Wikipedia ibawiki https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambar_Keterubah MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Spesyel Randau Penggena Randau penggena Wikipedia Randau Wikipedia Fail Randau fail MediaWiki Randau MediaWiki Templat Randau templat Bantu Randau bantu Kategori Randau kategori TimedText TimedText talk Modul Randau modul Acara Perbincangan acara 0 1736 20064 19802 2026-10-16T16:29:20Z Jang Edgar 20 Digaga nengah chara salin bagi "Government and politics" ari lambar "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1380073696|Malaysia]]" 20064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Malaysia<!-- The name of the Federation (official name of the state) according to Art 1(1) of the Federal Constitution is, in Malay and English, Malaysia. Nothing more, nothing less. 'Federation of' was only used for the state that preceded Malaysia – Federation of Malaya. Please do not insert 'Federation of' or 'Persekutuan' for Malay name --> | common_name = Malaysia | image_flag = Flag of Malaysia.svg | alt_flag = A blue rectangle with a gold star and crescent in the canton, with 14 horizontal red and white stripes on the rest of the flag | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg | coa_size = 90 | symbol_type = Lambang menua | alt_coat = Shield showing the symbols of the Malaysian states with a star and crescent above and a motto below, supported by two tigers | image_map = {{Switcher|[[Fail:Malaysia (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[Fail:Location Malaysia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Southeast Asia|default=1}} | map_caption = {{Map caption |location_color=dark green |region=Asia |subregion= [[ASEAN]] | subregion_color = dark gray}} | national_motto = {{Lang|ms|Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022191931/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2013 |title=Malaysian Flag and Coat of Arms |publisher=Malaysian Government |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><br>{{Script/Arabic|برسکوتو برتمبه موتو}} ([[Urup Jawi|Jawi]])<br />"Beserakup Betambah Kualiti" | national_anthem = "{{Lang|ms|[[Negaraku]]}}"<br />"Menuaku"{{Parabr}}{{Center|[[Fail:Negaraku instrumental.ogg]]}} | capital = [[Kuala Lumpur]]{{Refn|group=fn|Constitutional capital, ceremonial and legislative}}<br />{{Coord|3|8|N|101|41|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | admin_center = [[Putrajaya]]{{Refn|group=fn|administrative and judicial}}<br />{{Coord|2|56|N|101|42|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Jaku Melayu]]{{Efn|Section 9 of the [[Akta Jaku Nasional 1963/67]] states that "The script of the national language shall be the Rumi script: provided that this shall not prohibit the use of the Malay script, more commonly known as the Jawi script, of the national language".}}{{Efn|Section 2 of the [[National Language Act 1963/67]] states that "Save as provided in this Act and subject to the safeguards contained in Article 152(1) of the Constitution relating to any other language and the language of any other community in Malaysia the national language shall be used for official purposes".}}{{Efn|name=Recognized|See Article 152 of the [[Federal Constitution of Malaysia]] and [[National Language Act 1963/67]].}} | languages_type = Jaku ti diaku | languages = [[Jaku Inggeris]]{{Efn|name=Recognized}} | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} * 69.7% [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] ** 57.3% [[Orang Melayu Malaysia|Melayu]] ** 12.4% Orang asal [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]] enggau [[Orang Asli]] * 22.9% [[Orang China Malaysia|China]] * 6.6% [[Orang India Malaysia|India]] * 0.8% [[Etnik asal ba Malaysia|Ke bukai]] {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2023 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2021 pop">{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|title=Minister: Census shows Malaysia's oldest man and woman aged 120 and 118; preliminary census findings to be released in Feb 2022|date=17 January 2022|publisher=Malaymail|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074901/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Current population and estimates, Malaysia 2021 Group |author=Department of Statistics Malaysia |access-date=1 February 2022 |date=2021 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201080046/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion = {{Ubl|63.5% [[Islam ba Malaysia|Islam Sunni]] (resmi)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|title=The States, Religion and Law of the Federation|work=Constitution of Malaysia|publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission|access-date=29 October 2017|quote=Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614105535/http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>|18.7% [[Buddha ba Malaysia|Buddha]]|9.1% [[Kristian ba Malaysia|Kristian]]|6.1% [[Hindu ba Malaysia|Hindu]]|0.9% ke bukai|1.8% enda ditemu}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|title=Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2020|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|date=14 February 2020|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|url-status=live}}</ref> | religion_year = 2020 | government_type = Monarki elektif bekonstitusyen parlimen federal | leader_title1 = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (King) | leader_name1 = [[Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor|Ibrahim Iskandar]] | leader_title2 = [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]] | leader_name2 = [[Anwar Ibrahim]] | legislature = [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] | upper_house = [[Diwan Menua]] (Senat) | lower_house = [[Diwan Rayat]] (House of Representatives) | sovereignty_type = [[Hari Meredeka (Malaysia)|Meredeka]] | sovereignty_note = ari [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Federasyen Malaya]] | established_date1 = 31 Ogos 1957<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mackay, Derek|title=Eastern Customs: The Customs Service in British Malaya and the Opium Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|date=2005|publisher=The Radcliffe Press|isbn=978-1-85043-844-1|pages=240–|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119151920/https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event2 = [[Hari Sarawak]] | established_date2 = 22 Julai 1963 | established_event3 = [[Hari Perintah Kediri Borneo Utara]] | established_date3 = 31 Ogos 1963<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|title=31 Ogos 1963, Hari kemerdekaan Sabah yang rasmi|publisher=AWANI|date=14 May 2021|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901062457/https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event4 = [[Hari Malaysia]] | established_date4 = 16 September 1963 | area_rank = 67th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 330,803<ref name="2010 stats">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |title=Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 |publisher=Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia |page=27 |access-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030607/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_sq_mi = 127,720 | percent_water = 0.3 | population_estimate = 34,564,810<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Malaysia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_date = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 43rd | population_census_date = 2020 | population_census = 32,447,385<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |title=Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=48 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228142122/https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 101 | population_density_sq_mi = 263 | population_density_rank = 116th | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $1.306 trilion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Malaysia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416230123/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 30th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $39,030<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $445.519 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 36th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $13,315<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 67th | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MY | title=World Bank Open Data }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.807<!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 63rd | currency = [[Ringgit Malaysia]] (RM) | currency_code = MYR | date_format = dd-mm-yyyy | time_zone = [[Jam Standard Malaysia|JSM]] | utc_offset = [[UTC+8|+8]] | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+60|+60]] | cctld = [[.my|.my]] | footnotes = }} '''Malaysia''' siti menua raja federal konstitusyen ba [[Asia Tenggara]] ti ditubuhka ari 11 iti negeri ba Semenanjung Malaysia, 2 iti negeri ba [[Borneo]] enggau 3 iti Wilayah Persekutuan. Pemesai menua tu nyampau 330,803 km2. Malaysia bekunsi arih tanah enggau menua [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], enggau [[Brunei]] sereta arih tasik enggau [[Singapura]] enggau [[Filipina]]. Ba Malaysia bisi siti titik ti pemadu selatan urung semua tanah besai Eurasia, ianya Tanjung Piai. Tuai menua Malaysia ianya Yang di-Pertuan Agong, raja elektif ti dipilih ari 9 iku raja negeri Melayu. Tuai eksekutif perintah ianya Menteri Besai. [[Kuala Lumpur]] nya indu menua Malaysia, Putrajaya nya pusat perintah federal. Malaysia siti menua perintis Serakup Menua-Menua Asia Tenggara enggau Serakup Aum Islam, sereta siti ari raban Saup Ekonomi Asia-Pasifik, Menua-Menua Komanwel, enggau Non-Alligned Movement. Asal menua tu ari perintah-perintah orang Laut ti ulih ditemu ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]]. Menua nya udah dijajah [[Empayar British]] ari abad ke-18. Begian menua keterubah ti udah dijajah British dikumbai [[Negeri-Negeri Selat]]. Maya [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[British Malaya]] udah dijajah menua [[Jipun]]. Sepengudah perang nya, Semenanjung Malaysia ti dikelala enggau nama Tanah Melayu tauka Malaya maya nya, udah diserakup baruh siti komanwel maya taun 1946, sebedau nyadi [[Persekutuan Tanah Melayu]] maya taun 1948. Maya taun 1957 Semenanjung Malaysia udah meredika. Sepengudah nya, ba taun 1963, Tanah Melayu beserakup enggau [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]] ungkup nubuhka menua Malaysia. [[Singapura]] udah dipansutka ari federasyen lalu nyadi siti menua ti bibas maya taun 1965. == Nama == [[Fail:LA2-NSRW-1-0148 malaysia.jpg|thumb|left|alt=English Map of Southeast Asia, "MALAYSIA" typeset horizontally so that the letters run across the northernmost corner of Borneo and pass just south of the Philippines.|"Malaysia" dikena nyadi label ke Pulau Melayu ba kar taun 1914 dalam atlas Amerika Serikat]] Nama "[[wikt:Malaysia|Malaysia]]" datai ari dua leka jaku iya nya "[[wikt:Malays|Malays]]" enggau penambah pengujung jaku Latin-Gerika "[[wikt:-ia|-ia]]"/"[[wikt:-ία|-ία]]"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites|publisher=McFarland & Company|date=2004|isbn=978-0-7864-1814-5|page=221}}</ref> ke ulih dikalih jaku nyadi "tanah orang Melayu".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|title=The World Factbook – Malaysia|date=2020|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Asal leka jaku 'Melayu' ngembuan mayuh macham teori. Bisi pelaba leka jaku tu datai ari [[jaku Sanskrit]] iya nya "Himalaya", ti nujuka kandang menua ke tinggi sereta begunung, tauka leka jaku "Malaiyur-pura", ti mai reti "nengeri gunung".<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu">{{Citation | last1 = Abdul Rashid Melebek | last2 = Amat Juhari Moain | title = Sejarah Bahasa Melayu ("History of the Malay Language") | publisher = [[Utusan Malaysia|Utusan Publications & Distributors]] | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-967-61-1809-7 | pages=9–10}}</ref> Teori bukai madahka asal penatai leka jaku tu ari [[jaku Tamil]] "''malai''" enggau "''ur''" ke mai reti "gunung" enggau "nengeri, tanah".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weightman|first=Barbara A.|title=Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|page=449|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC|isbn=978-1-118-13998-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwary|first=Shanker Shiv|title=Encyclopaedia Of Southeast Asia And Its Tribes (Set Of 3 Vols.)|date=2009|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdEjAQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-81-261-3837-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRQwAQAAIAAJ|title=People of India |author=Singh, Kumar Suresh |volume=26 |page=981 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |date=2003 |isbn=978-81-85938-98-1}}</ref> Siti agi penemu iya nya bepun ari peristiwa Pamalayu ti mai reti Ekspedisyen Melayu. Siti penemu iya nya iya datai ari leka [[jaku Jawa]] "''mlaya''" enggau "''mlayu''" ti mai reti "belanda", ari sungai, iya nya Sungai Melayu, ti diberi nama ketegal arus iya.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/> Varian mega bisi ayan dalam rikud ke tuai agi ari abad ke-11, nyadi toponim ungkup kandang endur di [[Sumatera]] tauka nunjukka pelilih menua ke besai agi ngelingi [[Selat Melaka]].<ref name="Barnard">{{Citation | last = Barnard | first = Timothy P. | title = Contesting Malayness: Malay identity across boundaries | publisher = Singapore University press | date = 2004 | location = Singapore | isbn = 978-9971-69-279-7 | pages=3–10}}</ref> Teks Sanskrit [[Vayu Purana]], ti dipelabaka udah bisi kenyau ari milenium keterubah, nyebut pasal tanah ti dikumbai ''‘Malayadvipa’'' ti dikelala sekeda pakar nyadi semenanjung Melayu moden.<ref>{{Cite book|title=India's Interaction with Southeast Asia: History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 1, Part 3 |page=266 |author=Pande, Govind Chandra |isbn=978-81-87586-24-1 |date=2005 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The economic life of northern India: c. A.D. 700–1200 |page=139 |author= Gopal, Lallanji |isbn=978-81-208-0302-2 |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= A Panorama of Indian Buddhism: Selections from the Maha Bodhi journal, 1892–1992 |page=612 |author=Ahir, D. C. |isbn=978-81-7030-462-3 |date=1995 |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The culture and art of India |page=212 |author=Mukerjee, Radhakamal |isbn=978-81-215-0114-9 |date= 1984 |publisher=Coronet Books Inc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Some contributions of India to the ancient civilisation of Indonesia and Malaysia |page=8 |author=Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan |date=1970 |publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref> Rikud bukai iya nya Geografi Ptolemy abad ke-2 ti ngena nama ''Malayu Kulon'' ungkup pantai barat Semenanjung Emas, enggau rikud Yijing abad ke-7 pasal Malayu.<ref name="Barnard" /> Bisi sekali, Perintah Melayu ngambi nama ari ''Sungai Melayu''.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/><ref>{{Citation | last = Milner | first = Anthony | title = The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific) | pages = 18–19| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-4443-3903-1}}</ref> 'Melayu' lalu dipaut ngagai [[Srivijaya]],<ref name="Barnard" /> lalu mengkang begulai enggau mayuh bengkah endur di Sumatera, nyengkaum [[Palembang]], endur ke dipelaba orang asal penumbuh [[Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref name="Andaya">{{Cite journal |last1=Andaya |first1=Leonard Y. |title=The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |date=October 2001 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=315–316, 324, 327–328, 330 |doi=10.1017/S0022463401000169 |jstor=20072349 |s2cid=62886471 }}</ref> Iya dipelabaka mansang nyadi etnonim laban Melaka nyadi kuasa pelilih menua dalam abad ke-15. Islam nempa identiti etnik pengarap di Melaka, enggau leka jaku ‘Melayu’ pansut. Engka enggau spesifik ngenang pasal orang ke bejaku Melayu setempat ti dianggap taluk ngagai Sultan Melaka. Pengawa orang Portugis ngena penambah jaku ''Malayos'' ulih nunjukka orang ke bekuasa di Melaka. Pengelebih orang dagang ari Melaka ngasuh bansa ‘Melayu’ begulai enggau orang dagang ti bepengarap Islam, lalu ari nya sida dikaul enggau raban budaya enggau jaku ti lebih luas.<ref name="Barnard"/> Melaka lalu udah nya [[Kesultanan Johor|Johor]] ngumbai diri nyadi pusat budaya Melayu, siti penuduk ti disukung British.<ref name="Andaya"/> Pengudah ekspedisyen pelayar Peranchis [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]] ngagai [[Oceania]] maya taun 1826, siku pakar Jereman [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] merambu leka jaku "Malaysia", "[[Mikronesia]]" enggau "[[Melanesia]]" ngagai ''[[Société de Géographie]]'' maya taun 1831, midaka budaya enggau raban pulau Pasifik tu ari leka jaku ke udah bisi iya nya "[[Polinesia]]". Dumont d'Urville nerangka Malaysia nyadi "kandang menua ti suah dikelala enggau nama Hindia Timur".<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/0022334032000120512| title = On the Islands of the Great Ocean| journal = The Journal of Pacific History| volume = 38| issue = 2| page = 163| date = 2003| last1 = d'Urville | first1 = J. S. B. C. S. D. | last2 = Ollivier | first2 = I. | last3 = De Biran | first3 = A. | last4 = Clark | first4 = G. | s2cid = 162374626}}</ref><!--Quote:The third division, Western Oceania, encompasses all the islands commonly known as the East Indies&nbsp;... I shall leave the name Malaysia to this area, since it has already been used by some authors, and I think was first given by Mr Lesson--> Maya taun 1850, raban etnologi British, [[George Samuel Windsor Earl]], nulis dalam ''Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia'', merambu deka meri nama ngagai pulau-pulau di Asia Tenggara nya “Melayunesia” tauka “Indunesia”, nitihka nama ke dulu suba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Earl |first=George S. W. |title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |date=1850 |page=119 |volume=IV}}</ref> Nama Malaysia berengkah dikena ngelabel endur ti nyadi Pulau Melayu.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barrows |first1=David P. |title=A History of the Philippines |date=1905 |publisher=American Book Company |pages=25–26 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb26}}</ref> Menua ti merdeka ari British dalam taun 1957 ngambi nama “Persekutuan Tanah Melayu” nyadika pilih ari nama bukai ti bisi potensial baka “[[Langkasuka]]”, udah bekau perintah besejarah ti bepalan ba tuchung Semenanjung Melayu.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book|last = Suarez|first = Thomas|title = Early Mapping of Southeast Asia|publisher = Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd|date = 1999|pages = 46–47|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC|isbn = 978-962-593-470-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=72&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=1118475&ActiveTextDocId=1118475&filesize=15776 |title=Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)e |publisher=The UK Statute Law Database |date=31 July 1957 |access-date=6 November 2010 }}</ref> Bala orang politik di Filipina kala berunding deka nukar nama menua sida "Malaysia" sebedau menua "moden" nya ngambi nama tu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sakai |first=Minako |editor1-last=Cao |editor1-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Morrell |title=Regional Minorities and Development in Asia |publisher=Routledge |date=2009 |page=124 |chapter-url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |isbn=978-0-415-55130-4 |chapter=Reviving Malay Connections in Southeast Asia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013055904/http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 }}</ref> == Sejarah == {{Batang|Sejarah Malaysia}} [[File:Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg|alt=Map showing the extent of the Malacca Sultanate, covering much of the Malay Peninsula and some of Sumatra|kiri|thumb| [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]] bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti besai dalam ngerembaika Islam ngagai serata Pulau-pulau Melayu.]] Bukti endur mensia moden diau di Malaysia berengkah ari taun 40,000 taun ke udah.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Holme|first=Stephanie|date=13 February 2012|title=Getaway to romance in Malaysia|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129075642/http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|archive-date=29 November 2018|access-date=6 January 2014|website=[[stuff.co.nz]]}}</ref> Ba Semenanjung Melayu, orang keterubah diau dia dipelabaka [[Negrito|bansa Negritos]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fix|first=Alan G.|date=June 1995|title=Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli|journal=American Anthropologist|series=New Series|volume=97|issue=2|pages=313–323|doi=10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090|jstor=681964}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yew|first1=Chee-Wei|last2=Lu|first2=Dongsheng|last3=Deng|first3=Lian|last4=Wong|first4=Lai-Ping|last5=Ong|first5=Rick Twee-Hee|last6=Lu|first6=Yan|last7=Wang|first7=Xiaoji|last8=Yunus|first8=Yushimah|last9=Aghakhanian|first9=Farhang|last10=Mokhtar|first10=Siti Shuhada|last11=Hoque|first11=Mohammad Zahirul|last12=Voo|first12=Christopher Lok-Yung|last13=Abdul Rahman|first13=Thuhairah|last14=Bhak|first14=Jong|last15=Phipps|first15=Maude E.|date=February 2018|title=Genomic structure of the native inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo suggests complex human population history in Southeast Asia|journal=Human Genetics|volume=137|issue=2|pages=161–173|doi=10.1007/s00439-018-1869-0|pmid=29383489|s2cid=253969988|quote=The analysis of time of divergence suggested that ancestors of Negrito were the earliest settlers in the Malay Peninsula, whom first separated from the Papuans ~ 50-33 thousand years ago (kya), followed by East Asian (~ 40-15 kya)...|last16=Xu|first16=Shuhua|last17=Teo|first17=Yik-Ying|last18=Kumar|first18=Subbiah Vijay|last19=Hoh|first19=Boon-Peng|url=http://eprints.ums.edu.my/22631/1/Genomic%20structure%20of%20the%20native%20inhabitants%20of%20Peninsular%20Malaysia%20and%20North%20Borneo%20suggests%20complex%20human%20population%20history%20in%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf}}</ref> Kandang menua Malaysia bisi ngambi bagi ba Jalai Batu Permata Gadung Maritim entara taun 2000 SM ngagai 1000 AD.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsang|first=Cheng-hwa|date=24 January 2008|title=Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan|url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/11751|journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association|volume=20|doi=10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751|doi-broken-date=13 September 2026|issn=1835-1794|url-access=subscription}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021).</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017).</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011).</ref> Bala orang dagang enggau orang ke diau mendam ari [[India]] enggau [[China]] datai kenyau ari kurun keterubah AD, numbuhka palan penyangkai kapal dagang enggau mengeri tebing tasik ba abad kedua enggau ketiga. Penatai sida ngujungka pengaruh India enggau China ti tegap ba budaya menua nya, lalu orang Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ngemeranka pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau [[Buddha]]. Inskripsyen [[jaku Sanskrit]] bisi ayan kenyau ari kurun keempat tauka kelima.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mühlhäusler |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCx0D0iE2QoC |title=Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas |last2=Tryon |first2=Darrell T. |last3=Wurm |first3=Stephen A. |publisher=Walter de Gruyer & Co |year=1996 |isbn=978-3-11-013417-9 |page=695}}</ref> Perintah [[Langkasuka]] nyadi urung kurun kedua ba kandang menua utara Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, lalu meruan nyentuk urung kurun ke-15.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book |last=Suarez |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC |title=Early Mapping of Southeast Asia |publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd |year=1999 |isbn=978-962-593-470-9 |pages=46–47}}</ref> Entara kurun ke-7 enggau ke-13, mayuh kandang menua selatan Semenanjung Tanah Melayu nyadi sebagi ari empayar maritim [[Srivijaya]]. Datai ba kurun ke-13 enggau ke-14, empayar [[Majapahit]] udah mujur ngerampas kuasa ba tebal agi semenanjung enggau Pulau-pulau Melayu ari Srivijaya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suporno, S. |title=Perceptions of the Past |publisher=Heinemann Books for the Asian Studies Association of Australia |year=1979 |editor-last=A. Reid |series=Southeast Asia publications |volume=4 |location=Singapore |page=180 |chapter=The Image of Majapahit in late Javanese and Indonesian Writing |editor-last2=D. Marr}}</ref> Ba pun kurun ke-15, [[Parameswara ari Melaka|Parameswara]], siku raja ke lari ari menua [[Perintah Singapura]] ke suba ke bisi kaul enggau istana lama Srivijayan, numbuhka [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wake|first=Christopher H.|date=September 1964|title=Malacca's Early Kings and the Reception of Islam|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian History]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=5|pages=104–128|doi=10.1017/S0217781100000958|jstor=20067505|number=2}}</ref> Penyampau pengarap Islam majak ngerembai berindik ari Parameswara ke masuk pengarap nya. Melaka nyadi palan dagang ti beguna maya tu, narit dagang ari serata kandang menua nya.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> [[File:AMH-6472-KB_Battle_for_Malacca_between_the_VOC_fleet_and_the_Portuguese,_1606.jpg|alt=Dutch fleet vs Portuguese armada|kanan|thumb|220x220px| Armada Belanda beperang enggau armada Portugis nyadi sebagi ari [[Perang Belanda–Portugis]] dalam taun 1606 dikena nguasa [[Nengeri Melaka|Melaka]].]] Dalam taun 1511, [[Melaka]] dipegai [[Melaka Portugis|Portugal]],<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> udah nya diambi [[Melaka Belanda|Belanda]] dalam taun 1641. Dalam taun 1786, [[Malaya British|Empayar British]] numbuhka palan di Malaya, lebuh Sultan Kedah nyuwa [[Pulau Pinang (pulau)|pulau Pulau Pinang]] ngagai [[Kompeni Hindia Timur]] British. British ngulihka mengeri Singapura dalam taun 1819,<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: Malaya|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309035051/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|archive-date=9 March 2001|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> lalu dalam taun 1824 ngambi kuasa Melaka nitihka [[Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda 1824|Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda]]. Datai ba taun 1826, British nguasa terus Pulau Pinang, Melaka, Singapura, enggau pulau [[Koloni Mahkota Labuan|Labuan]], ti ditumbuhka sida nyadi koloni mahkota [[Kandang Pendiau Selat]]. Datai ba kurun ke-20, negeri [[Pahang]], [[Selangor]], [[Perak]], enggau [[Negeri Sembilan]], ke dikelala begulai enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Beserakup]], bisi residen British ke dipadu meri jaku lalau ngagai pemerintah Melayu, ke alai bala pemerintah patut nangguhka timpuh nengah sempekat.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Malay States (British)|volume=17|last1=Clifford|first1=Hugh Charles|last2=Graham|first2=Walter Armstrong|pages=478&ndash;484}}</ref> Lima bengkah negeri ke bukai ba semenanjung nya, ke dikelala enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Enda Beserakup]], taja pan ukai terus di baruh pegai British, tang mega nerima penyanding penemu British urung pun abad ke-20. Pemansang ba semenanjung enggau Borneo umum iya bebida nyentuk ngagai abad ke-19. Di baruh pegai British pengawa pindah orang China enggau India nyadi kuli diperansang.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kuar|first=Amarjit|title=International Migration and Governance in Malaysia: Policy and Performance|url=http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509145612/http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2010|access-date=20 December 2011|publisher=University of New England}}</ref> Kandang menua ke diatu nyadi [[Sabah]] nyadi baruh kuasa British nyadi [[Borneo Utara]] lebuh kededua [[Kesultanan Brunei|Sultan Brunei]] enggau [[Kesultanan Sulu|Sultan Sulu]] mindahka hak ngempu kandang menua sida empu, entara taun 1877 enggau 1878.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gullick, J. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA148 |title=Malaysia and Its Neighbours, The World studies series |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-7100-4141-8 |pages=148–149}}</ref> Dalam taun 1842, Sarawak diserahka Sultan Brunei ngagai [[James Brooke]], ke nganti iya merintah nyadi [[Rajah Putih Sarawak|Rajah Putih]] atas [[Perintah Sarawak|perintah]] meredeka nyentuk ngagai taun 1946, lebuh iya nyadi [[Koloni Mahkota Sarawak|koloni mahkota]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: North Borneo|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628212629/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|archive-date=28 June 2011|access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref> [[Perang Klang]] (1867–1874) berengkah nyadi penyarut entara Raja Abdullah enggau Raja Mahadi ketegal nyadi tuai rumah Klang, enggau Mahadi nulak pengawa Sultan [[Abdul Samad ari Selangor]] ti udah nyiri Abdullah. Penyarut nya narit [[gerempung resia]] China ke bepekit—[[Ghee Hin Kongsi]] ke mayuh nyukung Mahadi enggau [[Gerempung Resia Hai San]] nyukung Abdullah—serta tuai-tuai peturun Bugis enggau Melayu ke ngumbai Mahadi lebih sah. Perang ngerembai sepengudah Mahadi ngerampas Kubu Klang lalu Abdullah rari ke Melaka, ngachau pengawa ngasilka timah, jalai dagang, enggau pemerat komersial British ba Lembak Klang. Berebak enggau nya, [[Perang Larut]] ti nyadi ba kandang menua ke besepiak (1861–1874) entara Hai San enggau Ghee Hin di Perak sama ngasuh pelilih menua ke kaya enggau timah enda entap sereta ngasuh orang dagang British irau. Apil ari tuai-tuai Melayu minta pengawa nyadi pengantara begulai enggau pengirau ati British bekaul enggau penyarut pelilih menua muka jalai ngagai pengawa campur tangan formal, ti ngujungka [[Sempekat Pangkor 1874|Sempekat Pangkor]] taun 1874 ti numbuhka sistem peranak British ba negeri-negeri Melayu.<ref name="Azmi20122">{{cite journal|last=Arifin|first=Azmi|year=2012|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, The Chinese Secret Societies and The Malay Rulers|url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5364/1/Azmi%20Arifin%20%2039%20(1)%20(July%202012).pdf|journal=Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies|volume=39|issue=1|pages=51–74|access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> Baka ti ditulis [[Frank Swettenham]] udah nya, "Iya nya taja pan gaya utai ti nyadi begunaka campur tangan, kami datai ngagai Negeri-Negeri Melayu ketegal kangau Pemerintah Melayu, ngajar sida chara administrasyen ti manah agi."<ref name="AzmiPerak2">{{cite journal|last=Azmi Arifin|year=2018|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, the Chinese Secret Societies and the Malay Rulers|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333081324|journal=USM Malaysian Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A leading light in Perak's late 19th century advance: Frank Athelstane Swettenham|url=https://www.ehm.my/publications/articles/a-leading-light-in-peraks-late-19th-century-advance-frank-athelstane-swettenham|access-date=2026-08-02|publisher=ehm.my}}</ref> Dalam [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[Soldadu Imperial Jipun|Soldadu Jipun]] [[Kimpin Malaya|nyerang]] sereta nguasa [[Pemegai Jipun ba Malaya|Malaya]], [[Pemegai Jipun ba Borneo British|Borneo Utara, Sarawak]], enggau [[Pemegai Jipun ba Singapura|Singapura]] lebih ari tiga taun.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaya in World War II|url=https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225184306/https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|archive-date=25 December 2022|access-date=29 January 2023|work=World War Two Database}}</ref> Dalam timpuh tu, penyarut entara bansa nyadi lalu nasionalisme majak nambah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hock |first=David Koh Wee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awLp4TeUkzoC |title=Legacies of World War II in South and East Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2007 |isbn=978-981-230-457-5 |location=Singapore |page=48}}</ref> Sukung rayat ngagai meredeka majak nambah pengudah Malaya dipegai baru ulih soldadu Serakup.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010212095545/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-date=12 February 2001|title=Our Region, Ourselves|last=Mohamad|first=Mahathir|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=31 May 1999|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Perambu British pengudah perang deka nyerakupka administrasyen Malaya ari baruh siti koloni mahkota ti dikumbai [[Serakup Malaya]] napi bantah ti balat ari [[Melayu|bansa Melayu]], ti mantah pengelemi pemerintah Melayu enggau meri peranak menua ngagai [[Orang China Malaysia|raban bansa China]]. Serakup Malaya, ti ditumbuhka dalam taun 1946, lalu mungkur semua reta tengkira British di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu kelimpah ari Singapura, jampat dibuai lalu diganti enggau [[Federasyen Malaya]] kena 1 Februari 1948, ti mulaika autonomi pemerintah negeri-negeri Melayu ti dijaga British.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106021025/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-date=6 November 2007|title=MALAYA: Token Citizenship|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=19 May 1952|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> [[File:Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg|thumb| Pemesai polis [[Federasyen Malaya|Malaya]] benung nanya siku periman [[Orang China Malaysia|bebansa China]] maya [[Penusah Darurat Malaya]] taun 1949]] Dalam timpuh tu, raban pemberontak ke tebal agi bebansa China ari baruh iring [[Parti Kominis Malaya]] ngepunka operasyen gerila ke digaga dikena mejal British pansut ari Malaya. [[Darurat Malaya|Darurat Malaya (1948–1960)]] ngaul kimpin anti-penyarut ti lama dipejalaika soldadu [[Komanwel]] di Malaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Kena 31 Ogos 1957, [[Penesau Meredeka Malaya|Malaya nyadi kaban meredeka]] dalam Komanwel Bansa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Udah nya, pelin ti komprehensif diperambu dikena nyerakupka Malaya enggau koloni mahkota Borneo Utara (dikelala enggau nama [[Sabah]] lebuh begulai), [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]]. Persekutuan ti diperambu nya asal iya deka diatur kena 31 Ogos 1963, beserimbai enggau hari pengingat meredeka Malaya. Taja pia, ketegal ti patut ngaga pansik pasal tikas sukung ngagai gerempung nya di Sabah enggau Sarawak ari [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]], baka ti dipinta orang ti ngelaban gerempung nya baka [[Sukarno]] ari [[Indonesia]] enggau [[Parti Rayat Beserakup Sarawak]], haribulan gerempung nya ditangguh nyentuk ngagai 16 September 1963.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402050225/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-date=2 April 2008|title=Malaysia: Tunku Yes, Sukarno No|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=6 September 1963|access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boon Kheng Cheah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOtXcEmHdjoC&pg=PA93 |title=Malaysia: The Making of a Nation |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2002 |isbn=978-981-230-154-3 |pages=93–}}</ref> Federasyen nya mai penyarut ti majak balat nyengkaum [[Konfrontasyen Indonesia–Malaysia|penyarut enggau Indonesia]] kelimpah ari penyarut ti enda ngetu nyadi ngelaban Kominis di Borneo enggau Semenanjung Melayu, ti majak balat ngagai [[Penyarut Kominis ba Sarawak|Penyarut Kominis Sarawak]] enggau [[Darurat Malaya Kedua]] begulai enggau sekeda isu bukai baka serang lanun Moro ari pulau-pulau selatan Filipina meraka garis entara menua ba Sabah, [[Negeri Singapura (Malaysia)|penyerara Singapura ari Federasyen]] dalam taun 1965,<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation on Singapore|url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511191506/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Singapore Attorney-General}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-50718-0 |page=290}}</ref><ref name="TIME Art2">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930101049/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Malaysia: The Art of Dispelling Anxiety|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=27 August 1965|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> enggau laya bansa. Penyarut tu ngujungka [[Penyadi 13 Me|penyarut bansa 13 Me]] dalam taun 1969.<ref name="Race war">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216115230/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-date=16 February 2007|title=Race War in Malaysia|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=23 May 1969|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Pengudah penyarut nya nyadi, [[Polisi Ekonomi Baru Malaysia|Polisi Ekonomi Baru]] ti kontroversial nya dikelancharka Menteri Besai [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Tun Abdul Razak]], nguji nambahka bagi ekonomi ti dipegai raban ''[[bumiputera]]''.<ref name="New Economic Policy">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Di baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] bisi timpuh penumbuh ekonomi enggau urbanisasyen ti jampat berengkah ari taun 1980-an. Ekonomi ngalih ari bepelasarka pengawa betanam betupi ngagai bepelasarka pengawa ngaga enggau industri. Mayuh bengkah projek besai udah tembu digaga, baka [[Menara Petronas]], [[Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan (Malaysia)|Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan]], [[MSC Malaysia|Koridor Super Multimedia]], enggau indu nengeri pentadbiran perintah besai baru [[Putrajaya]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="New Economic Policy2">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Ba ujung taun 1990-an, [[Krisis wang Asia 1997|krisis wang Asia]] meri empas ngagai menua nya, nyau deka ngasuh makit mata duit, saham, enggau reta tengkira sida runtuh; taja pia, sida udah nya gerai.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ping Lee Poh|author2=Yean Tham Siew|title=Malaysia Ten Years After The Asian Financial Crisis|url=http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401070910/http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2010|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Thammasat University}}</ref> [[Skandal 1MDB]] nya skandal [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] global ti besai ti ngaul Menteri Besai maya nya [[Najib Razak]] dalam taun 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 2015|title=Malaysian taskforce investigates allegations $700m paid to Najib|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422204302/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|archive-date=22 April 2020|access-date=24 March 2018|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> Skandal nya nyadika ubah keterubah ba parti politik ke megai perintah kenyau ari merdeka ba [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]].<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> Dalam taun 2020-an, menua tu dipegai [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ti beserimbai enggau krisis pengerai enggau [[Empas ekonomi ari pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|ekonomi]] ketegal [[Pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|pandemik COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Walden|first1=Max|date=13 January 2021|title=How Malaysia went from fewer COVID cases than Australia to a national state of emergency|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114221804/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|archive-date=14 January 2021|access-date=19 July 2021|newspaper=ABC News (Australia)}}</ref> Tu udah nya ditangkan enggau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022|pengawa bepilih besai]] tumu agi dalam bulan November 2022, ti ngujungka parlimen gantung keterubah dalam sejarah menua tu.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 November 2022|title=No clear winner as Malaysia election ends in hung parliament|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129074959/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|archive-date=29 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Kena 24 Nobember 2022, [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ngangkat sumpah nyadi [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]] ke-10, nguluka perintah gempung besai.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 November 2022|title=Anwar Ibrahim sworn in as Malaysian PM after post-election deadlock|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128015222/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|archive-date=28 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=BBC News}}</ref> == Demografi == {{Main|Demografi Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia population density 2010b.png|thumb|350x350px|alt=A map of Malaysia depicting the expected 2010 estimated population density.|Pemadat mensia (orang per km²) maya 2010]] [[Fail:Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010.svg|thumb|alt=Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010|The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group based on 2010 census|350x350px]] Nitihka penerang ari Opis Statistik Malaysia, penyampau tubuh peranak menua tu manggai 32,447,385 iku ba taun 2020,<ref name="Population2010">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2014 |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=82 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> nyadika menua ke-42 pemadu mayuh mensia. Nitihka anggar taun 2012, penyampau tubuh majak nambah 1.54 peratus setaun. Malaysia ngembuan pemadat pemayuh tubuh 96 iku per km², ba penuduk lumur 116 ba dunya ungkup pemadat mensia. Orang dalam kandang umur 15–64 taun nyadi 69.5 peratus ari penyampau tubuh; raban umur 0–14 taun setipak enggau 24.5 peratus; lalu orang tuai ke beumur 65 taun ke atas manggai 6.0 peratus. Dalam taun 1960, lebuh pengawa ngitung tubuh enggau rasmi keterubah iya dirikod di Malaysia, penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh bisi 8.11 juta iku. 91.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh peranak menua Malaysia.<ref name="stat2010">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2010 (Ethnic composition) |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |date=2010 |access-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008005500/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2013 }}</ref> Peranak Malaysia dibagi nitihka garis etnik setempat, enggau 69.7 peratus dianggap ''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]''.<ref name="Q12021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |title=Infographics |publisher=Department of Statistics |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002053818/https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Raban bumiputera ke pemadu mayuh iya nya bansa [[Melayu]], ke ditukuka dalam konstitusyen nyadi orang [[Islam]] ke ngemeranka adat enggau budaya Melayu. Sida bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti dominan ba politik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|title=Malaysia's lingering ethnic divide|author=Brant, Robin|work=BBC News|date=4 March 2008|access-date=29 October 2013|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803200852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Status Bumiputera mega diberi ngagai raban bansa asal ukai Melayu Sabah enggau Sarawak: ti nyengkaum bansa Dayak ([[Iban]], [[Bidayuh]], [[Orang Ulu]]), [[Kadazan-Dusun]], [[Melanau]], [[Bajau Samah|Bajau]] sereta ke bukai. Bumiputera ukai Melayu mungkur lebih setengah ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sarawak enggau lebih dua pertiga ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|title=2. Socio-Economic and National Context [People]|work=Malaysian-Danish Country Programme for Cooperation in Environment and Development (2002–2006)|publisher=Miljøstyrelsens Informationscenter|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040921231939/https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|archive-date=21 September 2004|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|title=Who are Malaysia's bumiputera?|last=Leong|first=Trinna|publisher=The Straits Times|date=3 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920055010/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|archive-date=20 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Bisi mega raban bansa asal tauka orang asal ke jauh mimit agi ba semenanjung, ke alai sida begulai dikelala enggau nama [[Orang Asli]].<ref>{{Cite book|last = Gomes|first = Alberto G.|title = Modernity and Malaysia: settling the Menraq forest nomads|publisher = Taylor & Francis Group|date = 2007|page = 10|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|isbn = 978-0-203-96075-2|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|url-status = live}}</ref> Undang-undang pasal sapa ke bulih status bumiputera bebida entara negeri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/11/4/nation/20091104194453&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107061431/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F11%2F4%2Fnation%2F20091104194453&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2009 |title=PM asked to clarify mixed-race bumiputra status |work=The Star |date=4 November 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 }}</ref> Pia mega bisi dua bengkah etnik setempat bukai ke ukai Bumiputera. 22.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh nya bansa [[Orang China Malaysia|China Malaysia]], lalu 6.8 peratus bansa [[Orang India Malaysia|India Malaysia]].<ref name="Q12021"/> Raban bansa China setempat ari suba udah lebih dominan dalam komuniti dagang. Orang India setempat tebal agi bebansa [[Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kuppusamy, Baradan |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324183428/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=24 March 2006 |title=Racism alive and well in Malaysia |work=Asia Times |date=24 March 2006 |access-date=27 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Barbara">{{Cite book|last = West|first = Barbara A.|title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Volume 1|publisher = Facts on File inc|date = 2009|page = 486|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|isbn = 978-0-8160-7109-8|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727121024/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|url-status = live}}</ref> Peranak menua Malaysia ukai automatik diberi ngagai sida ke ada di Malaysia, tang diberi ngagai anak mit ke ada ari dua iku apai indai peranak Malaysia di luar Malaysia. Dua peranak menua enda dikemendarka nitihka undang-undang menua tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,IRBC,,MYS,47d6546928,0.html |title=Malaysia: Citizenship laws, including methods by which a person may obtain citizenship; whether dual citizenship is recognized and if so, how it is acquired; process for renouncing citizenship and related documentation; grounds for revoking citizenship |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |date=16 November 2007 |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045542/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher%2CIRBC%2C%2CMYS%2C47d6546928%2C0.html |archive-date=24 November 2011 }}</ref> Peranak menua di nengeri Sabah enggau Sarawak di Kalimantan Malaysia bebida enggau peranak menua di Semenanjung Malaysia ungkup tuju imigresyen. Tetiap rayat dikeluarka kad pengelala chip pintar biometrik ti dikelala enggau nama [[MyKad|''MyKad'']] maya umur 12 taun, lalu mesti mai kad nya belama.<ref>{{Cite news|author=May, Leow Yong |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/8/30/nation/18649549&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105101826/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F8%2F30%2Fnation%2F18649549&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2009 |title=More than just a card |work=The Star |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=27 October 2010 }}</ref> Penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh ba Semenanjung Malaysia,<ref>{{Cite book|last = Hassan|first = Asan Ali Golam|title = Growth, structural change, and regional inequality in Malaysia|publisher = Ashgate Publishing|date = 2004|page = 12|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|isbn = 978-0-7546-4332-6|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|url-status = live}}</ref> ke alai 20 juta ari urung 28 juta iku rayat Malaysia diau.<ref name="state.gov" /> 70 persin orang diau ba nengeri.<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> Berindik ari peniki industri ti begunaka pengereja pengawa,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |title=As Malaysia deports illegal workers, employers run short |work=The New York Times |date=13 July 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 |first=Soraya |last=Permatasari |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222193637/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |url-status=live }}</ref> menua tu dipelabaka ngembuan lebih 3 juta iku pengereja pengawa migran; urung 10 peratus ari penyampau tubuh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kent |first=Jonathan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |title=Illegal workers leave Malaysia |work=BBC News |date=29 October 2004 |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Bala NGO ke bepalan ba Sabah melabaka ari 3 juta iku ke nyadi penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah, 2 juta iku nya PATI.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |title=Demographic implosion in Sabah? Really? |last=Quek |first=Kim |work=Malaysiakini |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515042623/http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |url-status=live }}</ref> Malaysia nyadi tuai rumah ngagai penyampau tubuh pelarian enggau orang ke minta suaka urung 171,500 iku. Ari penyampau tubuh tu, urung 79,000 iku ari Burma, 72,400 iku ari Filipina, lalu 17,700 iku ari Indonesia. Bala pemesai Malaysia diripotka udah nyerahka orang ti dibuai terus ngagai orang ti mai mensia enggau chara belalai dalam taun 2007, lalu Malaysia ngambi RELA, sebengkah raban militia sukarelawan ti ngembuan sejarah kontroversi, dikena neritka undang-undang imigresyen sida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |title=World Refugee Survey 2009 |publisher=United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=17 June 2009 |access-date=10 June 2011 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224536/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |url-status=live }}</ref> === Pengarap === {{Main|Pengarap ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia religion by state 2020.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A Map of Malaysia showing religious statistics by state|Pengarap ti dominan di Malaysia nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2020:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Launching of report on the key findings population and housing census of Malaysia 2020 |date=14 February 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref>Gadung tuai: Majoriti Islam > 50%<br />Gadung muda: Pluraliti Islam < 50%<br />Biru: Majoriti Kristian > 50% ]] Konstitusyen meri pengelepas pengarap, seraya numbuhka Islam nyadi "agama Persekutuan".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Zawawi |last2=Mohd Rasid |first2=Imram |date=October 2019 |title=Country Profile Malaysia |url=http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |website=GREASE: Religion, Diversity and Radicalisation |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019065339/http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="malaysianbar.org.my">{{Cite web|url=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|title=PRESS STATEMENT: Malaysia a secular state|author=Ambiga Sreenevasan|publisher=The Malaysian Bar|date=18 July 2007|access-date=6 September 2017|author-link=Ambiga Sreenevasan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228154440/http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|archive-date=28 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nitihka angka Pengirau Penduduk enggau Pengawa Berumah 2020, etnik enggau pengarap bisi kaul ke tinggi. Kira-kira 63.5% ari penyampau tubuh ngemeranka pengarap [[Islam]], 18.7% ngemeranka pengarap [[Buddha]], 9.1% pengarap [[Kristian]], 6.1% pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau 1.3% ngemeranka pengarap [[Konfusianisme]], [[Taoisme]] enggau pengarap tradisional China ke bukai. 2.7% madahka nadai pengarap tauka ngemeranka pengarap bukai tauka nadai meri sebarang penerang.<ref name="Population2010" /> Negeri [[Sarawak]], [[Pulau Pinang]] enggau kandang menua perintah besai [[Kuala Lumpur]] ngembuan majoriti ukai Islam.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | title=Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal | access-date=26 June 2022 | archive-date=22 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ucanews.com/amp/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | title=Malaysia Christians pray for peace, equality, freedom - UCA News | access-date=31 July 2022 | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731164001/https://www.ucanews.com/amp/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islam Sunni]] ari mazhab [[Shafi'i]] nya pampang Islam ti dominan di Malaysia,<ref name="Peletz2002">{{Cite book|author=Peletz, Michael G. |title=Islamic Modern: Religious Courts and Cultural Politics in Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4TA4hjqjJ0C|date=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-09508-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=9 August 2012|access-date=4 September 2013|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|url-status=live}}</ref> lalu 18% orang Islam Malaysia nadai bemazhab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|url-status=live}}</ref> Konstitusyen Malaysia terit netapka nama utai ti ngasuh orang nyadi "Melayu", ngira Melayu sida ti bepengarap Islam, bejaku Melayu enggau tetap, ngemeranka adat Melayu, sereta diau tauka bisi aki ini ari Brunei, Malaysia enggau Singapura.<ref name="Marshall" /> Statistik ari Pengitung Penyampau Mensia 2010 nunjukka 83.6% ari penyampau tubuh China ngelala diri nyadi pengarap Buddha, enggau penyampau ke signifikan nitihka pengarap Taoisme (3.4%) enggau Kristian (11.1%), begulai enggau penyampau tubuh Islam ke mit ba kandang endur baka Pulau Pinang. Majoriti peranak India nitihka pengarap Hindu (86.2%), enggau minoriti ke signifikan ngelala diri nyadi orang Kristian (6.0%) tauka Islam (4.1%). Pengarap Kristian nyadi pengarap ke tebal agi ba komuniti bumiputera ukai Melayu (46.5%) enggau tambah 40.4% ngelala diri nyadi orang Islam.<ref name="Population2010" /> Orang Islam diwajibka nitihka pemutus Kort Syariah dalam pekara ti bekaul enggau pengarap sida. Bala akim Islam disadang nitihka sekula undang-undang Islam Shafi’i, iya nya mazhab besai Malaysia.<ref name="Peletz2002" /> Bidang kuasa kort Syariah semina diungkupka ngagai orang Islam dalam pekara baka tikah, pesaka, sarak, murtad, nukar pengarap, enggau hak ngibun anak enggau ke bukai. Nadai penyalah jenayah tauka sivil bukai di baruh kuasa kort Syariah, ti ngembuan hierarki ti sebaka enggau Kort Sivil. Kort Sivil enda mendingka pekara ti bekaul enggau pengawa Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahathir |first=Marina |url=http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222100655/http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2010 |title=Malaysia moving forward in matters of Islam and women by Marina Mahathir |publisher=Common Ground News Service |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=14 September 2010 }}</ref> === Jaku === {{Main|Jaku ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Distribution of Malaysia Families Languages.png|thumb|Agih ruang bilik jaku Malaysia ti dipandangka ngena chura: {{Legend|#FF006E|[[Jaku-jaku Melayik|Melayik]]}} {{Legend|#FF984F|[[Jaku-jaku Borneo|Borneo]]}} {{Legend|#007F0E|[[Jaku-jaku Asli|Asli]]}} {{Legend|#00FF90|[[Jaku-jaku Dayak Darat|Dayak Darat]]}} {{Legend|#4CFF00|[[Jaku-jaku Sama–Bajaw|Sama–Bajaw]]}} {{Legend|#B200FF|[[Philippine languages|Philippine]]}} {{Legend|#FFD800|[[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese]]}} {{Legend|#A0A0A0|Kandang menua enggau mayuh iti jaku}}]] Jaku rasmi enggau bansa menua Malaysia iya nya [[jaku Melayu Malaysia]],<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> siti tukuh standard [[jaku Melayu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |title=Malay, Standard |publisher=Ethnologue |date=2009 |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212712/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |url-status=live }}</ref> Terminologi rasmi sebedau tu iya nya {{Lang|ms|Bahasa Malaysia}} (Jaku Malaysia)<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |title=Mahathir regrets govt focussing too much on Bahasa |work=Daily Express |location=Kota Kinabalu |date=2 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140712044336/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |title=Bahasa Rasmi |publisher=Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit |access-date=19 April 2021 |language=ms |quote=Perkara 152 Perlembagaan Persekutuan menjelaskan bahawa bahasa Melayu yang dikenali juga sebagai bahasa Malaysia adalah bahasa rasmi yang tidak boleh dipertikai fungsi dan peranannya sebagai Bahasa Kebangsaan. |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123259/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |title=Malay Language Malay Identity |author=Encik Md. Asham bin Ahmad |publisher=Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123301/https://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |url-status=live }}</ref> tang diatu polisi perintah ngena {{Lang|ms|"Bahasa Melayu"}} (Jaku Melayu) deka nujuka jaku resmi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |title=Federal Constitution |publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324042906/http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> lalu kededua leka jaku nya mengkang dikena.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia |title=The history of Bahasa Melayu / Malaysia: The language of the Malay(sian) people |last=Fernandez |first=Kathleen |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115124803/https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williamson |first1=Thomas |title=Incorporating a Malaysian Nation |journal=Cultural Anthropology |date=August 2002 |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=401 |doi=10.1525/can.2002.17.3.401 |url=https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123258/https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Akta Bahasa Kebangsaan 1967 netapka urup Latin (Rumi) nyadi tulis rasmi jaku bansa, tang nadai nagang ngena [[urup Jawi]].<ref name="National Language Act 1967">{{Cite act|title=National Language Act 1963/67|url=http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/GOVERNMENT%20PUBLICATION/Publication%20Laws%20of%20Malaysia%20(L.O.M)/National%20Language%20Act%201963-67%20%5BAct%2032%5D.pdf|type=Act|legislature=[[Dewan Rakyat]]|index=32|date=1967}}</ref> Jaku English mengkang nyadi jaku kedua ti aktif, enggau guna iya dikemendarka ungkup sekeda tuju rasmi ari baruh Akta Jaku Nasional 1967.<ref name="National Language Act 1967" /> Ba Sarawak, Jaku English nyadi jaku rasmi negeri begulai enggau jaku Melayu.<ref name="lang1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |title=Sarawak makes English official language along with BM |author=Sulok Tawie |newspaper=Malay Mail |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402114111/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="lang2">{{Cite news |url= http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |title=Sarawak to recognise English as official language besides Bahasa Malaysia |newspaper=Borneo Post |location= Kuching |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082141/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="lang3">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |title=Sarawak adopts English as official language |newspaper=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]] |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=19 November 2015 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223741/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ari segi sejarah, jaku English nyadi jaku perintah de facto; Jaku Melayu nyadi dominan pengudah penyarut bansa 1969 ([[insiden 13 Mei]]).<ref name="History">{{Cite book |last1= Andaya |first1= Barbara Watson |last2= Andaya |first2= Leonard Y.|title = A History of Malaysia |publisher = MacMillan |date = 1982|pages = 26–28, 61, 151–152, 242–243, 254–256, 274, 278 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC|isbn = 978-0-333-27672-3}}</ref> Jaku English tauka dikumbai [[Jaku Inggeris Malaysia|jaku English Malaysia]] iya nya siti tukuh jaku English ti datai ari [[Jaku Inggeris British|jaku English British]]. Jaku English Malaysia mayuh dikena dalam pengawa dagang, begulai enggau [[jaku Manglish]], iya nya jaku English ti dikena sehari-hari enggau pengaruh jaku Melayu, China, enggau Tamil ti berat. Perintah enda meransang ngena jaku Melayu ti enda standard tang nadai kuasa ngeluarka kompaun tauka ukum ngagai sida ti ngena utai ti dianggap enda menuku jaku Melayu ba iklan sida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimmer |first=Benjamin |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |title=Language Log: Malaysia cracks down on "salad language" |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |date=5 October 2006 |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620134708/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |title=Dewan Bahasa champions use of BM in ads |work=New Straits Times |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=14 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131024015500/http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |archive-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mayuh jaku bukai dikena di Malaysia, ti ngundan orang ti bejaku 137 bansa jaku ti idup.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |url-status=live }}</ref> Semenanjung Malaysia ngundan orang ke bejaku ngena 41 iti jaku tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia (Peninsular) |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Suku bansa asal Malaysia Timur bisi jaku kediri empu ti bekaul enggau, tang mudah dibida enggau, jaku Melayu. [[Jaku Iban]] nyadi batang jaku suku bansa di Sarawak seraya jaku Dusunik enggau Kadazan dikena orang asal di Sabah.<ref>{{Cite book|last1 = Adelaar|first1 = Alexander|last2 = Himmelmann|first2 = Nikolaus P.|title = The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar|publisher = Taylor and Francis Group|date = 2005|pages = 56, 397|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|isbn = 978-0-7007-1286-1|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 5 August 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200805193042/https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|url-status = live}}</ref> Rayat Malaysia China tebal agi bejaku ngena dialek China ari bagi menua selatan China. Jaku China ke suah agi ditemu ba menua tu iya nya jaku Mandarin, Kanton, Hokkien, enggau ke bukai.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gerhard |first1=Leitner |last2=Azirah |first2=Hashim |last3=Hans-Georg |first3=Wolf |last4=Xiaomei |first4=W. |title=Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language |date=2016 |section=The Chinese language in the Asian diaspora: A Malaysian experience |section-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |isbn=978-1-107-06261-0 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=205–215 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781107477186.014 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204010907/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaku Tamil tu tebal dikena majoriti bansa India Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schiffman|first=Harold F.|title=Malaysian Tamils and Tamil Linguistic Culture|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|date=31 December 1998|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|access-date=13 June 2022|archive-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825024104/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sekeda rayat Malaysia ngembuan peturun Eropah lalu bejaku ngena jaku kreol, baka [[jaku Kristang]] ti bepelasarka jaku Portugis,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Malaysian Creole Portuguese: Asian, African or European? |date=1975 |jstor=30027570 |pages=211–236 |last1=Hancock |first1=I. F. |volume=17 |issue=5 |journal=Anthropological Linguistics}}</ref> enggau [[jaku Chavacano]] ti bepelasarka jaku Sepanyol.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Michaelis|first = Susanne|title = Roots of Creole structures|publisher = John Benjamins Publishing Co|date = 2008|page = 279|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC|isbn = 978-90-272-5255-5}}</ref> == Nota == <references group="fn" /> <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist|2}} == Laman web ke bukai == === Perintah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my Perintah] – Laman web rasmi perintah Malaysia * [https://www.istananegara.gov.my/ Istana Negara] – laman web rasmi raja Malaysia * [https://www.pmo.gov.my/ Menteri Besai] – laman web rasmi menteri besai Malaysia * [http://www.parlimen.gov.my Parlimen] – laman web rasmi Parlimen Malaysia * [https://kehakiman.gov.my Kort Federal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718131408/https://www.kehakiman.gov.my/ |date=18 July 2025 }} – laman web rasmi Ketuai Rejistrar Kort Federal Malaysia * [https://www.dosm.gov.my Statistik] – laman web rasmi Opis Statistik Malaysia === Sejarah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 "History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719045812/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 |date=19 July 2023 }} – Sejarah Malaysia ba perintah Malaysia === Dagang temuai === * [https://www.malaysia.travel/ Malaysia Truly Asia] – portal rasmi pengawa dagang temuai Malaysia [[Kategori:Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Menua kaban Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara]] == Perintah enggau politik == {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|align=right|caption_align=center|image1=King Ibrahim of Malaysia August 2025.jpg|caption1=[[Ibrahim Iskandar]]<br /><small>[[Raja Malaysia|Raja]]</small>|image2=Anwar Ibrahim in June 2026.jpg|caption2=[[Anwar Ibrahim]]<br /><small>[[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]</small>}} [[File:Istana_Negara_tepi.jpg|thumb| [[Istana Negara]], palan pengentap pendiau enggau opis rasmi [[Raja Malaysia]].]] [[File:Perdana_Putra.jpg|thumb| [[Perdana Putra]], opis [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]].]] Malaysia nyadi menua [[raja bepilih]] [[Raja bekonstitusyen|bekonstitusyen]] [[Raja federal|federal]] lalu mina sebengkah aja menua federal di [[Asia Tenggara]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 January 2018|title=Could Federalism Smooth Southeast Asia's Rough Edges?|url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025080259/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|archive-date=25 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|agency=Stratfor}}</ref> Sistem perintah tu dichuntoka enggau sistem parlimen [[Sistem Westminster|Westminster]], iya nya diwaris ari [[Empayar British|perintah British]].<ref name="FITA2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Ketuai menua iya nya Raja, ke ngembuan gela rasmi iya nya [[Raja Malaysia|Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]. Raja dipilih ungkup timpuh lima taun ulih enggau ari entara semilan iku pemerintah turun temurun negeri-negeri Melayu. Empat nengeri ke bukai, ke ngembuan Gabenor gela, enda enggau ba pengawa milih. Nengah sempekat enda formal pangku pengawa nya betukar entara semilan iku nya.<ref name="FITA">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Pengawa Raja nya mayuh agi nyadi seremonial kenyau ari ubah ba [[Konstitusyen Malaysia|konstitusyen]] dalam taun 1994, milih menteri enggau kaban dewan tinggi.<ref name="dfat">{{cite web|date=February 2014|title=Malaysia country brief|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027035312/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|archive-date=27 October 2014|access-date=22 October 2014|publisher=Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Kuasa legislatif dibagi entara legislatif perintah besai enggau negeri. [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] perintah besai dua ruang tu bisi dewan baruh, [[Dewan Rakyat]] (ke mega dikelala enggau nama Dewan Pengari Rayat) enggau dewan atas, [[Dewan Negara]] (tauka Senat).<ref>{{cite web|date=3 June 2010|title=Background|url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053421/http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|archive-date=6 November 2018|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Parlimen Malaysia}}</ref> Dewan Pengari Rayat ke bisi 222 iku kaban dipilih ungkup timpuh maksimum lima taun ari sitak ke bisi kaban tunggal. Semua 70 iku senator duduk ungkup timpuh tiga taun; 26 dipilih 13 bengkah Aum Kunsil Negeri, lalu 44 ke bukai dichiri Raja nitihka lalau Menteri Besai.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Parlimen nitihka sistem mayuh parti lalu perintah dipilih nengah sistem ‘pemenang pilih pemadu mayuh'.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=John W. Langford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-sti92Y7TkC&pg=PA101 |title=The Changing Shape of Government in the Asia-Pacific Region |last2=K. Lorne Brownsey |publisher=IRPP |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-88645-060-1 |pages=101–}}</ref> [[Pengawa bepilih ba Malaysia|Pengawa bepilih]] parlimen diatur enda kurang ari lima taun sekali.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Sebedau taun 2018, semina pengundi ke berejista ke beumur 21 taun ke atas aja ulih ngundi kaban Dewan Rakyat lalu, ba tebal agi nengeri, ungkup dewan legislatif nengeri. Ngundi ukai pengawa ti wajib.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2008|title=Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat)|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205034849/http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|archive-date=5 December 2010|access-date=29 September 2008|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> Kena bulan Julai 2019, rang undang-undang nurunka [[umur bepilih]] ngagai 18 taun udah dikemendarka enggau rasmi.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Martin Carvalho|author2=Hemananthani Sivanandam|author3=Rahimy Rahim|author4=Tarrence Tan|date=16 July 2019|title=Dewan Rakyat passes Bill to amend Federal Constitution to lower voting age to 18|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928064607/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18|archive-date=28 September 2022|access-date=16 July 2019|work=The Star}}</ref> [[Eksekutif (perintah)|Kuasa eksekutif]] diberi ngagai [[Kabinet Malaysia|Kabinet]], ti betuaika [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]. Menteri Besai nya mesti nyadi kaban Dewan Rakyat, ti ba penemu Raja ti Pemadu Tinggi, merintah sukung ari majoriti kaban. Kabinet dipilih ari kaban kededua dewan Parlimen.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Menteri Besai nyadi [[Kabinet Malaysia|tuai kabinet]] enggau [[ketuai perintah]]. Kenyau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]], Malaysia diperintah gempung politik [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH),<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> taja pan Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] ngelengka pangku pengawa ba tengah [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ba taun 2020. Kena bulan Mach 2020, gempung [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) ditumbuhka ari baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Muhyiddin Yassin]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 February 2020|title=Palace: Muhyiddin to be sworn in as PM|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229121939/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|archive-date=29 February 2020|access-date=29 February 2020|work=The Star Online}}</ref> sebedau Muhyiddin lenyau sukung majoriti lalu diganti sapit Menteri Besai [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]], seiku kaban politik veteran ari [[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup|Gerempung Nasional Melayu Bersatu]] (UMNO), dalam bulan Ogos<ref>{{cite news|date=21 August 2021|title=Ismail Sabri sworn in as Malaysia's ninth Prime Minister|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821173721/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|archive-date=21 August 2021|access-date=22 August 2021|work=The Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia's Ismail Sabri Yaakob sworn in as new PM|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201131632/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> Kenyau [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022]], parlimen gantung dipilih. [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ari gempung PH dipaduka nyadi Menteri Besai ke baru ngiring perintah gempung PH, [[Barisan Nasional]], [[Gempung Parti Sarawak]], [[Gempung Rayat Sabah]] enggau sekeda parti politik enggau ngatika diri ke bukai. Berebak enggau nya, PN, semina gempung politik ke nadai dalam gempung perintah, nyadi Penyakal. [[Undang-undang Malaysia|Sistem undang-undang Malaysia]] bepelasarka undang-undang selama.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Taja pan pengawa akim lepas ari sukut teori, tang pengelepas iya udah dikerandauka lalu pengawa nyiri akim nadai akauntabiliti enggau transparen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Attacks on Justice – Malaysia|url=http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119080422/http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-date=19 January 2012|access-date=5 December 2011|publisher=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> Kort ke pemadu tinggi dalam sistem akim iya nya [[Kort Federal Malaysia|Kort Federal]], ditangkanka [[Kort Apil Malaysia|Kort Apil]] enggau dua buah [[Kort tinggi (Malaysia)|kort tinggi]], siti ungkup Semenanjung Malaysia enggau siti ungkup Malaysia Timur. Malaysia mega bisi siti kort spesyel dikena mendingka kes ti dibai tauka ngelaban royalti.<ref name="criminal court system2">{{cite web|title=Malaysian criminal court system|url=http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090557/http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|archive-date=15 May 2011|access-date=15 December 2010|publisher=Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers}}</ref> Pengudah UMNO lenyau kuasa ba [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018]], penuduk Malaysia niki 9 penuduk dalam Indeks Demokrasi 2019 ngagai penuduk lumur 43 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya; menua tu diklasifikasyenka nyadi ‘demokrasi ti bisi penimpang’.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2019 A year of democratic setbacks and popular protest|url=https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|url-access=registration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213043744/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|archive-date=13 February 2021|access-date=27 October 2020|website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU.com]]}}</ref> Penuduk Malaysia dalam [[Indeks Pengelepas Pengarang Berita]] 2020 niki 22 penuduk ngagai penuduk lumur 101 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya, lalu nyadika iya siti ari dua buah menua di Asia Tenggara ke nadai ‘Situasi Susah’ tauka ‘Situasi Keberat Serius’ bekaul enggau pengelepas pengarang berita.