Wikipedia ibawiki https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambar_Keterubah MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.4 first-letter Media Spesyel Randau Penggena Randau penggena Wikipedia Randau Wikipedia Fail Randau fail MediaWiki Randau MediaWiki Templat Randau templat Bantu Randau bantu Kategori Randau kategori TimedText TimedText talk Modul Randau modul Acara Perbincangan acara 0 2417 19202 19188 2026-05-30T12:25:50Z Cerevisae 18 /* Sarawak */ kos ngasilka 19202 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ekonomi hidrogen''' iya nya guna ngasilka enggau ngena hidrogen dikena ngurangka bepanggai ba minyak fosil sereta nyekat pengangat dunya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yap |first1=Jiazhen |last2=McLellan |first2=Benjamin |date=6 January 2023 |title=A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/environments10010011 |issn=2076-3298 |doi-access=free |hdl=2433/284015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Hidrogen ulih diasilka ngena beberapa chara. Mayuh agi hidrogen diasilka hari tu nya "hidrogen kelabu". Iya digaga ari gis asli nengah chara ngaga reformasyen metan wap (''steam methane reforming'', SMR). Proses tu nyadika 1.8% ari pemansut gas rumah gadung global ba taun 2021.<ref name="auto1">Greenhouse gas emissions totalled 49.3 Gigatonnes CO₂e in 2021.{{Cite web |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990–2020 and Preliminary 2021 Estimates |url=https://rhg.com/research/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2021/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Rhodium Group |date=19 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Hidrogen biru tauka hidrogen karbon ti baruh diasilka ngena SMR lalu karbon ti diasilka nya ditangkap sereta disimpan. Hidrogen gadung iya nya pengawa ngasilka hidrogen enggau sifar pemansut karbon laban kuasa karan nya datai ari pun penatai kuasa tau dikena baru baka kuasa solar, angin tauka hidro. Ba taun 2021, hidrogen kelabu mungkur 61.7% ari penyampau pemansut hidrogen, ditangkan hidrogen biru (0.7%) enggau hidrogen gadung (0.04%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shakun |first1=Singh |title=The evolution of the green and blue hydrogen markets and insights for the future |url=https://www.acuitykp.com/blog/the-evolution-of-the-green-and-blue-hydrogen-markets/ |access-date=9 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322155523/https://www.acuitykp.com/blog/the-evolution-of-the-green-and-blue-hydrogen-markets/ |archive-date=22 March 2025}}</ref> Naka taun 2024 bedau terang kemaya hidrogen ti chukup kurang karbon ulih diasilka dikena ngemunaska semua hidrogen kelabu nya berenggat-renggat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen could be used for nearly everything. It probably shouldn't be. |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/04/25/1091757/hydrogen-uses-ranked/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref> Dalam taun 2002, nyau deka semua ari 100 juta tan hidrogen ti diasilka ninting taun<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/hydrogen |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> dikena dalam pengawa napis minyak (43% dalam taun 2021) enggau industri (57%), kelebih agi dalam pengawa ngaga ammonia ungkup baja, enggau metanol.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022 |title=Global Hydrogen Review 2022 |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=2022 |page= |language=en-GB |access-date=2023-08-25}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=18, 22, 29}} Guna hidrogen ke tau nyadi nyangka dalam industri berat (proses pengangat tinggi begulai enggau elektrik, bahan mentah dikena ngasilka ammonia gadung enggau kimia organik, nyadi alternatif ngagai kok ke datai ari arang batu dikena ngaga besi), pengangkut jauh (nganjung barang, enggau ngagai enggau tikas ti mit agi bilun ti ngena kuasa hidrogen enggau perengka pengangkut barang berat), enggau nyimpan tenaga timpuh panjai.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC |url=https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FullReport.pdf |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press (In Press) |year=2022 |isbn=9781009157926 |editor1-last=Shukla |editor1-first=P.R. |series=Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|Sixth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |place=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US |pages=91–92 |doi=10.1017/9781009157926 |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG3|2022}} |editor2-last=Skea |editor2-first=J. |editor3-last=Slade |editor3-first=R. |editor4-last=Al Khourdajie |editor4-first=A. |editor5-last=van Diemen |editor5-first=R. |editor6-last=McCollum |editor6-first=D. |editor7-last=Pathak |editor7-first=M. |editor8-last=Some |editor8-first=S. |editor9-last=Vyas |editor9-first=P. |display-editors=4 |editor10-first=R. |editor10-last=Fradera |editor11-first=M. |editor11-last=Belkacemi |editor12-first=A. |editor12-last=Hasija |editor13-first=G. |editor13-last=Lisboa |editor14-first=S. |editor14-last=Luz |editor15-first=J. |editor15-last=Malley}}</ref><ref name="IRENA 2021 95">{{Cite web |last=IRENA |date=2021 |title=World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5&nbsp;°C Pathway |url=https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=International Renewable Energy Agency |pages=95 |language=en |publication-place=Abu Dhabi}}</ref> Hidrogen mar disimpan, diangkut dalam paip, sereta dikena. Iya mantaika pengirau pengelikun laban iya balat meletup, lalu iya enda efisyen enti dibanding enggau ngena kuasa karan terus.