Ojiarụ:PK2

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  <page>
    <title>Ojiarụ:PK2</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>3668</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638631</id>
      <parentid>540221</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T04:34:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PK2</username>
        <id>1328</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>add user pages for new Wikipedia editions</comment>
      <origin>638631</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35942" sha1="dud3tixug1qffje4pl8q76cccmmhg8l" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%&quot;
|-
| [[User:PK2/sandbox|This]] is where my sandbox pages in different languages are
|}

;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; font-size:85%&quot;&gt;My user pages in different languages by language code&lt;/div&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ A
|-
| [[:ab:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ab&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ace:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Acehnese language|Acehnese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ace&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ady:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Adyghe language|Adyghe]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ady&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:af:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Afrikaans|Afrikaans]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;af&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:als:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Alemannic German|Alemannic German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;als&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:alt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;alt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:am:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;am&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ami:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Amis language|Amis]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ami&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:an:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aragonese language|Aragonese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;an&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ang:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Old English|Old English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ang&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:ann:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Obolo language|Obolo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ann&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:anp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Angika|Angika]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;anp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ar:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ar&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:arc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aramaic|Aramaic]] ([[:en:Syriac language|Syriac]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;arc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ary:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan Arabic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ary&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:arz:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian Arabic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;arz&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:as:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Assamese language|Assamese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;as&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ast:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Asturleonese language|Asturleonese]] ([[:en:Asturian language|Asturian]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ast&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:atj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Atikamekw language|Atikamekw]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;atj&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:av:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Avar language|Avar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;av&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:avk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kotava|Kotava]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;avk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:awa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Awadhi language|Awadhi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;awa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ay:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aymara language|Aymara]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ay&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:az:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;az&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:azb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language#South Azerbaijani|South Azerbaijani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;azb&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ B
|-
| [[:ba:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bashkir language|Bashkir]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ba&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ban:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Balinese language|Balinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ban&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bar:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bavarian language|Bavarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bar&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bat-smg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Samogitian language|Samogitian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bat-smg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bbc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Toba Batak language|Toba Batak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bbc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bcl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Central Bikol|Central Bikol]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bcl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bdr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sama–Bajaw languages|West Coast Bajau]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bdr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:be:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;be&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:be-tarask:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]] ([[:en:Taraškievica|Taraškievica]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;be-tarask&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bew:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Betawi language|Betawi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bew&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:bg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bihari languages|Bihari]] ([[:en:Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bislama|Bislama]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bjn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Banjarese language|Banjarese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bjn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:blk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pa'O language|Pa'O]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;blk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bambara language|Bambara]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bengali language|Bengali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Central Tibetan|Central Tibetan]] ([[:en:Lhasa Tibetan|Lhasa Tibetan]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bpy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bishnupriya Manipuri|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bpy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:br:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Breton language|Breton]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;br&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:bs:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bosnian language|Bosnian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bs&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:btm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mandailing Batak language|Mandailing Batak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;btm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bug:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Buginese language|Buginese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bug&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bxr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Buryat language|Buryat]] (Russia Buriat)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bxr&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ C
|-
| [[:ca:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Catalan language|Catalan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ca&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cbk-zam:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chavacano|Chavacano]] (Zamboanga)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cbk-zam&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cdo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Eastern Min|Eastern Min]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cdo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ce:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chechen language|Chechen]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ce&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ceb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cebuano language|Cebuano]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ceb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ch:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chamorro language|Chamorro]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ch&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:chr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cherokee language|Cherokee]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;chr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:chy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cheyenne language|Cheyenne]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;chy&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:ckb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Sorani|Sorani]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ckb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:co:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Corsican language|Corsican]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;co&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:crh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;crh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cs:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Czech language|Czech]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cs&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:csb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kashubian language|Kashubian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;csb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chuvash language|Chuvash]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Welsh language|Welsh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cy&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ D
|-
| [[:da:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Danish language|Danish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;da&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dag:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dagbani language|Dagbani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dag&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:de:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:German language|German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;de&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dga:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dagaare language|Dagaare]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dga&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:din:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dinka language|Dinka]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;din&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:diq:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zaza language|Zaza]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;diq&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dsb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dsb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dtp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dusun language|Dusun]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dtp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dty:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Doteli|Doteli]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dty&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Maldivian language|Maldivian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dz:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dzongkha|Dzongkha]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dz&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ E
|-
| [[:ee:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ewe language|Ewe]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ee&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:el:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Greek language|Greek]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;el&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:eml:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Emilian–Romagnol|Emilian–Romagnol]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;eml&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:en:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;en&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:eo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Esperanto|Esperanto]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;eo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:es:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Spanish language|Spanish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;es&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:et:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;et&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:eu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Basque language|Basque]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;eu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ext:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ext&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ F
|-
| [[:fa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Persian language|Persian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fat:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] ([[:en:Fante dialect|Fante]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fat&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ff:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fula language|Fula]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ff&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fiu-vro:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fiu-vro&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fijian language|Fijian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fj&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Faroese language|Faroese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fon:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fon language|Fon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fon&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:French language|French]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:frp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Franco-Provençal|Franco-Provençal]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;frp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:frr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:North Frisian language|North Frisian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;frr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fur:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Friulian language|Friulian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fur&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:West Frisian language|West Frisian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fy&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ G
|-
| [[:ga:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Irish language|Irish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ga&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gag:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gagauz language|Gagauz]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gag&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gan:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gan Chinese|Gan Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gan&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gcr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:French Guianese Creole|French Guianese Creole]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gcr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Scottish Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Galician language|Galician]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:glk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gilaki language|Gilaki]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;glk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Guarani language|Guarani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gom:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Konkani language|Konkani]] (Goan Konkani)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gom&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:gor:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gor&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:got:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gothic language|Gothic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;got&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gpe:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ghanaian Pidgin English|Ghanaian Pidgin English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gpe&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gujarati language|Gujarati]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:guc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Wayuu language|Wayuu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;guc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gur:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Farefare language|Farefare]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gur&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:guw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gun language|Gun]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;guw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Manx language|Manx]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ H
|-
| [[:ha:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hausa language|Hausa]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ha&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hak:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hakka Chinese|Hakka Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hak&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:haw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;haw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:he:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;he&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hindi|Hindi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hif:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fiji Hindi|Fiji Hindi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hif&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Croatian language|Croatian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hsb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hsb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ht:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Haitian Creole|Haitian Creole]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ht&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Armenian language|Armenian]] ([[:en:Eastern Armenian|Eastern Armenian]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hyw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Western Armenian|Western Armenian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hyw&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ I
|-
| [[:ia:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Interlingua|Interlingua]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ia&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:iba:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Iban language|Iban]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;iba&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:id:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Indonesian language|Indonesian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ie:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Interlingue|Interlingue]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ie&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ig:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Igbo language|Igbo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ig&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:igl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Igala language|Igala]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;igl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ik:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Iñupiaq language|Iñupiaq]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ik&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ilo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ilocano language|Ilocano]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ilo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:inh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ingush language|Ingush]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;inh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:io:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ido|Ido]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;io&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:is:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;is&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:it:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Italian language|Italian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;it&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:iu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Inuktitut|Inuktitut]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;iu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ J
|-
| [[:ja:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Japanese language|Japanese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ja&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:jam:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Jamaican Patois|Jamaican Patois]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;jam&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:jbo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lojban|Lojban]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;jbo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:jv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;jv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ K
|-
| [[:ka:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Georgian language|Georgian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ka&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kaa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kaa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kab:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kabyle language|Kabyle]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kab&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kai:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Karai-karai|Karai-karai]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kai&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kaj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Jju language|Jju]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kaj&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kbd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kabardian language|Kabardian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kbd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kbp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kabiye language|Kabiye]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kbp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kcg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tyap|Tyap]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kcg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kongo language|Kongo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kge:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Komering language|Komering]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kge&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ki:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kikuyu language|Kikuyu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ki&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kazakh language|Kazakh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:km:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Khmer language|Khmer]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;km&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:kn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kannada|Kannada]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:knc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Central Kanuri|Central Kanuri]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;knc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ko:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Korean language|Korean]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ko&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:koi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;koi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:krc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Karachay-Balkar|Karachay-Balkar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;krc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ks:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ks&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ksh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ksh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ku:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Kurmanji|Kurmanji]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ku&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kus:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kusaal language|Kusaal]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kus&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cornish language|Cornish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ky:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ky&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ L
|-
| [[:la:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Latin|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;la&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lad:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Judaeo-Spanish|Judaeo-Spanish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lad&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Luxembourgish|Luxembourgish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lbe:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lak language|Lak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lbe&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lez:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lezgian language|Lezgian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lez&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lfn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lingua Franca Nova|Lingua Franca Nova]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lfn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Luganda|Luganda]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:li:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Limburgish|Limburgish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;li&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:lij:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ligurian language|Ligurian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lij&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lld:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ladin language|Ladin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lld&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lmo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lombard language|Lombard]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lmo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ln:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lingala|Lingala]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ln&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lao language|Lao]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ltg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Latgalian language|Latgalian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ltg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Latvian language|Latvian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ M
|-
| [[:mad:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Madurese language|Madurese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mad&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mai:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Maithili language|Maithili]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mai&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:map-bms:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]] ([[:en:Banyumasan dialect|Banyumasan]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;map-bms&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mdf:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Moksha language|Moksha]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mdf&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Malagasy language|Malagasy]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mhr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Meadow Mari language|Meadow Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mhr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Māori language|Māori]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:min:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;min&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Macedonian language|Macedonian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ml:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Malayalam|Malayalam]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ml&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mongolian language|Mongolian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mn&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:mni:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Meitei language|Meitei]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mni&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mnw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mon language|Mon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mnw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:m:mos:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mooré|Mooré]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Marathi language|Marathi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mrj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hill Mari language|Hill Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mrj&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ms:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Malay language|Malay]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ms&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Maltese language|Maltese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mwl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mirandese language|Mirandese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mwl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:my:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Burmese language|Burmese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;my&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:myv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;myv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mzn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mzn&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ N
|-
| [[:nah:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nahuatl|Nahuatl]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nah&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nap:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nap&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nds:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Low German|Low German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nds&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nds-nl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dutch Low Saxon|Dutch Low Saxon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nds-nl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ne:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nepali language|Nepali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ne&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:new:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Newar language|Newar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;new&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nia:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nias language|Nias]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nia&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dutch language|Dutch]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Nynorsk|Nynorsk]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nn&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:no:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Bokmål|Bokmål]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;no&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nov:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Novial|Novial]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nov&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nqo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:N'Ko language|N'Ko]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nqo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nrm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Norman language|Norman]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nrm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nso:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Northern Sotho|Northern Sotho]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nso&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nup:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nupe language|Nupe]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nup&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Navajo language|Navajo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ny:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chewa language|Chewa]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ny&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ O
|-
| [[:oc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Occitan language|Occitan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;oc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:olo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Livvi-Karelian language|Livvi-Karelian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;olo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:om:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Oromo language|Oromo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;om&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:or:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Odia language|Odia]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;or&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:os:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ossetian language|Ossetian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;os&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ P
|-
| [[:pa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pag:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pag&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pam:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pam&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pap:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Papiamento|Papiamento]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pap&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pcd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Picard language|Picard]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pcd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pcm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pcm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pdc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pdc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pfl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Palatine German dialects|Palatine German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pfl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pali|Pali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pi&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:pl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Polish language|Polish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pms:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pms&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pnb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (Western Punjabi)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pnb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pnt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pontic Greek|Pontic Greek]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pnt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ppl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nawat language|Nawat]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ppl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ps:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pashto|Pashto]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ps&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pwn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Paiwan language|Paiwan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pwn&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ Q
|-
| [[:qu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Quechuan languages|Quechua]] ([[:en:Southern Quechua|Southern Quechua]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;qu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ R
|-
| [[:rki:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Rakhine language|Rakhine]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rki&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Romansh language|Romansh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rmy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Romani language|Romani]] ([[:en:Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rmy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kirundi|Kirundi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ro:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Romanian language|Romanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ro&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:roa-rup:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aromanian language|Aromanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;roa-rup&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:roa-tara:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] ([[:en:Tarantino dialect|Tarantino]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;roa-tara&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rsk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pannonian Rusyn|Pannonian Rusyn]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rsk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ru:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Russian language|Russian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ru&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rue:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Rusyn language|Rusyn]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rue&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rw&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ S
|-
| [[:sa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sah:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Yakut language|Yakut]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sah&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sat:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Santali language|Santali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sat&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sardinian language|Sardinian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:scn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sicilian language|Sicilian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;scn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sco:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Scots language|Scots]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sco&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sindhi language|Sindhi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:se:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Northern Sámi|Northern Sámi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;se&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sango language|Sango]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Serbo-Croatian|Serbo-Croatian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:shi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Shilha language|Shilha]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;shi&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:shn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Shan language|Shan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;shn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:si:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sinhala language|Sinhala]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;si&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:simple:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Basic English|Basic English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;simple&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Slovak language|Slovak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:skr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Saraiki language|Saraiki]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;skr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Slovene language|Slovene]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Samoan language|Samoan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:smn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;smn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Shona language|Shona]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:so:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Somali language|Somali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;so&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sq:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Albanian language|Albanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sq&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:sr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Serbian language|Serbian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:srn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sranan Tongo|Sranan Tongo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;srn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ss:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Swazi language|Swazi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ss&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:st:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sotho language|Sotho]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;st&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:stq:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;stq&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:su:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sundanese language|Sundanese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;su&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Swedish language|Swedish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Swahili language|Swahili]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:syl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sylheti language|Sylheti]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;syl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:szl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Silesian language|Silesian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;szl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:szy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sakizaya language|Sakizaya]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;szy&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ T
|-
| [[:ta:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tamil language|Tamil]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ta&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tay:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Atayal language|Atayal]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tay&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tcy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tulu language|Tulu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tcy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tdd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tai Nuea language|Tai Nuea]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tdd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:te:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Telugu language|Telugu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;te&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tet:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tetum language|Tetum]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tet&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tajik language|Tajik]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:th:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Thai language|Thai]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;th&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ti:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ti&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tig:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tigre language|Tigre]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tig&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Turkmen language|Turkmen]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tagalog language|Tagalog]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tly:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Talysh language|Talysh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tly&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:tn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tswana language|Tswana]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:to:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tongan language|Tongan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;to&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tok:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Toki Pona|Toki Pona]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tok&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tpi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tok Pisin|Tok Pisin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tpi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Turkish language|Turkish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:trv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Seediq language|Seediq]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;trv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ts:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tsonga language|Tsonga]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ts&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tatar language|Tatar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tum:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tum&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] (Twi)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ty:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tahitian language|Tahitian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ty&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tyv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tuvan language|Tuvan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tyv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ U
|-
| [[:udm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;udm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ug:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Uyghur language|Uyghur]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ug&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:uk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;uk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ur:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Urdu|Urdu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ur&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:uz:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Uzbek language|Uzbek]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;uz&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ V
|-
| [[:ve:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Venda language|Venda]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ve&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vec:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Venetian language|Venetian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vec&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vep:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Veps language|Veps]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vep&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vls:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:West Flemish|West Flemish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vls&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Volapük|Volapük]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vo&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ W
|-
| [[:wa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Walloon language|Walloon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;wa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:war:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Waray language|Waray]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;war&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:wo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Wolof language|Wolof]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;wo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:wuu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Wu Chinese|Wu Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;wuu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ X
|-
| [[:xal:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Oirat language|Oirat]] ([[:en:Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk Oirat]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;xal&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:xh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Xhosa language|Xhosa]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;xh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:xmf:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;xmf&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ Y
|-
| [[:yi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Yiddish|Yiddish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;yi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:yo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Yoruba language|Yoruba]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;yo&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ Z
|-
| [[:za:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zhuang languages|Zhuang]] ([[:en:Standard Zhuang|Standard Zhuang]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;za&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zea:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zeelandic|Zeelandic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zea&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zgh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zgh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[:en:Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh-classical:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh-classical&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh-min-nan:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Southern Min|Southern Min]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh-min-nan&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh-yue:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cantonese|Cantonese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh-yue&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zulu language|Zulu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adelaide Damoah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14240</id>
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      <id>638632</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-22T04:46:37Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="5255" sha1="1q470wai3s65ex966df7k1eepyv0aoj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Adelaide Damoah''' RWA FRSA bụ onye Britain na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe nkiri nke si na agbụrụ [[Ghana]] nke na-eji ahụ ya dị ka mmalite maka ọtụtụ ọrụ ya. Isiokwu ndị nwere mmasị karịsịa gụnyere feminizim, kolonializim, okpukpe na ime mmụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://c4aa.org/2018/03/adelaide-damoah/|title=Adelaide Damoah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ngosi izizi nke Damoah nke akpọrọ &quot;Black Brits&quot;, mere n'afọ 2006 na Charlie Allen's Boutique, Islington, [[London]], UK ma nweta uche ụfọdụ ụlọ mgbasa ozi. E gosipụtara ya na ụlọ mgbasa ozi BBC News, Channel 5 News na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi mpaghara na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na UK.

Ihe ngosi nke Damoah ruo ugbu a gụnyekwara Genesis, This is Us, Supermodels, Black Lipstick, na ihe ngosi ime ihe ike n'ụlọ maka National Centre for Domestic Violence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=Autumn 2018|title=The Women in Art Issue|url=http://www.afternyne.com/|journal=After Nyne Magazine|volume=21|pages=16–25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://adelaidedamoahart.com/bio/|title=Bio|date=5 January 2014|accessdate=7 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe omume ruo ugbu a gụnyere This is Me the Inconsistency of the Self, My Body is Present, Homage to Ana Mendieta na #MYFACE .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Collective|first=INFEMS|date=|title=Adelaide Damoah founding member of INFEMS Collective|url=https://www.infems.com/adelaide-damoah|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728175828/https://www.infems.com/adelaide-damoah|archivedate=28 July 2020|accessdate=28 July 2020|work=INFEMS Collective}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://designcollector.net/public|title=Designcollector – Vox Populi|work=Designcollector|accessdate=19 February 2019|archivedate=20 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220062917/http://designcollector.net/public}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
Damoah gụrụ Applied Biology na Mahadum [[Kingston]] dị na South West London, England na-agụsị akwụkwọ na nsọpụrụ na 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Art/5493591-147/story.csp|title=STUDIO VISIT: Adelaide Damoah|accessdate=4 July 2011|work=234 NEXT|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430211157/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/Art/5493591-147/story.csp|archivedate=30 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Damoah rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya ahụike ruo afọ isii. N'oge ahụ, a chọpụtara na Damoah nwere endometriosis. N'ihi ọnọdụ ahụ, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, ọ gbasoro eserese mmanụ.

Ihe ngosi izizi nke Damoah bụ Black Brits malitere n'afọ 2006. Ihe ngosi ahụ chọrọ inyocha ọrụ agbụrụ na njirimara na iconography. Usoro a, site na usoro ihe osise, chọrọ ịjụ ma agbụrụ nke nnukwu ihe oyiyi Britain dị iche iche dị ka Krays na David Beckham dị mkpa maka ọnọdụ ha nyere dị ka ihe oyiyi. E gosipụtara ha na agba akpụkpọ ahụ gbanwere.&lt;ref name=&quot;overground&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220917021936/http://www.overgroundonline.com/news-1044/exhibition-hat-trick-for-essex-painter-adelaide-damoah.html &quot;Exhibition Hat-Trick for Essex Painter Adelaide Damoah&quot;], Overground Online, 15 October 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 6 Machị 2006, Damoah haziri ngagharị iwe na Parliament Square dị ka akụkụ nke izu mmata Endometriosis na Endometriosis ọrụ ebere Endometriosis UK. Ihe omume ahụ gosipụtara site na mkpu obodo site n'aka ndị sonyere na-esote ngagharị gaa na 10 Downing Street iji nye akwụkwọ mkpesa 13,000 maka Prime Minista Tony Blair.&lt;ref&gt;Endometriosis Awareness Week 2006 http://endometriosis.org/news/support-awareness/endometriosis-awareness-week-creates-noise-light-and-hope/&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ngosi nke abụọ nke Damoah bụ “Supermodels” gosipụtara na Nolia's Gallery, London na 2008.&lt;ref&gt;Art Rabbit Event http://www.artrabbit.com/events/event/6998/supermodels&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro nnukwu eserese mmanụ nyochara mkparịta ụka nha efu, nke ghọrọ arụmụka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na 2006. Ihe ngosi ndị sochirinụ gụnyere &quot;Black Lipstick&quot; na 2008 na &quot;NCDV&quot; na 2009.&lt;ref&gt;Overground Online https://web.archive.org/web/20220917021936/http://www.overgroundonline.com/news-1044/exhibition-hat-trick-for-essex-painter-adelaide-damoah.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=BBC Radio interview|url=http://www.ncdv.org.uk/audio/BBC%20Radio%20SCR%2016-10-09.mp3|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005043246/http://www.ncdv.org.uk/audio/BBC%20Radio%20SCR%2016-10-09.mp3|archivedate=5 October 2011|accessdate=10 June 2020|work=}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ Damoah ka ọ gaa Hungary n'afọ 2009 iji sonye na ihe ngosi akpọrọ &quot;British Art in the Twenty First Century&quot; na Opera Gallery na Budapest.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://operagallery-e.shp.hu/hpc/web.php?a%3Doperagallery-e%26o%3Dtv_reports_yBs|title=Opera Gallery Budapest|accessdate=4 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326130900/http://operagallery-e.shp.hu/hpc/web.php?a=operagallery-e&amp;o=tv_reports_yBs|archivedate=26 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adasa Cookey</title>
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[[Category:Articles with short description]]
[[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
{{Infobox person
| name         = Adasa Cookey
| image        =AdasaCookey.jpg
| background   = non_performing_personnel
| birth_name   = Adasa Rawlinson Cookeygam
| birth_date   = {{birth date and age|1981|10|21|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Port Harcourt]], [[Rivers State]], [[Nigeria]]
| occupations  = [[Cinematographer]], editor, colourist, [[music video director]], [[commercial director]], [[filmmaker]]
| years_active = 2010 - present
| website      = www.adasacookey.com
| module    = {{Infobox person
| embed     = yes
| education = [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]] 
}}|caption=Adasa Cookey}}

'''Adasa Cookey''' (amụrụ '''Adasa Rawlinson Cookeygam''' ) bụ onye nduzi vidio egwu amụrụ na Naijiria, onye na-ese ihe nkiri, onye nduzi azụmahịa, onye na-ahụ maka agba, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/adasa-cookey-10-year-journey-of-a-self-taught-music-video-director/|title=Adasa Cookey: 10-Year Journey Of A Self-Taught Music Video Director|date=August 9, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-music-videos-best-in-africa-adasa-cookey/|title=Nigerian music videos best in Africa –Adasa Cookey|date=December 1, 2019|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1235496-movie-director-adasa-cookey-saves-job-a-teller-paid-n43m-n432k.html|title=Movie director Adasa Cookey saves the job of a teller who paid him N4.3m instead of N432k|date=April 26, 2019|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ma na-eduzi ụlọọrụ Squareball Media Productions Limited ebe ọ bụkwa onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mybiohub.com/2016/08/adasa-cookey-biography.html/|title=Adasa Cookey Biography|date=May 1, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey|title=ADASA COOKEY|date=July 3, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://www.maff.tv/credit/adasa-cookey}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Adasa na October 21, 1981 na [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt]], [[Ȯra Rivers|Rivers]] State, Nigeria. O biri dika nwata na Port Harcourt, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Bereton College na Federal Government College. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Rivers State University of Science and Technology wee nweta nzere bachelọ nke Teknụzụ na Architecture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/adasa-cookey|title=Adasa Cookey|date=September 23, 2015|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Adasa hapụrụ ọrụ onye nnọchi anya nlekọta ndị ahịa ya na 2010 iji gbanwee mmasị ya na nhazi vidiyo na kpọmkwem. 
Ọ duziri vidiyo egwu nke ndị egwu egwu dịka Davido, [[Burna Boy]], [[Simi (singer)|Simi]], [[Adekunle Gold]], D'Prince, na Don Jazzy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://infobusstop.com/top-10-video-directors-in-nigeria-2021/|title=Top 10 Video Directors In Nigeria (2021)|date=May 12, 2021|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160216/https://infobusstop.com/top-10-video-directors-in-nigeria-2021/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://imvdb.com/n/adasa-cookey/videography-by-position/dir|title=Adasa Cookey|date=June 1, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160216/https://imvdb.com/n/adasa-cookey/videography-by-position/dir}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tooxclusive.com/video-simi-duduke-dir-by-adasa-cookey/|title=[Video] SIMI – &quot;Duduke&quot; (Dir. By Adasa Cookey|date=April 19, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vidio ndị a họọrọ ==

* [[Burna Boy]] - Like To Party (2013)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/events/new-video-like-to-party-by-burna-boy/pt7dqw9|title=New Video- Like To Party By Burna Boy {{!}} Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* D'Prince - Goody Bag (2013)
* Ketchup- Show Me Yuh Rozay (2013)
* Mavins All Stars - Adaobi (2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/trending-video-catch-the-visuals-for-adaobi-by-the-mavins-crew/|title=Trending Video: Catch the Visuals for Adaobi by the Mavins Crew {{!}} BellaNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* DJ Xclusive ft Davido - Wo Le (2015)
* [[Adekunle Gold]] - Sade (2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/adekunlegold-releases-video-for-his-single-sade/|title=AdekunleGold Releases video for his single, Sade {{!}} News Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[Adekunle Gold]] - Njikere (2016)
* Ric Hassani -Only You (2017)
* Orezi-Cooking Pot (2017)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-orezi-cooking-pot-dir-adasa-cookey|title=[Video] Orezi – Cooking Pot (Dir. By Adasa Cookey) » Naijaloaded|accessdate=2022-06-08|archivedate=2022-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608233032/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-orezi-cooking-pot-dir-adasa-cookey}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Idahams-Toast (2017)
* [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] - Selense (2019)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/simi-selense-video-watch-nigerian-music/|title=Watch Simi's Beautiful Music Video For 'Selense' - OkayAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] - Ayo (2019)
* [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] - Duduke (2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://trendybeatz.com/download-video/8676/simi-duduke-official-video|title=Simi - Duduke Official Video {{!}} Download Video MP4 » TrendyBeatz}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] ft [[Patoranking]] - Jeriko (2019)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://natirovibe.com/video-mp4/simi-patoranking-jericho/|title=Download Video: Simi ft. Patoranking - Jericho|accessdate=2022-06-08|archivedate=2021-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160223/https://natirovibe.com/video-mp4/simi-patoranking-jericho/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Bebe Cool ft Rudeboy - Feeling (2020)
* [[Runtown]] ft. Bella Shmurda, Darkovibes - Body Riddim (Video) (2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/02/runtown-darkovibes-body-riddim/|title=New Video: Runtown feat. Darkovibes &amp; Bella Shmurda – Body Riddim {{!}} BellaNaija}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] ft. [[Adekunle Gold]] - Site n'aka gị (2019)
* [[Praiz]] - Madu (2020)
* [[Niniola]] - Addicted (2020)
* [[Wande Coal]] ft. [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]] - Ọzọ (Remix) (2020)
* [[Wande Coal]] - Ọzọ (2020)
* Idahams-Billion Dollar (2019)
* Idahams-Ada (2020)
* Idahams-Enter My Eye (2020)
* [[Stonebwoy]] ft. [[Zlatan (musician)|Zlatan-]] Critical (2021)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://grungecake.com/stonebwoy-critical-zlatan/articles/77850|title=Watch Stonebwoy’s new video for ‘Critical’ featuring Nigerian artist Zlatan – GRUNGECAKE|accessdate=2022-06-08|archivedate=2024-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127115353/https://grungecake.com/stonebwoy-critical-zlatan/articles/77850}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
!Afọ
!Project
!Emume
!Category
!Nsonaazụ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |&quot;onwe ya&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Ntụrụndụ Ndị Obodo
|''Onye nduzi vidio egwu kacha mma nke afọ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jaguda.com/music-news/wizkid-tiwa-savage-olamide-lead-the-2016-city-people-entertainment-award-nominees/|title=Wizkid, Tiwa Savage &amp; Olamide Lead The 2016 City People Entertainment Award Nominees|date=July 6, 2016|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 25, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925085402/https://jaguda.com/music-news/wizkid-tiwa-savage-olamide-lead-the-2016-city-people-entertainment-award-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2020
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Simi (singer)|Simi]] ft [[Patoranking]] &quot;Jeriko&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Soundcity MVP Awards Festival
|''Vidio nke Afọ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/soundcity-mvp-awards-2020-all-winners|title=Soundcity MVP Awards 2020: All the winners|date=January 13, 2020|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2020
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |&quot;N'onwe ya&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |GALAXY AWARDS
|''Onye isi vidiyo nke afọ''
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2019
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Simi (singer)|Simi]] ft [[Patoranking]] &quot;Jeriko&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Onyinye AFRIMA
|''Vidio kacha mma nke Afrịka''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newscentral.africa/2019/11/25/full-list-winners-2019-afrima-awards/|title=Burna Boy, 2Baba, Nadia win big at 2019 AFRIMA. See full list of winners|date=November 25, 2019|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=October 22, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022233913/https://newscentral.africa/2019/11/25/full-list-winners-2019-afrima-awards/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Orezi, &quot;Iwe esi nri&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Onyinye AFRIMA
|''Vidio kacha mma nke Afrịka nke afọ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://silverbirdtv.com/entertainment/38535/afrima-2017-full-list-of-winners/|title=AFRIMA 2017: Full List Of Winners|date=November 14, 2017|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908042408/https://silverbirdtv.com/entertainment/38535/afrima-2017-full-list-of-winners/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| {{Won}} 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Adekunle Gold]], &quot;Pick Up the Call&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Nigeria Music Video Awards
|''Ihe nkiri kacha mma''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jaguda.com/music-news/2016-nigeria-music-video-awards-see-list-winners/|title=2016 Nigeria Music Video Awards: See the list of winners|date=December 16, 2016|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160216/https://jaguda.com/music-news/2016-nigeria-music-video-awards-see-list-winners/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Ranti ,&quot;Iwe Ki Ko&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Nigeria Music Video Awards
|''Onye nchịkọta akụkọ kacha mma''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://acceleratetv.com/wip/?p=22764|title=NMVA 2016 Nominees List|date=November 17, 2016|accessdate=September 8, 2021|archivedate=September 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908160217/https://acceleratetv.com/wip/?p=22764}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Ranti ,&quot;Iwe Ki Ko&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Nigeria Music Video Awards
|''Onye nduzi kacha mma''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenet.ng/full-list-winners-2016/|title=2016 Nigeria Music Video Awards: See the list of winners|date=November 16, 2016|accessdate=September 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| {{Nom}}
|}

== Ebensidee ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ahmed Zergui</title>
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 {{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with short description]]
[[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
Ahmed Zergui (El '''Abbassi''') (Arabic أحمد زرقي) (amụrụ na 1948 na Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria na 27 Nọvemba 1983 na Tenira, Algeria) bụ onye Algeria na-agụ egwu Rai na onye na-ede egwu.

Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na iwebata pedal Wah-wah n'ime egwu raï. N'afọ ndị 1970 o guzobere otu Les Frères Zergui nke nwere Kacem Atek (guitar rhythm), Benyamna (organ), El Ârbi (drums), Bengamra (accordion). Ekwenyere na &quot;Les Frères Zergui&quot; (Zergui Brothers) abụghị ụmụnne kama ọ bụ otu ndị enyi. N'ezie, ndị editọ họọrọ aha njirimara nke ụmụnne Zergui (زرقي , indigo, anụnụ anụnụ) n'oge ahụ na nke a n'etiti  ndị ọzọ n'ihi akpụkpọ ahụ ha.

Zergui nwụrụ na 27 Nọvemba 1983, n'ihe mberede okporo ụzọ, mgbe ọ na-anya ụgbọala ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/horizons/114187|title=Ahmed Zergui, le chantre du raï|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2023-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811160611/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/horizons/114187}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Egwu ya gasi ==

* Ana Maneouiliche / Baghi Nassbek (7&quot;, Single) (Sassiphone, ụbọchị a na-amaghị)
* Ihe ịga nke ọma 82 - Maderti Chohra (Mekkeraphone Edition, 1982)
* Ụmụnne Zargui (Edition Royale / La Nouvelle Étoile, 1983)
* 1970s Algerian Proto-Rai Underground (Sublime Frequencies, 2008)

== Abụ ==

* ''Aala Moulat El Khana''
* ''Alache Jiti Tranji''
* ''Ana Hak''
* ''Andi Mhayna''
* ''Atatni Hdiya'' (nke Cheb Yazid kpuchiri)
* ''Chaba'' (nke Khaled kpuchiri)
* ''Delali ha delali'' (nke khaled kpuchiri)
* ''Khalti Fatima''
* ''Maderti Chohra''
* ''Mmiri nke Mnine''
* Nacera (nke Cheb Yazid kpuchiri)

== Ebensidee ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ahmed Zergui discography at Discogs</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ahmed Hafiane</title>
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'''Ahmed Hafiane''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1966 na Ksour Essef) bụ onye Tunisia na-eme ihe nkiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ahmed Hafiane – Actor Filmography، photos، Video|url=https://elcinema.com/en/person/1081652|accessdate=3 October 2021|work=elCinema.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=أحمد الحفيان – ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ فيلموجرافيا، صور، فيديو|url=https://elcinema.com/person/1081652|accessdate=4 October 2021|work=elCinema.com|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Nwa akwụkwọ na Higher Institute of Dramatic Art na Tunis, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ihe nkiri Caligula na Hichem Rostom, mgbe ahụ na sinima Tunisia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Hafiane Ahmed|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=10779|accessdate=3 October 2021|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ahmed Hafiane|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1049922/bio|accessdate=3 October 2021|work=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ahmed Hafiane: Movies, TV, and Bio|url=https://www.amazon.com/prime-video/actor/Ahmed-Hafiane/nm1049922/|accessdate=3 October 2021|work=www.amazon.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Africiné – Ahmed Hafiane|url=http://www.africine.org/personne/ahmed-hafiane/10779|accessdate=4 October 2021|work=Africiné|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Accueil -|url=http://cinematunisien.com/|accessdate=4 October 2021|work=cinematunisien.com|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007, ya na Carlo Mazzacurati, ọ na-eme ihe nkiri n'Itali.

N'afọ 2015, Ahmed Hafiane ritere ihe nrite Roberto-Rossellini maka ọrụ ya na oge nke atọ nke ihe nkiri soap opera Italian Una grande famiglia (ya), nke Rai Uno2 mepụtara.

N'abalị 10, ọnwa Nọvemba, 2018, ọ natara ihe nrite maka ntụgharị nwoke nke Carthage Cinematographic Days maka ọrụ ya na Fatwa nke Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=أحمد الحفيان يحصد جائزة أفضل ممثل في المهرجان الدولي للسينما ''آراء من إفريقيا'' بمونتريال|url=https://www.babnet.net/festivaldetail-180608.asp|accessdate=4 October 2021|work=Babnet}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ahmed Hafiane obtient le prix du meilleur acteur arabe au Festival du Film Tribeca de Doha|url=https://www.turess.com/fr/tapfr/137187|accessdate=4 October 2021|work=Turess|archivedate=4 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004064329/https://www.turess.com/fr/tapfr/137187}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=11 November 2018|title=فيلم (فتوى) للتونسي محمود بن محمود يفوز بجائزة أيام قرطاج السينمائية|language=zh|work=Reuters|url=https://cn.reuters.com/article/tunisia-cinema-as2-idARAKCN1NG01D|accessdate=4 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==
Ebe e si nweta ya:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ahmed Hafiane|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1049922/|accessdate=4 October 2021|work=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Hafiane Ahmed|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=10779|accessdate=4 October 2021|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16575126g|title=Hafiane}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=232002044|url=https://viaf.org/viaf/232002044/|accessdate=4 October 2021|work=viaf.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ISNI 0000000366015849 Hafiane, Ahmed|url=https://isni.oclc.org/xslt/DB=1.2//CMD?ACT=SRCH&amp;IKT=8006&amp;TRM=ISN:0000000366015849&amp;TERMS_OF_USE_AGREED=Y&amp;terms_of_use_agree=send&amp;COOKIE=U51,KENDUSER,I28,B0028++++++,SY,NISNI,D1.2,Ea47e88fd-112,A,H1,,3-28,,30-41,,43-59,,65-70,,74-75,R156.215.24.65,FY&amp;COOKIE=U51,KENDUSER,I28,B0028++++++,SY,NISNI,D1.2,Ea47e88fd-112,A,H1,,3-28,,30-41,,43–59,,65–70,,74–75,R208.80.154.81,FY|accessdate=4 October 2021|work=isni.oclc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe nkiri ===

==== Ihe nkiri ndị a ma ama ====

* 1997: Keswa, eriri furu efu nke Kalthoum Bornaz
* 2000: The Season of Men nke Moufida Tlatli&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Africiné – AHMED HAFIANE : &quot;L'acteur est un marchand de rêve&quot;|url=http://www.africine.org/critique/africine/6106|accessdate=4 October 2021|work=Africiné|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2001: Ọzara na Ọhịa nke Gavin Hood (nke Henryk Sienkiewicz dere Black Gouffre): Idrys&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stopklatka – codziennie dobre filmy|url=https://stopklatka.pl/|accessdate=3 October 2021|work=Stopklatka|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2002: Ụmụ bebi ụrọ nke Nouri Bouzid
* 2002: Abụ nke Noria nke Abdellatif Ben Ammar
* 2002: Fatma nke Khaled Ghorbal dere
* 2003: Bedwin Hacker nke Nadia El Fani
* 2004: Ụlọ Ahịa Akwụkwọ nke Nawfel Saheb-Ettaba
* 2004: Agbamakwụkwọ oge okpomọkụ nke Mokhtar Ladjimi
* 2006: Bin El Widyene nke Khaled Barsaoui: Ahmed Hafiane
* 2007: Akụkọ ihu na ihu nke Carlo Mazzacurati
* 2009: La straniera nke Marco Turco (it)
* 2009: Ihe nkiri nke Marco Campogiani dere
* 2010: La nostra vita nke Daniele Luchetti dere
* 2010: Akụkọ banyere ihe mgbu nke Aïda Ben Aleya
* 2010: Scontro di civiltà per un ascensore a Piazza Vittorio nke Isotta Toso dere
* 2011: Ọlaedo ojii nke Jean-Jacques Annaud
* 2012: Prọfesọ Mahmoud bụ Ben Mahmoud
* 2013: Ugly, anyaukwu na nzuzu nke Ibrahim Letaïef: Chef Hédi
* 2014: Tutto molto bello (it) nke Paolo Ruffini (it)
* 2015: Suburra nke Stefano Sollima
* 2016: Flowers Aleppo nke Ridha Behi
* 2017: El Jaida nke Salma Baccar
* 2018: Fatwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Africiné – Fatwa, la mort qui ne passe pas|url=http://www.africine.org/critique/fatwa-la-mort-qui-ne-passe-pas/14700|accessdate=4 October 2021|work=Africiné|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud

==== Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi ====

* 2006: Ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke Taoufik Béhi
* 2006: Nzukọ nke Sarra Abidi
* 2013: Aka osisi nke Kaouther Ben Hania
* 2014: Un giro di valzer nke Stefano Garrone
* 2015: Il bambino nke Silvia Perra
* 2016: Mariam de Faiza Ambah
* 2018: Mmiri ara ehi nke Sheikh nke Kaouther Ben Hania

=== Telivishọn ===

* 1995: Al Hasad nke Abdelkader Jerbi
* 2006: Oziọma Judas (ihe ngosi)
* 2009: Aqfas Bila Touyour si Ezzeddine Harbaoui
* 2011: L'ombre del destino (it)
* 2013: Paura di amare
* 2014 2015: Naouret El Hawa nke Madih Belaïd
* 2015: Una grande famiglia (it)
* 2015: Criminal Squadra nke Giuseppe Gagliardi (it)
* 2016-2017: Flashback nke Mourad Ben Cheikh
* 2016: Bolice 2.0 nke Majdi Smiri
* 2018: 4 Ogige
* 2019: El Maestro nke Lassaad Oueslati
* 2022: Harga nke Lassaad Oueslati dere : Lamine

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Abebu Gelan</title>
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'''Abebu Gelan Adugna''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 1990) bụ nwanyị Etiopia na-agba ọsọ ogologo oge nke na-asọ mpi na asọmpi ịgba ọsọ n'akara akara aka. Ọ nọchitere anya Ethiopia ugboro atọ na mba ụwa, na-asọmpi dị ka onye na-eto eto na IAAF World Cross Country Championships na afọ 2007, mgbe ahụ ugboro abụọ dị ka onye okenye na IAAF International Half Marathon Championships (2008, 2009). Ọ bụ onye nwetara ihe nrite ọla edo na 2008 World Half Marathon . O nwetara ọkara marathon kacha mma nke nkeji 67:57  n'afo 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/ethiopia/abebu-gelan-233012 Abebu Gelan]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2016-03-29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160417061557/http://www.all-athletics.com/node/106259 Abebu Gelan]. All-Athletics. Retrieved on 2016-03-29.&lt;/ref&gt; Oge a bụ onye kachasị mma n'ụwa maka ebe dị anya.

