Wikipedia ibawiki https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambar_Keterubah MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter Media Spesyel Randau Penggena Randau penggena Wikipedia Randau Wikipedia Fail Randau fail MediaWiki Randau MediaWiki Templat Randau templat Bantu Randau bantu Kategori Randau kategori TimedText TimedText talk Modul Randau modul Acara Perbincangan acara 0 1556 19420 15747 2026-06-24T09:04:40Z Song GK 9 19420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Jaku Turki | nativename = {{Lang|tr|Türkçe}} (noun, adverb) <br/> {{Lang|tr|Türk dili}} (noun) | pronunciation = {{Lang|tr|Türkçe}} {{IPA|tr|ˈtyɾctʃe||Turkce.ogg}} <br/> {{Lang|tr|Türk dili}} {{IPA|tr|ˈtyɾc ˈdili|}} | states = {{Plainlist| * [[Turki]] (rasmi) * [[Saiprus Utara]] (rasmi) * [[Saiprus]] (rasmi) * [[Azerbaijan]] * [[Irak]] * [[Siria]] * [[Lebanon]] * [[Iran]] * [[Gerika]] * [[Bulgaria]] * [[Romania]] * [[Kosovo]] * [[Makedonia Utara]] * [[Bosnia enggau Herzegovina]] }} | region = {{Plainlist| * [[Anatolia]] * [[Balkan]] * [[Saiprus#Geografi|Saiprus]] * [[Mesopotamia]] * [[Levant]] * [[Asia]] * [[Transkaukasia]] }} | ethnicity = [[Turkish people|Turks]] | speakers = [[First language|L1]]: {{Sigfig|84.077680|2}} million | date = 2006 | ref = e27 | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: {{Sigfig|6.017500|2}} million (2019)<ref name=e27/> <br>Total: {{Sigfig|90.095180|2}} million<ref name=e27/> | speakers_label = Speakers | familycolor = Altaik | fam1 = [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] | fam2 = [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]] | fam3 = [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]] | fam4 = Western Oghuz | ancestor = [[Old Anatolian Turkish]] | ancestor2 = [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] | stand1 = Istanbul Turkish | dia1 = [[Cypriot Turkish]] | dia2 = [[Iraqi Turkmen#Language|Iraqi Turkmen]] | dia3 = [[Karamanli Turkish]] | dia4 = [[Meskhetian Turks#Language|Meskhetian Turkish]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Karcı|first=Durmuş|year=2018|title=The Effects of Language Characters and Identity of Meskhetian Turkish in Kazakhstan|journal=Kesit Akademi Dergisi|volume=4|issue=13}}</ref> | dia5 = [[Rumelian Turkish]] | dia6 = [[Turkish dialects#Syrian Turkmen dialect|Syrian Turkish]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Behnstedt |first=Peter |year=2008 |chapter=Syria |title=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics |editor1-last=Versteegh |editor1-first=Kees |editor2-last=Eid |editor2-first=Mushira |editor3-last=Elgibali |editor3-first=Alaa |editor4-last=Woidich |editor4-first=Manfred |editor5-last=Zaborski |editor5-first=Andrzej |volume=4|page=402|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-14476-7}}</ref> | script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Turkish alphabet]])<br />[[Turkish Braille]] | nation = [[Cyprus]]<br />[[Northern Cyprus]]<br />[[Turkey]] | minority = [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<ref>{{Citation|year=2010|chapter=Bosnia and Herzegovina|title=The European Charter for Regional Or Minority Languages: Collected Texts|pages=107–108|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|isbn=9789287166715}}</ref> <br/>[[Croatia]]<ref>{{Citation|year=2012|chapter=The Croatian Language in the European Information Society|title=The Croatian Language in the Digital Age|editor1-last=Rehm|editor1-first=Georg|editor2-last=Uszkoreit|editor2-first=Hans|page=51|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=9783642308826}}</ref><ref name="Franceschini546">{{Cite book|last=Franceschini|first=Rita|chapter=Italy and the Italian-Speaking Regions|editor-last=Fäcke|editor-first=Christiane|title=Manual of Language Acquisition|year=2014|quote=In Croatia, Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Czech, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Macedonian, Polish, Romanian, Romany, Rusyn, Russian, Montenegrin, Slovak, Slovenian, Serbian, Turkish, and Ukrainian are recognized (EACEA 2012, 18, 50s)|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH|isbn=9783110394146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zM_mBQAAQBAJ&q=Croatia+Albanian&pg=PA1|pages=546|access-date=2021-08-25|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123306/https://books.google.com/books?id=zM_mBQAAQBAJ&q=Croatia+Albanian&pg=PA1|url-status=live}}</ref><br/>[[Greece]]<ref>{{Citation |last1=Trudgill|first1=Peter|last2=Schreier|first2=Daniel|year=2006|chapter=Greece and Cyprus / Griechenland und Zypern|title=Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik|editor-last=Ulrich|editor-first=Ammon|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=3110199874|page=1886}}</ref><br/>[[Iraq]]{{Efn|Turkish language is official in [[Kirkuk Governorate]], [[Kifri District, Diyala Governorate|Kifri]] and [[Tooz District|Tuz Khurmatu]] districts.<ref name=guclu>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.meforum.org/1074/who-owns-kirkuk-the-turkoman-case|title=Who Owns Kirkuk? The Turkoman Case|last=Güçlü|first=Yücel|journal=Middle East Quarterly|year=2007|pages=79–86|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910081912/https://www.meforum.org/1074/who-owns-kirkuk-the-turkoman-case |archive-date=2019-09-10|quote=Article 1 of the declaration stipulated that no law, regulation, or official action could interfere with the rights outlined for the minorities. Michael Scott is the regional manager of Finder Mifflin Scranton. Although Arabic became the official language of Iraq, Kurdish became a corollary official language in Sulaimaniya, and both Kurdish and Turkish became official languages in Kirkuk and Kifri.}}</ref> In addition, it is an official language in the administrative units in which they constitute density of population.}}<ref name=Johanson2021/><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/amp/dunya/turkmenler-turkce-tabelalardan-memnun-1032324 | title=Türkmenler, Türkçe tabelalardan memnun – Son Dakika | date=24 December 2008 | access-date=2019-11-30 | archive-date=2020-07-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709191206/https://www.milliyet.com.tr/amp/dunya/turkmenler-turkce-tabelalardan-memnun-1032324 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Constitution of Iraq |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005date=2024-05-15 }}</ref><br/>[[Kosovo]]{{Efn|Turkish language is currently official in [[Gjilan]], [[Mamusha]], [[Mitrovica, Kosovo|Mitrovica]], [[Prizren]] and [[Vushtrri]] municipalities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Municipal language compliance in Kosovo|url=https://www.osce.org/kosovo/120010?download=true|publisher=OSCE Minsk Group|quote=Turkish language is currently official in Prizren and Mamuşa/Mamushë/Mamuša municipalities. In 2007 and 2008, the municipalities of Gjilan/Gnjilane, southern Mitrovicë/Mitrovica, Prishtinë/Priština and Vushtrri/Vučitrn also recognized Turkish as a language in official use.|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305035807/http://www.osce.org/kosovo/120010?download=true|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref name=Johanson2021>{{Citation|author=[[Lars Johanson|Johanson, Lars]]|year=2021|title=Turkic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huk9EAAAQBAJ&q=Turkish+is+the+largest+and+most+vigorous+Turkic+language%2C+spoken+by+over+80+million+people&pg=PT134|quote=Turkish is the largest and most vigorous Turkic language, spoken by over 80 million people, a third of the total number of Turkic-speakers... Turkish is a recognized regional minority language in North Macedonia, Kosovo, Romania, and Iraq.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781009038218|access-date=2021-09-07|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123307/https://books.google.com/books?id=huk9EAAAQBAJ&q=Turkish+is+the+largest+and+most+vigorous+Turkic+language%2C+spoken+by+over+80+million+people&pg=PT134|url-status=live}}</ref><br/>[[North Macedonia]]{{Efn|Turkish language is currently official in [[Centar Župa Municipality|Centar Zupa]] and [[Plasnica Municipality]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://beinmacedonia.com/languages-spoken-in-macedonia-2/|title=Languages spoken in Macedonia – North Macedonia|url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127001049/http://beinmacedonia.com/languages-spoken-in-macedonia-2/ |archive-date=2022-01-27|quote=Turkish is co-official in Centar Zupa and Plasnica}}</ref>}}<ref name=Johanson2021/><br/>[[Romania]]<ref name=Johanson2021/><ref>{{Citation|year=2010|chapter=Romania|title=The European Charter for Regional Or Minority Languages: Collected Texts|pages=135–136|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|isbn=9789287166715}}</ref> | iso1 = tr | iso2 = tur | iso3 = tur | lingua = part of [[Oghuz languages|44-AAB-a]] | map = Map of Turkish Language.svg | mapcaption = {{Legend|#004DFF|Countries where Turkish is an official language}} {{Legend|#88C4FF|Countries where Turkish is recognised as a minority language}} {{Legend|#AFEEEE|Countries where Turkish is recognised as a minority language and co-official in at least one municipality}} | notice = IPA | glotto = nucl1301 | glottorefname = Turkish | agency = [[Turkish Language Association]] }} '''Jaku Turki''' ({{Lang|tr|Türkçe}}) nya jaku ke pemadu mayuh dikena dalam sebilik jaku-jaku Turkik, enggau pemayuh 90 ngagai 100 juta orang ke ngena jaku tu. Jaku tu jaku nasional menua [[Turki]] enggau [[Cyprus]]. Raban bansa Turki ke signifikan mega bisi diau ba [[Jereman]], [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Macedonia Utara]], [[Gerika]], endur bukai ba Eropah, Kaukasus Selatan, enggau sekeda endur ba Asia Tengah, [[Iraq]] enggau [[Siria]]. Jaku Turki nyadi jaku ke-18 pemadu mayuh dikena ba dunya. == Nota == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Kereban sanding == <references /> dd10ej674bw8j0vcb94tq8ov1urpez5 19421 19420 2026-06-24T09:04:42Z KiranBOT 952 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.9s 19421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Jaku Turki | nativename = {{Lang|tr|Türkçe}} (noun, adverb) <br/> {{Lang|tr|Türk dili}} (noun) | pronunciation = {{Lang|tr|Türkçe}} {{IPA|tr|ˈtyɾctʃe||Turkce.ogg}} <br/> {{Lang|tr|Türk dili}} {{IPA|tr|ˈtyɾc ˈdili|}} | states = {{Plainlist| * [[Turki]] (rasmi) * [[Saiprus Utara]] (rasmi) * [[Saiprus]] (rasmi) * [[Azerbaijan]] * [[Irak]] * [[Siria]] * [[Lebanon]] * [[Iran]] * [[Gerika]] * [[Bulgaria]] * [[Romania]] * [[Kosovo]] * [[Makedonia Utara]] * [[Bosnia enggau Herzegovina]] }} | region = {{Plainlist| * [[Anatolia]] * [[Balkan]] * [[Saiprus#Geografi|Saiprus]] * [[Mesopotamia]] * [[Levant]] * [[Asia]] * [[Transkaukasia]] }} | ethnicity = [[Turkish people|Turks]] | speakers = [[First language|L1]]: {{Sigfig|84.077680|2}} million | date = 2006 | ref = e27 | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: {{Sigfig|6.017500|2}} million (2019)<ref name=e27/> <br>Total: {{Sigfig|90.095180|2}} million<ref name=e27/> | speakers_label = Speakers | familycolor = Altaik | fam1 = [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] | fam2 = [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]] | fam3 = [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]] | fam4 = Western Oghuz | ancestor = [[Old Anatolian Turkish]] | ancestor2 = [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] | stand1 = Istanbul Turkish | dia1 = [[Cypriot Turkish]] | dia2 = [[Iraqi Turkmen#Language|Iraqi Turkmen]] | dia3 = [[Karamanli Turkish]] | dia4 = [[Meskhetian Turks#Language|Meskhetian Turkish]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Karcı|first=Durmuş|year=2018|title=The Effects of Language Characters and Identity of Meskhetian Turkish in Kazakhstan|journal=Kesit Akademi Dergisi|volume=4|issue=13}}</ref> | dia5 = [[Rumelian Turkish]] | dia6 = [[Turkish dialects#Syrian Turkmen dialect|Syrian