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenow |first=Jan |date=September 2022 |title=Is heating homes with hydrogen all but a pipe dream? An evidence review |journal=Joule |language=en |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=2225–2228 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.015|s2cid=252584593 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Joule...6.2225R }}</ref> ==Sejarah== J. B. S. Haldane keterubah iya ngaga konsep mensia mayuh ti nyimpan tenaga dalam tukuh hidrogen dalam taun 1923 di Britian. Iya berunding deka ngena turbin angin dikena ngasilka kuasa karan ke elektrolisis ti ngubah ai nyadi hidrogen enggau oksigen, lebuh rizab arang batu Britain benung suntuk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Daedalus or Science and the Future'', A paper read to the Heretics, Cambridge, on February 4th, 1923 – Transcript 1993 |url=http://bactra.org/Daedalus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115013540/http://bactra.org/Daedalus.html |archive-date=2017-11-15 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> Dalam taun 1970, profesor John Bockris lebuh iya meri jaku ba Palan Teknikal General Motors, nengkebang leka jaku “ekonomi hidrogen”. Iya ngajar ekonomi deka nguna gempung nuklear enggau kuasa solar ti deka mutarka pengurang minyak fosil, pengamah rampa menua enggau dalam aplikasyen ke alai pengawa ngaga elektrik enda ulih.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yap |first1=Jiazhen |last2=McLellan |first2=Benjamin |date=6 January 2023 |title=A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/environments10010011 |issn=2076-3298 |doi-access=free |hdl=2433/284015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bockris |first=J. O'M. |date=1972-06-23 |title=A Hydrogen Economy |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.176.4041.1323 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=176 |issue=4041 |pages=1323 |doi=10.1126/science.176.4041.1323 |pmid=17820918 |bibcode=1972Sci...176.1323O |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Dalam taun 1970, Lawerence W Jones ari Universiti Michigan mansutka ripot teknikal ti ngelakuka kuasa nuklear dikena meri kuasa ngagai elektrolisis dikena ngasilka gis hidrogen. Iya mega merambu ngena hidrogen dalam pengawa penerebai bilun enggau pengangkut barang berat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Lawrence W. |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/5800/bac5758.0001.001.pdf |title=Toward a Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Economy |date=March 13, 1970 |pages=2–3}}</ref> Dalam taun 1974, Jepun meri kelala "projek Sunshine" dikena ngiga alternatif pun penatai kuasa ti gadung, ti ulih dikena baru kelimpah ari minyak fosil. Kebuah pia laban peminta tenaga Jepun balat bepanggai ba import minyak ari Timur Tengah. Penatai kuasa alternatif baka teknologi geotermal, fotovoltaik, enggau hidrogen dipansik.<ref name="Khan 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Urwah |last2=Yamamoto |first2=Toshiyuki |last3=Sato |first3=Hitomi |date=September 2022 |title=Understanding the discontinuance trend of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in Japan |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319922031925 |journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy |language=en |volume=47 |issue=75 |pages=31949–31963 |doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.141}}</ref> Dalam taun 1993, projek Sunshine diganti enggau "Projek Sunshine Baru". Projek tu disukung kompeni pengaga entukar, korporat pekara wang enggau kompeni minyak enggau gis . Dalam taun 1996, Toyota Motor Corporation madahka pengawa ngasilka perengka pengangkut sel minyak hidrogen (HFCV) keterubah di menua tu pengudah 20 taun mansik enggau ngaga pemansang. Dalam taun 2014, Toyota madahka pengawa ngasilka HFCV komersial keterubah di dunya ti diberi nama "Mirai". Toyota Mirai rebak keterubah ngembuan penyauh deriba 270 batu enti dibanding enggau kerita tradisional ti belajai 300 batu. Toyota Mirai rebak kedua ti dilanchar dalam bulan Disember 2020, ngembuan penyauh deriba 405 batu. Dalam taun 2017, Jepun nyadi menua keterubah di dunya ti adpot “Strategi Asas Hidrogen” ti merambu deka nambahka pengawa komersialisasyen hidrogen dalam mayuh macham sektor. Ba taun 2018, aum Menteri Tenaga Hidrogen udah diatur Jepun enggau menua bukai dikena ngangkatka kerejasama nambahka guna hidrogen ba renggat global. Naka taun 2020, Jepun bejalaika rangkaian stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen pemadu besai di dunya, ditangkan Jerman, China, California, Korea Selatan, enggau Perancis.