O meriri Agadir Half Marathon na Cross de l'Acier agbụrụ na 2008, wee nwetakwuo mmeri na 2009 na North America na Rock 'n' Roll Virginia Beach Half Marathon and Vancouver Sun Run. Ọkara marathon kacha mma ya bịara na RAK Half Marathon na 2009, ebe ọ bụ onye nke anọ. N'afọ 2009, o nwetakwara akara atọ kachasị elu na Azalea Trail Run na Crescent City Classic. Mgbe ezumike gasịrị na asọmpi, ọ laghachiri na 2013 na-elekwasị anya n'ebe dị anya. O nweghị ike igosi ihe ndị ọ mere na 10K na ọkara marathon ma kama ọ gara n'ihu na marathon, na-enwe mmeri mbụ na Belgrade Marathon na ọsọ nke awa 2:33:14 . Ọ bụ onye nke abụọ na njem ọzọ ya na Košice Peace Marathon mana ọ laghachiri n'otu na 2016 Brescia Marathon.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220718195133/https://more.arrs.run/runner/27949/1/date/asc Abebu Gelan]. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]]. Retrieved on 2016-03-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Egwuregwu mba ụwa ==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2007
|rowspan=2|[[2007 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Mombasa]], Kenya
|13th
|[[2007 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race|Junior race]]
|21:54
|-
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Junior team
|36 pts
|-
|rowspan=2|2008
|rowspan=2|[[2008 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships|World Half Marathon Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
|6th
|Half marathon
|1:10:59
|-
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Team
|3:30:59
|-
|2009
|[[2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships|World Half Marathon Championships]]
|[[Birmingham]], United Kingdom
|21st
|Half marathon
|1:11:33
|}

== Mmeri Circuit ==

* Brescia Marathon: 2016
* Belgrade Marathon: 2015
* Rock 'n' Roll Virginia Beach Half Marathon: 2009
* Vancouver Sun Run: 2009
* Agadir Half Marathon: 2008
* Cross nke ígwè: 2008

== Ihe kacha mma n'onwe ya ==

* 10K na-agba ọsọ 32:04 nkeji (2008)
* Ọkara marathon Shia 1:07:57 (2009)
* Marathon Shaan 2:33:14 (2015)

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Abebu Gelan at World Athletics
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Akwaaba African Travel Market</title>
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[[Usòrò:AKWAABA AFRICAN TRAVEL MARKET.jpg|thumb|Akwaaba African Travel Market]]
'''Akwaaba African Travel Market''' (AFTM) bụ njem mba ụwa, njem nleta na ile ọbịa nke a na-ahazi kwa afọ na [[Lagos|Lagos Steeti]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]&lt;ref&gt;Mabel Benson [https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/09/08/13th-akwaaba-african-travel-market-opens-on-september-10/ &quot;13th Akwaaba African Travel Market opens on September 10&quot;] ''[[This Day]]'', 8 September 2017. Retrieved on 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; maka azụmaahịa, ndị na-etinye ego, mkpebi gọọmentị - ndị na-eme na ndị na-azụ ahịa na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na-enye ohere azụmaahịa.&lt;ref&gt;Kelvin Osa Okunbor [https://thenationonlineng.net/tourism-15-travel-companies-to-showcase-at-akwaaba-african-travel-market/ &quot;Tourism: 15 Travel Companies to showcase at Akwaaba African Travel Market&quot;] ''[[The Nation (Nigeria)]]'', 21 August 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2019&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ikpo okwu maka azụmahịa na netwọk. 
Akwaaba African Travel Market bụ ahịa njem mbụ na West Afrịka.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/akwaaba-travel-fair-brings-the-world-to-nigeria/ &quot;Akwaaba travel fair brings the world to Nigeria&quot;], ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]'', 22 October 2009 . Retrieved on 6 September 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/11/05/akwaaba-african-travel-market-becoming-continents-most-influential-show/|title=Akwaaba African Travel Market Becoming Continent’s Most Influential Show|publisher=Thisday live|date=5 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E mere Akwaaba African Travel Market (AFTM) nke mbụ na Lagos n'afọ 2005.

N'afọ 2005, site na ntinye aka nke mba abụọ, Ghana na Sao Tome, na-abịa Naijiria maka ihe omume ahụ n'afọ izizi n'afọ 2005, ihe omume ahụ etoola kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị na-egosi ihe n'ime na n'èzí Afrịka, ihe karịrị mba iri na-ekere òkè, ihe dị ka puku iri na-abịa ma nwee mmekọrịta na bọọdụ njem nleta mba Afrịka, World Tourism Organization UNWTO, Africa Travel Association (ATA), Kwanza Marketing of Dubai, African Business Travel Fair Trade Association (ABTA), International Tourism Trade Fair Association (ITTFA) na International Air Transport Association (IATA).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220921210509/https://eventlabgh.com/photos-food-culture-tourism-at-14th-akwaaba-african-travel-market/ &quot;PHOTOS: Food, culture, tourism at 14th Akwaaba African Travel Market&quot;], 11 September 2018. Retrieved on 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2014/08/15/aviation-women-to-honour-koki-at-akwaaba/ &quot;Aviation Women To Honour Koki At Akwaaba&quot;], 15 August 2014. Retrieved on 27 May 2019&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.ng/akwaaba-travel-market-adwt-partner-on-africa-diaspora-tourism/ &quot;Akwaaba Travel Market, ADWT Partner On Africa Diaspora Tourism&quot;], ''[[The Daily Independent (Lagos newspaper)]]'', 18 October 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onye na-ahazi Ahịa Njem Afrịka Akwaaba, [[Ikechi Uko]] kwuru: &quot;Ihe ngosi ahụ emeghewo ọnụ ụzọ maka ahịa njem Naịjirịa na Afrịka ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ikpo okwu maka mgbanwe nke ọdịbendị na njem nleta n'etiti mba ndị sonyere&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200928091522/https://www.travelstart.com.ng/lp/media/travelstart-nigeria-to-attend-akwaaba-2015 &quot;Travelstart Nigeria To Attend AKWAABA 2015&quot;], 2 September 2015. Retrieved on 21 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado ==
South Afrịka jiri ahịa njem Akwaaba African dị ka ebe a na-eru iji dozie ọdịiche ya na Naịjirịa. Dị ka South African Tourism (SAT) si kwuo &quot;N'oge Akwaaba, anyị kwupụtara mmekọrịta anyị na National Association of Nigeria Travel Agencies (NANTA), nke ga-enyere aka ịkwalite uto nke ndị njem nleta si Naijiria gaa South Africa site n'ịmepụta ọtụtụ ngwugwu iji dabara ndị njem Naijiria. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://businessday.ng/art-and-travel/article/sa-tourism-cements-trade-partnership-on-the-african-continent/ &quot;SA Tourism cements trade partnership on the Africa continent&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Lagos steeti, Naịjirịa kwadoro ahịa njem Akwaaba African dị ka ihe omume njem a họpụtara na steeti Lagos. Dị ka Ministri Na-ahụ Maka Njem, Nkà na Ọdịbendị nke Lagos Steeti si kwuo, &quot;Nke a bụ iji mezuo nkwa gọọmentị steeti ga-ekwupụta kalenda ihe omume kwa afọ iji duzie mmemme, ndị njem nleta na mkpebi ndị nleta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Olusegun Koiki [https://independent.ng/lagos-state-govt-partners-14th-akwaaba-african-travel-market/ &quot;Lagos State Govt. partners 14th Akwaaba African Travel Market&quot;], ''[[The Daily Independent (Lagos newspaper)|The Daily Independent]]'' (Lagos), 4 September 2018. Retrieved on 6 September 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180906233759/https://newtelegraphonline.com/2018/03/lagos-adopts-akwaaba-african-travel-market-as-official-event/ &quot;Lagos state adopts Akwaaba African Travel Market as official event&quot;], ''[[New Telegraph]]'', 6 March 2018. Retrieved on 6 September 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/09/05/do-you-know-your-fatal-flaw-uba-shows-resilience/ &quot;Lagos plans big for ‘Akwaaba’&quot;], ''[[This Day]]'', 5 September 2018. Retrieved on 6 September 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204918/https://www.regonline.com/Register/Checkin.aspx?EventID=1765220/ &quot;Akwaaba African Travel Market 2015&quot;], Retrieved on 21 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ikwekọ na ebumnuche IATA, iji kwalite njikọ na Afrịka na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Akwaaba African Travel Market (AFTM) jikọtara aka na International Air Transport Association (IATA) iji hazie mbipụta nke Ụbọchị Ụgbọelu na Akwaaba.&lt;ref&gt;[https://thenationonlineng.net/dubai-iata-partner-akwaaba-2015/ &quot;Dubai, IATA Partner Akwaaba 2015&quot;] ''[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]'' (Nigeria), 3 October 2015. Retrieved on 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwaaba na-enye aka n'iji [[Jollof rice|osikapa Jollof]] mee ihe iji gosipụta West Afrịka dị ka ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ndị njem nleta nke mpaghara West Afrịka. Dị ka [[Ikechi Uko]] kwuru, &quot;N'oge ụfọdụ n'afọ 2016, akpọụrụ m nzukọ Strategy na Akwaaba wee gwa ndị otu ahụ na anyị ga-amalite agha Jollof Rice n'etiti [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka na Akwaba. Anyị ga-ewepụ ihe omume anyị na-akwado ma jiri asọmpi dochie ya. Gịnị mere anyị ji hapụ ọrụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ụlọ ọrụ na-akwụ ego? Agwara m ha na West Africa enweghị Common Tourism Product n'adịghị ka East Afrịka na ọgaranya Wildlife na anyị kwesịrị ịmepụta otu. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.atqnews.com/ng/how-akwaaba-african-travel-market-helped-make-jollof-rice-a-tourism-product/ &quot;How Akwaaba African Travel Market Helped Make Jollof Rice a Tourism Product&quot;]. Retrieved on 11 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị isi nri iri atọ si Naijiria na Ghana sonyere na mbipụta mbụ na 2017. Site na ndị ọka ikpe si n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka na Ndịda Afrịka, a malitere ọrụ ahụ, agha osikapa Jollof, nke iji osikapa jollof mee ihe iji gosipụta West Afrika.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200921195324/https://afrotourism.com/travelogue/13th-akwaaba-african-travel-market-to-settle-jollof-rice-war/ &quot;13th Akwaaba African Travel Market to Settle Jollof Rice War&quot;]. Retrieved on 11 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ịga nke ọma nke agha osikapa jollof site na Akwaaba emeela ka [[Jollof rice|osikapa Jollof]] nke West Afrịka bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nleta nri ụwa, na ndị njem nleta na ndị ọbịa na-abịa n'ógbè ahụ iji nụ ụtọ nri ahụ. Onye America na-eti egwu Cardi B, n'oge ọ gara Naịjirịa, gwara onye ọbịa ya na ọ chọrọ ka ọ nụ ụtọ osikapa jollof nke [[Naijiria|Naịjiria]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://thewhistler.ng/american-rapper-cardi-b-longs-for-nigeria-jollof-rice/amp/ &quot;American Rapper Cardi B Longs For Nigeria Jollof Rice&quot;], 6 December 2019. Retrieved on 11 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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[[Usòrò:AKWAABA AFRICAN TRAVEL MARKET.jpg|thumb|Akwaaba African Travel Market]]
'''Akwaaba African Travel Market''' (AFTM) bụ njem mba ụwa, njem nleta na ile ọbịa nke a na-ahazi kwa afọ na [[Lagos|Lagos Steeti]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]&lt;ref&gt;Mabel Benson [https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/09/08/13th-akwaaba-african-travel-market-opens-on-september-10/ &quot;13th Akwaaba African Travel Market opens on September 10&quot;] ''[[This Day]]'', 8 September 2017. Retrieved on 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; maka azụmaahịa, ndị na-etinye ego, mkpebi gọọmentị - ndị na-eme na ndị na-azụ ahịa na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na-enye ohere azụmaahịa.&lt;ref&gt;Kelvin Osa Okunbor [https://thenationonlineng.net/tourism-15-travel-companies-to-showcase-at-akwaaba-african-travel-market/ &quot;Tourism: 15 Travel Companies to showcase at Akwaaba African Travel Market&quot;] ''[[The Nation (Nigeria)]]'', 21 August 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2019&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ikpo okwu maka azụmahịa na netwọk. 
Akwaaba African Travel Market bụ ahịa njem mbụ na West Afrịka.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/akwaaba-travel-fair-brings-the-world-to-nigeria/ &quot;Akwaaba travel fair brings the world to Nigeria&quot;], ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]'', 22 October 2009 . Retrieved on 6 September 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/11/05/akwaaba-african-travel-market-becoming-continents-most-influential-show/|title=Akwaaba African Travel Market Becoming Continent’s Most Influential Show|publisher=Thisday live|date=5 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E mere Akwaaba African Travel Market (AFTM) nke mbụ na Lagos n'afọ 2005.

N'afọ 2005, site na ntinye aka nke mba abụọ, Ghana na Sao Tome, na-abịa Naijiria maka ihe omume ahụ n'afọ izizi n'afọ 2005, ihe omume ahụ etoola kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị na-egosi ihe n'ime na n'èzí Afrịka, ihe karịrị mba iri na-ekere òkè, ihe dị ka puku iri na-abịa ma nwee mmekọrịta na bọọdụ njem nleta mba Afrịka, World Tourism Organization UNWTO, Africa Travel Association (ATA), Kwanza Marketing of Dubai, African Business Travel Fair Trade Association (ABTA), International Tourism Trade Fair Association (ITTFA) na International Air Transport Association (IATA).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220921210509/https://eventlabgh.com/photos-food-culture-tourism-at-14th-akwaaba-african-travel-market/ &quot;PHOTOS: Food, culture, tourism at 14th Akwaaba African Travel Market&quot;], 11 September 2018. Retrieved on 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2014/08/15/aviation-women-to-honour-koki-at-akwaaba/ &quot;Aviation Women To Honour Koki At Akwaaba&quot;], 15 August 2014. Retrieved on 27 May 2019&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.ng/akwaaba-travel-market-adwt-partner-on-africa-diaspora-tourism/ &quot;Akwaaba Travel Market, ADWT Partner On Africa Diaspora Tourism&quot;], ''[[The Daily Independent (Lagos newspaper)]]'', 18 October 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onye na-ahazi Ahịa Njem Afrịka Akwaaba, [[Ikechi Uko]] kwuru: &quot;Ihe ngosi ahụ emeghewo ọnụ ụzọ maka ahịa njem Naịjirịa na Afrịka ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ikpo okwu maka mgbanwe nke ọdịbendị na njem nleta n'etiti mba ndị sonyere&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200928091522/https://www.travelstart.com.ng/lp/media/travelstart-nigeria-to-attend-akwaaba-2015 &quot;Travelstart Nigeria To Attend AKWAABA 2015&quot;], 2 September 2015. Retrieved on 21 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado ==
South Afrịka jiri ahịa njem Akwaaba African dị ka ebe a na-eru iji dozie ọdịiche ya na Naịjirịa. Dị ka South African Tourism (SAT) si kwuo &quot;N'oge Akwaaba, anyị kwupụtara mmekọrịta anyị na National Association of Nigeria Travel Agencies (NANTA), nke ga-enyere aka ịkwalite uto nke ndị njem nleta si Naijiria gaa South Africa site n'ịmepụta ọtụtụ ngwugwu iji dabara ndị njem Naijiria. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://businessday.ng/art-and-travel/article/sa-tourism-cements-trade-partnership-on-the-african-continent/ &quot;SA Tourism cements trade partnership on the Africa continent&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Lagos steeti, Naịjirịa kwadoro ahịa njem Akwaaba African dị ka ihe omume njem a họpụtara na steeti Lagos. Dị ka Ministri Na-ahụ Maka Njem, Nkà na Ọdịbendị nke Lagos Steeti si kwuo, &quot;Nke a bụ iji mezuo nkwa gọọmentị steeti ga-ekwupụta kalenda ihe omume kwa afọ iji duzie mmemme, ndị njem nleta na mkpebi ndị nleta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Olusegun Koiki [https://independent.ng/lagos-state-govt-partners-14th-akwaaba-african-travel-market/ &quot;Lagos State Govt. partners 14th Akwaaba African Travel Market&quot;], ''[[The Daily Independent (Lagos newspaper)|The Daily Independent]]'' (Lagos), 4 September 2018. Retrieved on 6 September 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180906233759/https://newtelegraphonline.com/2018/03/lagos-adopts-akwaaba-african-travel-market-as-official-event/ &quot;Lagos state adopts Akwaaba African Travel Market as official event&quot;], ''[[New Telegraph]]'', 6 March 2018. Retrieved on 6 September 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/09/05/do-you-know-your-fatal-flaw-uba-shows-resilience/ &quot;Lagos plans big for ‘Akwaaba’&quot;], ''[[This Day]]'', 5 September 2018. Retrieved on 6 September 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204918/https://www.regonline.com/Register/Checkin.aspx?EventID=1765220/ &quot;Akwaaba African Travel Market 2015&quot;], Retrieved on 21 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ikwekọ na ebumnuche IATA, iji kwalite njikọ na Afrịka na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Akwaaba African Travel Market (AFTM) jikọtara aka na International Air Transport Association (IATA) iji hazie mbipụta nke Ụbọchị Ụgbọelu na Akwaaba.&lt;ref&gt;[https://thenationonlineng.net/dubai-iata-partner-akwaaba-2015/ &quot;Dubai, IATA Partner Akwaaba 2015&quot;] ''[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]'' (Nigeria), 3 October 2015. Retrieved on 27 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwaaba na-enye aka n'iji [[Jollof rice|osikapa Jollof]] mee ihe iji gosipụta West Afrịka dị ka ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ndị njem nleta nke mpaghara West Afrịka. Dị ka [[Ikechi Uko]] kwuru, &quot;N'oge ụfọdụ n'afọ 2016, akpọụrụ m nzukọ Strategy na Akwaaba wee gwa ndị otu ahụ na anyị ga-amalite agha Jollof Rice n'etiti [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka na Akwaba. Anyị ga-ewepụ ihe omume anyị na-akwado ma jiri asọmpi dochie ya. Gịnị mere anyị ji hapụ ọrụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ụlọ ọrụ na-akwụ ego? Agwara m ha na West Africa enweghị Common Tourism Product n'adịghị ka East Afrịka na ọgaranya Wildlife na anyị kwesịrị ịmepụta otu. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.atqnews.com/ng/how-akwaaba-african-travel-market-helped-make-jollof-rice-a-tourism-product/ &quot;How Akwaaba African Travel Market Helped Make Jollof Rice a Tourism Product&quot;]. Retrieved on 11 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị isi nri iri atọ si Naijiria na Ghana sonyere na mbipụta mbụ na 2017. Site na ndị ọka ikpe si n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka na Ndịda Afrịka, a malitere ọrụ ahụ, agha osikapa Jollof, nke iji osikapa jollof mee ihe iji gosipụta West Afrika.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200921195324/https://afrotourism.com/travelogue/13th-akwaaba-african-travel-market-to-settle-jollof-rice-war/ &quot;13th Akwaaba African Travel Market to Settle Jollof Rice War&quot;]. Retrieved on 11 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ịga nke ọma nke agha osikapa jollof site na Akwaaba emeela ka [[Jollof rice|osikapa Jollof]] nke West Afrịka bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nleta nri ụwa, na ndị njem nleta na ndị ọbịa na-abịa n'ógbè ahụ iji nụ ụtọ nri ahụ. Onye America na-eti egwu Cardi B, n'oge ọ gara Naịjirịa, gwara onye ọbịa ya na ọ chọrọ ka ọ nụ ụtọ osikapa jollof nke [[Naijiria|Naịjiria]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://thewhistler.ng/american-rapper-cardi-b-longs-for-nigeria-jollof-rice/ &quot;American Rapper Cardi B Longs For Nigeria Jollof Rice&quot;], 6 December 2019. Retrieved on 11 December 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Age Discrimination Act 2004</title>
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{{Databox}}

Age Discrimination Act 2004 bụ iwu nke nzuko omeiwu nke Australia na-amachibido ịkpa oke afọ n'ọtụtụ mpaghara gụnyere ọrụ, agụmakwụkwọ, ebe obibi na ịnye ngwaahịa na ọrụ. Enwere ike ịkpa ókè megide ndị afọ ọ bụla n'ime ihe omume ahụ pụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.agediscrimination.info/international-age-discrimination/australia|title=Federal Discrimination Law|date=27 September 2018|publisher=[[Lewis Silkin LLP]]|accessdate=12 July 2019|archivedate=12 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712103356/http://www.agediscrimination.info/international-age-discrimination/australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-enyefe ụfọdụ ihe ewepu, gụnyere maka otu okpukperechi, otu ọrụ ebere na ịkpa oke dị mma.

A ga-ebu ụzọ mee mkpesa nke ịkpa ókè n'aka na Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), ebe enwere ike ịmalite usoro nkwekọ. Ịde akwụkwọ mkpesa bụ n'efu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahrc1&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170121013029/http://www.humanrights.gov.au/complaints-under-age-discrimination-act &quot;Complaints under the Age Discrimination Act&quot;], [[Australian Human Rights Commission]].&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụrụ na edozighị mkpesa ahụ site na usoro nkwekọrịta, enwere ike ibuga ya na Ụlọikpe Federal ma ọ bụ Ụlọikpe Saịkị nke Federal.

N'ozuzu, ịkpa ókè afọ abụghị mpụ. Agbanyeghị, iwu ahụ na-emepụta mmebi iwu nke mgbasa ozi ịkpa oke, mmekpa ahụ na ọdịda ikpughe data ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ma ọ bụ eziokwu mgbe Onye isi ala AHRC rịọrọ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/legal/FDL/2011/2_Age.pdf|title=Federal Discrimination Law|date=21 October 2011|publisher=[[Australian Human Rights Commission]]|accessdate=11 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Hụkwa ==

* Keech v Metropolitan Health Service
* Ndepụta nke omume ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Alexandra Abrahams</title>
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'''Alexandra Lilian Amelia Abrahams''' (amụrụ na 13 Julaị na afọ 1986) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu National Assembly kemgbe Mee, na afọ 2019. A họpụtara ya dị ka osote minista na-ahụ maka mmepe ọha na eze na Disemba, na afọ 2020. Abrahams bụ onye otu Democratic Alliance .

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Abrahams nwetara akara ugo mmụta na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Stellenbosch .&lt;ref name=&quot;PAB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blog: Alexandra Lilian Amelia Abrahams|url=https://www.pa.org.za/blog/alexandra-lilian-amelia-abrahams|work=People's Assembly|accessdate=18 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwekwara akara ugo mmụta na mmekọrịta mba ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAB&quot; /&gt;

Abrahams sonyeere Democratic Alliance na afọ 2009, mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye na-enyere onye njikwa mkpọsa mpaghara nke pati ahụ aka maka ntuli aka nke afọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAB&quot;/&gt; Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ chọtara ọrụ na Ngalaba Mmepe Ọha nke mpaghara. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ahụ ruo na Mee afọ 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAB&quot; /&gt;

Abrahams nọ n'ọnọdụ nke atọ na ndepụta mpaghara nke DA maka ntuli aka n'ozuzu na 8 Mee,na afọ 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alexandra Lilian Amelia Abrahams|url=https://www.pa.org.za/person/alexandra-lilian-amelia-abrahams/|work=People's Assembly|accessdate=18 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi arụmọrụ ntuli aka nke DA, a họpụtara Abrahams. A ṅụrụ ya iyi dị ka onye otu National Assembly na 22 Mee, na afọ 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Who's nominated for the National Assembly &amp; provincial legislatures?|url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/05/15/who-s-nominated-for-the-national-assembly-and-provincial-legislatures|accessdate=17 August 2020|work=EWN|date=15 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule 27 Juun, na afọ 2019, ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya Kọmitii Portfolio na Social Development.&lt;ref name=&quot;PAP&quot; /&gt;

N'ọnwa Disemba, na afọ 2020, onye isi ndị omeiwu DA, John Steenhuisen, họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche ya dị ka osote minista na-ahụ maka mmepe ọha na eze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mazzone|first=Natasha|title=DA announces new Shadow Cabinet that will bring Real Hope and Real Change|url=https://www.da.org.za/2020/12/da-announces-new-shadow-cabinet-that-will-bring-real-hope-and-real-change|accessdate=5 December 2020|date=5 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebenside ==
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== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221204113434/https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/2 Ms Alexandra Lilian Amelia Abrahams] na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke South Africa
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Chinemeremprince</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
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      <comment>/* Quality translations */ Zaghachi</comment>
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      <text bytes="3327" sha1="pv0ce82ywsbfbefaivd8jfwm3kxng4x" xml:space="preserve">== Ihe nrite Onye Ntinyeaka ==


{| style=&quot;background-color: #CEF2D4; border: 10px solid Green;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Bronzewiki 2 za zásluhy.png|100px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; | '''Onye ntụgharị Ukwu nke afọ 2022'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; | Anyị n'ekele gị maka ọrụ ị na-arụ na &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 Wikipidia Igbo]&lt;/span&gt;. '''Daalụ maka ịtụgharị edemede karịrị otu nari'''. Ị mere nke ọma, jisie ike! 
[[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 11:04, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC)
|}

== Ihe nrite maka gị! ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #ffffff;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; | [[File:Cleanup Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Cleanup Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Daalụ nke ukwuu maka ị dị uchu na ntinye aka gị n'ihe omume '''72 Hours Marathon Edit-a-thon.''' Ndezigharị gị na-enye aka idozi Igbo Wikipedia. Nrite a bụ ekele maka nnukwu ntinye aka gị. Gaa n’ihu na-achakepụ! [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 09:33, 2 Jụn 2025 (UTC)
|}

==Thank you==
[[file:(L-R) Justice Agnes Patemba; Hon Vera Kamtukule; Christina McKelvie MSP at the SMP’s 2023 Annual Gathering(1).png|thumb|(L-R) [[Agnes Patemba]]; [[Vera Kamtukule]]; [[Christina McKelvie]]]] 
Thank you for your creation of [[Vera_Kamtukule]] [[Ojiarụ:Victuallers|Victuallers]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Victuallers|ṅkátá]]) 07:05, 10 Julaị 2025 (UTC)

== Translation improvement ==

Ndewo! Your recent article translation on [[Orisadipe Obasa]] had a wrong title of &quot;Hon Dr Prince Jeremiah Adamu Tanko&quot;, but I've done a page move to fix that. However, kindly add the references which you probably omitted to the article to ensure quality and accuracy. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 17:00, 18 Disemba 2025 (UTC)

== Quality translations ==

Daalu maka translations gi. But there are a lot of omissions. Take a look at your recent translations [https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8Cp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5iche%3AContributions&amp;target=Chinemeremprince&amp;namespace=all&amp;tagfilter=&amp;newOnly=1&amp;start=2026-05-01&amp;end=2026-05-20&amp;limit=1000 here], kindly add the omitted references from the enwiki page to the igwiki article to ensure that content integrity is maintained.

While translating, do well to proofread and be sure that there are no omissions or incorrectly translated words before finally publishing. And after publishing, go through the article again to verify the references and if there are areas to improve or correct. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 09:57, 20 Mee 2026 (UTC)

:i have corrected all the errors there, kindly allow me to go ahead and continue my translation.
:Thanks [[Ojiarụ:Chinemeremprince|Chinemeremprince]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Chinemeremprince|ṅkátá]]) 10:57, 22 Mee 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ịrụghachi Ọhịa</title>
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[[Usòrò:Hasta_luego_001.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ebe a na-azụ osisi n'ebe okpomọkụ na Planeta Verde Reforestación S.A.'s plantation na Vichada Department, [[Colombia]]]]
[[Usòrò:Biodiversity_on_clearcut.jpg|thumb|Ala e ji osisi mee ka ọ dị afọ iri na ise]]
[[Usòrò:RedPinePlantation.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ubi osisi red pine dị afọ iri abụọ na otu n'ebe ndịda Ontario]]
Mweghari osisi (mgbe ụfọdụ, ịghaghachi azụ) bụ ihe ebumpụta ụwa ma ọ bụ kpachapụrụ anya iweghachi oke ọhịa na oke ọhịa (oke ọhịa) nke emebisịworo, na-abụkarị site na igbutu osisi mana ọ bụkwa mgbe a kpochapụrụ ya.

== Nchịkwa ==
Okwu a na-arụrịta ụka n'ịkwagharị ọhịa a na-achịkwa bụ ma ọhịa na-aga n'ihu ga-enwe ụdị ụdị dị iche iche nke ọhịa mbụ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na e were naanị otu ụdị osisi dochie oke ọhịa ahụ ma gbochie ahịhịa ndị ọzọ ka ọ ghara itolite azụ, oke ọhịa na-enweghị atụ nke yiri ihe ọkụkụ a na-akọ ga-esi na ya pụta. Otú ọ dị, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ịkụgharị ọhịa na-agụnye ịgha mkpụrụ osisi dị iche iche nke a na-esi na mpaghara ahụ, na-abụkarị ụdị dị iche iche. Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa bụ mmeghari okike nke ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nke nwere ike ime na ncha doro anya. N'ebe ụfọdụ, nkwụsị nke ọkụ ọhịa ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ emewo ka e nwee nnukwu ọhịa ndị agadi na ndị otu ụdị. Ịkụ osisi nke obere mkpị doro anya, na/ma ọ bụ ọkụ enyere iwu, na-abawanye ụdị ndụ dị iche iche na mpaghara ndị a site n'ịmepụta ọtụtụ afọ na ụdị osisi dị iche iche.

Ihe karịrị 90% nke oke ọhịa n'ụwa na-amụba n'ụzọ anụ ahụ, ihe karịrị ọkara na-ekpuchikwa atụmatụ nlekọta ọhịa ma ọ bụ ihe dakọtara.

== Maka owuwe ihe ubi ==
Ọ bụghị nanị na a na-eji mkpụgharị ọhịa eme ihe maka mgbake nke ọhịa ndị mebiri emebi na mberede. Na mba ụfọdụ, dị ka Finland, ọtụtụ n'ime ọhịa ndị a na-ahụ maka osisi na ụlọ ọrụ pulp na akwụkwọ. Na nhazi dị otú ahụ, dị ka ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ, a na-akụ osisi iji dochie ndị e gbuturu. Iwu Finnish Forest Act sitere na 1996 manyere iwugharị ọhịa ahụ mgbe e gbusịrị ya. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ike igbutu osisi n'ụzọ iji mee ka ọ dị mfe ịkụgharị ọhịa. Ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta osisi na-eji usoro dochie anya ọtụtụ osisi ndị ọ na-egbutu, na-ewe ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị ọrụ okpomọkụ maka ọrụ ịkụ osisi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 2010, Weyerhaeuser kọrọ na-akụ mkpụrụ 50 million. Otú ọ dị, iji ihe ọkụkụ na-akụghachi ọhịa ochie na-adịghị na-eji otu àgwà ndị ọhụrụ dochie nke ochie.

N'ime naanị afọ 20, ahịhịa teak dị na Costa Rica nwere ike ịmịpụta osisi ruru 400 m³ kwa hectare. Ka oke ọhịa teak ndị dị n'Eshia na-adị ụkọ ma ọ bụ sie ike inweta, ọnụ ahịa teak na-akụ ahịhịa na-ebuli elu kwa afọ. Ụdị ndị ọzọ, dị ka mahogany, na-eto nwayọọ nwayọọ karịa teak na Tropical America mana ọ bara uru nke ukwuu. Ndị na-akụ ngwa ngwa gụnyere pine, eucalyptus na Gmelina.

Mweghachi osisi, ọ bụrụ na ejiri ọtụtụ ụdị ụmụ amaala eme ihe, nwere ike inye uru ndị ọzọ na mgbakwunye na nkwụghachi ego, gụnyere mweghachi nke ala, mweghachi nke ahịhịa na anụ ọhịa dị n'ógbè ahụ, na ijide na ịchịkọta tọn 38 nke carbon dioxide kwa hectare kwa afọ.

Iweghachi nke ọhịa abụghị naanị ịkụ osisi dị mfe. Ọhịa bụ obodo dị iche iche na-emepụta ihe ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ime ala ka oge na-aga. Otu nnukwu mmemme ịkụ osisi nwere ike ime ka ihu igwe dị n'ógbè ahụ dịkwuo mma ma belata ihe a na-achọ ọkụ ọkụ buru ibu nke mmanụ ọkụ maka oyi n'oge okpomọkụ.

== Maka mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe ==
Ohia bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke okirikiri carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ihi na osisi na osisi na-amịkọrọ carbon dioxide site na photosynthesis. Ya mere, ha na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe: 37  Site n'iwepụ ikuku carbon dioxide griin haus, oke ohia na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ikuku carbon nke terrestrial, nke pụtara na ha na-echekwa nnukwu carbon. N'oge ọ bụla, oke ọhịa na-enweta ihe ruru okpukpu abụọ nke carbon dị na mbara igwe: 1456  ọhịa na-ewepụ ihe dị ka ijeri tọn carbon atọ kwa afọ. Nke a bụ ihe dị ka 30% nke ikuku carbon dioxide niile. Ya mere, mmụba n'ozuzu oke ọhịa gburugburu ụwa ga-ebelata okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.

Na mbido narị afọ nke 21st, mmasị n'ịkwagharị ọhịa tolitere n'ihi ike ọ nwere ibelata mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọbụlagodi na-ewepụghị ọrụ ugbo na obodo ukwu, ụwa nwere ike ịkwagide ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ijeri hectare nke ọhịa ọhụrụ. Nke a ga-ewepụ 25% nke carbon dioxide n'ikuku wee belata itinye uche ya na ọkwa dị na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Mmụba okpomọkụ nke ogo 1.5 ga-ebelata ebe kwesịrị ekwesị maka oke ohia site na 20% n'afọ 2050, n'ihi na ụfọdụ ebe okpomọkụ ga-adị ọkụ. Mba ndị nwere oke ọhịa dị njikere bụ: Russia, Canada, Brazil, Australia, United States na China.

Atụmatụ anọ bụ isi bụ:

* Bụbawanye oke ọhịa site na iweghachi osisi
* Mmụba nke oke ọhịa ndị dị ugbu a n'ogo na ala
* Gbanwee ojiji nke ngwaahịa ọhịa nke na-anọchi anya ikuku fossil-fuel
* Mbelata ikuku carbon nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na mmebi nke kpatara: 1456&lt;ref name=&quot;Canadell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Canadell|first=J.G.|title=Managing Forests for Climate Change|journal=Science|volume=320|issue=5882|pages=1456–1457|date=2008-06-13|pmid=18556550|url=http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/global/pdf/canadell%26raupach2008_managingforests.science.pdf|doi=10.1126/science.1155458}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ọtụtụ òtù gburugburu ụwa na-akwado imezu atụmatụ nke mbụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na China, Jane Goodall Institute, site na ngalaba Shanghai Roots &amp; Shoots, malitere Project Million Tree na Kulun Qi, Inner Mongolia iji kụọ otu nde osisi. China jiri hectare nde 24 nke oke ọhịa ọhụrụ iji belata 21% nke mmanụ ọkụ ndị China na 2000.: 1456  Na Java, Indonesia di na nwunye lụrụ ọhụrụ na-enye onye ọ bụla na-eduzi agbamakwụkwọ 5 seedlings. Di na nwunye ọ bụla na-agba alụkwaghịm na-enye onye ọ bụla gbara ha alụkwaghịm iri abụọ na ise. Costa Rica ji okpukpu abụọ nke mkpuchi ọhịa ya n'ime afọ 30 na-eji usoro enyemaka ya na ịkwụ ụgwọ ndị ọzọ maka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka ndị nwe ala. A na-enweta ego ndị a site na onyinye mba ụwa na ụtụ isi obodo.