<ref>{{cite web|year=2020|title=2020 World Press Freedom Index|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423104703/https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|archive-date=23 April 2020|access-date=27 October 2020|work=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Taja pia, iya nurun 18 endur ba taun ke nangkanka nya ketegal polisi perintah PN.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia: Back to harassment, intimidation and censorship {{!}} Reporters without borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124091549/https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|archive-date=24 November 2021|access-date=26 July 2021|website=RSF|language=en}}</ref> Malaysia ba penuduk lumur 48 enggau 62 nitihka [[Indeks Persepsyen Makai Suap]] 2021, ti nunjukka tikas [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] ti ngelui ari purata. Freedom House beratika Malaysia “bibas sebagi” dalam pansik sida ba taun 2018.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 June 2018|title=Malaysia considers amending human trafficking law after U.S. report|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407142237/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|archive-date=7 April 2020|access-date=7 April 2020|website=Reuters}}</ref> Siti saman ti digaga [[Opis Pengelurus Amerika Serikat]] nuduhka pengabis mimit $3.5 billion ti ngaul ex-menteri besai [[Najib Razak]] udah dichuri ari wang turu enggi perintah menua Malaysia [[1MDB]], ti dikelala enggau nama [[Skandal 1MDB|skandal 1Malaysia Development Berhad]].<ref name=":02">{{cite news|date=28 July 2016|title=1MDB: The inside story of the world's biggest financial scandal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111085317/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|archive-date=11 November 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=1MDB: The playboys, PMs and partygoers around a global financial scandal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721081321/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|archive-date=21 July 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=The bizarre story of 1MDB, the Goldman Sachs-backed Malaysian fund that turned into one of the biggest scandals in financial history|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117032748/https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|archive-date=17 November 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=Business Insider}}</ref> Naka taun 2025, iya ba penuduk lumur 13 ba [[Indeks Pemaik Global]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2025 Global Peace Index|url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/GPI-2025-web.pdf|access-date=2025-09-26|website=Institute for Economics & Peace|publisher=[[Institute for Economics & Peace]]|publication-date=June 2025}}</ref> === Bagi jalai perintah === {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" |{{Malaysia Labelled Map}} |} Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua federasyen ti ngundan [[Negeri enggau kandang menua federal ba Malaysia|13 negeri enggau tiga kandang menua federal]].<ref>{{cite news|date=2 November 2015|title=Understanding the Federation of Malaysia|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105113420/http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-date=5 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Ari penyampau nya, 11 negeri enggau dua kandang menua federal bisi ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]], lalu dua bengkah negeri enggau siti kandang menua federal ke bukai mungkur [[Malaysia Timur]]. Menua tu bisi tiga renggat perintah— [[Perintah menua Malaysia|perintah federal]], [[Perintah negeri ba Malaysia|negeri]], enggau kandang menua.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|year=2018|title=The Local Government System in Malaysia|url=https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Commonwealth Local Government Forum]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220050855/https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Pengawa merintah nengeri dibagi entara perintah federal enggau perintah negeri, enggau kuasa ti bebida diungkupka ngagai tiap iku, lalu perintah federal bisi kuasa perintah terus ba kandang menua federal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Territories and State Governments|url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222231636/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-date=22 February 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Malaysian government}}</ref> Tetiap negeri bisi [[Aum kunsil negeri ba Malaysia|Aum Kunsil Negeri]] ke ngembuan siti ruang bilik ke alai kaban iya dipilih ari sitak ke bisi siku kaban. Perintah negeri betuaika [[Kepala perintah negeri ba Malaysia|Kepala Menteri]],<ref name="state.gov2" /> ti nyadi kaban Aum Kunsil Negeri ari parti majoriti dalam dewan. Ba tiap-tiap nengeri ke bisi pemerintah turun temurun, Kepala Menteri biasa iya dipinta nyadi [[Melayu|orang Melayu]], dichiri pemerintah nitihka lalau [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-3155j7FLkC |title=The management of secondary cities in southeast Asia |publisher=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements |year=1996 |isbn=978-92-1-131313-0 |page=120}}</ref> Naka [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|taun 2018]], pengawa bepilih negeri diatur berebak enggau pengawa bepilih besai nengah konvensyen, kelimpah ari ke di [[Sarawak]]. Berindik ari [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–2022|krisis politik 2020–2022]], semina [[Pahang]], [[Perak]] enggau [[Perlis]] milih bejalaika pengawa bepilih negeri sida sejalai enggau pengawa bepilih besai.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hutchinson|first=Francis E.|date=15 May 2024|title=Malaysia's Out-of-Sync Federal and State Elections: The Good, the Bad, and the Untimely|url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|url-status=live|journal=[[ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute]]|language=en-US|volume=2024|issue=34|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220053516/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Dipegai ba baruh perintah besai enggau negeri, [[Perintah kandang menua ba Malaysia|perintah kandang menua]] ngarika renggat pemerintah ke pemadu baruh di Malaysia. Naka taun 2024, Malaysia dibagi entara 19 bengkah nengeri, 40 bengkah kandang mengeri, 91 buah kunsil renggat pelilih menua, enggau empat bengkah ejensi bekanun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senarai PBT|trans-title=List of local governments|url=https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118151239/https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|archive-date=18 January 2025|access-date=22 December 2024|website=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=ms}}</ref> Seraya konstitusyen perintah besai ngagihka perintah kandang menua ngagai bidang kuasa eksklusif perintah negeri,<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to local government in Malaysia|url=http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328212349/http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2018|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Universiti Teknologi Mara}}</ref> dalam praktikal, [[Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua (Malaysia)|Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua perintah federal]] ngemataka pengawa ngatur undang-undang enggau polisi kandang menua.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Nooi, Phang Siew|date=May 2008|title=Decentralisation or recentralisation? Trends in local government in Malaysia|url=http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909145130/http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|archive-date=9 September 2016|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance}}</ref> [[Ketuai Mengeri]] (tauka presiden ungkup kunsil kandang mengeri enggau pelilih menua) enggau [[kaunsilor]] dichiri perintah negeri ke bekaul, tauka dalam kes kandang menua perintah federal, dichiri perintah federal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|year=2023|title=Rujukan Ringkas Mengenai Dasar-Dasar Berkaitan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan Edisi 2023|trans-title=Summary on Local Government Policies 2023 Edition|url=https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=MS|page=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035246/https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Undang-undang perintah federal ngagihka pekara tanah, nyengkaum pengawa ngaga garis entara [[Rintai pelilih menua ba Malaysia|pelilih menua]], ngagai bidang kuasa perintah negeri.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2020|title=National Land Code|url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Malaysian federal government]]|page=54|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202093708/https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2025|access-date=20 December 2024|via=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Kelimpah ari Perlis enggau kandang menua federal, tiap negeri dibagi ngagai pelilih menua, ti dibagi baru ngagai [[mukim]]. Di [[Sabah]] enggau [[Sarawak]], pelilih menua digelumu ngagai bagi menua.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia Districts|url=http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201132451/http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|archive-date=1 December 2020|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Statoids}}</ref> Bebida enggau perintah kandang menua ti ngatur kuasa perintah kandang mengeri enggau pemansang infrastruktur,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=E.|first1=Lo Vullo|last2=Ho|first2=C. S.|last3=Chau|first3=L. W.|last4=F.|first4=Monforti|last5=V.|first5=Palermo|last6=S.|first6=Rivas|last7=P.|first7=Bertoldi|year=2022|title=How to Develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP) in Southeast Asia-Malaysia|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360823096|journal=[[Publications Office of the European Union]]|page=6|doi=10.2760/50282|isbn=978-92-76-52424-3|via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> pelilih menua semina dikena ungkup chukai tanah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adnan|first1=M. Z.|last2=Suratman|first2=R. Suratman|last3=Samsudin|first3=S.|year=2019|title=Key Geographical Features on Malaysia's Land Tax System: A Comparison Study in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia|journal=International Geography Seminar 2019|volume=683|issue=683|page=2|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/683/1/012095|doi-access=free}}</ref> 13 bengkah negeri nya bepelasarka menua perintah Melayu besejarah, lalu 9 ari 11 negeri Semenanjung, ke dikelala enggau nama negeri Melayu, ngetanka ruang bilik diraja sida. [[Raja Malaysia|Raja]] dipilih sereta ari semilan iku pemerintah ngambika mangku pengawa pengelama lima taun.<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Raja tu nyiri gabenor ti mangku pengawa pengelama empat taun ke negeri-negeri ti nadai raja, pengudah berunding enggau kepala menteri negeri nya. Tiap negeri bisi konstitusyen betulis.<ref name="Lim Hong Hai">{{cite web|author=Hai, Lim Hong|title=Electoral Politics in Malaysia: 'Managing' Elections in a Plural Society|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190212/http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Sabah enggau Sarawak ngembuan autonomi ke jauh mayuh agi ari negeri bukai, ke pemadu tebilang ngembuan polisi enggau kawal imigresyen kediri, sereta status peranak menua ke nyelai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannum, Hurst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oV3pKJfnvcC&pg=PA342 |title=Basic Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7923-1977-1 |pages=342–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Lockard, Craig A.|date=March 2000|title=Sabah and Sarawak: The Politics of Development and Federalism. Kajian Malaysia, Special Issue. Edited by Francis Loh Kok Wah. Penang: Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1997. Pp. 236.|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies]]|volume=31|issue=1|pages=210–213|doi=10.1017/S0022463400016192|s2cid=154586268}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bong|first1=Karen|last2=Pilo|first2=Wilfred|name-list-style=amp|date=16 September 2011|title=An agreement forged and forgotten|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102042307/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|archive-date=2 November 2015|access-date=3 July 2014|work=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> Pengawa champur tangan perintah besai dalam pengawa negeri, kurang pemansang, enggau laya ketegal royalti minyak bisi sekali-sekala ngujungka penerang pasal nyerara diri ari bala ketuai di sekeda negeri baka [[Pulau Pinang]], [[Johor]], [[Kelantan]], Sabah enggau Sarawak, taja pan pekara tu bedau dititihka lalu nadai pengawa meredeka ti berat bisi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Koay|first=Su Lin|date=September 2016|title=Penang: The Rebel State (Part One)|url=http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|website=Penang Monthly}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chin|first=James|year=1997|title=Politics of Federal Intervention in Malaysia, with reference to Kelantan, Sarawak and Sabah|url=https://www.academia.edu/2954857|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics|volume=35|pages=96–120|doi=10.1080/14662049708447747|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809133946/https://www.academia.edu/2954857|archive-date=9 August 2021|access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli|date=18 October 2015|title=Could the Federation of Malaysia really come apart?|url=http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027202437/http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|archive-date=27 October 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|publisher=[[Astro Awani]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=3 November 2015|title=Will things fall apart in the Malaysian federation?|url=http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation?|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106024352/http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation|archive-date=6 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=Today|location=Singapore}}</ref> ; Negeri Rintai 13 bengkah negeri enggau tiap indu nengeri (dalam tanda kurung): {{div col|colwidth=22em}} # {{flagicon|Johor}} [[Johor]] ([[Johor Bahru]]) # {{flagicon|Kedah}} [[Kedah]] ([[Alor Setar]]) # {{flagicon|Kelantan}} [[Kelantan]] ([[Kota Bharu]]) # {{flagicon|Melaka}} [[Melaka]] ([[Nengeri Melaka]]) # {{flagicon|Negeri Sembilan}} [[Negeri Sembilan]] ([[Seremban]]) # {{flagicon|Pahang}} [[Pahang]] ([[Kuantan]]) # {{flagicon|Pulau Pinang}} [[Pulau Pinang]] ([[George Town, Pulau Pinang|George Town]]) # {{flagicon|Perak}} [[Perak]] ([[Ipoh]]) # {{flagicon|Perlis}} [[Perlis]] ([[Kangar]]) # {{flagicon|Selangor}} [[Selangor]] ([[Shah Alam]]) # {{flagicon|Sabah}} [[Sabah]] ([[Kota Kinabalu]]) # {{flagicon|Sarawak}} [[Sarawak]] ([[Kuching]]) # {{flagicon|Terengganu}} [[Terengganu]] ([[Kuala Terengganu]]) {{div col end}} ; Kandang menua federal # {{flagicon|Kuala Lumpur}} [[Kuala Lumpur|Kandang Menua Federal Kuala Lumpur]] # {{flagicon|Labuan}} [[Labuan|Kandang Menua Federal Labuan]] ([[Victoria, Labuan|Victoria]]) # {{flagicon|Putrajaya}} [[Putrajaya|Kandang Menua Federal Putrajaya]] === Kaul enggau menua luar enggau soldadu === [[File:2025_Donald_Trump,_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia_Seri_Anwar_Ibrahim,_Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia_Hun_Manet_and_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand_Anutin_Charnvirakul_before_signing_the_Kuala_Lumpur_Accord_on_October_25_at_the_ASEAN_Summit.jpg|thumb| (Kiba ke kanan) Menteri Besai Malaysia [[Anwar Ibrahim]], Presiden Amerika Serikat [[Donald Trump]], Menteri Besai Thailand [[Anutin Charnvirakul]] enggau Menteri Besai Kemboja [[Hun Manet]] pengudah nyain [[Sempekat Pengelikun Kuala Lumpur]], ti nyadi maya [[Aum Besai ASEAN 2025|Aum Besai ASEAN Ke-47]], 26 Oktober 2025.]] Sebengkah ari kaban pemungkal [[Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara|ASEAN]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview|url=http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109233326/http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-date=9 January 2008|access-date=8 November 2007|publisher=Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}</ref> enggau [[Gerempung Kerejasama Islam|OIC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Affairs (OIC) and D8 Division|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064902/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-date=9 March 2017|access-date=12 November 2010|publisher=Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> menua tu ngambi bagi dalam mayuh gerempung entarabansa baka [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (GBB),<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Kerejasama Ekonomi Asia Pasifik|APEC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Gerempung D-8 ungkup Kerejasama Ekonomi|Gerempung Kerejasama Ekonomi D-8]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia|url=http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630135700/http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-date=30 June 2017|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Developing 8 Countries}}</ref> enggau NAM.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States|url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233514/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-date=9 December 2010|access-date=5 September 2010|publisher=Non-Aligned Movement}}</ref> Iya kala nyadi chairman ASEAN, OIC, enggau NAM suba.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Ketegal menua tu [[Koloni mahkota|Koloni British]] suba, iya mega nyadi kaban [[Komanwel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Member States|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/142227/members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120634/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/member-countries|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref> [[Kuala Lumpur]] nyadi palan [[Aum Besai Asia Timur|EAC]] keterubah dalam taun 2005.<ref name="govtnz2">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Polisi luar Malaysia sechara rasmi bepelasarka prinsip neutral enggau ngetanka kaul likun enggau semua menua, enda ngira sistem politik sida.<ref name="kln2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia's Foreign Policy|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704114645/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|archive-date=4 July 2018|access-date=21 September 2010|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> Perintah ngemeratka pengelikun enggau penegap [[Asia Tenggara]],<ref name="govtnz3">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> lalu nguji ngemansangka agi kaul enggau menua bukai ba kandang menua nya. Ari segi sejarah perintah udah nguji ngayanka Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua Islam ti progresif <ref name="kln">{{Cite web}}</ref> seraya ngerapitka kaul enggau [[menua Islam]] bukai. <ref name="govtnz">{{Cite web}}</ref> Siti prinsip ti tegap dalam polisi Malaysia iya nya sovereiniti menua enggau hak sesebengkah menua nguasa pengawa dalam menua iya. Malaysia nyain sempekat GBB pasal [[Sempekat Tagang Senyata Nuklear|Tagang Senyata Nuklear]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 July 2017|title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|archive-date=6 August 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 August 2019|title=Japan should support nuclear ban treaty, says Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409090214/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|archive-date=9 April 2023|access-date=16 August 2019|work=The Japan Times}}</ref> [[Pulau-pulau Spratly]] diperebutka mayuh muea ba kandang menua nya, lalu [[Jurai kandang menua ba Tasik China Selatan|sebagi besai ari Tasik China Selatan]] dituntut [[China]]. Bebida enggau menua sepiak iya [[Vietnam]] enggau [[Filipina]], Malaysia ari sukut sejarah nyeliahka diri ari konflik enggau China.<ref>{{cite news|last=Diola|first=Camille|date=25 June 2014|title=Why Malaysia, unlike Philippines, keeps quiet on sea row|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627165932/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|archive-date=27 June 2014|access-date=25 June 2014|work=[[The Philippine Star]]}}</ref> Taja pia, sepengudah kapal China nyerungkai tasik kandang menua Malaysia,<ref>{{cite news|date=27 September 2015|title=Presence of China Coast Guard ship at Luconia Shoals spooks local fishermen|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929005731/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=28 September 2015|newspaper=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> enggau ngelanggar kandang udara ngena bilun soldadu sida, Malaysia udah chakah ngutuk China.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2015|title=Malaysia lodges diplomatic protest against intrusion at Beting Patinggi Ali|url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929024442/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=16 August 2015|work=The Rakyat Post|agency=Bernama}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Blanchard|first1=Ben|last2=Pullin|first2=Richard|date=18 October 2015|title=Malaysia slams China's 'provocation' in South China Sea|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019120244/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=20 October 2015|work=Channel News Asia|agency=Reuters}}</ref> [[Brunei]] enggau Malaysia dalam taun 2009 madahka deka ngetuka pengawa nuntut tanah pangan diri, lalu meri komitmen mutarka isu ti bekaul enggau garis entara menua maritim sida.<ref>{{cite news|last=Masli|first=Ubaidillah|date=17 March 2009|title=Brunei drops all claims to Limbang|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712162447/http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-date=12 July 2014|access-date=23 August 2013|url-status=usurped|work=[[The Brunei Times]]}}</ref> Filipina bisi [[Jurai Borneo Utara|tuntut ti enda aktif]] ba bagi menua timur [[Sabah]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG2">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref> Pengawa nuntut tanah [[Singapura]] udah ngasuh penyarut nyadi,<ref>{{cite web|title=Disputed&nbsp;– International|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014013059/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|archive-date=14 October 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=CIA}}</ref> lalu penyarut mit ba garis entara menua maritim enggau darat bisi enggau [[Indonesia]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 October 2015|title=Border disputes differ for Indonesia, M'sia|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019135525/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=19 October 2015|newspaper=[[Daily Express (Malaysia)|Daily Express]]|location=Kota Kinabalu}}</ref> [[File:Su30mkm_flying_at_lima_two_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Bilun [[Sukhoi Su-30MKM]] TUDM]] [[Raban Besenyata Malaysia]] bisi tiga pampang: [[Soldadu Malaysia]], [[Soldadu Tasik Diraja Malaysia]] enggau [[Soldadu Langit Diraja Malaysia]]. Nadai pengawa soldadu, lalu umur ke dipinta kena nyadi soldadu enggau sukarela iya nya 18 taun. Sedadu ngena 1.5% ari GDP menua, lalu ngambi 1.23% ari pengereja pengawa Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysian Military statistics|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806213531/http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|archive-date=6 August 2013|access-date=1 October 2010|publisher=NationMaster}}</ref> Raban penyaga pemaik Malaysia ari [[MALBATT]] udah meri bantu ngagai mayuh pengawa nyaga pemaik PBB, baka di [[Operasyen Gerempung Bansa Beserakup ba Kongo|Kongo]], [[Raban Pemerati Soldadu Iran–Irak Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|Iran–Irak]], [[Raban Pemantu Pengalih|Namibia]], Kemboja, Bosnia enggau Herzegovina, Somalia, Kosovo, Timor Leste, enggau Lebanon.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{cite web|date=12 February 2013|title=Malaysia – Permanent Missions to the United Nations|url=http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034708/http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2013|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> [[Atur Pengetan Kuasa Lima]] nya inisiatif pengelikun pelilih menua ke udah dipejalaika semak 40 taun. Iya ngaul pengawa latih sedadu begulai ke diatur entara Malaysia, Singapura, Australia, New Zealand, enggau United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 April 2010|title=Australia says major military exercise underway in Malaysia|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201942/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=1 October 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref> Latih begulai enggau main perang mega udah diatur enggau Brunei,<ref>{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Daniel|date=20 April 2014|title=Brunei, M'sia train in 11th military exercise|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208183256/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-date=8 December 2014|access-date=5 November 2014|url-status=usurped|work=The Brunei Times}}</ref> China,<ref>{{cite web|author=Yao Jianing|date=17 September 2015|title=First China-Malaysia joint military exercise held in Malacca Strait|url=http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001184454/http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|work=China Military Online|publisher=[[Ministry of National Defense (China)|Ministry of National Defense]]}}</ref> India,<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Anand|date=30 April 2018|title=First Ever Joint Army exercise on Malaysian Soil Commences with Handing-Over of Troops Ceremony|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001183858/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=2 October 2018|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] (India)}}</ref> Indonesia,<ref>{{cite news|date=13 September 2010|title=Indonesia-Malaysia military exercises must continue&nbsp;– defence minister|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922134210/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-date=22 September 2010|access-date=1 October 2010|work=ANTARA News}}</ref> Jipun,<ref>{{cite web|author=John Grevatt|date=12 September 2018|title=Japan, Malaysia sign defence accord|url=https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001185203/https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]}}</ref> enggau Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 August 2014|title=Malaysia, US armed forces in joint exercise|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175613/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=26 August 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Malaysia, Filipina, Thailand, enggau Vietnam udah setuju ngatur latih begulai raban pengelikun dikena nyaga garis entara menua maritim sida sereta mutarka isu baka imigresyen nadai pemendar, lanun, enggau pengawa mai barang sechara belalai.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2010|title=Malaysia, Philippines committed to enhancing border security|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205247/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=18 September 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 2013|title=Piracy in Southeast Asia: Organised Criminal Syndicates or Small Scale Opportunists?|url=http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724082702/http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2015|access-date=24 July 2015|work=Gray Page}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carvalho|first=Martin|date=15 May 2012|title=Malaysia, Thailand military exercise to include other agencies, Asean members|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709181144/https://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=5 November 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref>Sebedau tu bisi pengirau ati pengawa militan ekstremis ba kandang endur Islam di [[Konflik Moro|selatan Filipina]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sherman|first1=Ray|last2=David|first2=Nisha|date=6 March 2020|title=Malaysia Bolsters Security Near Sea Border with Philippines|url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=Benar News}}</ref> enggau [[Charut Selatan Thailand|selatan Thailand]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Kent|first=Jonathan|date=28 April 2004|title=Malaysia ups Thai border security|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|archive-date=2 December 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref> deka ngelekai ngagai Malaysia. Ketegal nya, Malaysia berengkah nambahka pengelikun garis entara menua.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=19 April 2022|title=Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Consider Expanding Sulu Sea Trilateral Patrols|url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204234639/https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sallehuddin|first1=Qistina|last2=Kuan|first2=Samantha|date=9 December 2022|title=Govt to step up Malaysian-Thai border security|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/12/859251/govt-step-malaysian-thai-border-security|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=New Straits Times}}</ref> === Hak Asasi Mensia === [[Homoseksualiti]] [[Hak LGBTQ ba Malaysia|enda dikemendarka di Malaysia]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|last2=Cameron|first2=Darla|date=16 June 2016|title=Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523191423/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|archive-date=23 May 2017|access-date=21 May 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Avery|first=Daniel|date=4 April 2019|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|archive-date=11 December 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|work=Newsweek}}</ref> lalu piak bekuasa udah netapka ukum baka ngena rutan enggau jil.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lamb|first=Kate|date=3 September 2018|title=Women caned in Malaysia for attempting to have lesbian sex|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/03/women-caned-in-malaysia-for-attempting-to-have-lesbian-sex|access-date=26 May 2019|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 November 2019|title=Malaysia sentences five men to jail, caning and fines for gay sex|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> [[Pengawa bedagangka mensia]] enggau [[pengawa bedagangka seks di Malaysia]] nyadi penanggul ti signifikan.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 May 2017|title=Malaysia must wake up to its human trafficking problem|url=https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710111418/https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|archive-date=10 July 2022|access-date=7 April 2020|website=New Mandala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 June 2014|title=US penalises Malaysia for shameful human trafficking record|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/20/malaysia-us-human-trafficking-persons-report|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Bisi mega kes ngakim kediri ti munuh sereta bekasarka individu LGBT di Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 August 2018|title=A brutal assault and rising fear in Malaysia's LGBT community|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525033617/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|archive-date=25 May 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 January 2021|title=Malaysia: Government Steps Up Attacks on LGBT People|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|language=en}}</ref> Pengawa ti enda sah ba pengawa homoseksualiti di Malaysia mega udah nyadika batang [[Pengawa bechara sodomi Anwar Ibrahim|pengawa bechara sodomi]] [[Anwar Ibrahim]], ti dikumbai Anwar bemotif politik, sebengkah chara ti disukung Raban Kereja pasal Pengawa Ngetanka Sepeneka Ati, begulai enggau Amnesty Antarabansa enggau Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 July 2008|title=Malaysia: Political Motivations Undermine Anwar Case|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173815/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Doherty|first1=Ben|date=10 February 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim guilty in sodomy case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/10/anwar-ibrahim-guilty-in-sodomy-case|access-date=27 June 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 November 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim: Malaysia opposition leader 'should be freed'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34704563|access-date=27 June 2022|website=BBC News}}</ref> Ukum mati dikena ungkup penyalah ti berat baka [[Pengawa munuh|munuh]], pengani, enggau [[Dagang dadah enda sah|bedagangka dadah]], sekeda ari penyalah nya kala nyadi mandatori.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 January 2015|title=Laws of Malaysia [Act 574]|url=http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20%5BAct%20574%5D2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203104609/http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20&#91;Act%20574&#93;2.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2020|access-date=13 October 2016|publisher=Attorney General's Chamber}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Death Penalty in Malaysia|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626042150/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom]]}}</ref> Taja pia, dalam bulan Julai 2023, berindik ari pengawa ngemendarka [[Akta Pengapus Ukum Mati Mandatori 2023]], ukum mati mandatori dipunaska ungkup semua penyalah di Malaysia, lalu ari nya ngemendarka akim neritka ukum mati nitihka peneka ati sida empu sereta nitihka kes. Undang-undang baru nya mega ngemunaska semua ukum jil seumur idup semula jadi, nganti nya enggau ukum jil 30 ngagai 40 taun nganti nya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Latiff|first=Rozanna|date=3 April 2023|title=Malaysia scraps mandatory death penalty, natural-life prison terms|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysia-parliament-approves-law-remove-mandatory-death-penalty-2023-04-03/|access-date=9 June 2025|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yusry|first=Muhammad|date=3 July 2023|title=Abolishment of mandatory death penalty gazetted, to come into force tomorrow|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/07/03/abolishment-of-mandatory-death-penalty-gazetted-to-come-into-force-tomorrow/77669|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tee|first=Kenneth|date=3 April 2023|title=A brief history of Malaysia's capital punishment and death row inmates|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/04/03/a-brief-history-of-malaysias-capital-punishment-and-death-row-inmates/62376|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref> 5fzt78qr8h5dsaenylw2sb9lqulv1se 20065 20064 2026-10-16T16:29:27Z KiranBOT 952 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v3.1.1s 20065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Malaysia<!-- The name of the Federation (official name of the state) according to Art 1(1) of the Federal Constitution is, in Malay and English, Malaysia. Nothing more, nothing less. 'Federation of' was only used for the state that preceded Malaysia – Federation of Malaya. Please do not insert 'Federation of' or 'Persekutuan' for Malay name --> | common_name = Malaysia | image_flag = Flag of Malaysia.svg | alt_flag = A blue rectangle with a gold star and crescent in the canton, with 14 horizontal red and white stripes on the rest of the flag | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg | coa_size = 90 | symbol_type = Lambang menua | alt_coat = Shield showing the symbols of the Malaysian states with a star and crescent above and a motto below, supported by two tigers | image_map = {{Switcher|[[Fail:Malaysia (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[Fail:Location Malaysia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Southeast Asia|default=1}} | map_caption = {{Map caption |location_color=dark green |region=Asia |subregion= [[ASEAN]] | subregion_color = dark gray}} | national_motto = {{Lang|ms|Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022191931/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2013 |title=Malaysian Flag and Coat of Arms |publisher=Malaysian Government |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><br>{{Script/Arabic|برسکوتو برتمبه موتو}} ([[Urup Jawi|Jawi]])<br />"Beserakup Betambah Kualiti" | national_anthem = "{{Lang|ms|[[Negaraku]]}}"<br />"Menuaku"{{Parabr}}{{Center|[[Fail:Negaraku instrumental.ogg]]}} | capital = [[Kuala Lumpur]]{{Refn|group=fn|Constitutional capital, ceremonial and legislative}}<br />{{Coord|3|8|N|101|41|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | admin_center = [[Putrajaya]]{{Refn|group=fn|administrative and judicial}}<br />{{Coord|2|56|N|101|42|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Jaku Melayu]]{{Efn|Section 9 of the [[Akta Jaku Nasional 1963/67]] states that "The script of the national language shall be the Rumi script: provided that this shall not prohibit the use of the Malay script, more commonly known as the Jawi script, of the national language".}}{{Efn|Section 2 of the [[National Language Act 1963/67]] states that "Save as provided in this Act and subject to the safeguards contained in Article 152(1) of the Constitution relating to any other language and the language of any other community in Malaysia the national language shall be used for official purposes".}}{{Efn|name=Recognized|See Article 152 of the [[Federal Constitution of Malaysia]] and [[National Language Act 1963/67]].}} | languages_type = Jaku ti diaku | languages = [[Jaku Inggeris]]{{Efn|name=Recognized}} | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} * 69.7% [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] ** 57.3% [[Orang Melayu Malaysia|Melayu]] ** 12.4% Orang asal [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]] enggau [[Orang Asli]] * 22.9% [[Orang China Malaysia|China]] * 6.6% [[Orang India Malaysia|India]] * 0.8% [[Etnik asal ba Malaysia|Ke bukai]] {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2023 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2021 pop">{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|title=Minister: Census shows Malaysia's oldest man and woman aged 120 and 118; preliminary census findings to be released in Feb 2022|date=17 January 2022|publisher=Malaymail|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074901/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Current population and estimates, Malaysia 2021 Group |author=Department of Statistics Malaysia |access-date=1 February 2022 |date=2021 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201080046/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion = {{Ubl|63.5% [[Islam ba Malaysia|Islam Sunni]] (resmi)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|title=The States, Religion and Law of the Federation|work=Constitution of Malaysia|publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission|access-date=29 October 2017|quote=Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614105535/http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>|18.7% [[Buddha ba Malaysia|Buddha]]|9.1% [[Kristian ba Malaysia|Kristian]]|6.1% [[Hindu ba Malaysia|Hindu]]|0.9% ke bukai|1.8% enda ditemu}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|title=Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2020|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|date=14 February 2020|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|url-status=live}}</ref> | religion_year = 2020 | government_type = Monarki elektif bekonstitusyen parlimen federal | leader_title1 = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (King) | leader_name1 = [[Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor|Ibrahim Iskandar]] | leader_title2 = [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]] | leader_name2 = [[Anwar Ibrahim]] | legislature = [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] | upper_house = [[Diwan Menua]] (Senat) | lower_house = [[Diwan Rayat]] (House of Representatives) | sovereignty_type = [[Hari Meredeka (Malaysia)|Meredeka]] | sovereignty_note = ari [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Federasyen Malaya]] | established_date1 = 31 Ogos 1957<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mackay, Derek|title=Eastern Customs: The Customs Service in British Malaya and the Opium Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|date=2005|publisher=The Radcliffe Press|isbn=978-1-85043-844-1|pages=240–|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119151920/https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event2 = [[Hari Sarawak]] | established_date2 = 22 Julai 1963 | established_event3 = [[Hari Perintah Kediri Borneo Utara]] | established_date3 = 31 Ogos 1963<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|title=31 Ogos 1963, Hari kemerdekaan Sabah yang rasmi|publisher=AWANI|date=14 May 2021|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901062457/https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event4 = [[Hari Malaysia]] | established_date4 = 16 September 1963 | area_rank = 67th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 330,803<ref name="2010 stats">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |title=Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 |publisher=Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia |page=27 |access-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030607/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_sq_mi = 127,720 | percent_water = 0.3 | population_estimate = 34,564,810<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Malaysia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_date = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 43rd | population_census_date = 2020 | population_census = 32,447,385<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |title=Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=48 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228142122/https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 101 | population_density_sq_mi = 263 | population_density_rank = 116th | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $1.306 trilion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Malaysia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416230123/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 30th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $39,030<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $445.519 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 36th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $13,315<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 67th | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MY | title=World Bank Open Data }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.807<!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 63rd | currency = [[Ringgit Malaysia]] (RM) | currency_code = MYR | date_format = dd-mm-yyyy | time_zone = [[Jam Standard Malaysia|JSM]] | utc_offset = [[UTC+8|+8]] | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+60|+60]] | cctld = [[.my|.my]] | footnotes = }} '''Malaysia''' siti menua raja federal konstitusyen ba [[Asia Tenggara]] ti ditubuhka ari 11 iti negeri ba Semenanjung Malaysia, 2 iti negeri ba [[Borneo]] enggau 3 iti Wilayah Persekutuan. Pemesai menua tu nyampau 330,803 km2. Malaysia bekunsi arih tanah enggau menua [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], enggau [[Brunei]] sereta arih tasik enggau [[Singapura]] enggau [[Filipina]]. Ba Malaysia bisi siti titik ti pemadu selatan urung semua tanah besai Eurasia, ianya Tanjung Piai. Tuai menua Malaysia ianya Yang di-Pertuan Agong, raja elektif ti dipilih ari 9 iku raja negeri Melayu. Tuai eksekutif perintah ianya Menteri Besai. [[Kuala Lumpur]] nya indu menua Malaysia, Putrajaya nya pusat perintah federal. Malaysia siti menua perintis Serakup Menua-Menua Asia Tenggara enggau Serakup Aum Islam, sereta siti ari raban Saup Ekonomi Asia-Pasifik, Menua-Menua Komanwel, enggau Non-Alligned Movement. Asal menua tu ari perintah-perintah orang Laut ti ulih ditemu ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]]. Menua nya udah dijajah [[Empayar British]] ari abad ke-18. Begian menua keterubah ti udah dijajah British dikumbai [[Negeri-Negeri Selat]]. Maya [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[British Malaya]] udah dijajah menua [[Jipun]]. Sepengudah perang nya, Semenanjung Malaysia ti dikelala enggau nama Tanah Melayu tauka Malaya maya nya, udah diserakup baruh siti komanwel maya taun 1946, sebedau nyadi [[Persekutuan Tanah Melayu]] maya taun 1948. Maya taun 1957 Semenanjung Malaysia udah meredika. Sepengudah nya, ba taun 1963, Tanah Melayu beserakup enggau [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]] ungkup nubuhka menua Malaysia. [[Singapura]] udah dipansutka ari federasyen lalu nyadi siti menua ti bibas maya taun 1965. == Nama == [[Fail:LA2-NSRW-1-0148 malaysia.jpg|thumb|left|alt=English Map of Southeast Asia, "MALAYSIA" typeset horizontally so that the letters run across the northernmost corner of Borneo and pass just south of the Philippines.|"Malaysia" dikena nyadi label ke Pulau Melayu ba kar taun 1914 dalam atlas Amerika Serikat]] Nama "[[wikt:Malaysia|Malaysia]]" datai ari dua leka jaku iya nya "[[wikt:Malays|Malays]]" enggau penambah pengujung jaku Latin-Gerika "[[wikt:-ia|-ia]]"/"[[wikt:-ία|-ία]]"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites|publisher=McFarland & Company|date=2004|isbn=978-0-7864-1814-5|page=221}}</ref> ke ulih dikalih jaku nyadi "tanah orang Melayu".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|title=The World Factbook – Malaysia|date=2020|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Asal leka jaku 'Melayu' ngembuan mayuh macham teori. Bisi pelaba leka jaku tu datai ari [[jaku Sanskrit]] iya nya "Himalaya", ti nujuka kandang menua ke tinggi sereta begunung, tauka leka jaku "Malaiyur-pura", ti mai reti "nengeri gunung".<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu">{{Citation | last1 = Abdul Rashid Melebek | last2 = Amat Juhari Moain | title = Sejarah Bahasa Melayu ("History of the Malay Language") | publisher = [[Utusan Malaysia|Utusan Publications & Distributors]] | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-967-61-1809-7 | pages=9–10}}</ref> Teori bukai madahka asal penatai leka jaku tu ari [[jaku Tamil]] "''malai''" enggau "''ur''" ke mai reti "gunung" enggau "nengeri, tanah".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weightman|first=Barbara A.|title=Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|page=449|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC|isbn=978-1-118-13998-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwary|first=Shanker Shiv|title=Encyclopaedia Of Southeast Asia And Its Tribes (Set Of 3 Vols.)|date=2009|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdEjAQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-81-261-3837-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRQwAQAAIAAJ|title=People of India |author=Singh, Kumar Suresh |volume=26 |page=981 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |date=2003 |isbn=978-81-85938-98-1}}</ref> Siti agi penemu iya nya bepun ari peristiwa Pamalayu ti mai reti Ekspedisyen Melayu. Siti penemu iya nya iya datai ari leka [[jaku Jawa]] "''mlaya''" enggau "''mlayu''" ti mai reti "belanda", ari sungai, iya nya Sungai Melayu, ti diberi nama ketegal arus iya.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/> Varian mega bisi ayan dalam rikud ke tuai agi ari abad ke-11, nyadi toponim ungkup kandang endur di [[Sumatera]] tauka nunjukka pelilih menua ke besai agi ngelingi [[Selat Melaka]].<ref name="Barnard">{{Citation | last = Barnard | first = Timothy P. | title = Contesting Malayness: Malay identity across boundaries | publisher = Singapore University press | date = 2004 | location = Singapore | isbn = 978-9971-69-279-7 | pages=3–10}}</ref> Teks Sanskrit [[Vayu Purana]], ti dipelabaka udah bisi kenyau ari milenium keterubah, nyebut pasal tanah ti dikumbai ''‘Malayadvipa’'' ti dikelala sekeda pakar nyadi semenanjung Melayu moden.<ref>{{Cite book|title=India's Interaction with Southeast Asia: History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 1, Part 3 |page=266 |author=Pande, Govind Chandra |isbn=978-81-87586-24-1 |date=2005 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The economic life of northern India: c. A.D. 700–1200 |page=139 |author= Gopal, Lallanji |isbn=978-81-208-0302-2 |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= A Panorama of Indian Buddhism: Selections from the Maha Bodhi journal, 1892–1992 |page=612 |author=Ahir, D. C. |isbn=978-81-7030-462-3 |date=1995 |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The culture and art of India |page=212 |author=Mukerjee, Radhakamal |isbn=978-81-215-0114-9 |date= 1984 |publisher=Coronet Books Inc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Some contributions of India to the ancient civilisation of Indonesia and Malaysia |page=8 |author=Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan |date=1970 |publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref> Rikud bukai iya nya Geografi Ptolemy abad ke-2 ti ngena nama ''Malayu Kulon'' ungkup pantai barat Semenanjung Emas, enggau rikud Yijing abad ke-7 pasal Malayu.<ref name="Barnard" /> Bisi sekali, Perintah Melayu ngambi nama ari ''Sungai Melayu''.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/><ref>{{Citation | last = Milner | first = Anthony | title = The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific) | pages = 18–19| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-4443-3903-1}}</ref> 'Melayu' lalu dipaut ngagai [[Srivijaya]],<ref name="Barnard" /> lalu mengkang begulai enggau mayuh bengkah endur di Sumatera, nyengkaum [[Palembang]], endur ke dipelaba orang asal penumbuh [[Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref name="Andaya">{{Cite journal |last1=Andaya |first1=Leonard Y. |title=The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |date=October 2001 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=315–316, 324, 327–328, 330 |doi=10.1017/S0022463401000169 |jstor=20072349 |s2cid=62886471 }}</ref> Iya dipelabaka mansang nyadi etnonim laban Melaka nyadi kuasa pelilih menua dalam abad ke-15. Islam nempa identiti etnik pengarap di Melaka, enggau leka jaku ‘Melayu’ pansut. Engka enggau spesifik ngenang pasal orang ke bejaku Melayu setempat ti dianggap taluk ngagai Sultan Melaka. Pengawa orang Portugis ngena penambah jaku ''Malayos'' ulih nunjukka orang ke bekuasa di Melaka. Pengelebih orang dagang ari Melaka ngasuh bansa ‘Melayu’ begulai enggau orang dagang ti bepengarap Islam, lalu ari nya sida dikaul enggau raban budaya enggau jaku ti lebih luas.<ref name="Barnard"/> Melaka lalu udah nya [[Kesultanan Johor|Johor]] ngumbai diri nyadi pusat budaya Melayu, siti penuduk ti disukung British.<ref name="Andaya"/> Pengudah ekspedisyen pelayar Peranchis [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]] ngagai [[Oceania]] maya taun 1826, siku pakar Jereman [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] merambu leka jaku "Malaysia", "[[Mikronesia]]" enggau "[[Melanesia]]" ngagai ''[[Société de Géographie]]'' maya taun 1831, midaka budaya enggau raban pulau Pasifik tu ari leka jaku ke udah bisi iya nya "[[Polinesia]]". Dumont d'Urville nerangka Malaysia nyadi "kandang menua ti suah dikelala enggau nama Hindia Timur".<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/0022334032000120512| title = On the Islands of the Great Ocean| journal = The Journal of Pacific History| volume = 38| issue = 2| page = 163| date = 2003| last1 = d'Urville | first1 = J. S. B. C. S. D. | last2 = Ollivier | first2 = I. | last3 = De Biran | first3 = A. | last4 = Clark | first4 = G. | s2cid = 162374626}}</ref><!--Quote:The third division, Western Oceania, encompasses all the islands commonly known as the East Indies&nbsp;... I shall leave the name Malaysia to this area, since it has already been used by some authors, and I think was first given by Mr Lesson--> Maya taun 1850, raban etnologi British, [[George Samuel Windsor Earl]], nulis dalam ''Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia'', merambu deka meri nama ngagai pulau-pulau di Asia Tenggara nya “Melayunesia” tauka “Indunesia”, nitihka nama ke dulu suba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Earl |first=George S. W. |title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |date=1850 |page=119 |volume=IV}}</ref> Nama Malaysia berengkah dikena ngelabel endur ti nyadi Pulau Melayu.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barrows |first1=David P. |title=A History of the Philippines |date=1905 |publisher=American Book Company |pages=25–26 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb26}}</ref> Menua ti merdeka ari British dalam taun 1957 ngambi nama “Persekutuan Tanah Melayu” nyadika pilih ari nama bukai ti bisi potensial baka “[[Langkasuka]]”, udah bekau perintah besejarah ti bepalan ba tuchung Semenanjung Melayu.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book|last = Suarez|first = Thomas|title = Early Mapping of Southeast Asia|publisher = Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd|date = 1999|pages = 46–47|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC|isbn = 978-962-593-470-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=72&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=1118475&ActiveTextDocId=1118475&filesize=15776 |title=Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)e |publisher=The UK Statute Law Database |date=31 July 1957 |access-date=6 November 2010 }}</ref> Bala orang politik di Filipina kala berunding deka nukar nama menua sida "Malaysia" sebedau menua "moden" nya ngambi nama tu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sakai |first=Minako |editor1-last=Cao |editor1-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Morrell |title=Regional Minorities and Development in Asia |publisher=Routledge |date=2009 |page=124 |chapter-url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |isbn=978-0-415-55130-4 |chapter=Reviving Malay Connections in Southeast Asia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013055904/http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 }}</ref> == Sejarah == {{Batang|Sejarah Malaysia}} [[File:Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg|alt=Map showing the extent of the Malacca Sultanate, covering much of the Malay Peninsula and some of Sumatra|kiri|thumb| [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]] bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti besai dalam ngerembaika Islam ngagai serata Pulau-pulau Melayu.]] Bukti endur mensia moden diau di Malaysia berengkah ari taun 40,000 taun ke udah.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Holme|first=Stephanie|date=13 February 2012|title=Getaway to romance in Malaysia|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129075642/http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|archive-date=29 November 2018|access-date=6 January 2014|website=[[stuff.co.nz]]}}</ref> Ba Semenanjung Melayu, orang keterubah diau dia dipelabaka [[Negrito|bansa Negritos]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fix|first=Alan G.|date=June 1995|title=Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli|journal=American Anthropologist|series=New Series|volume=97|issue=2|pages=313–323|doi=10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090|jstor=681964}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yew|first1=Chee-Wei|last2=Lu|first2=Dongsheng|last3=Deng|first3=Lian|last4=Wong|first4=Lai-Ping|last5=Ong|first5=Rick Twee-Hee|last6=Lu|first6=Yan|last7=Wang|first7=Xiaoji|last8=Yunus|first8=Yushimah|last9=Aghakhanian|first9=Farhang|last10=Mokhtar|first10=Siti Shuhada|last11=Hoque|first11=Mohammad Zahirul|last12=Voo|first12=Christopher Lok-Yung|last13=Abdul Rahman|first13=Thuhairah|last14=Bhak|first14=Jong|last15=Phipps|first15=Maude E.|date=February 2018|title=Genomic structure of the native inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo suggests complex human population history in Southeast Asia|journal=Human Genetics|volume=137|issue=2|pages=161–173|doi=10.1007/s00439-018-1869-0|pmid=29383489|s2cid=253969988|quote=The analysis of time of divergence suggested that ancestors of Negrito were the earliest settlers in the Malay Peninsula, whom first separated from the Papuans ~ 50-33 thousand years ago (kya), followed by East Asian (~ 40-15 kya)...|last16=Xu|first16=Shuhua|last17=Teo|first17=Yik-Ying|last18=Kumar|first18=Subbiah Vijay|last19=Hoh|first19=Boon-Peng|url=http://eprints.ums.edu.my/22631/1/Genomic%20structure%20of%20the%20native%20inhabitants%20of%20Peninsular%20Malaysia%20and%20North%20Borneo%20suggests%20complex%20human%20population%20history%20in%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf}}</ref> Kandang menua Malaysia bisi ngambi bagi ba Jalai Batu Permata Gadung Maritim entara taun 2000 SM ngagai 1000 AD.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsang|first=Cheng-hwa|date=24 January 2008|title=Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan|url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/11751|journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association|volume=20|doi=10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751|doi-broken-date=13 September 2026|issn=1835-1794|url-access=subscription}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021).</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017).</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011).</ref> Bala orang dagang enggau orang ke diau mendam ari [[India]] enggau [[China]] datai kenyau ari kurun keterubah AD, numbuhka palan penyangkai kapal dagang enggau mengeri tebing tasik ba abad kedua enggau ketiga. Penatai sida ngujungka pengaruh India enggau China ti tegap ba budaya menua nya, lalu orang Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ngemeranka pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau [[Buddha]]. Inskripsyen [[jaku Sanskrit]] bisi ayan kenyau ari kurun keempat tauka kelima.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mühlhäusler |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCx0D0iE2QoC |title=Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas |last2=Tryon |first2=Darrell T. |last3=Wurm |first3=Stephen A. |publisher=Walter de Gruyer & Co |year=1996 |isbn=978-3-11-013417-9 |page=695}}</ref> Perintah [[Langkasuka]] nyadi urung kurun kedua ba kandang menua utara Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, lalu meruan nyentuk urung kurun ke-15.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book |last=Suarez |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC |title=Early Mapping of Southeast Asia |publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd |year=1999 |isbn=978-962-593-470-9 |pages=46–47}}</ref> Entara kurun ke-7 enggau ke-13, mayuh kandang menua selatan Semenanjung Tanah Melayu nyadi sebagi ari empayar maritim [[Srivijaya]]. Datai ba kurun ke-13 enggau ke-14, empayar [[Majapahit]] udah mujur ngerampas kuasa ba tebal agi semenanjung enggau Pulau-pulau Melayu ari Srivijaya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suporno, S. |title=Perceptions of the Past |publisher=Heinemann Books for the Asian Studies Association of Australia |year=1979 |editor-last=A. Reid |series=Southeast Asia publications |volume=4 |location=Singapore |page=180 |chapter=The Image of Majapahit in late Javanese and Indonesian Writing |editor-last2=D. Marr}}</ref> Ba pun kurun ke-15, [[Parameswara ari Melaka|Parameswara]], siku raja ke lari ari menua [[Perintah Singapura]] ke suba ke bisi kaul enggau istana lama Srivijayan, numbuhka [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wake|first=Christopher H.|date=September 1964|title=Malacca's Early Kings and the Reception of Islam|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian History]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=5|pages=104–128|doi=10.1017/S0217781100000958|jstor=20067505|number=2}}</ref> Penyampau pengarap Islam majak ngerembai berindik ari Parameswara ke masuk pengarap nya. Melaka nyadi palan dagang ti beguna maya tu, narit dagang ari serata kandang menua nya.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> [[File:AMH-6472-KB_Battle_for_Malacca_between_the_VOC_fleet_and_the_Portuguese,_1606.jpg|alt=Dutch fleet vs Portuguese armada|kanan|thumb|220x220px| Armada Belanda beperang enggau armada Portugis nyadi sebagi ari [[Perang Belanda–Portugis]] dalam taun 1606 dikena nguasa [[Nengeri Melaka|Melaka]].]] Dalam taun 1511, [[Melaka]] dipegai [[Melaka Portugis|Portugal]],<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> udah nya diambi [[Melaka Belanda|Belanda]] dalam taun 1641. Dalam taun 1786, [[Malaya British|Empayar British]] numbuhka palan di Malaya, lebuh Sultan Kedah nyuwa [[Pulau Pinang (pulau)|pulau Pulau Pinang]] ngagai [[Kompeni Hindia Timur]] British. British ngulihka mengeri Singapura dalam taun 1819,<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: Malaya|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309035051/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|archive-date=9 March 2001|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> lalu dalam taun 1824 ngambi kuasa Melaka nitihka [[Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda 1824|Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda]]. Datai ba taun 1826, British nguasa terus Pulau Pinang, Melaka, Singapura, enggau pulau [[Koloni Mahkota Labuan|Labuan]], ti ditumbuhka sida nyadi koloni mahkota [[Kandang Pendiau Selat]]. Datai ba kurun ke-20, negeri [[Pahang]], [[Selangor]], [[Perak]], enggau [[Negeri Sembilan]], ke dikelala begulai enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Beserakup]], bisi residen British ke dipadu meri jaku lalau ngagai pemerintah Melayu, ke alai bala pemerintah patut nangguhka timpuh nengah sempekat.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Malay States (British)|volume=17|last1=Clifford|first1=Hugh Charles|last2=Graham|first2=Walter Armstrong|pages=478&ndash;484}}</ref> Lima bengkah negeri ke bukai ba semenanjung nya, ke dikelala enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Enda Beserakup]], taja pan ukai terus di baruh pegai British, tang mega nerima penyanding penemu British urung pun abad ke-20. Pemansang ba semenanjung enggau Borneo umum iya bebida nyentuk ngagai abad ke-19. Di baruh pegai British pengawa pindah orang China enggau India nyadi kuli diperansang.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kuar|first=Amarjit|title=International Migration and Governance in Malaysia: Policy and Performance|url=http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509145612/http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2010|access-date=20 December 2011|publisher=University of New England}}</ref> Kandang menua ke diatu nyadi [[Sabah]] nyadi baruh kuasa British nyadi [[Borneo Utara]] lebuh kededua [[Kesultanan Brunei|Sultan Brunei]] enggau [[Kesultanan Sulu|Sultan Sulu]] mindahka hak ngempu kandang menua sida empu, entara taun 1877 enggau 1878.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gullick, J. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA148 |title=Malaysia and Its Neighbours, The World studies series |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-7100-4141-8 |pages=148–149}}</ref> Dalam taun 1842, Sarawak diserahka Sultan Brunei ngagai [[James Brooke]], ke nganti iya merintah nyadi [[Rajah Putih Sarawak|Rajah Putih]] atas [[Perintah Sarawak|perintah]] meredeka nyentuk ngagai taun 1946, lebuh iya nyadi [[Koloni Mahkota Sarawak|koloni mahkota]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: North Borneo|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628212629/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|archive-date=28 June 2011|access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref> [[Perang Klang]] (1867–1874) berengkah nyadi penyarut entara Raja Abdullah enggau Raja Mahadi ketegal nyadi tuai rumah Klang, enggau Mahadi nulak pengawa Sultan [[Abdul Samad ari Selangor]] ti udah nyiri Abdullah. Penyarut nya narit [[gerempung resia]] China ke bepekit—[[Ghee Hin Kongsi]] ke mayuh nyukung Mahadi enggau [[Gerempung Resia Hai San]] nyukung Abdullah—serta tuai-tuai peturun Bugis enggau Melayu ke ngumbai Mahadi lebih sah. Perang ngerembai sepengudah Mahadi ngerampas Kubu Klang lalu Abdullah rari ke Melaka, ngachau pengawa ngasilka timah, jalai dagang, enggau pemerat komersial British ba Lembak Klang. Berebak enggau nya, [[Perang Larut]] ti nyadi ba kandang menua ke besepiak (1861–1874) entara Hai San enggau Ghee Hin di Perak sama ngasuh pelilih menua ke kaya enggau timah enda entap sereta ngasuh orang dagang British irau. Apil ari tuai-tuai Melayu minta pengawa nyadi pengantara begulai enggau pengirau ati British bekaul enggau penyarut pelilih menua muka jalai ngagai pengawa campur tangan formal, ti ngujungka [[Sempekat Pangkor 1874|Sempekat Pangkor]] taun 1874 ti numbuhka sistem peranak British ba negeri-negeri Melayu.<ref name="Azmi20122">{{cite journal|last=Arifin|first=Azmi|year=2012|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, The Chinese Secret Societies and The Malay Rulers|url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5364/1/Azmi%20Arifin%20%2039%20(1)%20(July%202012).pdf|journal=Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies|volume=39|issue=1|pages=51–74|access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> Baka ti ditulis [[Frank Swettenham]] udah nya, "Iya nya taja pan gaya utai ti nyadi begunaka campur tangan, kami datai ngagai Negeri-Negeri Melayu ketegal kangau Pemerintah Melayu, ngajar sida chara administrasyen ti manah agi."<ref name="AzmiPerak2">{{cite journal|last=Azmi Arifin|year=2018|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, the Chinese Secret Societies and the Malay Rulers|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333081324|journal=USM Malaysian Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A leading light in Perak's late 19th century advance: Frank Athelstane Swettenham|url=https://www.ehm.my/publications/articles/a-leading-light-in-peraks-late-19th-century-advance-frank-athelstane-swettenham|access-date=2026-08-02|publisher=ehm.my}}</ref> Dalam [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[Soldadu Imperial Jipun|Soldadu Jipun]] [[Kimpin Malaya|nyerang]] sereta nguasa [[Pemegai Jipun ba Malaya|Malaya]], [[Pemegai Jipun ba Borneo British|Borneo Utara, Sarawak]], enggau [[Pemegai Jipun ba Singapura|Singapura]] lebih ari tiga taun.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaya in World War II|url=https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225184306/https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|archive-date=25 December 2022|access-date=29 January 2023|work=World War Two Database}}</ref> Dalam timpuh tu, penyarut entara bansa nyadi lalu nasionalisme majak nambah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hock |first=David Koh Wee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awLp4TeUkzoC |title=Legacies of World War II in South and East Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2007 |isbn=978-981-230-457-5 |location=Singapore |page=48}}</ref> Sukung rayat ngagai meredeka majak nambah pengudah Malaya dipegai baru ulih soldadu Serakup.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010212095545/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-date=12 February 2001|title=Our Region, Ourselves|last=Mohamad|first=Mahathir|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=31 May 1999|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Perambu British pengudah perang deka nyerakupka administrasyen Malaya ari baruh siti koloni mahkota ti dikumbai [[Serakup Malaya]] napi bantah ti balat ari [[Melayu|bansa Melayu]], ti mantah pengelemi pemerintah Melayu enggau meri peranak menua ngagai [[Orang China Malaysia|raban bansa China]]. Serakup Malaya, ti ditumbuhka dalam taun 1946, lalu mungkur semua reta tengkira British di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu kelimpah ari Singapura, jampat dibuai lalu diganti enggau [[Federasyen Malaya]] kena 1 Februari 1948, ti mulaika autonomi pemerintah negeri-negeri Melayu ti dijaga British.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106021025/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-date=6 November 2007|title=MALAYA: Token Citizenship|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=19 May 1952|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> [[File:Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg|thumb| Pemesai polis [[Federasyen Malaya|Malaya]] benung nanya siku periman [[Orang China Malaysia|bebansa China]] maya [[Penusah Darurat Malaya]] taun 1949]] Dalam timpuh tu, raban pemberontak ke tebal agi bebansa China ari baruh iring [[Parti Kominis Malaya]] ngepunka operasyen gerila ke digaga dikena mejal British pansut ari Malaya. [[Darurat Malaya|Darurat Malaya (1948–1960)]] ngaul kimpin anti-penyarut ti lama dipejalaika soldadu [[Komanwel]] di Malaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Kena 31 Ogos 1957, [[Penesau Meredeka Malaya|Malaya nyadi kaban meredeka]] dalam Komanwel Bansa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Udah nya, pelin ti komprehensif diperambu dikena nyerakupka Malaya enggau koloni mahkota Borneo Utara (dikelala enggau nama [[Sabah]] lebuh begulai), [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]]. Persekutuan ti diperambu nya asal iya deka diatur kena 31 Ogos 1963, beserimbai enggau hari pengingat meredeka Malaya. Taja pia, ketegal ti patut ngaga pansik pasal tikas sukung ngagai gerempung nya di Sabah enggau Sarawak ari [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]], baka ti dipinta orang ti ngelaban gerempung nya baka [[Sukarno]] ari [[Indonesia]] enggau [[Parti Rayat Beserakup Sarawak]], haribulan gerempung nya ditangguh nyentuk ngagai 16 September 1963.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402050225/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-date=2 April 2008|title=Malaysia: Tunku Yes, Sukarno No|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=6 September 1963|access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boon Kheng Cheah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOtXcEmHdjoC&pg=PA93 |title=Malaysia: The Making of a Nation |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2002 |isbn=978-981-230-154-3 |pages=93–}}</ref> Federasyen nya mai penyarut ti majak balat nyengkaum [[Konfrontasyen Indonesia–Malaysia|penyarut enggau Indonesia]] kelimpah ari penyarut ti enda ngetu nyadi ngelaban Kominis di Borneo enggau Semenanjung Melayu, ti majak balat ngagai [[Penyarut Kominis ba Sarawak|Penyarut Kominis Sarawak]] enggau [[Darurat Malaya Kedua]] begulai enggau sekeda isu bukai baka serang lanun Moro ari pulau-pulau selatan Filipina meraka garis entara menua ba Sabah, [[Negeri Singapura (Malaysia)|penyerara Singapura ari Federasyen]] dalam taun 1965,<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation on Singapore|url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511191506/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Singapore Attorney-General}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-50718-0 |page=290}}</ref><ref name="TIME Art2">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930101049/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Malaysia: The Art of Dispelling Anxiety|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=27 August 1965|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> enggau laya bansa. Penyarut tu ngujungka [[Penyadi 13 Me|penyarut bansa 13 Me]] dalam taun 1969.<ref name="Race war">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216115230/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-date=16 February 2007|title=Race War in Malaysia|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=23 May 1969|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Pengudah penyarut nya nyadi, [[Polisi Ekonomi Baru Malaysia|Polisi Ekonomi Baru]] ti kontroversial nya dikelancharka Menteri Besai [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Tun Abdul Razak]], nguji nambahka bagi ekonomi ti dipegai raban ''[[bumiputera]]''.<ref name="New Economic Policy">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Di baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] bisi timpuh penumbuh ekonomi enggau urbanisasyen ti jampat berengkah ari taun 1980-an. Ekonomi ngalih ari bepelasarka pengawa betanam betupi ngagai bepelasarka pengawa ngaga enggau industri. Mayuh bengkah projek besai udah tembu digaga, baka [[Menara Petronas]], [[Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan (Malaysia)|Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan]], [[MSC Malaysia|Koridor Super Multimedia]], enggau indu nengeri pentadbiran perintah besai baru [[Putrajaya]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="New Economic Policy2">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Ba ujung taun 1990-an, [[Krisis wang Asia 1997|krisis wang Asia]] meri empas ngagai menua nya, nyau deka ngasuh makit mata duit, saham, enggau reta tengkira sida runtuh; taja pia, sida udah nya gerai.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ping Lee Poh|author2=Yean Tham Siew|title=Malaysia Ten Years After The Asian Financial Crisis|url=http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401070910/http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2010|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Thammasat University}}</ref> [[Skandal 1MDB]] nya skandal [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] global ti besai ti ngaul Menteri Besai maya nya [[Najib Razak]] dalam taun 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 2015|title=Malaysian taskforce investigates allegations $700m paid to Najib|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422204302/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|archive-date=22 April 2020|access-date=24 March 2018|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> Skandal nya nyadika ubah keterubah ba parti politik ke megai perintah kenyau ari merdeka ba [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]].<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> Dalam taun 2020-an, menua tu dipegai [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ti beserimbai enggau krisis pengerai enggau [[Empas ekonomi ari pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|ekonomi]] ketegal [[Pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|pandemik COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Walden|first1=Max|date=13 January 2021|title=How Malaysia went from fewer COVID cases than Australia to a national state of emergency|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114221804/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|archive-date=14 January 2021|access-date=19 July 2021|newspaper=ABC News (Australia)}}</ref> Tu udah nya ditangkan enggau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022|pengawa bepilih besai]] tumu agi dalam bulan November 2022, ti ngujungka parlimen gantung keterubah dalam sejarah menua tu.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 November 2022|title=No clear winner as Malaysia election ends in hung parliament|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129074959/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|archive-date=29 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Kena 24 Nobember 2022, [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ngangkat sumpah nyadi [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]] ke-10, nguluka perintah gempung besai.