<ref name="Khan 2022"/> Dalam taun 2002, Opis Tenaga Amerika Syarikat (DOE) ngasilka dokumen ti dikumbai "Wawasan Nasional Peralihan Amerika ngagai Ekonomi Hidrogen", taja pia, nadai meri penerang silik pasal chara ngasilka hidrogen enggau ngena teknologi hidrogen. Dalam taun 2003, Eropah mantaika pelin sistem ngasilka enggau pengangkut hidrogen ti begempung. Taja pia, naka taun 2024, nadai siti pan tagit ke dirintai dalam pelin tu udah dijapai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajanovic |first=Amela |last2=Sayer |first2=Marlene |last3=Haas |first3=Reinhard |date=March 2024 |title=On the future relevance of green hydrogen in Europe |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261923019505 |journal=Applied Energy |language=en |volume=358 |page=122586 |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122586}}</ref> Hidrogen tebal agi dikena nyadi bahan mentah industri dalam industri kimia China, kelebih agi dalam pengawa ngasilka ammonia enggau metanol, pengawa ngaluska minyak, enggau ngaga kimia. Dalam taun 2006, stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen keterubah ditumbuhka di China. Tu ditangkan enggau dron keterubah ngena kuasa hidrogen ba taun 2016 enggau kerita HFCV keterubah ba taun 2017. Ari sukut perengka pengangkut, China fokus ngagai pemansang kuasa hidrogen ungkup lori berat, kompeni penerebai bilun enggau kapal kargo. Kenyau ari taun 2020, perintah China udah ngelakuka kuasa tau dikena baru enggau pemansang kuasa hidrogen dikena nyapai pemansut karbon pemadu tinggi manggai ba taun 2030 enggau neutraliti karbon manggai ba taun 2060.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hui |first=Yunze |last2=Wang |first2=Mengting |last3=Guo |first3=Shirong |last4=Akhtar |first4=Salman |last5=Bhattacharya |first5=Sankar |last6=Dai |first6=Baiqian |last7=Yu |first7=Jianglong |date=September 2024 |title=Comprehensive review of development and applications of hydrogen energy technologies in China for carbon neutrality: Technology advances and challenges |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196890424007179 |journal=Energy Conversion and Management |language=en |volume=315 |page=118776 |doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118776}}</ref> Perintah Korea Selatan mansutka “Pelin Jalai Ekonomi Hidrogen” dalam taun 2019, ti nagit 6.2 juta perengka HFCV enggau 1,200 stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen manggai ba taun 2040.<ref name="Khan 2022"/><ref>[https://www.iea.org/policies/6566-korea-hydrogen-economy-roadmap-2040 Korea Hydrogen Economy Roadmap 2040] Dikeluarka International Energy Agency (IEA). Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20210227145036/https://www.iea.org/policies/6566-korea-hydrogen-economy-roadmap-2040 27 Febuari 2021]</ref> ==Pengawa ngasilka== Hidrogen gis diasilka ngena beberapa chara industri.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Lixin |last2=Tu |first2=Zhengkai |last3=Chan |first3=Siew Hwa |title=Recent development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies: A review |journal=[[Energy Reports]] |date=2021 |volume=7 |pages=8421–8446 |doi=10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.003 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021EnRep...7.8421F }}</ref> Nyau deka semua bekal hidrogen ke bisi ba dunya diatu ditempa ari minyak fosil.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reed |first1=Stanley |last2=Ewing |first2=Jack |title=Hydrogen Is One Answer to Climate Change. Getting It Is the Hard Part |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/13/business/hydrogen-climate-change.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 July 2021 }}</ref><ref name="rosenow-2022">{{cite journal |last1=Rosenow |first1=Jan |date=27 September 2022 |title=Is heating homes with hydrogen all but a pipe dream? An evidence review |journal=Joule |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=2225–2228 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.015 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Joule...6.2225R }}</ref> Tebal agi hidrogen nya hidrogen kelabu ti digaga nengah [[reformasyen metana wap]] (''steam methane reforming'', SMR). Dalam proses tu, hidrogen diasilka ari reaksyen kimia entara wap enggau [[metana]], komponen utama gis asli. Ngasilka satu tan hidrogen nengah proses tu ngeluarka 6.6–9.3 tan karbon dioksida.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Bonheure |first1=Mike |last2=Vandewalle |first2=Laurien A. |last3=Marin |first3=Guy B. |last4=Van Geem |first4=Kevin M. |date=March 2021 |title=Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries |url=https://www.aiche-cep.com/cepmagazine/march_2021/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=1663852 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717132733/https://www.aiche-cep.com/cepmagazine/march_2021/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=1663852 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=CEP Magazine |publisher=[[American Institute of Chemical Engineers]]}}</ref> Lebuh pengawa nangkap sereta nyimpan karbon dikena muai sebagi besai ari pemansut tu, produk nya dikelala enggau nama hidrogen biru.