Usoro nke abụọ metụtara ịhọpụta ụdị maka ịkụ osisi. Na tiori, ịkụ ụdị osisi ọ bụla iji mepụta oke ọhịa ga-enwetakwu carbon dioxide site na ikuku. Agbanyeghị, ụdị mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike ito ngwa ngwa karịa ụdị anaghị agbanwe agbanwe.: 93  Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-etolite. A ga-akụ osisi ndị dị otú ahụ na-eto ngwa ngwa maka owuwe ihe ubi ma nwee ike ịmịkọrọ carbon dioxide ngwa ngwa karịa osisi ndị na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto eto.: 

Mmetụta na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-emetụta ọnọdụ ọhịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mwegharị osisi na mpaghara boreal ma ọ bụ subarctic enwechaghị mmetụta na ihu igwe. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọ nọchiri anya mpaghara albedo dị elu, nke snow na-achị nke nwere oke ọhịa albedo dị ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, ọrụ mweghachi nke okpomọkụ na-eduga na mgbanwe dị mma dị ka nhazi igwe ojii. Igwe ojii ndị a na-egosipụta ìhè anyanwụ, na-ebelata okpomọkụ.: 

Ịkụ osisi na ihu igwe okpomọkụ na oge mmiri nwere uru ọzọ. N'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ, osisi na-eto ngwa ngwa (na-edozikwu carbon) n'ihi na ha nwere ike itolite kwa afọ. Osisi ndị dị na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ nwere, na nkezi, buru ibu, na-egbuke egbuke, na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ karịa ihu igwe na-abụghị okpomọkụ. Nnyocha e mere n'ịdị elu nke osisi 70,000 n'ofe Africa egosila na oke ọhịa ndị dị n'ebe okpomọkụ na-edozi mmetọ carbon dioxide karịa ka a tụrụ anya na mbụ. Nchọpụta a tụrụ aro na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke mmanụ ọkụ na-esi n'oké ọhịa gafee Africa, Amazonia na Eshia. Simon Lewis kwuru, &quot;Osisi ọhịa nke ebe okpomọkụ na-amịkọrọ ihe dịka 18% nke carbon dioxide agbakwunyere na mbara igwe kwa afọ site na mmanụ ọkụ na-ere ọkụ, na-egbochi mgbanwe mgbanwe.&quot;

N'ihe dị ka afọ 2008, a na-egbutu osisi dị ijeri hectare 1.3 kwa afọ. Ibelata nke a ga-ebelata oke ihe ọkụkụ dị mkpa iji nweta ogo nke mbelata.

== Ụzọ e si eme ya ==
Otu nnyocha chọpụtara na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ 300 na-ebi n'okirikiri ohere mweghachi ọhịa dị na Global South, na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke obodo ndị na-enweghị ego na-akpata, ma na-arụ ụka maka itinye aka na &quot;obodo&quot; na ọrụ mweghachi nke ọhịa.

=== Iji osisi na mgbọrọgwụ ndị dị ugbu a ===
Ịkụ osisi ọhụrụ na-ebutekarị ihe ruru 90% nke mkpụrụ osisi na-ada ada. Otú ọ dị, ọbụna n'ebe ndị e gbuturu osisi, usoro mgbọrọgwụ dị adị na-adịkarị. Enwere ike ịbawanye uto site na ịkwachaa na coppicing ebe a na-egbutu alaka ole na ole nke ome ọhụrụ na-ejikarị eme ihe maka unyi, n'onwe ya bụ isi ihe na-akpata igbutu osisi. Ebe ọ bụ na a naghị akụ mkpụrụ ọhụrụ, ọ dị ọnụ ala. Na mgbakwunye, o yikarịrị ka ha ga-adị ndụ n'ihi na usoro mgbọrọgwụ ha adịlarị ma nwee ike ịbanye na mmiri dị n'ime ala n'oge oge siri ike na-enweghị mmiri ozuzo. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro a dị adị kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, a na-akpọ ya ugbu a mgbe ụfọdụ ka ndị ọrụ ugbo jikwaa na-amụba ihe okike.

=== Ihe mkpali ego ===
Amụma na-akwalite mkpụgharị osisi maka ihe mkpali na nloghachi egosila nsonaazụ na-ekwe nkwa nke ịbụ echiche dị irè ma na-akpali akpali iji kụọ osisi n'ụwa niile n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ dị ukwuu. Ụfọdụ ihe mkpali maka mkpụgharị ọhịa nwere ike ịdị mfe dị ka nkwụghachi ego. Streck and Scholz (2006) kọwara ka otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị sitere na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche si mepụta mbelata akwụ ụgwọ nke usoro igbutu osisi nke ga-akwụghachi mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na-akpaghasị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ nke igbutu osisi. Mba ndị na-ekere òkè ma na-ewere nhọrọ iji belata ihe ọkụkụ ha sitere na igbutu osisi n'ime oge a ga-enweta ụgwọ ọrụ ego maka ikuku carbon dioxide nke ha na-ezere.: 875   Iji bulie ịkwụ ụgwọ, mba ndị ọbịa ga-enye ego nke gọọmentị ma ọ bụ kparịta ụdị ụfọdụ. nke mbinye ego na ụlọ ọrụ ego nke ga-achọ isonye na nkwụghachi ụgwọ e kwere ná mba ọzọ. Enwere ike itinye ego obodo ahụ nwetara iji nyere aka chọta ụzọ ọzọ maka igbutu oke ọhịa. Usoro a niile nke igbutu ikuku ga-abụ nke afọ ofufo, mana mgbe mba ahụ kwekọrịtara iwetu ihe ọkụkụ ha, ha ga-amarịrị ibelata ihe ọkụkụ ha. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na obodo enweghị ike iru ọrụ ha, ebumnuche ha ga-agbakwunye na oge ntinye aka ọzọ. Ndị dere amụma ndị a na-ahụ nke a dị ka naanị nkwekọrịta gọọmentị na gọọmentị; ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe agaghị eso na azụmaahịa akwụ ụgwọ.

Ebe ọzọ na-enweta ego na-enweta iji kwado ọrụ mkpogharị osisi na-ekwu maka ire kredit carbon sequestration, nke enwere ike irere ụlọ ọrụ na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-achọ ịkwụghachi akara ụkwụ carbon ha. Usoro a na-enye ohere ka ndị nwe ala na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enweta ego ha nwetara site n'ịkwalite osisi nke ala ha, ebe ha na-erite uru n'otu oge site na ahụike ala dị mma na ụbara mmepụta ihe.

N'akụkụ usoro mkpali ego n'oge gara aga, uru ụtụ isi nke osisi bụ ụzọ ọzọ gọọmentị si agba ndị ụlọ ọrụ ume ka ha kwalite ụzọ mkpọ osisi site na nkwa nke nkwụsịtụ ụtụ isi.

Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị nwe ala na-achọ inweta kredit carbon site na nkewa, nsonye ha na-akwadokwa ụdị ndụ dị iche iche ma na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi maka ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ.

== Mmejuputa ==
[[Usòrò:Regrowth_-_Mount_Baker-Snoqualmie_National_Forest.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọhịa na-etolite ọzọ na Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington steeti, US]]

=== Ụwa Nile ===
Nzukọ akụ na ụba ụwa nke 2020, nke e mere na Davos, kwupụtara mmepụta nke mkpọsa osisi Trillion, nke bụ atụmatụ na-achọ ịkụ osisi 1 trillion n'ofe ụwa. Mmejuputa iwu a nwere ike inwe nnukwu uru gburugburu ebe obibi na nke ọha mana ọ dị mkpa ka ahaziri ya na ọnọdụ mpaghara.

Atụmatụ mweghachi nke odida obodo na-achọ imezigharị odida obodo na rụkwaa akụkụ ndị dị n'akụkụ na ndị mebiri emebi iji wepụta ala ọhịa na-arụpụta ihe nke na-adịte aka na ogologo oge. Ọ na-achọ ijide n'aka na eweghachiri ọrụ dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi na iji ala, chekwaa ma chekwaa ka oge na-aga.

=== Eshia ===

==== China ====
Na China, ọtụtụ mmemme mịgharị ihe dị adị kemgbe 1970s, bụ nke nweworo ihe ịga nke ọma n'ozuzu ya. Mkpuchi ọhịa amụbaala site na 12% nke ala China ruo 16%. [Ebe e bipụtara onwe ya?] Otú ọ dị, mmemme a kapịrị ọnụ enwebeghị ihe ịga nke ọma. &quot;Mgbidi Green nke China&quot;, mbọ iji gbochie mgbasawanye nke Ọzara Gobi, ka e mere atụmatụ ka ọ dị kilomita 2,800 (4,500 km) ogologo ma rụchaa ya na 2050. N'afọ 2015, China kwupụtara atụmatụ ịkụ osisi ijeri 26 site na mba ahụ. afọ 2025; ya bụ, osisi abụọ maka ụmụ amaala China ọ bụla kwa afọ. China chọrọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ tolitere karịa afọ 11 kụọ otu osisi kwa afọ ruo mgbe ha gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.

N'agbata 2013 na 2018, China kụrụ ọhịa 338,000 square kilomita, na-efu $82.88 ijeri. Ka ọ na-erule 2018, 21.7% nke ókèala China kpuchiri oke ọhịa, ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị chọrọ ịbawanye ruo 26% site na 2035. Ngụkọta mpaghara China dị square kilomita 9,596,961 (lee China), yabụ 412,669 square kilomita kwesịrị ka a kụọ ya. Dị ka atụmatụ gọọmentị si kwuo, ka ọ na-erule 2050, 30% nke ókèala China kwesịrị iji ọhịa kpuchie ya.

N'afọ 2017, Saihanba Afforestation Community meriri UN Champions of the Earth Award inspiration and Action maka mbọ ha na-eme nke ọma n'ịkụgharị osisi, bụ nke malitere mgbe ha chọpụtara na otu osisi dị ndụ.

Site na 2016 ruo 2021, 3976 square kilomita nke ọhịa ka a kụrụ na Tibet Autonomous Region, na-enwe atụmatụ a ga-akụ osisi 20 nde tupu 2023.

N'afọ 2012-2022 China weghachiri oke ọhịa karịrị nde hectare 70 (700,000 km2). China kwadoro ịkụ na ichekwa osisi ijeri 70 n'afọ 2030 dịka akụkụ nke Mgbasa Ozi Osisi Trillion.

Amalitere na 1978 ma hazie ya ka ọ ga-adịgide ruo 2050, mmemme mmepe ọhịa atọ nke Northern echebe - nke a na-akpọkarị &quot;Great Green Wall&quot; - bu n'obi kụọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde acres 90 nke ọhịa ọhụrụ n'ebe dị kilomita 2,800 nke ugwu China.

==== India ====
Jadav Payeng enwetala ihe nrite mba maka mbọ mkpụgharị osisi, nke a maara dị ka &quot;oke ọhịa Molai&quot;. Ọ kụrụ hectare 1400 nke ọhịa n'akụkụ osimiri Brahmaputra naanị. A na-agba mbọ mkpụgharị osisi na mba ahụ dum. Na 2016, India nwere ihe karịrị nde osisi 50 a kụrụ na Uttar Pradesh na na 2017, a kụrụ ihe karịrị nde osisi 66 na Madhya Pradesh. Na mgbakwunye na nke a na mbọ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, enwere ụlọ ọrụ mmalite, dị ka Afforest, nke a na-emepụta na mba ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na-akụ osisi. A na-arụ ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ na kọntinenti India mana nlanarị ahụ adịghị mma nke ukwuu karịsịa maka nnukwu ihe ọkụkụ, na-erughị 20% ịlanahụ. Iji meziwanye oke ohia na iji mezuo ebumnuche mba nke mkpuchi ohia nke 33%, ọ dị mkpa imeziwanye usoro nke ịkụ ihe. Kama ịkụ ihe n'ụba, ọ dị mkpa ịrụ ọrụ na nha arụmọrụ &amp; nyochaa uto osisi. N'iburu nke a n'uche, otu ụlọ ọrụ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ bụ Ek Kadam Sansthan na Jaipur na-eduzi mmepe nke modul nke nleba anya n'ugbo maka ihe ọkụkụ. Emeela onye na-anya ụgbọ elu nke ọma na nzukọ a na-atụ anya imejuputa obodo na njedebe nke 2021.

==== Japan ====
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery na-akọwa na ihe dị ka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ala Japan jupụtara n'oké ọhịa, na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gbanwee site na 1966 ruo 2012. Japan kwesịrị ibelata 26% nke ikuku gas na-esi na 2013 site na 2030 iji mezuo Paris. Agreement na-agbalị ibelata 2% n'ime ha site ọhịa.

Oke mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụ mmadụ tinyere ihe metụtara igbukpọ osisi, mmetọ mmiri, mmebi anwụrụ ọkụ, na mfu nke ala nke ọrụ Ngwuputa na Ashio kpatara, Tochigi ghọrọ okwu mmekọrịta ọha na eze mbụ na Japan, mgbalị nke Shōzō Tanaka toro ruo nnukwu mkpọsa megide ọla kọpa. ọrụ. Nke a mere ka e kee 'Watarase Yusuichi Pond', iji dozie mmetọ nke bụ saịtị Ramsar taa. Reforestation e duziri dị ka akụkụ nke igbu osisi n'ihi enweghị ike nke onwe-agbake site eke ala n'onwe ya n'ihi oké njọ ala mmetọ na ọnwụ nke osisi n'ihi na ọnwụ nke ala maka osisi na-eto eto, si otú mkpa artificial mgbalị metụtara iwebata nke ike Ona si n'èzí. . Malite na gburugburu 1897, ihe dị ka 50% nke ugwu nkwọcha alaghachila azụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=日光 足尾 体験植樹 案内|url=http://www.ashiomidori.com/%E4%BD%93%E9%A8%93%E6%A4%8D%E6%A8%B9%E3%81%AE%E3%81%94%E6%A1%88%E5%86%85/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202020211/http://www.ashiomidori.com/%E4%BD%93%E9%A8%93%E6%A4%8D%E6%A8%B9%E3%81%AE%E3%81%94%E6%A1%88%E5%86%85/|archivedate=2016-02-02|accessdate=2016-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Pakistan ====
A malitere Tsunami Billion Tree na 2014 site n'ịkụ osisi 10 ijeri, nke gọọmentị mpaghara Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) na Imran Khan, dị ka nzaghachi maka ihe ịma aka nke okpomọkụ ụwa. Tsunami ijeri osisi Pakistan weghachiri oke ọhịa 350,000 na ala mebiri emebi karia nkwa ịma aka Bonn ya.

Na 2018, praịm minista Pakistan Imran Khan kwupụtara na mba ahụ ga-akụ osisi ijeri iri n'ime afọ ise na-abịa.

N'afọ 2020, gọọmentị Pakistan wepụtara atụmatụ ịkpọ ndị ọrụ 63,600 ka ha kụọ osisi na mpaghara ugwu Punjab, nwere ụdị ụmụ amaala dịka acacia, mulberry na moringa. Ebumnuche a bụ iji belata enweghị ọrụ nke mkpọchi mkpọchi kpatara iji belata mgbasa nke COVID-19.

==== Philippines ====
Na 2011, Philippines guzobere National Greening Programme dị ka mmemme kachasị mkpa iji nyere aka belata ịda ogbenye, kwalite nchekwa nri, nkwụsi ike gburugburu ebe obibi, na nchekwa ihe dị iche iche, yana ịkwalite mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmegharị na mba ahụ. Mmemme ahụ meghere ụzọ maka ịkụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ijeri mkpụrụ osisi 1.4 n'ihe dịka hectare nde 1.66 na mba n'oge 2011-2016. Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu họọrọ Philippines nke ise n'etiti mba ndị na-akọ oke uru mpaghara ọhịa kwa afọ, nke ruru hectare 240,000 n'oge 2010-2015.

=== Europe ===

==== Armenia ====
Ọ bụ Armenia Tree Project tọrọ ntọala na 1994 iji lebara nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba metụtara oke ọhịa Armenia na-ebelata. Kemgbe e hiwere ya, nzukọ a akụwo ihe karịrị nde osisi 6.5 n'ime obodo niile na Armenia.

==== Ireland ====
N'afọ 2019, gọọmentị Ireland kpebiri ịkụ osisi nde 440 n'afọ 2040. Mkpebi a bụ akụkụ nke atụmatụ gọọmentị ime ka Ireland ghara ịnọpụ iche na carbon n'afọ 2050 site na iji ume ọhụrụ, mgbanwe iji ala na ụtụ carbon.

A na-akwali Ireland ịbawanye oriri osisi na-adigide ma na-agbakwunyekwa ọnọdụ ọrụ enyi na enyi. Ha agbaala mbọ iji belata ojiji nke ikuku methane site n'ịbinye aka n'akwụkwọ iji weghachite iji methane 30%.

==== Germany ====
Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke 14, ụlọ ọrụ emebiwo ọhịa ndị dị n'ebe ndị mmadụ buru ibu, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha chọrọ osisi maka ọrụ ha. Peter Stromer (1310-1388), onye nwe Stromer trading na ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa, bụ nke ụkọ a kpaliri &quot;ime nnwale omenala ọhịa&quot;. N'afọ 1368, ọ kụrụ osisi fir na pine nke ọma na Nuremberg Reichswald, bụ nke ka oge na-aga kwụsịrị ụkọ osisi ma guzobe &quot;mmeri nke pine na Nuremberg Reichswald&quot; (na-efunahụ osisi ndị ọzọ). &quot;Ozizi nke ịgha mkpụrụ nke coniferous&quot; gbasara n'ọtụtụ ebe site na iwu oke ọhịa na ihe odide ndị ọzọ n'oge ahụ.

Achọrọ mkpụgharị ọhịa dịka akụkụ nke iwu oke ọhịa gọọmenti etiti. 31% nke Germany bụ oke ọhịa, dị ka akwụkwọ ndekọ ọnụ ahịa ọhịa nke abụọ nke 2001-2003 siri dị. Oke oke ọhịa dị na Jamanị mụbara n'etiti ngwa ahịa ọhịa nke mbụ na nke abụọ n'ihi oke ọhịa nke ahịhịa ndị mebiri emebi na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo.

==== United Kingdom ====
Kemgbe 1980s, a kụrụ osisi nde 8.5 na United Kingdom na mpaghara Midlands gburugburu obodo Moira na Donistorpe, nke dị nso na Leicester. A na-akpọ ebe ahụ The National Forest. Ọrụ mkpogharị osisi ka ukwuu, nke a na-akpọ The Northern Forest, na-amalite na South Yorkshire. Ọ na-achọ ịkụ osisi nde 50. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a katọrọ gọọmentị UK maka imezu ebumnuche ịkụ osisi ya. Enweelakwa nchegbu maka ịkụ osisi na-abụghị nke obodo na-akpaghasị iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro nke ihe ga-abụ mweghachi ebe obibi.

=== Middle East ===

==== Israel ====
Kemgbe 1948, a rụzuru nnukwu ọrụ mweghachi na ịkụ osisi n'Izrel. Akụla osisi nde 240. Ọnụọgụ mkpochapụ carbon n'ime oke ọhịa ndị a yiri oke ọhịa ndị Europe.

[[Israel]] na naanị otu mba ọzọ ka edepụtara na ha nwere ụbara oke ọhịa n'afọ ndị 2000. Enwere ike ịsị na ụdị ọganihu a bụ omume ọha mmadụ nke Israel na-etinye n'ime obodo ha.

==== Lebanọn ====
Ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ, Lebanon kpuchiri n'oké ọhịa; Otu ụdị mmasị, Cedrus libani bara ezigbo uru, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ikpochapụ ya n'ihi ịrụ ọrụ osisi. Ọtụtụ omenala oge ochie n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Mediterenian na-egbute osisi ndị a gụnyere ndị Finishia bụ ndị na-eji cedar, pine na osisi junipa arụ ụgbọ mmiri, ndị Rom, bụ ndị na-egbutu ha maka ọkụ ọkụ na-ere ọkụ, na ndị Ottoman, bụ ndị na-eji ọtụtụ n'ime ọhịa cedar fọdụrụnụ. Lebanon dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala na ụgbọ oloko uzuoku na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. N'agbanyeghị puku afọ abụọ nke igbutu osisi, oke ọhịa ndị dị na Lebanon ka na-ekpuchi 13.6% nke mba ahụ, na ala ndị ọzọ nke osisi na-anọchi anya 11%.

Iwu Nke 558, nke ndị omeiwu nke Lebanon kwadoro na Eprel 19, 1996, na-achọ ichebe ma gbasaa ọhịa ndị dị ugbu a, na-ekewa oke ọhịa nile nke cedar, fir, elu junipa, cypress evergreen na osisi ndị ọzọ, ma dịgasị iche iche ma ọ bụ otu, ma steeti. -nwere ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị dị ka ọhịa echekwara.

Ebe ọ bụ na 2011 ka a kụrụ ihe karịrị osisi 600,000, gụnyere cedars na ụdị ala ndị ọzọ, na Lebanọn dum dị ka akụkụ nke Lebanon Reforestation Initiative, nke na-achọ iweghachi oke ọhịa Lebanon. Ọrụ ndị a na-enweta ego na mpaghara yana site n'aka ndị ọrụ ebere mba ụwa na-arụ nnukwu osisi cedar a na-arụ na mpaghara Mediterenian, ọkachasị na Lebanon na [[Turkéy|Turkey]], ebe a na-akụ ihe karịrị nde cedar 50 nde kwa afọ.

The Lebanon Reforestation Initiative na-arụ ọrụ na ebe a na-elekọta osisi na Lebanon niile kemgbe 2012 iji too osisi siri ike na ọnụego nlanarị dị elu.

==== Turkey ====
N'ime hectare nde 78 nke mba ahụ na mkpokọta Ministri Ọrụ Ugbo na oke ohia bu n'obi ịbawanye oke ọhịa Turkey ruo 30% n'afọ 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=21 March 2018|title=Turkey goes greener with new afforestation campaign|work=Daily Sabah|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2018/03/22/turkey-goes-greener-with-new-afforestation-campaign}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afọ 4000 gara aga Anatolia bụ 60% ruo 70% ọhịa. Ọ bụ ezie na osisi osisi Turkey ka dị iche iche karịa ọtụtụ mba Europe igbutu osisi mere n'oge oge ochie na oge akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere oge Rom na Ottoman.

Kemgbe koodu ọhịa mbụ nke 1937, nkọwa gọọmentị gọọmentị maka 'oke ọhịa' dị iche iche. Dị ka nkọwa dị ugbu a si dị nde hectare 21 bụ ọhịa, mmụba nke ihe dị ka nde hectare 1 n'ime afọ 30 gara aga, mana naanị ihe dị ka ọkara bụ 'na-arụpụta'. Agbanyeghị, dịka otu United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation si kọwaa oke ọhịa ihe dị ka nde hectare 12 ka a gbara ọhịa na 2015, ihe dịka 15% nke elu ala.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ikuku griin haus nke Turkey wepụrụ site na oke ohia bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka. Dị ka 2019 Otú ọ dị, a na-eme nyocha ọhụrụ site n'enyemaka nke satịlaịtị na nha ala ọhụrụ na ozi ka mma kwesịrị ịdị na 2020.

Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ World Resources Institute si kwuo &quot;Atlas of Forest Landscape Opportunities&quot; nde hectare 50 bụ oke ọhịa nwere ike ime, mpaghara yiri oke ọhịa Anatolian oge ochie a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu. Nke a nwere ike inye aka belata mgbanwe ihu igwe na Turkey. Iji nyere aka chekwaa ụdị ndụ dị iche iche nke Turkey ka atụwo aro ka oke ọhịa na-adigide. Ọ dịkwa mkpa ijikwa nlekọta ala ahịhịa emelitere.

Ụbọchị oke ọhịa nke mba dị na 11 Nọvemba mana, dịka otu ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ ahịa ọhịa siri kwuo n'agbanyeghị na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo kụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi na 2019, ọtụtụ nwụrụ site na 2020 n'otu akụkụ n'ihi ụkọ mmiri ozuzo.

=== North America ===

==== Canada ====
Natural Resources Canada (Ngalaba na-ahụ maka ihe ndị sitere n'okike) na-ekwu na mbelata oke ọhịa nke mba site na 1990 ruo 2015, na Canada nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ igbukpọ osisi kacha ala n'ụwa. Ụlọ ọrụ ọhịa bụ otu n'ime isi ụlọ ọrụ na Canada, nke na-enye ihe dị ka 7% nke akụ na ụba Canada, na ihe dị ka 9% nke oke ọhịa dị n'ụwa dị na Canada. Ya mere, Canada nwere ọtụtụ atumatu na iwu itinye aka na njikwa ọhịa na-adigide. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, 94% nke oke ọhịa Canada bụ ala ọha na eze, gọọmentị na-amanye ịgha osisi mgbe ha wechara ya n'ọhịa ọha.

==== United States ====
[[Usòrò:Replanting_a_burned_area_on_the_Idaho_Panhandle_NF_(39730798234).jpg|thumb|Ịgha mkpụrụ n'ebe ọkụ gbara site na USFS, Idaho Panhandle National Forest]]
Ọ bụ ebumnuche ekwuru nke US Forest Service (USFS) ijikwa akụ oke ọhịa nke ọma. Nke a na-agụnye mkpụgharị osisi mgbe owuwe ihe ubi osisi, na mmemme ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 April 2012|title=Forest Service Chief testifies before Senate appropriations committee on 2013 agency budget|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/news/2012/releases/04/budget.shtml|accessdate=29 April 2012|publisher=US Forest Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ndekọ nke [[:en:United_States_Department_of_Agriculture|United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) na-egosi na ọhịa nwere ihe dị ka 46% nke ngụkọta ala US na 1630 (mgbe ndị ọbịa Europe malitere ịbịarute ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu), mana agbadala ruo 34% na 1910. Mgbe 1910 gasịrị, mpaghara ọhịa ka dịgidere. ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile n'agbanyeghị na ọnụ ọgụgụ US abawanyela nke ukwuu. N'ọgwụgwụ narị afọ nke 19, e hiwere US Service Forest Service n'otu akụkụ iji lebara nchegbu nke ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha anya n'ihi igbutu osisi, na mmemme nhazigharị ọhụrụ na iwu gọọmenti etiti dịka Knutson-Vandenberg Act (1930). Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka oke ọhịa nke United States na-ekwu na a chọrọ mkpụgharị osisi nke mmadụ na-eduzi iji kwado nrụpụta okike na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-etinye aka na nyocha na-aga n'ihu n'ime ụzọ dị irè isi weghachi ọhịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reforestation Overview|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/restoration/reforestation/overview.shtml|accessdate=7 September 2018|work=U.S. Forest Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Banyere afọ 2020, United States of America kụrụ osisi ijeri 2.5 kwa afọ. Na mbido afọ 2020, ụgwọ ga-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ ruo ijeri 3.3, ndị Republican tụpụtara ya, ka Onye isi ala Donald Trump sonyeere Mgbasa Ozi Osisi Trillion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Frazin|first=Rachel|date=2 February 2020|title=GOP bill will seek to commit US to planting 3.3 billion trees annually|url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/480968-gop-lawmaker-wants-us-to-commit-to-planting-33-billion-trees|accessdate=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== South America ===

==== Costa Rica ====
Site na iweghachi ọhịa na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, Costa Rica ji okpukpu abụọ kpuchie ọhịa ya n'ime afọ 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Costa Rica has doubled its tropical rainforests in just a few decades. Here's how|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/06/costa-rica-has-doubled-its-tropical-rainforests-in-just-a-few-decades-here-s-how/|work=World Economic Forum|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Costa Rica nwere nkwa ogologo oge maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Obodo ugbu a bụ otu n'ime ndị isi nke nkwado, ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ na nchekwa ndị ọzọ. Ọ chọrọ ịbụ mmanụ ọkụ kpamkpam n'efu site na 2050. Mba ahụ ewepụtala ike eletrik ya niile site na isi mmalite ndị a na-emegharị ọhụrụ ruo afọ atọ dị ka nke 2019. O meela nkwa ịbụ nke enweghị carbon na enweghị plastik site na 2021.

Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2019, ọkara ala nke mba ahụ jupụtara n&quot;oké ọhịa. Ha na-amị nnukwu carbon dioxide, na'ịlụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ.

N'ime 1940s, ihe karịrị 75% nke mba ahụ kpuchiri n'ọtụtụ oke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa ndị ọzọ. N'agbata afọ 1940 na 1980, igbutu osisi buru ibu, nke a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa dugara na igbukpọsị osisi. Ka ọ na-erule 1983, naanị 26% nke mba ahụ nwere oke ọhịa. N'ịghọta mbibi ahụ, ndị omebe iwu guzoro. Site na nleba anya gburugburu ebe obibi na-aga n'ihu, ha nwere ike ịtụgharị ihe ruo n'ókè nke na mkpuchi ọhịa amụbaala ruo 52% taa, okpukpu abụọ karịa ọkwa 1983.

Onye ndu ụwa a na-asọpụrụ maka njem njem na nchekwa, Costa Rica ebutela ụzọ mmepe nke ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Usoro nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke Costa Rica anọwo na-agba ume maka nchekwa na ịkwagharị ala site n'inye onyinye maka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Usoro ahụ abụghị naanị na ọ dị elu maka oge ya kamakwa ọ na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya n'ụwa. O nwetara nlebara anya zuru ụwa ọnụ.

Mba ahụ ewepụtala mmemme iji kwụọ ndị nwe ala ụgwọ maka ịkụgharị ọhịa. Otu n'ime mmemme e hiwere na Costa Rica bụ Asambodo Nkwalite ọhịa na 1979 ma na-akwado ya site na onyinye mba ụwa na ụtụ isi obodo. Atumatu a na-enyere aka ichekwa oke ohia di na mba ahu, ma ugbu a enyekwara aka n'inye iwu nke oke ohia n'afo 1986 na FONAFIFO n'aho 1990 nke na-eme ka a mara na mmemme nchekwa ahu ga n'ihu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Peru ====
Ihe dị ka 59% nke Peru bụ ọhịa kpuchiri. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na enweghị ike gọọmentị na-akwado iwu gburugburu ebe obibi emeela ka mmebi nke ọhịa na gburugburu ebe obibi dị na Peru. Mkpoko ndị agha na 1968 kpatara mfu nke mmegharị akụ na ụba na mpaghara Talara wee kpalite mmụba na igbu osisi na-akwadoghị n'ihi enweghị ohere akụ na ụba ọzọ. Ngwuputa ogbunigwe na igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na-akpata oke mbibi nke Peru na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Gọọmenti Peruvian enwebeghị ike ịmanye atụmatụ nhazi nhazi ngwuputa ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi iji chebe oke ọhịa Amazon dị na mpaghara Madre de Dios. A maara 1980s na Peru dị ka &quot;afọ iri furu efu&quot; n'ihi esemokwu dị n'ime obodo na nnukwu nsogbu akụ na ụba nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ibibi obodo ahụ ma mee ka steeti ahụ ghara ịchịkwa ọtụtụ mpaghara. Ọtụtụ mpaghara dị na Peru, gụnyere Madre de Dios, enweghị ọnụnọ steeti ruo mgbe gọọmentị malitere mmegharị 'imeri na mejupụta Amazon,' na-enwe olileanya ibelata ọrụ Ngwuputa iwu na-akwadoghị na nke na-agbasaghị na mpaghara ahụ ma na-emetọ ndị Amazonian. osimiri na nbibi nke oke ohia ya.

Atụmatụ mwegharị osisi agbasawanyela na mba ahụ kemgbe. Na Peru, mkpụgharị osisi dị mkpa iji chekwaa ndụ obodo n'ime ime obodo n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị bi na-adabere n'oké ọhịa n'ụzọ ụfọdụ. Igbukpọsị osisi na-emetụtakwa obodo ndị dị na Peru n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, nke mere mgbalị ịkụgharị osisi ji dị mkpa maka nchekwa nke ọtụtụ obodo.

=== Sub-Saharan Africa ===
Otu atụmatụ dị na mpaghara a gụnyere ịkụ osisi obosara dị kilomita itoolu na mpaghara ndịda nke Ọzara Sahara maka ịkwụsị mgbasawanye ya na ndịda. Atụmatụ Great Green Wall bụ atụmatụ ndị Africa na-eme ka &quot;acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ&quot; kọntinent site na ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ọwụwa anyanwụ iji lụso ọzara ọgụ. Ọ gbadoro ụkwụ n'ịlụso ịda ogbenye ọgụ (site n'ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ chọrọ maka ọrụ a) yana mmebi nke ala dị na mpaghara Sahel-Saharan, na-elekwasị anya n'obere ala dị 15 km (9 mi) n'obosara na 7,500 km (4,750 mi) ogologo. site na Dakar ruo Djibouti. Ruo Mee 2020, mba 21 sonyeere ọrụ a, mgbasawanye nke ọzara Sahara na-emetụta ọtụtụ n'ime ha. Ọ kwesịrị ịmepụta ọrụ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nde iri site na 2030.

N'afọ 2019, Etiopia malitere nnukwu mkpọsa ịkụ osisi &quot;Green Legacy&quot; na ebumnuche ịkụ osisi ijeri 4 n'ime otu afọ. N'ime otu ụbọchị naanị, a kụrụ ihe karịrị nde osisi 350.

=== Nzukọ ===
Ecosia bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ dabere na Berlin, Germany, nke kụrụ ihe karịrị 100 million osisi n'ụwa niile dịka nke Julaị 2020.

Osisi for the Future enyerela ihe karịrị ezinụlọ 170,000 aka, na obodo 6,800 nke Asia, Africa na America, ịkụ ihe karịrị nde osisi 35..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.treesftf.org/about/history.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613074936/http://treesftf.org/about/history.htm|title=Trees for the Future|archivedate=June 13, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ecologi bụ nzukọ na-enye ndị otu ya ụzọ ha ga-esi kwado ihe ngwọta mgbanwe ihu igwe. Nke a na-agụnye ịkwụsị ikuku carbon ha na ịkụ osisi. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a kụrụ ihe karịrị nde osisi 50 site na Ecologi, yana ihe karịrị nde tọn 2.2 nke CO2e belatara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1dACvzjE5nBE1cKZBAhYzsUa7rIiLJqCWXVgY4bNS8_Q/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=Ecologi Public Impact and Operations Ledger|work=Google Docs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wangari Maathai, onye nnata Nobel Peace Prize 2004, hibere Green Belt Movement nke kụrụ ihe karịrị nde osisi 47 iji weghachi gburugburu Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/|title=The Green Belt Movement|work=www.greenbeltmovement.org|accessdate=2023-05-30|archivedate=2019-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922064433/http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shanghai Roots &amp; Shoots, ngalaba nke Jane Goodall Institute, malitere Project Million Tree na Kulun Qi, Mongolia Inner iji kụọ otu nde osisi iji kwụsị ọzara na ibelata okpomọkụ ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.jgi-shanghai.org|title=Shanghai Roots &amp; Shoots|accessdate=2019-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224030000/http://www.jgi-shanghai.org/|archivedate=2017-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtpchina.org/|title=MTP百万植树计划|work=MTP百万植树计划}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Team Trees bụ ndị na-akwado ego 2019 nwere atụmatụ ịkụ osisi nde 20. Ndị US YouTubers MrBeast na Mark Rober malitere atụmatụ a, ndị YouTubers kwadoro ya. Arbor Day Foundation ga-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị mmekọ obodo ya gburugburu ụwa iji kụọ otu osisi maka dollar ọ bụla ha welitere.

Osisi Maka Ndụ (Brooklyn Park) bụ ọgbakọ dabere na steeti, nke hiwere laa azụ na 1981 wee wepụta mmemme nchekwa, ahịhịa na ọzụzụ obodo. Ugbu a ọ nwere puku kwuru puku ndị nkwado na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma na-akwalite ọrụ n'ime obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 July 2021|title=Trees For Life|url=https://treesforlife.org.au/|accessdate=26 July 2021|archivedate=4 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304082850/https://treesforlife.org.au/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 July 2021|title=From Little Things Big Things Grow|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://thesoutherncross.org.au/schools/2021/07/19/from-little-things-big-things-grow/|accessdate=26 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-anwa ị nweta nkwụghachi carbon site na ngwọta sitere n'okike dị ka mkpọgharị osisi, gụnyere ọhịa mangrove na mweghachi ala. Otu n'ime ha bụ Microsoft na Eni. Ịbawanye ihe mkpuchi ọhịa nke ụwa site na 25% ga-ewepụ ihe ndị mmadụ na-emepụta n'ime afọ 20 gara aga. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, ọ ga-adị mkpa ịdọrọ na ikuku CO2 nke ewepụtaralarị. Agbanyeghị, nke a nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ga-akwụsị ikuku ọhụrụ wee kwụsị igbutu osisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hook|first=Leslie|title=Business turns to nature to fight climate change|url=https://www.ft.com/content/7d940587-4502-4468-acea-a67b7bf6a523|accessdate=28 July 2020|date=28 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Echiche ndị metụtara ya ==
Echiche yiri nke ahụ, ịkọ oke ọhịa, na-ezo aka na usoro nke iweghachi na ịmegharị akụkụ nke ọhịa ma ọ bụ ọhịa ndị nwere ike ịdị adị ogologo oge gara aga ma e kpochapụrụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ wepụ ya n'oge ụfọdụ n'oge gara aga ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ya (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ahịhịa ndụ). Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji okwu a bụ &quot;ịkwagharị ọhịa&quot; iji mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti mkpuchi mbụ nke ọhịa na mweghachi nke ọhịa na mpaghara. Ngwa pụrụ iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ. Ogwe osisi osisi, na-eji mee ka ịkụ osisi dị mfe na ngwa ngwa.