Turkish]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Behnstedt |first=Peter |year=2008 |chapter=Syria |title=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics |editor1-last=Versteegh |editor1-first=Kees |editor2-last=Eid |editor2-first=Mushira |editor3-last=Elgibali |editor3-first=Alaa |editor4-last=Woidich |editor4-first=Manfred |editor5-last=Zaborski |editor5-first=Andrzej |volume=4|page=402|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-14476-7}}</ref> | script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Turkish alphabet]])<br />[[Turkish Braille]] | nation = [[Cyprus]]<br />[[Northern Cyprus]]<br />[[Turkey]] | minority = [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<ref>{{Citation|year=2010|chapter=Bosnia and Herzegovina|title=The European Charter for Regional Or Minority Languages: Collected Texts|pages=107–108|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|isbn=9789287166715}}</ref> <br/>[[Croatia]]<ref>{{Citation|year=2012|chapter=The Croatian Language in the European Information Society|title=The Croatian Language in the Digital Age|editor1-last=Rehm|editor1-first=Georg|editor2-last=Uszkoreit|editor2-first=Hans|page=51|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=9783642308826}}</ref><ref name="Franceschini546">{{Cite book|last=Franceschini|first=Rita|chapter=Italy and the Italian-Speaking Regions|editor-last=Fäcke|editor-first=Christiane|title=Manual of Language Acquisition|year=2014|quote=In Croatia, Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Czech, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Macedonian, Polish, Romanian, Romany, Rusyn, Russian, Montenegrin, Slovak, Slovenian, Serbian, Turkish, and Ukrainian are recognized (EACEA 2012, 18, 50s)|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH|isbn=9783110394146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zM_mBQAAQBAJ&q=Croatia+Albanian&pg=PA1|pages=546|access-date=2021-08-25|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123306/https://books.google.com/books?id=zM_mBQAAQBAJ&q=Croatia+Albanian&pg=PA1|url-status=live}}</ref><br/>[[Greece]]<ref>{{Citation |last1=Trudgill|first1=Peter|last2=Schreier|first2=Daniel|year=2006|chapter=Greece and Cyprus / Griechenland und Zypern|title=Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik|editor-last=Ulrich|editor-first=Ammon|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=3110199874|page=1886}}</ref><br/>[[Iraq]]{{Efn|Turkish language is official in [[Kirkuk Governorate]], [[Kifri District, Diyala Governorate|Kifri]] and [[Tooz District|Tuz Khurmatu]] districts.<ref name=guclu>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.meforum.org/1074/who-owns-kirkuk-the-turkoman-case|title=Who Owns Kirkuk? The Turkoman Case|last=Güçlü|first=Yücel|journal=Middle East Quarterly|year=2007|pages=79–86|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910081912/https://www.meforum.org/1074/who-owns-kirkuk-the-turkoman-case |archive-date=2019-09-10|quote=Article 1 of the declaration stipulated that no law, regulation, or official action could interfere with the rights outlined for the minorities. Michael Scott is the regional manager of Finder Mifflin Scranton. Although Arabic became the official language of Iraq, Kurdish became a corollary official language in Sulaimaniya, and both Kurdish and Turkish became official languages in Kirkuk and Kifri.}}</ref> In addition, it is an official language in the administrative units in which they constitute density of population.}}<ref name=Johanson2021/><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.milliyet.com.tr/dunya/turkmenler-turkce-tabelalardan-memnun-1032324 | title=Türkmenler, Türkçe tabelalardan memnun – Son Dakika | date=24 December 2008 | access-date=2019-11-30 | archive-date=2020-07-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709191206/https://www.milliyet.com.tr/amp/dunya/turkmenler-turkce-tabelalardan-memnun-1032324 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Constitution of Iraq |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005date=2024-05-15 }}</ref><br/>[[Kosovo]]{{Efn|Turkish language is currently official in [[Gjilan]], [[Mamusha]], [[Mitrovica, Kosovo|Mitrovica]], [[Prizren]] and [[Vushtrri]] municipalities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Municipal language compliance in Kosovo|url=https://www.osce.org/kosovo/120010?download=true|publisher=OSCE Minsk Group|quote=Turkish language is currently official in Prizren and Mamuşa/Mamushë/Mamuša municipalities. In 2007 and 2008, the municipalities of Gjilan/Gnjilane, southern Mitrovicë/Mitrovica, Prishtinë/Priština and Vushtrri/Vučitrn also recognized Turkish as a language in official use.|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305035807/http://www.osce.org/kosovo/120010?download=true|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref name=Johanson2021>{{Citation|author=[[Lars Johanson|Johanson, Lars]]|year=2021|title=Turkic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huk9EAAAQBAJ&q=Turkish+is+the+largest+and+most+vigorous+Turkic+language%2C+spoken+by+over+80+million+people&pg=PT134|quote=Turkish is the largest and most vigorous Turkic language, spoken by over 80 million people, a third of the total number of Turkic-speakers... Turkish is a recognized regional minority language in North Macedonia, Kosovo, Romania, and Iraq.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781009038218|access-date=2021-09-07|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123307/https://books.google.com/books?id=huk9EAAAQBAJ&q=Turkish+is+the+largest+and+most+vigorous+Turkic+language%2C+spoken+by+over+80+million+people&pg=PT134|url-status=live}}</ref><br/>[[North Macedonia]]{{Efn|Turkish language is currently official in [[Centar Župa Municipality|Centar Zupa]] and [[Plasnica Municipality]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://beinmacedonia.com/languages-spoken-in-macedonia-2/|title=Languages spoken in Macedonia – North Macedonia|url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127001049/http://beinmacedonia.com/languages-spoken-in-macedonia-2/ |archive-date=2022-01-27|quote=Turkish is co-official in Centar Zupa and Plasnica}}</ref>}}<ref name=Johanson2021/><br/>[[Romania]]<ref name=Johanson2021/><ref>{{Citation|year=2010|chapter=Romania|title=The European Charter for Regional Or Minority Languages: Collected Texts|pages=135–136|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|isbn=9789287166715}}</ref> | iso1 = tr | iso2 = tur | iso3 = tur | lingua = part of [[Oghuz languages|44-AAB-a]] | map = Map of Turkish Language.svg | mapcaption = {{Legend|#004DFF|Countries where Turkish is an official language}} {{Legend|#88C4FF|Countries where Turkish is recognised as a minority language}} {{Legend|#AFEEEE|Countries where Turkish is recognised as a minority language and co-official in at least one municipality}} | notice = IPA | glotto = nucl1301 | glottorefname = Turkish | agency = [[Turkish Language Association]] }} '''Jaku Turki''' ({{Lang|tr|Türkçe}}) nya jaku ke pemadu mayuh dikena dalam sebilik jaku-jaku Turkik, enggau pemayuh 90 ngagai 100 juta orang ke ngena jaku tu. Jaku tu jaku nasional menua [[Turki]] enggau [[Cyprus]]. Raban bansa Turki ke signifikan mega bisi diau ba [[Jereman]], [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Macedonia Utara]], [[Gerika]], endur bukai ba Eropah, Kaukasus Selatan, enggau sekeda endur ba Asia Tengah, [[Iraq]] enggau [[Siria]]. Jaku Turki nyadi jaku ke-18 pemadu mayuh dikena ba dunya. == Nota == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Kereban sanding == <references /> 7dltn3fvu3p3phsurc61qcrd99zagi9 0 1675 19416 9073 2026-06-24T03:45:19Z Song GK 9 /* Malin */ 19416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Kukut | Latin = unguis | Width = 160 | Image = Fingernails2.jpg | Caption = Kukut mensia | Image2 = Nail svg hariadhi.svg | Caption2 = | Precursor = | System = [[Integumentary system]] | Artery = | Vein = | Lymph = }} '''Kukut''' nya plat pelindung ti bisi ciri ditemu ba ujung jari enggau kaki semua primata, setipak enggau kukut ba jelu tetrapod bukai. Kukut jari enggau kukut kaki digaga ari protein tegar ti tegar ti dikumbai alpha-keratin, polimer ti mega bisi ba kukut, kukut enggau tanduk jelu vertebrata.<ref name="Wang 2016">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Bin |title=Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration |journal=Progress in Materials Science |volume=76 |pages=229–318 |year=2016 |doi=10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.06.001|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt5sb7q6jp/qt5sb7q6jp.pdf?t=o9xpu0 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} q6dzf0sjpxgid2f35s1lljmuz3g6au9 0 2363 19419 11825 2026-06-24T08:54:22Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 19419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | birth_name = Sharifah Hasidah binti Sayeed Aman Ghazali | assembly = Sarawak | constituency_AM = Samariang | term_start = 2006 | predecessor = [[Sharifah Mordiah]] | spouse = }} '''Sharifah Hasidah''' nya siti kaban politik ba menua [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]]. Iya kaban [[Kunsil Negeri Sarawak|Kunsil Negeri]] kena sitak Samariang ke dipilih kenyau 2006<ref>{{Cite web|URL=https://www.theborneopost.com/2022/02/13/a-yb-committed-to-upholding-multiracial-values/|title=A YB committed to upholding multiracial values|date=13 Februari 2022|website=SPR}}</ref> == Kereban sanding == <references /> [[Kategori:Kaban politik ba Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Kaban Kunsil Negeri Sarawak 2006-2011]] [[Kategori:Kaban Kunsil Negeri Sarawak 2011-2016]] [[Kategori:Kaban Kunsil Negeri Sarawak 2016-2021]] [[Kategori:Kaban Kunsil Negeri Sarawak diatu]] hoblym1rzcwr09oaao2b3xbctykzyg3 0 3253 19418 11557 2026-06-24T08:54:06Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 19418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint|image=|caption=|death-date=|feast-date=|birth-place=|name=Sante Vindicianus|venerated_in=[[Gerija Roman Katolik]]<br>[[Gerija Ortodoks Timur]]|birth_date={{circa}} 632 AD|birth_place=Bullecourt|death_date={{circa}} 712 AD|feast_date=11 Mac}} '''Sante Vindicianus''' ( ''Vindician'' ) ({{Langx|fr|Vindicien}}) (c. 632 – 712) nya siku bishop ungkup kandang menua Cambrai-Arras. Hari pengerami iya diintu ninting 11 Mac. Iya dikumbai orang ti nitihka rohani Sante Eligius (Sante Eloi). == Pengidup == Ari sukut tradisyen, endur iya ada diberi nama Bullecourt, semak Bapaume. Tu meh endur pengada ti dipandangka dalam dokumen ti jauh laun ari pemati sante nya, tang ti madahka diri ngasilka baru tradisyen menua nya kelia. Nadai sebarang utai ditemu pasal taun-taun keterubah iya.<ref name="van">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15445a.htm Van der Essen, Léon. "St. Vindicianus." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 2 December 2021 {{PD-notice}} </ref> Maya pemidang St. Aubert, Bishop Cambrai-Arras (urung taun 668), Vindicianus dipilih nyadi penganti iya.<ref>[https://www.arraspaysdartois.com/en/visit-pays-dartois/visit-mont-saint-eloi/ Decraene, Claire. "Visit Mont-Saint-Eloi", Arras Pays d’Artois Tourisme] </ref> Iya nyadi bishop ba penuduk tu maya perintah Theuderic III ari Neustria (urung taun 673). Dalam taun 673 Vindicianus ngemataka salin bangkai St. Maxellende ngagai Caudry.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roger Caron, Jean Lefebvre, Denise Leprêtre and Patrick Raguet |title=Sainte Maxellende |publisher=Comité du Centenaire de la Basilique Sainte Maxellende de Caudry |year=1997 |isbn=978-2-9511708-0-3 |location= |pages=}}</ref> Dalam taun ke sama iya nguduska monasteri Honnecourt-sur-Escaut, ti diberi dalam taun 685 ngagai Sante Bertin. Dalam taun 675 iya nyain surat pemeri ti nyukung monasteri di Maroilles, ti digaga St. Emebertus. Dalam taun ti sama iya mega nguduska gerija di Hasnon. Iya dipelaba bisi kaul enggau St. Arnaud ari Tongeren, laban sain jari iya bisi ba sempekat ke penudi dalam taun 679. Dalam taun 681 iya nuntut ke diosis iya basa kena ngembuan bangkai St. Léger, tang iya enda mujur, bangkai St. Léger diberi ngagai Ansoald, Bishop Poitiers. Orang ke dulu ari iya, St. Aubert ari Cambrai, udah numbuhka Abi Saint-Vaast, begunan ke enda ulih ditembuka iya; tang Vindicianus udah nembuka iya, dipelaba ba taun 682, lalu ngengkahka monasteri tu nyadi temporal ari baruh lindung Thierry III, ke meri mayuh pemeri ngagai monasteri nya.