<ref name=":25">{{cite journal |last1=Griffiths |first1=Steve |last2=Sovacool |first2=Benjamin K. |last3=Kim |first3=Jinsoo |last4=Bazilian |first4=Morgan |last5=Uratani |first5=Joao M. |title=Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |date=October 2021 |volume=80 |article-number=102208 |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2021.102208 |bibcode=2021ERSS...8002208G |url=https://pure.au.dk/portal/da/publications/industrial-decarbonization-via-hydrogen(a0793820-c310-4750-8ee6-138e11a277fe).html }}</ref> Hidrogen gadung diasilka ari kuasa karan ti ulih dikena baru nengah elektrolisis ai.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Squadrito |first1=Gaetano |last2=Maggio |first2=Gaetano |last3=Nicita |first3=Agatino |title=The green hydrogen revolution |journal=Renewable Energy |date=November 2023 |volume=216 |article-number=119041 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2023.119041 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023REne..21619041S }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Deign |first=Jason |date=2020-06-29 |title=So, What Exactly Is Green Hydrogen? |url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/green-hydrogen-explained |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323195427/https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/green-hydrogen-explained |archive-date=2022-03-23 |access-date=2022-02-11 |website=Greentechmedia}}</ref> Jarang agi, leka jaku ''hidrogen gadung'' tau nyengkaum hidrogen ti diasilka ari pun penatai pemansut ti baruh bukai baka biomass.<ref name=":32">{{cite journal |last1=Squadrito |first1=Gaetano |last2=Maggio |first2=Gaetano |last3=Nicita |first3=Agatino |title=The green hydrogen revolution |journal=Renewable Energy |date=November 2023 |volume=216 |article-number=119041 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2023.119041 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2023REne..21619041S }}</ref> Pengawa ngasilka hidrogen gadung diatu mar agi ari ngasilka hidrogen kelabu, lalu efisyen nukar kuasa endang bisi baruh.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Simon |last2=Gabbatiss |first2=Josh |date=30 November 2020 |title=In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change? |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201155033/https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |website=[[Carbon Brief]]}}</ref> Elektroliser membran betukar proton (PEM) ngena tumpuk elektroliser ti digaga ari titanium sinter ti disalut platinum enggau elektrik dikena ngasilka gis hidrogen ari ai. Naka taun 2023, ungkus iya urung US$5–US$6 ungkup 1kg hidrogen ti diasilka. Berebak enggau nya, ungkus ngasilka hidrogen ari pengawa ngaga reformasyen metana wap kira-kira US$2 sa kg. Purata ungkus hidrogen ti diasilka mar agi ari pengawa ngasilka bepelasarka fosil ketegal ungkus perengka modal enggau karan ti tinggi.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2311140/ |title=Updated Manufactured Cost Analysis for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers |last=Badgett |first=Alex |last2=Brauch |first2=Joe |last3=Thatte |first3=Amogh |last4=Rubin |first4=Rachel |last5=Skangos |first5=Christopher |last6=Wang |first6=Xiaohua |last7=Ahluwalia |first7=Rajesh |last8=Pivovar |first8=Bryan |last9=Ruth |first9=Mark |date=February 16, 2024 |issue=NREL/TP--6A20-87625, 2311140, MainId:88400 |doi=10.2172/2311140}}</ref> Chara bukai dikena ngasilka hidrogen nyengkaum gasifikasyen biomass, pirolisis metana, ngulihka hidrogen asal baruh tanah<ref name="natural-hydrogen1">{{cite web |title=Natural Hydrogen: A Potential Clean Energy Source Beneath Our Feet |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/natural-geologic-hydrogen-climate-change |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Yale E360 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Hassanpouryouzband foraging or farming">{{cite journal |last1=Hassanpouryouzband |first1=Aliakbar |last2=Wilkinson |first2=Mark |last3=Haszeldine |first3=R. Stuart |title=Hydrogen energy futures – foraging or farming? |journal=Chemical Society Reviews |date=2024 |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=2258–2263 |doi=10.1039/D3CS00723E |doi-access=free |pmid=38323342 |bibcode=2024CSRev..53.2258H |hdl=20.500.11820/b23e204c-744e-44f6-8cf5-b6761775260d |hdl-access=free}}</ref> enggau sintesis hidrogen in situ.