Usoro ọzọ ọzọ, ịgbasa osisi, yiri ya ka enwere ike iji gbochie mmetụta ọjọọ gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi nke igbutu osisi site n'ịkwalite ọhịa dị adị nke na-emebi emebi ruo n'ikike ya zuru oke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Moomaw|first=William R.|date=2019|title=Intact Forests in the United States: Proforestation Mitigates Climate Change and Serves the Greatest Good|journal=Frontiers in Forests and Global Change|volume=2|doi=10.3389/ffgc.2019.00027|issn=2624-893X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkatọ ==

=== Ịsọ mpi na iji ala eme ihe ndị ọzọ ===
Mweghari osisi na-asọ mpi n'iji ala ndị ọzọ eme ihe, dị ka mmepụta nri, ịta anụ ụlọ, na ebe obibi, maka mmepe akụ na ụba na-aga n'ihu. Ịkpụgharị ọhịa nwere ike ịdọpụ nnukwu mmiri site na ihe omume ndị ọzọ. Maapụ ụlọ ọrụ World Resources Institute na mmekorita ya na IUCN mebere na-akọwapụta hectare ijeri abụọ maka mweghachi oke ọhịa. A katọrọ ya maka itinye nde hectare 900 nke ala ahịhịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bond|first=William J.|date=November 2019|title=The Trouble with Trees: Afforestation Plans for Africa|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534719302526|journal=Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution|language=en|volume=34|issue=11|pages=963–965|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.003|pmid=31515117}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dasgupta|first=Shreya|date=2021-06-01|title=Many Tree-Planting Campaigns Are Based on Flawed Science|url=https://science.thewire.in/environment/many-tree-planting-campaigns-are-based-on-flawed-science/|accessdate=2021-06-12|work=The Wire Science|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi ===
Ịkpụgharị ọhịa na-enwekarị ọchịchọ ịmepụta nnukwu ibu mmanụ ụgbọala, na-ebute ọkụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ karịa ọkụ na-agụnye obere ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ahịhịa. Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ owuwe ihe ubi na nkwụsị ọkụ akpatala mmụba na biomass ọhịa dị na ọdịda anyanwụ United States n'ime narị afọ gara aga. Nke a na-ebute mmụba nke ihe dị ka ihe anọ n'ọku ọkụ n'ihi ogologo oge na oge ọkọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Canadell&quot;/&gt;

=== Effects on biodiversity ===
Ịkpụgharị osisi mgbe ụfọdụ na-ebute oke oke okpu nke na-egbochi uto ahịhịa dị iche iche na mpaghara ndị nwere onyinyo na imepụta ọnọdụ ala nke na-egbochi ụdị ahịhịa ndị ọzọ. Osisi ndị a na-eji eme ihe na ụfọdụ mgbalị ịkụgharị ọhịa (dịka, Eucalyptus globulus) na-ewepụta oke mmiri na ala, na-egbochi uto nke osisi ndị ọzọ. European Commission chọpụtara na, n'ihe gbasara ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ ka mma ịzere igbutu osisi karịa ikwe ka igbutu osisi na-emesịa kpụgharịa ọhịa, n'ihi na nke mbụ na-eduga ná mmetụta ndị na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha n'ihe banyere ọnwụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na mmebi ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press corner|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_08_632|accessdate=28 September 2020|work=European Commission - European Commission|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmetụta mkpụgharị ọhịa na-enwe n'ụdị dị iche iche abụghị nanị na ụdị ahịhịa ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike imetụta ụdị ihe niile dị ndụ dị n'ime ihe ndị dị ugbu a. N'ihi nnukwu ọrụ osisi na-arụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ dị mkpa ịghọta nke ọma ihe ndị dị ka gburugburu ebe obibi, ụzọ mmiri, na ụdị dị na mpaghara a na-akụgharị ọzọ. Nnyocha ndị gara aga na-enyere aka belata mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche nke nwere ike igbochi nchọpụta ọgwụ, ma gbanwee mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cunningham 301–317&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cunningham|first=S. C.|date=2015-07-01|title=Balancing the environmental benefits of reforestation in agricultural regions|journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics|language=en|volume=17|issue=4|pages=301–317|doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2015.06.001|issn=1433-8319}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akụrụngwa carbon ===
E nwekwara ihe ize ndụ na, site n'ọkụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ ntiwapụ ahụhụ, ọtụtụ n'ime carbon carbon echekwara na mpaghara osisi nwere ike ịlaghachi na ikuku. Ọzọkwa, ihe gbasara nke puru omume na a ga-ahapụ ikuku carbon sitere na ala dị elu n'ime oke ọhịa boreal. A pụrụ ịhụ ihe atụ nke a n’ala ndị dị n’ebe etiti Africa, bụ́ ndị na-ejupụta n’ụba carbon n’apịtị a na-akpọ peat. Dị ka ọkụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ ntiwapụ ahụhụ nke nwere ike imerụ oke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo, ego nwekwara ike ịhụ ihe mkpali imerụ ọhịa ma kwụọ ụgwọ iji chebe ya. Enwere ike iji ihe dị ihe dị ka isii lelịa ikuku apịtị apịtị Global griin haus kpatara site na mmebi nke oke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Na mgbakwunye, mmetụta nke mgbụsị akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ mkpụgharị ọhịa ga-adị ogologo n'ọdịniihu karịa nke ịkpa oke ọhịa. Ọ na-ewe ogologo oge - ọtụtụ iri afọ - maka uru maka okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ iji gosipụta otu uru ịghasa carbon sitere na osisi tozuru oke n'ime oke ọhịa yana site na ịmachi igbutu osisi. Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na kama ịkụgharị ebe ọhụrụ, na-ejikọta ebe ndị dị n'oké ọhịa na iweghachite ọnụ ọnụ ọhịa, iji chebe isi ha tozuru okè ma mee ka ha nwekwuo ike na-adịte aka.

== Hụkwa ==
 

== Ihe odide ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Africa Online</title>
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      <text bytes="3604" sha1="cbdztjyix1hw6jj7zwjfeygbaoki9de" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Africa Online Holding Ltd'''., mgbe ụfọdụ abbreviated ka '''AFOL''', bụ nnukwu onye na-enye ọrụ ịntanetị (ISP) na [[Eluàlà|Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230618172235/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2001/11/26/314057/index.htm Ayisi Makatiani Founder, Africa Online], CNN Money&lt;/ref&gt; Dabere na Nairobi, Kenya, ọ na-enye ohere ịntanetị ma na-arụ ọrụ na mba Africa iri, gụnyere Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Namibia, Eswatini, Tanzania, Uganda na Zimbabwe.  Ọrụ Africa Online na-enye gụnyere ịnweta ịntanetị ịkpọ oku, ọrụ ahịrị mgbazinye, akaụntụ email, njikọ VSAT, DSL, WAN na VPN maka ndị ahịa onwe na ndị ahịa.  Na 2007 ọ ghọrọ onye enyemaka nke Telkom South Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121007183350/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=11611270 Company overview], Bloomberg Businessweek&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Usòrò:Ayisi_B._Makatiani.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Onye guzobere Africa Online A. Makatiani]]
Ọ bụ Ayisi Makatiani, Karanja Gakio na Amolo Ng'weno, ndị Kenya atọ zutere ibe ha mgbe ha bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na Cambridge, [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]], malitere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1994. Makatiani na Gakio nọ na MIT mgbe Ng'weno nọ na Harvard. Echiche bụ isi maka ọrụ akụkọ n'ịntanetị maka ndị Kenya sitere na obodo dị n'ịnta na MIT nke a na-akpọ KenyaNet.  KenyaNet bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ obodo ịntanetị na-elekwasị anya n'Africa (ndị ọzọ bụ Okyeame na [[Ghana]], Naijanet na Nigeria, na Salonet na [[Sierra Leone]]) nke ụmụ akwụkwọ MIT guzobere ma na-achịkwa ma na-akwado na sava MIT.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mwiti|first=Lee|title=The man who shaped Kenya’s internet landscape|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/sci-tech/article/2001244223/the-man-with-knack-for-turning-raw-ideas-into-cash|work=The Standard|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na mgbasa ozi ịntanetị, Africa Online wepụrụ uche ya n'inye ozi na ijikọ ndị Africa nọ na kọntinent ahụ na ịntanetị.  Na 1995, International Wireless nke Boston zụtara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke mechara bụrụ Prodigy.  N'ime oge a, Africa Online malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye Kenya mbụ ISP, ma mesịa gbasaa na Cote d'Ivoire (1995) ruo Ghana, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe na Swaziland, na ndị Kenya atọ ahụ gara n'ihu na-ejikwa ọrụ ahụ.  Na usoro a, Africa Online nwetara ọtụtụ ISP, dị ka Pipex Internet Solution (Swaziland), Net2000 (Kenya), UUNET (Namibia) na Swift Global (Uganda).

Na 1998, Prodigy rere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'aka African Lakes Corporation.  Edeberela ọdọ mmiri Africa na London Stock Exchange kemgbe 1877 ma na-apụ ugbu a site na ọdịnala ọdịnala ya na ọrụ ugbo na Ngwuputa.  Ruo oge ụfọdụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere mmasị na ndị na-etinye ego, na-edepụta na Nairobi Stock Exchange na 2001, mana ngwaahịa ya mechara tufuo ya ma wepụrụ ya na London na Nairobi na 2003. N'oge ahụ, ndị 3 malitere ahapụla Africa Online.

Africa Online bụ nke Telkom South Africa zụrụ n'afọ 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb&quot;/&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101025134557/http://africaonline.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110728014657/http://www.hrea.org/lists/huridocs-tech/markup/msg00413.html AOL nke ọzọ: Africa Online]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aku MBA Uwa (Liberia)</title>
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      <text bytes="1483" sha1="e6nhocisjofwuwdg78mp5qgeqw3v9fn" xml:space="preserve">International Bank (Liberia), Limited (IBLL) bụ '''ụlọ''' akụ na-arụ ọrụ zuru oke noge nile na [[Liberia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Bank (Liberia) Limited - Official Website|url=https://www.ibliberia.com/|work=www.ibliberia.com|accessdate=2023-06-10|archivedate=2023-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610194632/https://ibliberia.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Liberia: International Bank Limited Unveils State-of-the-Art Facility|url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-international-bank-limited-unveils-state-of-the-art-facility/|work=FrontPageAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Emebere ụlọ akụ ahụ mgbe International Trust Company nke Liberia mepụtara ngalaba ụlọ akụ azụmaahịa na 1960.  N'afọ 2000,  International Trust Company ghọrọ International Bank.  Emere Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Monrovia nwere ọtụtụ ebe na mba ahụ niile. International Bank na-agbatị ọrụ ụlọ akụ dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ma ọ bụghị nanị: ụlọ akụ azụmahịa na nke onwe, mgbazinye ego nke onwe, ọrụ nnyefe ego, gụnyere wires, MoneyGram, Western Union, RIA, &amp; Nobel, na ọrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ na agụmakwụkwọ.

Ebe gụnyere Harbel, Harper, Pleebo, Kakata, Caldwell, Paynesville, Sinkor, Camp Johnson Road, Vai Town, Broad Street, na Monrovia Post office. 

== Hụ ihe nile ==

* Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke Liberia
* Ndepụta ụlọ akụ na Liberia

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Africa Addio</title>
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      <text bytes="8892" sha1="bhnwufqq42j2oxtwdeagz9h58h88d3a" xml:space="preserve">'''''Africa Addio''''' (nke a makwaara dị ka Africa: Blood and Guts na United States na Farewell '''''Africa''''' na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]]) bụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke Itali nke 1966 nke Gualtiero Jacopetti na Franco E. Prosperi jikọrọ aka dee na egwu Riz Ortolani. Jacopetti na Prosperi nwetara aha ọma (ya na onye nduzi Paolo Cavara) dị ka ndị nduzi nke Mondo Cane na 1962.

''Africa Addio'' na-edekọ njedebe nke oge ọchịchị na [[Afrịka|Africa]], na ime ihe ike na ọgba aghara sochiri. Ihe nkiri ahụ bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma, nke mere ka ihe a na-akpọ &quot;ihe nkiriondo&quot; nwee ike, usoro nke &quot;ihe nkiri na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ&quot; - ihe ngosi na-egosi isiokwu ndị na-akpali akpali. Ihe nkiri ahụ zutere nkatọ na otuto n'ihi ọdịnaya ya na-ese okwu, mana a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe nkiri dị ezigbo mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ime ihe nkiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Africa4 - L'indépendance de l'Afrique au cinéma : Africa Addio - Libération.fr|url=http://libeafrica4.blogs.liberation.fr/2015/02/20/africa-addio/|accessdate=2020-12-26|work=libeafrica4.blogs.liberation.fr|archivedate=2021-01-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115184117/http://libeafrica4.blogs.liberation.fr/2015/02/20/africa-addio/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe osise ==
Onye na-akọ akụkọ (Gualtiero Jacopetti) na-akọwa ebumnuche nke ihe nkiri ahụ: idekọ na Afrịka agbanweela ruo mgbe ebighị ebi na-esote nnwere onwe na igosi ọgba aghara n'oge ozugbo ndị Europe si na kọntinent ahụ pụọ. Onye na-akọ akụkọ na-ekwu na ihe nkiri ahụ agaghị agwa ndị na-ege ya ntị ihe ha ga-eche banyere ihe omume ndị a, kama na onye na-ekiri ya ga-eme mkpebi nke ya banyere ihe ha hụrụ.

N'ebe ụfọdụ na mpaghara Sahara nke Africa, ụmụ amaala na-eme emume maka ịhapụ nchịkwa nke ndị Britain ma kwe ka ha guzobe ọchịchị nke ha. Ememe na-amalite site na ọkụ ọkụ ma na-ejedebe na ìgwè mmadụ nke ndị obodo na-ebibi ngwaahịa ndị si mba Europe ma ọ bụ ndị Afrịka na-enwetabeghị nnwere onwe, dị ka àkwá Portuguese na oroma na biya [[South Africa]]. 

Na [[Kenya]], anyị na-ahụ foto nke Mau Mau Uprising. E jidere otu n'ime Mau Maus maka igbu ọchụ nke ezinụlọ dum nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ọcha na ndị ọrụ ha. Mgbe ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị, 100 Mau Maus gbadatara n'ugbo ahụ, mekpọọ ụmụ anụmanụ ahụ ọnụ ma mee cannibalism. A na-egbu anụmanụ ndị dị ndụ n'ihi ebere. A na-ama onye na-ahazi mpụ ahụ ikpe ịrụ ọrụ ike ndụ ya niile. 

== Nnakwere na ihe nketa ==

=== Otuto ===
A na-etokarị egwu na ihe nkiri ahụ, yana obi ike nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri iji nye ụwa ihe nkiri pụrụ iche na nke dị ize ndụ, ọkachasị nke ogbugbu a gaara ekpuchi. ''Africa Addio'' gosipụtara naanị ihe nkiri agha a maara nke ndị Congo Mercenaries, na naanị ihe akaebe a maara nke mgbukpọ agbụrụ ndị Arab n'oge Zanzibar Revolution. N'[[Italy|Ịtali]], ọ meriri onyinye David di Donatello nke 1966 maka onye na-emepụta Angelo Rizzoli. Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ndị na-agbaso omenala, dị ka Il Tempo nke Ịtali, toro ihe nkiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sweet&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Goodall|first=Mark|date=October 5, 2017|title=Sweet &amp; Savage: The World through the Mondo Film Lens|publisher=Headpress|isbn=978-1909394506}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1968 na Carnival nke Viareggio, ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri nke ihe nkiri ahụ kpaliri sonyere ma bụrụ nke onye isi nke papier-mâché Il Barzella mere. A na-edebe ihe ụfọdụ sitere na ụgbọ mmiri a, tinyere  ncheta ndị ọzọ gụnyere akwụkwọ nke John Cohen, na Museum of [[Dizionario del Turismo Cinematografico]] na Verolengo.

Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị na-akọwa ihe boro ya ebubo ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nkwupụta ụgha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sweet&quot;/&gt; Jacopetti na Prosperi zaghachiri nkatọ nke ihe nkiri ahụ site n'ịgbachitere ebumnuche ha. N'ihe ngosi 2003 The Godfathers of Mondo, Prosperi na-ekwu na nkatọ ahụ bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na, &quot;''Ndị'' mmadụ adịbeghị njikere maka ụdị eziokwu a,&quot; na Jacopetti kwuru n'ụzọ doro anya na ihe nkiri ahụ &quot;abụghị ihe ziri ezi nke ọchịchị, kama ọ bụ nkatọ maka ịhapụ kọntinent ahụ n'ọnọdụ ọjọọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CORLISS&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240713023811/http://entertainment.time.com/2011/08/21/gualtiero-jacopetti-the-man-behind-the-mondo-movies/ Provocateur Gualtiero Jacopetti Dead at 91: Honoring the Man Behind the Mondo Movies] Richard Corliss, August 21, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Njikọ ihe nkiri nke sochiri n'etiti ndị ikom abụọ ahụ, ''Addio Zio Tom'', nyochara egwu nke ịgba ohu agbụrụ America ma bu n'uche (n'akụkụ ụfọdụ) ịlụso ebubo nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ megide ha mgbe a tọhapụrụ ''Africa Addio''&lt;ref&gt;''The Godfathers of Mondo.'' &lt;/ref&gt; (ọ bụ ezie na nke ahụ, kwa, a katọrọ ya maka ịkpa ókè ịkpa ókè ókè agbụrụ).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/farewell-uncle-tom-1972 Farewell Uncle Tom] Roger Ebert, 1972&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sweet&quot; /&gt;

=== Nkatọ ===
Ndị nduzi ihe nkiri Octavio Getino na Fernando Solanas katọrọ ihe nkiri ahụ n'ụzọ siri ike na nkwupụta ha Toward a Third Cinema, na-akpọ Jacopetti onye Fascist, ma na-ekwusi ike na na ihe nkiri ahụ, a &quot;na-ele mmadụ anya dị ka anụ ọhịa,&quot; ma &quot;gbanwee ya ''ka'' onye ọzọ nke nwụrụ ka Jacopetti wee nwee ike ime ihe nkiri nke ogbugbu ya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Solanas|first=Fernando|date=1970–1971|title=TOWARD A THIRD CINEMA|journal=[[Cineaste (magazine)|Cineaste]]|volume=4|issue=3|pages=1–10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri Roger Ebert, na nyocha dị mkpirikpi nke 1967 nke ihe nkiri ahụ dị mkpirisi nke America, kpọrọ ya &quot;ịkpa ókè agbụrụ&quot; ma kwuo na ọ &quot;na-emebi kọntinent&quot;. Ọ dọtara uche n'akụkọ mmalite:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Yurop ahapụla nwa ya,&quot; onye na-akọ akụkọ na-eru uju, &quot;naanị mgbe ọ chọrọ ya karịa&quot;. Ònye weghaara ọchịchị, ugbu a ndị na-achị ala ọzọ apụọla? Mgbasa ozi ahụ na-akọwa ya maka anyị: &quot;Raw, wild, brutal, modern-day savages!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ebert&quot;&gt;[https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/africa-addio-1967 Africa Addio review], [[Roger Ebert]], April 25, 1967&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Onye nnọchi anya US na United Nations Arthur Goldberg katọrọ ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka &quot;nke gbagọrọ agbagọ&quot; na &quot;nke na-enweghị ọrụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya,&quot; na-ekwu maka mkpesa nke ndị nnọchi anya UN ise nke Afrịka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|title=GOLDBERG CRITICIZES 'AFRICA ADDIO' FILM|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 21, 1967|page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na West Germany, ngagharị iwe megide ihe nkiri ahụ pụtara mgbe ''Africa Addio'' nwetara onyinye site na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ihe nkiri nke steeti. Ọ bụ ndị Socialist German Student Union (SDS) na ìgwè ụmụ akwụkwọ Afrịka haziri ngagharị iwe ahụ. Na West Berlin, onye na-ekesa ihe nkiri ahụ gbara arụkwaghịm n'igosi ihe nkiri ahụ mgbe usoro ngagharị iwe na mmebi nke sinima gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;Niels Seibert: ''Vergessene Proteste. ''&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ebubo ndị a na-ebo ebubo ===
N'agbanyeghị na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-agọnahụ na ihe ọ bụla dị na ihe nkiri ahụ, asịrị zuru ebe niile ka na-ekwu na ihe nkiri dị iche iche abụghị eziokwu maka ebumnuche ntụrụndụ. Jacopetti ekwuola ugboro ugboro na ihe oyiyi niile dị na fim ahụ bụ ihe dị adị nakwa na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla e mere.&lt;ref&gt;See the interview with Jacopetti from 1988, reprinted Amok Journal: Sensurround Edition, edited by S. Swezey (Los Angeles: AMOK, 1995), pp. 140-171&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe nkiri The Godfathers of Mondo, Jacopetti na Prosperi kwusiri ike na naanị ihe nkiri ha mere bụ na ''Mondo Cane 2''.&lt;ref name=&quot;popmatters%2Ecom&quot;&gt;[http://www.popmatters.com/review/mondo-cane-collection/ 'A Dog's World: The Mondo Cane Collection], [[Bill Gibron]], December 1, 2003&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu ihe nkiri ahụ, Prosperi kọwara nkà ihe ọmụma ha na-eme ihe nkiri: &quot;Slip in, jụọ, akwụghị ụgwọ, mee ihe nkiri ọzọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CORLISS&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Akwụkwọ ==

* Stefano Loparco, 'Gualtiero Jacopetti - Graffi sul mondo', Il Foglio Letterario, 2014 -   (Akwụkwọ ahụ nwere akwụkwọ ndị a na-ebipụtaghị na akaebe nke Carlo Gregoretti, Franco E. Prosperi, Riz Ortolani, Katyna Ranieri, Giampaolo Lomi, Pietro Cavara e Gigi Oliviero).

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* {{IMDb title|0060073}}
* Africa Addio at AllMovie
* Africa Addio at the British Film Institute
* Africa Blood and Guts at Rotten Tomatoes
* [[iarchive:africa-addio-1966|Africa Addio n'ịntanetị]] na Internet Archive 
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National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (nke a makwaara dị ka '''NESREA''') bụ '''ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka''' gburugburu ebe obibi nke [[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria|Gọọmentị etiti nke Naijiria]] nke e guzobere site na iwu nke afọ 2007 iji &quot;mee ka [[ndị Naijiria]] dị ọcha ma dị mma&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=OALP|date=2019-03-19|title=Key Amendments to the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment) Act {{!}} The Estero|url=https://www.olaniwunajayi.net/blog/key-amendments-to-the-national-environmental-standards-and-regulations-enforcement-agency-establishment-act/|accessdate=2022-04-02|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment) Act, 2007 (No. 25 of 2007).|url=https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/national-environmental-standards-and-regulations-enforcement-agency-establishment-act-2007-no-25-of-2007-lex-faoc120569/|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=www.ecolex.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke Federal Ministry of Environment, ọ bụkwa onye isi nchịkwa na-eduzi ya, onye bụkwa onye isi ọrụ nke ihe dị ka ụlọ ahịa 483 na ezinụlọ ụlọ ọrụ NESREA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/nesrea-begins-product-responsibility-policy-enforcement/|title=NESREA begins product responsibility programme|date=10 November 2015|publisher=The Nation|accessdate=14 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119150224/http://thenationonlineng.net/nesrea-begins-product-responsibility-policy-enforcement/|archivedate=19 November 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://thenationonlineng.net/nesrea-begins-product-responsibility-policy-enforcement/ &quot;NESREA begins product responsibility programme&quot;]. The Nation. 10 November 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171119150224/http://thenationonlineng.net/nesrea-begins-product-responsibility-policy-enforcement/ Archived] from the original on 19 November 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;14 June&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-01-08|title=Regulating environmental pollution for human safety|url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/regulating-environmental-pollution-for-human-safety/|accessdate=2022-03-30|work=EnviroNews Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ nke nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi na-ekpuchi site na NESREA's 33 National Environmental Regulations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=MONSURAT|first=SULEIMAN|date=December 2019|title=A Deep Dive into the Review of National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337757758|journal=International Research Journal of Applied Sciences|volume=1|issue=4|pages=20}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMONSURAT2019&quot;&gt;MONSURAT, SULEIMAN (December 2019). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337757758 &quot;A Deep Dive into the Review of National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act&quot;]. ''International Research Journal of Applied Sciences''. '''1''' (4): 20.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ikike nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere nlekota usoro na ngwá ọrụ, ịgbaso ụkpụrụ a kapịrị ọnụ, ịdọ ndị na-emebi iwu a kapịrị aka aka aka aka, ịme nyocha ọha na eze, na itinye aro nye minista maka nyocha iji nọgide na-enwe àgwà gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

NESREA edekọla ọtụtụ ihe ịga nke ọma n'ógbè nke nrubeisi gburugburu ebe obibi, nlekota, na mmanye ya kemgbe e guzobere ya, gụnyere itinye ọtụtụ iwu gbasara [[nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kunlere|first=Idowu|date=6 December 2017|title=NESREA: Nine facts about Nigeria's top environment watchdog|url=https://wastesmart.org/2017/12/nesrea-nigerias-environment-watchdog/|accessdate=26 February 2022|work=WasteSmart.org|archivedate=25 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325092538/https://wastesmart.org/2017/12/nesrea-nigerias-environment-watchdog/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKunlere2017&quot;&gt;Kunlere, Idowu (6 December 2017). . ''WasteSmart.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 February&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment), 2007. Act No. 25, 30 July 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

E dezigharịrị iwu nke guzobere NESREA n'afọ 2018 iji kwado mgbanwe na ọnọdụ nke nhọpụta nke ndị otu kansụl, ntaramahụhụ siri ike maka ndị na-emebi iwu, na ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=law|first=nigeria|date=April 2019|title=NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD AND REGULATIONS ENFORCEMENT (ESTABLISHMENT)(AMENDMENT) ACT 2018|url=https://lawnigeria.com/2019/11/national-environmental-standard-and-regulations-enforcement-establishment-amendment-act-2018/|work=lawnigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Mkpa maka ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze na-egbo mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi na Naijiria ghọrọ ihe dị mkpa n'ihe gbasara ihe mkpofu nsị n'afọ 1988 na Koko. Nke a kpaliri gọọmentị, [nchọpụta izizi?] nke Onye isi ala na-edu bụ [[Ibrahim Babangida|Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida]], ka onwe nkwubi  [[Nkwupụta|(promulgate]] [[Iwu|Decree]]) iguzobe Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) dịka otu na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act.|url=https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/federal-environmental-protection-agency-act-lex-faoc018376/|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=www.ecolex.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-agbakọta ọrụ nke FEPA n'ime usoro nke Federal Ministry of Environment, nke bụ òtù na-eme iwu maka ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Federal Environmental Protection Agency (Amendment) Decree|url=http://www.commonlii.org/ng/legis/num_act/fepad481/|accessdate=26 February 2022|work=www.commonlii.org|archivedate=29 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629075817/http://www.commonlii.org/ng/legis/num_act/fepad481/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Otú ọ dị, o doro anya na ọ dị mkpa ka e nwee iwu siri ike iji dozie nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba ahụ, gụnyere ọzara, [[Igbukpọ osisi|mgbukpọ]] ọhịa ngwa ngwa, mbuze osimiri na ndagwurugwu, adịghị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi, [[mmetọ ikuku]] na [[ihe mkpofu eletrọniki]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stakeholder Workshop on Air quality and transportation challenges in Nigeria and agenda for Clean Air Action Plan|url=https://www.cseindia.org/stakeholder-workshop-on-air-quality-and-transportation-challenges-in-nigeria-and-agenda-for-clean-air-action-plan-6130|accessdate=2022-03-30|work=www.cseindia.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, mmegharị ụwa maka mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na-esote Millennium Summit na World Summit on Sustainable Development, na idu ndú Naịjirịa na mmemme mmepe mpaghara dị ka New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), mere ka ndị na-eme mkpebi na mba ahụ mara gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Laws &amp; Regulations {{!}} US EPA|url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations|accessdate=26 February 2022|work=US EPA|date=31 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E guzobere NESREA n'afọ 2007 site na National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act (No. 20 nke afọ 2007). Iwu ahụ na-ebo ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ebubo maka ichebe na ịzụlite gburugburu ebe obibi na Naịjirịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment) Act, 2007 (No. 25 of 2007).|url=https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/national-environmental-standards-and-regulations-enforcement-agency-establishment-act-2007-no-25-of-2007-lex-faoc120569/|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=www.ecolex.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ nke Nzukọ Mba Naịjirịa kwadoro ma bụrụ nke Onye isi ala [[Umaru Yar'Adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] bịanyere aka na ya, iwu ahụ nyere ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ikike:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment), 2007. Act No. 25, 30 July 2007&lt;/ref&gt;
 

== Ọdịdị ya ==
NESREA kewara na ndị nduzi ise: Directorate of Administration and Finance, Directorate of Legal Services, Directorate nke Planning and Policy Analysis, Directorate for Inspection and Enforcement na Directorate of Law Services.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Onye nduzi ọ bụla na-akọsara onye nduzi ukwu, onye bụkwa onye isi ọrụ. Ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahụike ọha na eze bụ Ngeri Benebo bụ onye isi nchịkwa ruo n'afọ 2015, mgbe Lawrence Anukam, onye bụbu onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nọchiri ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/jonathan-appoints-anukam-nesrea-boss/|title=Jonathan appoints Anukam as NESREA boss|date=24 February 2015|publisher=The Nation|accessdate=20 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215103558/http://thenationonlineng.net/jonathan-appoints-anukam-nesrea-boss/|archivedate=15 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] họpụtara Aliyu Jauro dị ka onye isi nchịkwa n'afọ 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/buhari-appoints-jauro-as-nesrea-dg/|title=Buhari appoints Jauro as NESREA DG|date=25 March 2019|work=thenationonlineng.net|accessdate=6 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326143925/http://thenationonlineng.net/buhari-appoints-jauro-as-nesrea-dg/|archivedate=26 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ===
Ụlọ ọrụ Federal Ministry of Environment weghaara ọrụ FEPA mgbe etinyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na nhazi ya. Ministri a ketara ikike maka nyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (EIAs) na naanị Minista gburugburu ka enyere ikike ịnye nkwupụta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (EIS). Kemgbe e mepụtara NESREA, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ejirila ọrụ maka ịmanye EIA na Naijiria. N'agbanyeghị na Naijiria na-achị usoro gọọmentị etiti, mpaghara mpaghara (nke a maara dị ka steeti) enweghị ikike ịnye akwụkwọ a. Enyere ikike naanị NESREA maka ịdepụta EIA n'ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị nke afọ 2015..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://guardian.ng/property/c25-property/court-bars-states-on-issuance-of-eia-approval-certificate/|title=Court bars states on the issuance of EIA approval certificate|work=The Guardian|date=22 February 2015|accessdate=15 June 2016|archivedate=22 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122124738/https://guardian.ng/property/c25-property/court-bars-states-on-issuance-of-eia-approval-certificate/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

=== Ahịa anụ ọhịa iwu na-akwadoghị ===
Naịjirịa bụ onye bịanyere aka na Nkwekọrịta na Azụmaahịa Mba Nile na Ụdị Anụ Ọhịa (CITES), NESREA bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ijide na ikpe nke mpụ ahịa anụ ọhịa iwu na-akwadoghị na Naịjirị. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ edekọla ọtụtụ nnweta nke ụdị na akụkụ anụmanụ ndị a na-ebugharị site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ya, ọ kpụkwara ụfọdụ ikpe a ma ama, gụnyere ndị na-abụghị ndị mba, ụfọdụ n'ime ha ka a mara ha ikpe ịga mkpọrọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/customs-arrests-chinese-malian-for-smuggling/|title=Customs arrests Chinese, Malian for 'smuggling'|date=12 May 2013|work=The Nation|accessdate=15 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919161417/http://thenationonlineng.net/customs-arrests-chinese-malian-for-smuggling/|archivedate=19 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 February 2022|title=Experts call for community involvement in tackling Nigeria's illegal pangolin trade|url=https://businessday.ng/agriculture/article/experts-call-for-community-involvement-in-tackling-nigerias-illegal-pangolin-trade/|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=Businessday NG}}&lt;/ref&gt; NESREA napụtara [[Odúm|nwa ọdụm]] n'aka ndị na-ere anụ ọhịa abụọ na Febụwarị 2022. Nwa ọdụm ahụ ereela n'ahịa ojii maka nde naira isii tupu NESREA napụta ya na [[Nigeria Police Force|ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa]] na ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ Naịjirịja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 February 2022|title=NESREA rescues lion cub from two wildlife syndicate|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/nesrea-rescues-lion-cub-from-two-wildlife-syndicate/|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=Tribune Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GuardianLionCub&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 February 2022|title=Agency rescues lion cub from traffickers in Abuja|url=https://guardian.ng/property/agency-rescues-lion-cub-from-traffickers-in-abuja/|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lion Cub Rescued In Abuja, Suspected Traffickers Arrested|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/02/11/suspected-traffickers-arrested-in-attempt-to-sell-lion-cub-for-n6m/|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye nnọchi anya ụlọ ọrụ dọrọ ụmụ amaala aka na ntị ka ha kwụsị [[mpụ gburugburu ebe obibi]] ka ụlọ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na-alụ ọgụ megide ndị na-eme ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuardianLionCub&quot; /&gt;

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụkwa ọrụ iji gbochie ahịa iwu na-akwadoghị nke osisi na ngwaahịa osisi, dị ka osisi iroko na mahogany.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Orokpo|first=Treasure|date=2022-02-11|title=NESREA seizes lion cub, arrests 2 illegal wildlife traders in Abuja|url=https://www.idomavoice.com/2022/02/nesrea-seizes-lion-cub-arrests-2-illegal-wildlife-traders-in-abuja.html|accessdate=2022-03-30|work=Idoma Voice Newspaper|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212001606/https://www.idomavoice.com/2022/02/nesrea-seizes-lion-cub-arrests-2-illegal-wildlife-traders-in-abuja.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihichapụ ihe mkpofu ===
NESREA nwere iwu gbasara mkpofu ihe, gụnyere National Policy on Waste Battery Management na National Environmental (Battery Control) Regulations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 February 2022|title=Group decries non-compliance with used battery disposal by telcos|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/group-decries-non-compliance-with-used-battery-disposal-by-telcos/|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=The Sun Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iwu ndị a na-eme ka gburugburu ebe obibi dịkwuo mma maka ndị mmadụ ibi.

NESREA (ya na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ndị ọzọ) chọpụtara ụgbọ mmiri nke ihe eji eme ihe na ngwá eletrik na eletrọniki nke a na-achọ ịwụfu n'ime mba ahụ, na-eweghachi ha n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ha. Naịjirịa na-ahụ ugbu a ọganihu n'iji ngwá ọrụ teknụzụ na-eduga na nnukwu mmepụta nke [[ihe mkpofu eletrọniki]] n'etiti obodo ukwu. N'ihi ya, NESREA malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ngalaba a iji guzobe itinye n'ọrụ ụkpụrụ ọrụ mmepụta gbasaa na njikwa ihe mkpofu (akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke akụ na ụba dị ka ụlọ ọrụ nri na  ọṅụṅụ na-emetụtakwa). Iji mezuo nke a, ha guzobere mmemme mba niile ma bipụta ntuziaka maka ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ dị mkpa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://guardian.ng/property/nesrea-urges-compliance-with-epr-policy-on-solid-waste/|title=NESREA urges compliance with EPR policy on solid waste|date=14 December 2015|publisher=The Nation|accessdate=14 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919161417/http://guardian.ng/property/nesrea-urges-compliance-with-epr-policy-on-solid-waste/|archivedate=19 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://leadership.ng/news/519336/nesrea-collaborates-nass-man-producer-responsibility-programme|title=NESREA collaborates with NASS, MAN on producer responsibility programme|publisher=Leadership Newspaper|accessdate=14 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421041312/http://leadership.ng/news/519336/nesrea-collaborates-nass-man-producer-responsibility-programme|archivedate=21 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/daily/environment/30408-nesrea-ready-to-improve-waste-management-practices|title=NESREA ready to improve waste management practices|publisher=Daily Trust|accessdate=14 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117094730/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/daily/environment/30408-nesrea-ready-to-improve-waste-management-practices|archivedate=17 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2009, NESREA kwadoro Nzukọ Mba Nile na E-Waste, nke a makwaara dị ka Abuja Platform, nke lekwasịrị anya n'idozi nsogbu ahụ n'ụzọ sara mbara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20Convention/docs/eWaste/E-waste_Abudja_Platform_20090821.pdf|title=Communiqué The Abuja Platform on E-Waste|publisher=Basel Convention|accessdate=14 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203220/http://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20Convention/docs/eWaste/E-waste_Abudja_Platform_20090821.pdf|archivedate=3 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe ọmụma ọha na eze ===
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere iwu ka e mepụta usoro TV na redio kwa izu, ''NESREA Watch'', nke nwere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke gụnyere ndị na-ese  na Naijiria a ma ama dị ka [[Kiki Omeili]].

=== Ọrụ okporo ụzọ Calabar ===
Gọọmentị Cross River State malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'afọ 2015 na nnukwu okporo ụzọ dị kilomita 260 (160 mi) site na [[Calabar]] ruo [[Katsina-Ala]]. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ ahụ ga-agafe otu n'ime oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo dị na mba ahụ. Nke a mere ka [[Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi|ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi]] na mba ụwa na-eme mkpesa na gọọmentị arịọghị maka itinye aka tupu ịmalite ọrụ ahụ. NESREA chọpụtara na emeghị EIA wee nye iwu ka ọrụ iwu kwụsị; NESRIA wee kpọga gọọmentị steeti n'ụlọ ikpe iji kwụsị ha ịga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ruo mgbe ha mezuru ihe ndị iwu chọrọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-drags-c-river-to-court-over-superhighway/|title=FG drags C' River to court over superhighway|date=22 April 2016|publisher=The Punch|accessdate=1 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604220822/http://punchng.com/fg-drags-c-river-to-court-over-superhighway/|archivedate=4 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Njikọ ya na ndị uwe ojii ===
NESREA malitere mmekọrịta dị mma na [[Nigeria Police Force|ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa]] malite na 2013, ebe ndị uwe ojii kwadoro ọrụ mmanye NESR EA [[Onye Ọrụ Ahụike Gburugburu Ebe Obibi|Ndị ọrụ ahụike]] gburugburu ebe obibi mere mkpesa na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwesịrị ịbawanye ike ha kama ikwe ka ndị uwe ojii weghara ọrụ iwu ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-06-20|title=Nigeria Police to create special unit to support NESREA {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/139191-nigeria-police-to-create-special-unit-to-support-nesrea.html|accessdate=2022-04-03|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-07-11|title=NESREA partners police on combating environmental crimes|url=https://m.guardian.ng/property/nesrea-partners-police-on-combating-environmental-crimes/|accessdate=2022-04-03|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.leadership.ng/news/502681/nesrea-police-collaborate-curtail-environmental-crime|title=NESREA, Police Collaborate To Curtail Environmental Crime|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|accessdate=14 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Esemokwu banyere ngalaba nkwukọrịta ===
N'afọ 2012, NESREA, na nzaghachi maka mkpesa ọha na eze, mechiri ụlọ ọrụ nke otu n'ime ndị na-ahụ maka telivishọn na mba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-08-27|title=FRESH TROUBLE IN TELECOM SECTOR|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/08/fresh-trouble-in-telecom-sector-senate-frowns-at-non-resolution-of-indiscriminate-telecom-facility-closure/|accessdate=2022-04-03|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a dugara na nkewa n'etiti ha na Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), bụ ndị kwuru na NESREA enweghị ikike ịchịkwa ngalaba nkwukọrịta na mba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NCC warns NESREA on usurping its responsibilities|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2012/04/23/ncc-warns-nesrea-on-usurping-its-responsibilities/|accessdate=2022-04-03|work=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt; NESREA rụrụ ụka maka itinye [[Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya|ụkpụrụ nchebe]] n'ọrụ mgbe ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu akụrụngwa telivishọn, na-achọ ka ụlọ ọrụ dị ala nọrọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala mita 10 site na ebe obibi, n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke Naijiria, karịa mita 5 nke iwu NCC kwadoro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ogboru|first=T|title=NESREA and NCC Regulations on Telecommunication Masts: Implementing the Precautionary Principle|journal=Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy|volume=5|issue=1|pages=55–70|accessdate=14 June 2016|url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jsdlp/article/viewFile/122451/111981}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ikpeazụ, ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ahụ rụzuru esemokwu ha wee kweta ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/environmental-safety-nesrea-ncc-partner-to-check-telecom-operators/|title=Environmental safety: NESREA, NCC partner to check telecom operators|date=9 March 2016|publisher=The Nation|accessdate=14 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310105135/http://thenationonlineng.net/environmental-safety-nesrea-ncc-partner-to-check-telecom-operators/|archivedate=10 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbanwe nke Afọ 2018 ==
Ndị otu National Assembly dezigharịrị Iwu National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act ma bụrụ nke Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] bịanyere aka n'afọ 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 November 2018|title=Government amends NESREA Act, set to tackle environmental crimes|url=https://guardian.ng/property/government-amends-nesrea-act-set-to-tackle-environmental-crimes/|accessdate=11 March 2022|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|archivedate=11 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311142000/https://guardian.ng/property/government-amends-nesrea-act-set-to-tackle-environmental-crimes/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe mmezigharị ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ntaramahụhụ siri ike na ịkwụ ụgwọ maka mmebi iwu gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ịchụ nta ma ọ bụ ịzụ ahịa anụ ọhịa n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, gụnyere [[ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=OALP|date=2019-03-19|title=Key Amendments to the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Establishment) Act {{!}} The Estero|url=https://www.olaniwunajayi.net/blog/key-amendments-to-the-national-environmental-standards-and-regulations-enforcement-agency-establishment-act/|accessdate=2022-04-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebensidee ==
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[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa</title>
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[[Category:Infobox holiday with missing field]]
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[[Usòrò:One_Future_ZeroHunger.jpg|thumb|Foto e mepụtara dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke World Food Programme maka Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa na afọ 2015.]]
'''Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa''' bụ ụbọchị mba ụwa a na-eme ememe kwa afọ n'ụwa niile n'ụbọchị iri na isii nke ọnwa Ọktoba iji cheta ụbọchị e guzobere Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] na afọ 1945. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka agụụ na nchekwa nri na-eme emume ụbọchị ahụ, gụnyere World Food Programme, World Health Organization na International Fund for Agricultural Development. WFP natara Nobel Prize na udo maka afọ 2020 maka mbọ ha na-agba iji lụso agụụ ọgụ, na-enye aka n'udo n'ógbè esemokwu, na maka ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwụsị iji agụụ eme ihe n'ụdị ngwá agha maka agha na esemokwu.