<ref>[https://www.bartleby.com/210/2/062.html Butler, Alban. "St. Vedast, Bishop of Arras, Confessor", ''The Lives of the Saints''. 1866] </ref> Dalam taun 685 siti Hatta diengkah Vindicianus ba pala monasteri tu. Dalam taun ti nangkanka nya Vindicianus nyerahka gerija di Hamaye-les-Marchienne, lalu bejalaika pengawa ba pengawa ngali bangkai St. Eusebia enggau Gertrude ari Hamage, ke kala nyadi indu monasteri ungkup monasteri ke benama nya.<ref>[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhef_0300-9505_1945_num_31_118_2986 Cristiani, Léon. "Liste chronologique des saints de France, des origines à l'avènement des carolingiens", ''Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France'', 1945, p. 82] </ref> Utai ti nyadi ba pengidup iya pengudah haribulan tu (686) enda ditemu. Pekara keterubah ti dirikod pasal Brussels ("Brosella") dalam taun 695 dikaulka enggau iya. Iya midang urung taun 695 lalu dikubur ba kampung Ecoivres ba Mont-Saint-Éloi. Kandang menua nya udah dirusak orang Norman ba kurun kesemilan, lalu lebih ari sekali relik sante nya bisi pengerusak, nyentukka dalam taun 1030 Bishop Gerard I ari Cambrai ngasuh bangkai iya dikalihka ngagai mengeri episkopal. Sepengudah ke udah ba Douai enggau Arras, relik nya dipulaika baru ngagai Mont-St-Eloi dalam taun 1453. Pengudah agi disalin enggau silik agi, kelebih agi dalam taun 1598 enggau 1601, bangkai nya pengujung iya diengkah dalam katedral di Arras. == Peda mega == * Sante Vindicianus, arkib sante pengelindung == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} == Laman web ke bukai == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060828103206/http://catholic-forum.com/saints/saintv63.htm Vindician ba ''Indeks Sante Pengelindung''] hhc4i60s3aamwt8sfoxdj5nmjht7wu2 0 4455 19417 16477 2026-06-24T08:52:42Z Song GK 9 19417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Serakup Republik Sosialis Soviet | common_name = Serakup Soviet | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|ru|Союз Советских Социалистических Республик}}<br />{{small|{{transliteration|ru|Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik}}}}{{efn|For names of the Soviet Union in other official languages, see [[Official names of the Soviet Union]].}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/ussr/soviet2.html |title=Language Policy in tFhe former Soviet Union |first=H. |last=Schiffman |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] |date=19 November 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221051317/https://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/ussr/soviet2.html |archive-date=21 February 2024}}</ref>}} | life_span = 1922–1991 | religion = {{ubli|[[Secular state]] (''de jure'')|[[State atheism]] (''de facto'')}} | government_type = Federal [[communist state]] | era = {{hlist|[[Interwar period]]|[[World War II]]|[[Cold War]]}} | event_pre = [[October Revolution]] | date_pre = 7 November 1917 | date_start = 30 December 1922 | event_start = [[Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Treaty of Creation]] | event1 = [[1924 Constitution of the Soviet Union|First constitution]] | date_event1 = 31 January 1924 | event2 = [[1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union|Second constitution]] | date_event2 = 5 December 1936 | event3 = [[Great Patriotic War]] | date_event3 = 1941–1945 | event4 = [[De-Stalinization]] | date_event4 = 25 February 1956 | event5 = [[1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union|Last constitution]] | date_event5 = 9 October 1977 | event6 = [[Parade of sovereignties]] | date_event6 = 1988–1991 | date_end = 26 December 1991{{efn|[[:s:ru:Декларация Совета Республик ВС СССР от 26.12.1991 № 142-Н|Declaration No. 142-Н]] of the [[Soviet of Nationalities|Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union]], formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law {{in lang|ru}}.}} | area_water_km2 = 2767198 | event_end = [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Formal dissolution]] | image_flag = Flag of the Soviet Union.svg | flag_type_article = [[Flag of the Soviet Union]] | flag_type = [[Flag of the Soviet Union|Flag]]<br />(1955–1991) | flag = Flag of the Soviet Union | image_coat = State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg | symbol_type_article = [[State Emblem of the Soviet Union]] | symbol_type = [[State Emblem of the Soviet Union|State Emblem]]<br />(1956–1991) | image_map = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = The Soviet Union during the [[Cold War]] | image_map_size = 250 | image_map_caption = The Soviet Union in 1955 | capital = [[Moscow]] | coordinates = {{coord|55|45|N|37|37|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | national_motto = {{lang|ru|Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!}}<br />"[[Workers of the world, unite!]]" | national_anthem = {{Plainlist| *{{lang|ru|Интернационал}}<br />"[[The Internationale]]"<br/>(1922–1944){{parabr}}[[File:Toscanini - The Internationale (Russian version, 1944).flac]] *{{lang|ru|Государственный гимн Союза Советских Социалистических Республик}}<br />"[[State Anthem of the Soviet Union|State Anthem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]"<br/>(1944–1991){{parabr}} [[File:Gimn Sovetskogo Soyuza (1977 Short Vocal).oga]]}} | official_languages = [[Jaku Rusia|Rusia]]{{efn|''De facto'', sah kenyau 1990. [[Republik-republik Serakup|Republik kaban]] bisi hak ngerasmika jaku kandang menua sida.}} | regional_languages = {{hlist|[[Jaku Ukraine|Ukraine]]|[[Jaku Belarusia|Belarusia]]|[[Jaku Uzbek|Uzbek]]|[[Jaku Kazakh|Kazakh]]|[[Jaku Georgia|Georgia]]|[[Jaku Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]|[[Jaku Lithuania|Lithuania]]|''[[Jaku Moldova|Moldava]]''{{efn|Nama dikena ungkup [[Jaku Romania]]}}|[[Jaku Latvia|Latvia]]|[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]|[[Jaku Tajik|Tajik]]|[[Jaku Armenia|Armenian]]|[[Jaku Turkmen|Turkmen]]|[[Jaku Estonia|Estonia]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{ubl|70% [[East Slavs]] | 17% [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] | 13% other}} | ethnic_groups_year = 1989 | demonym = [[Soviet people|Soviet]] | title_leader = [[List of leaders of the Soviet Union|Leader]] | leader1 = [[Vladimir Lenin]]{{Efn|As chairman of the [[Council of People's Commissars]].}} | year_leader1 = 1922–1924 (first) | leader2 = [[Joseph Stalin]]{{Efn|As [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (later the [[Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union|Council of Ministers]]).}} | year_leader2 = 1924–1953 | leader3 = [[Georgy Malenkov]]{{Efn|As chairman of the Council of Ministers.}} | year_leader3 = 1953{{Efn|March–September.}} | leader4 = [[Nikita Khrushchev]]{{Efn|As First Secretary of the Communist Party and chairman of the Council of Ministers}} | year_leader4 = 1953–1964 | leader5 = [[Leonid Brezhnev]]{{Efn|As General Secretary of the Communist Party.}} | year_leader5 = 1964–1982 | leader6 = [[Yuri Andropov]] | year_leader6 = 1982–1984 | leader7 = [[Konstantin Chernenko]] | year_leader7 = 1984–1985 | leader8 = [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]{{Efn|As General Secretary of the Communist Party and [[President of the Soviet Union]].}} | year_leader8 = 1985–1991 (last) | representative1 = [[Mikhail Kalinin]]{{Efn|As Chairman of the [[Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union|Central Executive Committee]], then as [[Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]].}} | year_representative1 = 1922–1946 (first) | representative2 = [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]{{Efn|As General Secretary of the Communist Party and [[President of the Soviet Union]].}} | year_representative2 = 1988–1991 (last) | title_representative = [[List of heads of state of the Soviet Union|Head of State]] | deputy1 = Vladimir Lenin{{Efn|As Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union and Russian SFSR.}} | deputy2 = [[Ivan Silayev]]{{Efn|As Chairman of the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy.}} | year_deputy1 = 1922–1924 (first) | year_deputy2 = 1991 (last) | title_deputy = [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Premier]] | legislature = {{ubli|[[Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union|Congress of Soviets]]<br />(1922–1936){{efn|Unicameral.}}|[[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union|Supreme Soviet]]<br />(1936–1991)}} | house1 = [[Soviet of Nationalities]]<br />(1936–1991){{efn|From 5 September 1991 the [[Soviet of the Republics]]}} | house2 = [[Soviet of the Union]]<br />(1936–1991) | area_km2 = 22,402,200 | population_census = {{increaseNeutral}} 286,730,819<ref>''Almanaque Mundial 1996'', Editorial América/Televisa, Mexico, 1995, pp. 548–552 (''Demografía/Biometría'' table).</ref> | population_census_year = [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989]] | population_census_rank = 3rd | population_density_km2 = 12.7 | GDP_PPP = $2.7&nbsp;trillion{{efn|Statistics surrounding Soviet GDP are only estimates as the Soviet Union did not use Gross Domestic Product or Gross National Product to measure its economy until 1990, before which it utilised a system known as the [[Material Product System]]}} | GDP_PPP_rank = 2nd | GDP_PPP_year = 1990 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,000 | GDP_nominal = $2.7&nbsp;trillion{{efn|Statistics surrounding Soviet GDP are only estimates as the Soviet Union did not use Gross Domestic Product or Gross National Product to measure its economy until 1990, before which it utilised a system known as the [[Material Product System]]}}<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/wfb/1990/rankings/gdp_million_1.html |title=GDP – Million – Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163518/https://www.theodora.com/wfb/1990/rankings/gdp_million_1.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 1990 | GDP_nominal_rank = 2nd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $9,000 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 28th | Gini = 0.275 | Gini_year = 1989 | Gini_rank = | Gini_change = low | cctld = [[.su]]{{efn|Assigned on 19 September 1990, existing onwards.}} | drives_on = right | area_rank = 1st | percent_water = 12.3 | HDI = 0.920 | HDI_year = 1990 formula | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf |title=Human Development Report 1990 |date=January 1990 |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |page=111 |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207194131/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> | currency = [[Soviet ruble]] (руб) | currency_code = SUR | calling_code = +7 | time_zone = ([[UTC]]+2 to +12) | iso3166code = SU | p1 = Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic{{!}}'''1922:'''<br />Russian SFSR | flag_p1 = Flag RSFSR 1918.svg | p2 = Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic{{!}}Ukrainian SSR | flag_p2 = Flag of the Ukrainian SSR (1919-1929).svg | p3 = Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic{{!}}Byelorussian SSR | flag_p3 = Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919-1927).svg | p4 = Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic{{!}}Transcaucasian SFSR | flag_p4 = Flag of the Transcaucasian SFSR (variant).svg | p5 = Second Polish Republic{{!}}'''1939:'''<br />Poland | flag_p5 = Flag of Poland.svg | p6 = Finland {{!