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 November 2022|title=Anwar Ibrahim sworn in as Malaysian PM after post-election deadlock|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128015222/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|archive-date=28 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=BBC News}}</ref> == Demografi == {{Main|Demografi Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia population density 2010b.png|thumb|350x350px|alt=A map of Malaysia depicting the expected 2010 estimated population density.|Pemadat mensia (orang per km²) maya 2010]] [[Fail:Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010.svg|thumb|alt=Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010|The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group based on 2010 census|350x350px]] Nitihka penerang ari Opis Statistik Malaysia, penyampau tubuh peranak menua tu manggai 32,447,385 iku ba taun 2020,<ref name="Population2010">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2014 |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=82 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> nyadika menua ke-42 pemadu mayuh mensia. Nitihka anggar taun 2012, penyampau tubuh majak nambah 1.54 peratus setaun. Malaysia ngembuan pemadat pemayuh tubuh 96 iku per km², ba penuduk lumur 116 ba dunya ungkup pemadat mensia. Orang dalam kandang umur 15–64 taun nyadi 69.5 peratus ari penyampau tubuh; raban umur 0–14 taun setipak enggau 24.5 peratus; lalu orang tuai ke beumur 65 taun ke atas manggai 6.0 peratus. Dalam taun 1960, lebuh pengawa ngitung tubuh enggau rasmi keterubah iya dirikod di Malaysia, penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh bisi 8.11 juta iku. 91.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh peranak menua Malaysia.<ref name="stat2010">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2010 (Ethnic composition) |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |date=2010 |access-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008005500/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2013 }}</ref> Peranak Malaysia dibagi nitihka garis etnik setempat, enggau 69.7 peratus dianggap ''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]''.<ref name="Q12021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |title=Infographics |publisher=Department of Statistics |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002053818/https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Raban bumiputera ke pemadu mayuh iya nya bansa [[Melayu]], ke ditukuka dalam konstitusyen nyadi orang [[Islam]] ke ngemeranka adat enggau budaya Melayu. Sida bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti dominan ba politik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|title=Malaysia's lingering ethnic divide|author=Brant, Robin|work=BBC News|date=4 March 2008|access-date=29 October 2013|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803200852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Status Bumiputera mega diberi ngagai raban bansa asal ukai Melayu Sabah enggau Sarawak: ti nyengkaum bansa Dayak ([[Iban]], [[Bidayuh]], [[Orang Ulu]]), [[Kadazan-Dusun]], [[Melanau]], [[Bajau Samah|Bajau]] sereta ke bukai. Bumiputera ukai Melayu mungkur lebih setengah ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sarawak enggau lebih dua pertiga ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|title=2. Socio-Economic and National Context [People]|work=Malaysian-Danish Country Programme for Cooperation in Environment and Development (2002–2006)|publisher=Miljøstyrelsens Informationscenter|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040921231939/https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|archive-date=21 September 2004|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|title=Who are Malaysia's bumiputera?|last=Leong|first=Trinna|publisher=The Straits Times|date=3 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920055010/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|archive-date=20 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Bisi mega raban bansa asal tauka orang asal ke jauh mimit agi ba semenanjung, ke alai sida begulai dikelala enggau nama [[Orang Asli]].<ref>{{Cite book|last = Gomes|first = Alberto G.|title = Modernity and Malaysia: settling the Menraq forest nomads|publisher = Taylor & Francis Group|date = 2007|page = 10|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|isbn = 978-0-203-96075-2|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|url-status = live}}</ref> Undang-undang pasal sapa ke bulih status bumiputera bebida entara negeri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/11/4/nation/20091104194453&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107061431/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F11%2F4%2Fnation%2F20091104194453&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2009 |title=PM asked to clarify mixed-race bumiputra status |work=The Star |date=4 November 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 }}</ref> Pia mega bisi dua bengkah etnik setempat bukai ke ukai Bumiputera. 22.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh nya bansa [[Orang China Malaysia|China Malaysia]], lalu 6.8 peratus bansa [[Orang India Malaysia|India Malaysia]].<ref name="Q12021"/> Raban bansa China setempat ari suba udah lebih dominan dalam komuniti dagang. Orang India setempat tebal agi bebansa [[Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kuppusamy, Baradan |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324183428/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=24 March 2006 |title=Racism alive and well in Malaysia |work=Asia Times |date=24 March 2006 |access-date=27 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Barbara">{{Cite book|last = West|first = Barbara A.|title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Volume 1|publisher = Facts on File inc|date = 2009|page = 486|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|isbn = 978-0-8160-7109-8|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727121024/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|url-status = live}}</ref> Peranak menua Malaysia ukai automatik diberi ngagai sida ke ada di Malaysia, tang diberi ngagai anak mit ke ada ari dua iku apai indai peranak Malaysia di luar Malaysia. Dua peranak menua enda dikemendarka nitihka undang-undang menua tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,IRBC,,MYS,47d6546928,0.html |title=Malaysia: Citizenship laws, including methods by which a person may obtain citizenship; whether dual citizenship is recognized and if so, how it is acquired; process for renouncing citizenship and related documentation; grounds for revoking citizenship |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |date=16 November 2007 |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045542/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher%2CIRBC%2C%2CMYS%2C47d6546928%2C0.html |archive-date=24 November 2011 }}</ref> Peranak menua di nengeri Sabah enggau Sarawak di Kalimantan Malaysia bebida enggau peranak menua di Semenanjung Malaysia ungkup tuju imigresyen. Tetiap rayat dikeluarka kad pengelala chip pintar biometrik ti dikelala enggau nama [[MyKad|''MyKad'']] maya umur 12 taun, lalu mesti mai kad nya belama.<ref>{{Cite news|author=May, Leow Yong |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/8/30/nation/18649549&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105101826/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F8%2F30%2Fnation%2F18649549&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2009 |title=More than just a card |work=The Star |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=27 October 2010 }}</ref> Penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh ba Semenanjung Malaysia,<ref>{{Cite book|last = Hassan|first = Asan Ali Golam|title = Growth, structural change, and regional inequality in Malaysia|publisher = Ashgate Publishing|date = 2004|page = 12|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|isbn = 978-0-7546-4332-6|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|url-status = live}}</ref> ke alai 20 juta ari urung 28 juta iku rayat Malaysia diau.<ref name="state.gov" /> 70 persin orang diau ba nengeri.<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> Berindik ari peniki industri ti begunaka pengereja pengawa,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |title=As Malaysia deports illegal workers, employers run short |work=The New York Times |date=13 July 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 |first=Soraya |last=Permatasari |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222193637/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |url-status=live }}</ref> menua tu dipelabaka ngembuan lebih 3 juta iku pengereja pengawa migran; urung 10 peratus ari penyampau tubuh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kent |first=Jonathan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |title=Illegal workers leave Malaysia |work=BBC News |date=29 October 2004 |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Bala NGO ke bepalan ba Sabah melabaka ari 3 juta iku ke nyadi penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah, 2 juta iku nya PATI.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |title=Demographic implosion in Sabah? Really? |last=Quek |first=Kim |work=Malaysiakini |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515042623/http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |url-status=live }}</ref> Malaysia nyadi tuai rumah ngagai penyampau tubuh pelarian enggau orang ke minta suaka urung 171,500 iku. Ari penyampau tubuh tu, urung 79,000 iku ari Burma, 72,400 iku ari Filipina, lalu 17,700 iku ari Indonesia. Bala pemesai Malaysia diripotka udah nyerahka orang ti dibuai terus ngagai orang ti mai mensia enggau chara belalai dalam taun 2007, lalu Malaysia ngambi RELA, sebengkah raban militia sukarelawan ti ngembuan sejarah kontroversi, dikena neritka undang-undang imigresyen sida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |title=World Refugee Survey 2009 |publisher=United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=17 June 2009 |access-date=10 June 2011 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224536/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |url-status=live }}</ref> === Pengarap === {{Main|Pengarap ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia religion by state 2020.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A Map of Malaysia showing religious statistics by state|Pengarap ti dominan di Malaysia nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2020:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Launching of report on the key findings population and housing census of Malaysia 2020 |date=14 February 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref>Gadung tuai: Majoriti Islam > 50%<br />Gadung muda: Pluraliti Islam < 50%<br />Biru: Majoriti Kristian > 50% ]] Konstitusyen meri pengelepas pengarap, seraya numbuhka Islam nyadi "agama Persekutuan".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Zawawi |last2=Mohd Rasid |first2=Imram |date=October 2019 |title=Country Profile Malaysia |url=http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |website=GREASE: Religion, Diversity and Radicalisation |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019065339/http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="malaysianbar.org.my">{{Cite web|url=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|title=PRESS STATEMENT: Malaysia a secular state|author=Ambiga Sreenevasan|publisher=The Malaysian Bar|date=18 July 2007|access-date=6 September 2017|author-link=Ambiga Sreenevasan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228154440/http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|archive-date=28 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nitihka angka Pengirau Penduduk enggau Pengawa Berumah 2020, etnik enggau pengarap bisi kaul ke tinggi. Kira-kira 63.5% ari penyampau tubuh ngemeranka pengarap [[Islam]], 18.7% ngemeranka pengarap [[Buddha]], 9.1% pengarap [[Kristian]], 6.1% pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau 1.3% ngemeranka pengarap [[Konfusianisme]], [[Taoisme]] enggau pengarap tradisional China ke bukai. 2.7% madahka nadai pengarap tauka ngemeranka pengarap bukai tauka nadai meri sebarang penerang.<ref name="Population2010" /> Negeri [[Sarawak]], [[Pulau Pinang]] enggau kandang menua perintah besai [[Kuala Lumpur]] ngembuan majoriti ukai Islam.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | title=Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal | access-date=26 June 2022 | archive-date=22 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | title=Malaysia Christians pray for peace, equality, freedom - UCA News | access-date=31 July 2022 | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731164001/https://www.ucanews.com/amp/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islam Sunni]] ari mazhab [[Shafi'i]] nya pampang Islam ti dominan di Malaysia,<ref name="Peletz2002">{{Cite book|author=Peletz, Michael G. |title=Islamic Modern: Religious Courts and Cultural Politics in Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4TA4hjqjJ0C|date=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-09508-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=9 August 2012|access-date=4 September 2013|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|url-status=live}}</ref> lalu 18% orang Islam Malaysia nadai bemazhab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|url-status=live}}</ref> Konstitusyen Malaysia terit netapka nama utai ti ngasuh orang nyadi "Melayu", ngira Melayu sida ti bepengarap Islam, bejaku Melayu enggau tetap, ngemeranka adat Melayu, sereta diau tauka bisi aki ini ari Brunei, Malaysia enggau Singapura.<ref name="Marshall" /> Statistik ari Pengitung Penyampau Mensia 2010 nunjukka 83.6% ari penyampau tubuh China ngelala diri nyadi pengarap Buddha, enggau penyampau ke signifikan nitihka pengarap Taoisme (3.4%) enggau Kristian (11.1%), begulai enggau penyampau tubuh Islam ke mit ba kandang endur baka Pulau Pinang. Majoriti peranak India nitihka pengarap Hindu (86.2%), enggau minoriti ke signifikan ngelala diri nyadi orang Kristian (6.0%) tauka Islam (4.1%). Pengarap Kristian nyadi pengarap ke tebal agi ba komuniti bumiputera ukai Melayu (46.5%) enggau tambah 40.4% ngelala diri nyadi orang Islam.<ref name="Population2010" /> Orang Islam diwajibka nitihka pemutus Kort Syariah dalam pekara ti bekaul enggau pengarap sida. Bala akim Islam disadang nitihka sekula undang-undang Islam Shafi’i, iya nya mazhab besai Malaysia.<ref name="Peletz2002" /> Bidang kuasa kort Syariah semina diungkupka ngagai orang Islam dalam pekara baka tikah, pesaka, sarak, murtad, nukar pengarap, enggau hak ngibun anak enggau ke bukai. Nadai penyalah jenayah tauka sivil bukai di baruh kuasa kort Syariah, ti ngembuan hierarki ti sebaka enggau Kort Sivil. Kort Sivil enda mendingka pekara ti bekaul enggau pengawa Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahathir |first=Marina |url=http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222100655/http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2010 |title=Malaysia moving forward in matters of Islam and women by Marina Mahathir |publisher=Common Ground News Service |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=14 September 2010 }}</ref> === Jaku === {{Main|Jaku ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Distribution of Malaysia Families Languages.png|thumb|Agih ruang bilik jaku Malaysia ti dipandangka ngena chura: {{Legend|#FF006E|[[Jaku-jaku Melayik|Melayik]]}} {{Legend|#FF984F|[[Jaku-jaku Borneo|Borneo]]}} {{Legend|#007F0E|[[Jaku-jaku Asli|Asli]]}} {{Legend|#00FF90|[[Jaku-jaku Dayak Darat|Dayak Darat]]}} {{Legend|#4CFF00|[[Jaku-jaku Sama–Bajaw|Sama–Bajaw]]}} {{Legend|#B200FF|[[Philippine languages|Philippine]]}} {{Legend|#FFD800|[[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese]]}} {{Legend|#A0A0A0|Kandang menua enggau mayuh iti jaku}}]] Jaku rasmi enggau bansa menua Malaysia iya nya [[jaku Melayu Malaysia]],<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> siti tukuh standard [[jaku Melayu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |title=Malay, Standard |publisher=Ethnologue |date=2009 |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212712/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |url-status=live }}</ref> Terminologi rasmi sebedau tu iya nya {{Lang|ms|Bahasa Malaysia}} (Jaku Malaysia)<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |title=Mahathir regrets govt focussing too much on Bahasa |work=Daily Express |location=Kota Kinabalu |date=2 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140712044336/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |title=Bahasa Rasmi |publisher=Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit |access-date=19 April 2021 |language=ms |quote=Perkara 152 Perlembagaan Persekutuan menjelaskan bahawa bahasa Melayu yang dikenali juga sebagai bahasa Malaysia adalah bahasa rasmi yang tidak boleh dipertikai fungsi dan peranannya sebagai Bahasa Kebangsaan. |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123259/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |title=Malay Language Malay Identity |author=Encik Md. Asham bin Ahmad |publisher=Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123301/https://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |url-status=live }}</ref> tang diatu polisi perintah ngena {{Lang|ms|"Bahasa Melayu"}} (Jaku Melayu) deka nujuka jaku resmi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |title=Federal Constitution |publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324042906/http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> lalu kededua leka jaku nya mengkang dikena.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia |title=The history of Bahasa Melayu / Malaysia: The language of the Malay(sian) people |last=Fernandez |first=Kathleen |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115124803/https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williamson |first1=Thomas |title=Incorporating a Malaysian Nation |journal=Cultural Anthropology |date=August 2002 |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=401 |doi=10.1525/can.2002.17.3.401 |url=https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123258/https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Akta Bahasa Kebangsaan 1967 netapka urup Latin (Rumi) nyadi tulis rasmi jaku bansa, tang nadai nagang ngena [[urup Jawi]].<ref name="National Language Act 1967">{{Cite act|title=National Language Act 1963/67|url=http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/GOVERNMENT%20PUBLICATION/Publication%20Laws%20of%20Malaysia%20(L.O.M)/National%20Language%20Act%201963-67%20%5BAct%2032%5D.pdf|type=Act|legislature=[[Dewan Rakyat]]|index=32|date=1967}}</ref> Jaku English mengkang nyadi jaku kedua ti aktif, enggau guna iya dikemendarka ungkup sekeda tuju rasmi ari baruh Akta Jaku Nasional 1967.<ref name="National Language Act 1967" /> Ba Sarawak, Jaku English nyadi jaku rasmi negeri begulai enggau jaku Melayu.<ref name="lang1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |title=Sarawak makes English official language along with BM |author=Sulok Tawie |newspaper=Malay Mail |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402114111/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="lang2">{{Cite news |url= http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |title=Sarawak to recognise English as official language besides Bahasa Malaysia |newspaper=Borneo Post |location= Kuching |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082141/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="lang3">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |title=Sarawak adopts English as official language |newspaper=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]] |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=19 November 2015 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223741/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ari segi sejarah, jaku English nyadi jaku perintah de facto; Jaku Melayu nyadi dominan pengudah penyarut bansa 1969 ([[insiden 13 Mei]]).<ref name="History">{{Cite book |last1= Andaya |first1= Barbara Watson |last2= Andaya |first2= Leonard Y.|title = A History of Malaysia |publisher = MacMillan |date = 1982|pages = 26–28, 61, 151–152, 242–243, 254–256, 274, 278 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC|isbn = 978-0-333-27672-3}}</ref> Jaku English tauka dikumbai [[Jaku Inggeris Malaysia|jaku English Malaysia]] iya nya siti tukuh jaku English ti datai ari [[Jaku Inggeris British|jaku English British]]. Jaku English Malaysia mayuh dikena dalam pengawa dagang, begulai enggau [[jaku Manglish]], iya nya jaku English ti dikena sehari-hari enggau pengaruh jaku Melayu, China, enggau Tamil ti berat. Perintah enda meransang ngena jaku Melayu ti enda standard tang nadai kuasa ngeluarka kompaun tauka ukum ngagai sida ti ngena utai ti dianggap enda menuku jaku Melayu ba iklan sida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimmer |first=Benjamin |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |title=Language Log: Malaysia cracks down on "salad language" |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |date=5 October 2006 |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620134708/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |title=Dewan Bahasa champions use of BM in ads |work=New Straits Times |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=14 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131024015500/http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |archive-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mayuh jaku bukai dikena di Malaysia, ti ngundan orang ti bejaku 137 bansa jaku ti idup.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |url-status=live }}</ref> Semenanjung Malaysia ngundan orang ke bejaku ngena 41 iti jaku tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia (Peninsular) |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Suku bansa asal Malaysia Timur bisi jaku kediri empu ti bekaul enggau, tang mudah dibida enggau, jaku Melayu. [[Jaku Iban]] nyadi batang jaku suku bansa di Sarawak seraya jaku Dusunik enggau Kadazan dikena orang asal di Sabah.<ref>{{Cite book|last1 = Adelaar|first1 = Alexander|last2 = Himmelmann|first2 = Nikolaus P.|title = The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar|publisher = Taylor and Francis Group|date = 2005|pages = 56, 397|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|isbn = 978-0-7007-1286-1|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 5 August 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200805193042/https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|url-status = live}}</ref> Rayat Malaysia China tebal agi bejaku ngena dialek China ari bagi menua selatan China. Jaku China ke suah agi ditemu ba menua tu iya nya jaku Mandarin, Kanton, Hokkien, enggau ke bukai.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gerhard |first1=Leitner |last2=Azirah |first2=Hashim |last3=Hans-Georg |first3=Wolf |last4=Xiaomei |first4=W. |title=Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language |date=2016 |section=The Chinese language in the Asian diaspora: A Malaysian experience |section-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |isbn=978-1-107-06261-0 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=205–215 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781107477186.014 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204010907/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaku Tamil tu tebal dikena majoriti bansa India Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schiffman|first=Harold F.|title=Malaysian Tamils and Tamil Linguistic Culture|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|date=31 December 1998|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|access-date=13 June 2022|archive-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825024104/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sekeda rayat Malaysia ngembuan peturun Eropah lalu bejaku ngena jaku kreol, baka [[jaku Kristang]] ti bepelasarka jaku Portugis,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Malaysian Creole Portuguese: Asian, African or European? |date=1975 |jstor=30027570 |pages=211–236 |last1=Hancock |first1=I. F. |volume=17 |issue=5 |journal=Anthropological Linguistics}}</ref> enggau [[jaku Chavacano]] ti bepelasarka jaku Sepanyol.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Michaelis|first = Susanne|title = Roots of Creole structures|publisher = John Benjamins Publishing Co|date = 2008|page = 279|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC|isbn = 978-90-272-5255-5}}</ref> == Nota == <references group="fn" /> <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist|2}} == Laman web ke bukai == === Perintah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my Perintah] – Laman web rasmi perintah Malaysia * [https://www.istananegara.gov.my/ Istana Negara] – laman web rasmi raja Malaysia * [https://www.pmo.gov.my/ Menteri Besai] – laman web rasmi menteri besai Malaysia * [http://www.parlimen.gov.my Parlimen] – laman web rasmi Parlimen Malaysia * [https://kehakiman.gov.my Kort Federal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718131408/https://www.kehakiman.gov.my/ |date=18 July 2025 }} – laman web rasmi Ketuai Rejistrar Kort Federal Malaysia * [https://www.dosm.gov.my Statistik] – laman web rasmi Opis Statistik Malaysia === Sejarah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 "History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719045812/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 |date=19 July 2023 }} – Sejarah Malaysia ba perintah Malaysia === Dagang temuai === * [https://www.malaysia.travel/ Malaysia Truly Asia] – portal rasmi pengawa dagang temuai Malaysia [[Kategori:Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Menua kaban Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara]] == Perintah enggau politik == {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|align=right|caption_align=center|image1=King Ibrahim of Malaysia August 2025.jpg|caption1=[[Ibrahim Iskandar]]<br /><small>[[Raja Malaysia|Raja]]</small>|image2=Anwar Ibrahim in June 2026.jpg|caption2=[[Anwar Ibrahim]]<br /><small>[[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]</small>}} [[File:Istana_Negara_tepi.jpg|thumb| [[Istana Negara]], palan pengentap pendiau enggau opis rasmi [[Raja Malaysia]].]] [[File:Perdana_Putra.jpg|thumb| [[Perdana Putra]], opis [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]].]] Malaysia nyadi menua [[raja bepilih]] [[Raja bekonstitusyen|bekonstitusyen]] [[Raja federal|federal]] lalu mina sebengkah aja menua federal di [[Asia Tenggara]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 January 2018|title=Could Federalism Smooth Southeast Asia's Rough Edges?|url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025080259/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|archive-date=25 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|agency=Stratfor}}</ref> Sistem perintah tu dichuntoka enggau sistem parlimen [[Sistem Westminster|Westminster]], iya nya diwaris ari [[Empayar British|perintah British]].<ref name="FITA2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Ketuai menua iya nya Raja, ke ngembuan gela rasmi iya nya [[Raja Malaysia|Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]. Raja dipilih ungkup timpuh lima taun ulih enggau ari entara semilan iku pemerintah turun temurun negeri-negeri Melayu. Empat nengeri ke bukai, ke ngembuan Gabenor gela, enda enggau ba pengawa milih. Nengah sempekat enda formal pangku pengawa nya betukar entara semilan iku nya.<ref name="FITA">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Pengawa Raja nya mayuh agi nyadi seremonial kenyau ari ubah ba [[Konstitusyen Malaysia|konstitusyen]] dalam taun 1994, milih menteri enggau kaban dewan tinggi.<ref name="dfat">{{cite web|date=February 2014|title=Malaysia country brief|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027035312/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|archive-date=27 October 2014|access-date=22 October 2014|publisher=Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Kuasa legislatif dibagi entara legislatif perintah besai enggau negeri. [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] perintah besai dua ruang tu bisi dewan baruh, [[Dewan Rakyat]] (ke mega dikelala enggau nama Dewan Pengari Rayat) enggau dewan atas, [[Dewan Negara]] (tauka Senat).<ref>{{cite web|date=3 June 2010|title=Background|url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053421/http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|archive-date=6 November 2018|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Parlimen Malaysia}}</ref> Dewan Pengari Rayat ke bisi 222 iku kaban dipilih ungkup timpuh maksimum lima taun ari sitak ke bisi kaban tunggal. Semua 70 iku senator duduk ungkup timpuh tiga taun; 26 dipilih 13 bengkah Aum Kunsil Negeri, lalu 44 ke bukai dichiri Raja nitihka lalau Menteri Besai.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Parlimen nitihka sistem mayuh parti lalu perintah dipilih nengah sistem ‘pemenang pilih pemadu mayuh'.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=John W. Langford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-sti92Y7TkC&pg=PA101 |title=The Changing Shape of Government in the Asia-Pacific Region |last2=K. Lorne Brownsey |publisher=IRPP |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-88645-060-1 |pages=101–}}</ref> [[Pengawa bepilih ba Malaysia|Pengawa bepilih]] parlimen diatur enda kurang ari lima taun sekali.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Sebedau taun 2018, semina pengundi ke berejista ke beumur 21 taun ke atas aja ulih ngundi kaban Dewan Rakyat lalu, ba tebal agi nengeri, ungkup dewan legislatif nengeri. Ngundi ukai pengawa ti wajib.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2008|title=Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat)|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205034849/http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|archive-date=5 December 2010|access-date=29 September 2008|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> Kena bulan Julai 2019, rang undang-undang nurunka [[umur bepilih]] ngagai 18 taun udah dikemendarka enggau rasmi.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Martin Carvalho|author2=Hemananthani Sivanandam|author3=Rahimy Rahim|author4=Tarrence Tan|date=16 July 2019|title=Dewan Rakyat passes Bill to amend Federal Constitution to lower voting age to 18|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928064607/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18|archive-date=28 September 2022|access-date=16 July 2019|work=The Star}}</ref> [[Eksekutif (perintah)|Kuasa eksekutif]] diberi ngagai [[Kabinet Malaysia|Kabinet]], ti betuaika [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]. Menteri Besai nya mesti nyadi kaban Dewan Rakyat, ti ba penemu Raja ti Pemadu Tinggi, merintah sukung ari majoriti kaban. Kabinet dipilih ari kaban kededua dewan Parlimen.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Menteri Besai nyadi [[Kabinet Malaysia|tuai kabinet]] enggau [[ketuai perintah]]. Kenyau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]], Malaysia diperintah gempung politik [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH),<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> taja pan Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] ngelengka pangku pengawa ba tengah [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ba taun 2020. Kena bulan Mach 2020, gempung [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) ditumbuhka ari baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Muhyiddin Yassin]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 February 2020|title=Palace: Muhyiddin to be sworn in as PM|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229121939/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|archive-date=29 February 2020|access-date=29 February 2020|work=The Star Online}}</ref> sebedau Muhyiddin lenyau sukung majoriti lalu diganti sapit Menteri Besai [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]], seiku kaban politik veteran ari [[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup|Gerempung Nasional Melayu Bersatu]] (UMNO), dalam bulan Ogos<ref>{{cite news|date=21 August 2021|title=Ismail Sabri sworn in as Malaysia's ninth Prime Minister|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821173721/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|archive-date=21 August 2021|access-date=22 August 2021|work=The Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia's Ismail Sabri Yaakob sworn in as new PM|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201131632/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> Kenyau [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022]], parlimen gantung dipilih. [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ari gempung PH dipaduka nyadi Menteri Besai ke baru ngiring perintah gempung PH, [[Barisan Nasional]], [[Gempung Parti Sarawak]], [[Gempung Rayat Sabah]] enggau sekeda parti politik enggau ngatika diri ke bukai. Berebak enggau nya, PN, semina gempung politik ke nadai dalam gempung perintah, nyadi Penyakal. [[Undang-undang Malaysia|Sistem undang-undang Malaysia]] bepelasarka undang-undang selama.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Taja pan pengawa akim lepas ari sukut teori, tang pengelepas iya udah dikerandauka lalu pengawa nyiri akim nadai akauntabiliti enggau transparen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Attacks on Justice – Malaysia|url=http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119080422/http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-date=19 January 2012|access-date=5 December 2011|publisher=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> Kort ke pemadu tinggi dalam sistem akim iya nya [[Kort Federal Malaysia|Kort Federal]], ditangkanka [[Kort Apil Malaysia|Kort Apil]] enggau dua buah [[Kort tinggi (Malaysia)|kort tinggi]], siti ungkup Semenanjung Malaysia enggau siti ungkup Malaysia Timur. Malaysia mega bisi siti kort spesyel dikena mendingka kes ti dibai tauka ngelaban royalti.<ref name="criminal court system2">{{cite web|title=Malaysian criminal court system|url=http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090557/http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|archive-date=15 May 2011|access-date=15 December 2010|publisher=Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers}}</ref> Pengudah UMNO lenyau kuasa ba [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018]], penuduk Malaysia niki 9 penuduk dalam Indeks Demokrasi 2019 ngagai penuduk lumur 43 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya; menua tu diklasifikasyenka nyadi ‘demokrasi ti bisi penimpang’.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2019 A year of democratic setbacks and popular protest|url=https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|url-access=registration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213043744/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|archive-date=13 February 2021|access-date=27 October 2020|website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU.com]]}}</ref> Penuduk Malaysia dalam [[Indeks Pengelepas Pengarang Berita]] 2020 niki 22 penuduk ngagai penuduk lumur 101 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya, lalu nyadika iya siti ari dua buah menua di Asia Tenggara ke nadai ‘Situasi Susah’ tauka ‘Situasi Keberat Serius’ bekaul enggau pengelepas pengarang berita.<ref>{{cite web|year=2020|title=2020 World Press Freedom Index|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423104703/https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|archive-date=23 April 2020|access-date=27 October 2020|work=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Taja pia, iya nurun 18 endur ba taun ke nangkanka nya ketegal polisi perintah PN.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia: Back to harassment, intimidation and censorship {{!}} Reporters without borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124091549/https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|archive-date=24 November 2021|access-date=26 July 2021|website=RSF|language=en}}</ref> Malaysia ba penuduk lumur 48 enggau 62 nitihka [[Indeks Persepsyen Makai Suap]] 2021, ti nunjukka tikas [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] ti ngelui ari purata. Freedom House beratika Malaysia “bibas sebagi” dalam pansik sida ba taun 2018.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 June 2018|title=Malaysia considers amending human trafficking law after U.S. report|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407142237/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|archive-date=7 April 2020|access-date=7 April 2020|website=Reuters}}</ref> Siti saman ti digaga [[Opis Pengelurus Amerika Serikat]] nuduhka pengabis mimit $3.5 billion ti ngaul ex-menteri besai [[Najib Razak]] udah dichuri ari wang turu enggi perintah menua Malaysia [[1MDB]], ti dikelala enggau nama [[Skandal 1MDB|skandal 1Malaysia Development Berhad]].<ref name=":02">{{cite news|date=28 July 2016|title=1MDB: The inside story of the world's biggest financial scandal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111085317/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|archive-date=11 November 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=1MDB: The playboys, PMs and partygoers around a global financial scandal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721081321/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|archive-date=21 July 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=The bizarre story of 1MDB, the Goldman Sachs-backed Malaysian fund that turned into one of the biggest scandals in financial history|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117032748/https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|archive-date=17 November 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=Business Insider}}</ref> Naka taun 2025, iya ba penuduk lumur 13 ba [[Indeks Pemaik Global]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2025 Global Peace Index|url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/GPI-2025-web.pdf|access-date=2025-09-26|website=Institute for Economics & Peace|publisher=[[Institute for Economics & Peace]]|publication-date=June 2025}}</ref> === Bagi jalai perintah === {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" |{{Malaysia Labelled Map}} |} Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua federasyen ti ngundan [[Negeri enggau kandang menua federal ba Malaysia|13 negeri enggau tiga kandang menua federal]].<ref>{{cite news|date=2 November 2015|title=Understanding the Federation of Malaysia|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105113420/http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-date=5 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Ari penyampau nya, 11 negeri enggau dua kandang menua federal bisi ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]], lalu dua bengkah negeri enggau siti kandang menua federal ke bukai mungkur [[Malaysia Timur]]. Menua tu bisi tiga renggat perintah— [[Perintah menua Malaysia|perintah federal]], [[Perintah negeri ba Malaysia|negeri]], enggau kandang menua.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|year=2018|title=The Local Government System in Malaysia|url=https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Commonwealth Local Government Forum]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220050855/https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Pengawa merintah nengeri dibagi entara perintah federal enggau perintah negeri, enggau kuasa ti bebida diungkupka ngagai tiap iku, lalu perintah federal bisi kuasa perintah terus ba kandang menua federal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Territories and State Governments|url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222231636/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-date=22 February 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Malaysian government}}</ref> Tetiap negeri bisi [[Aum kunsil negeri ba Malaysia|Aum Kunsil Negeri]] ke ngembuan siti ruang bilik ke alai kaban iya dipilih ari sitak ke bisi siku kaban. Perintah negeri betuaika [[Kepala perintah negeri ba Malaysia|Kepala Menteri]],<ref name="state.gov2" /> ti nyadi kaban Aum Kunsil Negeri ari parti majoriti dalam dewan. Ba tiap-tiap nengeri ke bisi pemerintah turun temurun, Kepala Menteri biasa iya dipinta nyadi [[Melayu|orang Melayu]], dichiri pemerintah nitihka lalau [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-3155j7FLkC |title=The management of secondary cities in southeast Asia |publisher=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements |year=1996 |isbn=978-92-1-131313-0 |page=120}}</ref> Naka [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|taun 2018]], pengawa bepilih negeri diatur berebak enggau pengawa bepilih besai nengah konvensyen, kelimpah ari ke di [[Sarawak]]. Berindik ari [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–2022|krisis politik 2020–2022]], semina [[Pahang]], [[Perak]] enggau [[Perlis]] milih bejalaika pengawa bepilih negeri sida sejalai enggau pengawa bepilih besai.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hutchinson|first=Francis E.|date=15 May 2024|title=Malaysia's Out-of-Sync Federal and State Elections: The Good, the Bad, and the Untimely|url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|url-status=live|journal=[[ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute]]|language=en-US|volume=2024|issue=34|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220053516/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Dipegai ba baruh perintah besai enggau negeri, [[Perintah kandang menua ba Malaysia|perintah kandang menua]] ngarika renggat pemerintah ke pemadu baruh di Malaysia. Naka taun 2024, Malaysia dibagi entara 19 bengkah nengeri, 40 bengkah kandang mengeri, 91 buah kunsil renggat pelilih menua, enggau empat bengkah ejensi bekanun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senarai PBT|trans-title=List of local governments|url=https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118151239/https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|archive-date=18 January 2025|access-date=22 December 2024|website=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=ms}}</ref> Seraya konstitusyen perintah besai ngagihka perintah kandang menua ngagai bidang kuasa eksklusif perintah negeri,<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to local government in Malaysia|url=http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328212349/http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2018|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Universiti Teknologi Mara}}</ref> dalam praktikal, [[Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua (Malaysia)|Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua perintah federal]] ngemataka pengawa ngatur undang-undang enggau polisi kandang menua.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Nooi, Phang Siew|date=May 2008|title=Decentralisation or recentralisation? Trends in local government in Malaysia|url=http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909145130/http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|archive-date=9 September 2016|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance}}</ref> [[Ketuai Mengeri]] (tauka presiden ungkup kunsil kandang mengeri enggau pelilih menua) enggau [[kaunsilor]] dichiri perintah negeri ke bekaul, tauka dalam kes kandang menua perintah federal, dichiri perintah federal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|year=2023|title=Rujukan Ringkas Mengenai Dasar-Dasar Berkaitan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan Edisi 2023|trans-title=Summary on Local Government Policies 2023 Edition|url=https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=MS|page=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035246/https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Undang-undang perintah federal ngagihka pekara tanah, nyengkaum pengawa ngaga garis entara [[Rintai pelilih menua ba Malaysia|pelilih menua]], ngagai bidang kuasa perintah negeri.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2020|title=National Land Code|url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Malaysian federal government]]|page=54|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202093708/https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2025|access-date=20 December 2024|via=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Kelimpah ari Perlis enggau kandang menua federal, tiap negeri dibagi ngagai pelilih menua, ti dibagi baru ngagai [[mukim]]. Di [[Sabah]] enggau [[Sarawak]], pelilih menua digelumu ngagai bagi menua.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia Districts|url=http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201132451/http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|archive-date=1 December 2020|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Statoids}}</ref> Bebida enggau perintah kandang menua ti ngatur kuasa perintah kandang mengeri enggau pemansang infrastruktur,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=E.|first1=Lo Vullo|last2=Ho|first2=C. S.|last3=Chau|first3=L. W.|last4=F.|first4=Monforti|last5=V.|first5=Palermo|last6=S.|first6=Rivas|last7=P.|first7=Bertoldi|year=2022|title=How to Develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP) in Southeast Asia-Malaysia|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360823096|journal=[[Publications Office of the European Union]]|page=6|doi=10.2760/50282|isbn=978-92-76-52424-3|via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> pelilih menua semina dikena ungkup chukai tanah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adnan|first1=M. Z.|last2=Suratman|first2=R. Suratman|last3=Samsudin|first3=S.|year=2019|title=Key Geographical Features on Malaysia's Land Tax System: A Comparison Study in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia|journal=International Geography Seminar 2019|volume=683|issue=683|page=2|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/683/1/012095|doi-access=free}}</ref> 13 bengkah negeri nya bepelasarka menua perintah Melayu besejarah, lalu 9 ari 11 negeri Semenanjung, ke dikelala enggau nama negeri Melayu, ngetanka ruang bilik diraja sida. [[Raja Malaysia|Raja]] dipilih sereta ari semilan iku pemerintah ngambika mangku pengawa pengelama lima taun.<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Raja tu nyiri gabenor ti mangku pengawa pengelama empat taun ke negeri-negeri ti nadai raja, pengudah berunding enggau kepala menteri negeri nya. Tiap negeri bisi konstitusyen betulis.<ref name="Lim Hong Hai">{{cite web|author=Hai, Lim Hong|title=Electoral Politics in Malaysia: 'Managing' Elections in a Plural Society|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190212/http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Sabah enggau Sarawak ngembuan autonomi ke jauh mayuh agi ari negeri bukai, ke pemadu tebilang ngembuan polisi enggau kawal imigresyen kediri, sereta status peranak menua ke nyelai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannum, Hurst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oV3pKJfnvcC&pg=PA342 |title=Basic Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7923-1977-1 |pages=342–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Lockard, Craig A.|date=March 2000|title=Sabah and Sarawak: The Politics of Development and Federalism. Kajian Malaysia, Special Issue. Edited by Francis Loh Kok Wah. Penang: Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1997. Pp. 236.|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies]]|volume=31|issue=1|pages=210–213|doi=10.1017/S0022463400016192|s2cid=154586268}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bong|first1=Karen|last2=Pilo|first2=Wilfred|name-list-style=amp|date=16 September 2011|title=An agreement forged and forgotten|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102042307/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|archive-date=2 November 2015|access-date=3 July 2014|work=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> Pengawa champur tangan perintah besai dalam pengawa negeri, kurang pemansang, enggau laya ketegal royalti minyak bisi sekali-sekala ngujungka penerang pasal nyerara diri ari bala ketuai di sekeda negeri baka [[Pulau Pinang]], [[Johor]], [[Kelantan]], Sabah enggau Sarawak, taja pan pekara tu bedau dititihka lalu nadai pengawa meredeka ti berat bisi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Koay|first=Su Lin|date=September 2016|title=Penang: The Rebel State (Part One)|url=http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|website=Penang Monthly}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chin|first=James|year=1997|title=Politics of Federal Intervention in Malaysia, with reference to Kelantan, Sarawak and Sabah|url=https://www.academia.edu/2954857|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics|volume=35|pages=96–120|doi=10.1080/14662049708447747|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809133946/https://www.academia.edu/2954857|archive-date=9 August 2021|access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli|date=18 October 2015|title=Could the Federation of Malaysia really come apart?|url=http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027202437/http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|archive-date=27 October 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|publisher=[[Astro Awani]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=3 November 2015|title=Will things fall apart in the Malaysian federation?|url=http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation?|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106024352/http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation|archive-date=6 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=Today|location=Singapore}}</ref> ; Negeri Rintai 13 bengkah negeri enggau tiap indu nengeri (dalam tanda kurung): {{div col|colwidth=22em}} # {{flagicon|Johor}} [[Johor]] ([[Johor Bahru]]) # {{flagicon|Kedah}} [[Kedah]] ([[Alor Setar]]) # {{flagicon|Kelantan}} [[Kelantan]] ([[Kota Bharu]]) # {{flagicon|Melaka}} [[Melaka]] ([[Nengeri Melaka]]) # {{flagicon|Negeri Sembilan}} [[Negeri Sembilan]] ([[Seremban]]) # {{flagicon|Pahang}} [[Pahang]] ([[Kuantan]]) # {{flagicon|Pulau Pinang}} [[Pulau Pinang]] ([[George Town, Pulau Pinang|George Town]]) # {{flagicon|Perak}} [[Perak]] ([[Ipoh]]) # {{flagicon|Perlis}} [[Perlis]] ([[Kangar]]) # {{flagicon|Selangor}} [[Selangor]] ([[Shah Alam]]) # {{flagicon|Sabah}} [[Sabah]] ([[Kota Kinabalu]]) # {{flagicon|Sarawak}} [[Sarawak]] ([[Kuching]]) # {{flagicon|Terengganu}} [[Terengganu]] ([[Kuala Terengganu]]) {{div col end}} ; Kandang menua federal # {{flagicon|Kuala Lumpur}} [[Kuala Lumpur|Kandang Menua Federal Kuala Lumpur]] # {{flagicon|Labuan}} [[Labuan|Kandang Menua Federal Labuan]] ([[Victoria, Labuan|Victoria]]) # {{flagicon|Putrajaya}} [[Putrajaya|Kandang Menua Federal Putrajaya]] === Kaul enggau menua luar enggau soldadu === [[File:2025_Donald_Trump,_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia_Seri_Anwar_Ibrahim,_Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia_Hun_Manet_and_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand_Anutin_Charnvirakul_before_signing_the_Kuala_Lumpur_Accord_on_October_25_at_the_ASEAN_Summit.jpg|thumb| (Kiba ke kanan) Menteri Besai Malaysia [[Anwar Ibrahim]], Presiden Amerika Serikat [[Donald Trump]], Menteri Besai Thailand [[Anutin Charnvirakul]] enggau Menteri Besai Kemboja [[Hun Manet]] pengudah nyain [[Sempekat Pengelikun Kuala Lumpur]], ti nyadi maya [[Aum Besai ASEAN 2025|Aum Besai ASEAN Ke-47]], 26 Oktober 2025.]] Sebengkah ari kaban pemungkal [[Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara|ASEAN]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview|url=http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109233326/http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-date=9 January 2008|access-date=8 November 2007|publisher=Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}</ref> enggau [[Gerempung Kerejasama Islam|OIC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Affairs (OIC) and D8 Division|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064902/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-date=9 March 2017|access-date=12 November 2010|publisher=Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> menua tu ngambi bagi dalam mayuh gerempung entarabansa baka [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (GBB),<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Kerejasama Ekonomi Asia Pasifik|APEC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Gerempung D-8 ungkup Kerejasama Ekonomi|Gerempung Kerejasama Ekonomi D-8]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia|url=http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630135700/http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-date=30 June 2017|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Developing 8 Countries}}</ref> enggau NAM.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States|url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233514/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-date=9 December 2010|access-date=5 September 2010|publisher=Non-Aligned Movement}}</ref> Iya kala nyadi chairman ASEAN, OIC, enggau NAM suba.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Ketegal menua tu [[Koloni mahkota|Koloni British]] suba, iya mega nyadi kaban [[Komanwel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Member States|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/142227/members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120634/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/member-countries|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref> [[Kuala Lumpur]] nyadi palan [[Aum Besai Asia Timur|EAC]] keterubah dalam taun 2005.<ref name="govtnz2">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Polisi luar Malaysia sechara rasmi bepelasarka prinsip neutral enggau ngetanka kaul likun enggau semua menua, enda ngira sistem politik sida.<ref name="kln2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia's Foreign Policy|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704114645/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|archive-date=4 July 2018|access-date=21 September 2010|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> Perintah ngemeratka pengelikun enggau penegap [[Asia Tenggara]],<ref name="govtnz3">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> lalu nguji ngemansangka agi kaul enggau menua bukai ba kandang menua nya. Ari segi sejarah perintah udah nguji ngayanka Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua Islam ti progresif <ref name="kln">{{Cite web}}</ref> seraya ngerapitka kaul enggau [[menua Islam]] bukai. <ref name="govtnz">{{Cite web}}</ref> Siti prinsip ti tegap dalam polisi Malaysia iya nya sovereiniti menua enggau hak sesebengkah menua nguasa pengawa dalam menua iya. Malaysia nyain sempekat GBB pasal [[Sempekat Tagang Senyata Nuklear|Tagang Senyata Nuklear]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 July 2017|title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|archive-date=6 August 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 August 2019|title=Japan should support nuclear ban treaty, says Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409090214/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|archive-date=9 April 2023|access-date=16 August 2019|work=The Japan Times}}</ref> [[Pulau-pulau Spratly]] diperebutka mayuh muea ba kandang menua nya, lalu [[Jurai kandang menua ba Tasik China Selatan|sebagi besai ari Tasik China Selatan]] dituntut [[China]]. Bebida enggau menua sepiak iya [[Vietnam]] enggau [[Filipina]], Malaysia ari sukut sejarah nyeliahka diri ari konflik enggau China.<ref>{{cite news|last=Diola|first=Camille|date=25 June 2014|title=Why Malaysia, unlike Philippines, keeps quiet on sea row|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627165932/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|archive-date=27 June 2014|access-date=25 June 2014|work=[[The Philippine Star]]}}</ref> Taja pia, sepengudah kapal China nyerungkai tasik kandang menua Malaysia,<ref>{{cite news|date=27 September 2015|title=Presence of China Coast Guard ship at Luconia Shoals spooks local fishermen|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929005731/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=28 September 2015|newspaper=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> enggau ngelanggar kandang udara ngena bilun soldadu sida, Malaysia udah chakah ngutuk China.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2015|title=Malaysia lodges diplomatic protest against intrusion at Beting Patinggi Ali|url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929024442/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=16 August 2015|work=The Rakyat Post|agency=Bernama}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Blanchard|first1=Ben|last2=Pullin|first2=Richard|date=18 October 2015|title=Malaysia slams China's 'provocation' in South China Sea|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019120244/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=20 October 2015|work=Channel News Asia|agency=Reuters}}</ref> [[Brunei]] enggau Malaysia dalam taun 2009 madahka deka ngetuka pengawa nuntut tanah pangan diri, lalu meri komitmen mutarka isu ti bekaul enggau garis entara menua maritim sida.<ref>{{cite news|last=Masli|first=Ubaidillah|date=17 March 2009|title=Brunei drops all claims to Limbang|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712162447/http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-date=12 July 2014|access-date=23 August 2013|url-status=usurped|work=[[The Brunei Times]]}}</ref> Filipina bisi [[Jurai Borneo Utara|tuntut ti enda aktif]] ba bagi menua timur [[Sabah]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG2">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref> Pengawa nuntut tanah [[Singapura]] udah ngasuh penyarut nyadi,<ref>{{cite web|title=Disputed&nbsp;– International|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014013059/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|archive-date=14 October 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=CIA}}</ref> lalu penyarut mit ba garis entara menua maritim enggau darat bisi enggau [[Indonesia]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 October 2015|title=Border disputes differ for Indonesia, M'sia|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019135525/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=19 October 2015|newspaper=[[Daily Express (Malaysia)|Daily Express]]|location=Kota Kinabalu}}</ref> [[File:Su30mkm_flying_at_lima_two_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Bilun [[Sukhoi Su-30MKM]] TUDM]] [[Raban Besenyata Malaysia]] bisi tiga pampang: [[Soldadu Malaysia]], [[Soldadu Tasik Diraja Malaysia]] enggau [[Soldadu Langit Diraja Malaysia]]. Nadai pengawa soldadu, lalu umur ke dipinta kena nyadi soldadu enggau sukarela iya nya 18 taun. Sedadu ngena 1.5% ari GDP menua, lalu ngambi 1.23% ari pengereja pengawa Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysian Military statistics|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806213531/http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|archive-date=6 August 2013|access-date=1 October 2010|publisher=NationMaster}}</ref> Raban penyaga pemaik Malaysia ari [[MALBATT]] udah meri bantu ngagai mayuh pengawa nyaga pemaik PBB, baka di [[Operasyen Gerempung Bansa Beserakup ba Kongo|Kongo]], [[Raban Pemerati Soldadu Iran–Irak Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|Iran–Irak]], [[Raban Pemantu Pengalih|Namibia]], Kemboja, Bosnia enggau Herzegovina, Somalia, Kosovo, Timor Leste, enggau Lebanon.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{cite web|date=12 February 2013|title=Malaysia – Permanent Missions to the United Nations|url=http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034708/http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2013|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> [[Atur Pengetan Kuasa Lima]] nya inisiatif pengelikun pelilih menua ke udah dipejalaika semak 40 taun. Iya ngaul pengawa latih sedadu begulai ke diatur entara Malaysia, Singapura, Australia, New Zealand, enggau United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 April 2010|title=Australia says major military exercise underway in Malaysia|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201942/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=1 October 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref> Latih begulai enggau main perang mega udah diatur enggau Brunei,<ref>{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Daniel|date=20 April 2014|title=Brunei, M'sia train in 11th military exercise|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208183256/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-date=8 December 2014|access-date=5 November 2014|url-status=usurped|work=The Brunei Times}}</ref> China,<ref>{{cite web|author=Yao Jianing|date=17 September 2015|title=First China-Malaysia joint military exercise held in Malacca Strait|url=http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001184454/http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|work=China Military Online|publisher=[[Ministry of National Defense (China)|Ministry of National Defense]]}}</ref> India,<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Anand|date=30 April 2018|title=First Ever Joint Army exercise on Malaysian Soil Commences with Handing-Over of Troops Ceremony|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001183858/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=2 October 2018|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] (India)}}</ref> Indonesia,<ref>{{cite news|date=13 September 2010|title=Indonesia-Malaysia military exercises must continue&nbsp;– defence minister|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922134210/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-date=22 September 2010|access-date=1 October 2010|work=ANTARA News}}</ref> Jipun,<ref>{{cite web|author=John Grevatt|date=12 September 2018|title=Japan, Malaysia sign defence accord|url=https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001185203/https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]}}</ref> enggau Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 August 2014|title=Malaysia, US armed forces in joint exercise|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175613/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=26 August 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Malaysia, Filipina, Thailand, enggau Vietnam udah setuju ngatur latih begulai raban pengelikun dikena nyaga garis entara menua maritim sida sereta mutarka isu baka imigresyen nadai pemendar, lanun, enggau pengawa mai barang sechara belalai.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2010|title=Malaysia, Philippines committed to enhancing border security|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205247/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=18 September 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 2013|title=Piracy in Southeast Asia: Organised Criminal Syndicates or Small Scale Opportunists?|url=http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724082702/http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2015|access-date=24 July 2015|work=Gray Page}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carvalho|first=Martin|date=15 May 2012|title=Malaysia, Thailand military exercise to include other agencies, Asean members|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709181144/https://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=5 November 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref>Sebedau tu bisi pengirau ati pengawa militan ekstremis ba kandang endur Islam di [[Konflik Moro|selatan Filipina]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sherman|first1=Ray|last2=David|first2=Nisha|date=6 March 2020|title=Malaysia Bolsters Security Near Sea Border with Philippines|url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=Benar News}}</ref> enggau [[Charut Selatan Thailand|selatan Thailand]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Kent|first=Jonathan|date=28 April 2004|title=Malaysia ups Thai border security|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|archive-date=2 December 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref> deka ngelekai ngagai Malaysia. Ketegal nya, Malaysia berengkah nambahka pengelikun garis entara menua.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=19 April 2022|title=Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Consider Expanding Sulu Sea Trilateral Patrols|url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204234639/https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sallehuddin|first1=Qistina|last2=Kuan|first2=Samantha|date=9 December 2022|title=Govt to step up Malaysian-Thai border security|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/12/859251/govt-step-malaysian-thai-border-security|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=New Straits Times}}</ref> === Hak Asasi Mensia === [[Homoseksualiti]] [[Hak LGBTQ ba Malaysia|enda dikemendarka di Malaysia]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|last2=Cameron|first2=Darla|date=16 June 2016|title=Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523191423/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|archive-date=23 May 2017|access-date=21 May 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Avery|first=Daniel|date=4 April 2019|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|archive-date=11 December 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|work=Newsweek}}</ref> lalu piak bekuasa udah netapka ukum baka ngena rutan enggau jil.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lamb|first=Kate|date=3 September 2018|title=Women caned in Malaysia for attempting to have lesbian sex|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/03/women-caned-in-malaysia-for-attempting-to-have-lesbian-sex|access-date=26 May 2019|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 November 2019|title=Malaysia sentences five men to jail, caning and fines for gay sex|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> [[Pengawa bedagangka mensia]] enggau [[pengawa bedagangka seks di Malaysia]] nyadi penanggul ti signifikan.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 May 2017|title=Malaysia must wake up to its human trafficking problem|url=https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710111418/https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|archive-date=10 July 2022|access-date=7 April 2020|website=New Mandala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 June 2014|title=US penalises Malaysia for shameful human trafficking record|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/20/malaysia-us-human-trafficking-persons-report|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Bisi mega kes ngakim kediri ti munuh sereta bekasarka individu LGBT di Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 August 2018|title=A brutal assault and rising fear in Malaysia's LGBT community|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525033617/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|archive-date=25 May 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 January 2021|title=Malaysia: Government Steps Up Attacks on LGBT People|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|language=en}}</ref> Pengawa ti enda sah ba pengawa homoseksualiti di Malaysia mega udah nyadika batang [[Pengawa bechara sodomi Anwar Ibrahim|pengawa bechara sodomi]] [[Anwar Ibrahim]], ti dikumbai Anwar bemotif politik, sebengkah chara ti disukung Raban Kereja pasal Pengawa Ngetanka Sepeneka Ati, begulai enggau Amnesty Antarabansa enggau Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 July 2008|title=Malaysia: Political Motivations Undermine Anwar Case|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173815/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Doherty|first1=Ben|date=10 February 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim guilty in sodomy case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/10/anwar-ibrahim-guilty-in-sodomy-case|access-date=27 June 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 November 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim: Malaysia opposition leader 'should be freed'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34704563|access-date=27 June 2022|website=BBC News}}</ref> Ukum mati dikena ungkup penyalah ti berat baka [[Pengawa munuh|munuh]], pengani, enggau [[Dagang dadah enda sah|bedagangka dadah]], sekeda ari penyalah nya kala nyadi mandatori.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 January 2015|title=Laws of Malaysia [Act 574]|url=http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20%5BAct%20574%5D2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203104609/http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20&#91;Act%20574&#93;2.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2020|access-date=13 October 2016|publisher=Attorney General's Chamber}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Death Penalty in Malaysia|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626042150/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom]]}}</ref> Taja pia, dalam bulan Julai 2023, berindik ari pengawa ngemendarka [[Akta Pengapus Ukum Mati Mandatori 2023]], ukum mati mandatori dipunaska ungkup semua penyalah di Malaysia, lalu ari nya ngemendarka akim neritka ukum mati nitihka peneka ati sida empu sereta nitihka kes. Undang-undang baru nya mega ngemunaska semua ukum jil seumur idup semula jadi, nganti nya enggau ukum jil 30 ngagai 40 taun nganti nya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Latiff|first=Rozanna|date=3 April 2023|title=Malaysia scraps mandatory death penalty, natural-life prison terms|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysia-parliament-approves-law-remove-mandatory-death-penalty-2023-04-03/|access-date=9 June 2025|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yusry|first=Muhammad|date=3 July 2023|title=Abolishment of mandatory death penalty gazetted, to come into force tomorrow|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/07/03/abolishment-of-mandatory-death-penalty-gazetted-to-come-into-force-tomorrow/77669|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tee|first=Kenneth|date=3 April 2023|title=A brief history of Malaysia's capital punishment and death row inmates|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/04/03/a-brief-history-of-malaysias-capital-punishment-and-death-row-inmates/62376|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref> ppfnsvauho6jm9ix0rn9yn2sgmiimgm 20066 20065 2026-10-16T16:31:14Z Jang Edgar 20 20066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Malaysia<!-- The name of the Federation (official name of the state) according to Art 1(1) of the Federal Constitution is, in Malay and English, Malaysia. Nothing more, nothing less. 'Federation of' was only used for the state that preceded Malaysia – Federation of Malaya. Please do not insert 'Federation of' or 'Persekutuan' for Malay name --> | common_name = Malaysia | image_flag = Flag of Malaysia.svg | alt_flag = A blue rectangle with a gold star and crescent in the canton, with 14 horizontal red and white stripes on the rest of the flag | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg | coa_size = 90 | symbol_type = Lambang menua | alt_coat = Shield showing the symbols of the Malaysian states with a star and crescent above and a motto below, supported by two tigers | image_map = {{Switcher|[[Fail:Malaysia (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[Fail:Location Malaysia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Southeast Asia|default=1}} | map_caption = {{Map caption |location_color=dark green |region=Asia |subregion= [[ASEAN]] | subregion_color = dark gray}} | national_motto = {{Lang|ms|Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022191931/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2013 |title=Malaysian Flag and Coat of Arms |publisher=Malaysian Government |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><br>{{Script/Arabic|برسکوتو برتمبه موتو}} ([[Urup Jawi|Jawi]])<br />"Beserakup Betambah Kualiti" | national_anthem = "{{Lang|ms|[[Negaraku]]}}"<br />"Menuaku"{{Parabr}}{{Center|[[Fail:Negaraku instrumental.ogg]]}} | capital = [[Kuala Lumpur]]{{Refn|group=fn|Constitutional capital, ceremonial and legislative}}<br />{{Coord|3|8|N|101|41|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | admin_center = [[Putrajaya]]{{Refn|group=fn|administrative and judicial}}<br />{{Coord|2|56|N|101|42|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Jaku Melayu]]{{Efn|Section 9 of the [[Akta Jaku Nasional 1963/67]] states that "The script of the national language shall be the Rumi script: provided that this shall not prohibit the use of the Malay script, more commonly known as the Jawi script, of the national language".}}{{Efn|Section 2 of the [[National Language Act 1963/67]] states that "Save as provided in this Act and subject to the safeguards contained in Article 152(1) of the Constitution relating to any other language and the language of any other community in Malaysia the national language shall be used for official purposes".}}{{Efn|name=Recognized|See Article 152 of the [[Federal Constitution of Malaysia]] and [[National Language Act 1963/67]].}} | languages_type = Jaku ti diaku | languages = [[Jaku Inggeris]]{{Efn|name=Recognized}} | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} * 69.7% [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] ** 57.3% [[Orang Melayu Malaysia|Melayu]] ** 12.4% Orang asal [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]] enggau [[Orang Asli]] * 22.9% [[Orang China Malaysia|China]] * 6.6% [[Orang India Malaysia|India]] * 0.8% [[Etnik asal ba Malaysia|Ke bukai]] {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2023 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2021 pop">{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|title=Minister: Census shows Malaysia's oldest man and woman aged 120 and 118; preliminary census findings to be released in Feb 2022|date=17 January 2022|publisher=Malaymail|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074901/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Current population and estimates, Malaysia 2021 Group |author=Department of Statistics Malaysia |access-date=1 February 2022 |date=2021 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201080046/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion = {{Ubl|63.5% [[Islam ba Malaysia|Islam Sunni]] (resmi)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|title=The States, Religion and Law of the Federation|work=Constitution of Malaysia|publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission|access-date=29 October 2017|quote=Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614105535/http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>|18.7% [[Buddha ba Malaysia|Buddha]]|9.1% [[Kristian ba Malaysia|Kristian]]|6.1% [[Hindu ba Malaysia|Hindu]]|0.9% ke bukai|1.8% enda ditemu}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|title=Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2020|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|date=14 February 2020|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|url-status=live}}</ref> | religion_year = 2020 | government_type = Monarki elektif bekonstitusyen parlimen federal | leader_title1 = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (King) | leader_name1 = [[Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor|Ibrahim Iskandar]] | leader_title2 = [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]] | leader_name2 = [[Anwar Ibrahim]] | legislature = [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] | upper_house = [[Diwan Menua]] (Senat) | lower_house = [[Diwan Rayat]] (House of Representatives) | sovereignty_type = [[Hari Meredeka (Malaysia)|Meredeka]] | sovereignty_note = ari [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Federasyen Malaya]] | established_date1 = 31 Ogos 1957<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mackay, Derek|title=Eastern Customs: The Customs Service in British Malaya and the Opium Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|date=2005|publisher=The Radcliffe Press|isbn=978-1-85043-844-1|pages=240–|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119151920/https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event2 = [[Hari Sarawak]] | established_date2 = 22 Julai 1963 | established_event3 = [[Hari Perintah Kediri Borneo Utara]] | established_date3 = 31 Ogos 1963<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|title=31 Ogos 1963, Hari kemerdekaan Sabah yang rasmi|publisher=AWANI|date=14 May 2021|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901062457/https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event4 = [[Hari Malaysia]] | established_date4 = 16 September 1963 | area_rank = 67th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 330,803<ref name="2010 stats">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |title=Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 |publisher=Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia |page=27 |access-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030607/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_sq_mi = 127,720 | percent_water = 0.3 | population_estimate = 34,564,810<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Malaysia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_date = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 43rd | population_census_date = 2020 | population_census = 32,447,385<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |title=Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=48 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228142122/https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 101 | population_density_sq_mi = 263 | population_density_rank = 116th | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $1.306 trilion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Malaysia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416230123/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 30th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $39,030<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $445.519 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 36th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $13,315<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 67th | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MY | title=World Bank Open Data }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.807<!