== Mmalite ya ==
[[Usòrò:Washington_Park_Building.JPG|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ U.S. National Committee for World Food Day na Washington, D.C.]]
'''Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa''' (WFD) bụ nke mba ndị so na FAO guzobere na Nzukọ Ezumezu nke 20 nke nzukọ ahụ na ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1979. Ndị nnọchi anya obodo Hungary, nke onye bụbu Minista Ọrụ Ugbo na Nri nke Hungary Dr. Pál Romány duziri, keere òkè dị ukwuu na Nzukọ nke iri abụọ nke Nzukọ FAO ma tụọ aro echiche nke ime ememe WFD n'ụwa niile.
Kemgbe ahụ, a na-eme ya kwa afọ n'ihe karịrị mba narị iri ịse, na-eme ka a mara nsogbu ndị na-esote ịda ogbenye na agụụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=NEWS|first=SA|date=2022-10-13|title=World Food Day 2022: Know How The World is Being Nurtured|url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/world-food-day-theme-quotes-history/|accessdate=2022-10-13|work=SA News Channel|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Isiokwu ==
[[Usòrò:FAO_World_Food_Day_1981_3pc_Set_Silver.jpg|thumb|Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa nke FAO afo 1981 3pc Set Silver]]
Kemgbe afọ 1981, Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa anabatala isiokwu dị iche kwa afọ iji mee ka ebe ndị dị mkpa maka ime ihe pụta ìhè ma nye otu ihe. FAO nyere ihe nrite nke Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa kwa afọ iji cheta ma kwalite ncheta ahụ.
[[Usòrò:200_lire_fao_villa.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Mkpụrụ ego ndị Ịtali raara nye Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa Mbụ (1981)]]
[[Usòrò:Afghanistan_500_Afghanis_1981_back.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Mkpụrụ ego Afghanistan a raara nye Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa Mbụ (1981)]]

== Ihe omume ==
N'ihe karịrị mba otu narị na iri ịse, ihe omume na-eme emume Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa. E depụtara ihe atụ nke ihe omume ndị e mere n'ụwa niile n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.

=== India ===
A na-eme emume ''Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa'' iji kwanyere ụbọchị ntọala nke FAO nke United Nations na afọ 1945. A na-agbaso ya na obodo India.

=== United States ===
Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa abụrụla omenala na United States kemgbe otu afọ mgbe Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa mbụ gasịrị na afọ 1981.  Na mba United States, ndị otu afọ ofufo nke mba narị anọ na iri ịse na-akwado ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=World Food Day USA|title=Directory of Organizations|url=http://www.worldfooddayusa.org/|accessdate=2023-08-13|archivedate=2019-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012080313/http://www.worldfooddayusa.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu ihe atụ maka ihe omume World Food Day bụ World Food Day Nri abalị Sọnde nke Oxfam America na-akwado na mmekorita ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị uru.&lt;ref name=&quot;oxfam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=Oxfam America|title=World Food Day Sunday Dinner|url=http://www.oxfamamerica.org/worldfoodday}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emeritus  Archbishop Desmond Tutu na onye edemede Francis Moore Lappe&lt;ref name=&quot;lappe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=YouTube|title=Video from Francis Moore Lappe on World Food Day|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wt5tmVtdE90|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123113358/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wt5tmVtdE90|archivedate=2023-01-23|accessdate=2023-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; esonyerela Oxfam America iji kwalite World Food Day Sunday Dinners.&lt;ref name=&quot;tutu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=YouTube|title=Video from Archbishop Desmond Tutu on World Food Day|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUXedatvrmA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123114339/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUXedatvrmA|archivedate=2023-01-23|accessdate=2023-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A na-eme Nzukọ Ụnwụ nke Iowa na ma ọ bụ nso Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa kemgbe afọ 2007, World Food Prize na-ahazi ya na nnọkọ ha kwa afọ na Des Moines, Iowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;iowa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=World Food Prize|title=Iowa Hunger Summit|url=http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/events/iowa_hunger_summit/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519053319/http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/events/iowa_hunger_summit/|archivedate=19 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afrịka ===
[[Usòrò:World_Food_Day_2017_Botswana_7.jpg|thumb|Ememe Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa na Kalakamati, Botswana]]
[[Angola]] mere emume WFD na afọ 2005 site na 4th Forum na umunwanyi ime obodo, ebe na [[Burundi]] osote onye isi ala nke abụọ kụrụ poteto iji nye ihe atụ banyere mmepụta nri.

Na [[Central African Republic]], Onye isi ala nke mba ahụ emeghewo àkwà mmiri na Boda iji kwekọọ na Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa, na-eme ka mpaghara mmepụta ugbo dịkwuo mfe.

Na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], òtù na ndị mmadụ na-etinye aka na mmemme nri (dịka. Foodbank Nigeria) jikọtara ya na ndị ọzọ na-etinye aka na mmepụta nri, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ugbo, ndị na-ere ahịa na ndị otu obodo iji dozie nsogbu nchekwa nri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kemgbe afọ 2009 ndị ùgwù Naijiria bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka. Dị ka òtù ọrụ ebere Action Against Hunger (AAH) si kwuo, nsogbu na-aga n'ihu ma na-abawanye ụba na ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria emeela ka ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 1.5 chụpụ, na-eme ka nde mmadụ anọ nwee oke nsogbu nri ma chọọ enyemaka enyemaka (Action Against Hunger). Kemgbe afọ 2010, AAH anọwo na-arụkọ ọrụ na &quot;ụlọ ọrụ mba&quot; na &quot;obodo ndị dị n'ógbè&quot; iji wulite ikike ịgwọ nsogbu na-egbu egbu nke nri na-adịghị edozi ahụ kpatara (imegide agụụ).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/nigeria|publisher=Action Against Hunger|title=Action Against Hunger Logo Nigeria|date=7 July 2011|accessdate=3 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eshia ===
[[Usòrò:Philippines_25_Piso_1981_back.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mkpụrụ ego ịrị abụọ na ise nke Philippine peso na Ụbọchị Nri Ụwa]]
Gọọmentị Bangladesh etinyela aka site na ịhazi mmemme nri.

== Hụkwa ==

* Nsogbu ọnụ ahịa nri
* Nchebe nri
* Ihe Nrite Nri Ụwa
* Ndepụta ụbọchị nri

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==</text>
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[[Usòrò:Pljevlja Power Station.JPG|thumb|Pijevlja Power station.JPG]]
Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ Pljevlja nke dị na Pljevlja bụ naanị '''ụlọ ọrụ''' ọkụ eletrik na arụ ọrụ na Montenegro. Ọ malitere ọrụ na 1982 ma nwee ikike ọgbọ nke 210 MW. Ọ na emepụta ihe dịka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ọkụ eletrik steeti ahụ. Chimney nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik dị mita 250 n'ịdị elu.

A na enye ọtụtụ mmanụ ụgbọala site na oghere abụọ dị n'elu ala nke Rudnik uglja ad Pljevlja na arụ ọrụ. Ebe ochie a na egwupụta ihe bụ Potrlica, ebe a malitere igwupụta ihe n'afọ 1952. Sumani I bụ ebe a na egwupụta coal ọhụrụ nke nwere coal lignite dị ala.

A na enye mmiri maka ịjụ oyi nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik site na nchịkọta Otilovići nke dị n'osimiri Ćehotini 8 kilomita (5.0 mi) site na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ  ụzọ asphalt jikọtara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;power&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.epcg.com/o-nama/termoelektrana-pljevlja |title=Information on Pjevlja power plant on the website of Elektroprivreda Crne Gore. |accessdate=2023-08-13 |archivedate=2014-06-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606232704/http://www.epcg.com/o-nama/termoelektrana-pljevlja }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ Pljevlja malitere ịrụ ọrụ na 1982. E mere nkwekọrịta mbụ nke netwọk ahụ na 21 Ọktoba 1982. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik mbụ nke Montenegro nke e ji nkeji abụọ nke 210 MW mee. A haziri nchịkọta yana ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa niile (ma e wezụga maka decarbonization na recirculation cooling system) maka blọk abụọ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ naanị otu blọk ka e wuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;power&quot;/&gt;

Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ na ere coal site na Pljevlja nke nwere uru okpomọkụ nke 9,211 kilojoules kwa kilogram (2,201  / kg). N'oge mbụ, a na enye coal site na ebe a na egwupụta coal na Juniper. E wuru ya n'ebe dị elu nke mita 760 (2,490 ). Kemgbe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ, ọ mepụtara 25,23984 TWh nke ọkụ eletrik.&lt;ref name=&quot;power&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2009 na 2010 e mere ọrụ dị mkpa metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na teknụzụ nke ihe: dochie usoro nzacha eletrik; dochie usoro nchịkwa na njikwa; dochie nke ịgba alụkwaghịm 6 na 0.4 kV enyemaka; dochie anya usoro nkpaliri generator na ntinye nke generator switch.&lt;ref name=&quot;a2a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.a2a.eu/en/plants_networks/thermoelectric/montenegro/ |title=A2A. Plant at Pljevlja. (05. 05. 2014) |accessdate=2023-08-13 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055625/http://www.a2a.eu/en/plants_networks/thermoelectric/montenegro/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe onwunwe ==
Ọ bụ Elektroprivreda Crne Gore nwe ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ nke steeti Montenegro (55%) na ụlọ ọrụ [[Italy|Ịtali]] A2A S.p.A. (43,7073%). Akụkụ ndị ọzọ bụ nke ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ na ụlọ ọrụ iwu, na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nwe Aco Đukanović nwanne nwoke nke Praịm Minista nke Montenegro Milo Đukanovick.&lt;ref name=&quot;borza&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.montenegroberza.com/code/navigate.asp?Id=87&amp;stockId=155 |title=Montenegro Stock Exchange webpage. |accessdate=2023-08-13 |archivedate=2012-09-04 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120904074423/http://www.montenegroberza.com/code/navigate.asp?Id=87&amp;stockId=155 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbasawanye ==
Enwere atụmatụ iji wuo nkeji nke abụọ nke ga-emecha dochie nke dị adị. Emebere TEP - II ka o jiri usoro kacha mma dị (BAT), nke gụnyere usoro niile maka ibelata ikuku ikuku, gụnyere mpụta nke  SO2,  NOx na uzuzu. N'ihi ike dị elu dị elu, ikuku CO2 ga adị ala karịa na steeti dị ugbu a. Enwekwara ebe a na ekpo ọkụ nwere ike kacha nke 75 MW nke ga enye ike ọkụ maka ebe a na ekpo ọkụ na mpaghara, nke ga ebelata mmetọ ikuku site na ọkụ ọkụ n'otu n'otu.

A na eme atụmatụ itinye ego ahụ ga abụ € 366 nde.&lt;ref name=&quot;plant&quot;&gt;[http://www.gov.me/ResourceManager/FileDownload.aspx?rId=137825&amp;rType=2 Material about Pljevlja II for Government of Montenegro meeting 04.07.2013]&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere usoro na-aga n'ihu maka ịhọrọ ụlọ ọrụ nke ga ewu ya. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ itoolu nke nyere onyinye mbụ, enwere atọ edepụtara ugbu a - CMEC nke China, Powerchina Hubei Electric Power Survey &amp; Design Institute na Skoda Praha, onye enyemaka CEZ sitere na [[Chekia|Czech Republic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;shortlist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.epcg.com/media-centar/saopstenja-za-javnost/otvorene-ponude-za-projekat-izgradnje-bloka-ii-te-pljevlja |title=Open offers for project of building block II of power station Pljevlja. (05. 05. 2014) |accessdate=2023-08-13 |archivedate=2014-06-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606232440/http://www.epcg.com/media-centar/saopstenja-za-javnost/otvorene-ponude-za-projekat-izgradnje-bloka-ii-te-pljevlja }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nkwado ego ===
Na Jenụwarị 2018, ihe karịrị otu afọ mgbe Czech Export Bank wepụrụ ego maka ọrụ ahụ, Skoda Praha enwetaghị ego maka ọrụەکە, dịka ọ dị mkpa ime n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;bankwatch.org&quot;&gt;[https://bankwatch.org/blog/montenegro-drops-skoda-praha-as-partner-for-pljevlja-ii-coal-plant%7C%5BCampaign update&amp;#x5D; Montenegro drops Skoda Praha as partner for Pljevlja II coal plant – now time to drop the project altogether. (04. 01. 2018)]&lt;/ref&gt;

Elektroprivreda Crne Gore (EPCG) na Gọọmentị mesiri ike mkpebi ha ịga n'ihu na ọrụ ahụ ma kwe nkwa ime atụmatụ maka ngwọta ọzọ maka ịrụ ọrụ ahụ na ngwụcha Jenụwarị 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;bankwatch.org&quot;/&gt;

== Akụkụ ndị a na-ese okwu ==

=== Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ===
Usoro mmepụta na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ nwere mmetụta na adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi ọkachasị na ikuku, mmiri na ala. Ihe kacha echegbu onwe ya bụ mmetụta ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nwere na ikuku. Ọnọdụ nke ikuku nke nnukwu mmetọ, dị ka SO2 na NOx dị n'elu ọnụ ọgụgụ a kwadoro, ebe ikuku nke uzuzu, mgbe dochie usoro electrostatic dị n'okpuru ókè a kwadoro. Njirimara nke mmiri mkpofu anaghị emezu ihe achọrọ nke iwu mmiri ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;plant&quot;/&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na ngalaba ọhụrụ ga-arụ ọrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke nnukwu mmetọ, Mahadum Stuttgart, nke Greenpeace nyere iwu, chọpụtara na dịka usoro teknụzụ nke Gọọmentị Montenegro nyere na atụmatụ ikuku maka Pljevlja II, a ga akpata ọnwụ ọnwụ mberede 14.9 kwa afọ. Nke ahụ pụtara na afọ 160 nke ndụ ga efu, na ụbọchị ọrụ 3,371.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stuttgart&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/briefings/climate/2013/coal/StuttgartUni-Coal-Health-Risks-Study.pdf |title=Preiss, Philipp, Joachim Roos and Fridrich Rainer. Estimating Health Risks caused by Emissions of Air Pollutants from Coal Fired Power Plants in Europe - Documentation of Methods and Results. University of Stuttgart, Institute for Energy Economics and the Rational Use of Energy,  2013, p. 49. |accessdate=2023-08-13 |archivedate=2015-09-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045321/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/briefings/climate/2013/coal/StuttgartUni-Coal-Health-Risks-Study.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ikike akụ na ụba ===
Ajụjụ bilitere banyere ikike akụ na ụba nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik. Enwere obere ndụ ọrụ fọdụrụnụ (ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na steeti dị ugbu a maka afọ 10 ọzọ) nke ụlọ ọrụ dị ugbu a ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnụahịa itinye ego dị elu nke dị n'etiti 100 na 150 nde Euro. Ọ bụrụ na unit dị ugbu a ga anọgide na-arụ ọrụ, iwu [[Ebe mkpofu ahịhịa|ebe a na ekpofu ahịhịa]] ọhụrụ, ebe ọ bụ na ndị ochie emeela ochie. Enwekwara mkpa iji wughachi usoro njem na ngwọta nke nsogbu nchekwa nke gụnyere nkwụsi ike nke ihe mgbochi ala. A ghaghịkwa idozi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi nke ga-eweta ego ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;plant&quot;/&gt;

=== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ===
Isi nkatọ ahụ na-elekwasị anya na enweghị nghọta na nkwadebe maka ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ. Mgbe emechara usoro nhọpụta ahụ, Gọọmentị Montenegro na-eme atụmatụ ime nkwekọrịta n'etiti gọọmentị na gọọmentị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ahọpụtara, iji zere itinye ego ọha na eze. Ebe ọ bụ na enweghi azịza doro anya site n'aka ndị ọrụ banyere onye na-azụ ọkụ eletrik a na-emepụta, ego nke ọrụ ahụ, ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime na mmetụta na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, ọha na eze anaghị echebara echiche.&lt;ref name=&quot;bankwatch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://bankwatch.org/bwmail/58/three-companies-shortlisted-montenegro-lignite-plant-pljevlja-needs-clean-not-more-poll |title=Bankwatch. Three companies shortlisted for Montenegro lignite plant - but Pljevlja needs a clean-up, not more pollution. 20. 03. 2014. |accessdate=2023-08-13 |archivedate=2014-06-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223354/http://bankwatch.org/bwmail/58/three-companies-shortlisted-montenegro-lignite-plant-pljevlja-needs-clean-not-more-poll }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
Media related to Pljevlja Power Station at Wikimedia Commons

* https://web.archive.org/web/20140606232704/http://www.epcg.com/o-nama/termoelektrana-pljevlja
* [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Pljevlja_II_Power_Station Ụlọ ọrụ] ọkụ Pljevlja II na SourceWatch
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[[Usòrò:LMP_2008_Reforestation_Effort.jpg|thumb|Mgbukpọ osisi n'ozuzu ya bụ ihe ngwọta a na-ahụkarị maka ìgwè ndị mmadụ iji gbakọta ma chọta ngwọta maka nsogbu mpaghara na nke ụwa.]]
Ịkpụgharị ọhịa n'obodo ukwu bụ omume ịkụ osisi, na-adịkarị n'ọtụtụ buru ibu gburugburu obodo Ọ nwekwara ike ịgụnye ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ n'obodo ukwu na ọrụ ugbo obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shading&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gary Moll, Sara Ebenreck|title=Shading Our Cities: A Resource Guide For Urban And Community Forests|year=1989|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-0-933280-95-3|url=https://archive.org/details/shadingourcities0000unse}}&lt;/ref&gt;o&lt;ref name=&quot;Australia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/melbourne-life/green-thumbs-and-highrise-ambitions-20100610-y0hx.html|title=Green thumbs and high-rise ambitions|author=Jackson|first=Andra|date=11 June 2010|work=The Age|publisher=Nine Entertainment Co. Pty Limited|accessdate=25 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uru ==
Ihe kpatara ime ka osisi dị n'obodo ukwu dị mma gụnyere ịchọ mma obodo ukwu; ịbawanye ndò; ịgbanwe ihu igwe obodo ukwu; imeziwanye ikuku, dị ka site na igbochi carbon dioxide; na iweghachi ọhịa obodo ukwu mgbe ọdachi okike gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shading&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Manchester&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hall|first=Justine M.|title=The potential of tree planting to climate-proof high density residential areas in Manchester, UK|journal=Landscape and Urban Planning|date=15 March 2012|volume=104|issue=3–4|pages=410–417|doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.11.015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Taha|first=Halder|title=Urban Surface Modification as a Potential Ozone Air-quality Improvement Strategy in California: A Mesoscale Modelling Study|journal=Boundary-Layer Meteorology|date=May 2008|volume=127|issue=2|pages=219–239|doi=10.1007/s10546-007-9259-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Perkins|first=Harold A|date=1 August 2004|title=Inequitable access to urban reforestation: the impact of urban political economy on housing tenure and urban forests|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275104000526|journal=Cities|language=en|volume=21|issue=4|pages=291–299|doi=10.1016/j.cities.2004.04.002|issn=0264-2751}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;storms&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lisa L. Burban, John W. Anderson|title=Storms Over the Urban Forest: Planning, Responding, and Regreening - A Community Guide to Natural Disaster Relief|year=1996|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-2948-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-iMhTCIcs8C&amp;q=%22Urban+Reforestation%22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmụba onyinyo sitere na mgbake ọhịa n'obodo ukwu nwekwara ike ibute mbelata ọnụahịa ike, dịka okpomọkụ sitere na anyanwụ na-egbochi ihe okpomọkụ nke na-eji ikuku oyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Uru ndị a nwere ike inye aka n'ịbawanye uru nke ihe onwunwe mpaghara, nzacha mmiri ozuzo na-emetọ site n'okporo ámá wee si otú a melite [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]], ma mepụta [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] maka anụ ọhịa, ọkachasị ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Urban &amp; Community Forestry|url=https://www.fire.ca.gov/programs/resource-management/resource-protection-improvement/urban-community-forestry/|accessdate=20 October 2022|work=www.fire.ca.gov|archivedate=21 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021004551/https://www.fire.ca.gov/programs/resource-management/resource-protection-improvement/urban-community-forestry/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mgbukpọ osisi n'obodo ukwu nwekwara ike ịdị irè n'ihi na ọ chọghị ịzụta nnukwu ala iji mezuo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kroeger|first=Timm|date=7 October 2014|title=Reforestation as a novel abatement and compliance measure for ground-level ozone|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=111|issue=40|pages=E4204-13|doi=10.1073/pnas.1409785111|issn=0027-8424|pmid=25201970}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ihe omume ==

=== Australia ===
Òtù Urban Reforestation na Australia bụ òtù dị ala nke na-elekwasị anya na ndụ na-adịgide adịgide n'obodo ukwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Australia&quot;/&gt;

=== United States ===
Nnukwu mmemme ime [[New York City|obodo]] na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] gụnyere New York City's Million Tree Initiative na TreePeople na [[Los Angeles]], nke kụrụ 1 nde&lt;ref name=&quot;Queens&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Corso|first=Phil|title=Avella opposes mayor's Million Trees effort|url=http://www.timesledger.com/stories/2012/52/avellatrees_ne_2012_12_27_q.html|publisher=TimesLedger|accessdate=31 January 2013|archivedate=23 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123083438/http://timesledger.com/stories/2012/52/avellatrees_ne_2012_12_27_q.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; osisi na nkwadebe maka 1984 Summer Olympics ma gaa n'ihu na-akụ ya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shading&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 2022, Boston kwupụtara ngalaba ọhụrụ nke ọhịa iji zụlite okpokoro osisi n'ime obodo ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Abel|first=David|date=21 September 2022|title=Wu announces forestry division to preserve and expand tree canopy in Boston - The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/09/21/metro/wu-announces-forestry-division-preserve-expand-tree-canopy-boston/|accessdate=10 October 2022|work=Boston Globe|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbalị ndị na-agbasa ozi gụnyere Friends of the Urban Forest na San Francisco, nke na-akwado ịkụ osisi n'okporo ámá.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shading&quot;/&gt;

Na California, e nwere mmemme gọọmentị na-akwado dịka [[Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na Nchebe Ọkụ na California|Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na]] Nchebe Ọkụ nke California. Ha na-akwado nkwado mpaghara yana ahụike na obi ụtọ maka obodo ogologo oge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Urban &amp; Community Forestry|url=https://www.fire.ca.gov/programs/resource-management/resource-protection-improvement/urban-community-forestry/|accessdate=10 October 2022|work=www.fire.ca.gov|archivedate=21 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021004551/https://www.fire.ca.gov/programs/resource-management/resource-protection-improvement/urban-community-forestry/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro Ọhịa Obodo a na-achọkwa inyere ndị ogbenye na / ma ọ bụ ndị na-enweta ego dị ala aka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Urban and Community Forestry Grant Programs|url=https://www.fire.ca.gov/grants/urban-and-community-forestry-grant-programs/|accessdate=10 October 2022|work=www.fire.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Mgbanwe ihu igwe ==
Ọtụtụ obodo nwere ikike iji mgbake ọhịa dị n'obodo dị iche iche dị ka ụzọ isi lụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abe783/pdf|language=en|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/abe783|title=Global urban reforestation can be an important natural climate solution|year=2021|author=Teo|first=Hoong Chen|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=16|issue=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbukpọ osisi n'obodo ukwu nwekwara ike inye aka belata ojiji ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Nchegbu ==
[[Usòrò:The_Big_Purple_House_Blocked_By_A_Tree.jpg|thumb|Osisi ndị a kụrụ n'ógbè obodo ga-ewepụ dịka mgbanwe nke ndị mmadụ. ]]
Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji mee ka osisi dịghachi n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche na-asọ mpi maka ego na ala obodo ukwu nke a ga-eji mee ihe maka ebumnuche ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbalị a na-etinye n'ịkụ osisi ọhụrụ nwere ike iwepụ nlekọta nke osisi ndị e guzobere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Queens&quot;/&gt; Ikike nke ebe a na-eme ka osisi dị n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche nwekwara ike ịjụ ajụjụ. Ihe omume ndị dị ka Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na Nchedo Ọkụ nke California na-elekwasị anya na obodo ndị a, mana nke a abụghị mgbe niile. Enweghị nhata na nkesa nke osisi ndị a kụrụ n'oge Urban Reforestation na-eduga na enweghị nhata nke ndụ. Ịnọgide nke osisi bụkwa nsogbu dịka osisi a kụrụ bụ osisi nke a ga-ewepụ n'ọdịnihu n'ihi mmasị nke ndị nwe ala n'ime obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Ọrụ mgbake ọhịa n'obodo ukwu nwekwara ike ghara inwe nkwado na mpaghara ebe ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi anaghị etinye ndị bi na atụmatụ na mkpebi, ọkachasị mgbe ndị ọcha na-ahụ Maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-arụ ọrụ na obodo ndị na-acha, dịka e kwuru na akụkọ 2014 nke onye na-ahụ fyrir gburugburu ebe obibi Dorceta Taylor si Mahadum Michigan. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na 2011 ruo 2014, otu òtù na-enweghị uru aha ya bụ The Greening of Detroit kụrụ ọtụtụ puku osisi ọhụrụ iji weghachite okpokoro osisi [[Detroit]]. Otú ọ dị, ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi na ya nyere osisi n'efu n'ihu ụlọ ha tinyere &quot;enweghị arịrịọ osisi&quot;. Ọ bụ ezie na ha ghọtara uru nke ime obodo, ha atụkwasịghị ndị ọrụ nzukọ ahụ obi, ndị na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụghị ndị si Detroit. Ha chekwara na ha enweghị ihe zuru ezu ha kwuru n'ihe a na-akụ ebe ọ bụ na ha na-atụ anya na a ga-enye ha ọrụ maka idebe osisi ndị a kụrụ n'ógbè ha, dịka osisi ndị gara aga nwetara nlekọta na-ezughị ezu site n'obodo ahụ ma kpatara nsogbu na ọdịdị na nchekwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bloomberg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-11/why-detroiters-didn-t-trust-city-tree-planting-efforts|title=Why Detroit Residents Pushed Back Against Tree-Planting|author=Mock|first=Brentin|date=11 January 2019|work=Bloomberg|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|accessdate=25 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị bi ebe ahụ nwere mmasị karịa n'echiche nke ịnata osisi n'efu ma ọ bụrụ na ha ahọrọ ihe a kụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;scientific american&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/do-gooders-should-survey-communities-first/|title=Do-Gooders Should Survey Communities First|author=Goldman|first=Jason G.|date=22 January 2019|work=Scientific American|publisher=Scientific American|accessdate=25 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ịkụ osisi
* [[Iweghachi ọhịa]]
* Ịrụgharị
* Ọrụ ugbo n'obodo ukwu
* Ala ahịhịa dị n'obodo
* Ike n'obodo ukwu

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>AGROVOC</title>
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'''AGROVOC''' bụ okwu a na-achịkwa n'ọtụtụ asụsụ na-ekpuchi akụkụ niile nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke United Nations (FAO), gụnyere nri, nri, ọrụ ugbo, ịkụ azụ, ọhịa na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ka ọ na-erule Nọvemba 2021, okwu a nwere ihe karịrị echiche 39,600 nwere okwu ruru 924,000 n'ihe ruru asụsụ 41 dị iche iche (lee [1]). Ọ bụ mbọ imekọ ihe ọnụ, nke otu ndị ọkachamara deziri yana FAO na-ahazi ya. AGROVOC bụ FAO mere ka ọ dị ka atụmatụ echiche RDF/SKOS-XL wee bipụta ya dị ka njikọ data etinyere na okwu iri abụọ ndị ọzọ.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ebu ụzọ bipụta AGROVOC na mbido 1980 site n'aka FAO na bekee, Spanish na French ka ọ bụrụ okwu a na-achịkwa iji depụta mbipụta na sayensị na teknụzụ ugbo, ọkachasị maka International System for Agricultural Science and Technology (AGRIS). N'afọ ndị 1990, AGROVOC hapụrụ ibipụta akwụkwọ wee gaa dijitalụ na nchekwa data nke nchekwa data mmekọrịta na-ejikwa. N'afọ 2004, nnwale izizi na ịkọwa AGROVOC n'ime Asụsụ Ontology Weebụ (OWL) mere. N'otu oge ahụ, e mepụtara ngwá ọrụ edezi webụ, nke a na-akpọ WorkBench, n'oge VocBench. Na 2009 AGROVOC ghọrọ akụrụngwa SKOS.

== Ojiji ==
Taa, AGROVOC dị n'asụsụ dị iche iche dị ka atụmatụ echiche [http://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/skos-xl.html SKOS-XL] ma bipụta ya dị ka Linked [https://web.archive.org/web/20210513173816/http://lod-cloud.net/ Open Data] (LOD) E debere  Wayback Machine. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka ma ọ bụ ịhazi ihe ọmụma maka ịchọta data na-esote, mkpado ọdịnaya na weebụsaịtị, na-eme ka nchọpụta engine dị mfe, na-ejikọta data ozi ugbo na dịka ntụgharị maka ntụgharị, na n'ọhịa dịka igwupụta data, nnukwu data, ma ọ bụ ọgụgụ isi aka. A na-ewepụta ọdịnaya AGROVOC emelitere otu ugboro n'ọnwa ma dị maka iji ọha na eze.

== Ịga ==
AGROVOC nwere ike ịnweta n'ụzọ dị iche iche:

* Nchọgharị n'ịntanetị [https://agrovoc.fao.org/browse/agrovoc/en/]: Nchọgharị ma nyochaa echiche AGROVOC site na interface SKOSMOS.
* Download [1]: RDF-SKOS (AGROVOC naanị ma ọ bụ AGROVOC LOD).
* Live [1]: SPARQL endpoint
* Ọrụ weebụ AGROVOC[4].

== Nlekọta ==
FAO na-ahazi ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ metụtara mmezi nke AGROVOC. Ọ bụ ndị editọ na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nsụgharị asụsụ ọ bụla na-eme nhazi ọdịnaya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/agrovoc/agrovoc-community-editors AGROVOC editors]&lt;/ref&gt; Ngwá ọrụ nke obodo na-eji edezi ma na-elekọta AGROVOC bụ [https://agrovoc.fao.org/vocbench3/ VocBench], nke e mere iji gboo mkpa nke Semantic Web na gburugburu data ejikọrọ. FAO na-enyekwa aka na mmezi teknụzụ nke AGROVOC, gụnyere mbipụta ya dị ka [http://www.fao.org/agrovoc/access ihe] enyemaka LOD. Mahadum Tor Vergata (Rome, Ịtali) na-enye nkwado na akụrụngwa nke na-eduga na mmepe teknụzụ nke VocBench.&lt;ref&gt;[http://art.uniroma2.it/ Tor Vergata University]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado ikike na ikike ==
Nkwado ikike maka ọdịnaya AGROVOC n'asụsụ FAO - Bekee, French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian na Chinese - dị na FAO, ebe ọdịnaya n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dere ya. AGROVOC thesaurus ọdịnaya na Bekee, Russian, French, Spanish, Arabic na Chinese nwere ikikere n'okpuru ikikere Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY IGO 3.0). 

== Hụkwa / Njikọ ndị metụtara ya ==

* Agricultural Information Management Standards – Web site managed by the UN FAO
* AGRIS – Global public domain database
* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – Specialised agency of the United NationsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://agris.fao.org/ AGRIS]
* [http://www.fao.org/agrovoc/home AGROVOC]
* [http://aims.fao.org/ Ihe Ndị A Na-eme]
* [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ FAO]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211021121334/https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/VocBench VocBench/Agricultural Ontology Server]

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* [http://www.fao.org/agrovoc/publications Akwụkwọ AGROVOC]

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Ụkpụrụ ndị na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka</title>
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Enwere otutu nkọwa maka okwu a na-elekọta mmadụ. N'ebe a, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya metụtara omume ịzọpụta ndụ na ibelata nhụjuanya. Ọ na-ejikọtakarị na nzaghachi mberede (nke a na-akpọkwa nzaghachi mmadụ) ma ọ bụrụ na ọdachi na-emere onwe ya ma ọ bụ ọdachi mmadụ mere dị ka agha ma ọ bụ agha ndị ọzọ. Ụkpụrụ ndị mmadụ na-achịkwa ụzọ e si eme nzaghachi mmadụ.

Ụkpụrụ mmadụ bụ usoro ụkpụrụ na-achịkwa ụzọ e si eme nzaghachi mmadụ. Ụkpụrụ bụ isi n'ịwulite na idowe ohere ịnweta ndị mmadụ metụtara na ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ mberede mgbagwoju anya. Na njikwa ọdachi, nrube isi na ụkpụrụ bụ ihe ndị dị mkpa nke nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu anabatala ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi maka ọdịmma mmadụ n'okpuru mkpebi AG 46/182. Ụkpụrụ anọ ndị a na-eduzi bụ mmadụ, ịnọpụ iche, eleghị mmadụ anya n'ihu na nnwere onwe.

== Ụkpụrụ ndị na-akọwa ==
Ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi na-akọwapụta njirimara, ọnọdụ ndị dị mkpa maka nzaghachi mmadụ. Ndị otu dị ka ndị agha na ụlọ ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ nwere ike ịnye enyemaka na obodo ndị ọdachi dakwasịrị iji chekwaa ndụ na ibelata nhụjuanya, ma ndị ọrụ enyemaka anaghị ewere ha dị ka ndị ọrụ enyemaka dịka nzaghachi ha na-adabereghị n'ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi.

== Ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi maka ọdịmma mmadụ ==

=== Ụmụ mmadụ ===
Ụkpụrụ nke mmadụ pụtara na a ga-emeso mmadụ nile n'ụzọ dị mma na nha anya n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla site n'ichekwa ndụ na ibelata nhụjuanya, na-ahụ na nkwanye ùgwù maka onye ahụ. Ọ bụ ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke nzaghachi mmadụ.

Ebumnuche nke ọrụ enyemaka mmadụ bụ ichekwa ndụ na ahụike, hụkwa na nkwanye ùgwù maka ụmụ mmadụ. Ọ na-akwalitekwa nghọta, imekọ ihe ọnụ, ọbụbụenyi na udo n'etiti mmadụ niile. Dị ka International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent movement si kwuo, ụkpụrụ nke ụmụ mmadụ gụnyere: • Ọ na-echeta mmalite nke mmegharị ahụ: ọchịchọ inye aka na-enweghị ịkpa ókè nye ndị merụrụ ahụ n'oge esemokwu. • Ọ na-echeta akụkụ abụọ nke mmegharị ahụ: nke mba na nke mba ụwa. • Iji chekwaa ndụ na ahụike • Ka ịkọwapụta ebumnuche nke mmegharị ahụ

==== Mkpa Ndị Nlekọta Mmadụ ====
Usoro Omume maka International Red Cross na Red Crescent Movement na NGO na Disaster Relief (RC / NGO Code) na-ewebata echiche nke mkpa ọrụ ebere nke na-agbasa ụkpụrụ nke mmadụ iji tinye ikike ịnata na inye enyemaka enyemaka.  Ọ na-ekwupụta ọrụ nke mba ụwa &quot;inye enyemaka enyemaka enyemaka n'ebe ọ bụla ọ dị mkpa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;For a critical view see: [[Hugo Slim]], &quot;Relief agencies and moral standing in war: principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and solidarity, Development in Practice, Volume 10, Numbers 3-4/August 1, 2000&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ịghara Iche Iche ===
Inye enyemaka enyemaka ga-abụ nke na-adịghị ele mmadụ anya n'ihu na enweghị ịkpa ókè dabere na mba, agbụrụ, okike, okpukpe, echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ ọkwa.  Ọ ga-adabere na mkpa naanị. A ghaghị ibute ụzọ n'ọnọdụ nsogbu kachasị ngwa ngwa.

Imeso onye ọ bụla n'otu ụzọ ahụ n'echebaraghị ọkwa nke nhụjuanya ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa agaghị abụ nke ziri ezi. Eleghị mmadụ anya n'ihu pụtara na naanị ihe kacha mkpa enwere ike ịme na ndị chọrọ enyemaka ga-adabere na mkpa na usoro enyemaka ga-adaba na ngwa ngwa.

Maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka ndị na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị (NGHA), ụkpụrụ nke eleghị mmadụ anya n'ihu abụghị ihe mgbagwoju anya ọbụlagodi na ọ na-esiri ike mgbe ụfọdụ itinye n'ọrụ, karịsịa na ọnọdụ na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa. Agbanyeghị, amabeghịkwa ndị otu nwere ike ịzọrọ na ha bụ ndị mmadụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ahụ ụlọ ọrụ dị ka PADCO, onye na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru USAID, mgbe ụfọdụ ka ndị NGO na-elekọta mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, maka ụlọ ọrụ UN, karịsịa ebe UN na-etinye aka na ọrụ nchekwa udo n'ihi mkpebi nke Security Council, ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ọ bụrụ na UN nwere ike ime ihe n'eleghị mmadụ anya n'ihu ma ọ bụrụ na otu n'ime akụkụ ahụ mebiri emebi. usoro nke UN Charter.

=== Nnọpụiche ===
Maka International Red Cross na Red Crescent Movement, nnọpụiche pụtara ịghara itinye aka na esemokwu ma ọ bụ tinye aka n'oge ọ bụla na esemokwu nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agbụrụ, okpukpe ma ọ bụ echiche.