}}'''1940:'''<br />Finland | flag_p6 = Flag of Finland.svg | p7 = History of Estonia (1920–1939){{!}}Estonia | flag_p7 = Flag of Estonia.svg | p8 = Latvia | flag_p8 = Flag of Latvia.svg | p9 = Lithuania | flag_p9 = Flag of Lithuania (1918–1940).svg | p10 = Kingdom of Romania{{!}}Romania | flag_p10 = Flag of Romania.svg | p11 = Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946){{!}}'''1945:'''<br />Hungary | flag_p11 = Flag of Hungary (1920–1946).svg | p12 = East Prussia{{!}}Nazi Germany | flag_p12 = Flag of Nazi Germany.svg | p13 = Karafuto Prefecture{{!}}Japan | flag_p13 = Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg | s1 = Lithuania{{!}}'''1990:'''<br />Lithuania | flag_s1 = Flag of Lithuania (1988–2004).svg | s2 = Georgia (country){{!}}'''1991:'''<br />Georgia | flag_s2 = Flag of Georgia (1990–2004).svg | s3 = Estonia | flag_s3 = Flag of Estonia.svg | s4 = Latvia | flag_s4 = Flag of Latvia.svg | s5 = Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine{{!}}Ukraine | flag_s5 = Flag of Ukraine (1991–1992).svg | s6 = Moldova | flag_s6 = Flag of Moldova.svg | s7 = Kyrgyzstan | flag_s7 = Flag of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic.svg | s8 = Uzbekistan | flag_s8 = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg | s9 = Tajikistan | flag_s9 = Flag of Tajikistan (1991–1992).svg | s10 = Armenia | flag_s10 = Flag of Armenia.svg | s11 = Azerbaijan | flag_s11 = Flag of Azerbaijan (1991–2013).svg | s12 = Turkmenistan | flag_s12 = Flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic.svg | s13 = Republic of Belarus (1991–1994){{!}}Belarus | flag_s13 = Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991–1995).svg | s14 = Russia{{!}}Russian Federation | flag_s14 = Flag of Russia (1991–1993).svg | s15 = Kazakhstan | flag_s15 = Flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.svg | s16 = Commonwealth of Independent States{{!}}CIS | flag_s16 = Flag of the CIS (UEFA Euro 1992).svg | footnotes = With the exception of the CIS – an intergovernmental organization and legal successor to the union itself – only states that are former Soviet republics, now members of the United Nations, are listed as successors. }} '''Serakup Republik Sosialis Soviet''' ('''USSR'''), suah dikelala enggau nama '''Serakup Soviet''', iya nya sebengkah menua meraka benua ti mungkur mayuh endur [[Eurasia]] ari taun 1922 nyentukka iya [[Pengererak Serakup Soviet|direrak]] dalam taun 1991. Sekumbang iya bisi, iya nyadi menua ti pemadu besai nitihka pemesai menua enggau sebelas iti zon jam lalu bekunsi garis entara menua enggau dua belas bengkah menua, sereta nyadi menua ketiga ke ngundan mayuh mensia. Penganti selampur Empayar Rusia, iya diatur enggau nama nyadi gerempung perintah besai republik nasional, ke pemadu besai sereta pemadu mayuh mensia iya nya SFSR Rusia. Dalam praktikal, perintah enggau ekonomi iya balat bepusat. Sebengkah menua ke bisi siti parti ke dipegai [[Parti Komunis Serakup Soviet]] (CPSU), iya nyadi menua komunis ke nyadi perdana. Indu nengeri enggau mengeri ti pemadu besai iya nya [[Moscow]]. ==Nota== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} l22zv7lzj1sli3rzd1yt1bw5s6wf5vb 0 6746 19411 2026-06-23T12:34:39Z Song GK 9 Digaga enggau chara nyalin lambar " [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358323569|Portuguese Settlement, Malacca]] " 19411 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kampung Portugis''' ('''Kampung Saint John'''; [[jaku Portugis]]: ''Padri sa Chang''; {{Langx|pt|Aldeia de São João}}; {{Langx|ms|Kampung St. John, Kampung Portugis}}) iya nya sebengkah genturung pendiau di [[:ms:Ujong Pasir|Ujong Pasir]], [[Mengeri Melaka]], ti nyadika rumah orang Portugis tauka orang Portugis-Eurasia di Melaka. Bansa Portugis tu raban bansa Malaysia ti penakan [[Bansa Portugis|Portugis]] enggau [[Melayu]]. Komuniti tu ari peturun Portugis kenyau jeman [[Melaka Portugis|Portugis merintah Melaka]] (1511-1641).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=ExpatGo|date=2012-06-22|title=Malacca's Portuguese community : Rocking along the Sand's Edge|url=https://www.expatgo.com/my/2012/06/22/malaccas-portuguese-community-rocking-along-the-sands-edge/|access-date=2025-05-31|website=ExpatGo|language=en-US}}</ref> Naka taun 2021, Kampung Portugis dipelabaka ngembuan penyampau tubuh urung 1,000 iku.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=For Malaysia’s Kristang Population, the Devil’s in the Curry|url=https://www.whetstonemagazine.com/journal/for-malaysias-kristang-population-the-devils-in-the-curry|access-date=2025-05-31|website=Whetstone Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> == Penumbuh Kampung == Batu pemun Kampung Portugis tu asal iya dipelakin dalam taun 1926, lebuh pengerintis Peranchis enggau Portugis, Rev J Pier François enggau Rev AM Coroado mutuska deka ngaga palan pengentap pendiau baru ba kandang menua Ujong Pasir di Melaka, dikena nampung komuniti Eurasia Portugis dia. Sida ngumbai palan pengentap pendiau nya nyadika utai ti diguna ungkup penyamai rayat Portugis Melaka ti beserak sereta seranta. Kampung nya ba tebing tasik mega beguna amat, berindik ari tebal agi orang Portugis nya orang berikan lalu begunaka rumah ke bisi akses ngagai pantai. Dikena ngumpul belanja dikena ngaga palan pengentap pendiau nya, Rev François nulis surat ngagai mayuh macham kaban ti tebilang dalam komuniti Eurasia di Singapura minta bantu; entara sida nya Dr [[Noel L. Clarke|Noel Leicester Clarke]] enggau [[Claude Henry da Silva]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Arnez|first=Monika|date=2023|title=Ethnic politics and ambivalent imaginaries of the future at the Melaka Straits|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/sjtg.12466|journal=Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography|language=en|volume=44|issue=1|pages=44–57|doi=10.1111/sjtg.12466|issn=1467-9493|doi-access=free}}</ref> Pengudah berunding enggau komuniti Eurasia Singapura enggau Perintah Negeri Melaka, 28 hektar tanah paya ti jauh di Ujong Pasir udah dibeli. Reka bentuk asal Kampung nya nyendiaka 168 iti rumah ke deka digaga ungkup orang Portugis.<ref name=":02" /> === Penyarut Status Pemegai Bibas === Seraya Kampung Portugis asal iya diberi status tanah pegai bibas, tu diambi perintah kolonial British ari orang Portugis dalam taun 1949, ketegal pengawa ngaga SMK Canossa Convent ba sepemanjai Jalan Eradia. Laban pengerintis Peranchis ke nyadang sekula nya dianggap nyadika entiti menua luar, sida ditagang ngembuan tanah pegai bibas ulih perintah British di Malaya kolonial. Nya alai, dikena mutarka penyerekang tu, semua lot Kampung Portugis digazet baru ari tanah pegai bibas ngagai tanah enggi perintah ulih British dalam taun 1949. Kenyau ari taun 1949, komuniti Portugis udah nguji mayuh kali ngulihka baru status tanah bibas Kampung nya, tang nadai mai penguntung.<ref name=":02" /> === Isu Pengawa Tebus Guna Tanah === Kena taun 2014, Menteri Besai Malaysia maya nya [[Najib Razak]] nesauka projek Melaka Gateway, ti begunaka pengawa tebus guna tanah ba tebing pantai Selat Melaka. Objektif projek tu iya nya mai entara ke bukai, terminal kapal pesiar baru enggau palan penyangkai kapal ai dalam ngagai mengeri tu. Taja pia, projek tu dibantah peranak Kampung Portugis. Orang Portugis ngumbai pengawa ngambi tanah nya deka meri empas ti enda manah ngagai garis pantai enggau penyelai habitat ai ba tebing tasik Palan Pendiau nya, ti lalu deka nyadika emba ngagai "pun penatai pengidup sida".<ref name=":02" /> ==== Pemantah Ngagai Projek Melaka Gateway ==== Berindik ari nya, dalam taun 2018, peranak Kampung Portugis nya ngatur pengawa mantah ngelaban pemaju induk projek Melaka Gateway, KAJ Development Sdn Bhd. Dipelabaka 200 iku peranak Portugis mai peti mati ngagai opis besai KAJ Development, ke alai beberapa iku ari sida ngengkahka peti mati seraya ke bukai ngeleburka pasir ngagai peti mati nya. Dalam sebengkah randau enggau The Edge, peranak Kampung nya mega nerangka projek Melaka Gateway nya "pemaju ti muai pasir ngagai mangkuk beras sida enggau pengawa tebus guna tanah".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Portuguese folk protest against Melaka Gateway project with coffins|url=https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/portuguese-folk-protest-against-melaka-gateway-project-coffins|access-date=2025-05-31|website=The Edge Malaysia}}</ref> Taja pia, taja pan sida udah bebendar ngapil ngagai kededua Perintah Negeri enggau bala pemansang, tang orang Portugis mengkang enda mujur ngachau pengawa neruska projek Melaka Gateway.<ref name=":02" /> == Tanda menua == === Patung Replika Kristus Penebus === Ba taun 2017, orang Portugis mujur ngaga patung Kristus Penebus baru ba pintu penama Medan Portugis sepemanjai Jalan D’Albuquerque. Iya nya replika [[Kristus Penebus (patung)|patung Art Deco ke sama nama]] di [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil tang sepeninggi lapan meter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Koh|first=Kelly|date=2017-12-25|title=Christmas arrives in Melaka's Portuguese Settlement; Christ the Redeemer statue stands tall {{!}} New Straits Times|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/12/318142/christmas-arrives-melakas-portuguese-settlement-christ-redeemer-statue|access-date=2025-05-31|website=NST Online|language=en}}</ref> Patung nya ukai semina dikena nandaka komuniti Kristang nyadi kaban pengarap [[Roman Katolik]] global, tang mega “kaul sida enggau dunya bejaku Portugis selatan global”.<ref name=":02" /> === Medan Portugis === Medan Portugis udah dibuka Menteri Besai Malaysia maya nya [[Mahathir Mohamad]] kena 24 Januari 1985, nyadi sebagi ari program pemansang dagang temuai mengeri sapit entara [[Mengeri Melaka|Melaka]] enggau [[Lisbon]] ke baru dikelanchar.<ref name=":02" /> Pengelanchar Medan Portugis ngasuh peranak menua nya ulih muka restoran ti nyual pemakai asal Portugis. Lauk Portugis ke suah ditemu ditu nyengkaum Ikan Panggang Portugis enggau Kari Debal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohan|first=Rube|date=2023-07-22|title=The hidden food street in Melaka|url=https://cilisos.my/the-hidden-food-street-in-melaka/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref> === Nama-nama jalai === Jalai-jalai ba Kampung Portugis ngundan nama sebilik Portugis baka D'Albuquerque, Teixeira enggau D'Aranjo, entara ke bukai. Tu dituju ngagai aki ini komuniti kemaya hari tu, pia mega bala pengerintis ti numbuhka Kampung tu.<ref name=":0" /> === The Lisbon Melaka === Kenyau Ogos 2025, pemansang hotel ti bepalan ba UK iya nya Wyndham Group udah muka hotel mewah semak pantai Kampung ti dikumbai The Lisbon Melaka.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=The Lisbon Melaka|url=https://www.thelisbonmelaka.com/|access-date=29 August 2025|website=The Lisbon Melaka}}</ref> Hotel tu ba endur ti sama enggau Hotel Lisbon Melaka ti dulu suba, ti udah nutup pintu iya ngagai temuai beberapa taun sebedau nya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-19|title=They use our name, heritage, but where’s our say: the Melakan-Portuguese dilemma|url=https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/47584/Melakan-Portuguese-dilemma-They-use-our-name-our-heritage-but-where-is-our-say|access-date=2025-08-29|website=The Vibes|language=en}}</ref> Naka bulan Ogos 2025, rega bilik malam ba hotel tu dipeda entara MYR500 pemadu baruh, ngagai MYR1,000 tauka lebih.<ref name=":22" /> == Palan ti narit ati sereta pengerami == Baka mayuh komuniti bukai ke bejaku Portugis di serata dunya, Palan Pengentap Pendiau Portugis ngatur "pesta Jun" ninting taun ti dibuka enggau ''Festa de San Juang'' ("Pengerami [[John Pemaptisa|Sante John]]", Jun 23) lalu diujungka enggau ''Festa de San Pedro'' ("Pengerami [[Sante Peter]]", [[sante pengelindung]] ungkup orang berikan, Jun 29). Pengerami tu digulu urung 100,000 iku temuai ari Malaysia enggau menua luar. Ba pengerami nya orang ulih ninga lagu rakyat Kristang sereta meda bala petanda ngena pekayan bechura-chura merindang nitihka rentak musik branyu. Siti pengawa ke beguna ba pengerami nya iya nya berekat perau orang berikan setempat, ke diias khas ungkup maya nya, dikena nentuka tangkap ke manah.