V e VI, le Caucaso remaneva un zona de rivalitate inter le [[Imperio Sasanida]] e le [[Imperio Byzantin]]. Le fortificationes del frontiera e le controlo del passos montaniose habeva un importantia central pro impedir le incursiones de populos del steppas. Le citate de [[Derbent]] deveniva un del principal bastiones del defensa sasanida contra le invasiones proveniente del nord. Le fortificationes del citate e le murallas que se extendiva verso le Caucaso serviva a proteger le territorios del Mar Caspian e a controlar le movimentos per le costa. Le populationes del region esseva frequentemente affectate per le guerras, le destruction de stabilimentos e le displaciamento de habitantes. Le governatores sasanida cercava mantener le autoritate super le elites local, ma le monarchias e principatos del Caucaso conservava grados variabile de autonomia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/darband-i-ancient-city/ |titulo=Darband |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le dynastia Mihranida e Javanshir == Durante le fin del seculo VI e le seculo VII, le familia Mihranida deveniva un del principal dynastias del Albania Caucasic. Su membros portava titulos associate al governamento del region e exerceva autoritate sub le influentia del Sasanidas e, postea, del Byzantinos. Le figura le plus cognoscite del dynastia esseva Javanshir, qui governava durante le seculo VII. Durante le prime annos de su regno, ille supportava le Sasanidas in lor guerra contra le Byzantinos e participava al conflictos associate al expansion arabe in Persa. Post le cadita del Imperio Sasanida in 651, Javanshir reorientava su politica exterior e cercava protection del Imperio Byzantin. Ille debeva etiam facer fronte al incursiones del [[Khazares]], un potentia del steppas septentrional que attaccava le Caucaso e le territorios circum le Mar Caspian. In 662, Javanshir obteneva un victoria contra un incursione khazar, ma un nove invasion in 665 obligava le governatores albanese a acceptar conditiones de tributo. Ille establiva etiam relationes diplomatic con le califato, includente contactos con le califa [[Muawiya I]], pro limitar le pression militar e mantener un grado de autonomia. Javanshir esseva assassinate in 681, e le autonomia del regno deveniva progressivemente plus fragile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Conquista arabe e incorporation al califato == === Prime incursiones arabe === Durante le seculo VII, le expansion del [[Califato Rashidun]] duceva le exercitus arabe verso le Caucaso. Le conquesta del imperio sasanida aperiva le via al invasiones de Albania Caucasic e de Azerbaijan, le provincia iranian al sud del Aras. Le conquista del provincia iranian de Azerbaijan occurreva circa 639–643, ben que le chronologia exacte varia inter le fontes. Le exercitus arabe affrontava resistencia local e debeva organisar expeditiones successive pro consolidar le controlo del territorio. Al nord del Aras, le situation esseva distincte. Le arabes establiva relationes de suzeranitate e tributo con partes de Albania Caucasic, ma le elites local manteneva inicialmente un grado de autonomia. Le citate de Partav, cognoscite in le fontes arabe como Barda, deveniva un importante centro administrative e militar. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iv/ |titulo=Azarbaijan iv. Islamic History to 1941 |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Consolidation del domination arabe === Durante le califatos Rashidun e [[Califato Omeia]], le exercitus arabe organisava expeditiones in le Caucaso e tentava controlar le rutas del Mar Caspian. Le governamento del region esseva progressivemente integrate in le administration del califato, ben que le controlo variava secundo le periodo e le localitate. In 705, le autonomia politic del dynastia Mihranida in Albania Caucasic esseva eliminate. Le region deveniva plus directemente submisse al autoritate del califato e esseva administrate in le quadro del provincia de Arran. Le taxation, le stationamento de tropas e le integration del elites local in le administration islamic transformava le societate. Le conversion al [[Islam]] non esseva immediate: le communitates christian continuava a existir durante multe seculos, specialmente in le citates e in certe regiones rural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Guerras inter arabes e Khazares == Le Caucaso del Sud deveniva un frontiera de guerra inter le califato e le [[Khaganato Khazar]], un potentia turcic del steppas al nord del Mar Caspian. Le Khazares faceva incursiones in Armenia, Arran e Azerbaijan, durante que le governatores arabe organisava expeditiones verso le nord. Le fortificationes de Derbent habeva un rolo importante in iste conflictos, perque illos controlava un del principal passages inter le steppas e le Caucaso del Sud. Le citates e le regiones agricole esseva repetitemente devastate per le incursiones e le operationes militar. In 722–723, le fortias khazar attaccava le Caucaso del Sud. In 730, un grande incursione attingeva Ardabil, in le provincia de Azerbaijan, e occideva le governator arabe al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah. Le conflictos continuava durante le decennios sequente, con alternationes de invasiones, expeditiones punitive e accordos temporari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khazars/ |titulo=Khazars |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Administration islamic e transformationes social == Le incorporation al califato introduceva