A na-agwa ndị Red Cross ụkpụrụ nke nnọpụiche kpọmkwem iji gbochie ya ọ bụghị nanị na-etinye aka na esemokwu, ma ọ bụghị &quot;itinye aka n'oge ọ bụla na esemokwu nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agbụrụ, okpukpe ma ọ bụ echiche.&quot; Nnọpụiche nwekwara ike metụta ọrụ enyemaka mmadụ nke steeti. &quot;Nnọpụiche na-anọgide na-ejikọta chiri anya na nkọwa nke webatara echiche ahụ n'ime iwu mba ụwa iji kọwaa ọnọdụ nke State nke kpebiri iguzo iche na agha agha. N'ihi ya, ngwa ya n'okpuru iwu dị mma ka na-adabere na njirisi nke absion na adịghị ele mmadụ anya n'ihu nke nwere. mara nnọpụiche site na mmalite.&quot;

Ntinye okwu ahụ bụ nnọpụiche na enyemaka enyemaka mmadụ nke ụlọ ọrụ UN ma ọ bụ ọbụna gọọmentị na-enye nwere ike ịgbagwoju anya. Mkpebi GA 46/182 na-akpọsa ụkpụrụ nke nnọpụiche, ma dịka otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti gọọmentị, UN na-etinyekarị aka na esemokwu nke ọdịdị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka nkọwa a siri dị, ụlọ ọrụ UN ma ọ bụ gọọmentị nwere ike ịnye enyemaka mmadụ na-anọpụ iche ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ na-eme ya n'eleghị mmadụ anya n'ihu, dabere na mkpa naanị.

Taa, a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ nnọpụiche n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ime obodo ndị na-elekọta mmadụ, na-apụtakarị inye enyemaka mmadụ n'eleghị mmadụ anya n'ihu na nnwere onwe, dabere na mkpa naanị. NGO ole na ole nke mba ụwa akwụsịla ọrụ na ikpe ziri ezi ma ọ bụ ihe gbasara ikike mmadụ n'ihi ntinye aka ha na nnọpụiche.

==== Arụmụka banyere Nnọpụiche ====
Ọ bụ ezie na nnọpụiche bụ ụkpụrụ dị mkpa n'ọrụ Humanitarian Aid, enwere esemokwu ogologo oge n'ọhịa banyere otu esi etinye ya n'ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Slim|first=H.|date=August 27, 2020|title=You don't have to be neutral to be a good humanitarian.|work=The New Humanitarian|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/2020/08/27/humanitarian-principles-neutrality|accessdate=November 20, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E hiwere ụkpụrụ enyemaka mmadụ nke nnọpụiche na 1991 site na mkpebi UN General Assembly 46/182. Emepụtara ụkpụrụ ndị a site na isi ụkpụrụ nke Kọmitii International nke Red Cross na National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies ji mee ihe. OCHA, United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, na-akọwa nnọpụiche dị ka, &quot;Ndị na-eme ihe gbasara ọdịmma mmadụ agaghị etinye aka na ọgụ ma ọ bụ tinye aka na esemokwu nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agbụrụ, okpukperechi ma ọ bụ echiche echiche&quot;. Nke a pụtara na ndị na-ahụ maka enyemaka agaghị esonye n'ọgba aghara. Na nkọwa mgbanwe, ọ pụtakwara na ndị ọrụ enyemaka anaghị ekwu maka ihe ha na-ahụ, ọbụlagodi n'ihe gbasara mmebi oke ikike mmadụ, gụnyere mgbukpọ. Enwere ihe kpatara ụfọdụ ji ahọrọ ma na-eji, nkọwa nke nnọpụiche karịa. Nke mbụ, ụfọdụ na-eche na ịgbachitere ịgbachi nkịtị banyere ihe ha na-agba na-eme ka ha nweta ndị enyemaka kacha mkpa. Ma ọ bụghị ya, ndị isi na mpaghara esemokwu nwere ike ghara ikwe ka ndị ọrụ enyemaka nweta enyemaka. Ịgbachi nkịtị nwekwara ike rụọ ọrụ dị ka ihe nchebe maka ndị ọrụ enyemaka, na-ahụ n'ihu na enyere ndị nwere mkpa aka. N'ikpeazụ, ụfọdụ na-arụ ụka na ịgbachi nkịtị bụ ụzọ isi hụ na enweghị ịkpa ókè na enyemaka enyemaka mmadụ. Maka arụmụka a, ịhọrọ akụkụ n'oge esemokwu bụ ịkpa ókè, ma na-arụ ọrụ megidere ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke enyemaka mmadụ.

Akụkụ nke ọzọ nke arụmụka ahụ na-eme ka omume ọma dị mkpa ikwu okwu megide mmebi iwu nke ikike mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Devine|first=Carol|date=2018-03-11|title=Neutrality vs. impartiality: What's the difference?|url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/article/neutrality-vs-impartiality-what%E2%80%99s-difference|accessdate=2020-12-13|work=www.doctorswithoutborders.ca|language=en|archivedate=2021-08-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824211326/https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/article/neutrality-vs-impartiality-what%E2%80%99s-difference}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù ndị dị n'akụkụ a na-akwalite nghọta banyere ọdịiche dị n'etiti nnọpụiche na eleghị anya n'ihu, ụkpụrụ ọzọ nke ọrụ ebere. MSF, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-akọwa na eleghị anya n'ihu na-eme ka ndị ọrụ enyemaka na-atụle mkpa mmadụ dị inye enyemaka, ma ghara ịkpa ókè megide onye ọ bụla n'ihi &quot;mba, agbụrụ, okike, njirimara, nkwenkwe okpukpe, ọkwa ma ọ bụ echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Doctors Without Borders (MSF)|date=2016-09-22|title=Our charter|url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.ca/our-charter|accessdate=2020-12-13|work=www.doctorswithoutborders.ca|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'aka nke ọzọ, nnọpụiche &quot; pụtara ịghara ịzọ akụkụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, MSF na-ekwu n'ụzọ doro anya na ha ga-ekwu maka nnukwu mmebi ikike mmadụ, gụnyere mgbukpọ agbụrụ. Ha na-ekwu na mkpa nke ndị na-enwe nnukwu ime ihe ike karịrị ụkpụrụ nke nnọpụiche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;  N'ime nke a, ha anaghị emebi eleghị anya n'ihu ma na-aga n'ihu na-enye ndị enyemaka maka ndị chọrọ ya karịa, n'agbanyeghị akụkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Abụọ n'ime ndị isi na arụmụka a bụ Kọmitii Mba Nile nke Red Cross (ICRC), na Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) (nke a makwaara dị ka Doctors Without Borders). N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ICRC kọwara &quot;anọpụ iche&quot; ka ọ ghara ịpụta nkatọ ọha na eze, na-achọghị ikwu okwu banyere ihe ha na-ahụ, na-enwe olileanya ịnọgide na-enwe ike inye enyemaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Doctors Without Borders (MSF)|title=The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law|url=https://guide-humanitarian-law.org/content/article/3/humanitarian-principles/|accessdate=November 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezigbo ihe atụ nke a bụ WWII, ebe ICRC emeghị ka mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ katọọ mgbukpọ agbụrụ ndị Nazi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=ICRC|date=2018-11-26|title=The ICRC during World War II|url=https://blogs.icrc.org/cross-files/the-icrc-during-world-war-ii/|accessdate=2020-12-13|work=Cross-Files {{!}} ICRC Archives, audiovisual and library|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a bụ akụkụ nke ihe kpaliri arụmụka na-aga n'ihu. Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ 1990, ICRC agbanweela nkọwa ya banyere nnọpụiche ma kwalite mkpesa ọha na eze banyere mmebi iwu nke ndị mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; MSF, n'aka nke ọzọ, anabataghị iwu nke nzuzo zuru oke, ma na-ewere &quot;'ịgba akaebe maka nsogbu nke ndị merụrụ ahụ dị ka ihe nchebe ọzọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ha na-akwado ụkpụrụ nke nnọpụiche, ha na-ekwu na, &quot;enweghị ele mmadụ anya n'ihu na nnọpụiche abụghị otu ihe na ịgbachi nkịtị&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Doctors Without Borders (MSF)|title=Bearing witness|url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/who-we-are/principles/bearing-witness|accessdate=2020-12-13|work=Doctors Without Borders - USA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okwu a ka na-esekarị okwu n'ihe gbasara ọdịmma mmadụ. N'ime mpempe echiche 2020, Hugo Slim na-arụ ụka na n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, na-arụ ọrụ, na n'omume, ọ bụ ihe a na-anabata maka ndị na-elekọta mmadụ ka ha sonye n'akụkụ. Ọ na-ekwu, sị, &quot;Ịhụnanya na-anọpụ iche abụghị ihe a na-achọsi ike n'ụzọ ziri ezi mgbe anyị na-ahụ ndị mmadụ dị ka ndị iro maka ezi ihe kpatara ya. Ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya ịtụ anya ka onye ọrụ enyemaka Siria na-anọpụ iche mgbe a na-atụ bọmbụ obodo ya? Ọ bụ omume ọma ka ndị ọrụ ebere na-anọpụ iche na ihu ikpe na-ezighị ezi ma ọ bụ mgbukpọ?&quot; 

Ndị ọzọ na-ekwu, &quot;anọpụ iche dị ezigbo mkpa n'inye enyemaka enyemaka enyemaka dịka ọ na-enye ndị ọrụ ebere, dị ka ICRC, ohere enyemaka dị mkpa iji nye enyemaka nye ọtụtụ ndị nwere nsogbu dịka o kwere mee n'enweghị ịkpa ókè, ebe ọ na-enyekwa ndị ọrụ enyemaka ohere ịrụ ọrụ ha n'enweghị nsogbu na ikike ha niile&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bordoloi|first=A|date=2020-08-18|title=How Important is Neutrality in Providing Humanitarian Assistance?|url=https://www.e-ir.info/2020/08/18/how-important-is-neutrality-in-providing-humanitarian-assistance/|accessdate=2020-12-13|work=E-International Relations|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ngalaba enyemaka enyemaka na-aga n'ihu na-aghọ ọkachamara, otú ahụ ka nkọwa na mmejuputa ụkpụrụ ya.

=== Nnwere Onwe ===
Ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka ga-edepụta ma tinye iwu nke ha n'ọrụ n'enweghị iwu ma ọ bụ omume gọọmentị. Ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ndị enyemaka na ọrụ enyemaka ma na-agbaso iwu nke mba ha, ga-anọgide na-achị onwe ha site na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba, agha ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ ọ bụla ma nwee ike mgbe niile ime ihe dịka ụkpụrụ ọrụ ebere si dị.&lt;ref name=&quot;The seven Fundamental Principles&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)|title=The seven Fundamental Principles|url=http://www.ifrc.org/en/who-we-are/vision-and-mission/the-seven-fundamental-principles/|work=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|accessdate=9 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nsogbu nwere ike ibilite n'ihi na ọtụtụ NGHAs na-adabere na ogo dịgasị iche iche na ndị na-enye onyinye gọọmentị.  Ya mere, maka òtù ụfọdụ, ọ na-esiri ike ịnọgide na-enwe nnwere onwe site na ndị na-enye ha onyinye ma ghara inwe mgbagwoju anya n'ọhịa na gọọmentị ndị nwere ike itinye aka na esemokwu ahụ.  ICRC, setịpụrụ ihe nlereanya maka ịnọgide na-enwe nnwere onwe ya (na nnọpụiche) site n'inweta ego ya site na gọọmentị site na iji arịrịọ dị iche iche kwa afọ maka ụgwọ isi ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ubi.&lt;ref&gt;(see: [http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine1996_3/18-19.html Joanna Macrae: NGOs: Has the 'N' gone missing?] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224830/http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine1998_2/2-7.html Randolph Kent: Footing the aid bill])&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ ==
Na mgbakwunye na ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi, e nwere ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ na-achịkwa mmeghachi omume enyemaka maka ụdị ọrụ enyemaka dịka ụlọ ọrụ UN, Red Cross na Red Crescent Movement, na NGO.

=== Ịgba Ọsọpụrụ Ndị Mmadụ ===
Inye enyemaka ekwesịghị iji ohere nke ndị merụrụ ahụ mee ihe ma jiri ya mee ihe iji gbakwunye nkwenkwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ okpukpe.  Ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị gọọmentị (NGHAs) site na ịdebanye aha na RC / NGO Code of Conduct ekwenyewo na ha agaghị eji nzaghachi enyemaka mee ihe na nkwenkwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ okpukpe.

=== Ịdị n'ụwa niile ===
Ọnọdụ nhata na òkè nke ibu ọrụ na ọrụ n'inyere ibe ha aka.  Ịdị n'otu n'ihe gbasara ime mkpebi n'agbanyeghị oke ma ọ bụ akụ na ụba ha.

== Mmalite nke ụkpụrụ Humanitarian ==
Ụkpụrụ ọrụ ebere sitere na ọrụ nke Kọmitii Mba Nile nke Red Cross na National Red Cross / Red Crescent Societies.  Ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi duziri ọrụ nke òtù ndị a tupu United Nations anabata ya.  N'afọ 1991, a nabatara ụkpụrụ atọ mbụ (mmadụ, nnọpụiche na eleghị anya n'ihu) ma kwado ya na mkpebi Nzukọ Ezumezu 46/182. Mkpebi General Assembly nke 1991 dugara n'ịmepụta ọrụ nke Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC).  N'afọ 2004, mkpebi Nzukọ Ezumezu 58/114 gbakwunyere nnwere onwe dị ka ụkpụrụ nke anọ dị mkpa maka ọrụ ebere.  Ụkpụrụ nke anọ bụ n'ihi ịmekọrịta enyemaka enyemaka n'ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike iji dozie ihe ịma aka ndị na-eche ihu n'ichekwa nnwere onwe maka ndị mmekọ mpaghara na n'ihe gbasara ndị na-erite uru na nnyefe nke ọrụ ndị dabeere na mkpa na mpaghara ndị metụtara. Ọtụtụ òtù enyemaka mba ụwa na-arụ ọrụ na ndị mmadụ na nsogbu ọdachi nabatara ụkpụrụ ndị a.

Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Na-ahụ Nkwado nwere ibu ọrụ nke ịkwado ụkpụrụ ọrụ ebere n'ụwa niile.  Nke a bụ òtù na-ahụ maka ijikọ ụlọ ọrụ UN, Red Cross Movement na NGO na-arụ ọrụ ebere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=OCHA|title=What are Humanitarian Principles?|url=https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/OOM-humanitarianprinciples_eng_June12.pdf|work=UNOCHA|publisher=UNITED NATIONS|accessdate=9 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụkpụrụ ndị dabeere na ahụmịhe n'ọhịa na ọnọdụ mberede ==
Ụkpụrụ niile dị n'elu bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ọrụ dị irè.  Ha dabere na ahụmịhe zuru oke nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ahụ maka mmeghachi omume ebere.  N'ọnọdụ esemokwu, mmebi ha nwere ike imetụta ikike nke ụlọ ọrụ iji meghachi omume na mkpa nke ndị ahụ metụtara.

Ọ bụrụ na otu na-alụ ọgụ kwenyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ụlọ ọrụ na-akwado akụkụ nke ọzọ, ma ọ bụ na ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya onye iro, enwere ike igbochi ndị ahụ metụtara ma tinye ndụ ndị ọrụ enyemaka n'ihe ize ndụ.  Ọ bụrụ na otu n'ime ndị otu ahụ ghọtara na ụlọ ọrụ na-anwa ịgbasa okwukwe okpukpe ọzọ, enwere ike inwe mmeghachi omume obi ọjọọ na ọrụ ha.

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==
Ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi, ndị a chọtara na Red Cross / NGO Code of Conduct na GA Resolution 46/182 sitere na Ụkpụrụ Ndị Isi nke Red Cross, ọkachasị ụkpụrụ I (mmadụ), II (enweghị onye na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu), III (anọpụ iche - n'ihe banyere UN), na IV (nwere onwe).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/RES/46/182|title=A/RES/46/182 - E|work=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;(For a discussion of their background and a commentary on the principles see: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100131034232/http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/5MJE9N Jean Pictet 1979])&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike ịhụ nkọwa zuru ezu na nyocha nke ụkpụrụ iri niile dị na Red Cross Red Crescent Code of Conduct n'akwụkwọ Hugo Slim Humanitarian Ethics .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Humanitarian Ethics: The Morality of Aid in War and Disaster|publisher=Hurst and Oxford University Press|date=2015|author=Hugo Slim|pages=39–111|isbn=978-0190264833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado maka ọrụ ebere ==
A kọwaala ibu ọrụ dị ka: &quot;usoro nke otu na-eme&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lloyd, Robert M.|title=Pathways to Accountability: The Gap Framework|publisher=One World Trust|year=2005|pages=5|isbn=0-9504434-6-8|url=dtrust.org/documents/Pathways_to_Accountability,_A_Short_Guide_to_the_GAP_Framework.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International na-agbakwụnye, sị: &quot;Accountability bụ maka iji ike mee ihe n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hapinternational.org/other/faq.aspx#top|title=HAPI|accessdate=2023-08-19|archivedate=2013-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926033337/http://www.hapinternational.org/other/faq.aspx#top}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nkeji edemede nke 9 nke Code of Conduct maka International Red Cross na Red Crescent Movement na NGO na Disaster Relief na-ekwu:  Otú ọ dị, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ &quot;ịkọwa aka elu&quot;, ya bụ, nye ndị na-enye ha onyinye.&lt;ref&gt;Mary Anderson: {{Cite web|url=http://programs.ssrc.org/emergencies/publications/Anderson.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2008-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201180533/http://programs.ssrc.org/emergencies/publications/Anderson.pdf|archivedate=2008-12-01}} p.2&lt;/ref&gt;

Ahụmahụ nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka n'oge Mgbukpọ agbụrụ nke Rwanda, dugara n'ọtụtụ atụmatụ e mere iji melite enyemaka enyemaka enyemaka na ịza ajụjụ, ọkachasị maka ndị na-erite uru.  Ihe atụ gụnyere Sphere Project, ALNAP, Compas, People In Aid Code of Good Practice, na Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International, nke na-agba ọsọ &quot;usoro mkpuchi zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.alnap.org/|title=ALNAP - Home|work=www.alnap.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.compasqualite.org/en/index/index.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103064539/http://www.compasqualite.org/en/index/index.php|archivedate=3 November 2010|title=Quality COMPAS - Homepage|date=3 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.peopleinaid.org/code/|title=Home Page|accessdate=2023-08-19|archivedate=2016-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165430/http://www.peopleinaid.org/code/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ ==
Usoro RC / NGO depụtakwara ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ na-achọsi ike nke sitere na ahụmịhe na enyemaka mmepe.

* Ụlọ ọrụ kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ n'ihe gbasara omenala na omenala
* Nzaghachi ndị ọrụ ebere kwesịrị iji ihe onwunwe na ikike mpaghara mee ihe dịka o kwere mee
* A ga-agba ndị na-erite uru ume itinye aka
* Nzaghachi mberede kwesịrị ịgbalị iji belata nsogbu n'ọdịnihu
* Ụlọ ọrụ kwesịrị ịza ajụjụ nye ndị na-enye onyinye na ndị na-erite uru
* Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka enyemaka kwesịrị iji ọrụ ozi gosipụta ndị a na-emegbu dị ka mmadụ dị ùgwù, ọ bụghị ihe na-enweghị olileanya

== Ikike ibi ndụ na nkwanye ùgwù ==
Sphere Project Humanitarian Charter na-eji asụsụ nke ikike mmadụ iji cheta na ikike ndụ nke a na-ekwupụta na Universal Declaration of Human Rights na International Convention on Civil and Political Rights nwere njikọ na ùgwù mmadụ.

== Nsogbu na omume ==
Ụkpụrụ ọrụ ebere na-elekwasị anya na omume nke òtù.  Otú ọ dị, mmeghachi omume obi ụtọ na-egosi na ndị ọrụ enyemaka agaghị eji ohere nke ndị agha na ime ihe ike metụtara.  Ụlọ ọrụ nwere ọrụ maka ịmepụta iwu nke omume ndị ọrụ nke na-egbochi mmetọ nke ndị na-erite uru.

=== Mmekọahụ na mmetọ ===
Otu n'ime ebe ndị nwere nsogbu kachasị na-emetụta nsogbu nke mmegbu mmekọahụ na mmegbu nke ndị ọrụ enyemaka.  N'ọnọdụ mberede ebe ndị ahụ tụfuru ihe niile, ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na-abụkarị ndị mmetọ mmekọahụ.

Ọtụtụ akụkọ nke gosipụtara mmegbu mmekọahụ nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka kpaliri ndị ọrụ ebere ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'inyocha nsogbu ahụ na ime ihe iji gbochie mmegbu.  N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2002, Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (IASC) nabatara atụmatụ ime ihe nke kwuru: Mmekọahụ na mmetọ site n'aka ndị ọrụ enyemaka bụ omume ọjọọ dị egwu ma bụrụ ihe kpatara ịkwụsị ọrụ.  Atụmatụ ahụ machibidoro &quot;Nkwekọrịta ego, ọrụ, ngwongwo, ma ọ bụ ọrụ maka mmekọahụ, gụnyere ihu ọma mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ndị ọzọ nke mmechuihu, mmechuihi ma ọ bụ mmegbu&quot;.  Ndị isi NGHAs yana ụlọ ọrụ UN na-etinye aka na mmeghachi omume enyemaka raara onwe ha nye ịmepụta usoro dị n'ime iji gbochie mmegbu mmekọahụ na mmegbu nke ndị na-erite uru.

== Nkwado ==
E meela mgbalị dị ukwuu na ngalaba ọrụ ebere iji nyochaa ịgbaso ụkpụrụ ọrụ ebere. Mgbalị ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere The People In Aid Code of Good Practice, ngwá ọrụ nchịkwa a ma ama na mba ụwa nke na-enyere ndị ọrụ ebere na ndị na-emepe emepe aka ịkwalite ogo nke njikwa ndị ọrụ ha. NGO, Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International, na-arụkwa ọrụ iji mee ka òtù ndị ọrụ ebere nwee ike ịza ajụjụ, ọkachasị ndị na-erite uru.

Ihe owuwu ndị dị n'ime Red Cross Movement na-enyocha nrubeisi na ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke Red Cross.

Usoro RC / NGO na-eme ka onwe ya sie ike. SCHR na-eme nyocha ndị ọgbọ n'etiti ndị otu ya nke na-eleba anya n'akụkụ ụfọdụ na okwu nke ịgbaso ụkpụrụ ndị edepụtara na RC / NGO Code

== Hụkwa ==

* Nkwụsị nke ala [https://web.archive.org/web/20190503170141/https://www.unccd.int/actions/achieving-land-degradation-neutrality Nnọpụiche] nke UNCCD - United Nations - Nkwekọrịta iji lụso ọzara ọgụ

== Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala ==
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{{Ngwómárí Obodo|native_name={{native name|ha|Arewacin Najeriya}}|conventional_long_name=Northern Nigeria|image_coat=Badge of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate.svg|image_flag=Flag of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900–1914).svg|image_map=Northernnigeria.png|image_map2=|national_motto=''Aiki da Ibada''&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;Work and Worship&quot;&lt;/small&gt;|national_anthem=[[God Save the Queen|National Anthem of Northern Nigeria]]|capital=[[Lokoja]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1897–1903)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Zungeru]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1903–1923)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Kaduna]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1923–1966)&lt;/small&gt;|largest_city=[[Kano (city)|Kano]]|languages_type=Major languages|languages={{hlist
|[[Hausa language|Hausa]]
|[[Fula language|Fulani]]
|[[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]|[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]
}}|government_type=[[Constitutional Monarchy]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1897–1963)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Federation]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1963–1966)&lt;/small&gt;|leader_title1=[[Governor of Northern Nigeria|Governors]]|leader_name1={{unbulleted list|[[Kashim Ibrahim|Sir Kashim Ibrahim]]}}|leader_title2=[[Premier of Northern Nigeria]]|leader_name2=[[Sir Ahmadu Bello]]|legislature=[[Northern Regional Legislature]]|upper_house=House of Chiefs&lt;ref&gt;https://ir.nilds.gov.ng/bitstream/handle/123456789/621/Northern%20Regional%20Nig%20Joint%20Sittings%20of%20House%20of%20Assembly%20%26%20House%20of%20Chiefs.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y&lt;/ref&gt;|lower_house=House of Assembly&lt;ref&gt;https://ir.nilds.gov.ng/bitstream/handle/123456789/621/Northern%20Regional%20Nig%20Joint%20Sittings%20of%20House%20of%20Assembly%20%26%20House%20of%20Chiefs.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y&lt;/ref&gt;|sovereignty_note=from the United Kingdom|established_event1=Proclamation of Protectorate|established_date1=1897|established_event2=Independence|established_date2=15 March 1953|established_event3=Republic declared|established_date3=1 October 1963|area_km2=660,000|area_rank=|population_census=6,383,682 {{cn|date=May 2021}}|population_census_year=1950 census|population_estimate=9,000,000 {{cn|date=May 2021}}|demonym=|GDP_PPP=|GDP_PPP_year=|HDI=|HDI_year=}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Infobox country/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
 
'''Ebe ugwu Naịjirịa''' bụ nkewa na-achị onwe ya n'ime Naịjirị, nke dị iche na mpaghara ndịda nke mba ahụ, nwere omenala onwe ya, mmekọrịta mba ọzọ na usoro nchekwa. N'afọ 1962, ọ nwetara ókèala nke British Northern Cameroons, nke vootu ịghọ mpaghara dị n'ime Northern Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Northern States – Arewa House|url=https://arewahouse.ng/museum/galleries/northern-states/|accessdate=2021-05-19|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217210450/https://arewahouse.ng/museum/galleries/northern-states/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1967, e kewara Northern Nigeria na North-Eastern State, North-Western State, Kano State, Kaduna State, Kwara State, na Benue-Plateau State, nke ọ bụla nwere Gọvanọ nke ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Northern Region, Nigeria (1960 - 1967)|url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ng-nr.html|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=www.crwflags.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
 

=== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
 
[[Usòrò:Nok-map.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mpaghara nke ọdịbendị Nok]]
Ọdịbendị Nok, ọdịbendị oge ochie na-achịkwa ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe bụzi Northern Nigeria n'oge tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme, a chọtara ihe nketa ya n'ụdị ihe oyiyi na megaliths na [[Ȯra Sokoto|Sokoto]], [[Kano]], [[Birnin Kebbi|Birinin]] Kudu, Nok na Zaria. Ụfọdụ ndị na-eche na [[Kwatarkwashi Culture|omenala Kwatarkwashi]], ụdị omenala Nok nke dị na [[Ȯra Zamfara|Zamfara]] na mpaghara Sokoto bụ otu ma ọ bụ alaka nke Nok.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=IPROJECT|first=Final Year Research Project Topics &amp; Materials In PDF &amp; Doc {{!}} iproject from|title=LITERATURE IN NORTHERN NIGERIA: LANGUAGE AND POPULAR CULTURE English L...|url=https://iproject.com.ng/|accessdate=2022-09-28|work=iproject.com.ng|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Alaeze Iri na Anọ ===
Alaeze iri na anọ ahụ jikọtara ihe ọmụma dị iche iche na ihe nketa dị iche iche nke Northern Nigeria n'ime usoro agbụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme. asaa n'ime alaeze ndị a sitere na ihe nketa Kabara nke [[Ndi Haụsa|ndị Hausa]]. Na narị afọ nke itoolu dị ka ebe azụmahịa dị ike na-asọ mpi na Kanem-Bornu na [[Mali]] ji nwayọọ nwayọọ mepụta na Central Sudan, nchịkọta nke alaeze jikọtara - alaeze Hausa ma ọ bụ Hausa Bakwai - na-achịkwa nnukwu ala dị larịị nke Hausaland. Ihe ndị ha na-ebupụ bụ akpụkpọ anụ, ọlaedo, ákwà, [[Ńnú|nnu]], [[Ọjị|mkpụrụ osisi kola]], akpụkpọ anụ na henna.&lt;ref name=&quot;kstate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kanostate.net/profile.html|title=Brief History of Kano 999 to 2003|publisher=Kano State Government|author=Ibrahim Ado-Kurawa|accessdate=2010-09-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501081940/http://www.kanostate.net/profile.html|archivedate=2010-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Daura, ? - 1806
* [[Kano]], 998 - 1807
* [[Katsina]], c. 1400 - 1805
* Zazzau (Zaria), c. 1200 - 1808
* Gobir, ? - 1808
* [[Rano|Akpịrịkpa]]
* Biram, ihe dị ka 1100 - 1805

Uto na mmeri nke ndị Hausa Bakwai dugara na ntọala nke steeti ndị ọzọ na ndị ọchịchị na-achọpụta agbụrụ ha na iko nwanyị nke nna ntọala Hausa, [[Bayajidda]]. N'ihi ya, a na-akpọ ha Banza Bakwai, nke pụtara Bastard Seven.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hausa {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/hausa|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=www.encyclopedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Banza Bakwai nakweere ọtụtụ omenala na ụlọ ọrụ nke ndị Hausa Bakwai mana ndị na-abụghị ndị Hausa weere ha dị ka alaeze na-enweghị ikike ma ọ bụ na-eṅomi. Steeti ndị a gụnyere: 

* [[Ȯra Zamfara|Zamfara]]
* Kebbi
* Yauri (nke a na-akpọkwa Yawuri)
* [[Ndị Gbagyi|Gwari]] (nke a na-akpọkwa Gwariland)
* Kwararafa (ala Jukun)
* Nupe karịsịa ebe a na-akpọ Niger State ugbu a (nke [[ndị Nupe]])

=== Mba ndị Hausa ===
 
N'etiti 500 na 700, [[Ndi Haụsa|ndị Hausa]], ndị a na-eche na ha ji nwayọọ nwayọọ si Nubia kwaga ma soro ndị bi n'ebe ugwu na-agwakọta, guzobere ọtụtụ steeti siri ike n'ihe bụzi Northern Nigeria na Eastern Niger. Site na ọdịda nke Nok na Sokoto, ndị na-achịkwa Central na Northern Nigeria n'etiti 800 BC na 200, ndị Hausa nwere ike ịpụta dị ka ike ọhụrụ na mpaghara ahụ. Ha na [[Kanuri people|ndị Kanuri]] nke Kanem-Bornu (Ọdọ Mmiri Chad), Birom, Gwari, Nupe na Jukun nwere njikọ chiri anya.

Ndị isi nke Hausa, n'okpuru mmetụta nke Alaeze Ukwu Mali nabatara Islam na narị afọ nke iri na otu. Ka ọ na-erule na narị afọ nke iri na abụọ, ndị Hausa na-aghọ otu n'ime ndị isi ike nke Africa. Ihe owuwu nke ndị Hausa bụ ma eleghị anya otu n'ime ndị a na-amaghị nke ọma ma bụrụ ndị mara mma nke oge ochie. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ alakụba na obí eze mbụ ha na-egbuke egbuke ma na-acha odo odo ma na-agụnyekarị ihe osise dị mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụ akara dị iche iche e mere n'ihu. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1500, ndị Hausa jiri edemede Arabic gbanwere agbanwe nke a maara dị ka Ajami dekọọ asụsụ nke ha; ndị Hausa chịkọtara ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme edere, nke kachasị ewu ewu bụ Kano Chronicle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kano Chronicle pp. 70-72&quot;&gt;&quot;Kano Chronicle,&quot; ed. Palmer, pp. 70-72.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Alaeze Ukwu Fulani na Alaeze Ukwu Bornu ===
Usman Dan Fodio, onye na-eme mgbanwe na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na onye na-agbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, okpukpe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mechara jikọta steeti asaa nke Hausa na mpaghara ndị ọhụrụ e mepụtara n'ime Caliphate Sokoto. Caliphate nke Sokoto nọ n'okpuru ikike zuru oke nke Commander of the Faithful. N'okpuru Dan Fodio, Alaeze Ukwu ahụ bụ bicephalous ma kewaa ya n'ókèala abụọ nke ọ bụla na-achịkwa site na onye a họpụtara. E kewara nke ọ bụla n'ime ókèala ndị ahụ n'ime Emirates ndị na-achị onwe ha n'okpuru ndị Emirs nke mpaghara. Alaeze Ukwu Bornu malitere ịbanye na Sokoto Caliphate nke Usman dan Fodio, mana ọ gbasara afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kano Chronicle pp. 70-72&quot;&gt;&quot;Kano Chronicle,&quot; ed. Palmer, pp. 70-72.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mpaghara ===
Na mbido, itinye aka nke ndị Britain na Northern Nigeria metụtara azụmahịa, ma na-agba gburugburu mgbasawanye nke Royal Niger Company, nke mpaghara ya dị n'ime gbasaa n'ebe ugwu site na ebe Osimiri Niger na Osimiri Benue sonyeere na [[Lokoja]] ugwu Ugwu Patti. Ógbè Royal Niger Company egosighi egwu kpọmkwem na Sokoto Caliphate ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ steeti nke Northern Nigeria. Nke a gbanwere, mgbe [[Frederick Lugard]] na [[Taubman Goldie]] setịpụrụ atụmatụ siri ike iji mee ka udo dị n'ime Niger ma jikọta ya na ndị ọzọ nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Arewa Center for Regional Development (ACRD)|url=https://www.arewaonline-ng.com/arewa_demographic.html|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=www.arewaonline-ng.com|archivedate=2021-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302193244/https://www.arewaonline-ng.com/arewa_demographic.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Protectorate nke Northern Nigeria ====
[[Usòrò:Nigeria_1909.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Map nke Naijiria, 1909]]
 
[[Frederick Lugard]] kwupụtara na ọ bụ Northern Nigeria na Ida na Jenụwarị 1, 1897. Ntọala nke nchebe ahụ bụ Nkwekọrịta Berlin nke 1885 nke nyere Northern Nigeria n'ozuzu ya na mpaghara mmetụta nke Britain, na ndabere nke nchebe ha dị na Southern Nigeria. Esemokwu na ndị dị ike nke Sokoto Caliphate sochiri n'oge na-adịghị anya. [[Emirates of Kotogora|Emirates nke Kotogora]] na Ilorin bụ ndị mbụ ndị Britain meriri. N'ọnwa Febụwarị 1903, e weghaara nnukwu ebe e wusiri ike nke Kano, oche nke Kano Emirate, Sokoto na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọzọ nọ na Caliphate ya n'oge na-adịghị anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=IPROJECTMASTER|first=Project Topics and Materials for Final Year Students {{!}} Download Free Projects from|title=LITERATURE IN NORTHERN NIGERIA: LANGUAGE AND POPULAR CULTURE|url=https://www.iprojectmaster.com/|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=www.iprojectmaster.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 13 Machị 1903, Grand Shura nke Caliphate mechara kweta na ihe Lugard chọrọ ma kwupụta Queen Victoria dị ka onye na-achị Caliphate na ala ya niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Gọvanọ Lugard, nke nwere obere ihe onwunwe, na-achịkwa mpaghara ahụ site na nkwenye nke ndị ọchịchị mpaghara site na iwu nke ọchịchị na-apụtaghị ìhè, nke ọ mepụtara ka ọ bụrụ echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mgbagwoju anya. Mpaghara ala nke dị na Northern Nigeria Protectorate gụnyere ala Okun-Yoruba nke Kabba, Ogidi, Ijumu, Gbede, Yagba, yana, ala Ebira, ala Igala jikọtara ọnụ n'okpuru Kabba Province. Ebe Ifelodun, Offa, Omuaran, Ifelodun na Irepodun, bụkwa ndị Yoruba, ghọrọ mpaghara Ilorin. Lugard hapụrụ protectorate mgbe afọ ole na ole gasịrị, na-eje ozi na [[Hong Kong]], mana emesịrị laghachi ọrụ na Naịjirịa, ebe na 1914 ọ chọrọ njikọta nke Northern Nigeria Protectorate na Southern Nigeria, na-emepụta Colony na Protectorate nke Naịjiria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Agha maka nnwere onwe site na Southern Protectorate dị iche iche, Otú ọ dị, dugara na nkewa dị egwu na 1940s. Iwu Richards mara ọkwa na 1945, nyere ikike nnwere onwe dị ukwuu na North, gụnyere n'ikpeazụ na mpaghara mmekọrịta mba ọzọ na iwu omenala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=IPROJECT|first=Final Year Research Project Topics &amp; Materials In PDF &amp; Doc {{!}} iproject from|title=LITERATURE IN NORTHERN NIGERIA: LANGUAGE AND POPULAR CULTURE English L...|url=https://iproject.com.ng/index.php|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=iproject.com.ng|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnwere Onwe ===
Northern Nigeria nwetara ọchịchị onwe onye na 15 Machị 1957 na Sir Ahmadu Bello dị ka onye isi ala mbụ ya. Northern Peoples Congress n'okpuru Bello na-achịkwa ndị omeiwu ebe Northern Elements Progressive Union ghọrọ isi otu mmegide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello|url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/alhaji-sir-ahmadu-bello|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=biography.yourdictionary.com|archivedate=2021-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505231916/https://biography.yourdictionary.com/alhaji-sir-ahmadu-bello}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1967, e wepụrụ Northern Nigeria site na nkewa. 

== Gọọmentị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Gọọmentị nke Northern Nigeria e mere ka ọ dị ka usoro Westminster. Onye isi ala rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi gọọmentị ma na-eduzi  omume kwa ụbọchị nke gọọmentị, ebe Gọvanọ nke Northern Nigeria rụrụ ọrụ dị iche ka onye nnọchi anya eze na dịka onye isi ndị uwe ojii.

Ụlọ omebe iwu dị ala, nke a na-akpọ Ụlọ Nzukọ, nwere ndị nnọchi anya a họpụtara ahọpụta site na mpaghara dị iche iche nke mba ahụ. Ụlọ elu nke ndị omeiwu, nke a na-akpọ Ụlọ ndị isi, yiri Ụlọ ndị isi nke Britain, nke ndị eze a na-ahọpụtaghị ahọpụta nke ndị Native Authority Councils dị iche iche nke mpaghara mba ahụ mejupụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Northern Region, Nigeria {{!}} What is it {{!}} Encyclopedia|url=https://amp.en.shops-com.in/2292852/1/northern-region-nigeria.html|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=Blog|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519100136/https://amp.en.shops-com.in/2292852/1/northern-region-nigeria.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1967, Gọọmentị Ndị Agha nke General [[Yakubu Gowon]] kewara mpaghara anọ ahụ bụ ndị mejupụtara Federation of Nigeria, na-emepụta steeti iri na abụọ ọhụrụ. E kewara Northern Nigeria na North-Eastern State, North-Western State, Kano State, Kaduna State, Kwara State, na Benue-Plateau State, nke ọ bụla nwere Gọvanọ na gọọmentị nke ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yakubu Gowon {{!}} head of state of Nigeria|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yakubu-Gowon|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gọvanọ ===
Onye Kọmishọna Ukwu ma ọ bụ Gọvanọ nke Northern Nigeria, nke bụbu Onye Kọmishịn Ukwu nke Northern Nigeria Protectorate, mgbe 1914 gasịrị Lieutenant Governor, Chief Commissioner, ma ọ bụ Governor-General nke Northern Provinces of Nigeria, bụ n'ụzọ dị irè onye nnọchi anya Northern Nigeria, na-arụ ọrụ British suzerainty dị ka onye nnọchianya nke Crown.

E guzobere ọfịs nke Kọmishọna Ukwu na 1 Jenụwarị 1897, site na akwụkwọ ikike sitere n'aka Queen Victoria. Mgbe ọpụpụ nke ndị Britain na 1960, a nọgidere na-ahọpụta Gọvanọ ruo 1967 dị ka onye nnọchi anya nchịkwa ọhụrụ na Lagos.