<ref name="gua20072">{{cite journal|title=Malaccan MCA leaders at the Portuguese Settlement|author=Ivy Tan|journal=The Guardian|volume=3|date=June 2007|url=http://www.mca.org.my/Chinese/Guardian%20pdf/GUARDIAN%20june.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Malaysian Chinese Association|pages=14|accessdate=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021165141/http://www.mca.org.my/Chinese/Guardian%20pdf/GUARDIAN%20june.pdf|archive-date=2007-10-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Intrudu mega siti agi pengerami ti diintu ba Kampung Portugis, lalu digambarka baka tu ulih Ei Leen Lee dalam ''Language Shift and Revitalisation in the Kristang Community.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Ei Leen |title=Language Shift and Revitalisation in the Kristang Community, Portuguese Settlement, Malacca |date=December 2003 |publisher=University of Sheffield |year=2003}}</ref> == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} == Laman web ke bukai == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070912223623/http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/uploads/approved/adt-NUWS20060510.151501/public/08Chapter7.pdf Chapter 7 - The Luso-Asiatic Communities] * [http://www.expatgomalaysia.com/article/387/malaccas-portuguese-community-rocking-along-the-sands-edge Malacca's Portuguese community : Rocking along the Sand's Edge] f2pl1yj9ukiiwrekgz31vinwanzgiop 19412 19411 2026-06-23T12:38:08Z Song GK 9 19412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | image_skyline = File:Portuguese Settlement.JPG | image_caption = Kampung Portugis (Kampung Sante John) | subdivision_type = Menua | subdivision_name = {{MAS}} | subdivision_type1 = Negeri | subdivision_type2 = Pelilih Menua | subdivision_type3 = Nengeri | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Melaka}} | subdivision_name2 = [[Pelilih Menua Melaka Tengah|Melaka Tengah]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Mengeri Melaka]] | established_title = Ditumbuhka | postal_code_type = Poskod | postal_code = 75050 | settlement_type = Genturung pendiau ba [[Mengeri Melaka]] | translit_lang1 = | translit_lang1_info1 = | translit_lang1_type1 = | translit_lang1_info2 = | translit_lang1_type2 = | translit_lang1_info3 = | translit_lang1_type3 = | coordinates = {{coord|02|11|09|N|102|15|57|E|region:MY_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title,inline}} | pushpin_map = Malaysia Melaka | pushpin_map_caption = '''Kampung Portugis''' ba Melaka | timezone1 = [[Jam ba Malaysia|MYT]] | utc_offset = +8 | name = Kampung Sante John | native_name = {{Lang|ms|Kampung St. John}} ([[Jaku Melayu|Melayu]])<br>''Padri sa Chang'' ([[Jaku Kristang|Kristang]])<br>{{lang|pt|Aldeia de São João}} ([[Jaku Portugis|Portugis]]) | official_name = | other_name = Kampung Portugis }} '''Kampung Portugis''' ('''Kampung Saint John'''; [[jaku Portugis]]: ''Padri sa Chang''; {{Langx|pt|Aldeia de São João}}; {{Langx|ms|Kampung St. John, Kampung Portugis}}) iya nya sebengkah genturung pendiau di [[:ms:Ujong Pasir|Ujong Pasir]], [[Mengeri Melaka]], ti nyadika rumah orang Portugis tauka orang Portugis-Eurasia di Melaka. Bansa Portugis tu raban bansa Malaysia ti penakan [[Bansa Portugis|Portugis]] enggau [[Melayu]]. Komuniti tu ari peturun Portugis kenyau jeman [[Melaka Portugis|Portugis merintah Melaka]] (1511-1641).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=ExpatGo|date=2012-06-22|title=Malacca's Portuguese community : Rocking along the Sand's Edge|url=https://www.expatgo.com/my/2012/06/22/malaccas-portuguese-community-rocking-along-the-sands-edge/|access-date=2025-05-31|website=ExpatGo|language=en-US}}</ref> Naka taun 2021, Kampung Portugis dipelabaka ngembuan penyampau tubuh urung 1,000 iku.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=For Malaysia’s Kristang Population, the Devil’s in the Curry|url=https://www.whetstonemagazine.com/journal/for-malaysias-kristang-population-the-devils-in-the-curry|access-date=2025-05-31|website=Whetstone Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> == Penumbuh Kampung == Batu pemun Kampung Portugis tu asal iya dipelakin dalam taun 1926, lebuh pengerintis Peranchis enggau Portugis, Rev J Pier François enggau Rev AM Coroado mutuska deka ngaga palan pengentap pendiau baru ba kandang menua Ujong Pasir di Melaka, dikena nampung komuniti Eurasia Portugis dia. Sida ngumbai palan pengentap pendiau nya nyadika utai ti diguna ungkup penyamai rayat Portugis Melaka ti beserak sereta seranta. Kampung nya ba tebing tasik mega beguna amat, berindik ari tebal agi orang Portugis nya orang berikan lalu begunaka rumah ke bisi akses ngagai pantai. Dikena ngumpul belanja dikena ngaga palan pengentap pendiau nya, Rev François nulis surat ngagai mayuh macham kaban ti tebilang dalam komuniti Eurasia di Singapura minta bantu; entara sida nya Dr [[Noel L. Clarke|Noel Leicester Clarke]] enggau [[Claude Henry da Silva]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Arnez|first=Monika|date=2023|title=Ethnic politics and ambivalent imaginaries of the future at the Melaka Straits|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/sjtg.12466|journal=Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography|language=en|volume=44|issue=1|pages=44–57|doi=10.1111/sjtg.12466|issn=1467-9493|doi-access=free}}</ref> Pengudah berunding enggau komuniti Eurasia Singapura enggau Perintah Negeri Melaka, 28 hektar tanah paya ti jauh di Ujong Pasir udah dibeli. Reka bentuk asal Kampung nya nyendiaka 168 iti rumah ke deka digaga ungkup orang Portugis.<ref name=":02" /> === Penyarut Status Pemegai Bibas === Seraya Kampung Portugis asal iya diberi status tanah pegai bibas, tu diambi perintah kolonial British ari orang Portugis dalam taun 1949, ketegal pengawa ngaga SMK Canossa Convent ba sepemanjai Jalan Eradia. Laban pengerintis Peranchis ke nyadang sekula nya dianggap nyadika entiti menua luar, sida ditagang ngembuan tanah pegai bibas ulih perintah British di Malaya kolonial. Nya alai, dikena mutarka penyerekang tu, semua lot Kampung Portugis digazet baru ari tanah pegai bibas ngagai tanah enggi perintah ulih British dalam taun 1949. Kenyau ari taun 1949, komuniti Portugis udah nguji mayuh kali ngulihka baru status tanah bibas Kampung nya, tang nadai mai penguntung.<ref name=":02" /> === Isu Pengawa Tebus Guna Tanah === Kena taun 2014, Menteri Besai Malaysia maya nya [[Najib Razak]] nesauka projek Melaka Gateway, ti begunaka pengawa tebus guna tanah ba tebing pantai Selat Melaka. Objektif projek tu iya nya mai entara ke bukai, terminal kapal pesiar baru enggau palan penyangkai kapal ai dalam ngagai mengeri tu. Taja pia, projek tu dibantah peranak Kampung Portugis. Orang Portugis ngumbai pengawa ngambi tanah nya deka meri empas ti enda manah ngagai garis pantai enggau penyelai habitat ai ba tebing tasik Palan Pendiau nya, ti lalu deka nyadika emba ngagai "pun penatai pengidup sida".<ref name=":02" /> ==== Pemantah Ngagai Projek Melaka Gateway ==== Berindik ari nya, dalam taun 2018, peranak Kampung Portugis nya ngatur pengawa mantah ngelaban pemaju induk projek Melaka Gateway, KAJ Development Sdn Bhd. Dipelabaka 200 iku peranak Portugis mai peti mati ngagai opis besai KAJ Development, ke alai beberapa iku ari sida ngengkahka peti mati seraya ke bukai ngeleburka pasir ngagai peti mati nya. Dalam sebengkah randau enggau The Edge, peranak Kampung nya mega nerangka projek Melaka Gateway nya "pemaju ti muai pasir ngagai mangkuk beras sida enggau pengawa tebus guna tanah".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Portuguese folk protest against Melaka Gateway project with coffins|url=https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/portuguese-folk-protest-against-melaka-gateway-project-coffins|access-date=2025-05-31|website=The Edge Malaysia}}</ref> Taja pia, taja pan sida udah bebendar ngapil ngagai kededua Perintah Negeri enggau bala pemansang, tang orang Portugis mengkang enda mujur ngachau pengawa neruska projek Melaka Gateway.<ref name=":02" /> == Tanda menua == === Patung Replika Kristus Penebus === Ba taun 2017, orang Portugis mujur ngaga patung Kristus Penebus baru ba pintu penama Medan Portugis sepemanjai Jalan D’Albuquerque. Iya nya replika [[Kristus Penebus (patung)|patung Art Deco ke sama nama]] di [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil tang sepeninggi lapan meter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Koh|first=Kelly|date=2017-12-25|title=Christmas arrives in Melaka's Portuguese Settlement; Christ the Redeemer statue stands tall {{!}} New Straits Times|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/12/318142/christmas-arrives-melakas-portuguese-settlement-christ-redeemer-statue|access-date=2025-05-31|website=NST Online|language=en}}</ref> Patung nya ukai semina dikena nandaka komuniti Kristang nyadi kaban pengarap [[Roman Katolik]] global, tang mega “kaul sida enggau dunya bejaku Portugis selatan global”.<ref name=":02" /> === Medan Portugis === Medan Portugis udah dibuka Menteri Besai Malaysia maya nya [[Mahathir Mohamad]] kena 24 Januari 1985, nyadi sebagi ari program pemansang dagang temuai mengeri sapit entara [[Mengeri Melaka|Melaka]] enggau [[Lisbon]] ke baru dikelanchar.<ref name=":02" /> Pengelanchar Medan Portugis ngasuh peranak menua nya ulih muka restoran ti nyual pemakai asal Portugis. Lauk Portugis ke suah ditemu ditu nyengkaum Ikan Panggang Portugis enggau Kari Debal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohan|first=Rube|date=2023-07-22|title=The hidden food street in Melaka|url=https://cilisos.my/the-hidden-food-street-in-melaka/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref> === Nama-nama jalai === Jalai-jalai ba Kampung Portugis ngundan nama sebilik Portugis baka D'Albuquerque, Teixeira enggau D'Aranjo, entara ke bukai. Tu dituju ngagai aki ini komuniti kemaya hari tu, pia mega bala pengerintis ti numbuhka Kampung tu.<ref name=":0" /> === The Lisbon Melaka === Kenyau Ogos 2025, pemansang hotel ti bepalan ba UK iya nya Wyndham Group udah muka hotel mewah semak pantai Kampung ti dikumbai The Lisbon Melaka.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=The Lisbon Melaka|url=https://www.thelisbonmelaka.com/|access-date=29 August 2025|website=The Lisbon Melaka}}</ref> Hotel tu ba endur ti sama enggau Hotel Lisbon Melaka ti dulu suba, ti udah nutup pintu iya ngagai temuai beberapa taun sebedau nya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-19|title=They use our name, heritage, but where’s our say: the Melakan-Portuguese dilemma|url=https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/47584/Melakan-Portuguese-dilemma-They-use-our-name-our-heritage-but-where-is-our-say|access-date=2025-08-29|website=The Vibes|language=en}}</ref> Naka bulan Ogos 2025, rega bilik malam ba hotel tu dipeda entara MYR500 pemadu baruh, ngagai MYR1,000 tauka lebih.<ref name=":22" /> == Palan ti narit ati sereta pengerami == Baka mayuh komuniti bukai ke bejaku Portugis di serata dunya, Palan Pengentap Pendiau Portugis ngatur "pesta Jun" ninting taun ti dibuka enggau ''Festa de San Juang'' ("Pengerami [[John Pemaptisa|Sante John]]", Jun 23) lalu diujungka enggau ''Festa de San Pedro'' ("Pengerami [[Sante Peter]]", [[sante pengelindung]] ungkup orang berikan, Jun 29). Pengerami tu digulu urung 100,000 iku temuai ari Malaysia enggau menua luar. Ba pengerami nya orang ulih ninga lagu rakyat Kristang sereta meda bala petanda ngena pekayan bechura-chura merindang nitihka rentak musik branyu. Siti pengawa ke beguna ba pengerami nya iya nya berekat perau orang berikan setempat, ke diias khas ungkup maya nya, dikena nentuka tangkap ke manah.