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 63rd | currency = [[Ringgit Malaysia]] (RM) | currency_code = MYR | date_format = dd-mm-yyyy | time_zone = [[Jam Standard Malaysia|JSM]] | utc_offset = [[UTC+8|+8]] | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+60|+60]] | cctld = [[.my|.my]] | footnotes = }} '''Malaysia''' siti menua raja federal konstitusyen ba [[Asia Tenggara]] ti ditubuhka ari 11 iti negeri ba Semenanjung Malaysia, 2 iti negeri ba [[Borneo]] enggau 3 iti Wilayah Persekutuan. Pemesai menua tu nyampau 330,803 km2. Malaysia bekunsi arih tanah enggau menua [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], enggau [[Brunei]] sereta arih tasik enggau [[Singapura]] enggau [[Filipina]]. Ba Malaysia bisi siti titik ti pemadu selatan urung semua tanah besai Eurasia, ianya Tanjung Piai. Tuai menua Malaysia ianya Yang di-Pertuan Agong, raja elektif ti dipilih ari 9 iku raja negeri Melayu. Tuai eksekutif perintah ianya Menteri Besai. [[Kuala Lumpur]] nya indu menua Malaysia, Putrajaya nya pusat perintah federal. Malaysia siti menua perintis Serakup Menua-Menua Asia Tenggara enggau Serakup Aum Islam, sereta siti ari raban Saup Ekonomi Asia-Pasifik, Menua-Menua Komanwel, enggau Non-Alligned Movement. Asal menua tu ari perintah-perintah orang Laut ti ulih ditemu ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]]. Menua nya udah dijajah [[Empayar British]] ari abad ke-18. Begian menua keterubah ti udah dijajah British dikumbai [[Negeri-Negeri Selat]]. Maya [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[British Malaya]] udah dijajah menua [[Jipun]]. Sepengudah perang nya, Semenanjung Malaysia ti dikelala enggau nama Tanah Melayu tauka Malaya maya nya, udah diserakup baruh siti komanwel maya taun 1946, sebedau nyadi [[Persekutuan Tanah Melayu]] maya taun 1948. Maya taun 1957 Semenanjung Malaysia udah meredika. Sepengudah nya, ba taun 1963, Tanah Melayu beserakup enggau [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]] ungkup nubuhka menua Malaysia. [[Singapura]] udah dipansutka ari federasyen lalu nyadi siti menua ti bibas maya taun 1965. == Nama == [[Fail:LA2-NSRW-1-0148 malaysia.jpg|thumb|left|alt=English Map of Southeast Asia, "MALAYSIA" typeset horizontally so that the letters run across the northernmost corner of Borneo and pass just south of the Philippines.|"Malaysia" dikena nyadi label ke Pulau Melayu ba kar taun 1914 dalam atlas Amerika Serikat]] Nama "[[wikt:Malaysia|Malaysia]]" datai ari dua leka jaku iya nya "[[wikt:Malays|Malays]]" enggau penambah pengujung jaku Latin-Gerika "[[wikt:-ia|-ia]]"/"[[wikt:-ία|-ία]]"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites|publisher=McFarland & Company|date=2004|isbn=978-0-7864-1814-5|page=221}}</ref> ke ulih dikalih jaku nyadi "tanah orang Melayu".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|title=The World Factbook – Malaysia|date=2020|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Asal leka jaku 'Melayu' ngembuan mayuh macham teori. Bisi pelaba leka jaku tu datai ari [[jaku Sanskrit]] iya nya "Himalaya", ti nujuka kandang menua ke tinggi sereta begunung, tauka leka jaku "Malaiyur-pura", ti mai reti "nengeri gunung".<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu">{{Citation | last1 = Abdul Rashid Melebek | last2 = Amat Juhari Moain | title = Sejarah Bahasa Melayu ("History of the Malay Language") | publisher = [[Utusan Malaysia|Utusan Publications & Distributors]] | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-967-61-1809-7 | pages=9–10}}</ref> Teori bukai madahka asal penatai leka jaku tu ari [[jaku Tamil]] "''malai''" enggau "''ur''" ke mai reti "gunung" enggau "nengeri, tanah".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weightman|first=Barbara A.|title=Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|page=449|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC|isbn=978-1-118-13998-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwary|first=Shanker Shiv|title=Encyclopaedia Of Southeast Asia And Its Tribes (Set Of 3 Vols.)|date=2009|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdEjAQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-81-261-3837-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRQwAQAAIAAJ|title=People of India |author=Singh, Kumar Suresh |volume=26 |page=981 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |date=2003 |isbn=978-81-85938-98-1}}</ref> Siti agi penemu iya nya bepun ari peristiwa Pamalayu ti mai reti Ekspedisyen Melayu. Siti penemu iya nya iya datai ari leka [[jaku Jawa]] "''mlaya''" enggau "''mlayu''" ti mai reti "belanda", ari sungai, iya nya Sungai Melayu, ti diberi nama ketegal arus iya.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/> Varian mega bisi ayan dalam rikud ke tuai agi ari abad ke-11, nyadi toponim ungkup kandang endur di [[Sumatera]] tauka nunjukka pelilih menua ke besai agi ngelingi [[Selat Melaka]].<ref name="Barnard">{{Citation | last = Barnard | first = Timothy P. | title = Contesting Malayness: Malay identity across boundaries | publisher = Singapore University press | date = 2004 | location = Singapore | isbn = 978-9971-69-279-7 | pages=3–10}}</ref> Teks Sanskrit [[Vayu Purana]], ti dipelabaka udah bisi kenyau ari milenium keterubah, nyebut pasal tanah ti dikumbai ''‘Malayadvipa’'' ti dikelala sekeda pakar nyadi semenanjung Melayu moden.<ref>{{Cite book|title=India's Interaction with Southeast Asia: History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 1, Part 3 |page=266 |author=Pande, Govind Chandra |isbn=978-81-87586-24-1 |date=2005 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The economic life of northern India: c. A.D. 700–1200 |page=139 |author= Gopal, Lallanji |isbn=978-81-208-0302-2 |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= A Panorama of Indian Buddhism: Selections from the Maha Bodhi journal, 1892–1992 |page=612 |author=Ahir, D. C. |isbn=978-81-7030-462-3 |date=1995 |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The culture and art of India |page=212 |author=Mukerjee, Radhakamal |isbn=978-81-215-0114-9 |date= 1984 |publisher=Coronet Books Inc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Some contributions of India to the ancient civilisation of Indonesia and Malaysia |page=8 |author=Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan |date=1970 |publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref> Rikud bukai iya nya Geografi Ptolemy abad ke-2 ti ngena nama ''Malayu Kulon'' ungkup pantai barat Semenanjung Emas, enggau rikud Yijing abad ke-7 pasal Malayu.<ref name="Barnard" /> Bisi sekali, Perintah Melayu ngambi nama ari ''Sungai Melayu''.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/><ref>{{Citation | last = Milner | first = Anthony | title = The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific) | pages = 18–19| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-4443-3903-1}}</ref> 'Melayu' lalu dipaut ngagai [[Srivijaya]],<ref name="Barnard" /> lalu mengkang begulai enggau mayuh bengkah endur di Sumatera, nyengkaum [[Palembang]], endur ke dipelaba orang asal penumbuh [[Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref name="Andaya">{{Cite journal |last1=Andaya |first1=Leonard Y. |title=The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |date=October 2001 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=315–316, 324, 327–328, 330 |doi=10.1017/S0022463401000169 |jstor=20072349 |s2cid=62886471 }}</ref> Iya dipelabaka mansang nyadi etnonim laban Melaka nyadi kuasa pelilih menua dalam abad ke-15. Islam nempa identiti etnik pengarap di Melaka, enggau leka jaku ‘Melayu’ pansut. Engka enggau spesifik ngenang pasal orang ke bejaku Melayu setempat ti dianggap taluk ngagai Sultan Melaka. Pengawa orang Portugis ngena penambah jaku ''Malayos'' ulih nunjukka orang ke bekuasa di Melaka. Pengelebih orang dagang ari Melaka ngasuh bansa ‘Melayu’ begulai enggau orang dagang ti bepengarap Islam, lalu ari nya sida dikaul enggau raban budaya enggau jaku ti lebih luas.<ref name="Barnard"/> Melaka lalu udah nya [[Kesultanan Johor|Johor]] ngumbai diri nyadi pusat budaya Melayu, siti penuduk ti disukung British.<ref name="Andaya"/> Pengudah ekspedisyen pelayar Peranchis [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]] ngagai [[Oceania]] maya taun 1826, siku pakar Jereman [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] merambu leka jaku "Malaysia", "[[Mikronesia]]" enggau "[[Melanesia]]" ngagai ''[[Société de Géographie]]'' maya taun 1831, midaka budaya enggau raban pulau Pasifik tu ari leka jaku ke udah bisi iya nya "[[Polinesia]]". Dumont d'Urville nerangka Malaysia nyadi "kandang menua ti suah dikelala enggau nama Hindia Timur".<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/0022334032000120512| title = On the Islands of the Great Ocean| journal = The Journal of Pacific History| volume = 38| issue = 2| page = 163| date = 2003| last1 = d'Urville | first1 = J. S. B. C. S. D. | last2 = Ollivier | first2 = I. | last3 = De Biran | first3 = A. | last4 = Clark | first4 = G. | s2cid = 162374626}}</ref><!--Quote:The third division, Western Oceania, encompasses all the islands commonly known as the East Indies&nbsp;... I shall leave the name Malaysia to this area, since it has already been used by some authors, and I think was first given by Mr Lesson--> Maya taun 1850, raban etnologi British, [[George Samuel Windsor Earl]], nulis dalam ''Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia'', merambu deka meri nama ngagai pulau-pulau di Asia Tenggara nya “Melayunesia” tauka “Indunesia”, nitihka nama ke dulu suba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Earl |first=George S. W. |title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |date=1850 |page=119 |volume=IV}}</ref> Nama Malaysia berengkah dikena ngelabel endur ti nyadi Pulau Melayu.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barrows |first1=David P. |title=A History of the Philippines |date=1905 |publisher=American Book Company |pages=25–26 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb26}}</ref> Menua ti merdeka ari British dalam taun 1957 ngambi nama “Persekutuan Tanah Melayu” nyadika pilih ari nama bukai ti bisi potensial baka “[[Langkasuka]]”, udah bekau perintah besejarah ti bepalan ba tuchung Semenanjung Melayu.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book|last = Suarez|first = Thomas|title = Early Mapping of Southeast Asia|publisher = Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd|date = 1999|pages = 46–47|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC|isbn = 978-962-593-470-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=72&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=1118475&ActiveTextDocId=1118475&filesize=15776 |title=Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)e |publisher=The UK Statute Law Database |date=31 July 1957 |access-date=6 November 2010 }}</ref> Bala orang politik di Filipina kala berunding deka nukar nama menua sida "Malaysia" sebedau menua "moden" nya ngambi nama tu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sakai |first=Minako |editor1-last=Cao |editor1-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Morrell |title=Regional Minorities and Development in Asia |publisher=Routledge |date=2009 |page=124 |chapter-url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |isbn=978-0-415-55130-4 |chapter=Reviving Malay Connections in Southeast Asia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013055904/http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 }}</ref> == Sejarah == {{Batang|Sejarah Malaysia}} [[File:Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg|alt=Map showing the extent of the Malacca Sultanate, covering much of the Malay Peninsula and some of Sumatra|kiri|thumb| [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]] bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti besai dalam ngerembaika Islam ngagai serata Pulau-pulau Melayu.]] Bukti endur mensia moden diau di Malaysia berengkah ari taun 40,000 taun ke udah.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Holme|first=Stephanie|date=13 February 2012|title=Getaway to romance in Malaysia|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129075642/http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|archive-date=29 November 2018|access-date=6 January 2014|website=[[stuff.co.nz]]}}</ref> Ba Semenanjung Melayu, orang keterubah diau dia dipelabaka [[Negrito|bansa Negritos]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fix|first=Alan G.|date=June 1995|title=Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli|journal=American Anthropologist|series=New Series|volume=97|issue=2|pages=313–323|doi=10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090|jstor=681964}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yew|first1=Chee-Wei|last2=Lu|first2=Dongsheng|last3=Deng|first3=Lian|last4=Wong|first4=Lai-Ping|last5=Ong|first5=Rick Twee-Hee|last6=Lu|first6=Yan|last7=Wang|first7=Xiaoji|last8=Yunus|first8=Yushimah|last9=Aghakhanian|first9=Farhang|last10=Mokhtar|first10=Siti Shuhada|last11=Hoque|first11=Mohammad Zahirul|last12=Voo|first12=Christopher Lok-Yung|last13=Abdul Rahman|first13=Thuhairah|last14=Bhak|first14=Jong|last15=Phipps|first15=Maude E.|date=February 2018|title=Genomic structure of the native inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo suggests complex human population history in Southeast Asia|journal=Human Genetics|volume=137|issue=2|pages=161–173|doi=10.1007/s00439-018-1869-0|pmid=29383489|s2cid=253969988|quote=The analysis of time of divergence suggested that ancestors of Negrito were the earliest settlers in the Malay Peninsula, whom first separated from the Papuans ~ 50-33 thousand years ago (kya), followed by East Asian (~ 40-15 kya)...|last16=Xu|first16=Shuhua|last17=Teo|first17=Yik-Ying|last18=Kumar|first18=Subbiah Vijay|last19=Hoh|first19=Boon-Peng|url=http://eprints.ums.edu.my/22631/1/Genomic%20structure%20of%20the%20native%20inhabitants%20of%20Peninsular%20Malaysia%20and%20North%20Borneo%20suggests%20complex%20human%20population%20history%20in%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf}}</ref> Kandang menua Malaysia bisi ngambi bagi ba Jalai Batu Permata Gadung Maritim entara taun 2000 SM ngagai 1000 AD.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsang|first=Cheng-hwa|date=24 January 2008|title=Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan|url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/11751|journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association|volume=20|doi=10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751|doi-broken-date=13 September 2026|issn=1835-1794|url-access=subscription}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021).</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017).</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011).</ref> Bala orang dagang enggau orang ke diau mendam ari [[India]] enggau [[China]] datai kenyau ari kurun keterubah AD, numbuhka palan penyangkai kapal dagang enggau mengeri tebing tasik ba abad kedua enggau ketiga. Penatai sida ngujungka pengaruh India enggau China ti tegap ba budaya menua nya, lalu orang Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ngemeranka pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau [[Buddha]]. Inskripsyen [[jaku Sanskrit]] bisi ayan kenyau ari kurun keempat tauka kelima.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mühlhäusler |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCx0D0iE2QoC |title=Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas |last2=Tryon |first2=Darrell T. |last3=Wurm |first3=Stephen A. |publisher=Walter de Gruyer & Co |year=1996 |isbn=978-3-11-013417-9 |page=695}}</ref> Perintah [[Langkasuka]] nyadi urung kurun kedua ba kandang menua utara Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, lalu meruan nyentuk urung kurun ke-15.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book |last=Suarez |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC |title=Early Mapping of Southeast Asia |publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd |year=1999 |isbn=978-962-593-470-9 |pages=46–47}}</ref> Entara kurun ke-7 enggau ke-13, mayuh kandang menua selatan Semenanjung Tanah Melayu nyadi sebagi ari empayar maritim [[Srivijaya]]. Datai ba kurun ke-13 enggau ke-14, empayar [[Majapahit]] udah mujur ngerampas kuasa ba tebal agi semenanjung enggau Pulau-pulau Melayu ari Srivijaya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suporno, S. |title=Perceptions of the Past |publisher=Heinemann Books for the Asian Studies Association of Australia |year=1979 |editor-last=A. Reid |series=Southeast Asia publications |volume=4 |location=Singapore |page=180 |chapter=The Image of Majapahit in late Javanese and Indonesian Writing |editor-last2=D. Marr}}</ref> Ba pun kurun ke-15, [[Parameswara ari Melaka|Parameswara]], siku raja ke lari ari menua [[Perintah Singapura]] ke suba ke bisi kaul enggau istana lama Srivijayan, numbuhka [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wake|first=Christopher H.|date=September 1964|title=Malacca's Early Kings and the Reception of Islam|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian History]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=5|pages=104–128|doi=10.1017/S0217781100000958|jstor=20067505|number=2}}</ref> Penyampau pengarap Islam majak ngerembai berindik ari Parameswara ke masuk pengarap nya. Melaka nyadi palan dagang ti beguna maya tu, narit dagang ari serata kandang menua nya.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> [[File:AMH-6472-KB_Battle_for_Malacca_between_the_VOC_fleet_and_the_Portuguese,_1606.jpg|alt=Dutch fleet vs Portuguese armada|kanan|thumb|220x220px| Armada Belanda beperang enggau armada Portugis nyadi sebagi ari [[Perang Belanda–Portugis]] dalam taun 1606 dikena nguasa [[Nengeri Melaka|Melaka]].]] Dalam taun 1511, [[Melaka]] dipegai [[Melaka Portugis|Portugal]],<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> udah nya diambi [[Melaka Belanda|Belanda]] dalam taun 1641. Dalam taun 1786, [[Malaya British|Empayar British]] numbuhka palan di Malaya, lebuh Sultan Kedah nyuwa [[Pulau Pinang (pulau)|pulau Pulau Pinang]] ngagai [[Kompeni Hindia Timur]] British. British ngulihka mengeri Singapura dalam taun 1819,<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: Malaya|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309035051/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|archive-date=9 March 2001|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> lalu dalam taun 1824 ngambi kuasa Melaka nitihka [[Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda 1824|Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda]]. Datai ba taun 1826, British nguasa terus Pulau Pinang, Melaka, Singapura, enggau pulau [[Koloni Mahkota Labuan|Labuan]], ti ditumbuhka sida nyadi koloni mahkota [[Kandang Pendiau Selat]]. Datai ba kurun ke-20, negeri [[Pahang]], [[Selangor]], [[Perak]], enggau [[Negeri Sembilan]], ke dikelala begulai enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Beserakup]], bisi residen British ke dipadu meri jaku lalau ngagai pemerintah Melayu, ke alai bala pemerintah patut nangguhka timpuh nengah sempekat.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Malay States (British)|volume=17|last1=Clifford|first1=Hugh Charles|last2=Graham|first2=Walter Armstrong|pages=478&ndash;484}}</ref> Lima bengkah negeri ke bukai ba semenanjung nya, ke dikelala enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Enda Beserakup]], taja pan ukai terus di baruh pegai British, tang mega nerima penyanding penemu British urung pun abad ke-20. Pemansang ba semenanjung enggau Borneo umum iya bebida nyentuk ngagai abad ke-19. Di baruh pegai British pengawa pindah orang China enggau India nyadi kuli diperansang.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kuar|first=Amarjit|title=International Migration and Governance in Malaysia: Policy and Performance|url=http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509145612/http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2010|access-date=20 December 2011|publisher=University of New England}}</ref> Kandang menua ke diatu nyadi [[Sabah]] nyadi baruh kuasa British nyadi [[Borneo Utara]] lebuh kededua [[Kesultanan Brunei|Sultan Brunei]] enggau [[Kesultanan Sulu|Sultan Sulu]] mindahka hak ngempu kandang menua sida empu, entara taun 1877 enggau 1878.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gullick, J. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA148 |title=Malaysia and Its Neighbours, The World studies series |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-7100-4141-8 |pages=148–149}}</ref> Dalam taun 1842, Sarawak diserahka Sultan Brunei ngagai [[James Brooke]], ke nganti iya merintah nyadi [[Rajah Putih Sarawak|Rajah Putih]] atas [[Perintah Sarawak|perintah]] meredeka nyentuk ngagai taun 1946, lebuh iya nyadi [[Koloni Mahkota Sarawak|koloni mahkota]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: North Borneo|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628212629/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|archive-date=28 June 2011|access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref> [[Perang Klang]] (1867–1874) berengkah nyadi penyarut entara Raja Abdullah enggau Raja Mahadi ketegal nyadi tuai rumah Klang, enggau Mahadi nulak pengawa Sultan [[Abdul Samad ari Selangor]] ti udah nyiri Abdullah. Penyarut nya narit [[gerempung resia]] China ke bepekit—[[Ghee Hin Kongsi]] ke mayuh nyukung Mahadi enggau [[Gerempung Resia Hai San]] nyukung Abdullah—serta tuai-tuai peturun Bugis enggau Melayu ke ngumbai Mahadi lebih sah. Perang ngerembai sepengudah Mahadi ngerampas Kubu Klang lalu Abdullah rari ke Melaka, ngachau pengawa ngasilka timah, jalai dagang, enggau pemerat komersial British ba Lembak Klang. Berebak enggau nya, [[Perang Larut]] ti nyadi ba kandang menua ke besepiak (1861–1874) entara Hai San enggau Ghee Hin di Perak sama ngasuh pelilih menua ke kaya enggau timah enda entap sereta ngasuh orang dagang British irau. Apil ari tuai-tuai Melayu minta pengawa nyadi pengantara begulai enggau pengirau ati British bekaul enggau penyarut pelilih menua muka jalai ngagai pengawa campur tangan formal, ti ngujungka [[Sempekat Pangkor 1874|Sempekat Pangkor]] taun 1874 ti numbuhka sistem peranak British ba negeri-negeri Melayu.<ref name="Azmi20122">{{cite journal|last=Arifin|first=Azmi|year=2012|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, The Chinese Secret Societies and The Malay Rulers|url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5364/1/Azmi%20Arifin%20%2039%20(1)%20(July%202012).pdf|journal=Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies|volume=39|issue=1|pages=51–74|access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> Baka ti ditulis [[Frank Swettenham]] udah nya, "Iya nya taja pan gaya utai ti nyadi begunaka campur tangan, kami datai ngagai Negeri-Negeri Melayu ketegal kangau Pemerintah Melayu, ngajar sida chara administrasyen ti manah agi."<ref name="AzmiPerak2">{{cite journal|last=Azmi Arifin|year=2018|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, the Chinese Secret Societies and the Malay Rulers|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333081324|journal=USM Malaysian Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A leading light in Perak's late 19th century advance: Frank Athelstane Swettenham|url=https://www.ehm.my/publications/articles/a-leading-light-in-peraks-late-19th-century-advance-frank-athelstane-swettenham|access-date=2026-08-02|publisher=ehm.my}}</ref> Dalam [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[Soldadu Imperial Jipun|Soldadu Jipun]] [[Kimpin Malaya|nyerang]] sereta nguasa [[Pemegai Jipun ba Malaya|Malaya]], [[Pemegai Jipun ba Borneo British|Borneo Utara, Sarawak]], enggau [[Pemegai Jipun ba Singapura|Singapura]] lebih ari tiga taun.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaya in World War II|url=https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225184306/https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|archive-date=25 December 2022|access-date=29 January 2023|work=World War Two Database}}</ref> Dalam timpuh tu, penyarut entara bansa nyadi lalu nasionalisme majak nambah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hock |first=David Koh Wee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awLp4TeUkzoC |title=Legacies of World War II in South and East Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2007 |isbn=978-981-230-457-5 |location=Singapore |page=48}}</ref> Sukung rayat ngagai meredeka majak nambah pengudah Malaya dipegai baru ulih soldadu Serakup.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010212095545/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-date=12 February 2001|title=Our Region, Ourselves|last=Mohamad|first=Mahathir|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=31 May 1999|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Perambu British pengudah perang deka nyerakupka administrasyen Malaya ari baruh siti koloni mahkota ti dikumbai [[Serakup Malaya]] napi bantah ti balat ari [[Melayu|bansa Melayu]], ti mantah pengelemi pemerintah Melayu enggau meri peranak menua ngagai [[Orang China Malaysia|raban bansa China]]. Serakup Malaya, ti ditumbuhka dalam taun 1946, lalu mungkur semua reta tengkira British di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu kelimpah ari Singapura, jampat dibuai lalu diganti enggau [[Federasyen Malaya]] kena 1 Februari 1948, ti mulaika autonomi pemerintah negeri-negeri Melayu ti dijaga British.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106021025/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-date=6 November 2007|title=MALAYA: Token Citizenship|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=19 May 1952|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> [[File:Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg|thumb| Pemesai polis [[Federasyen Malaya|Malaya]] benung nanya siku periman [[Orang China Malaysia|bebansa China]] maya [[Penusah Darurat Malaya]] taun 1949]] Dalam timpuh tu, raban pemberontak ke tebal agi bebansa China ari baruh iring [[Parti Kominis Malaya]] ngepunka operasyen gerila ke digaga dikena mejal British pansut ari Malaya. [[Darurat Malaya|Darurat Malaya (1948–1960)]] ngaul kimpin anti-penyarut ti lama dipejalaika soldadu [[Komanwel]] di Malaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Kena 31 Ogos 1957, [[Penesau Meredeka Malaya|Malaya nyadi kaban meredeka]] dalam Komanwel Bansa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Udah nya, pelin ti komprehensif diperambu dikena nyerakupka Malaya enggau koloni mahkota Borneo Utara (dikelala enggau nama [[Sabah]] lebuh begulai), [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]]. Persekutuan ti diperambu nya asal iya deka diatur kena 31 Ogos 1963, beserimbai enggau hari pengingat meredeka Malaya. Taja pia, ketegal ti patut ngaga pansik pasal tikas sukung ngagai gerempung nya di Sabah enggau Sarawak ari [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]], baka ti dipinta orang ti ngelaban gerempung nya baka [[Sukarno]] ari [[Indonesia]] enggau [[Parti Rayat Beserakup Sarawak]], haribulan gerempung nya ditangguh nyentuk ngagai 16 September 1963.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402050225/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-date=2 April 2008|title=Malaysia: Tunku Yes, Sukarno No|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=6 September 1963|access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boon Kheng Cheah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOtXcEmHdjoC&pg=PA93 |title=Malaysia: The Making of a Nation |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2002 |isbn=978-981-230-154-3 |pages=93–}}</ref> Federasyen nya mai penyarut ti majak balat nyengkaum [[Konfrontasyen Indonesia–Malaysia|penyarut enggau Indonesia]] kelimpah ari penyarut ti enda ngetu nyadi ngelaban Kominis di Borneo enggau Semenanjung Melayu, ti majak balat ngagai [[Penyarut Kominis ba Sarawak|Penyarut Kominis Sarawak]] enggau [[Darurat Malaya Kedua]] begulai enggau sekeda isu bukai baka serang lanun Moro ari pulau-pulau selatan Filipina meraka garis entara menua ba Sabah, [[Negeri Singapura (Malaysia)|penyerara Singapura ari Federasyen]] dalam taun 1965,<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation on Singapore|url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511191506/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Singapore Attorney-General}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-50718-0 |page=290}}</ref><ref name="TIME Art2">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930101049/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Malaysia: The Art of Dispelling Anxiety|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=27 August 1965|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> enggau laya bansa. Penyarut tu ngujungka [[Penyadi 13 Me|penyarut bansa 13 Me]] dalam taun 1969.<ref name="Race war">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216115230/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-date=16 February 2007|title=Race War in Malaysia|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=23 May 1969|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Pengudah penyarut nya nyadi, [[Polisi Ekonomi Baru Malaysia|Polisi Ekonomi Baru]] ti kontroversial nya dikelancharka Menteri Besai [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Tun Abdul Razak]], nguji nambahka bagi ekonomi ti dipegai raban ''[[bumiputera]]''.<ref name="New Economic Policy">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Di baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] bisi timpuh penumbuh ekonomi enggau urbanisasyen ti jampat berengkah ari taun 1980-an. Ekonomi ngalih ari bepelasarka pengawa betanam betupi ngagai bepelasarka pengawa ngaga enggau industri. Mayuh bengkah projek besai udah tembu digaga, baka [[Menara Petronas]], [[Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan (Malaysia)|Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan]], [[MSC Malaysia|Koridor Super Multimedia]], enggau indu nengeri pentadbiran perintah besai baru [[Putrajaya]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="New Economic Policy2">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Ba ujung taun 1990-an, [[Krisis wang Asia 1997|krisis wang Asia]] meri empas ngagai menua nya, nyau deka ngasuh makit mata duit, saham, enggau reta tengkira sida runtuh; taja pia, sida udah nya gerai.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ping Lee Poh|author2=Yean Tham Siew|title=Malaysia Ten Years After The Asian Financial Crisis|url=http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401070910/http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2010|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Thammasat University}}</ref> [[Skandal 1MDB]] nya skandal [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] global ti besai ti ngaul Menteri Besai maya nya [[Najib Razak]] dalam taun 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 2015|title=Malaysian taskforce investigates allegations $700m paid to Najib|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422204302/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|archive-date=22 April 2020|access-date=24 March 2018|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> Skandal nya nyadika ubah keterubah ba parti politik ke megai perintah kenyau ari merdeka ba [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]].<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> Dalam taun 2020-an, menua tu dipegai [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ti beserimbai enggau krisis pengerai enggau [[Empas ekonomi ari pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|ekonomi]] ketegal [[Pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|pandemik COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Walden|first1=Max|date=13 January 2021|title=How Malaysia went from fewer COVID cases than Australia to a national state of emergency|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114221804/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|archive-date=14 January 2021|access-date=19 July 2021|newspaper=ABC News (Australia)}}</ref> Tu udah nya ditangkan enggau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022|pengawa bepilih besai]] tumu agi dalam bulan November 2022, ti ngujungka parlimen gantung keterubah dalam sejarah menua tu.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 November 2022|title=No clear winner as Malaysia election ends in hung parliament|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129074959/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|archive-date=29 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Kena 24 Nobember 2022, [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ngangkat sumpah nyadi [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]] ke-10, nguluka perintah gempung besai.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 November 2022|title=Anwar Ibrahim sworn in as Malaysian PM after post-election deadlock|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128015222/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|archive-date=28 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=BBC News}}</ref> == Perintah enggau politik == {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|align=right|caption_align=center|image1=King Ibrahim of Malaysia August 2025.jpg|caption1=[[Ibrahim Iskandar]]<br /><small>[[Raja Malaysia|Raja]]</small>|image2=Anwar Ibrahim in June 2026.jpg|caption2=[[Anwar Ibrahim]]<br /><small>[[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]</small>}} [[File:Istana_Negara_tepi.jpg|thumb| [[Istana Negara]], palan pengentap pendiau enggau opis rasmi [[Raja Malaysia]].]] [[File:Perdana_Putra.jpg|thumb| [[Perdana Putra]], opis [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]].]] Malaysia nyadi menua [[raja bepilih]] [[Raja bekonstitusyen|bekonstitusyen]] [[Raja federal|federal]] lalu mina sebengkah aja menua federal di [[Asia Tenggara]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 January 2018|title=Could Federalism Smooth Southeast Asia's Rough Edges?|url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025080259/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|archive-date=25 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|agency=Stratfor}}</ref> Sistem perintah tu dichuntoka enggau sistem parlimen [[Sistem Westminster|Westminster]], iya nya diwaris ari [[Empayar British|perintah British]].<ref name="FITA2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Ketuai menua iya nya Raja, ke ngembuan gela rasmi iya nya [[Raja Malaysia|Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]. Raja dipilih ungkup timpuh lima taun ulih enggau ari entara semilan iku pemerintah turun temurun negeri-negeri Melayu. Empat nengeri ke bukai, ke ngembuan Gabenor gela, enda enggau ba pengawa milih. Nengah sempekat enda formal pangku pengawa nya betukar entara semilan iku nya.<ref name="FITA">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Pengawa Raja nya mayuh agi nyadi seremonial kenyau ari ubah ba [[Konstitusyen Malaysia|konstitusyen]] dalam taun 1994, milih menteri enggau kaban dewan tinggi.<ref name="dfat">{{cite web|date=February 2014|title=Malaysia country brief|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027035312/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|archive-date=27 October 2014|access-date=22 October 2014|publisher=Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Kuasa legislatif dibagi entara legislatif perintah besai enggau negeri. [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] perintah besai dua ruang tu bisi dewan baruh, [[Dewan Rakyat]] (ke mega dikelala enggau nama Dewan Pengari Rayat) enggau dewan atas, [[Dewan Negara]] (tauka Senat).<ref>{{cite web|date=3 June 2010|title=Background|url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053421/http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|archive-date=6 November 2018|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Parlimen Malaysia}}</ref> Dewan Pengari Rayat ke bisi 222 iku kaban dipilih ungkup timpuh maksimum lima taun ari sitak ke bisi kaban tunggal. Semua 70 iku senator duduk ungkup timpuh tiga taun; 26 dipilih 13 bengkah Aum Kunsil Negeri, lalu 44 ke bukai dichiri Raja nitihka lalau Menteri Besai.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Parlimen nitihka sistem mayuh parti lalu perintah dipilih nengah sistem ‘pemenang pilih pemadu mayuh'.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=John W. Langford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-sti92Y7TkC&pg=PA101 |title=The Changing Shape of Government in the Asia-Pacific Region |last2=K. Lorne Brownsey |publisher=IRPP |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-88645-060-1 |pages=101–}}</ref> [[Pengawa bepilih ba Malaysia|Pengawa bepilih]] parlimen diatur enda kurang ari lima taun sekali.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Sebedau taun 2018, semina pengundi ke berejista ke beumur 21 taun ke atas aja ulih ngundi kaban Dewan Rakyat lalu, ba tebal agi nengeri, ungkup dewan legislatif nengeri. Ngundi ukai pengawa ti wajib.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2008|title=Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat)|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205034849/http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|archive-date=5 December 2010|access-date=29 September 2008|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> Kena bulan Julai 2019, rang undang-undang nurunka [[umur bepilih]] ngagai 18 taun udah dikemendarka enggau rasmi.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Martin Carvalho|author2=Hemananthani Sivanandam|author3=Rahimy Rahim|author4=Tarrence Tan|date=16 July 2019|title=Dewan Rakyat passes Bill to amend Federal Constitution to lower voting age to 18|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928064607/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18|archive-date=28 September 2022|access-date=16 July 2019|work=The Star}}</ref> [[Eksekutif (perintah)|Kuasa eksekutif]] diberi ngagai [[Kabinet Malaysia|Kabinet]], ti betuaika [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]. Menteri Besai nya mesti nyadi kaban Dewan Rakyat, ti ba penemu Raja ti Pemadu Tinggi, merintah sukung ari majoriti kaban. Kabinet dipilih ari kaban kededua dewan Parlimen.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Menteri Besai nyadi [[Kabinet Malaysia|tuai kabinet]] enggau [[ketuai perintah]]. Kenyau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]], Malaysia diperintah gempung politik [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH),<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> taja pan Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] ngelengka pangku pengawa ba tengah [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ba taun 2020. Kena bulan Mach 2020, gempung [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) ditumbuhka ari baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Muhyiddin Yassin]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 February 2020|title=Palace: Muhyiddin to be sworn in as PM|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229121939/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|archive-date=29 February 2020|access-date=29 February 2020|work=The Star Online}}</ref> sebedau Muhyiddin lenyau sukung majoriti lalu diganti sapit Menteri Besai [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]], seiku kaban politik veteran ari [[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup|Gerempung Nasional Melayu Bersatu]] (UMNO), dalam bulan Ogos<ref>{{cite news|date=21 August 2021|title=Ismail Sabri sworn in as Malaysia's ninth Prime Minister|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821173721/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|archive-date=21 August 2021|access-date=22 August 2021|work=The Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia's Ismail Sabri Yaakob sworn in as new PM|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201131632/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> Kenyau [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022]], parlimen gantung dipilih. [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ari gempung PH dipaduka nyadi Menteri Besai ke baru ngiring perintah gempung PH, [[Barisan Nasional]], [[Gempung Parti Sarawak]], [[Gempung Rayat Sabah]] enggau sekeda parti politik enggau ngatika diri ke bukai. Berebak enggau nya, PN, semina gempung politik ke nadai dalam gempung perintah, nyadi Penyakal. [[Undang-undang Malaysia|Sistem undang-undang Malaysia]] bepelasarka undang-undang selama.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Taja pan pengawa akim lepas ari sukut teori, tang pengelepas iya udah dikerandauka lalu pengawa nyiri akim nadai akauntabiliti enggau transparen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Attacks on Justice – Malaysia|url=http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119080422/http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-date=19 January 2012|access-date=5 December 2011|publisher=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> Kort ke pemadu tinggi dalam sistem akim iya nya [[Kort Federal Malaysia|Kort Federal]], ditangkanka [[Kort Apil Malaysia|Kort Apil]] enggau dua buah [[Kort tinggi (Malaysia)|kort tinggi]], siti ungkup Semenanjung Malaysia enggau siti ungkup Malaysia Timur. Malaysia mega bisi siti kort spesyel dikena mendingka kes ti dibai tauka ngelaban royalti.<ref name="criminal court system2">{{cite web|title=Malaysian criminal court system|url=http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090557/http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|archive-date=15 May 2011|access-date=15 December 2010|publisher=Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers}}</ref> Pengudah UMNO lenyau kuasa ba [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018]], penuduk Malaysia niki 9 penuduk dalam Indeks Demokrasi 2019 ngagai penuduk lumur 43 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya; menua tu diklasifikasyenka nyadi ‘demokrasi ti bisi penimpang’.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2019 A year of democratic setbacks and popular protest|url=https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|url-access=registration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213043744/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|archive-date=13 February 2021|access-date=27 October 2020|website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU.com]]}}</ref> Penuduk Malaysia dalam [[Indeks Pengelepas Pengarang Berita]] 2020 niki 22 penuduk ngagai penuduk lumur 101 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya, lalu nyadika iya siti ari dua buah menua di Asia Tenggara ke nadai ‘Situasi Susah’ tauka ‘Situasi Keberat Serius’ bekaul enggau pengelepas pengarang berita.<ref>{{cite web|year=2020|title=2020 World Press Freedom Index|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423104703/https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|archive-date=23 April 2020|access-date=27 October 2020|work=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Taja pia, iya nurun 18 endur ba taun ke nangkanka nya ketegal polisi perintah PN.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia: Back to harassment, intimidation and censorship {{!}} Reporters without borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124091549/https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|archive-date=24 November 2021|access-date=26 July 2021|website=RSF|language=en}}</ref> Malaysia ba penuduk lumur 48 enggau 62 nitihka [[Indeks Persepsyen Makai Suap]] 2021, ti nunjukka tikas [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] ti ngelui ari purata. Freedom House beratika Malaysia “bibas sebagi” dalam pansik sida ba taun 2018.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 June 2018|title=Malaysia considers amending human trafficking law after U.S. report|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407142237/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|archive-date=7 April 2020|access-date=7 April 2020|website=Reuters}}</ref> Siti saman ti digaga [[Opis Pengelurus Amerika Serikat]] nuduhka pengabis mimit $3.5 billion ti ngaul ex-menteri besai [[Najib Razak]] udah dichuri ari wang turu enggi perintah menua Malaysia [[1MDB]], ti dikelala enggau nama [[Skandal 1MDB|skandal 1Malaysia Development Berhad]].<ref name=":02">{{cite news|date=28 July 2016|title=1MDB: The inside story of the world's biggest financial scandal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111085317/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|archive-date=11 November 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=1MDB: The playboys, PMs and partygoers around a global financial scandal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721081321/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|archive-date=21 July 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=The bizarre story of 1MDB, the Goldman Sachs-backed Malaysian fund that turned into one of the biggest scandals in financial history|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117032748/https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|archive-date=17 November 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=Business Insider}}</ref> Naka taun 2025, iya ba penuduk lumur 13 ba [[Indeks Pemaik Global]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2025 Global Peace Index|url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/GPI-2025-web.pdf|access-date=2025-09-26|website=Institute for Economics & Peace|publisher=[[Institute for Economics & Peace]]|publication-date=June 2025}}</ref> === Bagi jalai perintah === {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" |{{Malaysia Labelled Map}} |} Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua federasyen ti ngundan [[Negeri enggau kandang menua federal ba Malaysia|13 negeri enggau tiga kandang menua federal]].<ref>{{cite news|date=2 November 2015|title=Understanding the Federation of Malaysia|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105113420/http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-date=5 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Ari penyampau nya, 11 negeri enggau dua kandang menua federal bisi ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]], lalu dua bengkah negeri enggau siti kandang menua federal ke bukai mungkur [[Malaysia Timur]]. Menua tu bisi tiga renggat perintah— [[Perintah menua Malaysia|perintah federal]], [[Perintah negeri ba Malaysia|negeri]], enggau kandang menua.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|year=2018|title=The Local Government System in Malaysia|url=https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Commonwealth Local Government Forum]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220050855/https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Pengawa merintah nengeri dibagi entara perintah federal enggau perintah negeri, enggau kuasa ti bebida diungkupka ngagai tiap iku, lalu perintah federal bisi kuasa perintah terus ba kandang menua federal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Territories and State Governments|url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222231636/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-date=22 February 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Malaysian government}}</ref> Tetiap negeri bisi [[Aum kunsil negeri ba Malaysia|Aum Kunsil Negeri]] ke ngembuan siti ruang bilik ke alai kaban iya dipilih ari sitak ke bisi siku kaban. Perintah negeri betuaika [[Kepala perintah negeri ba Malaysia|Kepala Menteri]],<ref name="state.gov2" /> ti nyadi kaban Aum Kunsil Negeri ari parti majoriti dalam dewan. Ba tiap-tiap nengeri ke bisi pemerintah turun temurun, Kepala Menteri biasa iya dipinta nyadi [[Melayu|orang Melayu]], dichiri pemerintah nitihka lalau [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-3155j7FLkC |title=The management of secondary cities in southeast Asia |publisher=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements |year=1996 |isbn=978-92-1-131313-0 |page=120}}</ref> Naka [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|taun 2018]], pengawa bepilih negeri diatur berebak enggau pengawa bepilih besai nengah konvensyen, kelimpah ari ke di [[Sarawak]]. Berindik ari [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–2022|krisis politik 2020–2022]], semina [[Pahang]], [[Perak]] enggau [[Perlis]] milih bejalaika pengawa bepilih negeri sida sejalai enggau pengawa bepilih besai.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hutchinson|first=Francis E.|date=15 May 2024|title=Malaysia's Out-of-Sync Federal and State Elections: The Good, the Bad, and the Untimely|url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|url-status=live|journal=[[ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute]]|language=en-US|volume=2024|issue=34|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220053516/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Dipegai ba baruh perintah besai enggau negeri, [[Perintah kandang menua ba Malaysia|perintah kandang menua]] ngarika renggat pemerintah ke pemadu baruh di Malaysia. Naka taun 2024, Malaysia dibagi entara 19 bengkah nengeri, 40 bengkah kandang mengeri, 91 buah kunsil renggat pelilih menua, enggau empat bengkah ejensi bekanun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senarai PBT|trans-title=List of local governments|url=https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118151239/https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|archive-date=18 January 2025|access-date=22 December 2024|website=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=ms}}</ref> Seraya konstitusyen perintah besai ngagihka perintah kandang menua ngagai bidang kuasa eksklusif perintah negeri,<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to local government in Malaysia|url=http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328212349/http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2018|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Universiti Teknologi Mara}}</ref> dalam praktikal, [[Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua (Malaysia)|Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua perintah federal]] ngemataka pengawa ngatur undang-undang enggau polisi kandang menua.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Nooi, Phang Siew|date=May 2008|title=Decentralisation or recentralisation? Trends in local government in Malaysia|url=http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909145130/http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|archive-date=9 September 2016|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance}}</ref> [[Ketuai Mengeri]] (tauka presiden ungkup kunsil kandang mengeri enggau pelilih menua) enggau [[kaunsilor]] dichiri perintah negeri ke bekaul, tauka dalam kes kandang menua perintah federal, dichiri perintah federal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|year=2023|title=Rujukan Ringkas Mengenai Dasar-Dasar Berkaitan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan Edisi 2023|trans-title=Summary on Local Government Policies 2023 Edition|url=https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=MS|page=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035246/https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Undang-undang perintah federal ngagihka pekara tanah, nyengkaum pengawa ngaga garis entara [[Rintai pelilih menua ba Malaysia|pelilih menua]], ngagai bidang kuasa perintah negeri.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2020|title=National Land Code|url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Malaysian federal government]]|page=54|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202093708/https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2025|access-date=20 December 2024|via=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Kelimpah ari Perlis enggau kandang menua federal, tiap negeri dibagi ngagai pelilih menua, ti dibagi baru ngagai [[mukim]]. Di [[Sabah]] enggau [[Sarawak]], pelilih menua digelumu ngagai bagi menua.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia Districts|url=http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201132451/http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|archive-date=1 December 2020|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Statoids}}</ref> Bebida enggau perintah kandang menua ti ngatur kuasa perintah kandang mengeri enggau pemansang infrastruktur,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=E.|first1=Lo Vullo|last2=Ho|first2=C. S.|last3=Chau|first3=L. W.|last4=F.|first4=Monforti|last5=V.|first5=Palermo|last6=S.|first6=Rivas|last7=P.|first7=Bertoldi|year=2022|title=How to Develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP) in Southeast Asia-Malaysia|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360823096|journal=[[Publications Office of the European Union]]|page=6|doi=10.2760/50282|isbn=978-92-76-52424-3|via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> pelilih menua semina dikena ungkup chukai tanah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adnan|first1=M. Z.|last2=Suratman|first2=R. Suratman|last3=Samsudin|first3=S.|year=2019|title=Key Geographical Features on Malaysia's Land Tax System: A Comparison Study in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia|journal=International Geography Seminar 2019|volume=683|issue=683|page=2|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/683/1/012095|doi-access=free}}</ref> 13 bengkah negeri nya bepelasarka menua perintah Melayu besejarah, lalu 9 ari 11 negeri Semenanjung, ke dikelala enggau nama negeri Melayu, ngetanka ruang bilik diraja sida. [[Raja Malaysia|Raja]] dipilih sereta ari semilan iku pemerintah ngambika mangku pengawa pengelama lima taun.<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Raja tu nyiri gabenor ti mangku pengawa pengelama empat taun ke negeri-negeri ti nadai raja, pengudah berunding enggau kepala menteri negeri nya. Tiap negeri bisi konstitusyen betulis.<ref name="Lim Hong Hai">{{cite web|author=Hai, Lim Hong|title=Electoral Politics in Malaysia: 'Managing' Elections in a Plural Society|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190212/http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Sabah enggau Sarawak ngembuan autonomi ke jauh mayuh agi ari negeri bukai, ke pemadu tebilang ngembuan polisi enggau kawal imigresyen kediri, sereta status peranak menua ke nyelai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannum, Hurst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oV3pKJfnvcC&pg=PA342 |title=Basic Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7923-1977-1 |pages=342–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Lockard, Craig A.|date=March 2000|title=Sabah and Sarawak: The Politics of Development and Federalism. Kajian Malaysia, Special Issue. Edited by Francis Loh Kok Wah. Penang: Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1997. Pp. 236.|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies]]|volume=31|issue=1|pages=210–213|doi=10.1017/S0022463400016192|s2cid=154586268}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bong|first1=Karen|last2=Pilo|first2=Wilfred|name-list-style=amp|date=16 September 2011|title=An agreement forged and forgotten|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102042307/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|archive-date=2 November 2015|access-date=3 July 2014|work=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> Pengawa champur tangan perintah besai dalam pengawa negeri, kurang pemansang, enggau laya ketegal royalti minyak bisi sekali-sekala ngujungka penerang pasal nyerara diri ari bala ketuai di sekeda negeri baka [[Pulau Pinang]], [[Johor]], [[Kelantan]], Sabah enggau Sarawak, taja pan pekara tu bedau dititihka lalu nadai pengawa meredeka ti berat bisi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Koay|first=Su Lin|date=September 2016|title=Penang: The Rebel State (Part One)|url=http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|website=Penang Monthly}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chin|first=James|year=1997|title=Politics of Federal Intervention in Malaysia, with reference to Kelantan, Sarawak and Sabah|url=https://www.academia.edu/2954857|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics|volume=35|pages=96–120|doi=10.1080/14662049708447747|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809133946/https://www.academia.edu/2954857|archive-date=9 August 2021|access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli|date=18 October 2015|title=Could the Federation of Malaysia really come apart?|url=http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027202437/http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|archive-date=27 October 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|publisher=[[Astro Awani]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=3 November 2015|title=Will things fall apart in the Malaysian federation?|url=http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation?|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106024352/http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation|archive-date=6 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=Today|location=Singapore}}</ref> ; Negeri Rintai 13 bengkah negeri enggau tiap indu nengeri (dalam tanda kurung): {{div col|colwidth=22em}} # {{flagicon|Johor}} [[Johor]] ([[Johor Bahru]]) # {{flagicon|Kedah}} [[Kedah]] ([[Alor Setar]]) # {{flagicon|Kelantan}} [[Kelantan]] ([[Kota Bharu]]) # {{flagicon|Melaka}} [[Melaka]] ([[Nengeri Melaka]]) # {{flagicon|Negeri Sembilan}} [[Negeri Sembilan]] ([[Seremban]]) # {{flagicon|Pahang}} [[Pahang]] ([[Kuantan]]) # {{flagicon|Pulau Pinang}} [[Pulau Pinang]] ([[George Town, Pulau Pinang|George Town]]) # {{flagicon|Perak}} [[Perak]] ([[Ipoh]]) # {{flagicon|Perlis}} [[Perlis]] ([[Kangar]]) # {{flagicon|Selangor}} [[Selangor]] ([[Shah Alam]]) # {{flagicon|Sabah}} [[Sabah]] ([[Kota Kinabalu]]) # {{flagicon|Sarawak}} [[Sarawak]] ([[Kuching]]) # {{flagicon|Terengganu}} [[Terengganu]] ([[Kuala Terengganu]]) {{div col end}} ; Kandang menua federal # {{flagicon|Kuala Lumpur}} [[Kuala Lumpur|Kandang Menua Federal Kuala Lumpur]] # {{flagicon|Labuan}} [[Labuan|Kandang Menua Federal Labuan]] ([[Victoria, Labuan|Victoria]]) # {{flagicon|Putrajaya}} [[Putrajaya|Kandang Menua Federal Putrajaya]] === Kaul enggau menua luar enggau soldadu === [[File:2025_Donald_Trump,_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia_Seri_Anwar_Ibrahim,_Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia_Hun_Manet_and_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand_Anutin_Charnvirakul_before_signing_the_Kuala_Lumpur_Accord_on_October_25_at_the_ASEAN_Summit.jpg|thumb| (Kiba ke kanan) Menteri Besai Malaysia [[Anwar Ibrahim]], Presiden Amerika Serikat [[Donald Trump]], Menteri Besai Thailand [[Anutin Charnvirakul]] enggau Menteri Besai Kemboja [[Hun Manet]] pengudah nyain [[Sempekat Pengelikun Kuala Lumpur]], ti nyadi maya [[Aum Besai ASEAN 2025|Aum Besai ASEAN Ke-47]], 26 Oktober 2025.]] Sebengkah ari kaban pemungkal [[Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara|ASEAN]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview|url=http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109233326/http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-date=9 January 2008|access-date=8 November 2007|publisher=Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}</ref> enggau [[Gerempung Kerejasama Islam|OIC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Affairs (OIC) and D8 Division|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064902/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-date=9 March 2017|access-date=12 November 2010|publisher=Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> menua tu ngambi bagi dalam mayuh gerempung entarabansa baka [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (GBB),<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Kerejasama Ekonomi Asia Pasifik|APEC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Gerempung D-8 ungkup Kerejasama Ekonomi|Gerempung Kerejasama Ekonomi D-8]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia|url=http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630135700/http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-date=30 June 2017|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Developing 8 Countries}}</ref> enggau NAM.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States|url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233514/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-date=9 December 2010|access-date=5 September 2010|publisher=Non-Aligned Movement}}</ref> Iya kala nyadi chairman ASEAN, OIC, enggau NAM suba.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Ketegal menua tu [[Koloni mahkota|Koloni British]] suba, iya mega nyadi kaban [[Komanwel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Member States|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/142227/members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120634/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/member-countries|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref> [[Kuala Lumpur]] nyadi palan [[Aum Besai Asia Timur|EAC]] keterubah dalam taun 2005.<ref name="govtnz2">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Polisi luar Malaysia sechara rasmi bepelasarka prinsip neutral enggau ngetanka kaul likun enggau semua menua, enda ngira sistem politik sida.<ref name="kln2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia's Foreign Policy|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704114645/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|archive-date=4 July 2018|access-date=21 September 2010|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> Perintah ngemeratka pengelikun enggau penegap [[Asia Tenggara]],<ref name="govtnz3">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> lalu nguji ngemansangka agi kaul enggau menua bukai ba kandang menua nya. Ari segi sejarah perintah udah nguji ngayanka Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua Islam ti progresif <ref name="kln">{{Cite web}}</ref> seraya ngerapitka kaul enggau [[menua Islam]] bukai. <ref name="govtnz">{{Cite web}}</ref> Siti prinsip ti tegap dalam polisi Malaysia iya nya sovereiniti menua enggau hak sesebengkah menua nguasa pengawa dalam menua iya. Malaysia nyain sempekat GBB pasal [[Sempekat Tagang Senyata Nuklear|Tagang Senyata Nuklear]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 July 2017|title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|archive-date=6 August 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 August 2019|title=Japan should support nuclear ban treaty, says Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409090214/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|archive-date=9 April 2023|access-date=16 August 2019|work=The Japan Times}}</ref> [[Pulau-pulau Spratly]] diperebutka mayuh muea ba kandang menua nya, lalu [[Jurai kandang menua ba Tasik China Selatan|sebagi besai ari Tasik China Selatan]] dituntut [[China]]. Bebida enggau menua sepiak iya [[Vietnam]] enggau [[Filipina]], Malaysia ari sukut sejarah nyeliahka diri ari konflik enggau China.<ref>{{cite news|last=Diola|first=Camille|date=25 June 2014|title=Why Malaysia, unlike Philippines, keeps quiet on sea row|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627165932/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|archive-date=27 June 2014|access-date=25 June 2014|work=[[The Philippine Star]]}}</ref> Taja pia, sepengudah kapal China nyerungkai tasik kandang menua Malaysia,<ref>{{cite news|date=27 September 2015|title=Presence of China Coast Guard ship at Luconia Shoals spooks local fishermen|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929005731/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=28 September 2015|newspaper=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> enggau ngelanggar kandang udara ngena bilun soldadu sida, Malaysia udah chakah ngutuk China.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2015|title=Malaysia lodges diplomatic protest against intrusion at Beting Patinggi Ali|url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929024442/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=16 August 2015|work=The Rakyat Post|agency=Bernama}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Blanchard|first1=Ben|last2=Pullin|first2=Richard|date=18 October 2015|title=Malaysia slams China's 'provocation' in South China Sea|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019120244/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=20 October 2015|work=Channel News Asia|agency=Reuters}}</ref> [[Brunei]] enggau Malaysia dalam taun 2009 madahka deka ngetuka pengawa nuntut tanah pangan diri, lalu meri komitmen mutarka isu ti bekaul enggau garis entara menua maritim sida.<ref>{{cite news|last=Masli|first=Ubaidillah|date=17 March 2009|title=Brunei drops all claims to Limbang|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712162447/http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-date=12 July 2014|access-date=23 August 2013|url-status=usurped|work=[[The Brunei Times]]}}</ref> Filipina bisi [[Jurai Borneo Utara|tuntut ti enda aktif]] ba bagi menua timur [[Sabah]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG2">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref> Pengawa nuntut tanah [[Singapura]] udah ngasuh penyarut nyadi,<ref>{{cite web|title=Disputed&nbsp;– International|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014013059/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|archive-date=14 October 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=CIA}}</ref> lalu penyarut mit ba garis entara menua maritim enggau darat bisi enggau [[Indonesia]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 October 2015|title=Border disputes differ for Indonesia, M'sia|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019135525/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=19 October 2015|newspaper=[[Daily Express (Malaysia)|Daily Express]]|location=Kota Kinabalu}}</ref> [[File:Su30mkm_flying_at_lima_two_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Bilun [[Sukhoi Su-30MKM]] TUDM]] [[Raban Besenyata Malaysia]] bisi tiga pampang: [[Soldadu Malaysia]], [[Soldadu Tasik Diraja Malaysia]] enggau [[Soldadu Langit Diraja Malaysia]]. Nadai pengawa soldadu, lalu umur ke dipinta kena nyadi soldadu enggau sukarela iya nya 18 taun. Sedadu ngena 1.5% ari GDP menua, lalu ngambi 1.23% ari pengereja pengawa Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysian Military statistics|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806213531/http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|archive-date=6 August 2013|access-date=1 October 2010|publisher=NationMaster}}</ref> Raban penyaga pemaik Malaysia ari [[MALBATT]] udah meri bantu ngagai mayuh pengawa nyaga pemaik PBB, baka di [[Operasyen Gerempung Bansa Beserakup ba Kongo|Kongo]], [[Raban Pemerati Soldadu Iran–Irak Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|Iran–Irak]], [[Raban Pemantu Pengalih|Namibia]], Kemboja, Bosnia enggau Herzegovina, Somalia, Kosovo, Timor Leste, enggau Lebanon.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{cite web|date=12 February 2013|title=Malaysia – Permanent Missions to the United Nations|url=http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034708/http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2013|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> [[Atur Pengetan Kuasa Lima]] nya inisiatif pengelikun pelilih menua ke udah dipejalaika semak 40 taun. Iya ngaul pengawa latih sedadu begulai ke diatur entara Malaysia, Singapura, Australia, New Zealand, enggau United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 April 2010|title=Australia says major military exercise underway in Malaysia|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201942/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=1 October 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref> Latih begulai enggau main perang mega udah diatur enggau Brunei,<ref>{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Daniel|date=20 April 2014|title=Brunei, M'sia train in 11th military exercise|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208183256/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-date=8 December 2014|access-date=5 November 2014|url-status=usurped|work=The Brunei Times}}</ref> China,<ref>{{cite web|author=Yao Jianing|date=17 September 2015|title=First China-Malaysia joint military exercise held in Malacca Strait|url=http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001184454/http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|work=China Military Online|publisher=[[Ministry of National Defense (China)|Ministry of National Defense]]}}</ref> India,<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Anand|date=30 April 2018|title=First Ever Joint Army exercise on Malaysian Soil Commences with Handing-Over of Troops Ceremony|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001183858/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=2 October 2018|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] (India)}}</ref> Indonesia,<ref>{{cite news|date=13 September 2010|title=Indonesia-Malaysia military exercises must continue&nbsp;– defence minister|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922134210/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-date=22 September 2010|access-date=1 October 2010|work=ANTARA News}}</ref> Jipun,<ref>{{cite web|author=John Grevatt|date=12 September 2018|title=Japan, Malaysia sign defence accord|url=https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001185203/https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]}}</ref> enggau Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 August 2014|title=Malaysia, US armed forces in joint exercise|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175613/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=26 August 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Malaysia, Filipina, Thailand, enggau Vietnam udah setuju ngatur latih begulai raban pengelikun dikena nyaga garis entara menua maritim sida sereta mutarka isu baka imigresyen nadai pemendar, lanun, enggau pengawa mai barang sechara belalai.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2010|title=Malaysia, Philippines committed to enhancing border security|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205247/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=18 September 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 2013|title=Piracy in Southeast Asia: Organised Criminal Syndicates or Small Scale Opportunists?|url=http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724082702/http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2015|access-date=24 July 2015|work=Gray Page}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carvalho|first=Martin|date=15 May 2012|title=Malaysia, Thailand military exercise to include other agencies, Asean members|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709181144/https://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=5 November 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref>Sebedau tu bisi pengirau ati pengawa militan ekstremis ba kandang endur Islam di [[Konflik Moro|selatan Filipina]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sherman|first1=Ray|last2=David|first2=Nisha|date=6 March 2020|title=Malaysia Bolsters Security Near Sea Border with Philippines|url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=Benar News}}</ref> enggau [[Charut Selatan Thailand|selatan Thailand]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Kent|first=Jonathan|date=28 April 2004|title=Malaysia ups Thai border security|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|archive-date=2 December 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref> deka ngelekai ngagai Malaysia. Ketegal nya, Malaysia berengkah nambahka pengelikun garis entara menua.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=19 April 2022|title=Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Consider Expanding Sulu Sea Trilateral Patrols|url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204234639/https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sallehuddin|first1=Qistina|last2=Kuan|first2=Samantha|date=9 December 2022|title=Govt to step up Malaysian-Thai border security|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/12/859251/govt-step-malaysian-thai-border-security|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=New Straits Times}}</ref> === Hak Asasi Mensia === [[Homoseksualiti]] [[Hak LGBTQ ba Malaysia|enda dikemendarka di Malaysia]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|last2=Cameron|first2=Darla|date=16 June 2016|title=Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523191423/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|archive-date=23 May 2017|access-date=21 May 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Avery|first=Daniel|date=4 April 2019|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|archive-date=11 December 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|work=Newsweek}}</ref> lalu piak bekuasa udah netapka ukum baka ngena rutan enggau jil.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lamb|first=Kate|date=3 September 2018|title=Women caned in Malaysia for attempting to have lesbian sex|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/03/women-caned-in-malaysia-for-attempting-to-have-lesbian-sex|access-date=26 May 2019|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 November 2019|title=Malaysia sentences five men to jail, caning and fines for gay sex|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> [[Pengawa bedagangka mensia]] enggau [[pengawa bedagangka seks di Malaysia]] nyadi penanggul ti signifikan.