Gọvanọ ahụ na-eduzi ọrụ niile ma họpụta ndị otu ụlọ omebe iwu dị elu nke mba ahụ, Ụlọ Ndị isi nke Northern Nigeria.

=== Onye isi oche nke Ụlọ Ndị Isi ===

* [[Alhaji Haruna|Alhaji]] [[Alhaji Haruna|''Haruna'']], CMG, ''[[Emir of Gwandu|Emir nke Gwandu]]''

=== Ndị ọkà okwu nke Ụlọ Nzukọ ===

* Richard Dohew, 1954 - ?
* Alhajia' Umarure Gwandupe [afọ 

== Ọdịdị ala ==
Ebe kachasị elu na Northern [[Oshimiri Orimiri|Nigeria]] bụ Chappal Waddi na 2,419 m (7,936 ft). nke dị na gasha gumti Taraba steeti, Osimiri ndị bụ isi bụ Niger na Osimiri Benue nke na-agbakọta na mpaghara Kabba site n'ebe ọ na-aga n'ebe ndịda wee banye n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic.

Ndagwurugwu ndị sara mbara nke ndagwurugwu Niger na Benue River na-achịkwa mpaghara ndịda nke mpaghara ahụ. N'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke osimiri Benue, ugwu na ugwu ndị mejupụtara Mambilla Plateau na-emepụta ala dị larịị kachasị elu na Northern Nigeria na 1350 n'elu oke osimiri. Ala dị larịị a gbatịrị ruo n'ókè ya na Cameroon, ala ugwu bụ akụkụ nke Bamenda Highlands na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Nnukwu belt savanna nke Great Plains nke Hausaland na-achịkwa ọtụtụ n'ime mpaghara ndị ọzọ. mpaghara a na-enwe mmiri ozuzo n'etiti 20 na 60 sentimita (508 na 1,524 mm) kwa afọ. Ụdị atọ nke mpaghara savanna bụ Guinea forest-savanna mosaic, Sudan savanna, na Sahel savanna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Alhassan|first=Y.J|year=2021|title=Economic Analysis of the Characteristics Of Extensive System Of Poultry Farming Interprises In Northwestern Nigeria|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Research and Review|volume=9|issue=3|pages=017-025|issn=2360-7971}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọhịa Savanna mosaic nke Guinea bụ ala dị larịị nke ahịhịa dị elu nke osisi na-akpaghasị. Ọzara Sudan yiri ya mana o nwere ahịhịa dị mkpirikpi na osisi dị mkpirisi. Sahel savanna nwere ahịhịa na ájá, nke a na-ahụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Na mpaghara Sahel, mmiri ozuzo na-erughị sentimita iri abụọ (508 mm) kwa afọ na Ọzara Sahara na-abanye. N'akụkụ ala kpọrọ nkụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ bụ Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, nke Northern [[Niger|Nigeria]] na Niger, [[Chad]] na Cameroon na-ekerịta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=4G Africa – Imagine Africa, Connected! » Nigeria|url=https://www.4gafrica.co.za/nigeria/|accessdate=2021-05-19|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519102416/https://www.4gafrica.co.za/nigeria/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mpaghara ahụ gụnyere Ogidi, Iyamoye, Iyara nke nwere oké ọhịa miri emi nke na-ekewa mpaghara savannah nke Guinea (ma na-ejikọta mpaghara ọhịa nke ndịda na-echebe ma dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ na-ekerịta ụdị mmiri ozuzo yiri ya ma nye ya ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ ego dịka kọfị na koko).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is it Northern Region, Nigeria. Encyclopedia|url=https://amp.en.what-this.com/2292852/1/northern-region-nigeria.html|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=en.what-this.com|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519102737/https://amp.en.what-this.com/2292852/1/northern-region-nigeria.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkewa dị iche iche ==
E kewara Northern Nigeria na mpaghara iri na atọ: 
 
Kano, nke kachasị n'ime mpaghara ndị ahụ n'ihe gbasara ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na akụ na ụba, dị na mpaghara North-Central nke mba ahụ. Kano Native Authority, nke sitere na fula Kano Emirate, ketara ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa oge ochie nke kwadoro azụmahịa trans-Saharan na North Africa.

Ógbè Zaria bụ ebe obibi nke Obodo Kaduna, isi obodo nwere onwe ya nke na-eje ozi dị ka isi obodo mba ahụ na ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ mba ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Northern Region, Nigeria {{!}} What is it {{!}} Encyclopedia|url=https://amp.en.shops-com.in/2292852/1/northern-region-nigeria.html|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=Blog|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519100136/https://amp.en.shops-com.in/2292852/1/northern-region-nigeria.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ==
Ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ na ogho na mpaghara Kano nyere isi ihe na-eweta ego maka Northern Nigeria. Ịchụpụta tin na Province of Plateau, Ịchụpụ Steel na Province nke Benue, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ígwè na Province de Sokoto, wuru ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-egwupụta ihe n'ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Alhassan|first=Y. J|year=2021|title=Assessment of the Role of Bio-Based Fertilizers in Promoting Organic Farming in Northwestern Nigeria|journal=Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development|volume=9|issue=3|pages=40-46|issn=2360-798X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ ọrụ simenti na Sokoto na Bauchi na Ashaka simenti na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi akpụkpọ anụ Gombe na Kano mejupụtara isi ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
Na ụlọ ọrụ ịgba mmiri na kowa Dam Gombe State

== Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ==
Ebe ugwu Naịjirịa ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ mpaghara dị iche iche n'agbụrụ na okpukpe, bụ mpaghara ndị Alakụba. Ndị Hausa, Fulani na [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] na-achịkwa ọtụtụ akụkụ nke North Western na Eastern nke mba ahụ ebe ndị [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]], Nupe, Tiv, Igala na Idoma na-achịkarị na North Central. [[Ndi Haụsa|Ndị Hausa]], Fulani, Nupe na ndị [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] bụ ndị Alakụba.

Obere akụkụ nke ndị Hausa na-agbaso okpukpe oge ochie nke Hausa Animism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=nationsonline.org|first=klaus kästle-|title=Islamic world, countries with a cultural Islamic population - Nations Online Project|url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/muslim-countries.htm|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=www.nationsonline.org|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke Ndị Kraịst dịkwa n'ebe ugwu, ọkachasị na North Central, a tọghatara ha ka ha bụrụ Ndị Kraịst mgbe ndị Britain weghaara mba ahụ.

=== Nchegbu banyere ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ ===
Mwakpo nke ndị na-azụ atụrụ Fulani na obodo nta ndị dị n'ebe ugwu emeela ka ọnwụ nke mmadụ 6,000 kemgbe 2015, dị ka Barnabas Fund si kwuo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://barnabasfund.org/en/news/baroness-cox-fact-finding-mission-to-nigeria-reveals-mass-killing-of-christians-by-extremists|title=Baroness Cox fact-finding mission to Nigeria reveals mass killing of Christians by extremists|publisher=Barnabas Fund}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị agbụrụ Fulani aghaghịkwa ịtachi obi na ogbugbu na-enweghị obi ebere nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Ndị Kraịst. E nwere ndị mwakpo n'akụkụ abụọ nke esemokwu ndị a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/terror-and-security/muslim-herders-kill-86-mostly-christian-farmers-nigeria/|title=Nigeria to launch major security operation after wave of violence between Muslim herders and Christian farmers|publisher=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Eziokwu ụfọdụ dị mkpa banyere Northern Nigeria ===

* Ebe ugwu mejupụtara ihe dị ka 80% nke ala Naịjirịa
* Ụfọdụ n'ime steeti ndị dị ugbu a n'ebe ugwu Nigeria dị ka alaeze dịka Kano, Katsina na Zazzau
* Otu n'ime obodo kachasị ukwuu n'Africa dị na Northern Nigeria nke bụ steeti Kano&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Oyewole|first=Christianah|date=2023-06-27|title=Mind Blowing Facts About The Northern Nigeria|url=https://rnn.ng/mind-blowing-facts-about-the-northern-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-09-17|work=rnn.ng|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926185541/https://rnn.ng/mind-blowing-facts-about-the-northern-nigeria/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Steeti nke Naịjirịa
* Omenala nke Northern Nigeria
* Ebe etiti

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}{{NorthernRegionGovernors}}
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ProLiteracy, nke a makwaara dị ka ProLiteraity Worldwide, bụ òtù mba ụwa na-enweghị uru nke na-akwado mmemme ịgụ na ide nke na-enyere ndị okenye aka ịmụta ịgụ na ide. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.builtinchicago.org/2018/03/15/chicago-tech-companies-social-good|title=How 8 Chicago companies are using tech to do social good|first=Michael|author=Hines|date=15 Mar 2018|work=builtinchicago.org|publisher=BuiltIn|accessdate=27 Dec 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wearemitu.com/things-that-matter/celebrate-the-4th-of-july-by-donating-or-volunteering-at-these-organizations/|title=For This Year's July 4th Consider Volunteering Your Time With Organizations Meant To Help Migrants And Dreamers|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=1 Jul 2019|work=Mitú|publisher=Mitú, Inc.|accessdate=27 Dec 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;Dabere na Syracuse, New York, ProLiteracy nwere ihe na-erughị 1,000 mmemme ndị otu na US ma na-arụ ọrụ na ndị mmekọ 21 na mba 35 na-emepe emepe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.syracuse.com/opinion/2019/12/2010-2019-the-decade-downtown-syracuse-turned-the-corner-editorial.html|title=2010-2019: the decade downtown Syracuse turned the corner (Editorial)|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=22 Dec 2019|work=syracuse.com|accessdate=27 Dec 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;ProLiteracy: Get Involved. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190412203940/https://proliteracy.org/Get-Involved/Become-a-Member/ProLiteracy-Member-Organizations &quot;ProLiteracy Member Organizations&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;ProLiteracy: What We Do. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092903/https://www.proliteracy.org/What-We-Do/Programs-Projects/International &quot;International Programs&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Usòrò:George_W._Bush_and_Ruth_Johnson_Colvin.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|275x275px|Ruth Johnson Colvin na Onye isi ala George W. Bush na-anata ihe nrite nke nnwere onwe onye na Fraịde, Disemba 15, 2006]]
E guzobere ProLiteracy mgbe Laubach Literacy International na Literacy Volunteers of America, Inc. jikọtara na 2002.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Laubach Literacy International malitere na 1930, mgbe Dr. Frank C. Laubach, onye ozi ala ọzọ n'etiti ndị Maranao nke Philippines, malitere ịkụziri ndị Mindanao ịgụ na ide n'asụsụ nke ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Laubach, Frank Charles (1884-1970) {{!}} History of Missiology|url=http://www.bu.edu/missiology/missionary-biography/l-m/laubach-frank-charles-1884-1970/|accessdate=2021-01-14|work=www.bu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;Site na 1935 ruo 1967, Dr. Laubach gara mba 105 na-azaghachi oku maka enyemaka ịgụ na ide ma mepụta nkuzi ịgụ ihe n'asụsụ 315. O guzobere Laubach Literacy International na Syracuse, NY na 1955.

Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke America guzobere na 1962 site n'aka Ruth Johnson Colvin, onye mepụtara ụzọ iji zụọ ndị ọrụ afọ ofufu iji kụziere ndị okenye.&lt;ref name=&quot;proliteracy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.proliteracy.org/NetCommunity/Document.Doc?id=3|year=2010|accessdate=December 18, 2010|title=Ruth J. Colvin|publisher=Proliteracy.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721235659/http://www.proliteracy.org/NetCommunity/Document.Doc?id=3|archivedate=July 21, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Russo|first=Jennifer|date=12 Dec 2016|title=Literacy Pioneer Ruth Colvin Turns 100|url=https://news.syr.edu/2016/12/literacy-pioneer-ruth-colvin-turns-100/|work=Syracuse University News|accessdate=18 Feb 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==
Ọrụ ProLiteracy na-adaba n'ụdị atọ: mmemme, mbipụta, na mmepe.

Ngalaba mmemme ProLiteracy na-arụ ọrụ na US na mba ofesi. ProLiteracy nwere mmemme ndị mmekọ ala mba ndị na-emepe emepe na [[Asia|Eshia]], Africa, Latin America, na Middle East. ProLiteracy na-enye ọzụzụ, enyemaka teknụzụ, na enyemaka mpaghara iji kwado mmemme ndị a haziri ahazi nke jikọtara ịgụ na ide na ịdabere na akụ na ụba, [[Health|ahụike]], [[Education|agụmakwụkwọ]], udo, ikike mmadụ, na ọrụ Nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi.

Na US, ProLiteracy na-anọchite anya ihe dị ka 1,000 ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-arụ ọrụ na obodo na ndị okenye na steeti 49 na District of Columbia. ProLiteracy na-akwado mmemme ndị otu na enyemaka teknụzụ na mmemme na ọrụ mmepe ọkachamara n'ịntanetị, na ọzụzụ mpaghara, na nzukọ abụọ. ProLiteration na-akwado maka okwu ndị metụtara ịgụ na ide nke ndị okenye na mmụta ndụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ProLiteracy's New Advocacy Toolkit Is the Critical Resource Adult Education and Literacy Programs Need Now|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/proliteracys-advocacy-toolkit-critical-adult-140000952.html|accessdate=2021-01-14|work=finance.yahoo.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

New Readers Press, ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ ProLiteracy, na-enweta $ 7.5 nde na ego kwa afọ site na ire ihe eji eme ihe na agụmakwụkwọ ndị okenye, nkwadebe ule nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, na mmụta [[asụsụ Bekee]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Financials {{!}} ProLiteracy|url=https://www.proliteracy.org/About-Us/Financials|accessdate=2021-01-25|work=www.proliteracy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ego sitere na ahịa ndị a na-akwado ọrụ ndị ProLiteracy na-enye ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ. News for You, nke New Readers Press bipụtara, bụ akụkọ na-ebipụta kwa izu maka ndị na-amụ asụsụ Bekee na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụ akwụkwọ.&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt;

ProLiteracy na-akwado ọrụ ya site na ego a na-enweta site na ụgwọ maka ọrụ na onyinye site na onyinye na enyemaka. Ụgwọ maka usoro ọrụ na-enye ohere ka ProLiteracy nweta ego site na ịrịọ ma ọ bụ ịchọ ịkwụ ụgwọ iji gbanwere ọrụ na ngwaahịa. Onyinye gụnyere onyinye onwe onye, ihe nketa, na onyinye. A na-enweta enyemaka site na ntọala ụlọ ọrụ na nke onwe.

== Nkwado ==
Ihe dị ka pasent 77 nke ego ProLiteracy na-abịa site na ire ihe agụmakwụkwọ ya. Ihe dị ka pasent 15 sitere na isi mmalite onwe onye, gụnyere ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ụlọ ọrụ, na ntọala. Ihe fọdụrụnụ na-abịa site na ụgwọ ndị mmekọ na ego itinye ego. N'afọ 1997, onye edemede Nora Roberts nyere onyinye maka mmebi nke e nyere site na ikpe nke ịpụtaghachi ihe na nzukọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;lawsuit&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Italie|first=Hillel|date=24 Apr 2019|title=Nora Roberts sues Brazilian author, cites 'multi-plagiarism'|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/nora-roberts-sues-brazilian-author-cites-multi-plagiarism-62599985|work=[[ABC News]]|accessdate=27 Dec 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2020, e kenyere ihe karịrị pasent 77 nke onyinye ndị nyere maka mmefu mmemme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Charity Navigator - Rating for ProLiteracy|url=http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&amp;orgid=4007|accessdate=2021-01-25|work=Charity Navigator|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụkpụrụ Nkwado ==

* Charity Watch nyere ProLiteracy akara na B + na 2020 ma kpọọ ProLiteraity dị ka ọrụ ebere Top-Rated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ProLiteracy Worldwide|url=https://www.charitywatch.org/charities/proliteracy-worldwide|accessdate=2021-01-12|work=www.charitywatch.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ProLiteracy nwetara akara Platinum nke Transparency nke GuideStar na 2019 site na ịkọrọ aka na-ekerịta usoro ọganihu na nsonaazụ ha na-eji achụso ọrụ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Charity Navigator - Rating for ProLiteracy|url=http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&amp;orgid=4007|accessdate=2021-01-14|work=Charity Navigator|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Charity Navigator nyere ProLiteracy akara nke 88.7 n'ime 100 dabere na data sitere na FY2019 dị ka a kọrọ na 990 kachasị ọhụrụ nke e tinyere na IRS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Charity Navigator - Rating for ProLiteracy|url=http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&amp;orgid=4007|accessdate=2021-01-25|work=Charity Navigator|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Akụkọ 2017 nke Better Business Bureau's Wise Giving Alliance (WGA) chọpụtara na ProLiteracy mezuru ụkpụrụ ya niile maka ọrụ ebere. WGA chọpụtara na ProLiteracy bụ eziokwu na nnọchiteanya ya banyere otu esi emefu ego, anaghị ekenye oke nke mmefu ego ya maka ịnakọta ego ma ọ bụ mmefu nchịkwa, ma mee ka nkwupụta ego ya dị mfe maka ọha na eze.

== Nsogbu Ego na Nweghachi ==
Site na 2009 ruo 2013, n'okpuru onye isi ala na onye isi oche David C. Harvey, ProLiteracy chere nsogbu ego siri ike ihu, na $ 1.8 nde ụkọ na $ 1.7 nde furu efu na ngụkọta akụ na 2012. &lt;ref&gt;ProLiteracy (05 Sep 2015) About Us: Finances. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054957/http://www.proliteracy.org/about-us/finances &quot;Form 990, 2013&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;Ịkwaga isi ụlọ ọrụ ha n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe a rụgharịrị arụgharị ma tinye ego na Syracuse, obodo NY na-enye aka na ụkọ ahụ, gụnyere Ruth J. Colvin Center for Innovation and Excellence in Adult Literacy, ụlọ nyocha kọmputa ọha na eze e mere ka ndị okenye kụzie ịgụ na ide kọmputa.&lt;ref&gt;Nolan, Maureen (28 May 2012). Syracuse.com. [http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2012/05/proliteracy_moves_into_new_dig.html &quot;ProLiteracy moves into new digs on Syracuse's Near West Side&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọnwa isii mgbe ọ kwagara n'isi ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ nke ProLiteracy, Harvey gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi ala. Onye isi oche ugbu a, Kevin J. Morgan, onye isi oche nke Board of Directors kemgbe 2009, kwuru na Harvey &quot;gafere na-achụso ohere ndị ọzọ na Washington, D.C., mpaghara, ma hapụ ya na nke ahụ. &quot; Morgan mechara gbakwunye, &quot;ezi akụkọ bụ na David rụrụ ọrụ maka ProLiteracy ruo afọ ise ma mee ọtụtụ ihe maka nzukọ ahụ. N'agbanyeghị nke a, usoro mmụta Harvey, nke e bipụtara na Mee 28, 2013, yiri ka ọ na-ezo aka na arụmọrụ ego ya na ProLiteraity dị ka ọ &quot;na-eduzi ọrụ mgbanwe maka ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa nke ụlọ ọrụ STD9&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Charles, Ellis (30 Nov 2012). Syracuse.com. [http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2012/11/proliteracy_ceo_resigns_chairm.html &quot;ProLiteracy CEO leaves; chairman of the board named interim director&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Harvey, David C. (28 May 2013). Blogspot.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140210231628/http://davidharveyproliteracy.blogspot.com/ &quot;David C. Harvey: Seeking Interim Executive Positions, Consultancies&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;National Coalition of STD Directors (2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231027215822/https://www.ncsddc.org/about/our-staff/ &quot;Our Staff&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Morgan, onye natara akara ugo mmụta ya na ahịa site na Keller Graduate School of Management, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi oche na onye isi oche, na-eke oge ya n'etiti ProLiteracy na Full Suspension Marketing, obere ụlọ ọrụ na-amalite na ahịa nke [[Yútạh|Utah]] nke o guzobere na 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Kevin Morgan Linkedin Profile|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/kevin-morgan-280b28/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=Linkedin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;LinkedIn (2018). [https://www.linkedin.com/in/kevin-morgan-280b28/ &quot;Kevin Morgan, President and CEO at ProLiteracy Worldwide&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;UtahDB. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180428094106/https://utahdb.com/company/6468908-0142/full-suspension-marketing-inc.html &quot;Full Suspension Marketing&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Utah's Right to Know. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190104072831/http://www.utahsright.com/employers.php?county=summit&amp;order=Industry&amp;oType=ASC&amp;page=28 &quot;Utah's Largest Employers&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;The ProLiteracy Board of Directors wee &quot;guzobe kọmitii ọchụchọ maka onye isi oche ọhụrụ na onye isi oche&quot;, ka Morgan kwuru, na-ekwu na &quot;mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-eme ngwa ngwa, oge ndị ọzọ ọ nwere ike iwe oge, dabere na onye ị na-agwa okwu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Charles, Ellis (30 Nov 2012). ibid.&lt;/ref&gt;

[https://www.proliteracy.org/Portals/0/Downloads/Finances/ProLiteracy_about-us-finances_2013-annual-report.pdf?ver=2016-03-31-153559-227 A manyere nzukọ ahụ ịmepụta atụmatụ atụmatụ ọhụrụ na 2013].

N'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetara ihe karịrị $ 1 nde na onyinye ọrụ ebere iji dozie isi ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ nke ProLiteracy n'etiti nsogbu ahụ, ọ chere ụkọ nke $ 1.2 nde ihu na 2013, na-enweta ọkwa 1 kpakpando na Charity Navigator na-esote ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri nke na-agbanwe agbanwe n'etiti 1- na 3- kpakpando, nke mere ka Harvey katọọ ọha na eze na 2010 nke charity watchdog dị ka &quot;ụzọ ezughi oke iji nyochaa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Salt District (11 Jul 2012). [http://www.saltdistrict.com/2012/07/wcny/ &quot;ProLiteracy Moves to Case Supply&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Charity Navigator (2018). [https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.history&amp;orgid=4007 &quot;Historical Records for ProLiteracy&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Harvey, David C. (31 Oct 2010). Syracuse Post-Standard. [http://blog.syracuse.com/opinion/2010/10/new_york_post-standard_endorse.html &quot;New York, Post-Standard endorsements, United Way, Charity Navigator, ProLiteracy&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ mmefu ego na-esote, ProLiteracy belatara nke ukwuu, na-achụ ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ya oge niile ma na-emechi itinye ego na mpaghara Syracuse, NY. &lt;ref&gt;LinkedIn (2018). [https://www.linkedin.com/company/proliteracy-worldwide/ &quot;ProLiteracy Worldwide&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;Ọzọkwa, ProLiteracy belatara itinye aka mba ụwa ya site na mba 30 ruo 20. &lt;ref&gt;Harvey, David C. (01 Apr 2012). Syracuse Post-Standard. [http://blog.syracuse.com/opinion/2012/04/ubuntu_on_the_near_west_side_l.html &quot;Ubuntu on the Near West Side: 'Literacy for Social Change' comes home to Syracuse&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;ProLiteracy: What We Do. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092903/https://www.proliteracy.org/What-We-Do/Programs-Projects/International &quot;International Programs&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;N'ụzọ dị irè, ProLiteracy kwụsịrị afọ mmefu ego ya nke afọ 2014 na $ 3 nde na ego na-erughị mmefu na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ nke akụ ha, site na $ 3.3 ruo $ 6.3 nde. &lt;ref&gt;ProLiteracy (05 Sep 2015). About Us: Finances. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054957/http://www.proliteracy.org/about-us/finances &quot;Form 990, 2013&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;Kọmitii ọchụchọ ahụ gbasara, dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ahịa Morgan, ọ ka bụkwa onye isi oche na onye isi oche ruo taa. &lt;ref&gt;ProLiteracy (2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210302114509/https://www.proliteracy.org/About-Us/Leadership/Staff &quot;About Us: Leadership&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;N'afọ 2017, e nyere ProLiteracy akara kpakpando anọ mbụ ya site na Charity Navigator, ihe mejupụtara akara kpakpendo atọ na ahụike ego na akara kpakpandị anọ na ịza ajụjụ na nghọta.&lt;ref&gt;Charity Navigator (2018). [https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&amp;orgid=4007 &quot;Rating for ProLiteracy&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye ==

* N'afọ 2019, a kpọrọ ProLiteracy onye mmeri Tier 2 maka Barbara Bush Foundation Xprize Award. Nke Dollar General Literacy Foundation gosipụtara na asọmpi obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=XPRIZE|title=WINNERS ANNOUNCED IN ADULT LITERACY XPRIZE COMPETITION|url=https://www.xprize.org/prizes/communities/articles/winners-in-the-adult-literacy-xprize-communities|accessdate=2021-01-12|work=XPRIZE|language=en|archivedate=2022-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203191649/https://www.xprize.org/prizes/communities/articles/winners-in-the-adult-literacy-xprize-communities}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2019, Proliteracy Worldwide natara 2019 Library of Congress Literacy Awards David M. Rubenstein Prize (US $ 150,000).&lt;ref name=&quot;award&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|date=2019|title=Library of Congress Announces Winners of 2019 Literacy Awards|url=https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/news/library-congress-announces-winners-2019-literacy-awards|work=Fine Books Magazine|accessdate=22 Dec 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2018, Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ nke Congress kpọrọ ProLiteracy dị ka Honoree na Adult Literacy Program category maka 2018 Literacy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2018 Winners {{!}} Library of Congress Literacy Awards {{!}} Read.gov - Library of Congress|url=http://www.read.gov/literacyawards/winners-2018.html|accessdate=2021-01-14|work=www.read.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2016, Mahadum Syracuse nyere ProLiteracy Worldwide onyinye Community Partner Award site na onyinye Chancellor maka Public Engagement na Scholarship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CAPES Awards Reflect Service to Community|url=https://news.syr.edu/blog/2016/04/22/capes-awards-reflect-service-to-community-21242/|accessdate=2021-01-12|work=SU News|date=22 April 2016|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2015, onye isi oche nke Syracuse CenterState nyere ProLiteracy na 2015 Community Visionary Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CenterState CEO Celebrates 2015 Economic Champions|url=https://www.centerstateceo.com/news-events/centerstate-ceo-celebrates-2015-economic-champions|accessdate=2021-01-12|work=CenterState CEO|language=en|archivedate=2022-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930200856/https://www.centerstateceo.com/news-events/centerstate-ceo-celebrates-2015-economic-champions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.proliteracy.org Ịmụba na-agụ egwú]
* [https://www.newreaderspress.com/ Ndị Na-agụ Akwụkwọ Ọhụrụ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061202224408/http://www.give.org/seal.asp?ID=647312004 BBB Wise Giving Alliance Report: ProLiteracy Worldwide]
* [http://www.guidestar.org GuideStar Basic Report: ProLiteracy Worldwide (ndebanye aha achọrọ)]
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    <title>Ọgụgụ carbon</title>
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      <text bytes="21276" sha1="5s6u8uz9kxrffig9p0cv670bbsb8qnh" xml:space="preserve">Carbon Literacy bụ mmata banyere [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|Mgbanwe ihu igwe]] na mmetụta ihu igwe nke omume ụmụ mmadụ kwa ụbọchị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.carbonliteracy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/The-Carbon-Literacy-Standard-Version-1.05-CLP.pdf|title=The Carbon Literacy Standard v1.05|work=The Carbon Literacy Project|publisher=Cooler Projects CIC|accessdate=2015-09-08|archivedate=2015-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119075654/http://www.carbonliteracy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/The-Carbon-Literacy-Standard-Version-1.05-CLP.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;A na-eji okwu ahụ eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ n'akwụkwọ sayensị na n'iji ya eme ihe (lee Nnyocha), mana ọ na-ejikọta ya na The Carbon Literacy Project (CLP).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.carbonliteracy.com/|title=The Carbon Literacy Project|publisher=Cooler Projects CIC}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Nkọwa ==
Carbon Literacy bụ ihe ọmụma na ikike achọrọ iji mepụta mgbanwe dị mma n'otú ụmụ mmadụ si ebi ndụ, rụọ ọrụ ma na-akpa àgwà na nzaghachi maka [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|Mgbanwe ihu igwe]].

Carbon Literacy Project na-akọwa Carbon Literaity dị ka &quot;ịmata ụgwọ carbon na mmetụta nke ọrụ kwa ụbọchị na ikike na mkpali iji belata ikuku, n'otu n'otu, obodo na nhazi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Carbon Literacy Standard v1.05|url=http://www.carbonliteracy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/The-Carbon-Literacy-Standard-Version-1.05-CLP.pdf|work=The Carbon Literacy Project|publisher=Cooler Projects CIC|accessdate=2015-09-08|archivedate=2015-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119075654/http://www.carbonliteracy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/The-Carbon-Literacy-Standard-Version-1.05-CLP.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iji mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ojiji nke ahịrịokwu ahụ n'echiche ya ('carbon literacy') (dịka ọmụmaatụ), na ojiji ya n'okpuru nkọwa a kwadoro (Carbon Literacy), a na-edepụta ahịrịokwu a (dịka). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lowcarbon.co.uk/home/carbon-literacy|title=Low Carbon Trust–'carbon literacy'}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://wearealbert.org/help/get-trained|title=We Are Albert, Sustainable Production Foot-printing Protocol|accessdate=2023-10-27|archivedate=2019-07-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716210718/http://wearealbert.org/help/get-trained}}&lt;/ref&gt;Lee Nnyocha.

== Ọrụ Mmụta Mmụta Carbon (CLP) ==
A na-eji okwu Carbon Literacy mee ihe n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi n'ọtụtụ oge gara aga, mana ọ malitere ịghọ onye a ma ama na 2009 mgbe ọ pụtara na mmepe nke atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe maka Manchester, Manchester: A Certain Future.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Anderson|first=Kevin|title=Presentation|url=https://vimeo.com/87044731|work=Vimeo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cdn.faelix.net/creativeconcern/manchesterclimate/ManchesterClimateChangeActionPlan.pdf|title=Climate Change Action Plan by Manchester: A Certain Future (MACF)|accessdate=2015-09-08|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033748/http://cdn.faelix.net/creativeconcern/manchesterclimate/ManchesterClimateChangeActionPlan.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Atụmatụ a e dere site n'aka ụmụ amaala kwere nkwa na mpaghara obodo ukwu nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na UK ga-abụ:

# Mbelata ikuku carbon dioxide nke obodo Manchester site na 41% site na 2020, site na ọkwa 2005.
# Iji tinye ndị mmadụ niile, ndị agbata obi na òtù dị na Manchester n'usoro mgbanwe ọdịbendị nke na-etinye 'echiche carbon dị ala' n'ime ụdị ndụ na ọrụ nke obodo ahụ.

N'ihi ya, atụmatụ ahụ bu n'uche (i) belata ikuku site na ibelata ọchịchọ na ojiji nke ike; ịgbanwe teknụzụ eji emepụta ike; na ịgbanwe isi iyi nke mmanụ eji eme ihe site na mmanụ ala gaa na renewables; na (ii) ịmepụta 'omenala carbon dị ala' site n'ịmepụta nghọta zuru oke banyere ihe kpatara na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, yana ịzụlite mmemme nke 'ịgụ na ide na ide na carbon'.

Dị ka atụmatụ edere ma nwee ya, nwa amaala ma ọ bụ nzukọ ọ bụla nwere ike ịzaghachi iji nyere aka n'inye ebumnuche na ebumnuche, agbanyeghị na ọ were ruo 2010 tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke Manchester Cooler Projects CIC ewere ihe ịma aka nke inye ebumnuche Carbon Literacy: &quot;...&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cooler Projects CIC|url=http://www.coolerprojects.com/|publisher=Dave Coleman; Phil Korbel}}&lt;/ref&gt;onye ọ bụla bi na ya, nwa akwụkwọ, nwa akwụkwọ na onye ọrụ [n'obodo ahụ] ga-enwerịrị ọ dịkarịa ala otu ụbọchị ọzụzụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe... ma eleghị anya ọtụtụ site na 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stakeholder Climate Change Action Plan 2010 - 2020|url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/egov_downloads/ClimateChange.pdf|publisher=Manchester City Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2011, Cooler kpọkọtara otu ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo mmadụ 30 sitere na ngalaba niile, ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, mepụtara nkọwa maka okwu ahụ, ma guzobe ihe achọrọ maka ọzụzụ otu ụbọchị iji mezuo nkọwa ahụ. Ihe ndị a chọrọ bụ ihe ndabere nke The Carbon Literacy Standard. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Carbon Literacy Standard v1.05|url=http://www.carbonliteracy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/The-Carbon-Literacy-Standard-Version-1.05-CLP.pdf|work=The Carbon Literacy Project|publisher=Cooler Projects CIC|accessdate=2015-09-08|archivedate=2015-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119075654/http://www.carbonliteracy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/The-Carbon-Literacy-Standard-Version-1.05-CLP.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ụkpụrụ ahụ dabeere n'echiche dị mkpa na ọ bụrụ na ụmụ mmadụ ga-ebelata ikuku carbon site na ụdị mbelata nke sayensị chọrọ, anyị ga-achọ ịgbanwe ọdịbendị anyị yana teknụzụ anyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pachauri|date=2014|title=Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/|journal=Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|volume=IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland|pages=151 pp|first=R.K.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Carbon Literacy Standard v1.05|url=http://www.carbonliteracy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/The-Carbon-Literacy-Standard-Version-1.05-CLP.pdf|work=The Carbon Literacy Project|publisher=Cooler Projects CIC|accessdate=2015-09-08|archivedate=2015-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119075654/http://www.carbonliteracy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/The-Carbon-Literacy-Standard-Version-1.05-CLP.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Whitmarsh|date=2009|title=Carbon Capability: what does it mean, how prevalent is it, and how can we promote it?|journal=Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Norwich|first=Lorraine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2012, Cooler malitere ịnwale usoro ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ, ebe ọrụ, na obodo. O guzobere ngwa ngwa atụmatụ na-abụghị maka uru - The Carbon Literacy Project - na mbụ na Manchester mana ngwa ngwa karịa, iji lekọta nnyefe ọzụzụ iji zute Standard, ma kwado ndị sonyere nke ọma dị ka &quot;Carbon Literate&quot;. N'otu afọ ahụ, Association of Greater Manchester Authorities (AGMA) (nke gụnyere Manchester), guzobere Carbon Literacy dị ka otu n'ime ebumnuche anọ nke Greater Manchester Climate Change Strategy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Greater Manchester Climate Change Strategy|url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/500002/council_policies_and_strategies/3833/climate_change/4|publisher=Manchester City Council|accessdate=2015-09-08|archivedate=2018-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630043256/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/500002/council_policies_and_strategies/3833/climate_change/4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2014, e debanyere aha ọrụ ahụ dị ka ọrụ ebere edebanyere aha (usoro iwu na-abụghị maka uru na UK) The Carbon Literacy Trust (ọrụ ebere edebishere aha No.1156722) ka e wee nye echiche nke Carbon Literace na IP ya n'oge na-adịghị anya, maka ọdịmma ọha na eze.

N'afọ 2015, a họọrọ Carbon Literacy Project site n'ọhịa zuru ụwa ọnụ ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke Transformative Actions Program (TAP) na nzukọ UN Climate Change (COP21) na Paris, Disemba 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tap-potential.org/projects/the-carbon-literacy-project/|title=Tap-Potential}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/manchester-charity-leading-way-greenhouse-10549841|title=Manchester Evening News|date=2015-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'ihi ya, a na-amata Carbon Literacy Project dị ka otu n'ime nzaghachi 100 kachasị elu ụwa ga-enye iji dozie mgbanwe ihu igwe.

N'afọ 2015, Councillor Jeff Smith ghọrọ onye omeiwu Carbon Literate mbụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Children Are The Teachers In The Carbon Classroom|url=http://www.carbonliteracy.com/children-are-the-teachers-in-the-carbon-classroom/|work=www.carbonliteracy.com|accessdate=2016-02-08|date=2015-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

na 2016, The Carbon Literacy Project webatara atụmatụ ikikere a na-akpọ ikikere Carbon Literate Organisation (CLO) .

== Carbon Literate Organisation (CLO) ==
The Carbon Literacy Project (2016) mepụtara ma malite ikikere Carbon Literate Organisation (CLO) na CLO Standard metụtara ya iji nye 'baajị' a na-ahụ anya nke na-egosi otu dị ka (i) raara onwe ya nye Carbon Literaity (CL), (ii) nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị Carbon Literate, na (iii) nwere mkpebi ịkwado ndị Carbon Literated ma nọgide na-enwe ọdịbendị carbon ya dị ala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.carbonliteracy.com/organisation/|title=Carbon Literate Organisation Webpage}}&lt;/ref&gt;Otu nzukọ na-eji ọnọdụ a eme ihe iji soro obodo ya na-emekọrịta ihe nke ọma - ma ha bụ ndị ọrụ ma ọ bụ ndị ahịa, ndị agbata obi, ndị mmụta, ndị na-eweta ihe ma ọ bụ Ndị metụtara ya. Akụkụ anọ nke ikikere (Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum) na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti òtù na-egosi ọkwa dị iche iche nke mkpebi.

N'ụwa niile ruo ugbu a, a na-edebanye aha òtù iri na anọ dị ka Carbon Literate Organisations (CLOs), gụnyere Mahadum Manchester, Manchester Museum na Northwards Housing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.carbonliteracy.com/carbon-literate-organisation-awards/|title=The Carbon Literacy Project–Carbon Literate Organisation Accreditation Awardees|date=28 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.socialresponsibility.manchester.ac.uk/news/january-2017/carbon-literate-organisation-awards/|title=University of Manchester–Carbon Literate Organisation Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sustainabilityexchange.ac.uk/news/manchester_is_first_carbon_literate_university_|title=Manchester Museum Becomes a Carbon Literate Organisation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.northwardshousing.co.uk/about-us/news/articles/northwards-coronated-on-coronation-street-in-world-first-climate-change-awards/|title=Northwards Housing Coronated on Coronation Street in World First Climate Change Awards|accessdate=2023-10-27|archivedate=2021-05-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503095341/http://www.northwardshousing.co.uk/about-us/news/articles/northwards-coronated-on-coronation-street-in-world-first-climate-change-awards/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnyocha ==
Ojiji nke okwu 'ịgụ na ide carbon' na-agbasawanye n'asụsụ na akwụkwọ sayensị kwa ụbọchị, ma na-agụnye (i) nyocha nke na-enyocha Carbon Literacy na The Carbon Literaity Project, na (ii) ojiji nke okwu ahụ 'ịgụ akwụkwọ carbon' n'echiche doro anya.