<ref name="gua20072">{{cite journal|title=Malaccan MCA leaders at the Portuguese Settlement|author=Ivy Tan|journal=The Guardian|volume=3|date=June 2007|url=http://www.mca.org.my/Chinese/Guardian%20pdf/GUARDIAN%20june.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Malaysian Chinese Association|pages=14|accessdate=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021165141/http://www.mca.org.my/Chinese/Guardian%20pdf/GUARDIAN%20june.pdf|archive-date=2007-10-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Intrudu mega siti agi pengerami ti diintu ba Kampung Portugis, lalu digambarka baka tu ulih Ei Leen Lee dalam ''Language Shift and Revitalisation in the Kristang Community.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Ei Leen |title=Language Shift and Revitalisation in the Kristang Community, Portuguese Settlement, Malacca |date=December 2003 |publisher=University of Sheffield |year=2003}}</ref> == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} == Laman web ke bukai == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070912223623/http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/uploads/approved/adt-NUWS20060510.151501/public/08Chapter7.pdf Chapter 7 - The Luso-Asiatic Communities] * [http://www.expatgomalaysia.com/article/387/malaccas-portuguese-community-rocking-along-the-sands-edge Malacca's Portuguese community : Rocking along the Sand's Edge] gtjd2ewxdygfgq7g9luu941ey69rq4u 828 6747 19413 2026-06-23T12:38:47Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan 'return { name = 'Melaka', top = 2.516, bottom = 2.035, left = 101.854, right = 102.615, image = 'Malacca location map.svg', }' 19413 Scribunto text/plain return { name = 'Melaka', top = 2.516, bottom = 2.035, left = 101.854, right = 102.615, image = 'Malacca location map.svg', } 2r7m8j6dzam15p2jfolw4da9loot9d9 0 6748 19414 2026-06-24T03:42:37Z Song GK 9 Digaga enggau chara nyalin lambar " [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360658993|Church of England]] " 19414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion|icon=Logo of the Church of England.svg|icon_width=250px|name=Gerija England|image=|imagewidth=300px|abbreviation=|main_classification=[[Protestan]]|theology=[[Doktrin Anglika]]|liturgy=[[Book of Common Prayer (1662)|1662 ''Book of Common Prayer'']], ''[[Common Worship]]''|orientation=[[Anglika]]|polity=[[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]] (with [[Synodical Government Measure 1969|synodical]] aspects)|governance=[[General Synod of the Church of England|General Synod]]|scripture=[[Bup Kudus Protestan]]{{efn|Gerija England nerima "Apokrifa ungkup lalau pengidup sereta basa, tang ukai diterima sechara doktrin (Artikel VI dalam Artikel Tiga Puluh Semilan)" lalu mayuh bacha lektionari dalam Bup Sampi Selama diambi ari Apokrifa, enggau ajar tu dibacha ngena chara ti sama enggau ari Sempekat Lama.}} {{Collapsible list|title=List of approved translations<ref name="Bible translations">{{cite web |title=The view of Scripture taken by the Church of England and the Anglican Communion|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/sites/default/files/2018-10/gs1748b-confidence-in-the-bible-diocesan-synod-motion.pdf|access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref>|1=[[King James Version|KJV]]<br/>[[Revised Version|RV]]<br/>[[Revised Standard Version|RSV]]<br/>[[New International Version|NIV]]<br/>[[New Jerusalem Bible|NJB]]<br/>[[New Revised Standard Version|NRSV]]<br/>[[Revised English Bible|REB]]<br/>[[English Standard Version|ESV]]}}|associations=[[Komuni Anglika]]<br />[[Porvoo Communion]]<br />[[World Council of Churches]]<ref>[https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/church-of-england Church of England] at World Council of Churches</ref>|leader_title=[[Supreme Governor of the Church of England|Supreme Governor]]|leader_name={{Current UK monarch |Charles III}}|leader_title1=[[Primates in the Anglican Communion|Primates]]|leader_name1=[[Sarah Mullally]] ([[Archbishop of Canterbury|Canterbury]])<br/>[[Stephen Cottrell]] ([[Archbishop of York|York]])|fellowships_type=[[Koinonia|Fellowships]]|fellowships={{plainlist}} {{Collapsible list|title=[[Full communion]]|1=Gerija-gerija [[Anglika]] dalam [[Komuni Anglika]] (kenyau [[Aum Lambeth#Keterubah: 1867|1867]])<br/>Gerija-gerija [[Katolik Lama]] dalam [[Serakup Utrecht (Katolik Lama)|Serakup Utrecht]] (kenyau [[Sempekat Bonn (Kristian)|1931]])<br/>[[Gerija Bibas Filipina]] (kenyau 1963)<br/>Gerija-gerija [[Lutheran]] dalam [[Komuni Porvoo]] (kenyau 1996)}} {{Collapsible list|title=Partnership relations|1=[[Evangelical Church in Germany|EKD]] (since 1991)<br/>[[Moravian Church of the British Province|Moravians]] (since 1995)<br/>[[United Protestant Church of France|EPU]] (since 2001)<br/>[[Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine|UEPAL]] (since 2001)<br/>[[Methodist Church of Great Britain|Methodists]] (since 2003)<br/>[[Church of Scotland|CoS]] (since 2016)}} {{endplainlist}}|area=England, Wales (cross-border parishes)<br />[[Isle of Man]]<br />[[Channel Islands]]<br />Continental Europe|headquarters=[[Church House, Westminster]], England|founded=|founder={{ublist|[[Augustine of Canterbury]] <br />(united the early English church under [[Papal primacy|papal jurisdiction]])|[[Henry VIII]] <br />(separated the church from papal jurisdiction)|[[Thomas Cranmer]] <br />(author of the first liturgical rites of the church during the [[English Reformation]])}}|separated_from=[[Roman Catholic Church]]<br />([[Acts of Supremacy|1534]], and again in [[Act of Supremacy 1558|1559]] after the brief [[Second Statute of Repeal|1554 reunion]]; the rupture became permanent in [[Regnans in Excelsis|1570]])|separations={{plainlist}} * '''New traditions:''' ** [[General Baptists]] (1609) ** [[Particular Baptists]] (1630s) ** [[Quakers]] (1649) ** [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Nonconformist]] [[Puritans]] ([[Congregationalists]] & [[English Presbyterians|Presbyterians]]) ([[Great Ejection|1662]]) ** [[Methodists]] ([[Christmas Conference|1784]]) ** [[Plymouth Brethren]] (1820s) ** and [[English Dissenters|others]] * '''Anglican denominations:''' ** [[Free Church of England|FCE]] (1844) ** [[Church of England (Continuing)|CoE (Continuing)]] (1994) ** [[Anglican Mission in England|AMiE]] (2013) * '''[[Personal ordinariate|Reunited]] with [[Holy See|Rome]]:''' ** [[Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham]] (2011) {{endplainlist}}|congregations=|members=26 juta (dibaptisa; diriput kediri 2024); 22 juta (dibaptisa; Encyclopedia Britannica dalam taun 2026)|ministers=|missionaries=|primary_schools=|secondary_schools=|tax_status=|tertiary=|other_names=Gerija Anglika|publications=|website={{Official URL}}|footnotes=}} '''Gerija England''' ({{Langx|en|Church of England}}) iya nya [[Rintai denominasyen Kristian|gerija Kristian]] ti udah tegap di [[England]] enggau [[Menua Mahkota Bepanggai]]. Iya nyadi gerija keterubah [[Anglika|tradisyen Anglika]]. Sejarah gerija tu bepun ari hierarki Kristian ti dirikut bisi ba [[Britain Rom|provinsi Rom Britain]] ba kurun ke-3 nengah [[pengerintis Gregorius]] kurun ke-6 ngagai [[Perintah Kent|Kent]] ti betuaika [[Augustine ari Canterbury]]. Bala kaban iya dikumbai ''Anglika''. Dalam taun 1534, Gerija England muai kuasa [[Pope]] ari baruh iring Raja [[Henry VIII]] nitihka undang-undang ti dikemendarka [[Parlimen Reformasyen England|Parlimen]], ngepunka [[Reformasyen England]]. Teolog ti ngiring ti nempa ajar Anglikan iya nya Bishop Besai [[Thomas Cranmer]] ti ngaga reformasyen, ti ngaga teks liturgi Gerija England, ''[[Bup Sampi Begulai]]''. <ref name="Samuel2020">{{Cite book |last=Samuel |first=Chimela Meehoma |title=Treasures of the Anglican Witness: A Collection of Essays |date=28 April 2020 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-5437-5784-2 |language=en |quote=In addition to his emphasis on Bible reading and the introduction to the ''Book of Common Prayer'', other media through which Cranmer sought to catechize the English people were the introduction of the First Book of Homilies and the 39 Articles of Religion. Together with the ''Book of Common Prayer'' and the Forty-Two Articles (which were later reduced to thirty-nine), the Book of Homilies stands as one of the essential texts of the Edwardian Reformation, and they all helped to define the shape of Anglicanism then, and in the subsequent centuries. More so, the Articles of Religion, whose primary shape and content were given by Archbishop Cranmer and Bishop Ridley in 1553 (and whose final official form was ratified by Convocation, the Queen, and Parliament in 1571), provided a more precise interpretation of Christian doctrine to the English people. According to John H. Rodgers, they "constitute the formal statements of the accepted, common teaching put forth by the Church of England as a result of the Reformation."}}</ref> Kuasa Pope dipulaika enda lama ari baruh [[Mary I]], sebedau penganti iya [[Elizabeth I]] ngemaru pengawa muai kuasa Pope nya. Pemutar pengarap Elizabeth (dipejalaika 1559–1563) nyimpulka Reformasyen English, ngaga langkar jalai ungkup gerija England nerangka diri nyadi media tengah entara dua pampang Protestan— [[Lutheran]] enggau [[Kristian Reformasyen|Calvinisme]] —lalu udah nya, sebengkah denominasi ti sama-sama Reformasyen enggau [[Katolik]].<ref name="HSEC2003">{{Cite book |title=Anglican and Episcopal History |publisher=Historical Society of the Episcopal Church |year=2003 |page=15 |language=en |quote=Others had made similar observations, Patrick McGrath commenting that the Church of England was not a middle way between Roman Catholic and Protestant, but "between different forms of Protestantism", and William Monter describing the Church of England as "a unique style of Protestantism, a via media between the Reformed and Lutheran traditions". MacCulloch has described Cranmer as seeking a middle way between Zurich and Wittenberg but elsewhere remarks that the Church of England was "nearer Zurich and Geneva than Wittenberg.}}</ref> Ba renggat tumu [[Reformasyen England]] bisi martir Katolik enggau Protestan. Tu terus nyadi nyentuk ngagai renggat ke dudi, maya nya Undang-undang Jenayah ngukum orang Katolik enggau orang Protestant ke enda nitihka atur. Bemacham raban terus nyakal ketuai enggau ajar gerija nyentuk ngagai abad ke-17, ti di baruh [[Charles I ari England|Charles I]] ngelimpangka diri ngagai interpretasyen ti lebih Katolik pasal Pemutar pengarap Elizabeth, kelebih agi di baruh Archbishop [[William Laud|Laud]]. Berindik ari pemenang Roundheads dalam [[Perang Sivil England]], raban [[Puritan]] nguasa lalu ''Bup Sampi Begulai'' enggau episkopasi dipunaska. Kededua nya dipulaika baru ari baruh [[Pemulai Stuart]] dalam taun 1660. Kenyau ari Reformasyen England, Gerija England udah ngena [[jaku Inggeris]] dalam [[liturgi]]. Nyadi gerija ti besai, Gerija England ngundan beberapa iti doktrin: tradisyen utama dikelala enggau nama [[Anglika-Katolik]], [[gerija tinggi]], [[gerija tengah]], enggau [[gerija baruh]], ke penudi ngasilka sayap [[Anglika Evangelikal|evangelikal]] ti majak nambah ti nyengkaum Anglikanisme Reformasi, enggau penyampau [[Arminianisme Anglika|Anglika Arminian]] ti mimit agi.<ref name="The Gospel Coalition2">{{cite web|last1=Hampton|first1=Stephen|title=Anti-Arminians: The Anglican Reformed Tradition from Charles II to George I|url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/review/anti-arminians-the-anglican-reformed-tradition-from-charles-ii-to-george-i/|publisher=[[The Gospel Coalition]]|access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> Penyarut entara teologi [[Kristian konservatif|konservatif]] enggau [[Kristian liberal|liberal]] tetemuka ekspresyen dalam jurai pasal pengawa nyiri indu nyadi paderi enggau [[Homoseksualiti enggau Komuni Anglika|tikah sama gender]]. [[Monarki United Kingdom|Raja British]] nyadi gabenor ke pemadu tinggi, lalu [[Bishop Besai Canterbury|bishop besai Canterbury]] (Sarah Mullally kenyau ari 28 Januari 2026) nyadi paderi ke pemadu kanan. Struktur pengawa ngatur Gerija bepelasarka diosis, tiap iti diosis dipegai seiku biskop. Dalam tiap-tiap diosis bisi parish setempat. [[Sinod Besai Gerija England]] nyadi raban legislatif ungkup gerija lalu mungkur bala biskop, paderi bukai enggau orang periman. Langkah rapat iya mesti dikemendarka [[Parlimen United Kingdom]]. == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} == Sumber == * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tC1kuaetNqoC |title=The Diary Of Samuel Ward, A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible |publisher=Bluefish Books |year=2007 |editor-last=Cowart |editor-first=John Wilson |editor-last2=Knappen |editor-first2=M. M.