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 May 2017|title=Malaysia must wake up to its human trafficking problem|url=https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710111418/https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|archive-date=10 July 2022|access-date=7 April 2020|website=New Mandala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 June 2014|title=US penalises Malaysia for shameful human trafficking record|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/20/malaysia-us-human-trafficking-persons-report|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Bisi mega kes ngakim kediri ti munuh sereta bekasarka individu LGBT di Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 August 2018|title=A brutal assault and rising fear in Malaysia's LGBT community|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525033617/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|archive-date=25 May 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 January 2021|title=Malaysia: Government Steps Up Attacks on LGBT People|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|language=en}}</ref> Pengawa ti enda sah ba pengawa homoseksualiti di Malaysia mega udah nyadika batang [[Pengawa bechara sodomi Anwar Ibrahim|pengawa bechara sodomi]] [[Anwar Ibrahim]], ti dikumbai Anwar bemotif politik, sebengkah chara ti disukung Raban Kereja pasal Pengawa Ngetanka Sepeneka Ati, begulai enggau Amnesty Antarabansa enggau Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 July 2008|title=Malaysia: Political Motivations Undermine Anwar Case|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173815/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Doherty|first1=Ben|date=10 February 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim guilty in sodomy case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/10/anwar-ibrahim-guilty-in-sodomy-case|access-date=27 June 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 November 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim: Malaysia opposition leader 'should be freed'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34704563|access-date=27 June 2022|website=BBC News}}</ref> Ukum mati dikena ungkup penyalah ti berat baka [[Pengawa munuh|munuh]], pengani, enggau [[Dagang dadah enda sah|bedagangka dadah]], sekeda ari penyalah nya kala nyadi mandatori.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 January 2015|title=Laws of Malaysia [Act 574]|url=http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20%5BAct%20574%5D2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203104609/http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20&#91;Act%20574&#93;2.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2020|access-date=13 October 2016|publisher=Attorney General's Chamber}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Death Penalty in Malaysia|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626042150/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom]]}}</ref> Taja pia, dalam bulan Julai 2023, berindik ari pengawa ngemendarka [[Akta Pengapus Ukum Mati Mandatori 2023]], ukum mati mandatori dipunaska ungkup semua penyalah di Malaysia, lalu ari nya ngemendarka akim neritka ukum mati nitihka peneka ati sida empu sereta nitihka kes. Undang-undang baru nya mega ngemunaska semua ukum jil seumur idup semula jadi, nganti nya enggau ukum jil 30 ngagai 40 taun nganti nya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Latiff|first=Rozanna|date=3 April 2023|title=Malaysia scraps mandatory death penalty, natural-life prison terms|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysia-parliament-approves-law-remove-mandatory-death-penalty-2023-04-03/|access-date=9 June 2025|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yusry|first=Muhammad|date=3 July 2023|title=Abolishment of mandatory death penalty gazetted, to come into force tomorrow|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/07/03/abolishment-of-mandatory-death-penalty-gazetted-to-come-into-force-tomorrow/77669|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tee|first=Kenneth|date=3 April 2023|title=A brief history of Malaysia's capital punishment and death row inmates|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/04/03/a-brief-history-of-malaysias-capital-punishment-and-death-row-inmates/62376|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref> == Demografi == {{Main|Demografi Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia population density 2010b.png|thumb|350x350px|alt=A map of Malaysia depicting the expected 2010 estimated population density.|Pemadat mensia (orang per km²) maya 2010]] [[Fail:Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010.svg|thumb|alt=Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010|The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group based on 2010 census|350x350px]] Nitihka penerang ari Opis Statistik Malaysia, penyampau tubuh peranak menua tu manggai 32,447,385 iku ba taun 2020,<ref name="Population2010">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2014 |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=82 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> nyadika menua ke-42 pemadu mayuh mensia. Nitihka anggar taun 2012, penyampau tubuh majak nambah 1.54 peratus setaun. Malaysia ngembuan pemadat pemayuh tubuh 96 iku per km², ba penuduk lumur 116 ba dunya ungkup pemadat mensia. Orang dalam kandang umur 15–64 taun nyadi 69.5 peratus ari penyampau tubuh; raban umur 0–14 taun setipak enggau 24.5 peratus; lalu orang tuai ke beumur 65 taun ke atas manggai 6.0 peratus. Dalam taun 1960, lebuh pengawa ngitung tubuh enggau rasmi keterubah iya dirikod di Malaysia, penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh bisi 8.11 juta iku. 91.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh peranak menua Malaysia.<ref name="stat2010">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2010 (Ethnic composition) |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |date=2010 |access-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008005500/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2013 }}</ref> Peranak Malaysia dibagi nitihka garis etnik setempat, enggau 69.7 peratus dianggap ''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]''.<ref name="Q12021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |title=Infographics |publisher=Department of Statistics |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002053818/https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Raban bumiputera ke pemadu mayuh iya nya bansa [[Melayu]], ke ditukuka dalam konstitusyen nyadi orang [[Islam]] ke ngemeranka adat enggau budaya Melayu. Sida bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti dominan ba politik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|title=Malaysia's lingering ethnic divide|author=Brant, Robin|work=BBC News|date=4 March 2008|access-date=29 October 2013|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803200852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Status Bumiputera mega diberi ngagai raban bansa asal ukai Melayu Sabah enggau Sarawak: ti nyengkaum bansa Dayak ([[Iban]], [[Bidayuh]], [[Orang Ulu]]), [[Kadazan-Dusun]], [[Melanau]], [[Bajau Samah|Bajau]] sereta ke bukai. Bumiputera ukai Melayu mungkur lebih setengah ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sarawak enggau lebih dua pertiga ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|title=2. Socio-Economic and National Context [People]|work=Malaysian-Danish Country Programme for Cooperation in Environment and Development (2002–2006)|publisher=Miljøstyrelsens Informationscenter|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040921231939/https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|archive-date=21 September 2004|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|title=Who are Malaysia's bumiputera?|last=Leong|first=Trinna|publisher=The Straits Times|date=3 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920055010/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|archive-date=20 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Bisi mega raban bansa asal tauka orang asal ke jauh mimit agi ba semenanjung, ke alai sida begulai dikelala enggau nama [[Orang Asli]].<ref>{{Cite book|last = Gomes|first = Alberto G.|title = Modernity and Malaysia: settling the Menraq forest nomads|publisher = Taylor & Francis Group|date = 2007|page = 10|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|isbn = 978-0-203-96075-2|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|url-status = live}}</ref> Undang-undang pasal sapa ke bulih status bumiputera bebida entara negeri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/11/4/nation/20091104194453&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107061431/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F11%2F4%2Fnation%2F20091104194453&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2009 |title=PM asked to clarify mixed-race bumiputra status |work=The Star |date=4 November 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 }}</ref> Pia mega bisi dua bengkah etnik setempat bukai ke ukai Bumiputera. 22.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh nya bansa [[Orang China Malaysia|China Malaysia]], lalu 6.8 peratus bansa [[Orang India Malaysia|India Malaysia]].<ref name="Q12021"/> Raban bansa China setempat ari suba udah lebih dominan dalam komuniti dagang. Orang India setempat tebal agi bebansa [[Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kuppusamy, Baradan |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324183428/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=24 March 2006 |title=Racism alive and well in Malaysia |work=Asia Times |date=24 March 2006 |access-date=27 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Barbara">{{Cite book|last = West|first = Barbara A.|title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Volume 1|publisher = Facts on File inc|date = 2009|page = 486|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|isbn = 978-0-8160-7109-8|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727121024/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|url-status = live}}</ref> Peranak menua Malaysia ukai automatik diberi ngagai sida ke ada di Malaysia, tang diberi ngagai anak mit ke ada ari dua iku apai indai peranak Malaysia di luar Malaysia. Dua peranak menua enda dikemendarka nitihka undang-undang menua tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,IRBC,,MYS,47d6546928,0.html |title=Malaysia: Citizenship laws, including methods by which a person may obtain citizenship; whether dual citizenship is recognized and if so, how it is acquired; process for renouncing citizenship and related documentation; grounds for revoking citizenship |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |date=16 November 2007 |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045542/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher%2CIRBC%2C%2CMYS%2C47d6546928%2C0.html |archive-date=24 November 2011 }}</ref> Peranak menua di nengeri Sabah enggau Sarawak di Kalimantan Malaysia bebida enggau peranak menua di Semenanjung Malaysia ungkup tuju imigresyen. Tetiap rayat dikeluarka kad pengelala chip pintar biometrik ti dikelala enggau nama [[MyKad|''MyKad'']] maya umur 12 taun, lalu mesti mai kad nya belama.<ref>{{Cite news|author=May, Leow Yong |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/8/30/nation/18649549&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105101826/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F8%2F30%2Fnation%2F18649549&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2009 |title=More than just a card |work=The Star |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=27 October 2010 }}</ref> Penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh ba Semenanjung Malaysia,<ref>{{Cite book|last = Hassan|first = Asan Ali Golam|title = Growth, structural change, and regional inequality in Malaysia|publisher = Ashgate Publishing|date = 2004|page = 12|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|isbn = 978-0-7546-4332-6|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|url-status = live}}</ref> ke alai 20 juta ari urung 28 juta iku rayat Malaysia diau.<ref name="state.gov" /> 70 persin orang diau ba nengeri.<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> Berindik ari peniki industri ti begunaka pengereja pengawa,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |title=As Malaysia deports illegal workers, employers run short |work=The New York Times |date=13 July 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 |first=Soraya |last=Permatasari |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222193637/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |url-status=live }}</ref> menua tu dipelabaka ngembuan lebih 3 juta iku pengereja pengawa migran; urung 10 peratus ari penyampau tubuh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kent |first=Jonathan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |title=Illegal workers leave Malaysia |work=BBC News |date=29 October 2004 |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Bala NGO ke bepalan ba Sabah melabaka ari 3 juta iku ke nyadi penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah, 2 juta iku nya PATI.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |title=Demographic implosion in Sabah? Really? |last=Quek |first=Kim |work=Malaysiakini |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515042623/http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |url-status=live }}</ref> Malaysia nyadi tuai rumah ngagai penyampau tubuh pelarian enggau orang ke minta suaka urung 171,500 iku. Ari penyampau tubuh tu, urung 79,000 iku ari Burma, 72,400 iku ari Filipina, lalu 17,700 iku ari Indonesia. Bala pemesai Malaysia diripotka udah nyerahka orang ti dibuai terus ngagai orang ti mai mensia enggau chara belalai dalam taun 2007, lalu Malaysia ngambi RELA, sebengkah raban militia sukarelawan ti ngembuan sejarah kontroversi, dikena neritka undang-undang imigresyen sida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |title=World Refugee Survey 2009 |publisher=United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=17 June 2009 |access-date=10 June 2011 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224536/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |url-status=live }}</ref> === Pengarap === {{Main|Pengarap ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia religion by state 2020.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A Map of Malaysia showing religious statistics by state|Pengarap ti dominan di Malaysia nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2020:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Launching of report on the key findings population and housing census of Malaysia 2020 |date=14 February 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref>Gadung tuai: Majoriti Islam > 50%<br />Gadung muda: Pluraliti Islam < 50%<br />Biru: Majoriti Kristian > 50% ]] Konstitusyen meri pengelepas pengarap, seraya numbuhka Islam nyadi "agama Persekutuan".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Zawawi |last2=Mohd Rasid |first2=Imram |date=October 2019 |title=Country Profile Malaysia |url=http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |website=GREASE: Religion, Diversity and Radicalisation |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019065339/http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="malaysianbar.org.my">{{Cite web|url=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|title=PRESS STATEMENT: Malaysia a secular state|author=Ambiga Sreenevasan|publisher=The Malaysian Bar|date=18 July 2007|access-date=6 September 2017|author-link=Ambiga Sreenevasan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228154440/http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|archive-date=28 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nitihka angka Pengirau Penduduk enggau Pengawa Berumah 2020, etnik enggau pengarap bisi kaul ke tinggi. Kira-kira 63.5% ari penyampau tubuh ngemeranka pengarap [[Islam]], 18.7% ngemeranka pengarap [[Buddha]], 9.1% pengarap [[Kristian]], 6.1% pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau 1.3% ngemeranka pengarap [[Konfusianisme]], [[Taoisme]] enggau pengarap tradisional China ke bukai. 2.7% madahka nadai pengarap tauka ngemeranka pengarap bukai tauka nadai meri sebarang penerang.<ref name="Population2010" /> Negeri [[Sarawak]], [[Pulau Pinang]] enggau kandang menua perintah besai [[Kuala Lumpur]] ngembuan majoriti ukai Islam.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | title=Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal | access-date=26 June 2022 | archive-date=22 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | title=Malaysia Christians pray for peace, equality, freedom - UCA News | access-date=31 July 2022 | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731164001/https://www.ucanews.com/amp/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islam Sunni]] ari mazhab [[Shafi'i]] nya pampang Islam ti dominan di Malaysia,<ref name="Peletz2002">{{Cite book|author=Peletz, Michael G. |title=Islamic Modern: Religious Courts and Cultural Politics in Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4TA4hjqjJ0C|date=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-09508-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=9 August 2012|access-date=4 September 2013|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|url-status=live}}</ref> lalu 18% orang Islam Malaysia nadai bemazhab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|url-status=live}}</ref> Konstitusyen Malaysia terit netapka nama utai ti ngasuh orang nyadi "Melayu", ngira Melayu sida ti bepengarap Islam, bejaku Melayu enggau tetap, ngemeranka adat Melayu, sereta diau tauka bisi aki ini ari Brunei, Malaysia enggau Singapura.<ref name="Marshall" /> Statistik ari Pengitung Penyampau Mensia 2010 nunjukka 83.6% ari penyampau tubuh China ngelala diri nyadi pengarap Buddha, enggau penyampau ke signifikan nitihka pengarap Taoisme (3.4%) enggau Kristian (11.1%), begulai enggau penyampau tubuh Islam ke mit ba kandang endur baka Pulau Pinang. Majoriti peranak India nitihka pengarap Hindu (86.2%), enggau minoriti ke signifikan ngelala diri nyadi orang Kristian (6.0%) tauka Islam (4.1%). Pengarap Kristian nyadi pengarap ke tebal agi ba komuniti bumiputera ukai Melayu (46.5%) enggau tambah 40.4% ngelala diri nyadi orang Islam.<ref name="Population2010" /> Orang Islam diwajibka nitihka pemutus Kort Syariah dalam pekara ti bekaul enggau pengarap sida. Bala akim Islam disadang nitihka sekula undang-undang Islam Shafi’i, iya nya mazhab besai Malaysia.<ref name="Peletz2002" /> Bidang kuasa kort Syariah semina diungkupka ngagai orang Islam dalam pekara baka tikah, pesaka, sarak, murtad, nukar pengarap, enggau hak ngibun anak enggau ke bukai. Nadai penyalah jenayah tauka sivil bukai di baruh kuasa kort Syariah, ti ngembuan hierarki ti sebaka enggau Kort Sivil. Kort Sivil enda mendingka pekara ti bekaul enggau pengawa Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahathir |first=Marina |url=http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222100655/http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2010 |title=Malaysia moving forward in matters of Islam and women by Marina Mahathir |publisher=Common Ground News Service |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=14 September 2010 }}</ref> === Jaku === {{Main|Jaku ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Distribution of Malaysia Families Languages.png|thumb|Agih ruang bilik jaku Malaysia ti dipandangka ngena chura: {{Legend|#FF006E|[[Jaku-jaku Melayik|Melayik]]}} {{Legend|#FF984F|[[Jaku-jaku Borneo|Borneo]]}} {{Legend|#007F0E|[[Jaku-jaku Asli|Asli]]}} {{Legend|#00FF90|[[Jaku-jaku Dayak Darat|Dayak Darat]]}} {{Legend|#4CFF00|[[Jaku-jaku Sama–Bajaw|Sama–Bajaw]]}} {{Legend|#B200FF|[[Philippine languages|Philippine]]}} {{Legend|#FFD800|[[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese]]}} {{Legend|#A0A0A0|Kandang menua enggau mayuh iti jaku}}]] Jaku rasmi enggau bansa menua Malaysia iya nya [[jaku Melayu Malaysia]],<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> siti tukuh standard [[jaku Melayu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |title=Malay, Standard |publisher=Ethnologue |date=2009 |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212712/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |url-status=live }}</ref> Terminologi rasmi sebedau tu iya nya {{Lang|ms|Bahasa Malaysia}} (Jaku Malaysia)<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |title=Mahathir regrets govt focussing too much on Bahasa |work=Daily Express |location=Kota Kinabalu |date=2 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140712044336/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |title=Bahasa Rasmi |publisher=Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit |access-date=19 April 2021 |language=ms |quote=Perkara 152 Perlembagaan Persekutuan menjelaskan bahawa bahasa Melayu yang dikenali juga sebagai bahasa Malaysia adalah bahasa rasmi yang tidak boleh dipertikai fungsi dan peranannya sebagai Bahasa Kebangsaan. |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123259/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |title=Malay Language Malay Identity |author=Encik Md. Asham bin Ahmad |publisher=Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123301/https://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |url-status=live }}</ref> tang diatu polisi perintah ngena {{Lang|ms|"Bahasa Melayu"}} (Jaku Melayu) deka nujuka jaku resmi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |title=Federal Constitution |publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324042906/http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> lalu kededua leka jaku nya mengkang dikena.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia |title=The history of Bahasa Melayu / Malaysia: The language of the Malay(sian) people |last=Fernandez |first=Kathleen |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115124803/https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williamson |first1=Thomas |title=Incorporating a Malaysian Nation |journal=Cultural Anthropology |date=August 2002 |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=401 |doi=10.1525/can.2002.17.3.401 |url=https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123258/https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Akta Bahasa Kebangsaan 1967 netapka urup Latin (Rumi) nyadi tulis rasmi jaku bansa, tang nadai nagang ngena [[urup Jawi]].<ref name="National Language Act 1967">{{Cite act|title=National Language Act 1963/67|url=http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/GOVERNMENT%20PUBLICATION/Publication%20Laws%20of%20Malaysia%20(L.O.M)/National%20Language%20Act%201963-67%20%5BAct%2032%5D.pdf|type=Act|legislature=[[Dewan Rakyat]]|index=32|date=1967}}</ref> Jaku English mengkang nyadi jaku kedua ti aktif, enggau guna iya dikemendarka ungkup sekeda tuju rasmi ari baruh Akta Jaku Nasional 1967.<ref name="National Language Act 1967" /> Ba Sarawak, Jaku English nyadi jaku rasmi negeri begulai enggau jaku Melayu.<ref name="lang1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |title=Sarawak makes English official language along with BM |author=Sulok Tawie |newspaper=Malay Mail |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402114111/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="lang2">{{Cite news |url= http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |title=Sarawak to recognise English as official language besides Bahasa Malaysia |newspaper=Borneo Post |location= Kuching |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082141/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="lang3">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |title=Sarawak adopts English as official language |newspaper=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]] |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=19 November 2015 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223741/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ari segi sejarah, jaku English nyadi jaku perintah de facto; Jaku Melayu nyadi dominan pengudah penyarut bansa 1969 ([[insiden 13 Mei]]).<ref name="History">{{Cite book |last1= Andaya |first1= Barbara Watson |last2= Andaya |first2= Leonard Y.|title = A History of Malaysia |publisher = MacMillan |date = 1982|pages = 26–28, 61, 151–152, 242–243, 254–256, 274, 278 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC|isbn = 978-0-333-27672-3}}</ref> Jaku English tauka dikumbai [[Jaku Inggeris Malaysia|jaku English Malaysia]] iya nya siti tukuh jaku English ti datai ari [[Jaku Inggeris British|jaku English British]]. Jaku English Malaysia mayuh dikena dalam pengawa dagang, begulai enggau [[jaku Manglish]], iya nya jaku English ti dikena sehari-hari enggau pengaruh jaku Melayu, China, enggau Tamil ti berat. Perintah enda meransang ngena jaku Melayu ti enda standard tang nadai kuasa ngeluarka kompaun tauka ukum ngagai sida ti ngena utai ti dianggap enda menuku jaku Melayu ba iklan sida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimmer |first=Benjamin |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |title=Language Log: Malaysia cracks down on "salad language" |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |date=5 October 2006 |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620134708/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |title=Dewan Bahasa champions use of BM in ads |work=New Straits Times |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=14 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131024015500/http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |archive-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mayuh jaku bukai dikena di Malaysia, ti ngundan orang ti bejaku 137 bansa jaku ti idup.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |url-status=live }}</ref> Semenanjung Malaysia ngundan orang ke bejaku ngena 41 iti jaku tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia (Peninsular) |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Suku bansa asal Malaysia Timur bisi jaku kediri empu ti bekaul enggau, tang mudah dibida enggau, jaku Melayu. [[Jaku Iban]] nyadi batang jaku suku bansa di Sarawak seraya jaku Dusunik enggau Kadazan dikena orang asal di Sabah.<ref>{{Cite book|last1 = Adelaar|first1 = Alexander|last2 = Himmelmann|first2 = Nikolaus P.|title = The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar|publisher = Taylor and Francis Group|date = 2005|pages = 56, 397|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|isbn = 978-0-7007-1286-1|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 5 August 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200805193042/https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|url-status = live}}</ref> Rayat Malaysia China tebal agi bejaku ngena dialek China ari bagi menua selatan China. Jaku China ke suah agi ditemu ba menua tu iya nya jaku Mandarin, Kanton, Hokkien, enggau ke bukai.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gerhard |first1=Leitner |last2=Azirah |first2=Hashim |last3=Hans-Georg |first3=Wolf |last4=Xiaomei |first4=W. |title=Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language |date=2016 |section=The Chinese language in the Asian diaspora: A Malaysian experience |section-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |isbn=978-1-107-06261-0 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=205–215 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781107477186.014 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204010907/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaku Tamil tu tebal dikena majoriti bansa India Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schiffman|first=Harold F.|title=Malaysian Tamils and Tamil Linguistic Culture|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|date=31 December 1998|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|access-date=13 June 2022|archive-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825024104/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sekeda rayat Malaysia ngembuan peturun Eropah lalu bejaku ngena jaku kreol, baka [[jaku Kristang]] ti bepelasarka jaku Portugis,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Malaysian Creole Portuguese: Asian, African or European? |date=1975 |jstor=30027570 |pages=211–236 |last1=Hancock |first1=I. F. |volume=17 |issue=5 |journal=Anthropological Linguistics}}</ref> enggau [[jaku Chavacano]] ti bepelasarka jaku Sepanyol.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Michaelis|first = Susanne|title = Roots of Creole structures|publisher = John Benjamins Publishing Co|date = 2008|page = 279|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC|isbn = 978-90-272-5255-5}}</ref> == Nota == <references group="fn" /> <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist|2}} == Laman web ke bukai == === Perintah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my Perintah] – Laman web rasmi perintah Malaysia * [https://www.istananegara.gov.my/ Istana Negara] – laman web rasmi raja Malaysia * [https://www.pmo.gov.my/ Menteri Besai] – laman web rasmi menteri besai Malaysia * [http://www.parlimen.gov.my Parlimen] – laman web rasmi Parlimen Malaysia * [https://kehakiman.gov.my Kort Federal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718131408/https://www.kehakiman.gov.my/ |date=18 July 2025 }} – laman web rasmi Ketuai Rejistrar Kort Federal Malaysia * [https://www.dosm.gov.my Statistik] – laman web rasmi Opis Statistik Malaysia === Sejarah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 "History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719045812/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 |date=19 July 2023 }} – Sejarah Malaysia ba perintah Malaysia === Dagang temuai === * [https://www.malaysia.travel/ Malaysia Truly Asia] – portal rasmi pengawa dagang temuai Malaysia [[Kategori:Malaysia| ]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Menua kaban Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara]] ibr82o7a5ak1o9157lqx1fscwb3r61n 20067 20066 2026-10-16T16:32:21Z Jang Edgar 20 /* Bagi jalai perintah */ 20067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Malaysia<!-- The name of the Federation (official name of the state) according to Art 1(1) of the Federal Constitution is, in Malay and English, Malaysia. Nothing more, nothing less. 'Federation of' was only used for the state that preceded Malaysia – Federation of Malaya. Please do not insert 'Federation of' or 'Persekutuan' for Malay name --> | common_name = Malaysia | image_flag = Flag of Malaysia.svg | alt_flag = A blue rectangle with a gold star and crescent in the canton, with 14 horizontal red and white stripes on the rest of the flag | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg | coa_size = 90 | symbol_type = Lambang menua | alt_coat = Shield showing the symbols of the Malaysian states with a star and crescent above and a motto below, supported by two tigers | image_map = {{Switcher|[[Fail:Malaysia (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[Fail:Location Malaysia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Southeast Asia|default=1}} | map_caption = {{Map caption |location_color=dark green |region=Asia |subregion= [[ASEAN]] | subregion_color = dark gray}} | national_motto = {{Lang|ms|Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022191931/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2013 |title=Malaysian Flag and Coat of Arms |publisher=Malaysian Government |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><br>{{Script/Arabic|برسکوتو برتمبه موتو}} ([[Urup Jawi|Jawi]])<br />"Beserakup Betambah Kualiti" | national_anthem = "{{Lang|ms|[[Negaraku]]}}"<br />"Menuaku"{{Parabr}}{{Center|[[Fail:Negaraku instrumental.ogg]]}} | capital = [[Kuala Lumpur]]{{Refn|group=fn|Constitutional capital, ceremonial and legislative}}<br />{{Coord|3|8|N|101|41|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | admin_center = [[Putrajaya]]{{Refn|group=fn|administrative and judicial}}<br />{{Coord|2|56|N|101|42|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Jaku Melayu]]{{Efn|Section 9 of the [[Akta Jaku Nasional 1963/67]] states that "The script of the national language shall be the Rumi script: provided that this shall not prohibit the use of the Malay script, more commonly known as the Jawi script, of the national language".}}{{Efn|Section 2 of the [[National Language Act 1963/67]] states that "Save as provided in this Act and subject to the safeguards contained in Article 152(1) of the Constitution relating to any other language and the language of any other community in Malaysia the national language shall be used for official purposes".}}{{Efn|name=Recognized|See Article 152 of the [[Federal Constitution of Malaysia]] and [[National Language Act 1963/67]].}} | languages_type = Jaku ti diaku | languages = [[Jaku Inggeris]]{{Efn|name=Recognized}} | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} * 69.7% [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] ** 57.3% [[Orang Melayu Malaysia|Melayu]] ** 12.4% Orang asal [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]] enggau [[Orang Asli]] * 22.9% [[Orang China Malaysia|China]] * 6.6% [[Orang India Malaysia|India]] * 0.8% [[Etnik asal ba Malaysia|Ke bukai]] {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2023 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2021 pop">{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|title=Minister: Census shows Malaysia's oldest man and woman aged 120 and 118; preliminary census findings to be released in Feb 2022|date=17 January 2022|publisher=Malaymail|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074901/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Current population and estimates, Malaysia 2021 Group |author=Department of Statistics Malaysia |access-date=1 February 2022 |date=2021 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201080046/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion = {{Ubl|63.5% [[Islam ba Malaysia|Islam Sunni]] (resmi)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|title=The States, Religion and Law of the Federation|work=Constitution of Malaysia|publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission|access-date=29 October 2017|quote=Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614105535/http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>|18.7% [[Buddha ba Malaysia|Buddha]]|9.1% [[Kristian ba Malaysia|Kristian]]|6.1% [[Hindu ba Malaysia|Hindu]]|0.9% ke bukai|1.8% enda ditemu}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|title=Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2020|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|date=14 February 2020|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|url-status=live}}</ref> | religion_year = 2020 | government_type = Monarki elektif bekonstitusyen parlimen federal | leader_title1 = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (King) | leader_name1 = [[Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor|Ibrahim Iskandar]] | leader_title2 = [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]] | leader_name2 = [[Anwar Ibrahim]] | legislature = [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] | upper_house = [[Diwan Menua]] (Senat) | lower_house = [[Diwan Rayat]] (House of Representatives) | sovereignty_type = [[Hari Meredeka (Malaysia)|Meredeka]] | sovereignty_note = ari [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Federasyen Malaya]] | established_date1 = 31 Ogos 1957<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mackay, Derek|title=Eastern Customs: The Customs Service in British Malaya and the Opium Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|date=2005|publisher=The Radcliffe Press|isbn=978-1-85043-844-1|pages=240–|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119151920/https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event2 = [[Hari Sarawak]] | established_date2 = 22 Julai 1963 | established_event3 = [[Hari Perintah Kediri Borneo Utara]] | established_date3 = 31 Ogos 1963<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|title=31 Ogos 1963, Hari kemerdekaan Sabah yang rasmi|publisher=AWANI|date=14 May 2021|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901062457/https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event4 = [[Hari Malaysia]] | established_date4 = 16 September 1963 | area_rank = 67th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 330,803<ref name="2010 stats">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |title=Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 |publisher=Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia |page=27 |access-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030607/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_sq_mi = 127,720 | percent_water = 0.3 | population_estimate = 34,564,810<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Malaysia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_date = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 43rd | population_census_date = 2020 | population_census = 32,447,385<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |title=Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=48 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228142122/https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 101 | population_density_sq_mi = 263 | population_density_rank = 116th | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $1.306 trilion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Malaysia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416230123/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 30th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $39,030<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $445.519 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 36th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $13,315<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 67th | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MY | title=World Bank Open Data }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.807<!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 63rd | currency = [[Ringgit Malaysia]] (RM) | currency_code = MYR | date_format = dd-mm-yyyy | time_zone = [[Jam Standard Malaysia|JSM]] | utc_offset = [[UTC+8|+8]] | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+60|+60]] | cctld = [[.my|.my]] | footnotes = }} '''Malaysia''' siti menua raja federal konstitusyen ba [[Asia Tenggara]] ti ditubuhka ari 11 iti negeri ba Semenanjung Malaysia, 2 iti negeri ba [[Borneo]] enggau 3 iti Wilayah Persekutuan. Pemesai menua tu nyampau 330,803 km2. Malaysia bekunsi arih tanah enggau menua [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], enggau [[Brunei]] sereta arih tasik enggau [[Singapura]] enggau [[Filipina]]. Ba Malaysia bisi siti titik ti pemadu selatan urung semua tanah besai Eurasia, ianya Tanjung Piai. Tuai menua Malaysia ianya Yang di-Pertuan Agong, raja elektif ti dipilih ari 9 iku raja negeri Melayu. Tuai eksekutif perintah ianya Menteri Besai. [[Kuala Lumpur]] nya indu menua Malaysia, Putrajaya nya pusat perintah federal. Malaysia siti menua perintis Serakup Menua-Menua Asia Tenggara enggau Serakup Aum Islam, sereta siti ari raban Saup Ekonomi Asia-Pasifik, Menua-Menua Komanwel, enggau Non-Alligned Movement. Asal menua tu ari perintah-perintah orang Laut ti ulih ditemu ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]]. Menua nya udah dijajah [[Empayar British]] ari abad ke-18. Begian menua keterubah ti udah dijajah British dikumbai [[Negeri-Negeri Selat]]. Maya [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[British Malaya]] udah dijajah menua [[Jipun]]. Sepengudah perang nya, Semenanjung Malaysia ti dikelala enggau nama Tanah Melayu tauka Malaya maya nya, udah diserakup baruh siti komanwel maya taun 1946, sebedau nyadi [[Persekutuan Tanah Melayu]] maya taun 1948. Maya taun 1957 Semenanjung Malaysia udah meredika. Sepengudah nya, ba taun 1963, Tanah Melayu beserakup enggau [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]] ungkup nubuhka menua Malaysia. [[Singapura]] udah dipansutka ari federasyen lalu nyadi siti menua ti bibas maya taun 1965. == Nama == [[Fail:LA2-NSRW-1-0148 malaysia.jpg|thumb|left|alt=English Map of Southeast Asia, "MALAYSIA" typeset horizontally so that the letters run across the northernmost corner of Borneo and pass just south of the Philippines.|"Malaysia" dikena nyadi label ke Pulau Melayu ba kar taun 1914 dalam atlas Amerika Serikat]] Nama "[[wikt:Malaysia|Malaysia]]" datai ari dua leka jaku iya nya "[[wikt:Malays|Malays]]" enggau penambah pengujung jaku Latin-Gerika "[[wikt:-ia|-ia]]"/"[[wikt:-ία|-ία]]"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites|publisher=McFarland & Company|date=2004|isbn=978-0-7864-1814-5|page=221}}</ref> ke ulih dikalih jaku nyadi "tanah orang Melayu".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|title=The World Factbook – Malaysia|date=2020|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Asal leka jaku 'Melayu' ngembuan mayuh macham teori. Bisi pelaba leka jaku tu datai ari [[jaku Sanskrit]] iya nya "Himalaya", ti nujuka kandang menua ke tinggi sereta begunung, tauka leka jaku "Malaiyur-pura", ti mai reti "nengeri gunung".<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu">{{Citation | last1 = Abdul Rashid Melebek | last2 = Amat Juhari Moain | title = Sejarah Bahasa Melayu ("History of the Malay Language") | publisher = [[Utusan Malaysia|Utusan Publications & Distributors]] | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-967-61-1809-7 | pages=9–10}}</ref> Teori bukai madahka asal penatai leka jaku tu ari [[jaku Tamil]] "''malai''" enggau "''ur''" ke mai reti "gunung" enggau "nengeri, tanah".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weightman|first=Barbara A.|title=Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|page=449|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC|isbn=978-1-118-13998-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwary|first=Shanker Shiv|title=Encyclopaedia Of Southeast Asia And Its Tribes (Set Of 3 Vols.)|date=2009|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdEjAQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-81-261-3837-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRQwAQAAIAAJ|title=People of India |author=Singh, Kumar Suresh |volume=26 |page=981 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |date=2003 |isbn=978-81-85938-98-1}}</ref> Siti agi penemu iya nya bepun ari peristiwa Pamalayu ti mai reti Ekspedisyen Melayu. Siti penemu iya nya iya datai ari leka [[jaku Jawa]] "''mlaya''" enggau "''mlayu''" ti mai reti "belanda", ari sungai, iya nya Sungai Melayu, ti diberi nama ketegal arus iya.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/> Varian mega bisi ayan dalam rikud ke tuai agi ari abad ke-11, nyadi toponim ungkup kandang endur di [[Sumatera]] tauka nunjukka pelilih menua ke besai agi ngelingi [[Selat Melaka]].<ref name="Barnard">{{Citation | last = Barnard | first = Timothy P. | title = Contesting Malayness: Malay identity across boundaries | publisher = Singapore University press | date = 2004 | location = Singapore | isbn = 978-9971-69-279-7 | pages=3–10}}</ref> Teks Sanskrit [[Vayu Purana]], ti dipelabaka udah bisi kenyau ari milenium keterubah, nyebut pasal tanah ti dikumbai ''‘Malayadvipa’'' ti dikelala sekeda pakar nyadi semenanjung Melayu moden.<ref>{{Cite book|title=India's Interaction with Southeast Asia: History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 1, Part 3 |page=266 |author=Pande, Govind Chandra |isbn=978-81-87586-24-1 |date=2005 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The economic life of northern India: c. A.D. 700–1200 |page=139 |author= Gopal, Lallanji |isbn=978-81-208-0302-2 |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= A Panorama of Indian Buddhism: Selections from the Maha Bodhi journal, 1892–1992 |page=612 |author=Ahir, D. C. |isbn=978-81-7030-462-3 |date=1995 |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The culture and art of India |page=212 |author=Mukerjee, Radhakamal |isbn=978-81-215-0114-9 |date= 1984 |publisher=Coronet Books Inc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Some contributions of India to the ancient civilisation of Indonesia and Malaysia |page=8 |author=Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan |date=1970 |publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref> Rikud bukai iya nya Geografi Ptolemy abad ke-2 ti ngena nama ''Malayu Kulon'' ungkup pantai barat Semenanjung Emas, enggau rikud Yijing abad ke-7 pasal Malayu.<ref name="Barnard" /> Bisi sekali, Perintah Melayu ngambi nama ari ''Sungai Melayu''.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/><ref>{{Citation | last = Milner | first = Anthony | title = The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific) | pages = 18–19| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-4443-3903-1}}</ref> 'Melayu' lalu dipaut ngagai [[Srivijaya]],<ref name="Barnard" /> lalu mengkang begulai enggau mayuh bengkah endur di Sumatera, nyengkaum [[Palembang]], endur ke dipelaba orang asal penumbuh [[Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref name="Andaya">{{Cite journal |last1=Andaya |first1=Leonard Y. |title=The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |date=October 2001 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=315–316, 324, 327–328, 330 |doi=10.1017/S0022463401000169 |jstor=20072349 |s2cid=62886471 }}</ref> Iya dipelabaka mansang nyadi etnonim laban Melaka nyadi kuasa pelilih menua dalam abad ke-15. Islam nempa identiti etnik pengarap di Melaka, enggau leka jaku ‘Melayu’ pansut. Engka enggau spesifik ngenang pasal orang ke bejaku Melayu setempat ti dianggap taluk ngagai Sultan Melaka. Pengawa orang Portugis ngena penambah jaku ''Malayos'' ulih nunjukka orang ke bekuasa di Melaka. Pengelebih orang dagang ari Melaka ngasuh bansa ‘Melayu’ begulai enggau orang dagang ti bepengarap Islam, lalu ari nya sida dikaul enggau raban budaya enggau jaku ti lebih luas.<ref name="Barnard"/> Melaka lalu udah nya [[Kesultanan Johor|Johor]] ngumbai diri nyadi pusat budaya Melayu, siti penuduk ti disukung British.<ref name="Andaya"/> Pengudah ekspedisyen pelayar Peranchis [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]] ngagai [[Oceania]] maya taun 1826, siku pakar Jereman [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] merambu leka jaku "Malaysia", "[[Mikronesia]]" enggau "[[Melanesia]]" ngagai ''[[Société de Géographie]]'' maya taun 1831, midaka budaya enggau raban pulau Pasifik tu ari leka jaku ke udah bisi iya nya "[[Polinesia]]". Dumont d'Urville nerangka Malaysia nyadi "kandang menua ti suah dikelala enggau nama Hindia Timur".<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/0022334032000120512| title = On the Islands of the Great Ocean| journal = The Journal of Pacific History| volume = 38| issue = 2| page = 163| date = 2003| last1 = d'Urville | first1 = J. S. B. C. S. D. | last2 = Ollivier | first2 = I. | last3 = De Biran | first3 = A. | last4 = Clark | first4 = G. | s2cid = 162374626}}</ref><!--Quote:The third division, Western Oceania, encompasses all the islands commonly known as the East Indies&nbsp;... I shall leave the name Malaysia to this area, since it has already been used by some authors, and I think was first given by Mr Lesson--> Maya taun 1850, raban etnologi British, [[George Samuel Windsor Earl]], nulis dalam ''Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia'', merambu deka meri nama ngagai pulau-pulau di Asia Tenggara nya “Melayunesia” tauka “Indunesia”, nitihka nama ke dulu suba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Earl |first=George S. W. |title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |date=1850 |page=119 |volume=IV}}</ref> Nama Malaysia berengkah dikena ngelabel endur ti nyadi Pulau Melayu.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barrows |first1=David P. |title=A History of the Philippines |date=1905 |publisher=American Book Company |pages=25–26 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb26}}</ref> Menua ti merdeka ari British dalam taun 1957 ngambi nama “Persekutuan Tanah Melayu” nyadika pilih ari nama bukai ti bisi potensial baka “[[Langkasuka]]”, udah bekau perintah besejarah ti bepalan ba tuchung Semenanjung Melayu.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book|last = Suarez|first = Thomas|title = Early Mapping of Southeast Asia|publisher = Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd|date = 1999|pages = 46–47|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC|isbn = 978-962-593-470-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=72&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=1118475&ActiveTextDocId=1118475&filesize=15776 |title=Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)e |publisher=The UK Statute Law Database |date=31 July 1957 |access-date=6 November 2010 }}</ref> Bala orang politik di Filipina kala berunding deka nukar nama menua sida "Malaysia" sebedau menua "moden" nya ngambi nama tu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sakai |first=Minako |editor1-last=Cao |editor1-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Morrell |title=Regional Minorities and Development in Asia |publisher=Routledge |date=2009 |page=124 |chapter-url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |isbn=978-0-415-55130-4 |chapter=Reviving Malay Connections in Southeast Asia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013055904/http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 }}</ref> == Sejarah == {{Batang|Sejarah Malaysia}} [[File:Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg|alt=Map showing the extent of the Malacca Sultanate, covering much of the Malay Peninsula and some of Sumatra|kiri|thumb| [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]] bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti besai dalam ngerembaika Islam ngagai serata Pulau-pulau Melayu.]] Bukti endur mensia moden diau di Malaysia berengkah ari taun 40,000 taun ke udah.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Holme|first=Stephanie|date=13 February 2012|title=Getaway to romance in Malaysia|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129075642/http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|archive-date=29 November 2018|access-date=6 January 2014|website=[[stuff.co.nz]]}}</ref> Ba Semenanjung Melayu, orang keterubah diau dia dipelabaka [[Negrito|bansa Negritos]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fix|first=Alan G.|date=June 1995|title=Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli|journal=American Anthropologist|series=New Series|volume=97|issue=2|pages=313–323|doi=10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090|jstor=681964}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yew|first1=Chee-Wei|last2=Lu|first2=Dongsheng|last3=Deng|first3=Lian|last4=Wong|first4=Lai-Ping|last5=Ong|first5=Rick Twee-Hee|last6=Lu|first6=Yan|last7=Wang|first7=Xiaoji|last8=Yunus|first8=Yushimah|last9=Aghakhanian|first9=Farhang|last10=Mokhtar|first10=Siti Shuhada|last11=Hoque|first11=Mohammad Zahirul|last12=Voo|first12=Christopher Lok-Yung|last13=Abdul Rahman|first13=Thuhairah|last14=Bhak|first14=Jong|last15=Phipps|first15=Maude E.|date=February 2018|title=Genomic structure of the native inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo suggests complex human population history in Southeast Asia|journal=Human Genetics|volume=137|issue=2|pages=161–173|doi=10.1007/s00439-018-1869-0|pmid=29383489|s2cid=253969988|quote=The analysis of time of divergence suggested that ancestors of Negrito were the earliest settlers in the Malay Peninsula, whom first separated from the Papuans ~ 50-33 thousand years ago (kya), followed by East Asian (~ 40-15 kya)...|last16=Xu|first16=Shuhua|last17=Teo|first17=Yik-Ying|last18=Kumar|first18=Subbiah Vijay|last19=Hoh|first19=Boon-Peng|url=http://eprints.ums.edu.my/22631/1/Genomic%20structure%20of%20the%20native%20inhabitants%20of%20Peninsular%20Malaysia%20and%20North%20Borneo%20suggests%20complex%20human%20population%20history%20in%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf}}</ref> Kandang menua Malaysia bisi ngambi bagi ba Jalai Batu Permata Gadung Maritim entara taun 2000 SM ngagai 1000 AD.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsang|first=Cheng-hwa|date=24 January 2008|title=Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan|url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/11751|journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association|volume=20|doi=10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751|doi-broken-date=13 September 2026|issn=1835-1794|url-access=subscription}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021).</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017).</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011).</ref> Bala orang dagang enggau orang ke diau mendam ari [[India]] enggau [[China]] datai kenyau ari kurun keterubah AD, numbuhka palan penyangkai kapal dagang enggau mengeri tebing tasik ba abad kedua enggau ketiga. Penatai sida ngujungka pengaruh India enggau China ti tegap ba budaya menua nya, lalu orang Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ngemeranka pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau [[Buddha]]. Inskripsyen [[jaku Sanskrit]] bisi ayan kenyau ari kurun keempat tauka kelima.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mühlhäusler |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCx0D0iE2QoC |title=Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas |last2=Tryon |first2=Darrell T. |last3=Wurm |first3=Stephen A. |publisher=Walter de Gruyer & Co |year=1996 |isbn=978-3-11-013417-9 |page=695}}</ref> Perintah [[Langkasuka]] nyadi urung kurun kedua ba kandang menua utara Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, lalu meruan nyentuk urung kurun ke-15.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book |last=Suarez |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC |title=Early Mapping of Southeast Asia |publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd |year=1999 |isbn=978-962-593-470-9 |pages=46–47}}</ref> Entara kurun ke-7 enggau ke-13, mayuh kandang menua selatan Semenanjung Tanah Melayu nyadi sebagi ari empayar maritim [[Srivijaya]]. Datai ba kurun ke-13 enggau ke-14, empayar [[Majapahit]] udah mujur ngerampas kuasa ba tebal agi semenanjung enggau Pulau-pulau Melayu ari Srivijaya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suporno, S. |title=Perceptions of the Past |publisher=Heinemann Books for the Asian Studies Association of Australia |year=1979 |editor-last=A. Reid |series=Southeast Asia publications |volume=4 |location=Singapore |page=180 |chapter=The Image of Majapahit in late Javanese and Indonesian Writing |editor-last2=D. Marr}}</ref> Ba pun kurun ke-15, [[Parameswara ari Melaka|Parameswara]], siku raja ke lari ari menua [[Perintah Singapura]] ke suba ke bisi kaul enggau istana lama Srivijayan, numbuhka [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wake|first=Christopher H.|date=September 1964|title=Malacca's Early Kings and the Reception of Islam|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian History]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=5|pages=104–128|doi=10.1017/S0217781100000958|jstor=20067505|number=2}}</ref> Penyampau pengarap Islam majak ngerembai berindik ari Parameswara ke masuk pengarap nya. Melaka nyadi palan dagang ti beguna maya tu, narit dagang ari serata kandang menua nya.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> [[File:AMH-6472-KB_Battle_for_Malacca_between_the_VOC_fleet_and_the_Portuguese,_1606.jpg|alt=Dutch fleet vs Portuguese armada|kanan|thumb|220x220px| Armada Belanda beperang enggau armada Portugis nyadi sebagi ari [[Perang Belanda–Portugis]] dalam taun 1606 dikena nguasa [[Nengeri Melaka|Melaka]].]] Dalam taun 1511, [[Melaka]] dipegai [[Melaka Portugis|Portugal]],<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> udah nya diambi [[Melaka Belanda|Belanda]] dalam taun 1641. Dalam taun 1786, [[Malaya British|Empayar British]] numbuhka palan di Malaya, lebuh Sultan Kedah nyuwa [[Pulau Pinang (pulau)|pulau Pulau Pinang]] ngagai [[Kompeni Hindia Timur]] British. British ngulihka mengeri Singapura dalam taun 1819,<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: Malaya|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309035051/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|archive-date=9 March 2001|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> lalu dalam taun 1824 ngambi kuasa Melaka nitihka [[Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda 1824|Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda]]. Datai ba taun 1826, British nguasa terus Pulau Pinang, Melaka, Singapura, enggau pulau [[Koloni Mahkota Labuan|Labuan]], ti ditumbuhka sida nyadi koloni mahkota [[Kandang Pendiau Selat]]. Datai ba kurun ke-20, negeri [[Pahang]], [[Selangor]], [[Perak]], enggau [[Negeri Sembilan]], ke dikelala begulai enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Beserakup]], bisi residen British ke dipadu meri jaku lalau ngagai pemerintah Melayu, ke alai bala pemerintah patut nangguhka timpuh nengah sempekat.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Malay States (British)|volume=17|last1=Clifford|first1=Hugh Charles|last2=Graham|first2=Walter Armstrong|pages=478&ndash;484}}</ref> Lima bengkah negeri ke bukai ba semenanjung nya, ke dikelala enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Enda Beserakup]], taja pan ukai terus di baruh pegai British, tang mega nerima penyanding penemu British urung pun abad ke-20. Pemansang ba semenanjung enggau Borneo umum iya bebida nyentuk ngagai abad ke-19. Di baruh pegai British pengawa pindah orang China enggau India nyadi kuli diperansang.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kuar|first=Amarjit|title=International Migration and Governance in Malaysia: Policy and Performance|url=http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509145612/http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2010|access-date=20 December 2011|publisher=University of New England}}</ref> Kandang menua ke diatu nyadi [[Sabah]] nyadi baruh kuasa British nyadi [[Borneo Utara]] lebuh kededua [[Kesultanan Brunei|Sultan Brunei]] enggau [[Kesultanan Sulu|Sultan Sulu]] mindahka hak ngempu kandang menua sida empu, entara taun 1877 enggau 1878.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gullick, J. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA148 |title=Malaysia and Its Neighbours, The World studies series |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-7100-4141-8 |pages=148–149}}</ref> Dalam taun 1842, Sarawak diserahka Sultan Brunei ngagai [[James Brooke]], ke nganti iya merintah nyadi [[Rajah Putih Sarawak|Rajah Putih]] atas [[Perintah Sarawak|perintah]] meredeka nyentuk ngagai taun 1946, lebuh iya nyadi [[Koloni Mahkota Sarawak|koloni mahkota]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: North Borneo|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628212629/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|archive-date=28 June 2011|access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref> [[Perang Klang]] (1867–1874) berengkah nyadi penyarut entara Raja Abdullah enggau Raja Mahadi ketegal nyadi tuai rumah Klang, enggau Mahadi nulak pengawa Sultan [[Abdul Samad ari Selangor]] ti udah nyiri Abdullah. Penyarut nya narit [[gerempung resia]] China ke bepekit—[[Ghee Hin Kongsi]] ke mayuh nyukung Mahadi enggau [[Gerempung Resia Hai San]] nyukung Abdullah—serta tuai-tuai peturun Bugis enggau Melayu ke ngumbai Mahadi lebih sah. Perang ngerembai sepengudah Mahadi ngerampas Kubu Klang lalu Abdullah rari ke Melaka, ngachau pengawa ngasilka timah, jalai dagang, enggau pemerat komersial British ba Lembak Klang. Berebak enggau nya, [[Perang Larut]] ti nyadi ba kandang menua ke besepiak (1861–1874) entara Hai San enggau Ghee Hin di Perak sama ngasuh pelilih menua ke kaya enggau timah enda entap sereta ngasuh orang dagang British irau. Apil ari tuai-tuai Melayu minta pengawa nyadi pengantara begulai enggau pengirau ati British bekaul enggau penyarut pelilih menua muka jalai ngagai pengawa campur tangan formal, ti ngujungka [[Sempekat Pangkor 1874|Sempekat Pangkor]] taun 1874 ti numbuhka sistem peranak British ba negeri-negeri Melayu.<ref name="Azmi20122">{{cite journal|last=Arifin|first=Azmi|year=2012|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, The Chinese Secret Societies and The Malay Rulers|url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5364/1/Azmi%20Arifin%20%2039%20(1)%20(July%202012).pdf|journal=Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies|volume=39|issue=1|pages=51–74|access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> Baka ti ditulis [[Frank Swettenham]] udah nya, "Iya nya taja pan gaya utai ti nyadi begunaka campur tangan, kami datai ngagai Negeri-Negeri Melayu ketegal kangau Pemerintah Melayu, ngajar sida chara administrasyen ti manah agi."<ref name="AzmiPerak2">{{cite journal|last=Azmi Arifin|year=2018|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, the Chinese Secret Societies and the Malay Rulers|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333081324|journal=USM Malaysian Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A leading light in Perak's late 19th century advance: Frank Athelstane Swettenham|url=https://www.ehm.my/publications/articles/a-leading-light-in-peraks-late-19th-century-advance-frank-athelstane-swettenham|access-date=2026-08-02|publisher=ehm.my}}</ref> Dalam [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[Soldadu Imperial Jipun|Soldadu Jipun]] [[Kimpin Malaya|nyerang]] sereta nguasa [[Pemegai Jipun ba Malaya|Malaya]], [[Pemegai Jipun ba Borneo British|Borneo Utara, Sarawak]], enggau [[Pemegai Jipun ba Singapura|Singapura]] lebih ari tiga taun.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaya in World War II|url=https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225184306/https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|archive-date=25 December 2022|access-date=29 January 2023|work=World War Two Database}}</ref> Dalam timpuh tu, penyarut entara bansa nyadi lalu nasionalisme majak nambah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hock |first=David Koh Wee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awLp4TeUkzoC |title=Legacies of World War II in South and East Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2007 |isbn=978-981-230-457-5 |location=Singapore |page=48}}</ref> Sukung rayat ngagai meredeka majak nambah pengudah Malaya dipegai baru ulih soldadu Serakup.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010212095545/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-date=12 February 2001|title=Our Region, Ourselves|last=Mohamad|first=Mahathir|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=31 May 1999|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Perambu British pengudah perang deka nyerakupka administrasyen Malaya ari baruh siti koloni mahkota ti dikumbai [[Serakup Malaya]] napi bantah ti balat ari [[Melayu|bansa Melayu]], ti mantah pengelemi pemerintah Melayu enggau meri peranak menua ngagai [[Orang China Malaysia|raban bansa China]]. Serakup Malaya, ti ditumbuhka dalam taun 1946, lalu mungkur semua reta tengkira British di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu kelimpah ari Singapura, jampat dibuai lalu diganti enggau [[Federasyen Malaya]] kena 1 Februari 1948, ti mulaika autonomi pemerintah negeri-negeri Melayu ti dijaga British.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106021025/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-date=6 November 2007|title=MALAYA: Token Citizenship|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=19 May 1952|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> [[File:Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg|thumb| Pemesai polis [[Federasyen Malaya|Malaya]] benung nanya siku periman [[Orang China Malaysia|bebansa China]] maya [[Penusah Darurat Malaya]] taun 1949]] Dalam timpuh tu, raban pemberontak ke tebal agi bebansa China ari baruh iring [[Parti Kominis Malaya]] ngepunka operasyen gerila ke digaga dikena mejal British pansut ari Malaya. [[Darurat Malaya|Darurat Malaya (1948–1960)]] ngaul kimpin anti-penyarut ti lama dipejalaika soldadu [[Komanwel]] di Malaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Kena 31 Ogos 1957, [[Penesau Meredeka Malaya|Malaya nyadi kaban meredeka]] dalam Komanwel Bansa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Udah nya, pelin ti komprehensif diperambu dikena nyerakupka Malaya enggau koloni mahkota Borneo Utara (dikelala enggau nama [[Sabah]] lebuh begulai), [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]]. Persekutuan ti diperambu nya asal iya deka diatur kena 31 Ogos 1963, beserimbai enggau hari pengingat meredeka Malaya. Taja pia, ketegal ti patut ngaga pansik pasal tikas sukung ngagai gerempung nya di Sabah enggau Sarawak ari [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]], baka ti dipinta orang ti ngelaban gerempung nya baka [[Sukarno]] ari [[Indonesia]] enggau [[Parti Rayat Beserakup Sarawak]], haribulan gerempung nya ditangguh nyentuk ngagai 16 September 1963.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402050225/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-date=2 April 2008|title=Malaysia: Tunku Yes, Sukarno No|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=6 September 1963|access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boon Kheng Cheah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOtXcEmHdjoC&pg=PA93 |title=Malaysia: The Making of a Nation |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2002 |isbn=978-981-230-154-3 |pages=93–}}</ref> Federasyen nya mai penyarut ti majak balat nyengkaum [[Konfrontasyen Indonesia–Malaysia|penyarut enggau Indonesia]] kelimpah ari penyarut ti enda ngetu nyadi ngelaban Kominis di Borneo enggau Semenanjung Melayu, ti majak balat ngagai [[Penyarut Kominis ba Sarawak|Penyarut Kominis Sarawak]] enggau [[Darurat Malaya Kedua]] begulai enggau sekeda isu bukai baka serang lanun Moro ari pulau-pulau selatan Filipina meraka garis entara menua ba Sabah, [[Negeri Singapura (Malaysia)|penyerara Singapura ari Federasyen]] dalam taun 1965,<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation on Singapore|url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511191506/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Singapore Attorney-General}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-50718-0 |page=290}}</ref><ref name="TIME Art2">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930101049/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Malaysia: The Art of Dispelling Anxiety|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=27 August 1965|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> enggau laya bansa. Penyarut tu ngujungka [[Penyadi 13 Me|penyarut bansa 13 Me]] dalam taun 1969.<ref name="Race war">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216115230/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-date=16 February 2007|title=Race War in Malaysia|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=23 May 1969|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Pengudah penyarut nya nyadi, [[Polisi Ekonomi Baru Malaysia|Polisi Ekonomi Baru]] ti kontroversial nya dikelancharka Menteri Besai [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Tun Abdul Razak]], nguji nambahka bagi ekonomi ti dipegai raban ''[[bumiputera]]''.<ref name="New Economic Policy">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Di baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] bisi timpuh penumbuh ekonomi enggau urbanisasyen ti jampat berengkah ari taun 1980-an. Ekonomi ngalih ari bepelasarka pengawa betanam betupi ngagai bepelasarka pengawa ngaga enggau industri. Mayuh bengkah projek besai udah tembu digaga, baka [[Menara Petronas]], [[Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan (Malaysia)|Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan]], [[MSC Malaysia|Koridor Super Multimedia]], enggau indu nengeri pentadbiran perintah besai baru [[Putrajaya]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="New Economic Policy2">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Ba ujung taun 1990-an, [[Krisis wang Asia 1997|krisis wang Asia]] meri empas ngagai menua nya, nyau deka ngasuh makit mata duit, saham, enggau reta tengkira sida runtuh; taja pia, sida udah nya gerai.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ping Lee Poh|author2=Yean Tham Siew|title=Malaysia Ten Years After The Asian Financial Crisis|url=http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401070910/http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2010|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Thammasat University}}</ref> [[Skandal 1MDB]] nya skandal [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] global ti besai ti ngaul Menteri Besai maya nya [[Najib Razak]] dalam taun 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 2015|title=Malaysian taskforce investigates allegations $700m paid to Najib|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422204302/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|archive-date=22 April 2020|access-date=24 March 2018|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> Skandal nya nyadika ubah keterubah ba parti politik ke megai perintah kenyau ari merdeka ba [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]].<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> Dalam taun 2020-an, menua tu dipegai [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ti beserimbai enggau krisis pengerai enggau [[Empas ekonomi ari pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|ekonomi]] ketegal [[Pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|pandemik COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Walden|first1=Max|date=13 January 2021|title=How Malaysia went from fewer COVID cases than Australia to a national state of emergency|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114221804/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|archive-date=14 January 2021|access-date=19 July 2021|newspaper=ABC News (Australia)}}</ref> Tu udah nya ditangkan enggau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022|pengawa bepilih besai]] tumu agi dalam bulan November 2022, ti ngujungka parlimen gantung keterubah dalam sejarah menua tu.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 November 2022|title=No clear winner as Malaysia election ends in hung parliament|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129074959/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|archive-date=29 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Kena 24 Nobember 2022, [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ngangkat sumpah nyadi [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]] ke-10, nguluka perintah gempung besai.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 November 2022|title=Anwar Ibrahim sworn in as Malaysian PM after post-election deadlock|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128015222/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|archive-date=28 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=BBC News}}</ref> == Perintah enggau politik == {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|align=right|caption_align=center|image1=King Ibrahim of Malaysia August 2025.jpg|caption1=[[Ibrahim Iskandar]]<br /><small>[[Raja Malaysia|Raja]]</small>|image2=Anwar Ibrahim in June 2026.jpg|caption2=[[Anwar Ibrahim]]<br /><small>[[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]</small>}} [[File:Istana_Negara_tepi.jpg|thumb| [[Istana Negara]], palan pengentap pendiau enggau opis rasmi [[Raja Malaysia]].]] [[File:Perdana_Putra.jpg|thumb| [[Perdana Putra]], opis [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]].]] Malaysia nyadi menua [[raja bepilih]] [[Raja bekonstitusyen|bekonstitusyen]] [[Raja federal|federal]] lalu mina sebengkah aja menua federal di [[Asia Tenggara]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 January 2018|title=Could Federalism Smooth Southeast Asia's Rough Edges?|url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025080259/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|archive-date=25 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|agency=Stratfor}}</ref> Sistem perintah tu dichuntoka enggau sistem parlimen [[Sistem Westminster|Westminster]], iya nya diwaris ari [[Empayar British|perintah British]].<ref name="FITA2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Ketuai menua iya nya Raja, ke ngembuan gela rasmi iya nya [[Raja Malaysia|Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]. Raja dipilih ungkup timpuh lima taun ulih enggau ari entara semilan iku pemerintah turun temurun negeri-negeri Melayu. Empat nengeri ke bukai, ke ngembuan Gabenor gela, enda enggau ba pengawa milih. Nengah sempekat enda formal pangku pengawa nya betukar entara semilan iku nya.<ref name="FITA">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Pengawa Raja nya mayuh agi nyadi seremonial kenyau ari ubah ba [[Konstitusyen Malaysia|konstitusyen]] dalam taun 1994, milih menteri enggau kaban dewan tinggi.<ref name="dfat">{{cite web|date=February 2014|title=Malaysia country brief|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027035312/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|archive-date=27 October 2014|access-date=22 October 2014|publisher=Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Kuasa legislatif dibagi entara legislatif perintah besai enggau negeri. [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] perintah besai dua ruang tu bisi dewan baruh, [[Dewan Rakyat]] (ke mega dikelala enggau nama Dewan Pengari Rayat) enggau dewan atas, [[Dewan Negara]] (tauka Senat).<ref>{{cite web|date=3 June 2010|title=Background|url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053421/http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|archive-date=6 November 2018|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Parlimen Malaysia}}</ref> Dewan Pengari Rayat ke bisi 222 iku kaban dipilih ungkup timpuh maksimum lima taun ari sitak ke bisi kaban tunggal. Semua 70 iku senator duduk ungkup timpuh tiga taun; 26 dipilih 13 bengkah Aum Kunsil Negeri, lalu 44 ke bukai dichiri Raja nitihka lalau Menteri Besai.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Parlimen nitihka sistem mayuh parti lalu perintah dipilih nengah sistem ‘pemenang pilih pemadu mayuh'.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=John W. Langford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-sti92Y7TkC&pg=PA101 |title=The Changing Shape of Government in the Asia-Pacific Region |last2=K. Lorne Brownsey |publisher=IRPP |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-88645-060-1 |pages=101–}}</ref> [[Pengawa bepilih ba Malaysia|Pengawa bepilih]] parlimen diatur enda kurang ari lima taun sekali.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Sebedau taun 2018, semina pengundi ke berejista ke beumur 21 taun ke atas aja ulih ngundi kaban Dewan Rakyat lalu, ba tebal agi nengeri, ungkup dewan legislatif nengeri. Ngundi ukai pengawa ti wajib.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2008|title=Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat)|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205034849/http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|archive-date=5 December 2010|access-date=29 September 2008|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> Kena bulan Julai 2019, rang undang-undang nurunka [[umur bepilih]] ngagai 18 taun udah dikemendarka enggau rasmi.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Martin Carvalho|author2=Hemananthani Sivanandam|author3=Rahimy Rahim|author4=Tarrence Tan|date=16 July 2019|title=Dewan Rakyat passes Bill to amend Federal Constitution to lower voting age to 18|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928064607/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18|archive-date=28 September 2022|access-date=16 July 2019|work=The Star}}</ref> [[Eksekutif (perintah)|Kuasa eksekutif]] diberi ngagai [[Kabinet Malaysia|Kabinet]], ti betuaika [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]. Menteri Besai nya mesti nyadi kaban Dewan Rakyat, ti ba penemu Raja ti Pemadu Tinggi, merintah sukung ari majoriti kaban. Kabinet dipilih ari kaban kededua dewan Parlimen.