<ref name="insitu1">{{cite journal |last1=Hanfi |first1=Mohamed Abdalsalam |last2=Alade |first2=Olalekan Saheed |last3=Tanimu |first3=Abdulkadir |last4=Mahmoud |first4=Mohamed |last5=Alarifi |first5=Sulaiman A. |title=Catalytic and Noncatalytic in Situ Hydrogen Production from Heavy Oil: A Review of Experimental Studies |journal=ACS Omega |year=2024 |volume=9 |issue=51 |pages=50118–50133 |doi=10.1021/acsomega.4c07383 |doi-access=free|pmid=39741833 |pmc=11683620 }}</ref><ref name="insitu2">{{cite web |title=In-Situ Hydrogen Production Process (Press release) |website=The Journal of Petroleum Technology |date=July 22, 2024 |url=https://jpt.spe.org/skoltech-pioneers-in-situ-hydrogen-production-process|access-date=2025-09-19}}</ref> ==Setor== Hidrogen ngembuan titik didih ti baruh bendar. Iya mendidih urung 20.268 K (−252.882 °C tauka −423.188 °F). Dikena ngasuh hidrogen nyadi cecair, begunaka tenaga ti signifikan dikena ngasuh hidrogen nyadi sejuk baruh ari titik didih iya. Taja pan hidrogen ngembuan nisbah pemayuh tenaga ngagai jisim ti tinggi ketegal saiz molekul iya ti mit, tang iya ngembuan nisbah tenaga ngagai volume ti baruh ketegal iya bisi dalam tukuh gas. Kelimpah ari nya, ketegal tukuh molekul iya ke mit, iya ulih ngelepaska diri enggau mudah ari sebarang kontena ke megai iya. Beberapa chara bisi dikena nyimpan hidrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Satyapal |first=Sunita, John Petrovic and George Thomas |date=2007-04-01 |title=Gassing Up with Hydrogen |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gassing-up-with-hydrogen/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |journal=Scientific American |volume=296 |issue=4 |pages=80–87 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0407-80 |doi-broken-date=3 October 2025 |pmid=17479634 |bibcode=2007SciAm.296d..80S |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tu nyengkaum chara mekanikal baka ngena tekanan tinggi enggau pengangat ti baruh, tauka ngena sebatian kimia ti ngelepaska H2 nitihka peminta. Seraya hidrogen ti mayuh diasilka mayuh macham industri, iya tebal agi dikena ba palan endur ngasilka, kelebih agi ungkup sintesis ammonia. Betaun-taun hidrogen udah disimpan nyadi gis ti dikompresi tauka cecair kriogenik, lalu diangkut baka nya dalam silinder, tiub, enggau tangki kriogenik<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4737797 |title=Investigation of Wall Thickness Design Method of Anti-Buckling Liner of Type IV Hydrogen Storage Tanks |website=papers.ssrn.com |date=2024-02-24 |access-date=2026-04-12 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4737797 }}</ref> ngambika dikena dalam industri tauka nyadi propelan dalam program luar angkasa. Metanol gadung nya minyak cecair ti diasilka ari begulaika karbon dioksida enggau hidrogen (CO2 + 3 H2 → CH3OH + H2O) ba baruh tekanan enggau pengangat enggau pemangkin. Iya nya chara dikena ngena baru pengawa nangkap karbon ungkup pengawa nguna baru. Metanol ulih nyimpan hidrogen enggau ekonomi ba tikas pengangat enggau tekanan luar standard, enti dibandingka enggau hidrogen cecair enggau ammonia ti begunaka mayuh tenaga ngambika meruan sejuk dalam gaya cecair sida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Qianqian |last2=Tinoco |first2=Rodrigo Rivera |last3=Yang |first3=Haiping |last4=Yang |first4=Qing |last5=Jiang |first5=Hao |last6=Chen |first6=Yingquan |last7=Chen |first7=Hanping |date=2022-09-01 |title=A comparative study on energy efficiency of the maritime supply chains for liquefied hydrogen, ammonia, methanol and natural gas |journal=Carbon Capture Science & Technology |volume=4 |article-number=100056 |doi=10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100056 |issn=2772-6568|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022CCST....400056S }}</ref> ==Sarawak== Dalam taun 2017, perintah nengeri meri kuasa ngagai Sarawak Energy bejalaika pansik bekaul enggau aplikasyen komersial teknologi hidrogen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Progressing Towards a Green Hydrogen Economy: Sharing Sarawak Energy's Hydrogen Development at IGEM 2020 |url=https://www.sarawakenergy.com/media-info/media-releases/2020/progressing-towards-a-green-hydrogen-economy-sharing-sarawak-energys-hydrogen-development-at-igem-2020 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Sarawak Energy |date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103062929/https://www.sarawakenergy.com/media-info/media-releases/2020/progressing-towards-a-green-hydrogen-economy-sharing-sarawak-energys-hydrogen-development-at-igem-2020 |archive-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> Dalam taun 2019, loji ngasilka enggau ngisi minyak hidrogen bersepadu keterubah di Asia Tenggara dilanchar di Kuching enggau kerejasama [[Linde plc]]. Kelimpah ari nya, sekeda bas hidrogen mega bisi dilanchar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tawie |first1=Sulok |title=Sarawak CM launches South-east Asia's first integrated hydrogen production plant |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/05/27/sarawak-cm-launches-south-east-asias-first-integrated-hydrogen-production-p/1756728 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101043700/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/05/27/sarawak-cm-launches-south-east-asias-first-integrated-hydrogen-production-p/1756728 |archive-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> Ba taun 2020, Petronas udah ngaga elektroliser membran penukar proton (PEM) dikena ngasilka hidrogen karbon baruh nengah kerejasama enggau Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Colin Patrick, seiku injinir ari Sarawak nyadi ketuai besai projek. Elektroliser tu ngembuan 20% penambah ba pengeransing enti dibanding enggau elektroliser tradisional. Iya mega nyadi elektroliser keterubah diasilka ari Asia Tenggara.