}} * {{Cite book |last=Hefling |first=Charles |title=The Book of Common Prayer: A Guide |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780190689681 |series=Guides to Sacred Texts |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190689681.001.0001}} * {{Cite book |last=Helmholz |first=R. H. |title=Judicial tribunals in England and Europe, 1200–1700: The trial in history |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7190-6342-8 |editor-last=Mulholland |editor-first=Maureen |volume=I |chapter=Judges and trials in the English ecclesiastical courts |jstor=j.ctt155jbq3 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt155jbq3.12}} *  {{cite journal|last=King|first=Peter|date=July 1968|title=The Episcopate during the Civil Wars, 1642-1649|journal=[[The English Historical Review]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=83|issue=328|pages=523–537|doi=10.1093/ehr/lxxxiii.cccxxviii.523|jstor=564164}} * {{Cite book |last=MacCulloch |first=Diarmid |title=The Later Reformation in England 1547–1603 |publisher=Palgrave |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-333-41929-8 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-20692-6 |author-link=Diarmaid MacCulloch}} * {{Cite book |last=MacCulloch |first=Diarmaid |url=https://archive.org/details/thomascranmerlif0000macc |title=Thomas Cranmer: A Life |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780300226577 |edition=revised |location=London |author-link=Diarmaid MacCulloch |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7S_DgAAQBAJ |title=Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation |date=2017a |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300170627 |edition= |author-link=}} * {{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WfODQAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford History of Anglicanism |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017b |isbn=9780199639731 |editor-last=Milton |editor-first=Anthony |volume=1: Reformation and Identity, c. 1520–1662 |chapter=Settlement Patterns: The Church of England, 1553–1603 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639731.001.0001 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639731.003.0003}} * {{Cite book |last=Moorman |first=John R. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdnFzfzpOxsC |title=A History of the Church in England |publisher=Morehouse Publishing |year=1973 |isbn=978-0819214065 |edition=3rd |author-link=John Moorman}} * {{Cite book |last=Shagan |first=Ethan H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WfODQAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford History of Anglicanism |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780199639731 |editor-last=Milton |editor-first=Anthony |volume=1: Reformation and Identity, c. 1520–1662 |chapter=The Emergence of the Church of England, c. 1520–1553 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639731.001.0001 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639731.003.0002}} * {{Cite book |last=Shepherd, Jr. |first=Massey H. |title=Encyclopedia of Religion |last2=Martin |first2=Dale B. |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |year=2005 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Lindsay |edition=2nd. |volume=1 |location=Detroit |chapter=Anglicanism}} * {{Cite book |last=Spurr |first=John |title=English Puritanism, 1603–1689 |publisher=Palgrave |year=1998 |isbn=978-0333601884 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-26854-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Wedgwood |first=C.V. |title=The King's War, 1641–1647 |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-14-006991-4 |edition=1983 |orig-date=1958}} == Bacha ke silik agi == * Baro, enggau Andreas . ''Daging Lemi: Sejarah Intim Gerija England'' . London: Hamish Hamilton, taun 1980. * Bukan, enggau Colin. ''Kamus Sejarah Anglikanisme'' (ed. ke-2 2015) [https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Anglicanism-Dictionaries-Philosophies/dp/1442250151 pemansut] * Garbett, Cyril, enggau Abp. ''Gerija England Kemaya Hari Tu'' . London: Hodder enggau Stoughton, 1953. 128 lambar. * Hardwik, enggau Josep. ''Dunya British Anglikan: Gerija England enggau pengawa ngerembaika empayar penetap, c. 1790-1860'' (Up Manchester, 2014). * Hodges, JP ''Sifat Singa: Elizabeth I enggau Pesaka Anglikan Kitai'' . London: Pencetakan Pengarap, 1962. 153 lambar. * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=England, The Church of|volume=9|last1=Hunt|first1=William|author1-link=William Hunt (priest, born 1842)|pages=442–454|short=1}} * Kirby, enggau James. ''Sejarawan enggau Gerija England: Agama enggau Biasiswa Sejarah, 1870–1920'' (2016) nengah online ba /acprof * Undang-undang, enggau Tom. ''Petara enggau Perang: Gerija England enggau Konflik Besenjata ba Abad Kedua Puluh'' (Routledge, 2016). * Maughan Steven S. ''England ti Bekuasa Ngereja Pemanah: Budaya, Pengarap, Empayar, enggau Dunya dalam Misi Luar Gerija England, 1850–1915'' (2014) * Milton, enggau Antoni. Sejarah Anglikan Oxford, 5 Jilid, 2017. * Orang Moor, enggau James. Sejarah Gerija di England. 1 Jun 1980. Penerbit: PENERBITAN MOREHOUSE. * Pikton, enggau Hervé. ''Sejarah Pandak Gerija England: Ari Reformasyen nyentuk Ke Diatu'' . Penerbitan Sarjana Cambridge, 2015. 180 hlm. * Rowlands, enggau John Henry Lewis. ''Gerija, Negeri, enggau Mensia Mayuh, 1827-1845: Sikap John Keble, Richard Hurrell Froude, enggau John Henry Newman'' . (1989). xi, enggau 262 lambar. * Tapsell enggau Geran. ''Gerija Stuart ke udah nya, taun 1660-1714'' (2012). == Laman web ke bukai ==   * {{Official website}} * [http://anglicanhistory.org/england/ Historical resources on the Church of England] at anglicanhistory.org * {{Librivox author|id=15729}} * The History Files: [https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/MainChurchesIndex.htm Churches of the British Isles], a gallery of church photos and information * [https://www.iicsa.org.uk/publications/investigation/anglican-church The Anglican Church Investigation Report] Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse, October 2020 {{Authority control}} 80h23oxwmm4cbffuaqg1h70uvnvho4x 19415 19414 2026-06-24T03:43:14Z Song GK 9 19415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion|icon=Logo of the Church of England.svg|icon_width=250px|name=Gerija England|image=|imagewidth=300px|abbreviation=|main_classification=[[Protestan]]|theology=[[Doktrin Anglika]]|liturgy=[[Book of Common Prayer (1662)|1662 ''Book of Common Prayer'']], ''[[Common Worship]]''|orientation=[[Anglika]]|polity=[[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]] (with [[Synodical Government Measure 1969|synodical]] aspects)|governance=[[General Synod of the Church of England|General Synod]]|scripture=[[Bup Kudus Protestan]]{{efn|Gerija England nerima "Apokrifa ungkup lalau pengidup sereta basa, tang ukai diterima sechara doktrin (Artikel VI dalam Artikel Tiga Puluh Semilan)" lalu mayuh bacha lektionari dalam Bup Sampi Selama diambi ari Apokrifa, enggau ajar tu dibacha ngena chara ti sama enggau ari Sempekat Lama.}} {{Collapsible list|title=List of approved translations<ref name="Bible translations">{{cite web |title=The view of Scripture taken by the Church of England and the Anglican Communion|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/sites/default/files/2018-10/gs1748b-confidence-in-the-bible-diocesan-synod-motion.pdf|access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref>|1=[[King James Version|KJV]]<br/>[[Revised Version|RV]]<br/>[[Revised Standard Version|RSV]]<br/>[[New International Version|NIV]]<br/>[[New Jerusalem Bible|NJB]]<br/>[[New Revised Standard Version|NRSV]]<br/>[[Revised English Bible|REB]]<br/>[[English Standard Version|ESV]]}}|associations=[[Komuni Anglika]]<br />[[Porvoo Communion]]<br />[[World Council of Churches]]<ref>[https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/church-of-england Church of England] at World Council of Churches</ref>|leader_title=[[Supreme Governor of the Church of England|Supreme Governor]]|leader_name={{Current UK monarch |Charles III}}|leader_title1=[[Primates in the Anglican Communion|Primates]]|leader_name1=[[Sarah Mullally]] ([[Archbishop of Canterbury|Canterbury]])<br/>[[Stephen Cottrell]] ([[Archbishop of York|York]])|fellowships_type=[[Koinonia|Fellowships]]|fellowships={{plainlist}} {{Collapsible list|title=[[Full communion]]|1=Gerija-gerija [[Anglika]] dalam [[Komuni Anglika]] (kenyau [[Aum Lambeth#Keterubah: 1867|1867]])<br/>Gerija-gerija [[Katolik Lama]] dalam [[Serakup Utrecht (Katolik Lama)|Serakup Utrecht]] (kenyau [[Sempekat Bonn (Kristian)|1931]])<br/>[[Gerija Bibas Filipina]] (kenyau 1963)<br/>Gerija-gerija [[Lutheran]] dalam [[Komuni Porvoo]] (kenyau 1996)}} {{Collapsible list|title=Partnership relations|1=[[Evangelical Church in Germany|EKD]] (since 1991)<br/>[[Moravian Church of the British Province|Moravians]] (since 1995)<br/>[[United Protestant Church of France|EPU]] (since 2001)<br/>[[Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine|UEPAL]] (since 2001)<br/>[[Methodist Church of Great Britain|Methodists]] (since 2003)<br/>[[Church of Scotland|CoS]] (since 2016)}} {{endplainlist}}|area=England, Wales (cross-border parishes)<br />[[Isle of Man]]<br />[[Channel Islands]]<br />Continental Europe|headquarters=[[Church House, Westminster]], England|founded=|founder={{ublist|[[Augustine of Canterbury]] <br />(united the early English church under [[Papal primacy|papal jurisdiction]])|[[Henry VIII]] <br />(separated the church from papal jurisdiction)|[[Thomas Cranmer]] <br />(author of the first liturgical rites of the church during the [[English Reformation]])}}|separated_from=[[Roman Catholic Church]]<br />([[Acts of Supremacy|1534]], and again in [[Act of Supremacy 1558|1559]] after the brief [[Second Statute of Repeal|1554 reunion]]; the rupture became permanent in [[Regnans in Excelsis|1570]])|separations={{plainlist}} * '''New traditions:''' ** [[General Baptists]] (1609) ** [[Particular Baptists]] (1630s) ** [[Quakers]] (1649) ** [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Nonconformist]] [[Puritans]] ([[Congregationalists]] & [[English Presbyterians|Presbyterians]]) ([[Great Ejection|1662]]) ** [[Methodists]] ([[Christmas Conference|1784]]) ** [[Plymouth Brethren]] (1820s) ** and [[English Dissenters|others]] * '''Anglican denominations:''' ** [[Free Church of England|FCE]] (1844) ** [[Church of England (Continuing)|CoE (Continuing)]] (1994) ** [[Anglican Mission in England|AMiE]] (2013) * '''[[Personal ordinariate|Reunited]] with [[Holy See|Rome]]:''' ** [[Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham]] (2011) {{endplainlist}}|congregations=|members=26 juta (dibaptisa; diriput kediri 2024); 22 juta (dibaptisa; Encyclopedia Britannica dalam taun 2026)|ministers=|missionaries=|primary_schools=|secondary_schools=|tax_status=|tertiary=|other_names=Gerija Anglika|publications=|website={{Official URL}}|footnotes=}} '''Gerija England''' ({{Langx|en|Church of England}}) iya nya [[Rintai denominasyen Kristian|gerija Kristian]] ti udah tegap di [[England]] enggau [[Menua Mahkota Bepanggai]]. Iya nyadi gerija keterubah [[Anglika|tradisyen