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Menteri Besai nyadi [[Kabinet Malaysia|tuai kabinet]] enggau [[ketuai perintah]]. Kenyau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]], Malaysia diperintah gempung politik [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH),<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> taja pan Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] ngelengka pangku pengawa ba tengah [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ba taun 2020. Kena bulan Mach 2020, gempung [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) ditumbuhka ari baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Muhyiddin Yassin]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 February 2020|title=Palace: Muhyiddin to be sworn in as PM|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229121939/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|archive-date=29 February 2020|access-date=29 February 2020|work=The Star Online}}</ref> sebedau Muhyiddin lenyau sukung majoriti lalu diganti sapit Menteri Besai [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]], seiku kaban politik veteran ari [[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup|Gerempung Nasional Melayu Bersatu]] (UMNO), dalam bulan Ogos<ref>{{cite news|date=21 August 2021|title=Ismail Sabri sworn in as Malaysia's ninth Prime Minister|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821173721/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|archive-date=21 August 2021|access-date=22 August 2021|work=The Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia's Ismail Sabri Yaakob sworn in as new PM|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201131632/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> Kenyau [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022]], parlimen gantung dipilih. [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ari gempung PH dipaduka nyadi Menteri Besai ke baru ngiring perintah gempung PH, [[Barisan Nasional]], [[Gempung Parti Sarawak]], [[Gempung Rayat Sabah]] enggau sekeda parti politik enggau ngatika diri ke bukai. Berebak enggau nya, PN, semina gempung politik ke nadai dalam gempung perintah, nyadi Penyakal. [[Undang-undang Malaysia|Sistem undang-undang Malaysia]] bepelasarka undang-undang selama.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Taja pan pengawa akim lepas ari sukut teori, tang pengelepas iya udah dikerandauka lalu pengawa nyiri akim nadai akauntabiliti enggau transparen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Attacks on Justice – Malaysia|url=http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119080422/http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-date=19 January 2012|access-date=5 December 2011|publisher=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> Kort ke pemadu tinggi dalam sistem akim iya nya [[Kort Federal Malaysia|Kort Federal]], ditangkanka [[Kort Apil Malaysia|Kort Apil]] enggau dua buah [[Kort tinggi (Malaysia)|kort tinggi]], siti ungkup Semenanjung Malaysia enggau siti ungkup Malaysia Timur. Malaysia mega bisi siti kort spesyel dikena mendingka kes ti dibai tauka ngelaban royalti.<ref name="criminal court system2">{{cite web|title=Malaysian criminal court system|url=http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090557/http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|archive-date=15 May 2011|access-date=15 December 2010|publisher=Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers}}</ref> Pengudah UMNO lenyau kuasa ba [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018]], penuduk Malaysia niki 9 penuduk dalam Indeks Demokrasi 2019 ngagai penuduk lumur 43 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya; menua tu diklasifikasyenka nyadi ‘demokrasi ti bisi penimpang’.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2019 A year of democratic setbacks and popular protest|url=https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|url-access=registration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213043744/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|archive-date=13 February 2021|access-date=27 October 2020|website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU.com]]}}</ref> Penuduk Malaysia dalam [[Indeks Pengelepas Pengarang Berita]] 2020 niki 22 penuduk ngagai penuduk lumur 101 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya, lalu nyadika iya siti ari dua buah menua di Asia Tenggara ke nadai ‘Situasi Susah’ tauka ‘Situasi Keberat Serius’ bekaul enggau pengelepas pengarang berita.<ref>{{cite web|year=2020|title=2020 World Press Freedom Index|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423104703/https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|archive-date=23 April 2020|access-date=27 October 2020|work=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Taja pia, iya nurun 18 endur ba taun ke nangkanka nya ketegal polisi perintah PN.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia: Back to harassment, intimidation and censorship {{!}} Reporters without borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124091549/https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|archive-date=24 November 2021|access-date=26 July 2021|website=RSF|language=en}}</ref> Malaysia ba penuduk lumur 48 enggau 62 nitihka [[Indeks Persepsyen Makai Suap]] 2021, ti nunjukka tikas [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] ti ngelui ari purata. Freedom House beratika Malaysia “bibas sebagi” dalam pansik sida ba taun 2018.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 June 2018|title=Malaysia considers amending human trafficking law after U.S. report|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407142237/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|archive-date=7 April 2020|access-date=7 April 2020|website=Reuters}}</ref> Siti saman ti digaga [[Opis Pengelurus Amerika Serikat]] nuduhka pengabis mimit $3.5 billion ti ngaul ex-menteri besai [[Najib Razak]] udah dichuri ari wang turu enggi perintah menua Malaysia [[1MDB]], ti dikelala enggau nama [[Skandal 1MDB|skandal 1Malaysia Development Berhad]].<ref name=":02">{{cite news|date=28 July 2016|title=1MDB: The inside story of the world's biggest financial scandal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111085317/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|archive-date=11 November 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=1MDB: The playboys, PMs and partygoers around a global financial scandal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721081321/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|archive-date=21 July 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=The bizarre story of 1MDB, the Goldman Sachs-backed Malaysian fund that turned into one of the biggest scandals in financial history|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117032748/https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|archive-date=17 November 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=Business Insider}}</ref> Naka taun 2025, iya ba penuduk lumur 13 ba [[Indeks Pemaik Global]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2025 Global Peace Index|url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/GPI-2025-web.pdf|access-date=2025-09-26|website=Institute for Economics & Peace|publisher=[[Institute for Economics & Peace]]|publication-date=June 2025}}</ref> === Bagi jalai perintah === {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" |{{Kar Malaysia Belabel}} |} Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua federasyen ti ngundan [[Negeri enggau kandang menua federal ba Malaysia|13 negeri enggau tiga kandang menua federal]].<ref>{{cite news|date=2 November 2015|title=Understanding the Federation of Malaysia|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105113420/http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-date=5 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Ari penyampau nya, 11 negeri enggau dua kandang menua federal bisi ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]], lalu dua bengkah negeri enggau siti kandang menua federal ke bukai mungkur [[Malaysia Timur]]. Menua tu bisi tiga renggat perintah— [[Perintah menua Malaysia|perintah federal]], [[Perintah negeri ba Malaysia|negeri]], enggau kandang menua.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|year=2018|title=The Local Government System in Malaysia|url=https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Commonwealth Local Government Forum]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220050855/https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Pengawa merintah nengeri dibagi entara perintah federal enggau perintah negeri, enggau kuasa ti bebida diungkupka ngagai tiap iku, lalu perintah federal bisi kuasa perintah terus ba kandang menua federal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Territories and State Governments|url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222231636/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-date=22 February 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Malaysian government}}</ref> Tetiap negeri bisi [[Aum kunsil negeri ba Malaysia|Aum Kunsil Negeri]] ke ngembuan siti ruang bilik ke alai kaban iya dipilih ari sitak ke bisi siku kaban. Perintah negeri betuaika [[Kepala perintah negeri ba Malaysia|Kepala Menteri]],<ref name="state.gov2" /> ti nyadi kaban Aum Kunsil Negeri ari parti majoriti dalam dewan. Ba tiap-tiap nengeri ke bisi pemerintah turun temurun, Kepala Menteri biasa iya dipinta nyadi [[Melayu|orang Melayu]], dichiri pemerintah nitihka lalau [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-3155j7FLkC |title=The management of secondary cities in southeast Asia |publisher=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements |year=1996 |isbn=978-92-1-131313-0 |page=120}}</ref> Naka [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|taun 2018]], pengawa bepilih negeri diatur berebak enggau pengawa bepilih besai nengah konvensyen, kelimpah ari ke di [[Sarawak]]. Berindik ari [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–2022|krisis politik 2020–2022]], semina [[Pahang]], [[Perak]] enggau [[Perlis]] milih bejalaika pengawa bepilih negeri sida sejalai enggau pengawa bepilih besai.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hutchinson|first=Francis E.|date=15 May 2024|title=Malaysia's Out-of-Sync Federal and State Elections: The Good, the Bad, and the Untimely|url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|url-status=live|journal=[[ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute]]|language=en-US|volume=2024|issue=34|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220053516/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Dipegai ba baruh perintah besai enggau negeri, [[Perintah kandang menua ba Malaysia|perintah kandang menua]] ngarika renggat pemerintah ke pemadu baruh di Malaysia. Naka taun 2024, Malaysia dibagi entara 19 bengkah nengeri, 40 bengkah kandang mengeri, 91 buah kunsil renggat pelilih menua, enggau empat bengkah ejensi bekanun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senarai PBT|trans-title=List of local governments|url=https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118151239/https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|archive-date=18 January 2025|access-date=22 December 2024|website=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=ms}}</ref> Seraya konstitusyen perintah besai ngagihka perintah kandang menua ngagai bidang kuasa eksklusif perintah negeri,<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to local government in Malaysia|url=http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328212349/http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2018|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Universiti Teknologi Mara}}</ref> dalam praktikal, [[Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua (Malaysia)|Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua perintah federal]] ngemataka pengawa ngatur undang-undang enggau polisi kandang menua.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Nooi, Phang Siew|date=May 2008|title=Decentralisation or recentralisation? Trends in local government in Malaysia|url=http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909145130/http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|archive-date=9 September 2016|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance}}</ref> [[Ketuai Mengeri]] (tauka presiden ungkup kunsil kandang mengeri enggau pelilih menua) enggau [[kaunsilor]] dichiri perintah negeri ke bekaul, tauka dalam kes kandang menua perintah federal, dichiri perintah federal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|year=2023|title=Rujukan Ringkas Mengenai Dasar-Dasar Berkaitan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan Edisi 2023|trans-title=Summary on Local Government Policies 2023 Edition|url=https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=MS|page=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035246/https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Undang-undang perintah federal ngagihka pekara tanah, nyengkaum pengawa ngaga garis entara [[Rintai pelilih menua ba Malaysia|pelilih menua]], ngagai bidang kuasa perintah negeri.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2020|title=National Land Code|url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Malaysian federal government]]|page=54|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202093708/https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2025|access-date=20 December 2024|via=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Kelimpah ari Perlis enggau kandang menua federal, tiap negeri dibagi ngagai pelilih menua, ti dibagi baru ngagai [[mukim]]. Di [[Sabah]] enggau [[Sarawak]], pelilih menua digelumu ngagai bagi menua.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia Districts|url=http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201132451/http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|archive-date=1 December 2020|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Statoids}}</ref> Bebida enggau perintah kandang menua ti ngatur kuasa perintah kandang mengeri enggau pemansang infrastruktur,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=E.|first1=Lo Vullo|last2=Ho|first2=C. S.|last3=Chau|first3=L. W.|last4=F.|first4=Monforti|last5=V.|first5=Palermo|last6=S.|first6=Rivas|last7=P.|first7=Bertoldi|year=2022|title=How to Develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP) in Southeast Asia-Malaysia|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360823096|journal=[[Publications Office of the European Union]]|page=6|doi=10.2760/50282|isbn=978-92-76-52424-3|via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> pelilih menua semina dikena ungkup chukai tanah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adnan|first1=M. Z.|last2=Suratman|first2=R. Suratman|last3=Samsudin|first3=S.|year=2019|title=Key Geographical Features on Malaysia's Land Tax System: A Comparison Study in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia|journal=International Geography Seminar 2019|volume=683|issue=683|page=2|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/683/1/012095|doi-access=free}}</ref> 13 bengkah negeri nya bepelasarka menua perintah Melayu besejarah, lalu 9 ari 11 negeri Semenanjung, ke dikelala enggau nama negeri Melayu, ngetanka ruang bilik diraja sida. [[Raja Malaysia|Raja]] dipilih sereta ari semilan iku pemerintah ngambika mangku pengawa pengelama lima taun.<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Raja tu nyiri gabenor ti mangku pengawa pengelama empat taun ke negeri-negeri ti nadai raja, pengudah berunding enggau kepala menteri negeri nya. Tiap negeri bisi konstitusyen betulis.<ref name="Lim Hong Hai">{{cite web|author=Hai, Lim Hong|title=Electoral Politics in Malaysia: 'Managing' Elections in a Plural Society|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190212/http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Sabah enggau Sarawak ngembuan autonomi ke jauh mayuh agi ari negeri bukai, ke pemadu tebilang ngembuan polisi enggau kawal imigresyen kediri, sereta status peranak menua ke nyelai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannum, Hurst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oV3pKJfnvcC&pg=PA342 |title=Basic Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7923-1977-1 |pages=342–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Lockard, Craig A.|date=March 2000|title=Sabah and Sarawak: The Politics of Development and Federalism. Kajian Malaysia, Special Issue. Edited by Francis Loh Kok Wah. Penang: Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1997. Pp. 236.|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies]]|volume=31|issue=1|pages=210–213|doi=10.1017/S0022463400016192|s2cid=154586268}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bong|first1=Karen|last2=Pilo|first2=Wilfred|name-list-style=amp|date=16 September 2011|title=An agreement forged and forgotten|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102042307/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|archive-date=2 November 2015|access-date=3 July 2014|work=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> Pengawa champur tangan perintah besai dalam pengawa negeri, kurang pemansang, enggau laya ketegal royalti minyak bisi sekali-sekala ngujungka penerang pasal nyerara diri ari bala ketuai di sekeda negeri baka [[Pulau Pinang]], [[Johor]], [[Kelantan]], Sabah enggau Sarawak, taja pan pekara tu bedau dititihka lalu nadai pengawa meredeka ti berat bisi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Koay|first=Su Lin|date=September 2016|title=Penang: The Rebel State (Part One)|url=http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|website=Penang Monthly}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chin|first=James|year=1997|title=Politics of Federal Intervention in Malaysia, with reference to Kelantan, Sarawak and Sabah|url=https://www.academia.edu/2954857|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics|volume=35|pages=96–120|doi=10.1080/14662049708447747|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809133946/https://www.academia.edu/2954857|archive-date=9 August 2021|access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli|date=18 October 2015|title=Could the Federation of Malaysia really come apart?|url=http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027202437/http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|archive-date=27 October 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|publisher=[[Astro Awani]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=3 November 2015|title=Will things fall apart in the Malaysian federation?|url=http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation?|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106024352/http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation|archive-date=6 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=Today|location=Singapore}}</ref> ; Negeri Rintai 13 bengkah negeri enggau tiap indu nengeri (dalam tanda kurung): {{div col|colwidth=22em}} # {{flagicon|Johor}} [[Johor]] ([[Johor Bahru]]) # {{flagicon|Kedah}} [[Kedah]] ([[Alor Setar]]) # {{flagicon|Kelantan}} [[Kelantan]] ([[Kota Bharu]]) # {{flagicon|Melaka}} [[Melaka]] ([[Nengeri Melaka]]) # {{flagicon|Negeri Sembilan}} [[Negeri Sembilan]] ([[Seremban]]) # {{flagicon|Pahang}} [[Pahang]] ([[Kuantan]]) # {{flagicon|Pulau Pinang}} [[Pulau Pinang]] ([[George Town, Pulau Pinang|George Town]]) # {{flagicon|Perak}} [[Perak]] ([[Ipoh]]) # {{flagicon|Perlis}} [[Perlis]] ([[Kangar]]) # {{flagicon|Selangor}} [[Selangor]] ([[Shah Alam]]) # {{flagicon|Sabah}} [[Sabah]] ([[Kota Kinabalu]]) # {{flagicon|Sarawak}} [[Sarawak]] ([[Kuching]]) # {{flagicon|Terengganu}} [[Terengganu]] ([[Kuala Terengganu]]) {{div col end}} ; Kandang menua federal # {{flagicon|Kuala Lumpur}} [[Kuala Lumpur|Kandang Menua Federal Kuala Lumpur]] # {{flagicon|Labuan}} [[Labuan|Kandang Menua Federal Labuan]] ([[Victoria, Labuan|Victoria]]) # {{flagicon|Putrajaya}} [[Putrajaya|Kandang Menua Federal Putrajaya]] === Kaul enggau menua luar enggau soldadu === [[File:2025_Donald_Trump,_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia_Seri_Anwar_Ibrahim,_Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia_Hun_Manet_and_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand_Anutin_Charnvirakul_before_signing_the_Kuala_Lumpur_Accord_on_October_25_at_the_ASEAN_Summit.jpg|thumb| (Kiba ke kanan) Menteri Besai Malaysia [[Anwar Ibrahim]], Presiden Amerika Serikat [[Donald Trump]], Menteri Besai Thailand [[Anutin Charnvirakul]] enggau Menteri Besai Kemboja [[Hun Manet]] pengudah nyain [[Sempekat Pengelikun Kuala Lumpur]], ti nyadi maya [[Aum Besai ASEAN 2025|Aum Besai ASEAN Ke-47]], 26 Oktober 2025.]] Sebengkah ari kaban pemungkal [[Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara|ASEAN]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview|url=http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109233326/http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-date=9 January 2008|access-date=8 November 2007|publisher=Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}</ref> enggau [[Gerempung Kerejasama Islam|OIC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Affairs (OIC) and D8 Division|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064902/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-date=9 March 2017|access-date=12 November 2010|publisher=Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> menua tu ngambi bagi dalam mayuh gerempung entarabansa baka [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (GBB),<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Kerejasama Ekonomi Asia Pasifik|APEC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Gerempung D-8 ungkup Kerejasama Ekonomi|Gerempung Kerejasama Ekonomi D-8]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia|url=http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630135700/http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-date=30 June 2017|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Developing 8 Countries}}</ref> enggau NAM.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States|url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233514/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-date=9 December 2010|access-date=5 September 2010|publisher=Non-Aligned Movement}}</ref> Iya kala nyadi chairman ASEAN, OIC, enggau NAM suba.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Ketegal menua tu [[Koloni mahkota|Koloni British]] suba, iya mega nyadi kaban [[Komanwel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Member States|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/142227/members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120634/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/member-countries|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref> [[Kuala Lumpur]] nyadi palan [[Aum Besai Asia Timur|EAC]] keterubah dalam taun 2005.<ref name="govtnz2">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Polisi luar Malaysia sechara rasmi bepelasarka prinsip neutral enggau ngetanka kaul likun enggau semua menua, enda ngira sistem politik sida.<ref name="kln2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia's Foreign Policy|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704114645/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|archive-date=4 July 2018|access-date=21 September 2010|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> Perintah ngemeratka pengelikun enggau penegap [[Asia Tenggara]],<ref name="govtnz3">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> lalu nguji ngemansangka agi kaul enggau menua bukai ba kandang menua nya. Ari segi sejarah perintah udah nguji ngayanka Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua Islam ti progresif <ref name="kln">{{Cite web}}</ref> seraya ngerapitka kaul enggau [[menua Islam]] bukai. <ref name="govtnz">{{Cite web}}</ref> Siti prinsip ti tegap dalam polisi Malaysia iya nya sovereiniti menua enggau hak sesebengkah menua nguasa pengawa dalam menua iya. Malaysia nyain sempekat GBB pasal [[Sempekat Tagang Senyata Nuklear|Tagang Senyata Nuklear]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 July 2017|title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|archive-date=6 August 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 August 2019|title=Japan should support nuclear ban treaty, says Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409090214/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|archive-date=9 April 2023|access-date=16 August 2019|work=The Japan Times}}</ref> [[Pulau-pulau Spratly]] diperebutka mayuh muea ba kandang menua nya, lalu [[Jurai kandang menua ba Tasik China Selatan|sebagi besai ari Tasik China Selatan]] dituntut [[China]]. Bebida enggau menua sepiak iya [[Vietnam]] enggau [[Filipina]], Malaysia ari sukut sejarah nyeliahka diri ari konflik enggau China.<ref>{{cite news|last=Diola|first=Camille|date=25 June 2014|title=Why Malaysia, unlike Philippines, keeps quiet on sea row|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627165932/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|archive-date=27 June 2014|access-date=25 June 2014|work=[[The Philippine Star]]}}</ref> Taja pia, sepengudah kapal China nyerungkai tasik kandang menua Malaysia,<ref>{{cite news|date=27 September 2015|title=Presence of China Coast Guard ship at Luconia Shoals spooks local fishermen|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929005731/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=28 September 2015|newspaper=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> enggau ngelanggar kandang udara ngena bilun soldadu sida, Malaysia udah chakah ngutuk China.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2015|title=Malaysia lodges diplomatic protest against intrusion at Beting Patinggi Ali|url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929024442/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=16 August 2015|work=The Rakyat Post|agency=Bernama}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Blanchard|first1=Ben|last2=Pullin|first2=Richard|date=18 October 2015|title=Malaysia slams China's 'provocation' in South China Sea|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019120244/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=20 October 2015|work=Channel News Asia|agency=Reuters}}</ref> [[Brunei]] enggau Malaysia dalam taun 2009 madahka deka ngetuka pengawa nuntut tanah pangan diri, lalu meri komitmen mutarka isu ti bekaul enggau garis entara menua maritim sida.<ref>{{cite news|last=Masli|first=Ubaidillah|date=17 March 2009|title=Brunei drops all claims to Limbang|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712162447/http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-date=12 July 2014|access-date=23 August 2013|url-status=usurped|work=[[The Brunei Times]]}}</ref> Filipina bisi [[Jurai Borneo Utara|tuntut ti enda aktif]] ba bagi menua timur [[Sabah]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG2">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref> Pengawa nuntut tanah [[Singapura]] udah ngasuh penyarut nyadi,<ref>{{cite web|title=Disputed&nbsp;– International|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014013059/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|archive-date=14 October 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=CIA}}</ref> lalu penyarut mit ba garis entara menua maritim enggau darat bisi enggau [[Indonesia]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 October 2015|title=Border disputes differ for Indonesia, M'sia|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019135525/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=19 October 2015|newspaper=[[Daily Express (Malaysia)|Daily Express]]|location=Kota Kinabalu}}</ref> [[File:Su30mkm_flying_at_lima_two_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Bilun [[Sukhoi Su-30MKM]] TUDM]] [[Raban Besenyata Malaysia]] bisi tiga pampang: [[Soldadu Malaysia]], [[Soldadu Tasik Diraja Malaysia]] enggau [[Soldadu Langit Diraja Malaysia]]. Nadai pengawa soldadu, lalu umur ke dipinta kena nyadi soldadu enggau sukarela iya nya 18 taun. Sedadu ngena 1.5% ari GDP menua, lalu ngambi 1.23% ari pengereja pengawa Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysian Military statistics|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806213531/http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|archive-date=6 August 2013|access-date=1 October 2010|publisher=NationMaster}}</ref> Raban penyaga pemaik Malaysia ari [[MALBATT]] udah meri bantu ngagai mayuh pengawa nyaga pemaik PBB, baka di [[Operasyen Gerempung Bansa Beserakup ba Kongo|Kongo]], [[Raban Pemerati Soldadu Iran–Irak Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|Iran–Irak]], [[Raban Pemantu Pengalih|Namibia]], Kemboja, Bosnia enggau Herzegovina, Somalia, Kosovo, Timor Leste, enggau Lebanon.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{cite web|date=12 February 2013|title=Malaysia – Permanent Missions to the United Nations|url=http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034708/http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2013|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> [[Atur Pengetan Kuasa Lima]] nya inisiatif pengelikun pelilih menua ke udah dipejalaika semak 40 taun. Iya ngaul pengawa latih sedadu begulai ke diatur entara Malaysia, Singapura, Australia, New Zealand, enggau United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 April 2010|title=Australia says major military exercise underway in Malaysia|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201942/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=1 October 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref> Latih begulai enggau main perang mega udah diatur enggau Brunei,<ref>{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Daniel|date=20 April 2014|title=Brunei, M'sia train in 11th military exercise|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208183256/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-date=8 December 2014|access-date=5 November 2014|url-status=usurped|work=The Brunei Times}}</ref> China,<ref>{{cite web|author=Yao Jianing|date=17 September 2015|title=First China-Malaysia joint military exercise held in Malacca Strait|url=http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001184454/http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|work=China Military Online|publisher=[[Ministry of National Defense (China)|Ministry of National Defense]]}}</ref> India,<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Anand|date=30 April 2018|title=First Ever Joint Army exercise on Malaysian Soil Commences with Handing-Over of Troops Ceremony|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001183858/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=2 October 2018|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] (India)}}</ref> Indonesia,<ref>{{cite news|date=13 September 2010|title=Indonesia-Malaysia military exercises must continue&nbsp;– defence minister|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922134210/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-date=22 September 2010|access-date=1 October 2010|work=ANTARA News}}</ref> Jipun,<ref>{{cite web|author=John Grevatt|date=12 September 2018|title=Japan, Malaysia sign defence accord|url=https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001185203/https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]}}</ref> enggau Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 August 2014|title=Malaysia, US armed forces in joint exercise|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175613/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=26 August 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Malaysia, Filipina, Thailand, enggau Vietnam udah setuju ngatur latih begulai raban pengelikun dikena nyaga garis entara menua maritim sida sereta mutarka isu baka imigresyen nadai pemendar, lanun, enggau pengawa mai barang sechara belalai.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2010|title=Malaysia, Philippines committed to enhancing border security|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205247/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=18 September 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 2013|title=Piracy in Southeast Asia: Organised Criminal Syndicates or Small Scale Opportunists?|url=http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724082702/http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2015|access-date=24 July 2015|work=Gray Page}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carvalho|first=Martin|date=15 May 2012|title=Malaysia, Thailand military exercise to include other agencies, Asean members|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709181144/https://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=5 November 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref>Sebedau tu bisi pengirau ati pengawa militan ekstremis ba kandang endur Islam di [[Konflik Moro|selatan Filipina]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sherman|first1=Ray|last2=David|first2=Nisha|date=6 March 2020|title=Malaysia Bolsters Security Near Sea Border with Philippines|url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=Benar News}}</ref> enggau [[Charut Selatan Thailand|selatan Thailand]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Kent|first=Jonathan|date=28 April 2004|title=Malaysia ups Thai border security|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|archive-date=2 December 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref> deka ngelekai ngagai Malaysia. Ketegal nya, Malaysia berengkah nambahka pengelikun garis entara menua.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=19 April 2022|title=Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Consider Expanding Sulu Sea Trilateral Patrols|url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204234639/https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sallehuddin|first1=Qistina|last2=Kuan|first2=Samantha|date=9 December 2022|title=Govt to step up Malaysian-Thai border security|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/12/859251/govt-step-malaysian-thai-border-security|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=New Straits Times}}</ref> === Hak Asasi Mensia === [[Homoseksualiti]] [[Hak LGBTQ ba Malaysia|enda dikemendarka di Malaysia]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|last2=Cameron|first2=Darla|date=16 June 2016|title=Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523191423/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|archive-date=23 May 2017|access-date=21 May 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Avery|first=Daniel|date=4 April 2019|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|archive-date=11 December 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|work=Newsweek}}</ref> lalu piak bekuasa udah netapka ukum baka ngena rutan enggau jil.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lamb|first=Kate|date=3 September 2018|title=Women caned in Malaysia for attempting to have lesbian sex|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/03/women-caned-in-malaysia-for-attempting-to-have-lesbian-sex|access-date=26 May 2019|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 November 2019|title=Malaysia sentences five men to jail, caning and fines for gay sex|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> [[Pengawa bedagangka mensia]] enggau [[pengawa bedagangka seks di Malaysia]] nyadi penanggul ti signifikan.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 May 2017|title=Malaysia must wake up to its human trafficking problem|url=https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710111418/https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|archive-date=10 July 2022|access-date=7 April 2020|website=New Mandala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 June 2014|title=US penalises Malaysia for shameful human trafficking record|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/20/malaysia-us-human-trafficking-persons-report|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Bisi mega kes ngakim kediri ti munuh sereta bekasarka individu LGBT di Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 August 2018|title=A brutal assault and rising fear in Malaysia's LGBT community|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525033617/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|archive-date=25 May 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 January 2021|title=Malaysia: Government Steps Up Attacks on LGBT People|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|language=en}}</ref> Pengawa ti enda sah ba pengawa homoseksualiti di Malaysia mega udah nyadika batang [[Pengawa bechara sodomi Anwar Ibrahim|pengawa bechara sodomi]] [[Anwar Ibrahim]], ti dikumbai Anwar bemotif politik, sebengkah chara ti disukung Raban Kereja pasal Pengawa Ngetanka Sepeneka Ati, begulai enggau Amnesty Antarabansa enggau Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 July 2008|title=Malaysia: Political Motivations Undermine Anwar Case|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173815/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Doherty|first1=Ben|date=10 February 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim guilty in sodomy case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/10/anwar-ibrahim-guilty-in-sodomy-case|access-date=27 June 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 November 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim: Malaysia opposition leader 'should be freed'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34704563|access-date=27 June 2022|website=BBC News}}</ref> Ukum mati dikena ungkup penyalah ti berat baka [[Pengawa munuh|munuh]], pengani, enggau [[Dagang dadah enda sah|bedagangka dadah]], sekeda ari penyalah nya kala nyadi mandatori.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 January 2015|title=Laws of Malaysia [Act 574]|url=http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20%5BAct%20574%5D2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203104609/http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20&#91;Act%20574&#93;2.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2020|access-date=13 October 2016|publisher=Attorney General's Chamber}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Death Penalty in Malaysia|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626042150/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom]]}}</ref> Taja pia, dalam bulan Julai 2023, berindik ari pengawa ngemendarka [[Akta Pengapus Ukum Mati Mandatori 2023]], ukum mati mandatori dipunaska ungkup semua penyalah di Malaysia, lalu ari nya ngemendarka akim neritka ukum mati nitihka peneka ati sida empu sereta nitihka kes. Undang-undang baru nya mega ngemunaska semua ukum jil seumur idup semula jadi, nganti nya enggau ukum jil 30 ngagai 40 taun nganti nya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Latiff|first=Rozanna|date=3 April 2023|title=Malaysia scraps mandatory death penalty, natural-life prison terms|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysia-parliament-approves-law-remove-mandatory-death-penalty-2023-04-03/|access-date=9 June 2025|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yusry|first=Muhammad|date=3 July 2023|title=Abolishment of mandatory death penalty gazetted, to come into force tomorrow|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/07/03/abolishment-of-mandatory-death-penalty-gazetted-to-come-into-force-tomorrow/77669|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tee|first=Kenneth|date=3 April 2023|title=A brief history of Malaysia's capital punishment and death row inmates|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/04/03/a-brief-history-of-malaysias-capital-punishment-and-death-row-inmates/62376|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref> == Demografi == {{Main|Demografi Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia population density 2010b.png|thumb|350x350px|alt=A map of Malaysia depicting the expected 2010 estimated population density.|Pemadat mensia (orang per km²) maya 2010]] [[Fail:Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010.svg|thumb|alt=Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010|The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group based on 2010 census|350x350px]] Nitihka penerang ari Opis Statistik Malaysia, penyampau tubuh peranak menua tu manggai 32,447,385 iku ba taun 2020,<ref name="Population2010">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2014 |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=82 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> nyadika menua ke-42 pemadu mayuh mensia. Nitihka anggar taun 2012, penyampau tubuh majak nambah 1.54 peratus setaun. Malaysia ngembuan pemadat pemayuh tubuh 96 iku per km², ba penuduk lumur 116 ba dunya ungkup pemadat mensia. Orang dalam kandang umur 15–64 taun nyadi 69.5 peratus ari penyampau tubuh; raban umur 0–14 taun setipak enggau 24.5 peratus; lalu orang tuai ke beumur 65 taun ke atas manggai 6.0 peratus. Dalam taun 1960, lebuh pengawa ngitung tubuh enggau rasmi keterubah iya dirikod di Malaysia, penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh bisi 8.11 juta iku. 91.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh peranak menua Malaysia.<ref name="stat2010">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2010 (Ethnic composition) |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |date=2010 |access-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008005500/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2013 }}</ref> Peranak Malaysia dibagi nitihka garis etnik setempat, enggau 69.7 peratus dianggap ''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]''.<ref name="Q12021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |title=Infographics |publisher=Department of Statistics |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002053818/https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Raban bumiputera ke pemadu mayuh iya nya bansa [[Melayu]], ke ditukuka dalam konstitusyen nyadi orang [[Islam]] ke ngemeranka adat enggau budaya Melayu. Sida bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti dominan ba politik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|title=Malaysia's lingering ethnic divide|author=Brant, Robin|work=BBC News|date=4 March 2008|access-date=29 October 2013|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803200852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Status Bumiputera mega diberi ngagai raban bansa asal ukai Melayu Sabah enggau Sarawak: ti nyengkaum bansa Dayak ([[Iban]], [[Bidayuh]], [[Orang Ulu]]), [[Kadazan-Dusun]], [[Melanau]], [[Bajau Samah|Bajau]] sereta ke bukai. Bumiputera ukai Melayu mungkur lebih setengah ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sarawak enggau lebih dua pertiga ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|title=2. Socio-Economic and National Context [People]|work=Malaysian-Danish Country Programme for Cooperation in Environment and Development (2002–2006)|publisher=Miljøstyrelsens Informationscenter|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040921231939/https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|archive-date=21 September 2004|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|title=Who are Malaysia's bumiputera?|last=Leong|first=Trinna|publisher=The Straits Times|date=3 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920055010/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|archive-date=20 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Bisi mega raban bansa asal tauka orang asal ke jauh mimit agi ba semenanjung, ke alai sida begulai dikelala enggau nama [[Orang Asli]].<ref>{{Cite book|last = Gomes|first = Alberto G.|title = Modernity and Malaysia: settling the Menraq forest nomads|publisher = Taylor & Francis Group|date = 2007|page = 10|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|isbn = 978-0-203-96075-2|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|url-status = live}}</ref> Undang-undang pasal sapa ke bulih status bumiputera bebida entara negeri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/11/4/nation/20091104194453&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107061431/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F11%2F4%2Fnation%2F20091104194453&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2009 |title=PM asked to clarify mixed-race bumiputra status |work=The Star |date=4 November 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 }}</ref> Pia mega bisi dua bengkah etnik setempat bukai ke ukai Bumiputera. 22.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh nya bansa [[Orang China Malaysia|China Malaysia]], lalu 6.8 peratus bansa [[Orang India Malaysia|India Malaysia]].<ref name="Q12021"/> Raban bansa China setempat ari suba udah lebih dominan dalam komuniti dagang. Orang India setempat tebal agi bebansa [[Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kuppusamy, Baradan |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324183428/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=24 March 2006 |title=Racism alive and well in Malaysia |work=Asia Times |date=24 March 2006 |access-date=27 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Barbara">{{Cite book|last = West|first = Barbara A.|title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Volume 1|publisher = Facts on File inc|date = 2009|page = 486|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|isbn = 978-0-8160-7109-8|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727121024/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|url-status = live}}</ref> Peranak menua Malaysia ukai automatik diberi ngagai sida ke ada di Malaysia, tang diberi ngagai anak mit ke ada ari dua iku apai indai peranak Malaysia di luar Malaysia. Dua peranak menua enda dikemendarka nitihka undang-undang menua tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,IRBC,,MYS,47d6546928,0.html |title=Malaysia: Citizenship laws, including methods by which a person may obtain citizenship; whether dual citizenship is recognized and if so, how it is acquired; process for renouncing citizenship and related documentation; grounds for revoking citizenship |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |date=16 November 2007 |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045542/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher%2CIRBC%2C%2CMYS%2C47d6546928%2C0.html |archive-date=24 November 2011 }}</ref> Peranak menua di nengeri Sabah enggau Sarawak di Kalimantan Malaysia bebida enggau peranak menua di Semenanjung Malaysia ungkup tuju imigresyen. Tetiap rayat dikeluarka kad pengelala chip pintar biometrik ti dikelala enggau nama [[MyKad|''MyKad'']] maya umur 12 taun, lalu mesti mai kad nya belama.<ref>{{Cite news|author=May, Leow Yong |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/8/30/nation/18649549&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105101826/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F8%2F30%2Fnation%2F18649549&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2009 |title=More than just a card |work=The Star |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=27 October 2010 }}</ref> Penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh ba Semenanjung Malaysia,<ref>{{Cite book|last = Hassan|first = Asan Ali Golam|title = Growth, structural change, and regional inequality in Malaysia|publisher = Ashgate Publishing|date = 2004|page = 12|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|isbn = 978-0-7546-4332-6|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|url-status = live}}</ref> ke alai 20 juta ari urung 28 juta iku rayat Malaysia diau.<ref name="state.gov" /> 70 persin orang diau ba nengeri.<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> Berindik ari peniki industri ti begunaka pengereja pengawa,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |title=As Malaysia deports illegal workers, employers run short |work=The New York Times |date=13 July 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 |first=Soraya |last=Permatasari |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222193637/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |url-status=live }}</ref> menua tu dipelabaka ngembuan lebih 3 juta iku pengereja pengawa migran; urung 10 peratus ari penyampau tubuh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kent |first=Jonathan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |title=Illegal workers leave Malaysia |work=BBC News |date=29 October 2004 |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Bala NGO ke bepalan ba Sabah melabaka ari 3 juta iku ke nyadi penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah, 2 juta iku nya PATI.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |title=Demographic implosion in Sabah? Really? |last=Quek |first=Kim |work=Malaysiakini |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515042623/http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |url-status=live }}</ref> Malaysia nyadi tuai rumah ngagai penyampau tubuh pelarian enggau orang ke minta suaka urung 171,500 iku. Ari penyampau tubuh tu, urung 79,000 iku ari Burma, 72,400 iku ari Filipina, lalu 17,700 iku ari Indonesia. Bala pemesai Malaysia diripotka udah nyerahka orang ti dibuai terus ngagai orang ti mai mensia enggau chara belalai dalam taun 2007, lalu Malaysia ngambi RELA, sebengkah raban militia sukarelawan ti ngembuan sejarah kontroversi, dikena neritka undang-undang imigresyen sida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |title=World Refugee Survey 2009 |publisher=United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=17 June 2009 |access-date=10 June 2011 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224536/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |url-status=live }}</ref> === Pengarap === {{Main|Pengarap ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia religion by state 2020.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A Map of Malaysia showing religious statistics by state|Pengarap ti dominan di Malaysia nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2020:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Launching of report on the key findings population and housing census of Malaysia 2020 |date=14 February 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref>Gadung tuai: Majoriti Islam > 50%<br />Gadung muda: Pluraliti Islam < 50%<br />Biru: Majoriti Kristian > 50% ]] Konstitusyen meri pengelepas pengarap, seraya numbuhka Islam nyadi "agama Persekutuan".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Zawawi |last2=Mohd Rasid |first2=Imram |date=October 2019 |title=Country Profile Malaysia |url=http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |website=GREASE: Religion, Diversity and Radicalisation |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019065339/http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="malaysianbar.org.my">{{Cite web|url=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|title=PRESS STATEMENT: Malaysia a secular state|author=Ambiga Sreenevasan|publisher=The Malaysian Bar|date=18 July 2007|access-date=6 September 2017|author-link=Ambiga Sreenevasan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228154440/http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|archive-date=28 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nitihka angka Pengirau Penduduk enggau Pengawa Berumah 2020, etnik enggau pengarap bisi kaul ke tinggi. Kira-kira 63.5% ari penyampau tubuh ngemeranka pengarap [[Islam]], 18.7% ngemeranka pengarap [[Buddha]], 9.1% pengarap [[Kristian]], 6.1% pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau 1.3% ngemeranka pengarap [[Konfusianisme]], [[Taoisme]] enggau pengarap tradisional China ke bukai. 2.7% madahka nadai pengarap tauka ngemeranka pengarap bukai tauka nadai meri sebarang penerang.<ref name="Population2010" /> Negeri [[Sarawak]], [[Pulau Pinang]] enggau kandang menua perintah besai [[Kuala Lumpur]] ngembuan majoriti ukai Islam.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | title=Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal | access-date=26 June 2022 | archive-date=22 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | title=Malaysia Christians pray for peace, equality, freedom - UCA News | access-date=31 July 2022 | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731164001/https://www.ucanews.com/amp/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islam Sunni]] ari mazhab [[Shafi'i]] nya pampang Islam ti dominan di Malaysia,<ref name="Peletz2002">{{Cite book|author=Peletz, Michael G. |title=Islamic Modern: Religious Courts and Cultural Politics in Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4TA4hjqjJ0C|date=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-09508-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=9 August 2012|access-date=4 September 2013|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|url-status=live}}</ref> lalu 18% orang Islam Malaysia nadai bemazhab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|url-status=live}}</ref> Konstitusyen Malaysia terit netapka nama utai ti ngasuh orang nyadi "Melayu", ngira Melayu sida ti bepengarap Islam, bejaku Melayu enggau tetap, ngemeranka adat Melayu, sereta diau tauka bisi aki ini ari Brunei, Malaysia enggau Singapura.<ref name="Marshall" /> Statistik ari Pengitung Penyampau Mensia 2010 nunjukka 83.6% ari penyampau tubuh China ngelala diri nyadi pengarap Buddha, enggau penyampau ke signifikan nitihka pengarap Taoisme (3.4%) enggau Kristian (11.1%), begulai enggau penyampau tubuh Islam ke mit ba kandang endur baka Pulau Pinang. Majoriti peranak India nitihka pengarap Hindu (86.2%), enggau minoriti ke signifikan ngelala diri nyadi orang Kristian (6.0%) tauka Islam (4.1%). Pengarap Kristian nyadi pengarap ke tebal agi ba komuniti bumiputera ukai Melayu (46.5%) enggau tambah 40.4% ngelala diri nyadi orang Islam.<ref name="Population2010" /> Orang Islam diwajibka nitihka pemutus Kort Syariah dalam pekara ti bekaul enggau pengarap sida. Bala akim Islam disadang nitihka sekula undang-undang Islam Shafi’i, iya nya mazhab besai Malaysia.<ref name="Peletz2002" /> Bidang kuasa kort Syariah semina diungkupka ngagai orang Islam dalam pekara baka tikah, pesaka, sarak, murtad, nukar pengarap, enggau hak ngibun anak enggau ke bukai. Nadai penyalah jenayah tauka sivil bukai di baruh kuasa kort Syariah, ti ngembuan hierarki ti sebaka enggau Kort Sivil. Kort Sivil enda mendingka pekara ti bekaul enggau pengawa Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahathir |first=Marina |url=http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222100655/http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2010 |title=Malaysia moving forward in matters of Islam and women by Marina Mahathir |publisher=Common Ground News Service |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=14 September 2010 }}</ref> === Jaku === {{Main|Jaku ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Distribution of Malaysia Families Languages.png|thumb|Agih ruang bilik jaku Malaysia ti dipandangka ngena chura: {{Legend|#FF006E|[[Jaku-jaku Melayik|Melayik]]}} {{Legend|#FF984F|[[Jaku-jaku Borneo|Borneo]]}} {{Legend|#007F0E|[[Jaku-jaku Asli|Asli]]}} {{Legend|#00FF90|[[Jaku-jaku Dayak Darat|Dayak Darat]]}} {{Legend|#4CFF00|[[Jaku-jaku Sama–Bajaw|Sama–Bajaw]]}} {{Legend|#B200FF|[[Philippine languages|Philippine]]}} {{Legend|#FFD800|[[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese]]}} {{Legend|#A0A0A0|Kandang menua enggau mayuh iti jaku}}]] Jaku rasmi enggau bansa menua Malaysia iya nya [[jaku Melayu Malaysia]],<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> siti tukuh standard [[jaku Melayu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |title=Malay, Standard |publisher=Ethnologue |date=2009 |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212712/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |url-status=live }}</ref> Terminologi rasmi sebedau tu iya nya {{Lang|ms|Bahasa Malaysia}} (Jaku Malaysia)<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |title=Mahathir regrets govt focussing too much on Bahasa |work=Daily Express |location=Kota Kinabalu |date=2 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140712044336/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |title=Bahasa Rasmi |publisher=Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit |access-date=19 April 2021 |language=ms |quote=Perkara 152 Perlembagaan Persekutuan menjelaskan bahawa bahasa Melayu yang dikenali juga sebagai bahasa Malaysia adalah bahasa rasmi yang tidak boleh dipertikai fungsi dan peranannya sebagai Bahasa Kebangsaan. |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123259/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |title=Malay Language Malay Identity |author=Encik Md. Asham bin Ahmad |publisher=Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123301/https://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |url-status=live }}</ref> tang diatu polisi perintah ngena {{Lang|ms|"Bahasa Melayu"}} (Jaku Melayu) deka nujuka jaku resmi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |title=Federal Constitution |publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324042906/http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> lalu kededua leka jaku nya mengkang dikena.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia |title=The history of Bahasa Melayu / Malaysia: The language of the Malay(sian) people |last=Fernandez |first=Kathleen |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115124803/https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williamson |first1=Thomas |title=Incorporating a Malaysian Nation |journal=Cultural Anthropology |date=August 2002 |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=401 |doi=10.1525/can.2002.17.3.401 |url=https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123258/https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Akta Bahasa Kebangsaan 1967 netapka urup Latin (Rumi) nyadi tulis rasmi jaku bansa, tang nadai nagang ngena [[urup Jawi]].<ref name="National Language Act 1967">{{Cite act|title=National Language Act 1963/67|url=http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/GOVERNMENT%20PUBLICATION/Publication%20Laws%20of%20Malaysia%20(L.O.M)/National%20Language%20Act%201963-67%20%5BAct%2032%5D.pdf|type=Act|legislature=[[Dewan Rakyat]]|index=32|date=1967}}</ref> Jaku English mengkang nyadi jaku kedua ti aktif, enggau guna iya dikemendarka ungkup sekeda tuju rasmi ari baruh Akta Jaku Nasional 1967.<ref name="National Language Act 1967" /> Ba Sarawak, Jaku English nyadi jaku rasmi negeri begulai enggau jaku Melayu.<ref name="lang1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |title=Sarawak makes English official language along with BM |author=Sulok Tawie |newspaper=Malay Mail |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402114111/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="lang2">{{Cite news |url= http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |title=Sarawak to recognise English as official language besides Bahasa Malaysia |newspaper=Borneo Post |location= Kuching |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082141/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="lang3">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |title=Sarawak adopts English as official language |newspaper=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]] |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=19 November 2015 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223741/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ari segi sejarah, jaku English nyadi jaku perintah de facto; Jaku Melayu nyadi dominan pengudah penyarut bansa 1969 ([[insiden 13 Mei]]).<ref name="History">{{Cite book |last1= Andaya |first1= Barbara Watson |last2= Andaya |first2= Leonard Y.|title = A History of Malaysia |publisher = MacMillan |date = 1982|pages = 26–28, 61, 151–152, 242–243, 254–256, 274, 278 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC|isbn = 978-0-333-27672-3}}</ref> Jaku English tauka dikumbai [[Jaku Inggeris Malaysia|jaku English Malaysia]] iya nya siti tukuh jaku English ti datai ari [[Jaku Inggeris British|jaku English British]]. Jaku English Malaysia mayuh dikena dalam pengawa dagang, begulai enggau [[jaku Manglish]], iya nya jaku English ti dikena sehari-hari enggau pengaruh jaku Melayu, China, enggau Tamil ti berat. Perintah enda meransang ngena jaku Melayu ti enda standard tang nadai kuasa ngeluarka kompaun tauka ukum ngagai sida ti ngena utai ti dianggap enda menuku jaku Melayu ba iklan sida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimmer |first=Benjamin |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |title=Language Log: Malaysia cracks down on "salad language" |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |date=5 October 2006 |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620134708/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |title=Dewan Bahasa champions use of BM in ads |work=New Straits Times |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=14 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131024015500/http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |archive-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mayuh jaku bukai dikena di Malaysia, ti ngundan orang ti bejaku 137 bansa jaku ti idup.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |url-status=live }}</ref> Semenanjung Malaysia ngundan orang ke bejaku ngena 41 iti jaku tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia (Peninsular) |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Suku bansa asal Malaysia Timur bisi jaku kediri empu ti bekaul enggau, tang mudah dibida enggau, jaku Melayu. [[Jaku Iban]] nyadi batang jaku suku bansa di Sarawak seraya jaku Dusunik enggau Kadazan dikena orang asal di Sabah.<ref>{{Cite book|last1 = Adelaar|first1 = Alexander|last2 = Himmelmann|first2 = Nikolaus P.|title = The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar|publisher = Taylor and Francis Group|date = 2005|pages = 56, 397|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|isbn = 978-0-7007-1286-1|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 5 August 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200805193042/https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|url-status = live}}</ref> Rayat Malaysia China tebal agi bejaku ngena dialek China ari bagi menua selatan China. Jaku China ke suah agi ditemu ba menua tu iya nya jaku Mandarin, Kanton, Hokkien, enggau ke bukai.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gerhard |first1=Leitner |last2=Azirah |first2=Hashim |last3=Hans-Georg |first3=Wolf |last4=Xiaomei |first4=W. |title=Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language |date=2016 |section=The Chinese language in the Asian diaspora: A Malaysian experience |section-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |isbn=978-1-107-06261-0 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=205–215 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781107477186.014 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204010907/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaku Tamil tu tebal dikena majoriti bansa India Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schiffman|first=Harold F.|title=Malaysian Tamils and Tamil Linguistic Culture|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|date=31 December 1998|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|access-date=13 June 2022|archive-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825024104/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sekeda rayat Malaysia ngembuan peturun Eropah lalu bejaku ngena jaku kreol, baka [[jaku Kristang]] ti bepelasarka jaku Portugis,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Malaysian Creole Portuguese: Asian, African or European? |date=1975 |jstor=30027570 |pages=211–236 |last1=Hancock |first1=I. F. |volume=17 |issue=5 |journal=Anthropological Linguistics}}</ref> enggau [[jaku Chavacano]] ti bepelasarka jaku Sepanyol.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Michaelis|first = Susanne|title = Roots of Creole structures|publisher = John Benjamins Publishing Co|date = 2008|page = 279|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC|isbn = 978-90-272-5255-5}}</ref> == Nota == <references group="fn" /> <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist|2}} == Laman web ke bukai == === Perintah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my Perintah] – Laman web rasmi perintah Malaysia * [https://www.istananegara.gov.my/ Istana Negara] – laman web rasmi raja Malaysia * [https://www.pmo.gov.my/ Menteri Besai] – laman web rasmi menteri besai Malaysia * [http://www.parlimen.gov.my Parlimen] – laman web rasmi Parlimen Malaysia * [https://kehakiman.gov.my Kort Federal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718131408/https://www.kehakiman.gov.my/ |date=18 July 2025 }} – laman web rasmi Ketuai Rejistrar Kort Federal Malaysia * [https://www.dosm.gov.my Statistik] – laman web rasmi Opis Statistik Malaysia === Sejarah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 "History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719045812/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 |date=19 July 2023 }} – Sejarah Malaysia ba perintah Malaysia === Dagang temuai === * [https://www.malaysia.travel/ Malaysia Truly Asia] – portal rasmi pengawa dagang temuai Malaysia [[Kategori:Malaysia| ]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Menua kaban Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara]] 0fi6mqcoloy45zcausbl4aucy3zkcb9 20074 20067 2026-10-16T16:40:04Z Jang Edgar 20 /* Bagi jalai perintah */ 20074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Malaysia<!-- The name of the Federation (official name of the state) according to Art 1(1) of the Federal Constitution is, in Malay and English, Malaysia. Nothing more, nothing less. 'Federation of' was only used for the state that preceded Malaysia – Federation of Malaya. Please do not insert 'Federation of' or 'Persekutuan' for Malay name --> | common_name = Malaysia | image_flag = Flag of Malaysia.svg | alt_flag = A blue rectangle with a gold star and crescent in the canton, with 14 horizontal red and white stripes on the rest of the flag | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg | coa_size = 90 | symbol_type = Lambang menua | alt_coat = Shield showing the symbols of the Malaysian states with a star and crescent above and a motto below, supported by two tigers | image_map = {{Switcher|[[Fail:Malaysia (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[Fail:Location Malaysia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Southeast Asia|default=1}} | map_caption = {{Map caption |location_color=dark green |region=Asia |subregion= [[ASEAN]] | subregion_color = dark gray}} | national_motto = {{Lang|ms|Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022191931/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2013 |title=Malaysian Flag and Coat of Arms |publisher=Malaysian Government |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><br>{{Script/Arabic|برسکوتو برتمبه موتو}} ([[Urup Jawi|Jawi]])<br />"Beserakup Betambah Kualiti" | national_anthem = "{{Lang|ms|[[Negaraku]]}}"<br />"Menuaku"{{Parabr}}{{Center|[[Fail:Negaraku instrumental.ogg]]}} | capital = [[Kuala Lumpur]]{{Refn|group=fn|Constitutional capital, ceremonial and legislative}}<br />{{Coord|3|8|N|101|41|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | admin_center = [[Putrajaya]]{{Refn|group=fn|administrative and judicial}}<br />{{Coord|2|56|N|101|42|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Jaku Melayu]]{{Efn|Section 9 of the [[Akta Jaku Nasional 1963/67]] states that "The script of the national language shall be the Rumi script: provided that this shall not prohibit the use of the Malay script, more commonly known as the Jawi script, of the national language".}}{{Efn|Section 2 of the [[National Language Act 1963/67]] states that "Save as provided in this Act and subject to the safeguards contained in Article 152(1) of the Constitution relating to any other language and the language of any other community in Malaysia the national language shall be used for official purposes".}}{{Efn|name=Recognized|See Article 152 of the [[Federal Constitution of Malaysia]] and [[National Language Act 1963/67]].}} | languages_type = Jaku ti diaku | languages = [[Jaku Inggeris]]{{Efn|name=Recognized}} | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} * 69.7% [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] ** 57.3% [[Orang Melayu Malaysia|Melayu]] ** 12.4% Orang asal [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]] enggau [[Orang Asli]] * 22.9% [[Orang China Malaysia|China]] * 6.6% [[Orang India Malaysia|India]] * 0.8% [[Etnik asal ba Malaysia|Ke bukai]] {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2023 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2021 pop">{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|title=Minister: Census shows Malaysia's oldest man and woman aged 120 and 118; preliminary census findings to be released in Feb 2022|date=17 January 2022|publisher=Malaymail|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117074901/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Current population and estimates, Malaysia 2021 Group |author=Department of Statistics Malaysia |access-date=1 February 2022 |date=2021 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201080046/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion = {{Ubl|63.5% [[Islam ba Malaysia|Islam Sunni]] (resmi)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|title=The States, Religion and Law of the Federation|work=Constitution of Malaysia|publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission|access-date=29 October 2017|quote=Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614105535/http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>|18.7% [[Buddha ba Malaysia|Buddha]]|9.1% [[Kristian ba Malaysia|Kristian]]|6.1% [[Hindu ba Malaysia|Hindu]]|0.9% ke bukai|1.8% enda ditemu}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|title=Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2020|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|date=14 February 2020|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|url-status=live}}</ref> | religion_year = 2020 | government_type = Monarki elektif bekonstitusyen parlimen federal | leader_title1 = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (King) | leader_name1 = [[Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor|Ibrahim Iskandar]] | leader_title2 = [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]] | leader_name2 = [[Anwar Ibrahim]] | legislature = [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] | upper_house = [[Diwan Menua]] (Senat) | lower_house = [[Diwan Rayat]] (House of Representatives) | sovereignty_type = [[Hari Meredeka (Malaysia)|Meredeka]] | sovereignty_note = ari [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Federasyen Malaya]] | established_date1 = 31 Ogos 1957<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mackay, Derek|title=Eastern Customs: The Customs Service in British Malaya and the Opium Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|date=2005|publisher=The Radcliffe Press|isbn=978-1-85043-844-1|pages=240–|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119151920/https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event2 = [[Hari Sarawak]] | established_date2 = 22 Julai 1963 | established_event3 = [[Hari Perintah Kediri Borneo Utara]] | established_date3 = 31 Ogos 1963<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|title=31 Ogos 1963, Hari kemerdekaan Sabah yang rasmi|publisher=AWANI|date=14 May 2021|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901062457/https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|url-status=live}}</ref> | established_event4 = [[Hari Malaysia]] | established_date4 = 16 September 1963 | area_rank = 67th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 330,803<ref name="2010 stats">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |title=Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 |publisher=Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia |page=27 |access-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030607/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_sq_mi = 127,720 | percent_water = 0.3 | population_estimate = 34,564,810<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Malaysia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_date = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 43rd | population_census_date = 2020 | population_census = 32,447,385<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |title=Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=48 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228142122/https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 101 | population_density_sq_mi = 263 | population_density_rank = 116th | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $1.306 trilion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Malaysia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416230123/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=548,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 30th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $39,030<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $445.519 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 36th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $13,315<ref name="IMFWEO.MY" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 67th | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MY | title=World Bank Open Data }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.807<!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 63rd | currency = [[Ringgit Malaysia]] (RM) | currency_code = MYR | date_format = dd-mm-yyyy | time_zone = [[Jam Standard Malaysia|JSM]] | utc_offset = [[UTC+8|+8]] | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+60|+60]] | cctld = [[.my|.my]] | footnotes = }} '''Malaysia''' siti menua raja federal konstitusyen ba [[Asia Tenggara]] ti ditubuhka ari 11 iti negeri ba Semenanjung Malaysia, 2 iti negeri ba [[Borneo]] enggau 3 iti Wilayah Persekutuan. Pemesai menua tu nyampau 330,803 km2. Malaysia bekunsi arih tanah enggau menua [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], enggau [[Brunei]] sereta arih tasik enggau [[Singapura]] enggau [[Filipina]]. Ba Malaysia bisi siti titik ti pemadu selatan urung semua tanah besai Eurasia, ianya Tanjung Piai. Tuai menua Malaysia ianya Yang di-Pertuan Agong, raja elektif ti dipilih ari 9 iku raja negeri Melayu. Tuai eksekutif perintah ianya Menteri Besai. [[Kuala Lumpur]] nya indu menua Malaysia, Putrajaya nya pusat perintah federal. Malaysia siti menua perintis Serakup Menua-Menua Asia Tenggara enggau Serakup Aum Islam, sereta siti ari raban Saup Ekonomi Asia-Pasifik, Menua-Menua Komanwel, enggau Non-Alligned Movement. Asal menua tu ari perintah-perintah orang Laut ti ulih ditemu ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]]. Menua nya udah dijajah [[Empayar British]] ari abad ke-18. Begian menua keterubah ti udah dijajah British dikumbai [[Negeri-Negeri Selat]]. Maya [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[British Malaya]] udah dijajah menua [[Jipun]]. Sepengudah perang nya, Semenanjung Malaysia ti dikelala enggau nama Tanah Melayu tauka Malaya maya nya, udah diserakup baruh siti komanwel maya taun 1946, sebedau nyadi [[Persekutuan Tanah Melayu]] maya taun 1948. Maya taun 1957 Semenanjung Malaysia udah meredika. Sepengudah nya, ba taun 1963, Tanah Melayu beserakup enggau [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]] ungkup nubuhka menua Malaysia. [[Singapura]] udah dipansutka ari federasyen lalu nyadi siti menua ti bibas maya taun 1965. == Nama == [[Fail:LA2-NSRW-1-0148 malaysia.jpg|thumb|left|alt=English Map of Southeast Asia, "MALAYSIA" typeset horizontally so that the letters run across the northernmost corner of Borneo and pass just south of the Philippines.|"Malaysia" dikena nyadi label ke Pulau Melayu ba kar taun 1914 dalam atlas Amerika Serikat]] Nama "[[wikt:Malaysia|Malaysia]]" datai ari dua leka jaku iya nya "[[wikt:Malays|Malays]]" enggau penambah pengujung jaku Latin-Gerika "[[wikt:-ia|-ia]]"/"[[wikt:-ία|-ία]]"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites|publisher=McFarland & Company|date=2004|isbn=978-0-7864-1814-5|page=221}}</ref> ke ulih dikalih jaku nyadi "tanah orang Melayu".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|title=The World Factbook – Malaysia|date=2020|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Asal leka jaku 'Melayu' ngembuan mayuh macham teori. Bisi pelaba leka jaku tu datai ari [[jaku Sanskrit]] iya nya "Himalaya", ti nujuka kandang menua ke tinggi sereta begunung, tauka leka jaku "Malaiyur-pura", ti mai reti "nengeri gunung".<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu">{{Citation | last1 = Abdul Rashid Melebek | last2 = Amat Juhari Moain | title = Sejarah Bahasa Melayu ("History of the Malay Language") | publisher = [[Utusan Malaysia|Utusan Publications & Distributors]] | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-967-61-1809-7 | pages=9–10}}</ref> Teori bukai madahka asal penatai leka jaku tu ari [[jaku Tamil]] "''malai''" enggau "''ur''" ke mai reti "gunung" enggau "nengeri, tanah".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weightman|first=Barbara A.