<ref>[https://theedgemalaysia.com/content/advertise/catalysing-malaysias-green-hydrogen-regional-hub-aspirations Catalysing Malaysia’s green hydrogen regional hub aspirations] Dikeluarka ari The Edge Malaysia. Diarkib maya ba [https://archive.is/RPBz3 10 Februari 2025]</ref><ref name="Ignatius 2022">{{cite news |last1=Ignatius |first1=Cynthia |title=PETRONAS And SEDC Energy Partner To Increase Hydrogen And Renewable Oil Adoption In Sarawak |url=https://www.businesstoday.com.my/2022/07/21/petronas-and-sedc-energy-partner-to-increase-hydrogen-and-renewable-oil-adoption-in-sarawak/ |access-date=12 August 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721045922/https://www.businesstoday.com.my/2022/07/21/petronas-and-sedc-energy-partner-to-increase-hydrogen-and-renewable-oil-adoption-in-sarawak/ |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> Naka taun 2022, Perbadanan Pembangunan Ekonomi Sarawak (SEDC), sebuah badan berkanun perintah Sarawak, udah bekerejasama enggau mayuh bengkah kompeni ba pemansang teknologi hidrogen, nyengkaum Petronas.<ref name="Ignatius 2022"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siew Yean |first1=Tham |title=Sarawak's Hydrogen Ambitions Constrained by Global Demand |url=https://fulcrum.sg/sarawaks-hydrogen-ambitions-constrained-by-global-demand/ |access-date=7 March 2023 |agency=Yusof Ishak Institute |publisher=FULCRUM Singapore |date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307102716/https://fulcrum.sg/sarawaks-hydrogen-ambitions-constrained-by-global-demand/ |archive-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> Transit Aliran Automasi (ART) hidogen keterubah Sarawak udah datai ba Penyangkai Kapal Senari ditu ba taun Ogos 2023.<ref>[https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2023/08/05/art-hidrogen-keterubah-sarawak-udah-datai-ku-abang-johari ART hidrogen keterubah Sarawak udah datai, ku Abang Johari] Dikeluarka Utusan Borneo. Diarkib maya [https://archive.is/7VXUj 23 November 2024]</ref> Perintah Sarawak enggau kerejasama ENEOS Corporation ari Jepun dalam taun Disember 2024 deka nyadi pemansut hidrogen beresi ‘methylcyclohexane’ (MCH) jemah ila.<ref>[https://suarasarawak.my/sarawak-deka-nyadi-pemansut-hidrogen-mch/ Sarawak deka nyadi pemansut hidrogen MCH] Dikeluarka ari Suara Sarawak. Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20250104012255/https://suarasarawak.my/sarawak-deka-nyadi-pemansut-hidrogen-mch/ 4 Januari 2025].</ref> Sarawak udah ngemunka enggau rasmi Pelin Tunga Kuing Ekonomi Hidrogen Sarawak ba taun 2025.<ref>[https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2025/05/13/sarawak-udah-ngemunka-enggau-rasmi-pelin-tunga-kuing-ekonomi-hidrogen-sarawak Sarawak udah ngemunka enggau rasmi Pelin Tunga Kuing Ekonomi Hidrogen Sarawak] Dikelurka Utusan Borneo ba 13 Mei 2025. Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20250514002743/https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2025/05/13/sarawak-udah-ngemunka-enggau-rasmi-pelin-tunga-kuing-ekonomi-hidrogen-sarawak 14 Mei 2025]</ref> Datai ba taun 2026, Sarawak ulih ngasilka hidrogen gadung nengah chara elektrolisis enggau ungkus baruh ari RM 20 sekilo hidrogen ke diasilka. Taja pia, pengudah ditambahka ungkus nekan enggau ngasuh gis hidrogen nyadi cecair enggau ungkus nganjung, rega kepenudi datai ba RM 50 sekilo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Funding constraints shrink Malaysia-Japan hydrogen project — report |url=https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/805250 |access-date=30 May 2026 |publisher=The Edge (Malaysia) |date=28 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260530121908/https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/805250 |archive-date=30 May 2026}}</ref> ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Teknologi ti baru nyadi]] [[Kategori:Penggerak ganti]] iia1y3y742yu6m2m2wnk21d0unji224 4 3620 19206 12467 2026-05-31T01:33:19Z Song GK 9 Song GK telah memindahkan laman [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/30 Mei]] ke [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/30 Me]] 12467 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[30 Mei]]''': '''[[Kaamatan|Tadau Kaamatan]]''' di Sabah enggau Labuan; '''[[Hari Penatai Orang India]]''' di Trinidad enggau Tobago <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[Fail:Goddess of Democracy at UBC.jpg|100x101px|Replika Dewi Demokrasi]] </div> {{*mp}} [[1431]] – [[Perang Seratus Taun]]: '''[[Jeanne d'Arc]]''' [[ukum mati enggau chara tunu|ditunu idup-idup]] di [[Rouen]], Peranchis. {{*mp}} [[1434]] – Bala [[Taborite]] ti betuaika [[Prokop Agung]] dialahka dalam [[Perang Lipany]], maduka '''[[Perang Hus|Perang Hus]]''' di [[Bohemia]]. {{*mp}} [[1854]] – Akta Kansas–Nebraska nyadi undang-undang, numbuhka kandang menua U.S., [[Nebraska]] enggau [[Kansas]], lalu ngemendarka orang ke diau dia nentuka sekalika pengawa nyadi ulun deka dikemendarka. {{*mp}} [[1911]] – [[Lumba entukar]] '''[[Indianapolis 500]]''' keterubah diatur ba ''[[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]'', <!