Anglika]]. Sejarah gerija tu bepun ari hierarki Kristian ti dirikut bisi ba [[Britain Rom|provinsi Rom Britain]] ba kurun ke-3 nengah [[pengerintis Gregorius]] kurun ke-6 ngagai [[Perintah Kent|Kent]] ti betuaika [[Augustine ari Canterbury]]. Bala kaban iya dikumbai ''Anglika''. Dalam taun 1534, Gerija England muai kuasa [[Pope]] ari baruh iring Raja [[Henry VIII]] nitihka undang-undang ti dikemendarka [[Parlimen Reformasyen England|Parlimen]], ngepunka [[Reformasyen England]]. Teolog ti ngiring ti nempa ajar Anglikan iya nya Bishop Besai [[Thomas Cranmer]] ti ngaga reformasyen, ti ngaga teks liturgi Gerija England, ''[[Bup Sampi Begulai]]''. <ref name="Samuel2020">{{Cite book |last=Samuel |first=Chimela Meehoma |title=Treasures of the Anglican Witness: A Collection of Essays |date=28 April 2020 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-5437-5784-2 |language=en |quote=In addition to his emphasis on Bible reading and the introduction to the ''Book of Common Prayer'', other media through which Cranmer sought to catechize the English people were the introduction of the First Book of Homilies and the 39 Articles of Religion. Together with the ''Book of Common Prayer'' and the Forty-Two Articles (which were later reduced to thirty-nine), the Book of Homilies stands as one of the essential texts of the Edwardian Reformation, and they all helped to define the shape of Anglicanism then, and in the subsequent centuries. More so, the Articles of Religion, whose primary shape and content were given by Archbishop Cranmer and Bishop Ridley in 1553 (and whose final official form was ratified by Convocation, the Queen, and Parliament in 1571), provided a more precise interpretation of Christian doctrine to the English people. According to John H. Rodgers, they "constitute the formal statements of the accepted, common teaching put forth by the Church of England as a result of the Reformation."}}</ref> Kuasa Pope dipulaika enda lama ari baruh [[Mary I]], sebedau penganti iya [[Elizabeth I]] ngemaru pengawa muai kuasa Pope nya. Pemutar pengarap Elizabeth (dipejalaika 1559–1563) nyimpulka Reformasyen English, ngaga langkar jalai ungkup gerija England nerangka diri nyadi media tengah entara dua pampang Protestan— [[Lutheran]] enggau [[Kristian Reformasyen|Calvinisme]] —lalu udah nya, sebengkah denominasi ti sama-sama Reformasyen enggau [[Katolik]].<ref name="HSEC2003">{{Cite book |title=Anglican and Episcopal History |publisher=Historical Society of the Episcopal Church |year=2003 |page=15 |language=en |quote=Others had made similar observations, Patrick McGrath commenting that the Church of England was not a middle way between Roman Catholic and Protestant, but "between different forms of Protestantism", and William Monter describing the Church of England as "a unique style of Protestantism, a via media between the Reformed and Lutheran traditions". MacCulloch has described Cranmer as seeking a middle way between Zurich and Wittenberg but elsewhere remarks that the Church of England was "nearer Zurich and Geneva than Wittenberg.}}</ref> Ba renggat tumu [[Reformasyen England]] bisi martir Katolik enggau Protestan. Tu terus nyadi nyentuk ngagai renggat ke dudi, maya nya Undang-undang Jenayah ngukum orang Katolik enggau orang Protestant ke enda nitihka atur. Bemacham raban terus nyakal ketuai enggau ajar gerija nyentuk ngagai abad ke-17, ti di baruh [[Charles I ari England|Charles I]] ngelimpangka diri ngagai interpretasyen ti lebih Katolik pasal Pemutar pengarap Elizabeth, kelebih agi di baruh Archbishop [[William Laud|Laud]]. Berindik ari pemenang Roundheads dalam [[Perang Sivil England]], raban [[Puritan]] nguasa lalu ''Bup Sampi Begulai'' enggau episkopasi dipunaska. Kededua nya dipulaika baru ari baruh [[Pemulai Stuart]] dalam taun 1660. Kenyau ari Reformasyen England, Gerija England udah ngena [[jaku Inggeris]] dalam [[liturgi]]. Nyadi gerija ti besai, Gerija England ngundan beberapa iti doktrin: tradisyen utama dikelala enggau nama [[Anglika-Katolik]], [[gerija tinggi]], [[gerija tengah]], enggau [[gerija baruh]], ke penudi ngasilka sayap [[Anglika Evangelikal|evangelikal]] ti majak nambah ti nyengkaum Anglikanisme Reformasi, enggau penyampau [[Arminianisme Anglika|Anglika Arminian]] ti mimit agi.<ref name="The Gospel Coalition2">{{cite web|last1=Hampton|first1=Stephen|title=Anti-Arminians: The Anglican Reformed Tradition from Charles II to George I|url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/review/anti-arminians-the-anglican-reformed-tradition-from-charles-ii-to-george-i/|publisher=[[The Gospel Coalition]]|access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> Penyarut entara teologi [[Kristian konservatif|konservatif]] enggau [[Kristian liberal|liberal]] tetemuka ekspresyen dalam jurai pasal pengawa nyiri indu nyadi paderi enggau [[Homoseksualiti enggau Komuni Anglika|tikah sama gender]]. [[Monarki United Kingdom|Raja British]] nyadi gabenor ke pemadu tinggi, lalu [[Bishop Besai Canterbury|bishop besai Canterbury]] (Sarah Mullally kenyau ari 28 Januari 2026) nyadi paderi ke pemadu kanan. Struktur pengawa ngatur Gerija bepelasarka diosis, tiap iti diosis dipegai seiku biskop. Dalam tiap-tiap diosis bisi parish setempat. [[Sinod Besai Gerija England]] nyadi raban legislatif ungkup gerija lalu mungkur bala biskop, paderi bukai enggau orang periman. Langkah rapat iya mesti dikemendarka [[Parlimen United Kingdom]]. == Nota == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} == Sumber == * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tC1kuaetNqoC |title=The Diary Of Samuel Ward, A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible |publisher=Bluefish Books |year=2007 |editor-last=Cowart |editor-first=John Wilson |editor-last2=Knappen |editor-first2=M. M.}} * {{Cite book |last=Hefling |first=Charles |title=The Book of Common Prayer: A Guide |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780190689681 |series=Guides to Sacred Texts |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190689681.001.0001}} * {{Cite book |last=Helmholz |first=R. H. |title=Judicial tribunals in England and Europe, 1200–1700: The trial in history |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7190-6342-8 |editor-last=Mulholland |editor-first=Maureen |volume=I |chapter=Judges and trials in the English ecclesiastical courts |jstor=j.ctt155jbq3 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt155jbq3.12}} *  {{cite journal|last=King|first=Peter|date=July 1968|title=The Episcopate during the Civil Wars, 1642-1649|journal=[[The English Historical Review]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=83|issue=328|pages=523–537|doi=10.1093/ehr/lxxxiii.cccxxviii.523|jstor=564164}} * {{Cite book |last=MacCulloch |first=Diarmid |title=The Later Reformation in England 1547–1603 |publisher=Palgrave |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-333-41929-8 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-20692-6 |author-link=Diarmaid MacCulloch}} * {{Cite book |last=MacCulloch |first=Diarmaid |url=https://archive.org/details/thomascranmerlif0000macc |title=Thomas Cranmer: A Life |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780300226577 |edition=revised |location=London |author-link=Diarmaid MacCulloch |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7S_DgAAQBAJ |title=Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation |date=2017a |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300170627 |edition= |author-link=}} * {{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WfODQAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford History of Anglicanism |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017b |isbn=9780199639731 |editor-last=Milton |editor-first=Anthony |volume=1: Reformation and Identity, c. 1520–1662 |chapter=Settlement Patterns: The Church of England, 1553–1603 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639731.001.0001 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639731.003.0003}} * {{Cite book |last=Moorman |first=John R. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdnFzfzpOxsC |title=A History of the Church in England |publisher=Morehouse Publishing |year=1973 |isbn=978-0819214065 |edition=3rd |author-link=John Moorman}} * {{Cite book |last=Shagan |first=Ethan H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WfODQAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford History of Anglicanism |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780199639731 |editor-last=Milton |editor-first=Anthony |volume=1: Reformation and Identity, c. 1520–1662 |chapter=The Emergence of the Church of England, c. 1520–1553 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639731.001.0001 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639731.003.0002}} * {{Cite book |last=Shepherd, Jr. |first=Massey H. |title=Encyclopedia of Religion |last2=Martin |first2=Dale B. |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |year=2005 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Lindsay |edition=2nd. |volume=1 |location=Detroit |chapter=Anglicanism}} * {{Cite book |last=Spurr |first=John |title=English Puritanism, 1603–1689 |publisher=Palgrave |year=1998 |isbn=978-0333601884 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-26854-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Wedgwood |first=C.V. |title=The King's War, 1641–1647 |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-14-006991-4 |edition=1983 |orig-date=1958}} == Bacha ke silik agi == * Baro, enggau Andreas . ''Daging Lemi: Sejarah Intim Gerija England'' . London: Hamish Hamilton, taun 1980. * Bukan, enggau Colin. ''Kamus Sejarah Anglikanisme'' (ed. ke-2 2015) [https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Anglicanism-Dictionaries-Philosophies/dp/1442250151 pemansut] * Garbett, Cyril, enggau Abp. ''Gerija England Kemaya Hari Tu'' . London: Hodder enggau Stoughton, 1953. 128 lambar. * Hardwik, enggau Josep. ''Dunya British Anglikan: Gerija England enggau pengawa ngerembaika empayar penetap, c. 1790-1860'' (Up Manchester, 2014). * Hodges, JP ''Sifat Singa: Elizabeth I enggau Pesaka Anglikan Kitai'' . London: Pencetakan Pengarap, 1962. 153 lambar. * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=England, The Church of|volume=9|last1=Hunt|first1=William|author1-link=William Hunt (priest, born 1842)|pages=442–454|short=1}} * Kirby, enggau James. ''Sejarawan enggau Gerija England: Agama enggau Biasiswa Sejarah, 1870–1920'' (2016) nengah online ba /acprof * Undang-undang, enggau Tom. ''Petara enggau Perang: Gerija England enggau Konflik Besenjata ba Abad Kedua Puluh'' (Routledge, 2016). * Maughan Steven S. ''England ti Bekuasa Ngereja Pemanah: Budaya, Pengarap, Empayar, enggau Dunya dalam Misi Luar Gerija England, 1850–1915'' (2014) * Milton, enggau Antoni. Sejarah Anglikan Oxford, 5 Jilid, 2017. * Orang Moor, enggau James. Sejarah Gerija di England. 1 Jun 1980. Penerbit: PENERBITAN MOREHOUSE. * Pikton, enggau Hervé. ''Sejarah Pandak Gerija England: Ari Reformasyen nyentuk Ke Diatu'' . Penerbitan Sarjana Cambridge, 2015. 180 hlm. * Rowlands, enggau John Henry Lewis. ''Gerija, Negeri, enggau Mensia Mayuh, 1827-1845: Sikap John Keble, Richard Hurrell Froude, enggau John Henry Newman'' . (1989). xi, enggau 262 lambar. * Tapsell enggau Geran. ''Gerija Stuart ke udah nya, taun 1660-1714'' (2012). == Laman web ke bukai ==   * {{Official website}} * [http://anglicanhistory.org/england/ Historical resources on the Church of England] at anglicanhistory.org * {{Librivox author|id=15729}} * The History Files: [https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/MainChurchesIndex.htm Churches of the British Isles], a gallery of church photos and information * [https://www.iicsa.org.uk/publications/investigation/anglican-church The Anglican Church Investigation Report] Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse, October 2020 {{Authority control}} oppnzl4ysqc13yncmliogq7f86ccjtu