|title=Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|page=449|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC|isbn=978-1-118-13998-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwary|first=Shanker Shiv|title=Encyclopaedia Of Southeast Asia And Its Tribes (Set Of 3 Vols.)|date=2009|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdEjAQAAIAAJ|isbn=978-81-261-3837-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRQwAQAAIAAJ|title=People of India |author=Singh, Kumar Suresh |volume=26 |page=981 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |date=2003 |isbn=978-81-85938-98-1}}</ref> Siti agi penemu iya nya bepun ari peristiwa Pamalayu ti mai reti Ekspedisyen Melayu. Siti penemu iya nya iya datai ari leka [[jaku Jawa]] "''mlaya''" enggau "''mlayu''" ti mai reti "belanda", ari sungai, iya nya Sungai Melayu, ti diberi nama ketegal arus iya.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/> Varian mega bisi ayan dalam rikud ke tuai agi ari abad ke-11, nyadi toponim ungkup kandang endur di [[Sumatera]] tauka nunjukka pelilih menua ke besai agi ngelingi [[Selat Melaka]].<ref name="Barnard">{{Citation | last = Barnard | first = Timothy P. | title = Contesting Malayness: Malay identity across boundaries | publisher = Singapore University press | date = 2004 | location = Singapore | isbn = 978-9971-69-279-7 | pages=3–10}}</ref> Teks Sanskrit [[Vayu Purana]], ti dipelabaka udah bisi kenyau ari milenium keterubah, nyebut pasal tanah ti dikumbai ''‘Malayadvipa’'' ti dikelala sekeda pakar nyadi semenanjung Melayu moden.<ref>{{Cite book|title=India's Interaction with Southeast Asia: History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 1, Part 3 |page=266 |author=Pande, Govind Chandra |isbn=978-81-87586-24-1 |date=2005 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The economic life of northern India: c. A.D. 700–1200 |page=139 |author= Gopal, Lallanji |isbn=978-81-208-0302-2 |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= A Panorama of Indian Buddhism: Selections from the Maha Bodhi journal, 1892–1992 |page=612 |author=Ahir, D. C. |isbn=978-81-7030-462-3 |date=1995 |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The culture and art of India |page=212 |author=Mukerjee, Radhakamal |isbn=978-81-215-0114-9 |date= 1984 |publisher=Coronet Books Inc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title= Some contributions of India to the ancient civilisation of Indonesia and Malaysia |page=8 |author=Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan |date=1970 |publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref> Rikud bukai iya nya Geografi Ptolemy abad ke-2 ti ngena nama ''Malayu Kulon'' ungkup pantai barat Semenanjung Emas, enggau rikud Yijing abad ke-7 pasal Malayu.<ref name="Barnard" /> Bisi sekali, Perintah Melayu ngambi nama ari ''Sungai Melayu''.<ref name="SejarahBahasaMelayu"/><ref>{{Citation | last = Milner | first = Anthony | title = The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific) | pages = 18–19| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-4443-3903-1}}</ref> 'Melayu' lalu dipaut ngagai [[Srivijaya]],<ref name="Barnard" /> lalu mengkang begulai enggau mayuh bengkah endur di Sumatera, nyengkaum [[Palembang]], endur ke dipelaba orang asal penumbuh [[Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref name="Andaya">{{Cite journal |last1=Andaya |first1=Leonard Y. |title=The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |date=October 2001 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=315–316, 324, 327–328, 330 |doi=10.1017/S0022463401000169 |jstor=20072349 |s2cid=62886471 }}</ref> Iya dipelabaka mansang nyadi etnonim laban Melaka nyadi kuasa pelilih menua dalam abad ke-15. Islam nempa identiti etnik pengarap di Melaka, enggau leka jaku ‘Melayu’ pansut. Engka enggau spesifik ngenang pasal orang ke bejaku Melayu setempat ti dianggap taluk ngagai Sultan Melaka. Pengawa orang Portugis ngena penambah jaku ''Malayos'' ulih nunjukka orang ke bekuasa di Melaka. Pengelebih orang dagang ari Melaka ngasuh bansa ‘Melayu’ begulai enggau orang dagang ti bepengarap Islam, lalu ari nya sida dikaul enggau raban budaya enggau jaku ti lebih luas.<ref name="Barnard"/> Melaka lalu udah nya [[Kesultanan Johor|Johor]] ngumbai diri nyadi pusat budaya Melayu, siti penuduk ti disukung British.<ref name="Andaya"/> Pengudah ekspedisyen pelayar Peranchis [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]] ngagai [[Oceania]] maya taun 1826, siku pakar Jereman [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] merambu leka jaku "Malaysia", "[[Mikronesia]]" enggau "[[Melanesia]]" ngagai ''[[Société de Géographie]]'' maya taun 1831, midaka budaya enggau raban pulau Pasifik tu ari leka jaku ke udah bisi iya nya "[[Polinesia]]". Dumont d'Urville nerangka Malaysia nyadi "kandang menua ti suah dikelala enggau nama Hindia Timur".<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/0022334032000120512| title = On the Islands of the Great Ocean| journal = The Journal of Pacific History| volume = 38| issue = 2| page = 163| date = 2003| last1 = d'Urville | first1 = J. S. B. C. S. D. | last2 = Ollivier | first2 = I. | last3 = De Biran | first3 = A. | last4 = Clark | first4 = G. | s2cid = 162374626}}</ref><!--Quote:The third division, Western Oceania, encompasses all the islands commonly known as the East Indies&nbsp;... I shall leave the name Malaysia to this area, since it has already been used by some authors, and I think was first given by Mr Lesson--> Maya taun 1850, raban etnologi British, [[George Samuel Windsor Earl]], nulis dalam ''Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia'', merambu deka meri nama ngagai pulau-pulau di Asia Tenggara nya “Melayunesia” tauka “Indunesia”, nitihka nama ke dulu suba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Earl |first=George S. W. |title=On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations |journal=Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA) |date=1850 |page=119 |volume=IV}}</ref> Nama Malaysia berengkah dikena ngelabel endur ti nyadi Pulau Melayu.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barrows |first1=David P. |title=A History of the Philippines |date=1905 |publisher=American Book Company |pages=25–26 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-h.htm#pb26}}</ref> Menua ti merdeka ari British dalam taun 1957 ngambi nama “Persekutuan Tanah Melayu” nyadika pilih ari nama bukai ti bisi potensial baka “[[Langkasuka]]”, udah bekau perintah besejarah ti bepalan ba tuchung Semenanjung Melayu.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book|last = Suarez|first = Thomas|title = Early Mapping of Southeast Asia|publisher = Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd|date = 1999|pages = 46–47|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC|isbn = 978-962-593-470-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=72&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=1118475&ActiveTextDocId=1118475&filesize=15776 |title=Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (c. 60)e |publisher=The UK Statute Law Database |date=31 July 1957 |access-date=6 November 2010 }}</ref> Bala orang politik di Filipina kala berunding deka nukar nama menua sida "Malaysia" sebedau menua "moden" nya ngambi nama tu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sakai |first=Minako |editor1-last=Cao |editor1-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Morrell |title=Regional Minorities and Development in Asia |publisher=Routledge |date=2009 |page=124 |chapter-url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |isbn=978-0-415-55130-4 |chapter=Reviving Malay Connections in Southeast Asia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013055904/http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 }}</ref> == Sejarah == {{Batang|Sejarah Malaysia}} [[File:Malacca_Sultanate_en.svg|alt=Map showing the extent of the Malacca Sultanate, covering much of the Malay Peninsula and some of Sumatra|kiri|thumb| [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]] bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti besai dalam ngerembaika Islam ngagai serata Pulau-pulau Melayu.]] Bukti endur mensia moden diau di Malaysia berengkah ari taun 40,000 taun ke udah.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Holme|first=Stephanie|date=13 February 2012|title=Getaway to romance in Malaysia|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129075642/http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/international/6405497/Getaway-to-romance-in-Malaysia|archive-date=29 November 2018|access-date=6 January 2014|website=[[stuff.co.nz]]}}</ref> Ba Semenanjung Melayu, orang keterubah diau dia dipelabaka [[Negrito|bansa Negritos]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fix|first=Alan G.|date=June 1995|title=Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli|journal=American Anthropologist|series=New Series|volume=97|issue=2|pages=313–323|doi=10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090|jstor=681964}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yew|first1=Chee-Wei|last2=Lu|first2=Dongsheng|last3=Deng|first3=Lian|last4=Wong|first4=Lai-Ping|last5=Ong|first5=Rick Twee-Hee|last6=Lu|first6=Yan|last7=Wang|first7=Xiaoji|last8=Yunus|first8=Yushimah|last9=Aghakhanian|first9=Farhang|last10=Mokhtar|first10=Siti Shuhada|last11=Hoque|first11=Mohammad Zahirul|last12=Voo|first12=Christopher Lok-Yung|last13=Abdul Rahman|first13=Thuhairah|last14=Bhak|first14=Jong|last15=Phipps|first15=Maude E.|date=February 2018|title=Genomic structure of the native inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo suggests complex human population history in Southeast Asia|journal=Human Genetics|volume=137|issue=2|pages=161–173|doi=10.1007/s00439-018-1869-0|pmid=29383489|s2cid=253969988|quote=The analysis of time of divergence suggested that ancestors of Negrito were the earliest settlers in the Malay Peninsula, whom first separated from the Papuans ~ 50-33 thousand years ago (kya), followed by East Asian (~ 40-15 kya)...|last16=Xu|first16=Shuhua|last17=Teo|first17=Yik-Ying|last18=Kumar|first18=Subbiah Vijay|last19=Hoh|first19=Boon-Peng|url=http://eprints.ums.edu.my/22631/1/Genomic%20structure%20of%20the%20native%20inhabitants%20of%20Peninsular%20Malaysia%20and%20North%20Borneo%20suggests%20complex%20human%20population%20history%20in%20Southeast%20Asia.pdf}}</ref> Kandang menua Malaysia bisi ngambi bagi ba Jalai Batu Permata Gadung Maritim entara taun 2000 SM ngagai 1000 AD.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsang|first=Cheng-hwa|date=24 January 2008|title=Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan|url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/11751|journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association|volume=20|doi=10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751|doi-broken-date=13 September 2026|issn=1835-1794|url-access=subscription}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021).</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017).</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011).</ref> Bala orang dagang enggau orang ke diau mendam ari [[India]] enggau [[China]] datai kenyau ari kurun keterubah AD, numbuhka palan penyangkai kapal dagang enggau mengeri tebing tasik ba abad kedua enggau ketiga. Penatai sida ngujungka pengaruh India enggau China ti tegap ba budaya menua nya, lalu orang Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ngemeranka pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau [[Buddha]]. Inskripsyen [[jaku Sanskrit]] bisi ayan kenyau ari kurun keempat tauka kelima.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mühlhäusler |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCx0D0iE2QoC |title=Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas |last2=Tryon |first2=Darrell T. |last3=Wurm |first3=Stephen A. |publisher=Walter de Gruyer & Co |year=1996 |isbn=978-3-11-013417-9 |page=695}}</ref> Perintah [[Langkasuka]] nyadi urung kurun kedua ba kandang menua utara Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, lalu meruan nyentuk urung kurun ke-15.<ref name="Mapping">{{Cite book |last=Suarez |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC |title=Early Mapping of Southeast Asia |publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd |year=1999 |isbn=978-962-593-470-9 |pages=46–47}}</ref> Entara kurun ke-7 enggau ke-13, mayuh kandang menua selatan Semenanjung Tanah Melayu nyadi sebagi ari empayar maritim [[Srivijaya]]. Datai ba kurun ke-13 enggau ke-14, empayar [[Majapahit]] udah mujur ngerampas kuasa ba tebal agi semenanjung enggau Pulau-pulau Melayu ari Srivijaya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suporno, S. |title=Perceptions of the Past |publisher=Heinemann Books for the Asian Studies Association of Australia |year=1979 |editor-last=A. Reid |series=Southeast Asia publications |volume=4 |location=Singapore |page=180 |chapter=The Image of Majapahit in late Javanese and Indonesian Writing |editor-last2=D. Marr}}</ref> Ba pun kurun ke-15, [[Parameswara ari Melaka|Parameswara]], siku raja ke lari ari menua [[Perintah Singapura]] ke suba ke bisi kaul enggau istana lama Srivijayan, numbuhka [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wake|first=Christopher H.|date=September 1964|title=Malacca's Early Kings and the Reception of Islam|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian History]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=5|pages=104–128|doi=10.1017/S0217781100000958|jstor=20067505|number=2}}</ref> Penyampau pengarap Islam majak ngerembai berindik ari Parameswara ke masuk pengarap nya. Melaka nyadi palan dagang ti beguna maya tu, narit dagang ari serata kandang menua nya.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> [[File:AMH-6472-KB_Battle_for_Malacca_between_the_VOC_fleet_and_the_Portuguese,_1606.jpg|alt=Dutch fleet vs Portuguese armada|kanan|thumb|220x220px| Armada Belanda beperang enggau armada Portugis nyadi sebagi ari [[Perang Belanda–Portugis]] dalam taun 1606 dikena nguasa [[Nengeri Melaka|Melaka]].]] Dalam taun 1511, [[Melaka]] dipegai [[Melaka Portugis|Portugal]],<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> udah nya diambi [[Melaka Belanda|Belanda]] dalam taun 1641. Dalam taun 1786, [[Malaya British|Empayar British]] numbuhka palan di Malaya, lebuh Sultan Kedah nyuwa [[Pulau Pinang (pulau)|pulau Pulau Pinang]] ngagai [[Kompeni Hindia Timur]] British. British ngulihka mengeri Singapura dalam taun 1819,<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: Malaya|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309035051/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/malaya.htm|archive-date=9 March 2001|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> lalu dalam taun 1824 ngambi kuasa Melaka nitihka [[Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda 1824|Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda]]. Datai ba taun 1826, British nguasa terus Pulau Pinang, Melaka, Singapura, enggau pulau [[Koloni Mahkota Labuan|Labuan]], ti ditumbuhka sida nyadi koloni mahkota [[Kandang Pendiau Selat]]. Datai ba kurun ke-20, negeri [[Pahang]], [[Selangor]], [[Perak]], enggau [[Negeri Sembilan]], ke dikelala begulai enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Beserakup]], bisi residen British ke dipadu meri jaku lalau ngagai pemerintah Melayu, ke alai bala pemerintah patut nangguhka timpuh nengah sempekat.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Malay States (British)|volume=17|last1=Clifford|first1=Hugh Charles|last2=Graham|first2=Walter Armstrong|pages=478&ndash;484}}</ref> Lima bengkah negeri ke bukai ba semenanjung nya, ke dikelala enggau nama [[Negeri Melayu Enda Beserakup]], taja pan ukai terus di baruh pegai British, tang mega nerima penyanding penemu British urung pun abad ke-20. Pemansang ba semenanjung enggau Borneo umum iya bebida nyentuk ngagai abad ke-19. Di baruh pegai British pengawa pindah orang China enggau India nyadi kuli diperansang.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kuar|first=Amarjit|title=International Migration and Governance in Malaysia: Policy and Performance|url=http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509145612/http://www.une.edu.au/asiacentre/PDF/No22.pdf|archive-date=9 May 2010|access-date=20 December 2011|publisher=University of New England}}</ref> Kandang menua ke diatu nyadi [[Sabah]] nyadi baruh kuasa British nyadi [[Borneo Utara]] lebuh kededua [[Kesultanan Brunei|Sultan Brunei]] enggau [[Kesultanan Sulu|Sultan Sulu]] mindahka hak ngempu kandang menua sida empu, entara taun 1877 enggau 1878.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gullick, J. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA148 |title=Malaysia and Its Neighbours, The World studies series |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-7100-4141-8 |pages=148–149}}</ref> Dalam taun 1842, Sarawak diserahka Sultan Brunei ngagai [[James Brooke]], ke nganti iya merintah nyadi [[Rajah Putih Sarawak|Rajah Putih]] atas [[Perintah Sarawak|perintah]] meredeka nyentuk ngagai taun 1946, lebuh iya nyadi [[Koloni Mahkota Sarawak|koloni mahkota]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Luscombe|first=Stephen|title=The Map Room: South East Asia: North Borneo|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628212629/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/sarawak.htm|archive-date=28 June 2011|access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref> [[Perang Klang]] (1867–1874) berengkah nyadi penyarut entara Raja Abdullah enggau Raja Mahadi ketegal nyadi tuai rumah Klang, enggau Mahadi nulak pengawa Sultan [[Abdul Samad ari Selangor]] ti udah nyiri Abdullah. Penyarut nya narit [[gerempung resia]] China ke bepekit—[[Ghee Hin Kongsi]] ke mayuh nyukung Mahadi enggau [[Gerempung Resia Hai San]] nyukung Abdullah—serta tuai-tuai peturun Bugis enggau Melayu ke ngumbai Mahadi lebih sah. Perang ngerembai sepengudah Mahadi ngerampas Kubu Klang lalu Abdullah rari ke Melaka, ngachau pengawa ngasilka timah, jalai dagang, enggau pemerat komersial British ba Lembak Klang. Berebak enggau nya, [[Perang Larut]] ti nyadi ba kandang menua ke besepiak (1861–1874) entara Hai San enggau Ghee Hin di Perak sama ngasuh pelilih menua ke kaya enggau timah enda entap sereta ngasuh orang dagang British irau. Apil ari tuai-tuai Melayu minta pengawa nyadi pengantara begulai enggau pengirau ati British bekaul enggau penyarut pelilih menua muka jalai ngagai pengawa campur tangan formal, ti ngujungka [[Sempekat Pangkor 1874|Sempekat Pangkor]] taun 1874 ti numbuhka sistem peranak British ba negeri-negeri Melayu.<ref name="Azmi20122">{{cite journal|last=Arifin|first=Azmi|year=2012|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, The Chinese Secret Societies and The Malay Rulers|url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/5364/1/Azmi%20Arifin%20%2039%20(1)%20(July%202012).pdf|journal=Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies|volume=39|issue=1|pages=51–74|access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> Baka ti ditulis [[Frank Swettenham]] udah nya, "Iya nya taja pan gaya utai ti nyadi begunaka campur tangan, kami datai ngagai Negeri-Negeri Melayu ketegal kangau Pemerintah Melayu, ngajar sida chara administrasyen ti manah agi."<ref name="AzmiPerak2">{{cite journal|last=Azmi Arifin|year=2018|title=Perak Disturbances 1871-75: British Colonialism, the Chinese Secret Societies and the Malay Rulers|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333081324|journal=USM Malaysian Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A leading light in Perak's late 19th century advance: Frank Athelstane Swettenham|url=https://www.ehm.my/publications/articles/a-leading-light-in-peraks-late-19th-century-advance-frank-athelstane-swettenham|access-date=2026-08-02|publisher=ehm.my}}</ref> Dalam [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], [[Soldadu Imperial Jipun|Soldadu Jipun]] [[Kimpin Malaya|nyerang]] sereta nguasa [[Pemegai Jipun ba Malaya|Malaya]], [[Pemegai Jipun ba Borneo British|Borneo Utara, Sarawak]], enggau [[Pemegai Jipun ba Singapura|Singapura]] lebih ari tiga taun.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaya in World War II|url=https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225184306/https://ww2db.com/country/Malaya|archive-date=25 December 2022|access-date=29 January 2023|work=World War Two Database}}</ref> Dalam timpuh tu, penyarut entara bansa nyadi lalu nasionalisme majak nambah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hock |first=David Koh Wee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awLp4TeUkzoC |title=Legacies of World War II in South and East Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2007 |isbn=978-981-230-457-5 |location=Singapore |page=48}}</ref> Sukung rayat ngagai meredeka majak nambah pengudah Malaya dipegai baru ulih soldadu Serakup.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010212095545/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990531/mahathir1.html|archive-date=12 February 2001|title=Our Region, Ourselves|last=Mohamad|first=Mahathir|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=31 May 1999|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Perambu British pengudah perang deka nyerakupka administrasyen Malaya ari baruh siti koloni mahkota ti dikumbai [[Serakup Malaya]] napi bantah ti balat ari [[Melayu|bansa Melayu]], ti mantah pengelemi pemerintah Melayu enggau meri peranak menua ngagai [[Orang China Malaysia|raban bansa China]]. Serakup Malaya, ti ditumbuhka dalam taun 1946, lalu mungkur semua reta tengkira British di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu kelimpah ari Singapura, jampat dibuai lalu diganti enggau [[Federasyen Malaya]] kena 1 Februari 1948, ti mulaika autonomi pemerintah negeri-negeri Melayu ti dijaga British.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106021025/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816440,00.html|archive-date=6 November 2007|title=MALAYA: Token Citizenship|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=19 May 1952|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> [[File:Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg|thumb| Pemesai polis [[Federasyen Malaya|Malaya]] benung nanya siku periman [[Orang China Malaysia|bebansa China]] maya [[Penusah Darurat Malaya]] taun 1949]] Dalam timpuh tu, raban pemberontak ke tebal agi bebansa China ari baruh iring [[Parti Kominis Malaya]] ngepunka operasyen gerila ke digaga dikena mejal British pansut ari Malaya. [[Darurat Malaya|Darurat Malaya (1948–1960)]] ngaul kimpin anti-penyarut ti lama dipejalaika soldadu [[Komanwel]] di Malaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Kena 31 Ogos 1957, [[Penesau Meredeka Malaya|Malaya nyadi kaban meredeka]] dalam Komanwel Bansa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Malayan Emergency: 1948–1960|url=http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121637/http://se-asia.commemoration.gov.au/background-to-malayan-emergency/causes-and-description.php|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=1 July 2011|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> Udah nya, pelin ti komprehensif diperambu dikena nyerakupka Malaya enggau koloni mahkota Borneo Utara (dikelala enggau nama [[Sabah]] lebuh begulai), [[Sarawak]], enggau [[Singapura]]. Persekutuan ti diperambu nya asal iya deka diatur kena 31 Ogos 1963, beserimbai enggau hari pengingat meredeka Malaya. Taja pia, ketegal ti patut ngaga pansik pasal tikas sukung ngagai gerempung nya di Sabah enggau Sarawak ari [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]], baka ti dipinta orang ti ngelaban gerempung nya baka [[Sukarno]] ari [[Indonesia]] enggau [[Parti Rayat Beserakup Sarawak]], haribulan gerempung nya ditangguh nyentuk ngagai 16 September 1963.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402050225/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870460,00.html|archive-date=2 April 2008|title=Malaysia: Tunku Yes, Sukarno No|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=6 September 1963|access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boon Kheng Cheah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOtXcEmHdjoC&pg=PA93 |title=Malaysia: The Making of a Nation |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2002 |isbn=978-981-230-154-3 |pages=93–}}</ref> Federasyen nya mai penyarut ti majak balat nyengkaum [[Konfrontasyen Indonesia–Malaysia|penyarut enggau Indonesia]] kelimpah ari penyarut ti enda ngetu nyadi ngelaban Kominis di Borneo enggau Semenanjung Melayu, ti majak balat ngagai [[Penyarut Kominis ba Sarawak|Penyarut Kominis Sarawak]] enggau [[Darurat Malaya Kedua]] begulai enggau sekeda isu bukai baka serang lanun Moro ari pulau-pulau selatan Filipina meraka garis entara menua ba Sabah, [[Negeri Singapura (Malaysia)|penyerara Singapura ari Federasyen]] dalam taun 1965,<ref>{{cite web|title=Proclamation on Singapore|url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511191506/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_getdata.pl?actno=1997-REVED-INDEP&segid=888373490-000012#888373490-000012|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Singapore Attorney-General}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-50718-0 |page=290}}</ref><ref name="TIME Art2">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930101049/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828327,00.html|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Malaysia: The Art of Dispelling Anxiety|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=27 August 1965|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> enggau laya bansa. Penyarut tu ngujungka [[Penyadi 13 Me|penyarut bansa 13 Me]] dalam taun 1969.<ref name="Race war">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216115230/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900859,00.html|archive-date=16 February 2007|title=Race War in Malaysia|magazine=Time|location=New York|date=23 May 1969|access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Pengudah penyarut nya nyadi, [[Polisi Ekonomi Baru Malaysia|Polisi Ekonomi Baru]] ti kontroversial nya dikelancharka Menteri Besai [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Tun Abdul Razak]], nguji nambahka bagi ekonomi ti dipegai raban ''[[bumiputera]]''.<ref name="New Economic Policy">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Di baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] bisi timpuh penumbuh ekonomi enggau urbanisasyen ti jampat berengkah ari taun 1980-an. Ekonomi ngalih ari bepelasarka pengawa betanam betupi ngagai bepelasarka pengawa ngaga enggau industri. Mayuh bengkah projek besai udah tembu digaga, baka [[Menara Petronas]], [[Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan (Malaysia)|Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan]], [[MSC Malaysia|Koridor Super Multimedia]], enggau indu nengeri pentadbiran perintah besai baru [[Putrajaya]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="New Economic Policy2">{{cite web|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|date=1 September 2004|title=The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511173349/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B?OpenDocument&panel=seriespapers|archive-date=11 May 2011|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=UNRISD}}</ref> Ba ujung taun 1990-an, [[Krisis wang Asia 1997|krisis wang Asia]] meri empas ngagai menua nya, nyau deka ngasuh makit mata duit, saham, enggau reta tengkira sida runtuh; taja pia, sida udah nya gerai.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ping Lee Poh|author2=Yean Tham Siew|title=Malaysia Ten Years After The Asian Financial Crisis|url=http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401070910/http://www.polsci.tu.ac.th/Papers/Malaysia%20Paper.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2010|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Thammasat University}}</ref> [[Skandal 1MDB]] nya skandal [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] global ti besai ti ngaul Menteri Besai maya nya [[Najib Razak]] dalam taun 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 2015|title=Malaysian taskforce investigates allegations $700m paid to Najib|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422204302/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/06/malaysian-task-force-investigates-allegations-700m-paid-to-pm-najib|archive-date=22 April 2020|access-date=24 March 2018|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> Skandal nya nyadika ubah keterubah ba parti politik ke megai perintah kenyau ari merdeka ba [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]].<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> Dalam taun 2020-an, menua tu dipegai [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ti beserimbai enggau krisis pengerai enggau [[Empas ekonomi ari pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|ekonomi]] ketegal [[Pandemik COVID-19 ba Malaysia|pandemik COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Walden|first1=Max|date=13 January 2021|title=How Malaysia went from fewer COVID cases than Australia to a national state of emergency|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114221804/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/malaysia-covid-19-outbreak-state-of-emergency-case-numbers/13036038|archive-date=14 January 2021|access-date=19 July 2021|newspaper=ABC News (Australia)}}</ref> Tu udah nya ditangkan enggau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022|pengawa bepilih besai]] tumu agi dalam bulan November 2022, ti ngujungka parlimen gantung keterubah dalam sejarah menua tu.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 November 2022|title=No clear winner as Malaysia election ends in hung parliament|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129074959/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/19/tight-race-as-votes-counted-in-malaysias-in-general-election|archive-date=29 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> Kena 24 Nobember 2022, [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ngangkat sumpah nyadi [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]] ke-10, nguluka perintah gempung besai.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 November 2022|title=Anwar Ibrahim sworn in as Malaysian PM after post-election deadlock|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128015222/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63698901|archive-date=28 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|work=BBC News}}</ref> == Perintah enggau politik == {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|align=right|caption_align=center|image1=King Ibrahim of Malaysia August 2025.jpg|caption1=[[Ibrahim Iskandar]]<br /><small>[[Raja Malaysia|Raja]]</small>|image2=Anwar Ibrahim in June 2026.jpg|caption2=[[Anwar Ibrahim]]<br /><small>[[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]</small>}} [[File:Istana_Negara_tepi.jpg|thumb| [[Istana Negara]], palan pengentap pendiau enggau opis rasmi [[Raja Malaysia]].]] [[File:Perdana_Putra.jpg|thumb| [[Perdana Putra]], opis [[Menteri Besai Malaysia]].]] Malaysia nyadi menua [[raja bepilih]] [[Raja bekonstitusyen|bekonstitusyen]] [[Raja federal|federal]] lalu mina sebengkah aja menua federal di [[Asia Tenggara]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 January 2018|title=Could Federalism Smooth Southeast Asia's Rough Edges?|url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025080259/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/could-federalism-smooth-southeast-asia-s-rough-edges|archive-date=25 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|agency=Stratfor}}</ref> Sistem perintah tu dichuntoka enggau sistem parlimen [[Sistem Westminster|Westminster]], iya nya diwaris ari [[Empayar British|perintah British]].<ref name="FITA2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Ketuai menua iya nya Raja, ke ngembuan gela rasmi iya nya [[Raja Malaysia|Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]. Raja dipilih ungkup timpuh lima taun ulih enggau ari entara semilan iku pemerintah turun temurun negeri-negeri Melayu. Empat nengeri ke bukai, ke ngembuan Gabenor gela, enda enggau ba pengawa milih. Nengah sempekat enda formal pangku pengawa nya betukar entara semilan iku nya.<ref name="FITA">{{cite web|title=Malaysia Information|url=http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226105342/http://www.fita.org/countries/malaysia.html?ma_rubrique=cadre|archive-date=26 December 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|publisher=Federation of International Trade Associations}}</ref> Pengawa Raja nya mayuh agi nyadi seremonial kenyau ari ubah ba [[Konstitusyen Malaysia|konstitusyen]] dalam taun 1994, milih menteri enggau kaban dewan tinggi.<ref name="dfat">{{cite web|date=February 2014|title=Malaysia country brief|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027035312/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html|archive-date=27 October 2014|access-date=22 October 2014|publisher=Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Kuasa legislatif dibagi entara legislatif perintah besai enggau negeri. [[Parlimen Malaysia|Parlimen]] perintah besai dua ruang tu bisi dewan baruh, [[Dewan Rakyat]] (ke mega dikelala enggau nama Dewan Pengari Rayat) enggau dewan atas, [[Dewan Negara]] (tauka Senat).<ref>{{cite web|date=3 June 2010|title=Background|url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053421/http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=sites&id=5&view=23&uweb=p&lang=en|archive-date=6 November 2018|access-date=25 July 2011|publisher=Parlimen Malaysia}}</ref> Dewan Pengari Rayat ke bisi 222 iku kaban dipilih ungkup timpuh maksimum lima taun ari sitak ke bisi kaban tunggal. Semua 70 iku senator duduk ungkup timpuh tiga taun; 26 dipilih 13 bengkah Aum Kunsil Negeri, lalu 44 ke bukai dichiri Raja nitihka lalau Menteri Besai.<ref name="state.gov2">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Parlimen nitihka sistem mayuh parti lalu perintah dipilih nengah sistem ‘pemenang pilih pemadu mayuh'.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=John W. Langford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-sti92Y7TkC&pg=PA101 |title=The Changing Shape of Government in the Asia-Pacific Region |last2=K. Lorne Brownsey |publisher=IRPP |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-88645-060-1 |pages=101–}}</ref> [[Pengawa bepilih ba Malaysia|Pengawa bepilih]] parlimen diatur enda kurang ari lima taun sekali.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Sebedau taun 2018, semina pengundi ke berejista ke beumur 21 taun ke atas aja ulih ngundi kaban Dewan Rakyat lalu, ba tebal agi nengeri, ungkup dewan legislatif nengeri. Ngundi ukai pengawa ti wajib.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 September 2008|title=Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat)|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205034849/http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2197.htm|archive-date=5 December 2010|access-date=29 September 2008|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> Kena bulan Julai 2019, rang undang-undang nurunka [[umur bepilih]] ngagai 18 taun udah dikemendarka enggau rasmi.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Martin Carvalho|author2=Hemananthani Sivanandam|author3=Rahimy Rahim|author4=Tarrence Tan|date=16 July 2019|title=Dewan Rakyat passes Bill to amend Federal Constitution to lower voting age to 18|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928064607/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/16/federal-constitution-amended-to-lower-voting-age-to-18|archive-date=28 September 2022|access-date=16 July 2019|work=The Star}}</ref> [[Eksekutif (perintah)|Kuasa eksekutif]] diberi ngagai [[Kabinet Malaysia|Kabinet]], ti betuaika [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]]. Menteri Besai nya mesti nyadi kaban Dewan Rakyat, ti ba penemu Raja ti Pemadu Tinggi, merintah sukung ari majoriti kaban. Kabinet dipilih ari kaban kededua dewan Parlimen.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Menteri Besai nyadi [[Kabinet Malaysia|tuai kabinet]] enggau [[ketuai perintah]]. Kenyau [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|pengawa bepilih besai 2018]], Malaysia diperintah gempung politik [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH),<ref name="Opposition scores">{{cite news|date=10 May 2018|title=Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404171658/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44036178|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref> taja pan Menteri Besai [[Mahathir Mohamad]] ngelengka pangku pengawa ba tengah [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–21|krisis politik]] ba taun 2020. Kena bulan Mach 2020, gempung [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) ditumbuhka ari baruh pegai Menteri Besai [[Muhyiddin Yassin]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 February 2020|title=Palace: Muhyiddin to be sworn in as PM|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229121939/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/29/istana-muhyiddin-to-be-sworn-in-as-pm|archive-date=29 February 2020|access-date=29 February 2020|work=The Star Online}}</ref> sebedau Muhyiddin lenyau sukung majoriti lalu diganti sapit Menteri Besai [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]], seiku kaban politik veteran ari [[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup|Gerempung Nasional Melayu Bersatu]] (UMNO), dalam bulan Ogos<ref>{{cite news|date=21 August 2021|title=Ismail Sabri sworn in as Malaysia's ninth Prime Minister|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821173721/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/21/ismail-sabri-sworn-in-as-ninth-prime-minister|archive-date=21 August 2021|access-date=22 August 2021|work=The Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia's Ismail Sabri Yaakob sworn in as new PM|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201131632/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/21/malaysias-ismail-sabri-yaakob-sworn-in-as-new-pm|archive-date=1 February 2024|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> Kenyau [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2022]], parlimen gantung dipilih. [[Anwar Ibrahim]] ari gempung PH dipaduka nyadi Menteri Besai ke baru ngiring perintah gempung PH, [[Barisan Nasional]], [[Gempung Parti Sarawak]], [[Gempung Rayat Sabah]] enggau sekeda parti politik enggau ngatika diri ke bukai. Berebak enggau nya, PN, semina gempung politik ke nadai dalam gempung perintah, nyadi Penyakal. [[Undang-undang Malaysia|Sistem undang-undang Malaysia]] bepelasarka undang-undang selama.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Taja pan pengawa akim lepas ari sukut teori, tang pengelepas iya udah dikerandauka lalu pengawa nyiri akim nadai akauntabiliti enggau transparen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Attacks on Justice – Malaysia|url=http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119080422/http://www.icj.org/IMG/MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-date=19 January 2012|access-date=5 December 2011|publisher=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> Kort ke pemadu tinggi dalam sistem akim iya nya [[Kort Federal Malaysia|Kort Federal]], ditangkanka [[Kort Apil Malaysia|Kort Apil]] enggau dua buah [[Kort tinggi (Malaysia)|kort tinggi]], siti ungkup Semenanjung Malaysia enggau siti ungkup Malaysia Timur. Malaysia mega bisi siti kort spesyel dikena mendingka kes ti dibai tauka ngelaban royalti.<ref name="criminal court system2">{{cite web|title=Malaysian criminal court system|url=http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090557/http://www.acclawyers.org/resources/malaysia/|archive-date=15 May 2011|access-date=15 December 2010|publisher=Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers}}</ref> Pengudah UMNO lenyau kuasa ba [[pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018]], penuduk Malaysia niki 9 penuduk dalam Indeks Demokrasi 2019 ngagai penuduk lumur 43 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya; menua tu diklasifikasyenka nyadi ‘demokrasi ti bisi penimpang’.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2019 A year of democratic setbacks and popular protest|url=https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|url-access=registration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213043744/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019|archive-date=13 February 2021|access-date=27 October 2020|website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU.com]]}}</ref> Penuduk Malaysia dalam [[Indeks Pengelepas Pengarang Berita]] 2020 niki 22 penuduk ngagai penuduk lumur 101 enti dibandingka enggau taun sebedau nya, lalu nyadika iya siti ari dua buah menua di Asia Tenggara ke nadai ‘Situasi Susah’ tauka ‘Situasi Keberat Serius’ bekaul enggau pengelepas pengarang berita.<ref>{{cite web|year=2020|title=2020 World Press Freedom Index|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423104703/https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020|archive-date=23 April 2020|access-date=27 October 2020|work=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Taja pia, iya nurun 18 endur ba taun ke nangkanka nya ketegal polisi perintah PN.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia: Back to harassment, intimidation and censorship {{!}} Reporters without borders|url=https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124091549/https://rsf.org/en/malaysia|archive-date=24 November 2021|access-date=26 July 2021|website=RSF|language=en}}</ref> Malaysia ba penuduk lumur 48 enggau 62 nitihka [[Indeks Persepsyen Makai Suap]] 2021, ti nunjukka tikas [[Pengawa makai suap ba Malaysia|makai suap]] ti ngelui ari purata. Freedom House beratika Malaysia “bibas sebagi” dalam pansik sida ba taun 2018.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 June 2018|title=Malaysia considers amending human trafficking law after U.S. report|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407142237/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-trafficking/malaysia-considers-amending-human-trafficking-law-after-u-s-report-idUSKBN1JQ04Y|archive-date=7 April 2020|access-date=7 April 2020|website=Reuters}}</ref> Siti saman ti digaga [[Opis Pengelurus Amerika Serikat]] nuduhka pengabis mimit $3.5 billion ti ngaul ex-menteri besai [[Najib Razak]] udah dichuri ari wang turu enggi perintah menua Malaysia [[1MDB]], ti dikelala enggau nama [[Skandal 1MDB|skandal 1Malaysia Development Berhad]].<ref name=":02">{{cite news|date=28 July 2016|title=1MDB: The inside story of the world's biggest financial scandal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111085317/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside-story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia|archive-date=11 November 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=1MDB: The playboys, PMs and partygoers around a global financial scandal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721081321/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46341603|archive-date=21 July 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2019|title=The bizarre story of 1MDB, the Goldman Sachs-backed Malaysian fund that turned into one of the biggest scandals in financial history|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117032748/https://www.businessinsider.com/1mdb-timeline-the-goldman-sachs-backed-malaysian-wealth-fund-2018-12|archive-date=17 November 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|work=Business Insider}}</ref> Naka taun 2025, iya ba penuduk lumur 13 ba [[Indeks Pemaik Global]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2025 Global Peace Index|url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/GPI-2025-web.pdf|access-date=2025-09-26|website=Institute for Economics & Peace|publisher=[[Institute for Economics & Peace]]|publication-date=June 2025}}</ref> === Bagi kuasa perintah === {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" |{{Kar Malaysia Belabel}} |} Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua federasyen ti ngundan [[Negeri enggau kandang menua federal ba Malaysia|13 negeri enggau tiga kandang menua federal]].<ref>{{cite news|date=2 November 2015|title=Understanding the Federation of Malaysia|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105113420/http://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Online-Exclusive/A-Humble-Submission/Profile/Articles/2015/11/02/understanding-federation-malaysia/|archive-date=5 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Ari penyampau nya, 11 negeri enggau dua kandang menua federal bisi ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]], lalu dua bengkah negeri enggau siti kandang menua federal ke bukai mungkur [[Malaysia Timur]]. Menua tu bisi tiga renggat perintah— [[Perintah menua Malaysia|perintah federal]], [[Perintah negeri ba Malaysia|negeri]], enggau kandang menua.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|year=2018|title=The Local Government System in Malaysia|url=https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Commonwealth Local Government Forum]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220050855/https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Malaysia.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Pengawa merintah nengeri dibagi entara perintah federal enggau perintah negeri, enggau kuasa ti bebida diungkupka ngagai tiap iku, lalu perintah federal bisi kuasa perintah terus ba kandang menua federal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Territories and State Governments|url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222231636/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/StateGovAndFederalTerritories/Pages/StateGovAndFederalTerritories.aspx|archive-date=22 February 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Malaysian government}}</ref> Tetiap negeri bisi [[Aum kunsil negeri ba Malaysia|Aum Kunsil Negeri]] ke ngembuan siti ruang bilik ke alai kaban iya dipilih ari sitak ke bisi siku kaban. Perintah negeri betuaika [[Kepala perintah negeri ba Malaysia|Kepala Menteri]],<ref name="state.gov2" /> ti nyadi kaban Aum Kunsil Negeri ari parti majoriti dalam dewan. Ba tiap-tiap nengeri ke bisi pemerintah turun temurun, Kepala Menteri biasa iya dipinta nyadi [[Melayu|orang Melayu]], dichiri pemerintah nitihka lalau [[Menteri Besai Malaysia|Menteri Besai]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-3155j7FLkC |title=The management of secondary cities in southeast Asia |publisher=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements |year=1996 |isbn=978-92-1-131313-0 |page=120}}</ref> Naka [[Pengawa bepilih besai Malaysia 2018|taun 2018]], pengawa bepilih negeri diatur berebak enggau pengawa bepilih besai nengah konvensyen, kelimpah ari ke di [[Sarawak]]. Berindik ari [[Krisis politik Malaysia 2020–2022|krisis politik 2020–2022]], semina [[Pahang]], [[Perak]] enggau [[Perlis]] milih bejalaika pengawa bepilih negeri sida sejalai enggau pengawa bepilih besai.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hutchinson|first=Francis E.|date=15 May 2024|title=Malaysia's Out-of-Sync Federal and State Elections: The Good, the Bad, and the Untimely|url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|url-status=live|journal=[[ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute]]|language=en-US|volume=2024|issue=34|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220053516/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2024-34-malaysias-out-of-sync-federal-and-state-elections-the-good-the-bad-and-the-untimely-by-francis-e-hutchinson/|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Dipegai ba baruh perintah besai enggau negeri, [[Perintah kandang menua ba Malaysia|perintah kandang menua]] ngarika renggat pemerintah ke pemadu baruh di Malaysia. Naka taun 2024, Malaysia dibagi entara 19 bengkah nengeri, 40 bengkah kandang mengeri, 91 buah kunsil renggat pelilih menua, enggau empat bengkah ejensi bekanun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senarai PBT|trans-title=List of local governments|url=https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118151239/https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/data-pbt-senarai_pbt/|archive-date=18 January 2025|access-date=22 December 2024|website=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=ms}}</ref> Seraya konstitusyen perintah besai ngagihka perintah kandang menua ngagai bidang kuasa eksklusif perintah negeri,<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to local government in Malaysia|url=http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328212349/http://lib.kedah.uitm.edu.my/psblibrary/notes/am110/layout/subject%20material/handouts/dpa/PAD%20320/h1.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2018|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Universiti Teknologi Mara}}</ref> dalam praktikal, [[Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua (Malaysia)|Opis Menteri Pengawa Berumah enggau Perintah Kandang Menua perintah federal]] ngemataka pengawa ngatur undang-undang enggau polisi kandang menua.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Nooi, Phang Siew|date=May 2008|title=Decentralisation or recentralisation? Trends in local government in Malaysia|url=http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909145130/http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/cjlg/article/viewFile/759/1032|archive-date=9 September 2016|access-date=19 February 2014|publisher=Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance}}</ref> [[Ketuai Mengeri]] (tauka presiden ungkup kunsil kandang mengeri enggau pelilih menua) enggau [[kaunsilor]] dichiri perintah negeri ke bekaul, tauka dalam kes kandang menua perintah federal, dichiri perintah federal.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|year=2023|title=Rujukan Ringkas Mengenai Dasar-Dasar Berkaitan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan Edisi 2023|trans-title=Summary on Local Government Policies 2023 Edition|url=https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]]|language=MS|page=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035246/https://jktgateway.kpkt.gov.my/downloads/29052023_RUJUKAN_RINGKAS_MENGENAI_DASAR_DASAR_BERKAITAN_PBT.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Undang-undang perintah federal ngagihka pekara tanah, nyengkaum pengawa ngaga garis entara [[Rintai pelilih menua ba Malaysia|pelilih menua]], ngagai bidang kuasa perintah negeri.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2020|title=National Land Code|url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Malaysian federal government]]|page=54|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202093708/https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal5145.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2025|access-date=20 December 2024|via=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> Kelimpah ari Perlis enggau kandang menua federal, tiap negeri dibagi ngagai pelilih menua, ti dibagi baru ngagai [[mukim]]. Di [[Sabah]] enggau [[Sarawak]], pelilih menua digelumu ngagai bagi menua.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia Districts|url=http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201132451/http://www.statoids.com/ymy.html|archive-date=1 December 2020|access-date=3 November 2010|publisher=Statoids}}</ref> Bebida enggau perintah kandang menua ti ngatur kuasa perintah kandang mengeri enggau pemansang infrastruktur,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=E.|first1=Lo Vullo|last2=Ho|first2=C. S.|last3=Chau|first3=L. W.|last4=F.|first4=Monforti|last5=V.|first5=Palermo|last6=S.|first6=Rivas|last7=P.|first7=Bertoldi|year=2022|title=How to Develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP) in Southeast Asia-Malaysia|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360823096|journal=[[Publications Office of the European Union]]|page=6|doi=10.2760/50282|isbn=978-92-76-52424-3|via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> pelilih menua semina dikena ungkup chukai tanah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adnan|first1=M. Z.|last2=Suratman|first2=R. Suratman|last3=Samsudin|first3=S.|year=2019|title=Key Geographical Features on Malaysia's Land Tax System: A Comparison Study in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia|journal=International Geography Seminar 2019|volume=683|issue=683|page=2|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/683/1/012095|doi-access=free}}</ref> 13 bengkah negeri nya bepelasarka menua perintah Melayu besejarah, lalu 9 ari 11 negeri Semenanjung, ke dikelala enggau nama negeri Melayu, ngetanka ruang bilik diraja sida. [[Raja Malaysia|Raja]] dipilih sereta ari semilan iku pemerintah ngambika mangku pengawa pengelama lima taun.<ref name="state.gov3">{{cite web|date=14 July 2010|title=Malaysia|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160547/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm|archive-date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 September 2010|publisher=United States State Department}}</ref> Raja tu nyiri gabenor ti mangku pengawa pengelama empat taun ke negeri-negeri ti nadai raja, pengudah berunding enggau kepala menteri negeri nya. Tiap negeri bisi konstitusyen betulis.<ref name="Lim Hong Hai">{{cite web|author=Hai, Lim Hong|title=Electoral Politics in Malaysia: 'Managing' Elections in a Plural Society|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190212/http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/01361005.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Sabah enggau Sarawak ngembuan autonomi ke jauh mayuh agi ari negeri bukai, ke pemadu tebilang ngembuan polisi enggau kawal imigresyen kediri, sereta status peranak menua ke nyelai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannum, Hurst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oV3pKJfnvcC&pg=PA342 |title=Basic Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7923-1977-1 |pages=342–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Lockard, Craig A.|date=March 2000|title=Sabah and Sarawak: The Politics of Development and Federalism. Kajian Malaysia, Special Issue. Edited by Francis Loh Kok Wah. Penang: Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1997. Pp. 236.|journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies]]|volume=31|issue=1|pages=210–213|doi=10.1017/S0022463400016192|s2cid=154586268}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bong|first1=Karen|last2=Pilo|first2=Wilfred|name-list-style=amp|date=16 September 2011|title=An agreement forged and forgotten|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102042307/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/an-agreement-forged-and-forgotten/|archive-date=2 November 2015|access-date=3 July 2014|work=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> Pengawa champur tangan perintah besai dalam pengawa negeri, kurang pemansang, enggau laya ketegal royalti minyak bisi sekali-sekala ngujungka penerang pasal nyerara diri ari bala ketuai di sekeda negeri baka [[Pulau Pinang]], [[Johor]], [[Kelantan]], Sabah enggau Sarawak, taja pan pekara tu bedau dititihka lalu nadai pengawa meredeka ti berat bisi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Koay|first=Su Lin|date=September 2016|title=Penang: The Rebel State (Part One)|url=http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=26 November 2017|website=Penang Monthly}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chin|first=James|year=1997|title=Politics of Federal Intervention in Malaysia, with reference to Kelantan, Sarawak and Sabah|url=https://www.academia.edu/2954857|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics|volume=35|pages=96–120|doi=10.1080/14662049708447747|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809133946/https://www.academia.edu/2954857|archive-date=9 August 2021|access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli|date=18 October 2015|title=Could the Federation of Malaysia really come apart?|url=http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027202437/http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/could-federation-malaysia-really-come-apart-76926|archive-date=27 October 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|publisher=[[Astro Awani]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=3 November 2015|title=Will things fall apart in the Malaysian federation?|url=http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation?|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106024352/http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/will-things-fall-apart-malaysian-federation|archive-date=6 November 2015|access-date=3 November 2015|newspaper=Today|location=Singapore}}</ref> ; Negeri Rintai 13 bengkah negeri enggau tiap indu nengeri (dalam tanda kurung): {{div col|colwidth=22em}} # {{flagicon|Johor}} [[Johor]] ([[Johor Bahru]]) # {{flagicon|Kedah}} [[Kedah]] ([[Alor Setar]]) # {{flagicon|Kelantan}} [[Kelantan]] ([[Kota Bharu]]) # {{flagicon|Melaka}} [[Melaka]] ([[Nengeri Melaka]]) # {{flagicon|Negeri Sembilan}} [[Negeri Sembilan]] ([[Seremban]]) # {{flagicon|Pahang}} [[Pahang]] ([[Kuantan]]) # {{flagicon|Pulau Pinang}} [[Pulau Pinang]] ([[George Town, Pulau Pinang|George Town]]) # {{flagicon|Perak}} [[Perak]] ([[Ipoh]]) # {{flagicon|Perlis}} [[Perlis]] ([[Kangar]]) # {{flagicon|Selangor}} [[Selangor]] ([[Shah Alam]]) # {{flagicon|Sabah}} [[Sabah]] ([[Kota Kinabalu]]) # {{flagicon|Sarawak}} [[Sarawak]] ([[Kuching]]) # {{flagicon|Terengganu}} [[Terengganu]] ([[Kuala Terengganu]]) {{div col end}} ; Kandang menua federal # {{flagicon|Kuala Lumpur}} [[Kuala Lumpur|Kandang Menua Federal Kuala Lumpur]] # {{flagicon|Labuan}} [[Labuan|Kandang Menua Federal Labuan]] ([[Victoria, Labuan|Victoria]]) # {{flagicon|Putrajaya}} [[Putrajaya|Kandang Menua Federal Putrajaya]] === Kaul enggau menua luar enggau soldadu === [[File:2025_Donald_Trump,_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia_Seri_Anwar_Ibrahim,_Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia_Hun_Manet_and_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand_Anutin_Charnvirakul_before_signing_the_Kuala_Lumpur_Accord_on_October_25_at_the_ASEAN_Summit.jpg|thumb| (Kiba ke kanan) Menteri Besai Malaysia [[Anwar Ibrahim]], Presiden Amerika Serikat [[Donald Trump]], Menteri Besai Thailand [[Anutin Charnvirakul]] enggau Menteri Besai Kemboja [[Hun Manet]] pengudah nyain [[Sempekat Pengelikun Kuala Lumpur]], ti nyadi maya [[Aum Besai ASEAN 2025|Aum Besai ASEAN Ke-47]], 26 Oktober 2025.]] Sebengkah ari kaban pemungkal [[Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara|ASEAN]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Overview|url=http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109233326/http://www.asean.org/64.htm|archive-date=9 January 2008|access-date=8 November 2007|publisher=Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}</ref> enggau [[Gerempung Kerejasama Islam|OIC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Affairs (OIC) and D8 Division|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064902/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/division-multilateral-oic-d8|archive-date=9 March 2017|access-date=12 November 2010|publisher=Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> menua tu ngambi bagi dalam mayuh gerempung entarabansa baka [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] (GBB),<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Kerejasama Ekonomi Asia Pasifik|APEC]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Member Economies|url=http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201151002/http://www.apec.org/en/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2010|access-date=10 June 2011|publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation}}</ref> [[Gerempung D-8 ungkup Kerejasama Ekonomi|Gerempung Kerejasama Ekonomi D-8]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysia|url=http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630135700/http://www.developing8.org/Membermalaysia.aspx|archive-date=30 June 2017|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=Developing 8 Countries}}</ref> enggau NAM.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States|url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233514/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-date=9 December 2010|access-date=5 September 2010|publisher=Non-Aligned Movement}}</ref> Iya kala nyadi chairman ASEAN, OIC, enggau NAM suba.<ref name="state.gov2" /> Ketegal menua tu [[Koloni mahkota|Koloni British]] suba, iya mega nyadi kaban [[Komanwel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Member States|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/142227/members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120634/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/member-countries|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref> [[Kuala Lumpur]] nyadi palan [[Aum Besai Asia Timur|EAC]] keterubah dalam taun 2005.<ref name="govtnz2">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> Polisi luar Malaysia sechara rasmi bepelasarka prinsip neutral enggau ngetanka kaul likun enggau semua menua, enda ngira sistem politik sida.<ref name="kln2">{{cite web|title=Malaysia's Foreign Policy|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704114645/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy|archive-date=4 July 2018|access-date=21 September 2010|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> Perintah ngemeratka pengelikun enggau penegap [[Asia Tenggara]],<ref name="govtnz3">{{cite web|date=4 December 2008|title=Malaysia Foreign Relations|url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/|archive-date=26 May 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> lalu nguji ngemansangka agi kaul enggau menua bukai ba kandang menua nya. Ari segi sejarah perintah udah nguji ngayanka Malaysia nyadi sebengkah menua Islam ti progresif <ref name="kln">{{Cite web}}</ref> seraya ngerapitka kaul enggau [[menua Islam]] bukai. <ref name="govtnz">{{Cite web}}</ref> Siti prinsip ti tegap dalam polisi Malaysia iya nya sovereiniti menua enggau hak sesebengkah menua nguasa pengawa dalam menua iya. Malaysia nyain sempekat GBB pasal [[Sempekat Tagang Senyata Nuklear|Tagang Senyata Nuklear]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 July 2017|title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|archive-date=6 August 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 August 2019|title=Japan should support nuclear ban treaty, says Malaysian PM Mahathir Mohamad|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409090214/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/08/07/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-support-nuclear-ban-treaty-says-malaysian-pm-mahathir-mohamad/#.XVat-XszWUk|archive-date=9 April 2023|access-date=16 August 2019|work=The Japan Times}}</ref> [[Pulau-pulau Spratly]] diperebutka mayuh muea ba kandang menua nya, lalu [[Jurai kandang menua ba Tasik China Selatan|sebagi besai ari Tasik China Selatan]] dituntut [[China]]. Bebida enggau menua sepiak iya [[Vietnam]] enggau [[Filipina]], Malaysia ari sukut sejarah nyeliahka diri ari konflik enggau China.<ref>{{cite news|last=Diola|first=Camille|date=25 June 2014|title=Why Malaysia, unlike Philippines, keeps quiet on sea row|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627165932/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|archive-date=27 June 2014|access-date=25 June 2014|work=[[The Philippine Star]]}}</ref> Taja pia, sepengudah kapal China nyerungkai tasik kandang menua Malaysia,<ref>{{cite news|date=27 September 2015|title=Presence of China Coast Guard ship at Luconia Shoals spooks local fishermen|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929005731/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=28 September 2015|newspaper=The Borneo Post|location=Kuching}}</ref> enggau ngelanggar kandang udara ngena bilun soldadu sida, Malaysia udah chakah ngutuk China.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 August 2015|title=Malaysia lodges diplomatic protest against intrusion at Beting Patinggi Ali|url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929024442/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-date=29 September 2015|access-date=16 August 2015|work=The Rakyat Post|agency=Bernama}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Blanchard|first1=Ben|last2=Pullin|first2=Richard|date=18 October 2015|title=Malaysia slams China's 'provocation' in South China Sea|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019120244/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=20 October 2015|work=Channel News Asia|agency=Reuters}}</ref> [[Brunei]] enggau Malaysia dalam taun 2009 madahka deka ngetuka pengawa nuntut tanah pangan diri, lalu meri komitmen mutarka isu ti bekaul enggau garis entara menua maritim sida.<ref>{{cite news|last=Masli|first=Ubaidillah|date=17 March 2009|title=Brunei drops all claims to Limbang|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712162447/http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang|archive-date=12 July 2014|access-date=23 August 2013|url-status=usurped|work=[[The Brunei Times]]}}</ref> Filipina bisi [[Jurai Borneo Utara|tuntut ti enda aktif]] ba bagi menua timur [[Sabah]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG2">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref> Pengawa nuntut tanah [[Singapura]] udah ngasuh penyarut nyadi,<ref>{{cite web|title=Disputed&nbsp;– International|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014013059/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html|archive-date=14 October 2018|access-date=26 October 2010|publisher=CIA}}</ref> lalu penyarut mit ba garis entara menua maritim enggau darat bisi enggau [[Indonesia]].<ref name="MYIDPHSG">{{cite web|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|page=46|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 October 2015|title=Border disputes differ for Indonesia, M'sia|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019135525/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802|archive-date=19 October 2015|access-date=19 October 2015|newspaper=[[Daily Express (Malaysia)|Daily Express]]|location=Kota Kinabalu}}</ref> [[File:Su30mkm_flying_at_lima_two_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Bilun [[Sukhoi Su-30MKM]] TUDM]] [[Raban Besenyata Malaysia]] bisi tiga pampang: [[Soldadu Malaysia]], [[Soldadu Tasik Diraja Malaysia]] enggau [[Soldadu Langit Diraja Malaysia]]. Nadai pengawa soldadu, lalu umur ke dipinta kena nyadi soldadu enggau sukarela iya nya 18 taun. Sedadu ngena 1.5% ari GDP menua, lalu ngambi 1.23% ari pengereja pengawa Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaysian Military statistics|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806213531/http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/my-malaysia/mil-military%26all%3D1|archive-date=6 August 2013|access-date=1 October 2010|publisher=NationMaster}}</ref> Raban penyaga pemaik Malaysia ari [[MALBATT]] udah meri bantu ngagai mayuh pengawa nyaga pemaik PBB, baka di [[Operasyen Gerempung Bansa Beserakup ba Kongo|Kongo]], [[Raban Pemerati Soldadu Iran–Irak Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|Iran–Irak]], [[Raban Pemantu Pengalih|Namibia]], Kemboja, Bosnia enggau Herzegovina, Somalia, Kosovo, Timor Leste, enggau Lebanon.<ref name="state.gov2" /><ref>{{cite web|date=12 February 2013|title=Malaysia – Permanent Missions to the United Nations|url=http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034708/http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2013|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> [[Atur Pengetan Kuasa Lima]] nya inisiatif pengelikun pelilih menua ke udah dipejalaika semak 40 taun. Iya ngaul pengawa latih sedadu begulai ke diatur entara Malaysia, Singapura, Australia, New Zealand, enggau United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 April 2010|title=Australia says major military exercise underway in Malaysia|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201942/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/38249|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=1 October 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref> Latih begulai enggau main perang mega udah diatur enggau Brunei,<ref>{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Daniel|date=20 April 2014|title=Brunei, M'sia train in 11th military exercise|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208183256/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/04/20/brunei-m%E2%80%99sia-train-11th-military-exercise|archive-date=8 December 2014|access-date=5 November 2014|url-status=usurped|work=The Brunei Times}}</ref> China,<ref>{{cite web|author=Yao Jianing|date=17 September 2015|title=First China-Malaysia joint military exercise held in Malacca Strait|url=http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001184454/http://eng.mod.gov.cn/DefenseNews/2015-09/17/content_4620894.htm|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|work=China Military Online|publisher=[[Ministry of National Defense (China)|Ministry of National Defense]]}}</ref> India,<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Anand|date=30 April 2018|title=First Ever Joint Army exercise on Malaysian Soil Commences with Handing-Over of Troops Ceremony|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001183858/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179020|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=2 October 2018|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] (India)}}</ref> Indonesia,<ref>{{cite news|date=13 September 2010|title=Indonesia-Malaysia military exercises must continue&nbsp;– defence minister|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922134210/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/1284390436/indonesia-malaysia-military-exercises-must-continue-defence-minister|archive-date=22 September 2010|access-date=1 October 2010|work=ANTARA News}}</ref> Jipun,<ref>{{cite web|author=John Grevatt|date=12 September 2018|title=Japan, Malaysia sign defence accord|url=https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001185203/https://www.janes.com/article/82922/japan-malaysia-sign-defence-accord|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]}}</ref> enggau Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 August 2014|title=Malaysia, US armed forces in joint exercise|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175613/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/08/25/Malaysia-US-armed-forces/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=26 August 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> Malaysia, Filipina, Thailand, enggau Vietnam udah setuju ngatur latih begulai raban pengelikun dikena nyaga garis entara menua maritim sida sereta mutarka isu baka imigresyen nadai pemendar, lanun, enggau pengawa mai barang sechara belalai.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2010|title=Malaysia, Philippines committed to enhancing border security|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205247/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/43096|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=18 September 2010|work=My Sinchew}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 2013|title=Piracy in Southeast Asia: Organised Criminal Syndicates or Small Scale Opportunists?|url=http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724082702/http://www.graypage.com/assets/Piracy-in-Southeast-Asia-Organised-Criminal-Syndicatds-or-small-scale-opportunists.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2015|access-date=24 July 2015|work=Gray Page}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carvalho|first=Martin|date=15 May 2012|title=Malaysia, Thailand military exercise to include other agencies, Asean members|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709181144/https://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/05/15/Malaysia-Thailand-military-exercise-to-include-other-agencies-Asean-members/|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=5 November 2014|work=The Star|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref>Sebedau tu bisi pengirau ati pengawa militan ekstremis ba kandang endur Islam di [[Konflik Moro|selatan Filipina]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sherman|first1=Ray|last2=David|first2=Nisha|date=6 March 2020|title=Malaysia Bolsters Security Near Sea Border with Philippines|url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=Benar News}}</ref> enggau [[Charut Selatan Thailand|selatan Thailand]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Kent|first=Jonathan|date=28 April 2004|title=Malaysia ups Thai border security|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3666607.stm|archive-date=2 December 2010|access-date=18 September 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref> deka ngelekai ngagai Malaysia. Ketegal nya, Malaysia berengkah nambahka pengelikun garis entara menua.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parameswaran|first=Prashanth|date=19 April 2022|title=Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Consider Expanding Sulu Sea Trilateral Patrols|url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204234639/https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indonesia-malaysia-philippines-consider-expanding-sulu-sea-trilateral-patrols/|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sallehuddin|first1=Qistina|last2=Kuan|first2=Samantha|date=9 December 2022|title=Govt to step up Malaysian-Thai border security|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/12/859251/govt-step-malaysian-thai-border-security|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204233702/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-philippines-03062020184117.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|work=New Straits Times}}</ref> === Hak Asasi Mensia === [[Homoseksualiti]] [[Hak LGBTQ ba Malaysia|enda dikemendarka di Malaysia]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bearak|first1=Max|last2=Cameron|first2=Darla|date=16 June 2016|title=Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523191423/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|archive-date=23 May 2017|access-date=21 May 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Avery|first=Daniel|date=4 April 2019|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|archive-date=11 December 2019|access-date=16 August 2019|work=Newsweek}}</ref> lalu piak bekuasa udah netapka ukum baka ngena rutan enggau jil.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lamb|first=Kate|date=3 September 2018|title=Women caned in Malaysia for attempting to have lesbian sex|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/03/women-caned-in-malaysia-for-attempting-to-have-lesbian-sex|access-date=26 May 2019|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 November 2019|title=Malaysia sentences five men to jail, caning and fines for gay sex|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-lgbt-idUSKBN1XH197|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> [[Pengawa bedagangka mensia]] enggau [[pengawa bedagangka seks di Malaysia]] nyadi penanggul ti signifikan.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 May 2017|title=Malaysia must wake up to its human trafficking problem|url=https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710111418/https://www.newmandala.org/malaysia-must-wake-human-trafficking-problem/|archive-date=10 July 2022|access-date=7 April 2020|website=New Mandala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 June 2014|title=US penalises Malaysia for shameful human trafficking record|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/20/malaysia-us-human-trafficking-persons-report|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Bisi mega kes ngakim kediri ti munuh sereta bekasarka individu LGBT di Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 August 2018|title=A brutal assault and rising fear in Malaysia's LGBT community|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525033617/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/24/a-brutal-assault-and-rising-fear-in-malaysias-lgbt-community|archive-date=25 May 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 January 2021|title=Malaysia: Government Steps Up Attacks on LGBT People|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173805/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/25/malaysia-government-steps-attacks-lgbt-people|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|language=en}}</ref> Pengawa ti enda sah ba pengawa homoseksualiti di Malaysia mega udah nyadika batang [[Pengawa bechara sodomi Anwar Ibrahim|pengawa bechara sodomi]] [[Anwar Ibrahim]], ti dikumbai Anwar bemotif politik, sebengkah chara ti disukung Raban Kereja pasal Pengawa Ngetanka Sepeneka Ati, begulai enggau Amnesty Antarabansa enggau Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 July 2008|title=Malaysia: Political Motivations Undermine Anwar Case|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627173815/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/21/malaysia-political-motivations-undermine-anwar-case|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=27 June 2022|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Doherty|first1=Ben|date=10 February 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim guilty in sodomy case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/10/anwar-ibrahim-guilty-in-sodomy-case|access-date=27 June 2022|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 November 2015|title=Anwar Ibrahim: Malaysia opposition leader 'should be freed'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34704563|access-date=27 June 2022|website=BBC News}}</ref> Ukum mati dikena ungkup penyalah ti berat baka [[Pengawa munuh|munuh]], pengani, enggau [[Dagang dadah enda sah|bedagangka dadah]], sekeda ari penyalah nya kala nyadi mandatori.