--[[Speedway, Indiana|Speedway]],-->[[Indiana]], A.S. {{*mp}} [[1989]] – '''[[Dewi Demokrasi]]''' ''(gambar replika)'', siti patung 10-meter ke digaga ari [[styrofoam]] enggau [[papier-mâché]], ditiri [[pemantah Dataran Tiananmen 1989|pemantah tarak di Dataran Tiananmen]], Beijing. </li> Hari-hari sebedau: [[29 Mei]] &ndash; [[28 Mei]] &ndash; [[27 Mei]] {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=Mei}} <noinclude> </noinclude> spgen2vi9pgv2zjqvm8jnynn20j5zl6 19208 19206 2026-05-31T01:33:42Z Song GK 9 19208 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[30 Me]]''': '''[[Kaamatan|Tadau Kaamatan]]''' di Sabah enggau Labuan; '''[[Hari Penatai Orang India]]''' di Trinidad enggau Tobago <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em"> [[Fail:Goddess of Democracy at UBC.jpg|100x101px|Replika Dewi Demokrasi]] </div> {{*mp}} [[1431]] – [[Perang Seratus Taun]]: '''[[Jeanne d'Arc]]''' [[ukum mati enggau chara tunu|ditunu idup-idup]] di [[Rouen]], Peranchis. {{*mp}} [[1434]] – Bala [[Taborite]] ti betuaika [[Prokop Agung]] dialahka dalam [[Perang Lipany]], maduka '''[[Perang Hus|Perang Hus]]''' di [[Bohemia]]. {{*mp}} [[1854]] – Akta Kansas–Nebraska nyadi undang-undang, numbuhka kandang menua U.S., [[Nebraska]] enggau [[Kansas]], lalu ngemendarka orang ke diau dia nentuka sekalika pengawa nyadi ulun deka dikemendarka. {{*mp}} [[1911]] – [[Lumba entukar]] '''[[Indianapolis 500]]''' keterubah diatur ba ''[[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]'', <!--[[Speedway, Indiana|Speedway]],-->[[Indiana]], A.S. {{*mp}} [[1989]] – '''[[Dewi Demokrasi]]''' ''(gambar replika)'', siti patung 10-meter ke digaga ari [[styrofoam]] enggau [[papier-mâché]], ditiri [[pemantah Dataran Tiananmen 1989|pemantah tarak di Dataran Tiananmen]], Beijing. </li> Hari-hari sebedau: [[29 Me]] &ndash; [[28 Me]] &ndash; [[27 Me]] {{SelAnnivFooter|Month=Me}} <noinclude> </noinclude> ajc0dgcyrj7zre0zffr6f8y7134zgjo 0 6621 19203 19130 2026-05-30T12:58:53Z Song GK 9 19203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox church |name=Gerija Anglika St. Paul |native_name={{langx|ms|Gereja Anglikan St. Paul}} |image=St. Paul's Anglican Church, Lingga 2026 - 03.jpg |caption=Pintu penama Gerija Anglika St. Paul, Lingga |coordinates={{coord|1|17|1.60868|N|111|12|29.70540|E|type:landmark_region:MY-12|display=inline,title}} |country=Malaysia |location=Banting, [[Lingga, Malaysia|Lingga]], [[Bagi Menua Sri Aman]], [[Sarawak]] |denomination=[[Anglika]] |dedication=[[Sante Paul|St. Paul]] |architectural_type= |website= |status=[[Gerija Parish]] |style= |diocese=[[Diosis Kuching|Kuching]] |priest= }} '''Gerija Anglika St. Paul''' ({{Langx|ms|Gereja Anglikan St. Paul}} Gereja Anglikan) tauka disebut aja '''Gerija St. Paul''' iya nya sebengkah gerija Anglikan di Banting, [[Lingga, Sarawak|Lingga]], [[Bagi Menua Sri Aman]], [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]]. Iya dianggap entara gerija ke pemadu tuai di nengeri tu kenyau ari iya tembu digaga dalam taun 1859. == Sejarah == Nyadi sebagi ari pengawa nginjil ngagai bansa Dayak di Sarawak, Rev. [[Walter Chambers]] berengkah gawa di Lingga pengudah gawa ba endur ti dikumbai Sakarran.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=McDougall |first=Harriette |title=Sketches of Our Life at Sarawak |publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |year=1882 |location=London}} </ref> Pengudah komuniti Kristian di Lingga majak mayuh, pengawa ngaga gerija tu berengkah digaga dalam taun 1857. Gerija tu tembu digaga dalam taun 1859 lalu dikuduska Bishop [[Francis McDougall]] dalam taun 1864. Gerija tu digaga ngena kayu belian.<ref>{{cite web|title=PRN Sarawak: Gereja St Paul Banting warisan 162 tahun yang perlu dinaik taraf|url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/prn-sarawak-gereja-st-paul-banting-warisan-162-tahun-yang-perlu-dinaik-taraf-330917|website=Astro Awani|author=Hasimi Muhamad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115025025/https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/prn-sarawak-gereja-st-paul-banting-warisan-162-tahun-yang-perlu-dinaik-taraf-330917|archive-date=2021-11-15|access-date=2026-04-15|language=ms}}`</ref> Nitihka rikut Harriette McDougall, ari gerija tu, Misi Banting udah ngerembai ngagai tujuh stesyen, ke alai bisi gerija sekula ke digaga orang asal nya empu enggau mayuh beratus iku orang Kristian ke besembiang.