nove structuras administrative, fiscal e militar. Le arabe deveniva un lingua importante del administration e del cultura erudite, durante que le persa continuava a esser usate largemente in le vita cultural e in numerose ambientes administrative. Le conversion al Islam se disveloppava gradualmente. Le elites urban e certe communitates adoptava le religion musulman, durante que le christianismo albanese remaneva presente in partes del Caucaso. Le fontes medieval indica que in certe citates, como Qabala e Shabaran, le christianos continuava a representar un parte importante del population usque al seculo X. Le region deveniva un spatio de contacto inter traditiones religiose e linguistic. Le cultura persa, le institutiones islamic e le traditiones local del Caucaso se influentiava reciprocamente e contribuiva al formation de nove formas de organisation social. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Babak Khorramdin e le revolta de Babak == Durante le initio del seculo IX, le dominio del [[Califato Abbasida]] affrontava un serie de rebelliones in partes de Iran e del Caucaso. Un del plus importante esseva le revolta dirigite per [[Babak Khorramdin]], que comenciava circa 816 e durava usque a 837. Le movimento de Babak se disveloppava principalement in Azerbaijan iranian, specialmente in le region montaniose de Azerbaijan occidental, ma su effectos e le operationes militar associate attingeva etiam partes del Caucaso del Sud. Le revolta combinava opposition al autoritate abbasida, ressentimentos social e traditiones religiose local. Le exercitus abbasida duceva plure expeditiones contra le fortificationes del rebelles. Babak esseva capturate in 837 e executate in 838. Le repression del revolta contribuiva al debilitamento de certe structuras local e al transformation del administration califal in le region. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iv/ |titulo=Azarbaijan iv. Islamic History to 1941 |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Emergentia de dynastias regional == Durante le seculos IX e X, le poter central abbasida deveniva plus debile in le Caucaso del Sud. Dynastias regional acquireva un grado crescente de autonomia e governava partes del territorio in le nomine del califato o como potentias independente de facto. Inter iste dynastias se trovava le Sajidas, le Salaridas, le Shaddadidas e le Shirvanshahs. Lor territorios e le duration de lor dominio variava, e illos competeva pro le controlo del citates, del rutas commercial e del recursos agricole. Le Shirvanshahs disveloppava un tradition de governamento regional in Shirvan, con centros politic in Shamakhi e, plus tarde, Baku. Le dynastia manteneva su existentia durante multe seculos e deveniva un del institutiones politic le plus durabile del Caucaso oriental. Le regiones del Caucaso remaneva tamen vulnerabile al invasiones ab le steppas, al rivalitate inter dynastias e al intervention de potentias vicin. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Seljuks e le fin del Alta Medievo == Durante le seculo XI, le expansion del [[Imperio Seljuk]] transformava de novo le organisation politic del Caucaso e del regiones iranian. Le Seljuks, un dynastia turcica que habeva establite un grande imperio in le Medio Oriente, extendeva su influentia verso Azerbaijan e Arran. Le expansion seljuk contribuiva al augmento del migrationes turcophone e al transformation linguistic e demographic del region. Le relationes inter le elites local, le traditiones persa e le populationes turcophone formava un elemento importante del evolution cultural del Azerbaijan medieval. Le dominio seljuk non eliminava immediatemente tote le dynastias regional. Le Shirvanshahs e altere governantes local continuava a exercer grados variabile de autonomia, sovente recognoscente le superioritate del poter seljuk. Le fin del seculo XI es frequentemente considerate le transition verso le Medievo central, durante le qual le organisation politic e cultural del Caucaso continuava a transformar se sub le influentia de dynastias turcica e persa. == Religione e cultura == Le Alta Medievo esseva un periodo de transformation religiose. Le christianismo habeva un rolo importante in Albania Caucasic, con un ecclesia local e traditiones religiose que manteneva relationes con Armenia e Byzantio. Post le conquista arabe, le Islam se diffundeva progressivemente in le territorio. Le conversiones esseva lente e variava inter le citates, le elites e le communitates rural. Le christianismo remaneva presente in certe zonas durante multe seculos, e le traditiones religiose local non dispariva immediatemente. Le persa continuava a esser un lingua importante del administration e del cultura litterari. Le arabe deveniva le lingua del religion islamic, del scholas religiose e de numerose documentos administrative. Le linguas local del Caucaso, includente le formas ancian del lingua albanese caucasic, remaneva etiam in uso. Le citates como Barda, Derbent e Shamakhi habeva un rolo in le commercio e in le administration. Le fortificationes, le edificios religiose e le rutas commercial documenta le importantia strategic e economic del region. == Consequentias historic == Le transformationes del Alta Medievo establiva plure elementos que influentiava le historia posterior de Azerbaijan: * Le integration del region in le sphera politic e cultural del imperios iranian; * Le existentia e le transformation de Albania Caucasic e de su traditiones christian; * Le incorporation progressiva del Caucaso del Sud in le mundo islamic; * Le formation de dynastias regional, includente le Shirvanshahs; * Le expansion del linguas e populationes turcophone; * Le importantia permanente del commercio e del fortificationes del Mar Caspian e del Caucaso. Iste elementos non forma un processo uniforme ni un transition directe verso le stato moderne. Le territorios del actual Azerbaijan habeva historias regional differente, e lor identitates linguistic, religiose e politic se transformava durante plure seculos. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Azerbaijan| ]] [[Categoria:Alta Medievo]] ld8wmnzrgeudsnsbtgauk3mtng5rcdz 704838 704837 2026-10-18T10:11:07Z Interlingvisto 60932 704838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo''' concerne le evolution politic, religiose e cultural del territorios del actual [[Republica de Azerbaijan]] e del regiones historic adjacente inter le seculos III e XI. Durante iste periodo, le region passava sub le influentia e le domination del [[Imperio Sasanida]], del [[Imperio Byzantin]], del califatos islamic e de poteres regional del Caucaso. Un distinction geographic es importante: le historia del actual Azerbaijan include territorios que in le Antiquitate e le Medievo esseva associate a Albania Caucasic, o [[Arran]], al nord del fluvio Aras, durante que le nomine historic de Azerbaijan o Azarbaijan designava principalement un provincia del Iran actual, al sud del fluvio. Le historias de iste regiones es intimemente ligate, ma lor frontieras e institutiones non esseva identic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iv/ |titulo=Azarbaijan iv. Islamic History to 1941 |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto geographic e politic == Durante le Alta Medievo, le Caucaso del Sud esseva un zona de contacto inter imperios e populationes. Le Mar Caspian, le fluvios Kura e Aras e le passos montaniose facilitava le commercio e le communication, ma permitteva etiam incursiones e invasiones ab le steppas del nord. Le territorios del actual Azerbaijan includeva partes del ancian [[Albania Caucasic]], un regno con su proprie elites e traditiones, que durante le Antiquitate tarde esseva sub influentia crescente del imperios iranian. Le citate de [[Barda]] —ancianmente Partav— e le fortificationes de [[Derbent]] habeva un importantia strategic pro le controlo del rutas commercial e del passages inter le Caucaso e le steppas septentrional. Le region esseva etiam importante pro le defensa del frontieras del imperio persa. Le poteres que dominava le Caucaso cercava controlar le vias maritime e terrestre e impedir le incursiones de populos proveniente del nord. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/darband-i-ancient-city/ |titulo=Darband |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Dominio sasanida == === Incorporation al Imperio Sasanida === In 252–253, le [[Imperio Sasanida]] subjugava e incorporava le regno de Albania Caucasic in su sphera de domination. Le monarchia local continuava a existir durante certe periodos, ma le poter real esseva progressivemente limitate per le governatores e officiales sasanida, inter illos le *marzban*, un autoritate provincial con responsabilitates militar e administrative. Le inscriptiones real del rege [[Shapur I]] documenta le expansion sasanida e su confrontationes con le [[Imperio Roman]]. Le Caucaso esseva un frontiera importante in iste rivalitate, e Albania Caucasic poteva esser obligate a furnir tropas al exercitus sasanida. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm/ |titulo=Albania |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le regno de [[Shapur II]] (309–379), le rege albanese [[Urnayr]] manteneva un aliantia con le Sasanidas e participava, secundo le fontes historic, al operationes militar contra Roma. Le region restava tamen un spatio de interaction inter le autoritate imperial persa, le elites local e le potentias christian del Caucaso. === Christianisation de Albania Caucasic === Le christianismo se diffundeva in Albania Caucasic durante le seculo IV. Secundo le tradition historic del region, le rege Urnayr adoptava le religion christian durante su regno. Le ecclesia albanese disveloppava su proprie traditiones e institutiones e manteneva relationes con le ecclesias armenian e georgian. Le christianismo deveniva un elemento importante del identitate religiose e politic del elites albanese. Tamen, le societate non esseva religiosemente uniforme: traditiones local anterior persisteva, e le autoritates sasanida cercava periodicamente reforçar le religion official del imperio, le [[Zoroastrismo]]. Durante le seculo V, le conflictos religiose e politic inter le Sasanidas e le communitates christian del Caucaso provocava revoltas e cambios del politica del monarchias local. Le rege [[Vachagan III]] (fin del seculo V) es associate con le reinfortiamento del ecclesia christian albanese e con le convocation de un concilio ecclesiastic a Aghuen. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm/ |titulo=Albania |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Conflictos inter Sasanidas e Byzantinos == Durante le seculos V e VI, le Caucaso remaneva un zona de rivalitate inter le [[Imperio Sasanida]] e le [[Imperio Byzantin]]. Le fortificationes del frontiera e le controlo del passos montaniose habeva un importantia central pro impedir le incursiones de populos del steppas. Le citate de [[Derbent]] deveniva un del principal bastiones del defensa sasanida contra le invasiones proveniente del nord. Le fortificationes del citate e le murallas que se extendiva verso le Caucaso serviva a proteger le territorios del Mar Caspian e a controlar le movimentos per le costa. Le populationes del region esseva frequentemente affectate per le guerras, le destruction de stabilimentos e le displaciamento de habitantes. Le governatores sasanida cercava mantener le autoritate super le elites local, ma le monarchias e principatos del Caucaso conservava grados variabile de autonomia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/darband-i-ancient-city/ |titulo=Darband |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le dynastia Mihranida e Javanshir == Durante le fin del seculo VI e le seculo VII, le familia Mihranida deveniva un del principal dynastias del Albania Caucasic. Su membros portava titulos associate al governamento del region e exerceva autoritate sub le influentia del Sasanidas e, postea, del Byzantinos. Le figura le plus cognoscite del dynastia esseva Javanshir, qui governava durante le seculo VII. Durante le prime annos de su regno, ille supportava le Sasanidas in lor guerra contra le Byzantinos e participava al conflictos associate al expansion arabe in Persa. Post le cadita del Imperio Sasanida in 651, Javanshir reorientava su politica exterior e cercava protection del Imperio Byzantin. Ille debeva etiam facer fronte al incursiones del [[Khazares]], un potentia del steppas septentrional que attaccava le Caucaso e le territorios circum le Mar Caspian. In 662, Javanshir obteneva un victoria contra un incursione khazar, ma un nove invasion in 665 obligava le governatores albanese a acceptar conditiones de tributo. Ille establiva etiam relationes diplomatic con le califato, includente contactos con le califa [[Muawiya I]], pro limitar le pression militar e mantener un grado de autonomia. Javanshir esseva assassinate in 681, e le autonomia del regno deveniva progressivemente plus fragile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Conquista arabe e incorporation al califato == === Prime incursiones arabe === Durante le seculo VII, le expansion del [[Califato Rashidun]] duceva le exercitus arabe verso le Caucaso. Le conquesta del imperio sasanida aperiva le via al invasiones de Albania Caucasic e de Azerbaijan, le provincia iranian al sud del Aras. Le conquista del provincia iranian de Azerbaijan occurreva circa 639–643, ben que le chronologia exacte varia inter le fontes. Le exercitus arabe affrontava resistencia local e debeva organisar expeditiones successive pro consolidar le controlo del territorio. Al nord del Aras, le situation esseva distincte. Le arabes establiva relationes de suzeranitate e tributo con partes de Albania Caucasic, ma le elites local manteneva inicialmente un grado de autonomia. Le citate de Partav, cognoscite in le fontes arabe como Barda, deveniva un importante centro administrative e militar. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iv/ |titulo=Azarbaijan iv. Islamic History to 1941 |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Consolidation del domination arabe === Durante le califatos Rashidun e [[Califato Omeia]], le exercitus arabe organisava expeditiones in le Caucaso e tentava controlar le rutas del Mar Caspian. Le governamento del region esseva progressivemente integrate in le administration del califato, ben que le controlo variava secundo le periodo e le localitate. In 705, le autonomia politic del dynastia Mihranida in Albania Caucasic esseva eliminate. Le region deveniva plus directemente submisse al autoritate del califato e esseva administrate in le quadro del provincia de Arran. Le taxation, le stationamento de tropas e le integration del elites local in le administration islamic transformava le societate. Le conversion al [[Islam]] non esseva immediate: le communitates christian continuava a existir durante multe seculos, specialmente in le citates e in certe regiones rural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Guerras inter arabes e Khazares == Le Caucaso del Sud deveniva un frontiera de guerra inter le califato e le [[Khaganato Khazar]], un potentia turcic del steppas al nord del Mar Caspian. Le Khazares faceva incursiones in Armenia, Arran e Azerbaijan, durante que le governatores arabe organisava expeditiones verso le nord. Le fortificationes de Derbent habeva un rolo importante in iste conflictos, perque illos controlava un del principal passages inter le steppas e le Caucaso del Sud. Le citates e le regiones agricole esseva repetitemente devastate per le incursiones e le operationes militar. In 722–723, le fortias khazar attaccava le Caucaso del Sud. In 730, un grande incursione attingeva Ardabil, in le provincia de Azerbaijan, e occideva le governator arabe al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah. Le conflictos continuava durante le decennios sequente, con alternationes de invasiones, expeditiones punitive e accordos temporari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khazars/ |titulo=Khazars |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Administration islamic e transformationes social == Le incorporation al califato introduceva nove structuras administrative, fiscal e militar. Le arabe deveniva un lingua importante del administration e del cultura erudite, durante que le persa continuava a esser usate largemente in le vita cultural e in numerose ambientes administrative. Le conversion al Islam se disveloppava gradualmente. Le elites urban e certe communitates adoptava le religion musulman, durante que le christianismo albanese remaneva presente in partes del Caucaso. Le fontes medieval indica que in certe citates, como Qabala e Shabaran, le christianos continuava a representar un parte importante del population usque al seculo X. Le region deveniva un spatio de contacto inter traditiones religiose e linguistic. Le cultura persa, le institutiones islamic e le traditiones local del Caucaso se influentiava reciprocamente e contribuiva al formation de nove formas de organisation social. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Babak Khorramdin e le revolta de Babak == Durante le initio del seculo IX, le dominio del [[Califato Abbasida]] affrontava un serie de rebelliones in partes de Iran e del Caucaso. Un del plus importante esseva le revolta dirigite per [[Babak Khorramdin]], que comenciava circa 816 e durava usque a 837. Le movimento de Babak se disveloppava principalement in Azerbaijan iranian, specialmente in le region montaniose de Azerbaijan occidental, ma su effectos e le operationes militar associate attingeva etiam partes del Caucaso del Sud. Le revolta combinava opposition al autoritate abbasida, ressentimentos social e traditiones religiose local. Le exercitus abbasida duceva plure expeditiones contra le fortificationes del rebelles. Babak esseva capturate in 837 e executate in 838. Le repression del revolta contribuiva al debilitamento de certe structuras local e al transformation del administration califal in le region. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iv/ |titulo=Azarbaijan iv. Islamic History to 1941 |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Emergentia de dynastias regional == Durante le seculos IX e X, le poter central abbasida deveniva plus debile in le Caucaso del Sud. Dynastias regional acquireva un grado crescente de autonomia e governava partes del territorio in le nomine del califato o como potentias independente de facto. Inter iste dynastias se trovava le Sajidas, le Salaridas, le Shaddadidas e le Shirvanshahs. Lor territorios e le duration de lor dominio variava, e illos competeva pro le controlo del citates, del rutas commercial e del recursos agricole. Le Shirvanshahs disveloppava un tradition de governamento regional in Shirvan, con centros politic in Shamakhi e, plus tarde, Baku. Le dynastia manteneva su existentia durante multe seculos e deveniva un del institutiones politic le plus durabile del Caucaso oriental. Le regiones del Caucaso remaneva tamen vulnerabile al invasiones ab le steppas, al rivalitate inter dynastias e al intervention de potentias vicin. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Seljuks e le fin del Alta Medievo == Durante le seculo XI, le expansion del [[Imperio Seljuk]] transformava de novo le organisation politic del Caucaso e del regiones iranian. Le Seljuks, un dynastia turcica que habeva establite un grande imperio in le Medio Oriente, extendeva su influentia verso Azerbaijan e Arran. Le expansion seljuk contribuiva al augmento del migrationes turcophone e al transformation linguistic e demographic del region. Le relationes inter le elites local, le traditiones persa e le populationes turcophone formava un elemento importante del evolution cultural del Azerbaijan medieval. Le dominio seljuk non eliminava immediatemente tote le dynastias regional. Le Shirvanshahs e altere governantes local continuava a exercer grados variabile de autonomia, sovente recognoscente le superioritate del poter seljuk. Le fin del seculo XI es frequentemente considerate le transition verso le Medievo central, durante le qual le organisation politic e cultural del Caucaso continuava a transformar se sub le influentia de dynastias turcica e persa. == Religione e cultura == Le Alta Medievo esseva un periodo de transformation religiose. Le christianismo habeva un rolo importante in Albania Caucasic, con un ecclesia local e traditiones religiose que manteneva relationes con Armenia e Byzantio. Post le conquista arabe, le Islam se diffundeva progressivemente in le territorio. Le conversiones esseva lente e variava inter le citates, le elites e le communitates rural. Le christianismo remaneva presente in certe zonas durante multe seculos, e le traditiones religiose local non dispariva immediatemente. Le persa continuava a esser un lingua importante del administration e del cultura litterari. Le arabe deveniva le lingua del religion islamic, del scholas religiose e de numerose documentos administrative. Le linguas local del Caucaso, includente le formas ancian del lingua albanese caucasic, remaneva etiam in uso. Le citates como Barda, Derbent e Shamakhi habeva un rolo in le commercio e in le administration. Le fortificationes, le edificios religiose e le rutas commercial documenta le importantia strategic e economic del region. == Consequentias historic == Le transformationes del Alta Medievo establiva plure elementos que influentiava le historia posterior de Azerbaijan: * Le integration del region in le sphera politic e cultural del imperios iranian; * Le existentia e le transformation de Albania Caucasic e de su traditiones christian; * Le incorporation progressiva del Caucaso del Sud in le mundo islamic; * Le formation de dynastias regional, includente le Shirvanshahs; * Le expansion del linguas e populationes turcophone; * Le importantia permanente del commercio e del fortificationes del Mar Caspian e del Caucaso. Iste elementos non forma un processo uniforme ni un transition directe verso le stato moderne. Le territorios del actual Azerbaijan habeva historias regional differente, e lor identitates linguistic, religiose e politic se transformava durante plure seculos. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Azerbaijan|M]] [[Categoria:Alta Medievo]] r8xpz0ub5krwanzmidy0rfs10119tjj 704840 704838 2026-10-18T10:12:36Z Interlingvisto 60932 704840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''historia de Azerbaijan in le Alte Medievo''' concerne le evolution politic, religiose e cultural del territorios del actual [[Republica de Azerbaijan]] e del regiones historic adjacente inter le seculos III e XI. Durante iste periodo, le region passava sub le influentia e le domination del [[Imperio Sasanida]], del [[Imperio Byzantin]], del califatos islamic e de poteres regional del Caucaso. Un distinction geographic es importante: le historia del actual Azerbaijan include territorios que in le Antiquitate e le Medievo esseva associate a Albania Caucasic, o [[Arran]], al nord del fluvio Aras, durante que le nomine historic de Azerbaijan o Azarbaijan designava principalement un provincia del Iran actual, al sud del fluvio. Le historias de iste regiones es intimemente ligate, ma lor frontieras e institutiones non esseva identic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iv/ |titulo=Azarbaijan iv. Islamic History to 1941 |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Contexto geographic e politic == Durante le Alte Medievo, le Caucaso del Sud esseva un zona de contacto inter imperios e populationes. Le Mar Caspian, le fluvios Kura e Aras e le passos montaniose facilitava le commercio e le communication, ma permitteva etiam incursiones e invasiones ab le steppas del nord. Le territorios del actual Azerbaijan includeva partes del ancian [[Albania Caucasic]], un regno con su proprie elites e traditiones, que durante le Antiquitate tarde esseva sub influentia crescente del imperios iranian. Le citate de [[Barda]] —ancianmente Partav— e le fortificationes de [[Derbent]] habeva un importantia strategic pro le controlo del rutas commercial e del passages inter le Caucaso e le steppas septentrional. Le region esseva etiam importante pro le defensa del frontieras del imperio persa. Le poteres que dominava le Caucaso cercava controlar le vias maritime e terrestre e impedir le incursiones de populos proveniente del nord. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/darband-i-ancient-city/ |titulo=Darband |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Dominio sasanida == === Incorporation al Imperio Sasanida === In 252–253, le [[Imperio Sasanida]] subjugava e incorporava le regno de Albania Caucasic in su sphera de domination. Le monarchia local continuava a existir durante certe periodos, ma le poter real esseva progressivemente limitate per le governatores e officiales sasanida, inter illos le *marzban*, un autoritate provincial con responsabilitates militar e administrative. Le inscriptiones real del rege [[Shapur I]] documenta le expansion sasanida e su confrontationes con le [[Imperio Roman]]. Le Caucaso esseva un frontiera importante in iste rivalitate, e Albania Caucasic poteva esser obligate a furnir tropas al exercitus sasanida. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm/ |titulo=Albania |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> Durante le regno de [[Shapur II]] (309–379), le rege albanese [[Urnayr]] manteneva un aliantia con le Sasanidas e participava, secundo le fontes historic, al operationes militar contra Roma. Le region restava tamen un spatio de interaction inter le autoritate imperial persa, le elites local e le potentias christian del Caucaso. === Christianisation de Albania Caucasic === Le christianismo se diffundeva in Albania Caucasic durante le seculo IV. Secundo le tradition historic del region, le rege Urnayr adoptava le religion christian durante su regno. Le ecclesia albanese disveloppava su proprie traditiones e institutiones e manteneva relationes con le ecclesias armenian e georgian. Le christianismo deveniva un elemento importante del identitate religiose e politic del elites albanese. Tamen, le societate non esseva religiosemente uniforme: traditiones local anterior persisteva, e le autoritates sasanida cercava periodicamente reforçar le religion official del imperio, le [[Zoroastrismo]]. Durante le seculo V, le conflictos religiose e politic inter le Sasanidas e le communitates christian del Caucaso provocava revoltas e cambios del politica del monarchias local. Le rege [[Vachagan III]] (fin del seculo V) es associate con le reinfortiamento del ecclesia christian albanese e con le convocation de un concilio ecclesiastic a Aghuen. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm/ |titulo=Albania |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Conflictos inter Sasanidas e Byzantinos == Durante le seculos V e VI, le Caucaso remaneva un zona de rivalitate inter le [[Imperio Sasanida]] e le [[Imperio Byzantin]]. Le fortificationes del frontiera e le controlo del passos montaniose habeva un importantia central pro impedir le incursiones de populos del steppas. Le citate de [[Derbent]] deveniva un del principal bastiones del defensa sasanida contra le invasiones proveniente del nord. Le fortificationes del citate e le murallas que se extendiva verso le Caucaso serviva a proteger le territorios del Mar Caspian e a controlar le movimentos per le costa. Le populationes del region esseva frequentemente affectate per le guerras, le destruction de stabilimentos e le displaciamento de habitantes. Le governatores sasanida cercava mantener le autoritate super le elites local, ma le monarchias e principatos del Caucaso conservava grados variabile de autonomia. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/darband-i-ancient-city/ |titulo=Darband |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Le dynastia Mihranida e Javanshir == Durante le fin del seculo VI e le seculo VII, le familia Mihranida deveniva un del principal dynastias del Albania Caucasic. Su membros portava titulos associate al governamento del region e exerceva autoritate sub le influentia del Sasanidas e, postea, del Byzantinos. Le figura le plus cognoscite del dynastia esseva Javanshir, qui governava durante le seculo VII. Durante le prime annos de su regno, ille supportava le Sasanidas in lor guerra contra le Byzantinos e participava al conflictos associate al expansion arabe in Persa. Post le cadita del Imperio Sasanida in 651, Javanshir reorientava su politica exterior e cercava protection del Imperio Byzantin. Ille debeva etiam facer fronte al incursiones del [[Khazares]], un potentia del steppas septentrional que attaccava le Caucaso e le territorios circum le Mar Caspian. In 662, Javanshir obteneva un victoria contra un incursione khazar, ma un nove invasion in 665 obligava le governatores albanese a acceptar conditiones de tributo. Ille establiva etiam relationes diplomatic con le califato, includente contactos con le califa [[Muawiya I]], pro limitar le pression militar e mantener un grado de autonomia. Javanshir esseva assassinate in 681, e le autonomia del regno deveniva progressivemente plus fragile. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Conquista arabe e incorporation al califato == === Prime incursiones arabe === Durante le seculo VII, le expansion del [[Califato Rashidun]] duceva le exercitus arabe verso le Caucaso. Le conquesta del imperio sasanida aperiva le via al invasiones de Albania Caucasic e de Azerbaijan, le provincia iranian al sud del Aras. Le conquista del provincia iranian de Azerbaijan occurreva circa 639–643, ben que le chronologia exacte varia inter le fontes. Le exercitus arabe affrontava resistencia local e debeva organisar expeditiones successive pro consolidar le controlo del territorio. Al nord del Aras, le situation esseva distincte. Le arabes establiva relationes de suzeranitate e tributo con partes de Albania Caucasic, ma le elites local manteneva inicialmente un grado de autonomia. Le citate de Partav, cognoscite in le fontes arabe como Barda, deveniva un importante centro administrative e militar. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iv/ |titulo=Azarbaijan iv. Islamic History to 1941 |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> === Consolidation del domination arabe === Durante le califatos Rashidun e [[Califato Omeia]], le exercitus arabe organisava expeditiones in le Caucaso e tentava controlar le rutas del Mar Caspian. Le governamento del region esseva progressivemente integrate in le administration del califato, ben que le controlo variava secundo le periodo e le localitate. In 705, le autonomia politic del dynastia Mihranida in Albania Caucasic esseva eliminate. Le region deveniva plus directemente submisse al autoritate del califato e esseva administrate in le quadro del provincia de Arran. Le taxation, le stationamento de tropas e le integration del elites local in le administration islamic transformava le societate. Le conversion al [[Islam]] non esseva immediate: le communitates christian continuava a existir durante multe seculos, specialmente in le citates e in certe regiones rural. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Guerras inter arabes e Khazares == Le Caucaso del Sud deveniva un frontiera de guerra inter le califato e le [[Khaganato Khazar]], un potentia turcic del steppas al nord del Mar Caspian. Le Khazares faceva incursiones in Armenia, Arran e Azerbaijan, durante que le governatores arabe organisava expeditiones verso le nord. Le fortificationes de Derbent habeva un rolo importante in iste conflictos, perque illos controlava un del principal passages inter le steppas e le Caucaso del Sud. Le citates e le regiones agricole esseva repetitemente devastate per le incursiones e le operationes militar. In 722–723, le fortias khazar attaccava le Caucaso del Sud. In 730, un grande incursione attingeva Ardabil, in le provincia de Azerbaijan, e occideva le governator arabe al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah. Le conflictos continuava durante le decennios sequente, con alternationes de invasiones, expeditiones punitive e accordos temporari. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khazars/ |titulo=Khazars |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Administration islamic e transformationes social == Le incorporation al califato introduceva nove structuras administrative, fiscal e militar. Le arabe deveniva un lingua importante del administration e del cultura erudite, durante que le persa continuava a esser usate largemente in le vita cultural e in numerose ambientes administrative. Le conversion al Islam se disveloppava gradualmente. Le elites urban e certe communitates adoptava le religion musulman, durante que le christianismo albanese remaneva presente in partes del Caucaso. Le fontes medieval indica que in certe citates, como Qabala e Shabaran, le christianos continuava a representar un parte importante del population usque al seculo X. Le region deveniva un spatio de contacto inter traditiones religiose e linguistic. Le cultura persa, le institutiones islamic e le traditiones local del Caucaso se influentiava reciprocamente e contribuiva al formation de nove formas de organisation social. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Babak Khorramdin e le revolta de Babak == Durante le initio del seculo IX, le dominio del [[Califato Abbasida]] affrontava un serie de rebelliones in partes de Iran e del Caucaso. Un del plus importante esseva le revolta dirigite per [[Babak Khorramdin]], que comenciava circa 816 e durava usque a 837. Le movimento de Babak se disveloppava principalement in Azerbaijan iranian, specialmente in le region montaniose de Azerbaijan occidental, ma su effectos e le operationes militar associate attingeva etiam partes del Caucaso del Sud. Le revolta combinava opposition al autoritate abbasida, ressentimentos social e traditiones religiose local. Le exercitus abbasida duceva plure expeditiones contra le fortificationes del rebelles. Babak esseva capturate in 837 e executate in 838. Le repression del revolta contribuiva al debilitamento de certe structuras local e al transformation del administration califal in le region. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iv/ |titulo=Azarbaijan iv. Islamic History to 1941 |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Emergentia de dynastias regional == Durante le seculos IX e X, le poter central abbasida deveniva plus debile in le Caucaso del Sud. Dynastias regional acquireva un grado crescente de autonomia e governava partes del territorio in le nomine del califato o como potentias independente de facto. Inter iste dynastias se trovava le Sajidas, le Salaridas, le Shaddadidas e le Shirvanshahs. Lor territorios e le duration de lor dominio variava, e illos competeva pro le controlo del citates, del rutas commercial e del recursos agricole. Le Shirvanshahs disveloppava un tradition de governamento regional in Shirvan, con centros politic in Shamakhi e, plus tarde, Baku. Le dynastia manteneva su existentia durante multe seculos e deveniva un del institutiones politic le plus durabile del Caucaso oriental. Le regiones del Caucaso remaneva tamen vulnerabile al invasiones ab le steppas, al rivalitate inter dynastias e al intervention de potentias vicin. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arran-a-region/ |titulo=Arrān |sitioweb=Encyclopaedia Iranica |accesso=18 de octobre 2026}}</ref> == Seljuks e le fin del Alte Medievo == Durante le seculo XI, le expansion del [[Imperio Seljuk]] transformava de novo le organisation politic del Caucaso e del regiones iranian. Le Seljuks, un dynastia turcica que habeva establite un grande imperio in le Medio Oriente, extendeva su influentia verso Azerbaijan e Arran. Le expansion seljuk contribuiva al augmento del migrationes turcophone e al transformation linguistic e demographic del region. Le relationes inter le elites local, le traditiones persa e le populationes turcophone formava un elemento importante del evolution cultural del Azerbaijan medieval. Le dominio seljuk non eliminava immediatemente tote le dynastias regional. Le Shirvanshahs e altere governantes local continuava a exercer grados variabile de autonomia, sovente recognoscente le superioritate del poter seljuk. Le fin del seculo XI es frequentemente considerate le transition verso le Medievo central, durante le qual le organisation politic e cultural del Caucaso continuava a transformar se sub le influentia de dynastias turcica e persa. == Religion e cultura == Le Alte Medievo esseva un periodo de transformation religiose. Le christianismo habeva un rolo importante in Albania Caucasic, con un ecclesia local e traditiones religiose que manteneva relationes con Armenia e Byzantio. Post le conquista arabe, le Islam se diffundeva progressivemente in le territorio. Le conversiones esseva lente e variava inter le citates, le elites e le communitates rural. Le christianismo remaneva presente in certe zonas durante multe seculos, e le traditiones religiose local non dispariva immediatemente. Le persa continuava a esser un lingua importante del administration e del cultura litterari. Le arabe deveniva le lingua del religion islamic, del scholas religiose e de numerose documentos administrative. Le linguas local del Caucaso, includente le formas ancian del lingua albanese caucasic, remaneva etiam in uso. Le citates como Barda, Derbent e Shamakhi habeva un rolo in le commercio e in le administration. Le fortificationes, le edificios religiose e le rutas commercial documenta le importantia strategic e economic del region. == Consequentias historic == Le transformationes del Alte Medievo establiva plure elementos que influentiava le historia posterior de Azerbaijan: * Le integration del region in le sphera politic e cultural del imperios iranian; * Le existentia e le transformation de Albania Caucasic e de su traditiones christian; * Le incorporation progressiva del Caucaso del Sud in le mundo islamic; * Le formation de dynastias regional, includente le Shirvanshahs; * Le expansion del linguas e populationes turcophone; * Le importantia permanente del commercio e del fortificationes del Mar Caspian e del Caucaso. Iste elementos non forma un processo uniforme ni un transition directe verso le stato moderne. Le territorios del actual Azerbaijan habeva historias regional differente, e lor identitates linguistic, religiose e politic se transformava durante plure seculos. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Historia de Azerbaijan|M]] [[Categoria:Alte Medievo]] ptrzynmt2xsd0kjtvxgusydku0innog