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 January 2015|title=Laws of Malaysia [Act 574]|url=http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20%5BAct%20574%5D2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203104609/http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/EN/Penal%20Code%20&#91;Act%20574&#93;2.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2020|access-date=13 October 2016|publisher=Attorney General's Chamber}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Death Penalty in Malaysia|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626042150/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212428/13_05_31_DPP_Malaysia_report_FINAL_single_pages.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2014|access-date=15 October 2013|publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom]]}}</ref> Taja pia, dalam bulan Julai 2023, berindik ari pengawa ngemendarka [[Akta Pengapus Ukum Mati Mandatori 2023]], ukum mati mandatori dipunaska ungkup semua penyalah di Malaysia, lalu ari nya ngemendarka akim neritka ukum mati nitihka peneka ati sida empu sereta nitihka kes. Undang-undang baru nya mega ngemunaska semua ukum jil seumur idup semula jadi, nganti nya enggau ukum jil 30 ngagai 40 taun nganti nya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Latiff|first=Rozanna|date=3 April 2023|title=Malaysia scraps mandatory death penalty, natural-life prison terms|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/malaysia-parliament-approves-law-remove-mandatory-death-penalty-2023-04-03/|access-date=9 June 2025|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yusry|first=Muhammad|date=3 July 2023|title=Abolishment of mandatory death penalty gazetted, to come into force tomorrow|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/07/03/abolishment-of-mandatory-death-penalty-gazetted-to-come-into-force-tomorrow/77669|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tee|first=Kenneth|date=3 April 2023|title=A brief history of Malaysia's capital punishment and death row inmates|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/04/03/a-brief-history-of-malaysias-capital-punishment-and-death-row-inmates/62376|access-date=9 June 2025|work=Malay Mail}}</ref> == Demografi == {{Main|Demografi Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia population density 2010b.png|thumb|350x350px|alt=A map of Malaysia depicting the expected 2010 estimated population density.|Pemadat mensia (orang per km²) maya 2010]] [[Fail:Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010.svg|thumb|alt=Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010|The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group based on 2010 census|350x350px]] Nitihka penerang ari Opis Statistik Malaysia, penyampau tubuh peranak menua tu manggai 32,447,385 iku ba taun 2020,<ref name="Population2010">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2014 |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=82 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> nyadika menua ke-42 pemadu mayuh mensia. Nitihka anggar taun 2012, penyampau tubuh majak nambah 1.54 peratus setaun. Malaysia ngembuan pemadat pemayuh tubuh 96 iku per km², ba penuduk lumur 116 ba dunya ungkup pemadat mensia. Orang dalam kandang umur 15–64 taun nyadi 69.5 peratus ari penyampau tubuh; raban umur 0–14 taun setipak enggau 24.5 peratus; lalu orang tuai ke beumur 65 taun ke atas manggai 6.0 peratus. Dalam taun 1960, lebuh pengawa ngitung tubuh enggau rasmi keterubah iya dirikod di Malaysia, penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh bisi 8.11 juta iku. 91.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh peranak menua Malaysia.<ref name="stat2010">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2010 (Ethnic composition) |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |date=2010 |access-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008005500/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2013 }}</ref> Peranak Malaysia dibagi nitihka garis etnik setempat, enggau 69.7 peratus dianggap ''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]''.<ref name="Q12021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |title=Infographics |publisher=Department of Statistics |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002053818/https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Raban bumiputera ke pemadu mayuh iya nya bansa [[Melayu]], ke ditukuka dalam konstitusyen nyadi orang [[Islam]] ke ngemeranka adat enggau budaya Melayu. Sida bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti dominan ba politik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|title=Malaysia's lingering ethnic divide|author=Brant, Robin|work=BBC News|date=4 March 2008|access-date=29 October 2013|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803200852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7121534.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Status Bumiputera mega diberi ngagai raban bansa asal ukai Melayu Sabah enggau Sarawak: ti nyengkaum bansa Dayak ([[Iban]], [[Bidayuh]], [[Orang Ulu]]), [[Kadazan-Dusun]], [[Melanau]], [[Bajau Samah|Bajau]] sereta ke bukai. Bumiputera ukai Melayu mungkur lebih setengah ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sarawak enggau lebih dua pertiga ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|title=2. Socio-Economic and National Context [People]|work=Malaysian-Danish Country Programme for Cooperation in Environment and Development (2002–2006)|publisher=Miljøstyrelsens Informationscenter|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040921231939/https://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2001/87-7944-557-8/html/kap02_eng.htm|archive-date=21 September 2004|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|title=Who are Malaysia's bumiputera?|last=Leong|first=Trinna|publisher=The Straits Times|date=3 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920055010/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/who-are-malaysias-bumiputera|archive-date=20 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Bisi mega raban bansa asal tauka orang asal ke jauh mimit agi ba semenanjung, ke alai sida begulai dikelala enggau nama [[Orang Asli]].<ref>{{Cite book|last = Gomes|first = Alberto G.|title = Modernity and Malaysia: settling the Menraq forest nomads|publisher = Taylor & Francis Group|date = 2007|page = 10|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|isbn = 978-0-203-96075-2|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC|url-status = live}}</ref> Undang-undang pasal sapa ke bulih status bumiputera bebida entara negeri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/11/4/nation/20091104194453&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107061431/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F11%2F4%2Fnation%2F20091104194453&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2009 |title=PM asked to clarify mixed-race bumiputra status |work=The Star |date=4 November 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 }}</ref> Pia mega bisi dua bengkah etnik setempat bukai ke ukai Bumiputera. 22.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh nya bansa [[Orang China Malaysia|China Malaysia]], lalu 6.8 peratus bansa [[Orang India Malaysia|India Malaysia]].<ref name="Q12021"/> Raban bansa China setempat ari suba udah lebih dominan dalam komuniti dagang. Orang India setempat tebal agi bebansa [[Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kuppusamy, Baradan |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324183428/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=24 March 2006 |title=Racism alive and well in Malaysia |work=Asia Times |date=24 March 2006 |access-date=27 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Barbara">{{Cite book|last = West|first = Barbara A.|title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Volume 1|publisher = Facts on File inc|date = 2009|page = 486|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|isbn = 978-0-8160-7109-8|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727121024/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|url-status = live}}</ref> Peranak menua Malaysia ukai automatik diberi ngagai sida ke ada di Malaysia, tang diberi ngagai anak mit ke ada ari dua iku apai indai peranak Malaysia di luar Malaysia. Dua peranak menua enda dikemendarka nitihka undang-undang menua tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,IRBC,,MYS,47d6546928,0.html |title=Malaysia: Citizenship laws, including methods by which a person may obtain citizenship; whether dual citizenship is recognized and if so, how it is acquired; process for renouncing citizenship and related documentation; grounds for revoking citizenship |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |date=16 November 2007 |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045542/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher%2CIRBC%2C%2CMYS%2C47d6546928%2C0.html |archive-date=24 November 2011 }}</ref> Peranak menua di nengeri Sabah enggau Sarawak di Kalimantan Malaysia bebida enggau peranak menua di Semenanjung Malaysia ungkup tuju imigresyen. Tetiap rayat dikeluarka kad pengelala chip pintar biometrik ti dikelala enggau nama [[MyKad|''MyKad'']] maya umur 12 taun, lalu mesti mai kad nya belama.<ref>{{Cite news|author=May, Leow Yong |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/8/30/nation/18649549&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105101826/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F8%2F30%2Fnation%2F18649549&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2009 |title=More than just a card |work=The Star |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=27 October 2010 }}</ref> Penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh ba Semenanjung Malaysia,<ref>{{Cite book|last = Hassan|first = Asan Ali Golam|title = Growth, structural change, and regional inequality in Malaysia|publisher = Ashgate Publishing|date = 2004|page = 12|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|isbn = 978-0-7546-4332-6|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 27 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC|url-status = live}}</ref> ke alai 20 juta ari urung 28 juta iku rayat Malaysia diau.<ref name="state.gov" /> 70 persin orang diau ba nengeri.<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> Berindik ari peniki industri ti begunaka pengereja pengawa,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |title=As Malaysia deports illegal workers, employers run short |work=The New York Times |date=13 July 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 |first=Soraya |last=Permatasari |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222193637/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html |url-status=live }}</ref> menua tu dipelabaka ngembuan lebih 3 juta iku pengereja pengawa migran; urung 10 peratus ari penyampau tubuh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kent |first=Jonathan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |title=Illegal workers leave Malaysia |work=BBC News |date=29 October 2004 |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Bala NGO ke bepalan ba Sabah melabaka ari 3 juta iku ke nyadi penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah, 2 juta iku nya PATI.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |title=Demographic implosion in Sabah? Really? |last=Quek |first=Kim |work=Malaysiakini |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515042623/http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691 |url-status=live }}</ref> Malaysia nyadi tuai rumah ngagai penyampau tubuh pelarian enggau orang ke minta suaka urung 171,500 iku. Ari penyampau tubuh tu, urung 79,000 iku ari Burma, 72,400 iku ari Filipina, lalu 17,700 iku ari Indonesia. Bala pemesai Malaysia diripotka udah nyerahka orang ti dibuai terus ngagai orang ti mai mensia enggau chara belalai dalam taun 2007, lalu Malaysia ngambi RELA, sebengkah raban militia sukarelawan ti ngembuan sejarah kontroversi, dikena neritka undang-undang imigresyen sida.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |title=World Refugee Survey 2009 |publisher=United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=17 June 2009 |access-date=10 June 2011 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224536/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4a40d2adc&skip=0&query=World%20Refugee%20Survey&coi=MYS |url-status=live }}</ref> === Pengarap === {{Main|Pengarap ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Malaysia religion by state 2020.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A Map of Malaysia showing religious statistics by state|Pengarap ti dominan di Malaysia nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2020:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Launching of report on the key findings population and housing census of Malaysia 2020 |date=14 February 2022 |publisher=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref>Gadung tuai: Majoriti Islam > 50%<br />Gadung muda: Pluraliti Islam < 50%<br />Biru: Majoriti Kristian > 50% ]] Konstitusyen meri pengelepas pengarap, seraya numbuhka Islam nyadi "agama Persekutuan".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Zawawi |last2=Mohd Rasid |first2=Imram |date=October 2019 |title=Country Profile Malaysia |url=http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |website=GREASE: Religion, Diversity and Radicalisation |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019065339/http://grease.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2019/10/Malaysia-Country-Profile.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="malaysianbar.org.my">{{Cite web|url=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|title=PRESS STATEMENT: Malaysia a secular state|author=Ambiga Sreenevasan|publisher=The Malaysian Bar|date=18 July 2007|access-date=6 September 2017|author-link=Ambiga Sreenevasan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228154440/http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_statement_malaysia_a_secular_state.html|archive-date=28 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nitihka angka Pengirau Penduduk enggau Pengawa Berumah 2020, etnik enggau pengarap bisi kaul ke tinggi. Kira-kira 63.5% ari penyampau tubuh ngemeranka pengarap [[Islam]], 18.7% ngemeranka pengarap [[Buddha]], 9.1% pengarap [[Kristian]], 6.1% pengarap [[Hindu]] enggau 1.3% ngemeranka pengarap [[Konfusianisme]], [[Taoisme]] enggau pengarap tradisional China ke bukai. 2.7% madahka nadai pengarap tauka ngemeranka pengarap bukai tauka nadai meri sebarang penerang.<ref name="Population2010" /> Negeri [[Sarawak]], [[Pulau Pinang]] enggau kandang menua perintah besai [[Kuala Lumpur]] ngembuan majoriti ukai Islam.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | title=Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal | access-date=26 June 2022 | archive-date=22 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | title=Malaysia Christians pray for peace, equality, freedom - UCA News | access-date=31 July 2022 | archive-date=31 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731164001/https://www.ucanews.com/amp/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islam Sunni]] ari mazhab [[Shafi'i]] nya pampang Islam ti dominan di Malaysia,<ref name="Peletz2002">{{Cite book|author=Peletz, Michael G. |title=Islamic Modern: Religious Courts and Cultural Politics in Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4TA4hjqjJ0C|date=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-09508-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=9 August 2012|access-date=4 September 2013|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|url-status=live}}</ref> lalu 18% orang Islam Malaysia nadai bemazhab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|url-status=live}}</ref> Konstitusyen Malaysia terit netapka nama utai ti ngasuh orang nyadi "Melayu", ngira Melayu sida ti bepengarap Islam, bejaku Melayu enggau tetap, ngemeranka adat Melayu, sereta diau tauka bisi aki ini ari Brunei, Malaysia enggau Singapura.<ref name="Marshall" /> Statistik ari Pengitung Penyampau Mensia 2010 nunjukka 83.6% ari penyampau tubuh China ngelala diri nyadi pengarap Buddha, enggau penyampau ke signifikan nitihka pengarap Taoisme (3.4%) enggau Kristian (11.1%), begulai enggau penyampau tubuh Islam ke mit ba kandang endur baka Pulau Pinang. Majoriti peranak India nitihka pengarap Hindu (86.2%), enggau minoriti ke signifikan ngelala diri nyadi orang Kristian (6.0%) tauka Islam (4.1%). Pengarap Kristian nyadi pengarap ke tebal agi ba komuniti bumiputera ukai Melayu (46.5%) enggau tambah 40.4% ngelala diri nyadi orang Islam.<ref name="Population2010" /> Orang Islam diwajibka nitihka pemutus Kort Syariah dalam pekara ti bekaul enggau pengarap sida. Bala akim Islam disadang nitihka sekula undang-undang Islam Shafi’i, iya nya mazhab besai Malaysia.<ref name="Peletz2002" /> Bidang kuasa kort Syariah semina diungkupka ngagai orang Islam dalam pekara baka tikah, pesaka, sarak, murtad, nukar pengarap, enggau hak ngibun anak enggau ke bukai. Nadai penyalah jenayah tauka sivil bukai di baruh kuasa kort Syariah, ti ngembuan hierarki ti sebaka enggau Kort Sivil. Kort Sivil enda mendingka pekara ti bekaul enggau pengawa Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahathir |first=Marina |url=http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222100655/http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2010 |title=Malaysia moving forward in matters of Islam and women by Marina Mahathir |publisher=Common Ground News Service |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=14 September 2010 }}</ref> === Jaku === {{Main|Jaku ba Malaysia}} [[Fail:Distribution of Malaysia Families Languages.png|thumb|Agih ruang bilik jaku Malaysia ti dipandangka ngena chura: {{Legend|#FF006E|[[Jaku-jaku Melayik|Melayik]]}} {{Legend|#FF984F|[[Jaku-jaku Borneo|Borneo]]}} {{Legend|#007F0E|[[Jaku-jaku Asli|Asli]]}} {{Legend|#00FF90|[[Jaku-jaku Dayak Darat|Dayak Darat]]}} {{Legend|#4CFF00|[[Jaku-jaku Sama–Bajaw|Sama–Bajaw]]}} {{Legend|#B200FF|[[Philippine languages|Philippine]]}} {{Legend|#FFD800|[[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese]]}} {{Legend|#A0A0A0|Kandang menua enggau mayuh iti jaku}}]] Jaku rasmi enggau bansa menua Malaysia iya nya [[jaku Melayu Malaysia]],<ref name="CIA Fact Book" /> siti tukuh standard [[jaku Melayu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |title=Malay, Standard |publisher=Ethnologue |date=2009 |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212712/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zsm |url-status=live }}</ref> Terminologi rasmi sebedau tu iya nya {{Lang|ms|Bahasa Malaysia}} (Jaku Malaysia)<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |title=Mahathir regrets govt focussing too much on Bahasa |work=Daily Express |location=Kota Kinabalu |date=2 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140712044336/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=86783 |archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |title=Bahasa Rasmi |publisher=Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit |access-date=19 April 2021 |language=ms |quote=Perkara 152 Perlembagaan Persekutuan menjelaskan bahawa bahasa Melayu yang dikenali juga sebagai bahasa Malaysia adalah bahasa rasmi yang tidak boleh dipertikai fungsi dan peranannya sebagai Bahasa Kebangsaan. |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123259/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30118?language=my |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |title=Malay Language Malay Identity |author=Encik Md. Asham bin Ahmad |publisher=Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123301/https://www.ikim.gov.my/new-wp/index.php/2007/08/08/malay-language-malay-identity/ |url-status=live }}</ref> tang diatu polisi perintah ngena {{Lang|ms|"Bahasa Melayu"}} (Jaku Melayu) deka nujuka jaku resmi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |title=Federal Constitution |publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324042906/http://www.jac.gov.my/jac/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> lalu kededua leka jaku nya mengkang dikena.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia |title=The history of Bahasa Melayu / Malaysia: The language of the Malay(sian) people |last=Fernandez |first=Kathleen |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115124803/https://www.expatgo.com/my/2016/06/01/-history-bahasa-melayu-malaysia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williamson |first1=Thomas |title=Incorporating a Malaysian Nation |journal=Cultural Anthropology |date=August 2002 |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=401 |doi=10.1525/can.2002.17.3.401 |url=https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115123258/https://courses.washington.edu/globfut/Project%20Readings/Williamson.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Akta Bahasa Kebangsaan 1967 netapka urup Latin (Rumi) nyadi tulis rasmi jaku bansa, tang nadai nagang ngena [[urup Jawi]].<ref name="National Language Act 1967">{{Cite act|title=National Language Act 1963/67|url=http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/GOVERNMENT%20PUBLICATION/Publication%20Laws%20of%20Malaysia%20(L.O.M)/National%20Language%20Act%201963-67%20%5BAct%2032%5D.pdf|type=Act|legislature=[[Dewan Rakyat]]|index=32|date=1967}}</ref> Jaku English mengkang nyadi jaku kedua ti aktif, enggau guna iya dikemendarka ungkup sekeda tuju rasmi ari baruh Akta Jaku Nasional 1967.<ref name="National Language Act 1967" /> Ba Sarawak, Jaku English nyadi jaku rasmi negeri begulai enggau jaku Melayu.<ref name="lang1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |title=Sarawak makes English official language along with BM |author=Sulok Tawie |newspaper=Malay Mail |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402114111/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="lang2">{{Cite news |url= http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |title=Sarawak to recognise English as official language besides Bahasa Malaysia |newspaper=Borneo Post |location= Kuching |date=18 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082141/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="lang3">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |title=Sarawak adopts English as official language |newspaper=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]] |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=19 November 2015 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223741/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ari segi sejarah, jaku English nyadi jaku perintah de facto; Jaku Melayu nyadi dominan pengudah penyarut bansa 1969 ([[insiden 13 Mei]]).<ref name="History">{{Cite book |last1= Andaya |first1= Barbara Watson |last2= Andaya |first2= Leonard Y.|title = A History of Malaysia |publisher = MacMillan |date = 1982|pages = 26–28, 61, 151–152, 242–243, 254–256, 274, 278 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC|isbn = 978-0-333-27672-3}}</ref> Jaku English tauka dikumbai [[Jaku Inggeris Malaysia|jaku English Malaysia]] iya nya siti tukuh jaku English ti datai ari [[Jaku Inggeris British|jaku English British]]. Jaku English Malaysia mayuh dikena dalam pengawa dagang, begulai enggau [[jaku Manglish]], iya nya jaku English ti dikena sehari-hari enggau pengaruh jaku Melayu, China, enggau Tamil ti berat. Perintah enda meransang ngena jaku Melayu ti enda standard tang nadai kuasa ngeluarka kompaun tauka ukum ngagai sida ti ngena utai ti dianggap enda menuku jaku Melayu ba iklan sida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimmer |first=Benjamin |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |title=Language Log: Malaysia cracks down on "salad language" |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |date=5 October 2006 |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620134708/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |title=Dewan Bahasa champions use of BM in ads |work=New Straits Times |location=Kuala Lumpur |date=14 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131024015500/http://www.nst.com.my/streets/central/dewan-bahasa-champions-use-of-bm-in-ads-1.375207 |archive-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mayuh jaku bukai dikena di Malaysia, ti ngundan orang ti bejaku 137 bansa jaku ti idup.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |url-status=live }}</ref> Semenanjung Malaysia ngundan orang ke bejaku ngena 41 iti jaku tu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia (Peninsular) |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Suku bansa asal Malaysia Timur bisi jaku kediri empu ti bekaul enggau, tang mudah dibida enggau, jaku Melayu. [[Jaku Iban]] nyadi batang jaku suku bansa di Sarawak seraya jaku Dusunik enggau Kadazan dikena orang asal di Sabah.<ref>{{Cite book|last1 = Adelaar|first1 = Alexander|last2 = Himmelmann|first2 = Nikolaus P.|title = The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar|publisher = Taylor and Francis Group|date = 2005|pages = 56, 397|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|isbn = 978-0-7007-1286-1|access-date = 2 June 2020|archive-date = 5 August 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200805193042/https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC|url-status = live}}</ref> Rayat Malaysia China tebal agi bejaku ngena dialek China ari bagi menua selatan China. Jaku China ke suah agi ditemu ba menua tu iya nya jaku Mandarin, Kanton, Hokkien, enggau ke bukai.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gerhard |first1=Leitner |last2=Azirah |first2=Hashim |last3=Hans-Georg |first3=Wolf |last4=Xiaomei |first4=W. |title=Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language |date=2016 |section=The Chinese language in the Asian diaspora: A Malaysian experience |section-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |isbn=978-1-107-06261-0 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=205–215 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781107477186.014 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204010907/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/communicating-with-asia/chinese-language-in-the-asian-diaspora-a-malaysian-experience/49346DD6BC03DB6394B681335BD11280 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaku Tamil tu tebal dikena majoriti bansa India Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schiffman|first=Harold F.|title=Malaysian Tamils and Tamil Linguistic Culture|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|date=31 December 1998|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|access-date=13 June 2022|archive-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825024104/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/messeas/maltamil/MALAYSIA.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sekeda rayat Malaysia ngembuan peturun Eropah lalu bejaku ngena jaku kreol, baka [[jaku Kristang]] ti bepelasarka jaku Portugis,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Malaysian Creole Portuguese: Asian, African or European? |date=1975 |jstor=30027570 |pages=211–236 |last1=Hancock |first1=I. F. |volume=17 |issue=5 |journal=Anthropological Linguistics}}</ref> enggau [[jaku Chavacano]] ti bepelasarka jaku Sepanyol.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Michaelis|first = Susanne|title = Roots of Creole structures|publisher = John Benjamins Publishing Co|date = 2008|page = 279|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC|isbn = 978-90-272-5255-5}}</ref> == Nota == <references group="fn" /> <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist|2}} == Laman web ke bukai == === Perintah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my Perintah] – Laman web rasmi perintah Malaysia * [https://www.istananegara.gov.my/ Istana Negara] – laman web rasmi raja Malaysia * [https://www.pmo.gov.my/ Menteri Besai] – laman web rasmi menteri besai Malaysia * [http://www.parlimen.gov.my Parlimen] – laman web rasmi Parlimen Malaysia * [https://kehakiman.gov.my Kort Federal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718131408/https://www.kehakiman.gov.my/ |date=18 July 2025 }} – laman web rasmi Ketuai Rejistrar Kort Federal Malaysia * [https://www.dosm.gov.my Statistik] – laman web rasmi Opis Statistik Malaysia === Sejarah === * [https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 "History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719045812/https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30120 |date=19 July 2023 }} – Sejarah Malaysia ba perintah Malaysia === Dagang temuai === * [https://www.malaysia.travel/ Malaysia Truly Asia] – portal rasmi pengawa dagang temuai Malaysia [[Kategori:Malaysia| ]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia]] [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Menua kaban Gerempung Menua Asia Tenggara]] lg7ep2leooyehl0v6bnsu0abxs04t5w 0 2127 20079 18236 2026-10-17T08:57:24Z Song GK 9 20079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tokyo | official_name = Tokyo Metropolis | native_name = {{Nihongo2|東京都}} | settlement_type = Indu menua enggau Metropolis <!-- images, nickname, motto -->| image_skyline = {{Multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | perrow = 1/3/2/2 | image1 = Skyscrapers of Shinjuku 2009 January.jpg | caption1 = [[Nishi-Shinjuku]] enggau [[Gunung Fuji]] | image2 = Tokyo Skytree at night (Iki) (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[Tokyo Skytree]] | image3 = Rainbow colored Rainbow Bridge at night.jpg | caption3 = [[Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)|Rainbow Bridge]] | image4 = TaroTokyo20110213-TokyoTower-01min.jpg | caption4 = [[Menara Tokyo]] | image5 = Tokyo Shibuya Scramble Crossing 2018-10-09.jpg | caption5 = [[Shibuya Crossing]] | image6 = Diet of Japan Kokkai 2009.jpg | caption6 = [[National Diet Building]] | image7 = Seimon Ishibashi.JPG | caption7 = [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]] | image8 = Tokyo-STA Marunouchi-Entrance 2023.jpg | caption8 = [[Stesyen Tokyo]] }} | image_size = | image_flag = Flag of Tokyo Prefecture.svg | flag_link = Symbols of Tokyo#As a flag | image_seal = PrefSymbol-Tokyo.svg | seal_size = | seal_link = Symbols of Tokyo#Metropolitan symbol | image_shield = | image_blank_emblem = Emblem of Tokyo Metropolis.svg | blank_emblem_type = Emblem | blank_emblem_size = 80px | anthem = {{Nihongo|"Tokyo Metropolitan Song"<br />|東京都歌|Tōkyō-to Ka}} <!-- maps and coordinates -->| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes|type=shape-inverse|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#333333|zoom=8|frame-lat=35.68|frame-long=139.41}} | map_caption = Interactive map outlining Tokyo | image_map1 = Tokyo in Japan.svg | mapsize1 = 300 | map_caption1 = Location within Japan | coordinates = {{Coord|35|41|23|N|139|41|32|E|type:adm1st_region:JP-13|display=it}} <!-- location -->| nicknames = ''The Big [[Mikan]],''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://japantoday.com/category/business/japan-opens-up-to-foreign-direct-investors|title=Japan opens up to foreign direct investors|date=February 12, 2018|publisher=|access-date=February 16, 2024|archive-date=February 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216030511/https://japantoday.com/category/business/japan-opens-up-to-foreign-direct-investors|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[New York City|New York]] of Eastern Asia'' | subdivision_type = Menua | subdivision_name = Jipun | subdivision_type1 = [[List of regions of Japan|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kandang menua Kantō|Kantō]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Rintai pulau ba Jipun|Pulau]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Honshu]] <!-- established -->| established_title = | established_date = <!-- seat, smaller parts --> | seat_type = [[List of capitals in Japan|Capital]] | seat = [[Special wards of Tokyo|Tokyo]] (de facto; de jure: [[Shinjuku]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.seisakukikaku.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/about/syozaichi |script-title=ja:東京都の県庁（都庁）所在地について ("On the seat of the prefectural government (Metropolitan government) of Tokyo Metropolis") |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government |access-date=May 11, 2024 |archive-date=February 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212173744/https://www.seisakukikaku.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/about/syozaichi |url-status=live }} The special ward of Shinjuku is the [[Prefectural capital|seat of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government]]. Tokyo as defined in this articles is a [[Prefectures of Japan|prefecture]], not a [[Municipalities of Japan|municipality]], Tokyo's special wards, cities, towns and villages are Tokyo's municipalities. As the informal prefectural capital of Tokyo, "Tokyo" means the 23 [[special wards of Tokyo]], i.e. former [[Tokyo City]], not Tokyo, the entire prefecture/"Metropolis" as defined in this article.</ref> | parts_type = Divisions | parts = [[Special wards of Tokyo|23 special wards]], [[List of cities in Tokyo Metropolis by population|26 cities]], [[Nishitama District, Tokyo|1 district]], and [[Subprefectures of Japan|4 subprefectures]] <!-- government type, leaders -->| governing_body = [[Tokyo Metropolitan Government]] | leader_title = [[Governor of Tokyo Metropolis|Governor]] | leader_name = [[Yuriko Koike]] ([[Independent politician|indp.]]) | leader_title1 = [[House of Representatives (Japan)|Representatives]] | leader_name1 = [[Tokyo's Diet electoral districts#House of Representatives|42]] | leader_title2 = [[House of Councillors (Japan)|Councilors]] | leader_name2 = [[Tokyo's Diet electoral districts#House of Councillors|11]] <!-- display settings -->| total_type = Total <!-- area -->| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reiwa 1 nationwide prefectures, cities and towns area statistics (October 1) |url=https://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO201910-index.html |publisher=[[Geospatial Information Authority of Japan]] |access-date=April 28, 2020 |language=ja |date=December 26, 2019 |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415123703/https://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO201910-index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 2194 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_metro_footnotes = | area_metro_km2 = 13452 | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_rank = [[Prefectures of Japan|45th in Japan]] <!-- elevation -->| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mountains of Tokyo Metropolis|url=https://www.gsi.go.jp/kihonjohochousa/kihonjohochousa41153.html |publisher=[[Geospatial Information Authority of Japan]] |access-date=April 28, 2020 |language=ja}}</ref> | elevation_max_m = 2017 | elevation_min_m = 0 <!-- population -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp">{{Cite web |url=https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm |title=東京都の人口（推計）とは |trans-title=Population of Tokyo(estimate) |url-status=live |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609120151/https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm |website=www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp |language=ja |access-date=September 10, 2024}}</ref> | population_as_of = 2024 | population_total = 14,187,176 | population_rank = [[List of cities in Japan|1st in Japan]] | population_density_km2 = 6363 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations | title=Major Agglomerations of the World | website=Population Statistics and Maps | date=February 28, 2023 | access-date=September 10, 2024 | archive-date=July 7, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707123157/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ | url-status=live }}</ref> | population_urban = 39,105,000 | population_metro = 41,000,000 | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_demonym = Tokyoite | population_note = <!-- GDP --> | demographics_type1 = GDP<ref>{{Cite web|title=県民経済計算（平成23年度 - 令和２年度）（2008SNA、平成27年基準計数）＜47都道府県、4政令指定都市分＞|url=https://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kenmin/files/contents/main_2020.html|website=esri.cao.go.jp|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=January 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123064405/https://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kenmin/files/contents/main_2020.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = Total | demographics1_info1 = [[JP¥]]109.692 trillion<br/>([[US$]]1.027 trillion) (2020) | demographics1_title2 = Metro | demographics1_info2 = JP¥222.129 trillion<br/>(US$2.084 trillion) (2020) <!-- time zone(s) -->| timezone = [[Japan Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +09:00 <!-- postal codes, area code -->| postal_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:JP|ISO 3166-2]] | postal_code = JP-13 | area_code = <!-- blank fields --> | blank_name_sec2 = Flower | blank_info_sec2 = [[Prunus × yedoensis|Yoshino cherry]] | blank1_name_sec2 = Tree | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Ginkgo biloba|Ginkgo]] | blank2_name_sec2 = Bird | blank2_info_sec2 = [[Black-headed gull]] | blank3_name_sec2 = | blank3_info_sec2 = <!-- website, footnotes --> | website = {{URL|www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/english/index.html|www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp}} | footnotes = | population_blank2_title = Dialects | population_blank2 = {{Hlist|[[Tokyo dialect|Tokyo]]|Tama|[[Northern Izu Archipelago dialects|Northern Izu Islands]]}} }} '''Tokyo''' ({{Langx|ja|東京}}, {{Transliteration|ja|Tōkyō}}), nama resmi iya '''Metropolis Tokyo''' ({{Langx|ja|東京都|label=none}}, {{Transliteration|ja|Tōkyō-to}}), nya indu menua Jipun enggau siti ari mengeri ke pemadu mayuh mensia di dunya, enggau penyampau tubuh lebih 14 juta peranak naka taun 2023 sereta indu nengeri kedua pemadu mayuh mensia di dunya.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations|title = Major Agglomerations of the World|website = Population Statistics and Maps|date = February 28, 2023|access-date = August 31, 2022|archive-date = July 7, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230707123157/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/|url-status = live}}</ref> Kandang Menua Tokyo Besai, ke nyengkaum Tokyo enggau sebagi ari enam prefektur ke besemak, nyadi kandang menua metropolitan ke pemadu mayuh mensia di dunya, enggau 41 juta iku peranak naka taun 2024. == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Indu menua ba Asia]] i6nd7oo9sxr8k43yesq2jtv8agfiitj 20080 20079 2026-10-17T08:58:39Z Song GK 9 20080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tokyo | official_name = Tokyo Metropolis | native_name = {{Nihongo2|東京都}} | settlement_type = Indu menua enggau Metropolis <!-- images, nickname, motto -->| image_skyline = {{Multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | perrow = 1/3/2/2 | image1 = Skyscrapers of Shinjuku 2009 January.jpg | caption1 = [[Nishi-Shinjuku]] enggau [[Gunung Fuji]] | image2 = Tokyo Skytree at night (Iki) (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[Tokyo Skytree]] | image3 = Rainbow colored Rainbow Bridge at night.jpg | caption3 = [[Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)|Rainbow Bridge]] | image4 = TaroTokyo20110213-TokyoTower-01min.jpg | caption4 = [[Menara Tokyo]] | image5 = Tokyo Shibuya Scramble Crossing 2018-10-09.jpg | caption5 = [[Shibuya Crossing]] | image6 = Diet of Japan Kokkai 2009.jpg | caption6 = [[National Diet Building]] | image7 = Seimon Ishibashi.JPG | caption7 = [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]] | image8 = Tokyo-STA Marunouchi-Entrance 2023.jpg | caption8 = [[Stesyen Tokyo]] }} | image_size = | image_flag = Flag of Tokyo Prefecture.svg | flag_link = Symbols of Tokyo#As a flag | image_seal = PrefSymbol-Tokyo.svg | seal_size = | seal_link = Symbols of Tokyo#Metropolitan symbol | image_shield = | image_blank_emblem = Emblem of Tokyo Metropolis.svg | blank_emblem_type = Emblem | blank_emblem_size = 80px | anthem = {{Nihongo|"Tokyo Metropolitan Song"<br />|東京都歌|Tōkyō-to Ka}} <!-- maps and coordinates -->| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes|type=shape-inverse|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#333333|zoom=8|frame-lat=35.68|frame-long=139.41}} | map_caption = Interactive map outlining Tokyo | image_map1 = Tokyo in Japan.svg | mapsize1 = 300 | map_caption1 = Location within Japan | coordinates = {{Coord|35|41|23|N|139|41|32|E|type:adm1st_region:JP-13|display=it}} <!-- location -->| nicknames = ''The Big [[Mikan]],''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://japantoday.com/category/business/japan-opens-up-to-foreign-direct-investors|title=Japan opens up to foreign direct investors|date=February 12, 2018|publisher=|access-date=February 16, 2024|archive-date=February 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216030511/https://japantoday.com/category/business/japan-opens-up-to-foreign-direct-investors|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[New York City|New York]] of Eastern Asia'' | subdivision_type = Menua | subdivision_name = Jipun | subdivision_type1 = [[Rintai kandang menua ba Jipun|Kandang menua]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kandang menua Kantō|Kantō]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Rintai pulau ba Jipun|Pulau]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Honshu]] <!-- established -->| established_title = | established_date = <!-- seat, smaller parts --> | seat_type = [[Rintai indu nengeri ba Jipun|Indu nengeri]] | seat = [[Wad spesyel ba Tokyo|Tokyo]] (de facto; de jure: [[Shinjuku]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.seisakukikaku.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/about/syozaichi |script-title=ja:東京都の県庁（都庁）所在地について ("On the seat of the prefectural government (Metropolitan government) of Tokyo Metropolis") |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government |access-date=May 11, 2024 |archive-date=February 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212173744/https://www.seisakukikaku.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/about/syozaichi |url-status=live }} The special ward of Shinjuku is the [[Prefectural capital|seat of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government]]. Tokyo as defined in this articles is a [[Prefectures of Japan|prefecture]], not a [[Municipalities of Japan|municipality]], Tokyo's special wards, cities, towns and villages are Tokyo's municipalities. As the informal prefectural capital of Tokyo, "Tokyo" means the 23 [[special wards of Tokyo]], i.e. former [[Tokyo City]], not Tokyo, the entire prefecture/"Metropolis" as defined in this article.</ref> | parts_type = Divisions | parts = [[Special wards of Tokyo|23 special wards]], [[List of cities in Tokyo Metropolis by population|26 cities]], [[Nishitama District, Tokyo|1 district]], and [[Subprefectures of Japan|4 subprefectures]] <!-- government type, leaders -->| governing_body = [[Tokyo Metropolitan Government]] | leader_title = [[Governor of Tokyo Metropolis|Governor]] | leader_name = [[Yuriko Koike]] ([[Independent politician|indp.]]) | leader_title1 = [[House of Representatives (Japan)|Representatives]] | leader_name1 = [[Tokyo's Diet electoral districts#House of Representatives|42]] | leader_title2 = [[House of Councillors (Japan)|Councilors]] | leader_name2 = [[Tokyo's Diet electoral districts#House of Councillors|11]] <!-- display settings -->| total_type = Total <!-- area -->| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reiwa 1 nationwide prefectures, cities and towns area statistics (October 1) |url=https://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO201910-index.html |publisher=[[Geospatial Information Authority of Japan]] |access-date=April 28, 2020 |language=ja |date=December 26, 2019 |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415123703/https://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO201910-index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 2194 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_metro_footnotes = | area_metro_km2 = 13452 | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_rank = [[Prefectures of Japan|45th in Japan]] <!-- elevation -->| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mountains of Tokyo Metropolis|url=https://www.gsi.go.jp/kihonjohochousa/kihonjohochousa41153.html |publisher=[[Geospatial Information Authority of Japan]] |access-date=April 28, 2020 |language=ja}}</ref> | elevation_max_m = 2017 | elevation_min_m = 0 <!-- population -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp">{{Cite web |url=https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm |title=東京都の人口（推計）とは |trans-title=Population of Tokyo(estimate) |url-status=live |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609120151/https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm |website=www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp |language=ja |access-date=September 10, 2024}}</ref> | population_as_of = 2024 | population_total = 14,187,176 | population_rank = [[List of cities in Japan|1st in Japan]] | population_density_km2 = 6363 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations | title=Major Agglomerations of the World | website=Population Statistics and Maps | date=February 28, 2023 | access-date=September 10, 2024 | archive-date=July 7, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707123157/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ | url-status=live }}</ref> | population_urban = 39,105,000 | population_metro = 41,000,000 | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_demonym = Tokyoite | population_note = <!-- GDP --> | demographics_type1 = GDP<ref>{{Cite web|title=県民経済計算（平成23年度 - 令和２年度）（2008SNA、平成27年基準計数）＜47都道府県、4政令指定都市分＞|url=https://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kenmin/files/contents/main_2020.html|website=esri.cao.go.jp|access-date=October 8, 2023|archive-date=January 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123064405/https://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kenmin/files/contents/main_2020.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = Total | demographics1_info1 = [[JP¥]]109.692 trillion<br/>([[US$]]1.027 trillion) (2020) | demographics1_title2 = Metro | demographics1_info2 = JP¥222.129 trillion<br/>(US$2.084 trillion) (2020) <!-- time zone(s) -->| timezone = [[Japan Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +09:00 <!-- postal codes, area code -->| postal_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:JP|ISO 3166-2]] | postal_code = JP-13 | area_code = <!-- blank fields --> | blank_name_sec2 = Flower | blank_info_sec2 = [[Prunus × yedoensis|Yoshino cherry]] | blank1_name_sec2 = Tree | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Ginkgo biloba|Ginkgo]] | blank2_name_sec2 = Bird | blank2_info_sec2 = [[Black-headed gull]] | blank3_name_sec2 = | blank3_info_sec2 = <!-- website, footnotes --> | website = {{URL|www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/english/index.html|www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp}} | footnotes = | population_blank2_title = Dialects | population_blank2 = {{Hlist|[[Tokyo dialect|Tokyo]]|Tama|[[Northern Izu Archipelago dialects|Northern Izu Islands]]}} }} '''Tokyo''' ({{Langx|ja|東京}}, {{Transliteration|ja|Tōkyō}}), nama resmi iya '''Metropolis Tokyo''' ({{Langx|ja|東京都|label=none}}, {{Transliteration|ja|Tōkyō-to}}), nya indu menua Jipun enggau siti ari mengeri ke pemadu mayuh mensia di dunya, enggau penyampau tubuh lebih 14 juta peranak naka taun 2023 sereta indu nengeri kedua pemadu mayuh mensia di dunya.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations|title = Major Agglomerations of the World|website = Population Statistics and Maps|date = February 28, 2023|access-date = August 31, 2022|archive-date = July 7, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230707123157/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/|url-status = live}}</ref> Kandang Menua Tokyo Besai, ke nyengkaum Tokyo enggau sebagi ari enam prefektur ke besemak, nyadi kandang menua metropolitan ke pemadu mayuh mensia di dunya, enggau 41 juta iku peranak naka taun 2024. == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Indu menua ba Asia]] eewq10gcr3j52w89vo4nichgzpcnjh4 0 5066 20082 20010 2026-10-17T10:04:55Z ~2026-55596-36 2950 20082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Zarif Ghazzi | image = Zarif ghazzi.jpg | caption = | native_name = | other_names = | birth_name = Zarif Farahi bin Effie Ghazzi | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|6|4}} | birth_place = [[Johor]], [[Malaysia]] | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = Pengelulu | years_active = 2023–diatu | known_for = [[Antara Dua Syurga]], [[Seribu Tahun (drama)|Seribu Tahun]] | height = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | mother = | father = Effie Ghazzi Taib | relatives = [[Noryati Taib]] (ibu) | family = }} '''Zarif Farahi bin Effie Ghazzi''' (ada 4 Jun 2004) tauka tebilang enggau nama '''Zarif Ghazzi''' iya nya siku pelakun lelaki [[Malaysia]]. Iya tebilang pengudah belakun dalam sekeda drama tebilang baka ''Antara Dua Syurga'' enggau ''Seribu Tahun''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iluminasi.com/bm/biodata-zarif-ghazzi-pelakon-drama-berepisod-antara-dua-syurga-tv3-berbahagi-suami-astro.html|title=Biodata Zarif Ghazzi|publisher=Iluminasi|access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref> == Pengidup tumu == Iya ada di [[Johor|Selangor]] lalu nyadi anak biak ba sida sebilik.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Iya anak buah pelakun veteran Noryati Taib (dikelala enggau nama “Makcik Petir”). Apai iya, Effie Ghazzi Taib, kala gawa nyadi tukang kamera ba kompeni Astro Awani.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Pengawa belakun == Zarif udah chakah dalam bidang belakun kenyau ari taun 2023 lalu dikelala pengudah ngelakunka sekeda drama popular. Sekeda ari drama ti ngasuh iya tebilang nyengkaum: * ''Isteri Halal'' (2023) – watak Zahir * ''Budak Hostel Otaknya Sewel'' (2023) – Watak Zubir * ''Persis Bona'' (2024-2025) – watak Juan * ''Berbahagi Suami'' (2024–2025) – watak Haris * ''Khunsa'' (2024) – watak Naem / Ahmad * ''Antara Dua Syurga'' (2025) – Watak Naim ba Slot Lestary [[TV3]]<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> * ''Seribu Taun'' (2025) – watak Dr. Fakhrul, siku psikologi kompleks<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> * ''Kudrat (2026) - watak Abbas'' == Pelajar == Zarif belajarka teater ba ASWARA, ke alai iya chakah ngaul diri dalam pengawa ngasilka teater.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Iya mega deka nampung pelajar diploma Administrasyen Dagang ba Universiti Bandaraya Malaysia berengkah bulan September 2025, separuh awak seraya neruska pengawa belakun.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Gaya diri empu == Zarif dikelala enggau personaliti iya ti mudah sereta gaya iya ti santai, suah ayan ngena baju T chelum enggau jeans. Iya mega rindu ke pelakun Alif Satar sereta idola iya ketegal personaliti enggau penau belakun iya ke nyulut.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> == Anugerah enggau chalun == {| class="wikitable" !Tahun !Anugerah !Kategori !Penerima/Karya tercalon !Keputusan |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |Anugerah Melodi Terhangat 2025 |Selebriti Newcomer Terhangat | rowspan="2" |Dirinya sendiri |{ |- |Anugerah Bintang Popular Berita Harian ke-37 |Artis Baharu Lelaki Popular |} == Filemografi == === Filem === {| class="wikitable" !Taun ! Tajuk ! Karakter ! Nota |- | 2025 ! ''Ragging: Melawan Bungkam'' | TBA | Pra-Pemansut |} === Drama === {| class="wikitable" !Taun ! Tajuk ! Karakter ! Chanel TV ! Nota |- | rowspan="2" | 2023 ! ''Isteri Halal'' | Zahir | rowspan="3" | Astro Ria | Drama keterubah |- ! ''Budak Hostel Otaknya Sewel'' | Zubir | |- | 2024 ! ''Khunsa'' | Naem/Ahmad | |- | 2024-2025 ! ''Berbahagi Suami'' | Harris | Astro Prima | |- | rowspan="4" | 2025 ! ''Antara Dua Syurga'' | Naim | [[TV3|TV3.]] | |- ! ''Seribu Tahun'' | Fakhrul | Astro Ria | |- ! ''Hilang dalam Rindu'' | Sarip | rowspan="3" | [[TV3|TV3.]] | |- ! ''Ai Crush You'' | Aiman | |- | TBA ! ''Rumah Menanti Cahaya'' | Daniyal | |- |} === Drama web === {| class="wikitable" !Taun ! Tajuk ! Karakter ! Aplikasyen ! Nota |- | 2024-2025 ! ''Persis Boneka'' | John | rowspan="3" | Viu | Drama web keterubah |- | rowspan="2" | 2025 ! ''Abang Imam Minah Skuter'' | Zarul | |- ! ''Satu, Dua... Dia?'' | Jay | |- |} === Telefilem === {| class="wikitable" !Taun ! Tajuk ! Karakter ! Saluran TV ! Nota |- | 2025 ! ''Mencari Tuhan Di Sebalik 555 Dosa'' | John | [[TV3|TV3.]] | Telefilem keterubah |- |} === Video Muzik === {| class="wikitable" !Taun ! Tajuk ! Penanyi ! Nota |- | 2025 | "Sesaat". | [[Aina Abdul]] | |} === Program TV === {| class="wikitable" !Taun ! Tajuk Program ! Chanel ! Pengawa |- | 2024 ! ''Call Me Handsome'' | Astro | Pesereta Tetap |- | 2025 ! ''Dapur Kencang'' | Astro | Temuai Diundang |- |} == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} == Laman web ke bukai == * {{Instagram|zarif_ghaz}} * Zarif Ghazzi di TikTok [[Kategori:Pengelulu laki Malaysia kurun ke-21]] [[Kategori:Orang Malaysia bepeturun Melayu]] [[Kategori:Orang idup]] [[Kategori:Pengada 2004]] mpgqhnmzyxto0fysj7xrfxzyk9xop7a 0 7021 20076 20063 2026-10-17T08:46:29Z Song GK 9 20076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kutak info genturung pendiau | name = Shinjuku | official_name = Shinjuku City<ref>[http://www.city.shinjuku.tokyo.jp/foreign/english/aramashi/gaiyou/gaiyou.html Shinjuku City] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209165233/http://www.city.shinjuku.tokyo.jp/foreign/english/aramashi/gaiyou/gaiyou.html |date=2008-02-09 }}</ref> | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ja|新宿区}}}} | settlement_type = [[Wad spesyel Tokyo|Wad spesyel]] <!-- images, nickname, motto -->| image_flag = Flag of Shinjuku, Tokyo.svg | flag_alt = | image_seal = Emblem of Shinjuku, Tokyo.svg | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_blank_emblem = | nickname = | motto = <!-- maps and coordinates --> | image_map = Shinjuku-ku in Tokyo Prefecture Ja.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Palan Shinjuku ba [[Tokyo]] | pushpin_map = Jipun | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | coordinates = {{Coord|35|42|5|N|139|42|35|E|region:JP-13_type:adm2nd|display=it}} | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location -->| subdivision_type = Menua | subdivision_name = [[Jipun]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Rintai kandang menua ba Jipun|Kandang menua]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kandang menua Kantō|Kantō]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Prefektur ba Jipun|Prefektur]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Tokyo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = <!-- established --> | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts --> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = Ketuai Mengeri | leader_name = [[Kenichi Yoshizumi]] | leader_title1 = Duta Dagang Temuai | leader_name1 = [[Godzilla]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Izadi |first1=Elahi |title=Terrifying monster named Tokyo's new tourism ambassador |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/04/09/terrifying-monster-named-tokyos-new-tourism-ambassador/?noredirect=on |access-date=15 September 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=9 April 2015}}</ref> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area -->| area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 18.23 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = <!-- elevation --> | elevation_m = <!-- population --> | elevation_footnotes = | population_total = 349385 | population_as_of = 1 Oktober 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/tnenkan/2020/tn20q3e002.htm|publisher=Tokyo Statistical Yearbook|language=en|accessdate=2022-07-15|title=Population by District}}</ref> | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, i.e. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_note = <!-- time zone(s) --> | timezone1 = [[Jam Standard Jipun]] | utc_offset1 = +9 <!-- postal codes, area code -->| postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | website = {{URL|http://www.city.shinjuku.lg.jp/}} | footnotes = }} <span style="font-weight: normal">{{Nihongo|'''Shinjuku'''|新宿区|Shinjuku-ku|{{IPA|ja|ɕiɲdʑɯkɯ|IPA|TomJ-Shinjuku.ogg}}|lead=yes}}</span>, tauka enggau rasmi dikumbai '''Nengeri Shinjuku''', nya sebengkah ari 23 wad spesyel ba [[Tokyo]]. Kenyau ari pengujung [[Perang Dunya Kedua]], Shinjuku udah nyadi palan sekunder besai Tokyo (''[[Taris Fukutoshin|fukutoshin]]''), besaing enggau palan mengeri asal di [[Marunouchi]]. Diatu, iya nyadi palan komersial enggau pentadbiran besai lalu endur setengah utara [[Stesyen Shinjuku]], stesyen kereta api ke pemadu kiruh di dunya, sereta mega [[Begunan Perintah Metropolitan Tokyo]], palan pentadbiran [[Perintah Metropolitan Tokyo]]. == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} == Laman web ke bukai == * [https://www.city.shinjuku.lg.jp/kusei/index02_101.html Demografi Shinjuku] {{In lang|ja}} * [http://tadaimajp.com/2018/02/shinjuku_historical_museum/ Muzium Sejarah Shinjuku: sebuah muzium ti ditusun enggau manah sereta bisi utai ti manah dipandangka pasal Tokyo ke udah] * [https://smokyo.com/shinjuku/ Mayuh agi pasal Shinjuku] . Archived . {{Authority control}} h1638w6lqniani73516u3b0jn709d4c 10 7022 20068 2026-10-16T16:34:09Z Jang Edgar 20 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{Image label begin|image=Malaysia states blank (color scheme).png|link=|width={{{width|600}}}|float={{{float|none}}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.035000000|y=0.08110000 |scale={{{width|600}}}|text=[[Perlis]]}} {{Image label|x=0.055500000|y=0.09990000 |scale={{{width|600}}}|text=[[Kedah]]}} {{Image label|x=0.015000000|y=0.14 |scale={{{width|600}}}|text=[[Pulau Pinang]]}} {{Image label|x=0.13 |y=0.12666667 |scale={{{width|600}}}|text=[...' 20068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image label begin|image=Malaysia states blank (color scheme).png|link=|width={{{width|600}}}|float={{{float|none}}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.035000000|y=0.08110000 |scale={{{width|600}}}|text=[[Perlis]]}} {{Image label|x=0.055500000|y=0.09990000 |scale={{{width|600}}}|text=[[Kedah]]}} {{Image label|x=0.015000000|y=0.14 |scale={{{width|600}}}|text=[[Pulau 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{{Image label|x=0.080 |y=0.06 |scale={{{width|600}}}|text=[[Thailand|<i style="color: #666;">Thailand</i>]]}} {{Image label end}} <noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Image label begin/doc}} [[Kategori:Templat kar belabel]] [[Kategori:Templat kar Malaysia]] </noinclude> s27jnzbpo1t5vuezib50sbec3km18s2 20072 20068 2026-10-16T16:38:13Z Jang Edgar 20 20072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image label begin|image=Malaysia states blank (color scheme).png|link=|width={{{width|600}}}|float={{{float|none}}}|font-size=85%}} {{Image label|x=0.035000000|y=0.08110000 |scale={{{width|600}}}|text=[[Perlis]]}} {{Image label|x=0.055500000|y=0.09990000 |scale={{{width|600}}}|text=[[Kedah]]}} {{Image label|x=0.015000000|y=0.14 |scale={{{width|600}}}|text=[[Pulau Pinang]]}} {{Image label|x=0.13 |y=0.12666667 |scale={{{width|600}}}|text=[[Kelantan]]}} {{Image label|x=0.17833333 |y=0.14833333 |scale={{{width|600}}}|text=[[Terengganu]]}} {{Image label|x=0.100000000|y=0.16000000 |scale={{{width|600}}}|text=[[Perak]]}} 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eaz40spuxl6j9pxgr0qifvh84ubc3ea 10 7023 20069 2026-10-16T16:34:45Z Jang Edgar 20 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '<includeonly><div style="position:absolute; {{#if:{{{text-align|}}}|text-align:{{{text-align}}};}} {{#if:{{{font-size|}}}|font-size:{{{font-size}}};}} {{#if:{{{font-stretch|}}}|font-stretch:{{{font-stretch}}};}} {{#if:{{{background|}}}|background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); padding: 0 2px;}} left:{{#expr:{{{x|0}}}*{{#if:{{{s...' 20069 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><div style="position:absolute; {{#if:{{{text-align|}}}|text-align:{{{text-align}}};}} {{#if:{{{font-size|}}}|font-size:{{{font-size}}};}} {{#if:{{{font-stretch|}}}|font-stretch:{{{font-stretch}}};}} {{#if:{{{background|}}}|background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); padding: 0 2px;}} left:{{#expr:{{{x|0}}}*{{#if:{{{scale|}}}|{{{scale}}}|400}}-6}}px; top:{{#expr:{{{y|0}}}*{{#if:{{{scale|}}}|{{{scale}}}|400}}-8}}px">{{#ifexpr:({{{x|0}}}*{{#if:{{{scale|}}}|{{{scale}}}|400}}-6)>800|[[Category:Pages using 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flag alias = Flag of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} }} arbgdroa1iqawi7lefhe8irrobstcjj 0 7027 20075 2026-10-17T07:44:41Z Song GK 9 Melencong ke [[Hari Nasional Malaysia]] 20075 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Hari Nasional Malaysia]] bhj4096d81mv3nr4t7flqpqp9m4748s 0 7028 20077 2026-10-17T08:53:46Z Song GK 9 Digaga enggau chara nyalin lambar " [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379176611|Kantō region]] " 20077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kutak info genturung pendiau | name = Kandang menua Kantō | official_name = | native_name = 関東地方 | native_name_lang = ja | settlement_type = [[Rintai kandang menua ba Jipun|Kandang menua]] | map_alt = = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Menua | subdivision_name = [[Jipun]] | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 32,423.9 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_m = | elevation_footnotes = | population_total = 43,509,179 | population_as_of = 1 Oktober 2025 | population_footnotes = <ref name="population_census_2025">{{Cite web |title=Population Census 2025 Population Census Preliminary Tabulation Preliminary Counts of the Population and Households1-1 Population by Sex - Japan, Prefectures, Municipalities {{!}} View Statistical Table/Graph |url=https://www.e-stat.go.jp/en/dbview?sid=0004050397 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Portal Site of Official Statistics of Japan |language=en}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_demonym = | population_note = | demographics_type1 = GDP (2022) | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="esri.cao.go.jp">{{cite web |script-title=ja:県民経済計算（平成23年度 - 令和２年度）（2008SNA、平成27年基準計数）＜47都道府県、4政令指定都市分＞ |url=https://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kenmin/files/contents/main_2020.html}}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = Total | timezone1 = [[Jam Standard Jipun|JST]] | utc_offset1 = +09:00 | footnotes = | demographics1_info1 = [[Yen Jipun|JP￥]]248.036 trilion<br />[[AS$]]1.832 trilion }} [[File:Geofeatures_map_of_Kanto_Japan_ja.svg|thumb| Peta fitur geografi Kantō]] {{nihongo|'''Kandang menua Kantō'''|関東地方|Kantō Chihō}} iya nya kandang menua [[geografi]] ba pulau [[Honshu]], pulau pemadu besai di [[Jipun]].<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric.</ref> Iya suah ditukuka nyadi pelilih menua ti nyengkaum [[Kandang Menua Tokyo Besai]] enggau tujuh bengkah [[Prefektur ba Jipun|prefektur]]: [[Prefektur Chiba|Chiba]], [[Prefektur Gunma|Gunma]], [[Prefektur Ibaraki|Ibaraki]], [[Prefektur Kanagawa|Kanagawa]], [[Prefektur Saitama|Saitama]], [[Prefektur Tochigi|Tochigi]], enggau [[Tokyo]]. [[Emperan Kantō]] bisi lebih mimit ari 45 peratus ari pemesai tanah iya. Lalu ke bukai nya bukit enggau gunung ti nyadika garis entara menua enggau [[Kandang menua ba Jipun|kandang menua bukai di Jepun]]. Ketegal kandang menua Kantō ngundan Tokyo, indu nengeri enggau mengeri pemadu besai Jipun, pelilih menua tu dianggap nyadi palan politik enggau ekonomi Jipun. Nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh rasmi kena 1 Oktober 2025, ari [[Biro Statistik Jipun]], penyampau tubuh iya nya 43,509,179 iku, lalu penyampau nya lebih ari satu pertiga ari semua penyampau tubuh Jipun. == Rujukan == {{Reflist|35em}} == Bibliografi == {{refbegin}} * {{Citation|last=早川|first=和見|script-title=ja:古河藩|series={{lang|ja|シリーズ藩物語}}|publisher={{lang|ja|現代書館}}|date=2011|isbn=978-4-7684-7124-1}} * {{Citation|last1=Abe|first1=Takeshi|last2=Nishimura|first2=Keiko|lang=ja|script-title=ja:戦国人名事典|trans-title=Biographical Dictionary of Sengoku-Period Figures|edition=Compact|publisher=Shin-Jinbutsu-Oraisha|date=1990|isbn=4-404-01752-9}} * {{cite book |last=Nakamura |first=Akira |date=2010 |publisher=Natsume Company |isbn=-978-4816332661 |language=ja |script-title=ja:図解雑学 徳川家康 (図解雑学シーリーズ)}} * Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128 OCLC 58053128] * {{Country study|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+jp0055)|article=Kanto}} {{refend}} == Laman web ke bukai == * {{Commons category-inline|Kantō region}} {{Authority control}} 3prfzntcstpqyplhe4c2at534bkoioy 20078 20077 2026-10-17T08:56:24Z Song GK 9 20078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kutak info genturung pendiau | name = Kandang menua Kantō | official_name = | native_name = 関東地方 | native_name_lang = ja | settlement_type = [[Rintai kandang menua ba Jipun|Kandang menua]] | image_skyline = Kanto Region in Japan.svg | image_size = 270px | image_caption = Kandang menua Kantō di Jipun | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Menua | subdivision_name = [[Jipun]] | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 32,423.9 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_m = | elevation_footnotes = | population_total = 43,509,179 | population_as_of = 1 Oktober 2025 | population_footnotes = <ref name="population_census_2025">{{Cite web |title=Population Census 2025 Population Census Preliminary Tabulation Preliminary Counts of the Population and Households1-1 Population by Sex - Japan, Prefectures, Municipalities {{!}} View Statistical Table/Graph |url=https://www.e-stat.go.jp/en/dbview?sid=0004050397 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Portal Site of Official Statistics of Japan |language=en}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_demonym = | population_note = | demographics_type1 = GDP (2022) | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="esri.cao.go.jp">{{cite web |script-title=ja:県民経済計算（平成23年度 - 令和２年度）（2008SNA、平成27年基準計数）＜47都道府県、4政令指定都市分＞ |url=https://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kenmin/files/contents/main_2020.html}}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = Total | timezone1 = [[Jam Standard Jipun|JST]] | utc_offset1 = +09:00 | footnotes = | demographics1_info1 = [[Yen Jipun|JP￥]]248.036 trilion<br />[[AS$]]1.832 trilion }} [[File:Geofeatures_map_of_Kanto_Japan_ja.svg|thumb| Kar penteba geografi Kantō]] {{nihongo|'''Kandang menua Kantō'''|関東地方|Kantō Chihō}} iya nya kandang menua [[geografi]] ba pulau [[Honshu]], pulau pemadu besai di [[Jipun]].<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric.</ref> Iya suah ditukuka nyadi pelilih menua ti nyengkaum [[Kandang Menua Tokyo Besai]] enggau tujuh bengkah [[Prefektur ba Jipun|prefektur]]: [[Prefektur Chiba|Chiba]], [[Prefektur Gunma|Gunma]], [[Prefektur Ibaraki|Ibaraki]], [[Prefektur Kanagawa|Kanagawa]], [[Prefektur Saitama|Saitama]], [[Prefektur Tochigi|Tochigi]], enggau [[Tokyo]]. [[Emperan Kantō]] bisi lebih mimit ari 45 peratus ari pemesai tanah iya. Lalu ke bukai nya bukit enggau gunung ti nyadika garis entara menua enggau [[Kandang menua ba Jipun|kandang menua bukai di Jepun]]. Ketegal kandang menua Kantō ngundan Tokyo, indu nengeri enggau mengeri pemadu besai Jipun, pelilih menua tu dianggap nyadi palan politik enggau ekonomi Jipun. Nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh rasmi kena 1 Oktober 2025, ari [[Biro Statistik Jipun]], penyampau tubuh iya nya 43,509,179 iku, lalu penyampau nya lebih ari satu pertiga ari semua penyampau tubuh Jipun. == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist|35em}} == Bibliografi == {{refbegin}} * {{Citation|last=早川|first=和見|script-title=ja:古河藩|series={{lang|ja|シリーズ藩物語}}|publisher={{lang|ja|現代書館}}|date=2011|isbn=978-4-7684-7124-1}} * {{Citation|last1=Abe|first1=Takeshi|last2=Nishimura|first2=Keiko|lang=ja|script-title=ja:戦国人名事典|trans-title=Biographical Dictionary of Sengoku-Period Figures|edition=Compact|publisher=Shin-Jinbutsu-Oraisha|date=1990|isbn=4-404-01752-9}} * {{cite book |last=Nakamura |first=Akira |date=2010 |publisher=Natsume Company |isbn=-978-4816332661 |language=ja |script-title=ja:図解雑学 徳川家康 (図解雑学シーリーズ)}} * Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128 OCLC 58053128] * {{Country study|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+jp0055)|article=Kanto}} {{refend}} == Laman web ke bukai == * {{Commons category-inline|Kantō region}} {{Authority control}} 48ilzcqat0x2q8k1wwxf0jxy6sfojfa 0 7029 20081 2026-10-17T09:10:14Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{Infobox settlement |name = Kobe |native_name = {{nobold|神戸市}} |native_name_lang = ja |official_name = Kobe City |type = [[List of capitals in Japan|Prefecture capital]] and [[Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan|Designated city]] |image_skyline = {{multiple image |border = infobox |total_width...' 20081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Kobe |native_name = {{nobold|神戸市}} |native_name_lang = ja |official_name = Kobe City |type = [[List of capitals in Japan|Prefecture capital]] and [[Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan|Designated city]] |image_skyline = {{multiple image |border = infobox |total_width = 280 |image_style = border:1; |perrow = 1/2/3/2 |image1 = 20190901 Kobe harbor-1.jpg |caption1 = [[Kobe Port Tower]] and [[Kobe Maritime Museum]] in [[Meriken Park]] |image2 = The old settlement hall of no15 01 1920.jpg |caption2 = [[:ja:旧居留地十五番館|Old 15th Hall]] of the [[Kobe foreign settlement|foreign settlement]] |image3 = 20260429 Akashi-Kaikyo Brücke 03, Hyōgo, Japan anagoria.jpg |caption3 = [[Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge]] |image4 = Chang'an gate (Nankinmachi, Kobe).jpg |caption4 = [[Chinatown]] in [[Nankin-machi]] |image5 = Ikuta Shrine, Kobe.jpg |caption5 = [[Ikuta Shrine]] |image6 = Hyogo prefectural museum of art08s3200.jpg |caption6 = [[Hyōgo Prefectural Museum of Art|Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Art]] |image7 = Kobe City Thomas House.jpg |caption7 = [[:ja:神戸市風見鶏の館|Kobe Weathervane House]] of [[Kitano-chō|Kitano-cho]] |image8 = Sannomiya Station (JR West).jpg |caption8 = [[Sannomiya]] }} |image_flag = Flag of Kobe.svg |flag_alt = |image_seal = Emblem of Kobe, Hyogo.svg |nickname = |motto = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> |image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|type=shape-inverse|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#333333|zoom=9}} |map_caption = Interactive map outlining Kobe |image_map1 = Kobe in Hyogo Prefecture Ja.svg |map_alt1 = |map_caption1 = {{color box|#ad4ce6}} Location of Kobe in [[Hyōgo Prefecture]] |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_base_alt = |dot_map_alt = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Jipun |pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_alt = |pushpin_caption = |pushpin_relief = |coordinates = {{Coord|34|41|24|N|135|11|44|E|type:city(1545410)_region:JP-28|display=it}} |coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> |coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Menua |subdivision_name = Jipun |subdivision_type1 = [[Kandang menua ba Japan|Region]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Kandang menua Kansai|Kansai]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Prefektur ba Jipun|Prefektur]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Prefektur Hyōgo]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = <!-- established ---------------> |established_title = First official record |established_date = 201 AD |established_title2 = City Status |established_date2 = April 1, 1889 |founder = |named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> |seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> |seat = <!-- government type, leaders --> |government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> |leader_party = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = [[Kizō Hisamoto]] |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --> <!-- display settings ---------> |total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> |area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> |area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> |area_total_km2 = 557.02 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> |elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- population ----------------> |population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> |population_total = 1,522,188 ([[List of Japanese cities by population|7th]]) |population_as_of = June 1, 2021 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_est = |pop_est_as_of = |population_demonym = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> |population_note = |population_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=UEA Code Tables |url=http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/UEA/uea_code_e.htm |publisher=Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo |access-date=January 26, 2019 |archive-date=January 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109011635/http://www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/UEA/uea_code_e.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> (2015) |population_metro = 2419973 ([[List of metropolitan areas in Japan by population|6th]]) <!-- time zone(s) --------------> |utc_offset1 = +9 <!-- postal codes, area code ---> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> |area_code = <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> <!-- website, footnotes --------> |website = [https://www.city.kobe.lg.jp/foreignlanguage/index.html City of Kobe] |footnotes = |module = {{Infobox region symbols| embedded=yes |tree = ''[[Camellia sasanqua]]'' |flower = [[Hydrangea]] |bird = |flowering_tree = |butterfly = |fish = |other_symbols = }} }} {{Infobox Chinese | pic = Kobe (Chinese characters).svg | piccap = "Kobe" in new-style (''[[shinjitai]]'') ''[[kanji]]'' | picupright = 0.425 | shinjitai = 神戸 | kyujitai = 神戶 | romaji = Kōbe }} '''Kobe''' ({{langx|ja|神戸|Kōbe}}, {{IPA|ja|koꜜː.be|pron|TomJ-Kobe.ogg}}), nama rasmi {{Nihongo|'''Nengeri Kobe'''|神戸市|Kōbe-shi|{{IPA|ja|koː.beꜜ.ɕi|}}}}, nya indu nengeri [[Prefektur Hyōgo]], Jipun. Enggau penyampau tubuh sepemayuh 1.5 juta, Kobe nya nengeri ketujuh pemadu besai ba menua Jipun sereta nengeri palan penyangkai kapal ketiga pengudah [[Palan Penyangkal Tokyo|Tokyo]] sereta [[Palan Penyangkal Yokohama|Yokohama]]. Nengeri tu bepalan ba [[kandang menua Kansai]], ti bepalan ba piak selatan pulau [[Honshu|Honshū]], ba pantai utara [[Teluk Osaka]]. Nengeri tu nyadi bagi ari kandang menua metropolitan [[Keihanshin]] beserimbai enggau [[Osaka]] sereta [[Kyoto]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2016/04/13/kobe48.html|title=Kobe|author=Gabriele Zanatta|newspaper=[[la Repubblica]]|date=April 13, 2016|page=48|language=it}}</ref> Pusat nengeri Kobe bepalan urung {{convert|35|km|0|abbr=on}} barat Osaka sereta {{convert|70|km|0|abbr=on}} barat daya Kyoto. ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} cnpbrelxcjxgita8ikahl00q79unf69