<ref name=":0"/> == Gazet == Begunan tu diperambu deka digazet nyadi palan pesaka laban iya layak diperundingka nyadi pesaka Kelas 2 ari baruh Ordinan Pesaka Sarawak 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarawak moves to preserve historic St Paul's Church in Banting as heritage site|url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2026/04/15/sarawak-moves-to-preserve-historic-st-pauls-church-in-banting-as-heritage-site/|website=The Borneo Post|author=Samuel Aubrey|date=2026-04-15|access-date=2026-04-15|language=en}}`</ref><ref>`{{cite web|title=Heritage listing for 167yo St Paul’s Church in Banting aims to preserve history, not ownership|url=https://dayakdaily.com/heritage-listing-for-167yo-st-pauls-church-in-banting-aims-to-preserve-history-not-ownership/|website=DayakDaily|author=|date=2026-04-15|access-date=2026-04-15|language=en}}`</ref> == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Begunan gerija Anglika ba Sarawak]] qwco4thtrv6mtyoti98y0qbhriwjgts 0 6639 19204 2026-05-31T01:30:24Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{Infobox beverage | name = Lihing | image = KgKuaiKandazon Sabah Monsopiad-Cultural-Village-13.jpg | caption = ''Lihing'' (kiba) enggau ''talak'' seret ''sikat''. | type = [[Tuak]] | abv = | proof = | manufacturer = | distributor = Borneo Trading Post,<ref name="lihing">{{cite web|url=http://www.flyingdusun.com/003_Taste/000_lihing.htm|title=Lihing - Sabah's Very Own Rice Wine|author=Herman Scholz|publis...' 19204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox beverage | name = Lihing | image = KgKuaiKandazon Sabah Monsopiad-Cultural-Village-13.jpg | caption = ''Lihing'' (kiba) enggau ''talak'' seret ''sikat''. | type = [[Tuak]] | abv = | proof = | manufacturer = | distributor = Borneo Trading Post,<ref name="lihing">{{cite web|url=http://www.flyingdusun.com/003_Taste/000_lihing.htm|title=Lihing - Sabah's Very Own Rice Wine|author=Herman Scholz|publisher=Flying Dusun|access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref> Lihing Nilyn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabahsme.my/component/sobipro/?sid=160:lihing-nilyn-neo-marketing&Itemid=0|title=Lihing Nilyn / Neo Marketing|publisher=Sabah SME|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020105406/http://www.sabahsme.my/component/sobipro/?sid=160:lihing-nilyn-neo-marketing&Itemid=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> | origin = [[Malaysia]] | introduced = | discontinued = | colour = Kuning | flavour = Manis | ingredients = | variants = hiing, kinarung, kinomol, kinopi, linahas, sagantang sereta [[tapai]] | related = | website = | region = [[Sabah]] }} '''Lihing''' sebansa [[tuak]] ari Malaysia ke asal ari negeri [[Sabah]]. Tu digaga ari "pulut", sereta tuak asal bansa [[Kadazan-Dusun]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Chris Rowthorn|author2=Muhammad Cohen|author3=China Williams|title=Borneo. Ediz. Inglese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvXoC8F5Oq0C&pg=PA97|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-105-8|pages=97–}}</ref> Tuak nya mega dikumbai '''hiing''' (dalam sekeda [[jaku Dusun|dialek jaku Dusun]]), '''kinarung''', '''kinomol''', '''kinopi''', '''linahas''', '''sagantang''' sereta '''[[tapai]]'''.<ref name="lihing"/> Sida digaga ngena bansa asi ke bebida. Lihing dijual ba sekeda hotel besai ba Sabah. Lihing mega suah dikena ngaga mi Tuaran,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/print/eat-drink/a-delicious-primer-to-the-many-noodle-dishes-found-in-sabah|title=A delicious primer to the many noodle dishes found in Sabah|author=Julia Chan|publisher=The Malay Mail|date=13 April 2016|access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref> lalu baru-baru dikena ngena sekelim,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=111623|title=Giving the local dishes a boost|publisher=Daily Express|date=28 July 2016|access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref> sereta suah dipantaika lebuh pengerami [[Kaamatan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/05/146490/nothing-sabahs-kaamatan|title=Nothing like Sabah's Kaamatan|author=Roy Goh|publisher=New Straits Times|date=19 May 2016|access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref> == Galeri == <gallery class="center" caption="" widths="220px" heights="160px"> File:KgKuaiKandazon Sabah Monsopiad-Cultural-Village-15.jpg|Tiga bansa [[asi]] dikena ngaga lihing, talak enggau sikat. File:KgKuaiKandazon Sabah Monsopiad-Cultural-Village-17.jpg|Kereban suling kena ngaga tiga bansa tuak nya. </gallery> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} == Bacha ke silik agi == * [http://www.flyingdusun.com/003_Taste/001_howto.htm How to Make Lihing] on Flying Dusun thkat7awefjj51300oidty7zx4q20hr 10 6640 19205 2026-05-31T01:31:55Z Song GK 9 Melencong ke [[Templat:Infobox drink]] 19205 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Templat:Infobox drink]] hlnaj7c28189402t69mocbhm93syiqs 4 6641 19207 2026-05-31T01:33:19Z Song GK 9 Song GK telah memindahkan laman [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/30 Mei]] ke [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/30 Me]] 19207 wikitext text/x-wiki #LENCONG [[Wikipedia:Hari ulang taun dipilih/30 Me]] mu6c3hfb0hqlwek15l4va4kczy6fbue