Nzaghachi omume omume omume na mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere oke n'ihi ejighị n'aka na mgbagwoju anya metụtara isiokwu ahụ. Nnyocha dị ugbu a na-elekwasị anya na mkpa maka itinye aka na ọha mmadụ na ibelata mgbanwe ihu igwe, site na mmụba nke nghọta n'etiti ụmụ amaala, òtù, ụlọ akwụkwọ na ndị ọrụ ọha na eze n'ihi ejighị n'aka na mgbagwoju anya metụtara isiokwu ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Whitmarsh|year=2011|title=Public engagement with carbon and climate change: To what extent is the public 'carbon capable'?|url=http://orca.cf.ac.uk/20440/1/Public%20engagement%2010.1016_j.gloenvcha.2010.07.011.pdf|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=21|issue=1|pages=56–65|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.011|first=Lorraine}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mgbasa nke ọzụzụ Carbon Literacy (CL) (nke gụnyere ihe kpatara ya na nsonaazụ nke ikuku carbon, na nghọta nke ike nke omume onye ọ bụla) egosila na ọ na-emetụta mgbanwe omume dị mma n'ihe gbasara ibelata akara carbon. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.carbonliteracy.com/research/|title=Manchester Carbon Literacy Evaluation: Report Highlights}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'ịgbaso ọzụzụ CL, ike na omume nchekwa carbon (gụnyere ma onye ọ bụla ma omume otu) egosila na ọ na-abawanye, gụnyere ihe akaebe nke 'mmetụta cascade'- ebe ndị sonyere na-ekwurịta CL na ezinụlọ, ndị enyi ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ ibe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Carbon Literacy Project Research Page|url=http://www.carbonliteracy.com/research}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;Na Greater Manchester CL na-agbasa ndị bi (site na njikọ ụlọ), ndị na-arụ ọrụ (BBC, Media City, Peel Media, ITV, Dock10, ndị ọchịchị mpaghara, Groundwork, Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue) na ndị na-amụ (Mahadum Manchester, Mahadum Manchester Metropolitan).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Carbon Literacy for Registered Providers (CL4RPs)|url=http://www.carbonliteracy.com/cl4rps/|publisher=The Carbon Literacy Project|date=2015-01-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/responsibility/environment/industry-collaboration|work=Corporate Responsibility|accessdate=2015-09-08|archivedate=2015-10-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008054424/http://www.bbc.co.uk/responsibility/environment/industry-collaboration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Media City|url=http://www.mediacityuk.co.uk/p/coronation-street-goes-green|work=Coronation Street goes green|accessdate=2015-09-08|archivedate=2017-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216061324/http://www.mediacityuk.co.uk/p/coronation-street-goes-green}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Broadcast Now|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/revealed-tvs-eco-shame/5089764.article|work=Revealed: TV's eco shame}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Groundwork|url=http://www.groundwork.org.uk/Sites/msstt/blogs/carbon-literacy-sls-msstt|work=Carbon literacy training in Stockport}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue|url=https://www.manchesterfire.gov.uk/media/1585/sustainability-strategy-2014-20.pdf|work=GMFRS Sustainability Strategy 2014|accessdate=2015-09-08|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192224/https://www.manchesterfire.gov.uk/media/1585/sustainability-strategy-2014-20.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sustainability.manchester.ac.uk/staff/carbonliteracy/|title=University of Manchester–Carbon Literacy Strategy|accessdate=2017-02-15|archivedate=2017-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806040359/http://www.sustainability.manchester.ac.uk/staff/carbonliteracy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www2.mmu.ac.uk/bigimpact/sustainability-in-action/carbon-literacy/|title=Manchester Metropolitan University–Carbon Literacy Strategy|accessdate=2023-10-27|archivedate=2019-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030211743/https://www2.mmu.ac.uk/bigimpact/sustainability-in-action/carbon-literacy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha ndị ọzọ e mere n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga na-ezo aka n'echiche a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke 'ịgụ na ide carbon', na mkpa ya na mgbanwe omume carbon dị ala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Seyfang|first=Gill|title=Personal Carbon Trading: Lessons from Complementary Currencies|journal=Complementary Currency|date=2007|url=http://www.complementarycurrency.org/ccLibrary/Personal_Carbon_Trading-Lessons_from_Community_Currencies.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bottrill|first=Catherine|title=Internet-based carbon tools for behaviour change|journal=Environmental Change Institute|date=2007|url=http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/research/energy/downloads/botrill07-calculators.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Capstick|date=2010|title=Effects of personal carbon allowances on decision-making: evidence from an experimental simulation|journal=Climate Policy|volume=10|issue=4|pages=369–384|doi=10.3763/cpol.2009.0034|first=Stuart Bryce}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lamela|date=2011|title=Kilograms or cups of tea: Comparing footprints for better CO2 understanding|url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf;jsessionid=uJGZI2v7mPPG8fOvnMN4n4v4FikCewkdmx9OQGnH.diva2-search7-vm?pid=diva2%3A459774&amp;dswid=-4440|journal=PsychNology Journal|volume=9|issue=1|pages=43–54|first=Zapico}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Howell|date=2012|title=Living with a carbon allowance: The experiences of Carbon Rationing Action Groups and implications for policy|journal=Energy Policy|volume=41|pages=250–258|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2011.10.044|first=Rachel A.|url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/21714386/Howell_CRAGs_paper_accepted_.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hu|date=2013|title=Assessing students' low carbon literacy by Ridit IPA approach|journal=Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport &amp; Tourism Education|volume=13|pages=202–212|doi=10.1016/j.jhlste.2013.09.006|first=Meng-Lei Monica}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fifield|date=2014|title=The role that Carbon Conversations, as a model of deliberative workshops, can play in increasing carbon literacy with a group of low-income social housing tenants living in Glasgow|journal=Edinburgh Research Archive|volume=MSc Environmental Sustainability Thesis Collection|first=Shivali}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sharp|date=2013|title=Reducing householders' grocery carbon emissions: Carbon literacy and carbon label preferences|journal=Australasian Marketing Journal|volume=21|issue=4|pages=240–249|doi=10.1016/j.ausmj.2013.08.004|first=Anne}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gössling|date=2014|title=Carbon labels in tourism: persuasive communication?|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=111|pages=358–369|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.08.067|first=Stefan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pachauri|date=2014|title=Building the future we want|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SwoPCAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Building+the+future+we+want+Pachauri&amp;pg=PA190|first=Rajendra K.|isbn=9788179935750}}&lt;/ref&gt;Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Horng et al. lere anya na mmepe nke nhọrọ carbon dị ala na ụlọ ọrụ njem nleta Taiwanese, na Teng et al. chọpụtara na 'ịgụ na ide carbon' na-eme ka omume carbon dị ala dị mma na ụlọ ọrụ ile ọbịa na Taiwan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Houng|date=2013|title=Development and validation of the low-carbon literacy scale among practitioners in the Taiwanese tourism industry|journal=Tourism Management|volume=35|pages=255–262|doi=10.1016/j.tourman.2012.08.001|first=Jeou-Shyan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Teng, Haiyan|title=Predictability of the Atlantic overturning circulation and associated surface patterns in two CCSM3 climate change ensemble experiments.|journal=Journal of Climate|date=2011|volume=24|issue=23|pages=6054–6076|doi=10.1175/2011jcli4207.1|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234565}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nnyocha lekwasịrị anya na 'omume ịgụ na ide nke carbon' n'ịmepụta ihe ọmụma ụmụaka banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Satchwell|first=Candice|title=Carbon literacy practices&quot;: textual footprints between school and home in children's construction of knowledge about climate change.|journal=Local Environment|date=2013|volume=18|issue=3|pages=289–304|doi=10.1080/13549839.2012.688735|url=http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/7242/2/__lha-032_pers-F_000675FE_My%20Documents_Candice%27s%20articles%20etc_CarbonLiteracyPracticesarticlePre-publication.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'ebe a, a chọtara ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ọmụma na nghọta mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụmụ akwụkwọ sitere na 'ụlọ akwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi' ma e jiri ya tụnyere 'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-abụghị gburugburu ebe obibi', na-egosi mkpa Carbon Literacy dị n'ime ntọala obodo iji mee ka mgbanwe ọdịbendị dị mfe.

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|Okpomọkụ ụwa]]
* Carbon dioxide
* Gas na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ
* [[Mmetụta okpomọkụ|Mmetụta nke okpomọkụ]]
* Mmetụta nke okpomọkụ ụwa na oké osimiri
* [[Ahụike na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ coal|Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ coal]]
* Ihe ndekọ okpomọkụ nke ala
* Nkọwa okwu nke mgbanwe ihu igwe
* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị mgbanwe ihu igwe
* Ndepụta nke isiokwu mgbanwe ihu igwe
* Echiche sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.carbonliteracy.com Ọrụ Ịgụ na Ịgụ na Ụba nke Carbon]
* [http://www.coolerprojects.com Ọrụ Ndị Na-adịghị Nro]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="14208" sha1="b2xlp9kbamew3jlrv9rg8djuthb1qwb" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Deadwood_rodeo_1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ịnyịnya na-agba ọsọ, na-agbagharị.]]
Bucking bụ mmegharị nke anụmanụ na-eme ebe ọ na-ewetu isi ya wee welie azụ ya n'ikuku ka ọ na-eji ụkwụ azụ na-agbapụ. A na-ahụkarị ya na ahịhịa ahịhịa dị ka equine, ehi, mgbada, ewu na atụrụ. Ọtụtụ nchọcha gbasara omume a ka etinyere aka n'ịnyịnya na ehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Starling|first=Melissa|date=2016-02-23|title=The Contribution of Equitation Science to Minimising Horse-Related Risks to Humans|journal=Animals|volume=6|issue=3|pages=15|doi=10.3390/ani6030015|issn=2076-2615|pmid=26907354}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bucking nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'ike site na obere elu nke ụkwụ azụ abụọ nke anụmanụ, na ihichapụ isi ha n'etiti ụkwụ ihu ha, na-agba azụ ha, ma na-agbapụ ọtụtụ ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHKuEeqC4U0C&amp;q=bucking%20behaviour%20in%20horses&amp;pg=PP1|title=The Domestic Horse: The Origins, Development and Management of Its Behaviour|author=Mills|first=D. S.|date=2005-03-10|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521891134|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mbụ, ọ bụ ihe na-emegide anụ na-eri ibe ya na omume egwuregwu, mana na domestication, ọ bụkwa ugbu a nsogbu omume na ịnyịnya,  na omume a na-achọsi ike na ịnyịnya na ehi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://login.qe2a-proxy.mun.ca/login?qurl=https://www.sciencedirect.com%2fscience%2farticle%2fpii%2fS0168159116301423|title=Memorial University Libraries - Proxy Login|work=login.qe2a-proxy.mun.ca|accessdate=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị ike, ọ nwere ike iwepu oche ma ọ bụ ọbụna tụpụ onye na-agba ya, ọ pụkwara imerụ anụmanụ, onye na-arị ya, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe mere ị ga-eji bucking ==
[[Usòrò:Horse_jumping.jpg|thumb|Ịnyịnya na-enweghị isi nwere ike ịda n'ihi ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ egwu, dịka ịnyịnya a na-agba ọsọ na-egosi]]
[[Usòrò:Azimut_play.jpg|thumb|Bucking bụ omume dị mma maka ịnyịnya nwere oke ike, na ịnyịnya na-enweghị isi, nwere ike ịbụ omume na-atọ ọchị, dịka ebe a]]
Bucking, ọ bụ ezie na nnupụisi nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ mgbe ọ nọ n'okpuru ịnyịnya, bụ akụkụ okike nke omume ịnyịnya. Ụmụ anụmanụ na-eji bucking eme ihe maka ọtụtụ ihe. N'ọhịa, enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka usoro nchebe megide ndị na-eri ibe ha dị ka ọdụm ugwu na-awakpo site na ịwụli elu n'azụ anụmanụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmJLDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP7|title=Equitation Science|author=McGreevy|first=Paul|date=2018-04-23|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781119241416|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'ime omume a, anụmanụ ahụ na-esi n'azụ ya tụba anụ na-eri ibe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAPl133a3QYC&amp;q=bucking+as+predator+defense&amp;pg=PA99|title=The Complete Horse|author=Kimball|first=Cheryl|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=9781610605205|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A pụkwara iji ya mee ihe dị ka usoro nke igwu egwu na nchekwa nke ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:44&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74k8BAAAQBAJ&amp;q=solutions+to+bucking+behaviour+in+animals|title=The Ultimate Horse Behavior and Training Book: Enlightened and Revolutionary Solutions for the 21st Century|author=Tellington-Jones|first=Linda|date=2006-09-01|publisher=Trafalgar Square Books|isbn=9781570765698|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maka mmadụ ịnya ịnyịnya n'enweghị nsogbu, ịnyịnya ahụ ga-eme ka ọ ghara inwe mmetụta maka ọnụnọ nke ihe dị n'azụ ya ma mụtakwara ka ọ ghara iji ụkwụ azụ abụọ gbaa ọsọ mgbe ọ nọ n'okpuru oche. Ka o sina dị, n'ihi na ihe ebumpụta ụwa dị mgbe niile, bucking ka nwere ike ime n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya:

* Obi ụtọ, dị ka mgbe ịnyịnya na-agba ọsọ n'oge ọ na-agbagharị n'ihi obi ụtọ, ma ọ bụ n'oge egwuregwu.
* Obi ụtọ zuru oke, dị ka ịnyịnya ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ime ogige agụmakwụkwọ jupụtara ma ọ bụ na mbido njem n'ime ìgwè ịnyịnya, dị ka njem ntachi obi.
* Ihe enyemaka onye na-agba ịnyịnya mgbe ọ na-agba ma ọ bụ na-azụ onwe ya na-akpata mgbagwoju anya, nkụda mmụọ, ma ọ bụ egwu n'ime ịnyịnya ahụ, ịnyịnya ahụ na-azaghachi site na ịgba ọsọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:44&quot;/&gt;
* Ịnyịnya ahụ bụ &quot;ọhụrụ&quot;, ebe a na-edebe ya n'ụlọ ruo ogologo oge, ọ na-ewepụta ike.
* Ihe mgbu ma ọ bụ ahụ erughị ala nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi oche na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ ọzọ, Nsogbu ezé, ma ọ bụ nsogbu ahụike ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot;/&gt;
* Mgbapụta, nke na-abụkarị n'ihi ịta ahụhụ (nke na-abụtụrụ n'azụ) nke ịnyịnya na-anwa iwepụ onwe ya, ma ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ mmeghachi omume maka iji ụtarị n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ azụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;/&gt;
* Ịnyịnya ndị a na-azụghị nwere ike ịnyagharị ugboro ole na ole mbụ ha nwere oche n'azụ ma ọ bụrụ na enyeghị ọzụzụ kwesịrị ekwesị, na mgbe ụfọdụ, ọbụlagodi na nkwadebe kwesịrị ekwesị. Nke a bụ usoro nchebe ebumpụta ụwa.
* Enweghị nrubeisi nye ihe enyemaka ịnyịnya, mgbe ịnyịnya na-achọghị ime ihe onye na-agba ya rịọrọ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, nke a bụ n'ihi ịnyịnya na-adịghị mma n'akụkụ onye ahụ, mana mgbe ụfọdụ, ịnyịnya na'anwa izere arịrịọ ziri ezi site na ịgba ọsọ.
* A na-eji brọn Rodeo na bucking bulls mee ihe kpọmkwem dị ka bucking stock, na-azụkarị ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-agba ọsọ ma gbaa ya ume ka ọ gbaa ọsọ mgbe ọ bụla onye na-agba ya nọ n'azụ ha site n'enyemaka nke &quot;bucking strap&quot; gburugburu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;/&gt;
* Egwu nke igwe na-eme mkpọtụ, dị ka ụgbọala, gwongworo, ụgbọ oloko, na ụgbọelu. N'ịzaghachi mmerụ ahụ kpatara, ụlọ ikpe America ejikọtala na &quot;mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke oge a na-emegide ma na-emekarị ka ọ dị nro karịa mmetụta dị nro nke ịnyịnya. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Parsons v. Crown Disposal Co.'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20240106041942/http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C4/15C4t456.htm 15 Cal. 4th 456] (1997).&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị na-agba ịnyịnya nkịtị kwesịrị ịmụta ịnya ịnyịnya ma dozie otu ma ọ bụ abụọ dị mfe, n'ihi na ọ bụ ụdị nnupụisi a na-ahụkarị. Ọzọkwa, mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-achọ n'ezie ịnyịnya ịnyagharị: Ịnyịnya ndị na-ịwụli elu n'elu ihe mgbochi n'ezie na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka ịnyagharị mgbe ha na-agbapụ onwe ha n'ime ikuku, a na'ụzọ dị mfe site na atụmatụ dị elu n'ebe dị elu ma dị obosara. Omume ejiji nke oge ochie a maara dị ka Capriole dịkwa nnọọ ka obere ego nke ịnyịnya na-eme mgbe ọ na-eji ụkwụ azụ abụọ na-agbapụ.

== Ihe ngwọta maka ịgbachitere ==
[[Usòrò:14CharroFeria09.JPG|thumb|Ịgba ịnyịnya dị ka omume nnupụisi ma ọ bụ obi erughị ala]]
Ịgba ịnyịnya, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na egwu, ihe mgbu ma ọ bụ obi ụtọ kpatara ya, bụ n'ozuzu obere nnupụisi, ọ gwụla ma ọ dị ike iji wepụ onye na-agba ya, ebe ọ bụ omume dị ize ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:44&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụrụ na ịnyịnya bụ ihe a na-eme tupu oge eruo ma bụrụ omume a na-achọghị (dị ka mgbe ịnyịnya na-amụta ịnyịnya ka ọ ghara ịrụ ọrụ), mgbe ahụ, onye na-enye ọzụzụ ga-amụta ọzọ ịnyịnya ahụ.

Ọ dị mkpa idozi nsogbu nke bucking ozugbo. Ọbụna na ezi ihe kpatara ya, ọ bụ nnupụisi nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ nke a na-apụghị ịgba ume ma ọ bụ kwe ka ọ gaa n'ihu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt; Otú ọ dị, onye na-agba ịnyịnya kwesịrị ijide n'aka na ọ bụghị ihe mgbu ma ọ bụ ịgba ịnyịnya na-adịghị mma kpatara ya. A ga-enyocha usoro ihe omume ịnyịnya ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na ịnyịnya ọzọ ga-enye ịnyịnya ike ọzọ tupu onye na-agba ya abanye. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ (dị ka ihe ngosi, mgbe ịnyịnya na-enweghị ike ịhapụ ruo ogologo oge), ịgagharị na ịnyịnya maka oge dị mkpirikpi nwere ike inye aka mee ka ike dị jụụ, na-enye onye na-agba ya ohere ịnyịnya, ma na-agbagharị n'enweghị nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:44&quot;/&gt;

Ọ bụrụ na ịnyịnya na-adịghị mma bụ ihe kpatara ya, nlebara anya pụrụ iche na imeziwanye nguzozi na enyemaka nke onye na-agba ya ga-enyere aka wepụ mgbagwoju anya ma si otú a gbochie omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:44&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụrụ na ngwá ọrụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị bụ nsogbu ahụ, a ga-edozi ihe na-akpata ahụ erughị ala ọ bụghị naanị iji kwụsị bucking, kamakwa iji gbochie mmerụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibilite n'ihi adaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peinen|first=K. Von|date=2010|title=Relationship between saddle pressure measurements and clinical signs of saddle soreness at the withers|journal=Equine Veterinary Journal|language=en|volume=42|issue=s38|pages=650–653|doi=10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00191.x|pmid=21059075|issn=2042-3306}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ịnyịnya na-enye ịdọ aka ná ntị na ọ na-achọ ịdọrọ site n'ịtọpụ isi ya, belata ma ọ bụ kwụsị, ma na-agbakọta azụ ya nke ukwuu. Site na ịdọ aka ná ntị dị otú ahụ, ndị na-agba ịnyịnya nwere ike itinye aka na mbido site n'ịgba ume ịga n'ihu ma ọ bụ ịgba gburugburu. Na obere ịdọ aka ná ntị, onye na-agba ịnyịnya ka nwere ike igbochi ịnyagharị site na iji otu eriri kpọmkwem iji dọrọ isi ịnyịnya ahụ n'akụkụ na n'elu, na-atụgharị ịnyịnya ahụ na obere okirikiri. A na-akpọ nke a mgbe ụfọdụ &quot;otu nkwụsị&quot;. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-agba ịnyịnya ejiri nkwụsị abụọ ahụ dọrọ isi ịnyịnya ahụ elu, olu ịnyịnya ahụ siri ike karị ma onye na-arị ya nwere ike ịtụgharị isi ịnyịnya. Site n'ịtụgharị ịnyịnya ahụ n'akụkụ, onye na-agba ya nwere ikike ka ukwuu na ịnyịnya enweghị ike ịnyagharị n'ụzọ dị mfe mgbe ọ na-atụgharị. A pụkwara iji nke a kwụsị ịnyịnya nke malitere ịgba ọsọ. Mgbe ịnyịnya ahụ kwụsịrị ịgba ọsọ, a ghaghị ịrịọ ya ka ọ gaa n'ihu - ịga n'ihu na-eme ka o sie ike maka ịnyịnya ahụ ịgba ọsọ ma na-egbochi omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:44&quot;/&gt; Ojiji nke ntaramahụhụ dị mma, dị ka ịkpachara anya tinye ịnyịnya ahụ n'ime oghere oghere maka oge site na ịkpachara ike ibuli isi ma wepụ azụ ịnyịnya ahụ, nwere ike imebi ma ọ bụ belata ike na ịdị ike nke buck. Ibuli isi ma ọ bụ itinye nrụgide elu na n'akụkụ n'elu isi ịnyịnya iji mepụta ahụ erughị ala ozugbo na-esote buck egosila na ọ ga-egbochi bucking n'ọdịnihu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot;/&gt; Ụfọdụ ihe enyemaka ọzụzụ, dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma, ụdị ụfọdụ nke martingale ma ọ bụ, ọkachasị na ịnyịnya ibu, nyocha gabigara ókè, nwekwara ike igbochi ịgba ọsọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:44&quot; /&gt;

A na-ahụkarị bucking n'oge mmalite nke Ọzụzụ ịnyịnya, nke na-esikarị na mmetụ ọhụrụ na-adịghị mma nke ịnyịnya, onye ga-adịkarị mgbe ọ na-amụta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụrụ na omume ahụ sitere na nkụda mmụọ nke na-ebilite na nkwalite ma ọ bụ ntaramahụhụ na-ekwekọghị ma ọ bụ na-enweghị nkwenye, mgbe ahụ, enwere ike itinye uche pụrụ iche site n'aka onye na-ahụ maka ya, dị ka usoro nkwalite na-aga n'ihu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụrụ na ịgba ịnyịnya na-adịghị mma bụ ikpe, nlebara anya pụrụ iche na imeziwanye nguzozi nke onye na-agba ịnyịnya, na iwu ga-enyere aka iwepụ mgbagwoju anya ahụ, ma si otú a gbochie omume ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:44&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị naanị na ọ ga-adabaghị adaba bụ nsogbu ahụ, mgbe ahụ, ọ dị mkpa iji mezigharịa ọ ga-akpata ahụ iru ala iji kwụsị ọgba aghara ahụ, kamakwa iji gbochie mmerụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibilite n'ihi ọdịda na-ekwesịghị ekwesị.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;

== Nsonaazụ nke bucking na-adịghị ala ala ==
[[Usòrò:StampedeRodeo2002.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A na-ahọrọ ụfọdụ ịnyịnya maka iji ya mee ihe na rodeos, n'ihi ikike ha na-emebu ma ọ bụ ike ha nwere.]]
Horses that are chronic and consistent buckers cannot be ridden safely and if they cannot be retrained become unsuitable for any type of ordinary riding. There are few options available to such an animal, and thus may become unwanted by many buyers. Thus, humane euthanasia or sale to slaughter may be that animal's fate.&lt;ref name=&quot;AVMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Unwanted Horses and Horse Slaughter FAQ|url=https://www.avma.org/about/unwanted-horses-and-horse-slaughter.aspx/unwanted-horses-and-horse-slaughter-faq#TheUnwantedHorse|work=American Veterinary Medical Association|accessdate=8 December 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnọdụ ole na ole, ịnyịnya nke a na-enweghị ike ịzụ azụ ka ọ ghara ịzụ ahịa nwere ike ịre ya onye na-azụ ahịa ngwaahịa rodeo. N'ụzọ na-emegide onwe ya, ịnyịnya ndị dị otú ahụ na-ebukarị ọnụ ahịa dị elu n'ụwa ndị na-azụ ahịa n'ihi na ha na-adịkarị mfe ijide n'ala, ma na-enwe nnọọ akọ na nkà n'ịgbapụ ndị na-agba ịnyịnya, si otú a na-ekwe ka nwa ehi nweta akara dị elu ma ọ bụrụ na onye na-agba ya nwere ike ịnọ na ya. N'ebe a na-ere ahịa rodeo dị ka Miles City Bucking Horse Sale, ịnya ịnyịnya na-emebi emebi, ọkachasị nke ewuru ike, ga-eweta ọnụ ahịa dị elu ma nwee ogologo ọrụ na rodeo.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè
* Ịnya ehi
* Ịnyịnya na-agba ọsọ
* Ịgba ehi
{{Commons category|Bucking animals}}

== Ebem si dee ==
{{Reflist}}
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'''Abiodun Falodun''' bụ prọfesọ nkè kemịkalụ ọgwụ si [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Ọ bụ osote osote ónyé ịsị (Academics) nkè Mahadum Benin ma bụrụ ugbu a Rector nkè Edo State Polytechnic, Usen. Ọ bụ Gọvanọ nkè steeti Edo, [[Godwin Nogheghase Obaseki|Godwin Obaseki]] họpụtara yá ma ṅụọ iyi ná Eprel 4, 2018 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://peoplesdailyng.com/prof-falodun-emerges-new-rector-edo-management-institute/amp/|title=Prof. Falodun emerges new rector Edo Management Institute {{!}} Peoples Daily Newspaper|work=peoplesdailyng.com|accessdate=2019-07-20|archivedate=2019-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720002042/https://peoplesdailyng.com/prof-falodun-emerges-new-rector-edo-management-institute/amp/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmụta ==
Falodun nwèrè nzere bachelọ na ọgwụ ná Mahadum Benin (1996). O nwetara nzere masta ya n'afọ 2003 na PhD yá nà Pharmaceutical chemistry na Mahadum Benin n'afọ 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/dvc-delivers-unibens-150th-inaugural-lecture/|title=DVC delivers UNIBEN's 150th inaugural lecture|date=2015-03-11|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Falodun malitere dị kà ónyé nkụzi ná 1999 ná Ngalaba Ọgwụ, Mahadum Benin. Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ n'afọ 2011 ma nyé yá prọfesor nkè Pharmaceutical Chemistry n'afọ 2014.

Ọ bụ ónyé ịsị nkè Ngalaba nkè Pharmaceutical Chemistry na Mahadum Benin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsppharm.org/home/pages.php?cmd=Board|title=Professor Abiodun Falodun, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria|work=jsppharm.org|publisher=Journal of Science and Practice of Pharmacy|accessdate=2019-07-20|archivedate=2019-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719232251/http://www.jsppharm.org/home/pages.php?cmd=Board}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://agbakanews.com/2018/12/agbakanews-personalities-of-2018-2/|title=Agbakanews Personalities of 2018|author=Agbaka|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-20|archivedate=2019-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720021053/https://agbakanews.com/2018/12/agbakanews-personalities-of-2018-2/}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ ónyé ọtú Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria, Institute of Public Analysts of Nigeria, Phytochemical Society of Europe, Swiss Chemical Society, na American Chemical Society.

Ọ bụ ónyé ọtú Natural Product Research Group (NPRG) na-etinye áká na bioactivity guided isolation, characterization, structure determination na optimization site ná njikọ nkè compounds sitere ná ngwaahịa okike nke ukwuu sitere na osisi.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ọ dèrè ma bipụta ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha, akwụkwọ akụkọ, nyocha ná akwụkwọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abiodun_Falodun2/amp|title=Abiodun Falodun {{!}} Bachelor of Pharmacy, MSc, PhD {{!}} University of Benin, Benin City {{!}} Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry|work=www.researchgate.net|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://indexmedicus.afro.who.int/Journals/Journals%20datails/Tropical%20Journal%20of%20Natural%20Product%20Research.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101120332/http://indexmedicus.afro.who.int/Journals/Journals%20datails/Tropical%20Journal%20of%20Natural%20Product%20Research.htm|archivedate=November 1, 2018|title=African Index Medicus|work=indexmedicus.afro.who.int|accessdate=2019-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye ịsị nchịkọta akụkọ màkà Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tjnpr.org/editorprofile.aspx|title=TJNPR {{!}} Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research|author=Prof. Abiodun Falodun|work=www.tjnpr.org|accessdate=2019-07-20|archivedate=2019-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720014941/https://www.tjnpr.org/editorprofile.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ónyé nhazi ọsụ ụzọ ugbu a, Center for Distance Learning na Mahadum Benin. A họpụtakwara yá dị ka ónyé nduzi màkà Benson Idahosa University Distance Learning School (BIU-DLS). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.biu.edu.ng/news/page/6/|title=News - Page 6 of 23|work=Benson Idahosa University|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-20|archivedate=2019-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720043708/https://www.biu.edu.ng/news/page/6/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Falodun &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.guardian.ng/tag/prof-abiodun-falodun/|title=Prof. Abiodun Falodun Archives|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-20|archivedate=2019-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720020455/https://m.guardian.ng/tag/prof-abiodun-falodun/}}&lt;/ref&gt; osote osote Onye isi ala (Academics) na-eje ozi na osote ónyé ọka àlà [[Osasere Orumwense|F. F. O. Orumwense]] na Mahadum Benin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/dvc-delivers-unibens-150th-inaugural-lecture/|title=DVC delivers UNIBEN's 150th inaugural lecture|date=2015-03-11|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ònyìnyé ==

* Ìhè nrite May ná Baker Professional Service 2007
* Fulbright Senior Scholar, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahadum nkè Mississippi, USA, 2013-2014
* Africa-US Network Centers of Excellence in Water and Environmental Science and Technology (2011 - 2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tjnpr.org/editorprofile.aspx|title=TJNPR {{!}} Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research|author=Prof. Abiodun Falodun|work=www.tjnpr.org|accessdate=2019-07-20|archivedate=2019-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720014941/https://www.tjnpr.org/editorprofile.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwé ónyé ==
Falodun lụrụ Ehizogie Joyce Falodun ma nwee ụmụ anọ.

== Ebensibia ==

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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Abiola Akiyode-Afolabi''' bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria na Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;GN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/dr-abiola-akiyode-afolabi-elected-chair-as-tmg-gets-new-board/|title=Dr. Abiola Akiyode-Afolabi elected chair, as TMG gets new board|work=guardian.ng|date=27 August 2016|accessdate=2019-07-27|archivedate=2019-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727153453/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/dr-abiola-akiyode-afolabi-elected-chair-as-tmg-gets-new-board/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/my-mother-planned-our-church-wedding-without-informing-us-abiola-akiyode-afolabi/|title=My mother planned our church wedding without informing us – Abiola Akiyode-Afolabi|work=Punch Newspapers|date=23 December 2017|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye guzobere Director of [https://wardcnigeria.org/ Women Advocates Research and Documentation Center] (WARDC), otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na-ahụ maka ahụike nne na nke ọmụmụ nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ikike mmadụ, ọchịchị na ọchịchị iwu. [1]

Abiola Akiyode-Afolabi bụ onye isi oche nke West Africa Network for Peacebuilding na Nigerian Women's Trust Fund . &lt;ref name=&quot;thrive&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thrive.org.ng/speaker/dr-mrs-abiola-akiode-afolabi/|title=Dr. Abiola Akiyode-Afolabi|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-27|archivedate=2019-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727150442/https://thrive.org.ng/speaker/dr-mrs-abiola-akiode-afolabi/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Welcome to University of Lagos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://196.45.48.50/staffdirectory.php?parentid=68&amp;filter=60&amp;searchct=PRIVATE%20AND%20PROPERTY%20LAW|title=Welcome to University of Lagos|work=196.45.48.50|accessdate=2019-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-akụzi International Humanitarian Law na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;thrive&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-07-18|title=FG's obsession with desire to suppress free speech makes credible polls doubtful in 2023 – Chair, TMG, Akiyode-Afolabi|url=https://punchng.com/fgs-obsession-with-desire-to-suppress-free-speech-makes-credible-polls-doubtful-in-2023-chair-tmg-akiyode-afolabi/|accessdate=2022-03-28|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-27|title=Auwal Rafsanjani elected new chairman of TMG|url=https://www.thecable.ng/auwal-rafsanjani-elected-new-chairman-of-tmg|accessdate=2022-03-28|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-08-21|title=TMG elects Abiola Akiyode-Afolabi new chairman {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/209007-tmg-elects-abiola-akiyode-afolabi-new-chairman.html|accessdate=2022-03-28|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 2016, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke The Monitoring Group (TMG), njikọ nke 400 òtù ọha na eze.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot;/&gt; mụrụ Akiyode-Afolabi na Kwara Steeti mana ọ tolitere na [[Osogbo]], Osun Steeti, Naịjirịa.

&lt;ref name=&quot;SR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/2016/08/21/akiyode-afolabi-elected-transition-monitoring-group-chair-coalition-gets-new-board|title=Akiyode-Afolabi Elected Transition Monitoring Group Chair As Coalition Gets New Board|date=2016-08-21|work=Sahara Reporters|accessdate=2019-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot;/&gt; gụrụ Law na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]], Iwu Ife, ebe ọ malitere njem ya na ọrụ ikike mmadụ dị ka nwanyị mbụ na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze. &lt;ref name=&quot;thrive&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ng.boell.org/person/abiola-akiyode-afolabi|title=Abiola Akiyode-Afolabi|work=Heinrich Böll Stiftung Nigeria|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; nwetara nzere masta ya na Notre Dame Law School, Indiana, USA na nzere doctoral ya na Mahadum SOAS nke London na nka na udo na nchekwa ụmụ nwanyị.

== Ọrụ ==
Mgbe &lt;ref name=&quot;Punch&quot;/&gt; laghachiri Naịjirịa mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Notre Dame Law School, o guzobere Women Advocates Research and Documentation Center (WARDC) na 2002, ụlọ ọrụ lekwasịrị anya n'idozi nsogbu ndị metụtara ime ihe ike na nkwado iwu.

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2016, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Transition Monitoring Group (TMG), nchịkọta nke 400 òtù ọha na eze. &lt;ref name=&quot;GN&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SR&quot;/&gt; bụ nwanyị nke abụọ na-eduga TMG, mgbe Ayo Obe nke Civil Liberties Organization (CLO) gasịrị na '90s. Ọ bụ onye otu Bring Back our Girls (BBOG) ma na-eduga mkpọsa maka ụlọ akwụkwọ dị nchebe na nke dị nchebe n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;NWTF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nigerianwomentrustfund.org/about-us/board-of-directors/|title=Board of Directors|work=NWTF|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-27|archivedate=2019-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231051602/https://nigerianwomentrustfund.org/about-us/board-of-directors/}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụkwa onye ndú nke Gender and Constitution Reform Network (GECORN) nke e hiwere na 2003. [1]

N'afọ 2018, Abiola na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Women Advocate Research and Documentation Center (WARDC), nwetara ikpe dị mma megide Naịjirịa na ikpe ime ihe ike n'ụlọ nke Mary Sunday v. Naịjiria nke dị n'ihu Ụlọikpe nke Economic Community of West African State (ECOWAS Court).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/02/mary-sunday-ecowas-court-okays-suit-nigerian-government/|title=Mary Sunday: ECOWAS court okays suit against Nigerian government|date=2017-02-08|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ihrda.org/2018/05/press-release-ihrda-wardc-obtain-favourable-judgment-against-nigeria-in-mary-sunday-domestic-violence-case/|title=IHRDA, WARDC obtain favourable judgment against Nigeria in &quot;Mary Sunday&quot; domestic violence case|author=admin|work=IHRDA|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-30|archivedate=2019-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725102901/https://www.ihrda.org/2018/05/press-release-ihrda-wardc-obtain-favourable-judgment-against-nigeria-in-mary-sunday-domestic-violence-case/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/oau-sex-scandal-i-am-ready-to-appear-before-panel.html|title=OAU sex scandal: 'I am ready to appear before panel'|author=Aliyu|first=Abdullateef|date=2018-04-22|work=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-07-27|archivedate=2019-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727150421/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/oau-sex-scandal-i-am-ready-to-appear-before-panel.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/2018/04/21/sex-mark-female-student-appear-oau-panel-tuesday|title=Sex For Mark: Female Student To Appear Before OAU Panel Tuesday|date=2018-04-21|work=Sahara Reporters|accessdate=2019-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/sex-for-mark-protest-as-panel-denies-victim-legal-representation/|title=Sex-for-mark: Protest as panel denies victim legal representation|work=Punch Newspapers|date=24 April 2018|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/oau-sex-scandal-why-osagie-resorted-to-self-help-activist/|title=OAU sex scandal: Why Osagie resorted to self-help –Activist|work=Punch Newspapers|date=21 April 2018|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; nọchitere anya Monica Osagie, nwa akwụkwọ na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]] nke Prọfesọ Richard Iyiola Akindele, onye nkuzi na ngalaba ndekọ ego na 2018 na-enye nsogbu mmekọahụ. Abiola &lt;ref name=&quot;Welcome to University of Lagos&quot;/&gt;-akụzi International Humanitarian Law na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]]. [1]

== Onyinye ==
The International League for Human Rights, USA kpọrọ Akiyode-Afolabi onye natara 1999 Defenders&quot; Day Awards.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWTF&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://gepad.appkiosk.ng/wp/board-members/|title=Board Members|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-27|archivedate=2019-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727150432/http://gepad.appkiosk.ng/wp/board-members/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://futureleadershipconference.com/performer/dr-abiola-akiyode-afolabi/|title=Dr Abiola Akiyode Afolabi – Future Leadership Conference|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-27|archivedate=2019-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727150432/http://futureleadershipconference.com/performer/dr-abiola-akiyode-afolabi/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT: Afolabi, Abiola Akiyode}}</text>
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Mane 'n Tail bu aha ahia nke ndi n'eme ngwa mmadu na inyinya eji elekota isi na ahu.

== Mmetụta na ihe nkiri kachasị mma e rerela''Ihe nkiri Kasị Ukwuu E Reelala'' ==
E gosipụtara ngwaahịa ahụ na ihe ngosi Morgan Spurlock nke afọ 2011 POM Wonderful Presents: The Greatest Movie Ever Sold dị ka otu n'ime ndị nkwado ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na e gosipụtara ya nke ukwuu n'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, aha ikpeazụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ na-egosi na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ akwụghị ụgwọ maka nkwekọrịta nkwado.

Na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Mane 'n Tail, njikwa na-akọwa:&quot;Mane 'n Tail abụghị onye ọhụrụ na-etinye ngwaahịa na nnukwu ihe nkiri, nke a bụ njem mbụ anyị n'ime ihe nkiri indie ka Morgan na-achọ ka anyị sonye na ihe nkiri banyere itinye ngwaahịa nke a kwadoro site na itinye ngwaahịa. Mgbe anyị kwetara ịbanye n'ụgbọ ahụ, anyị amaghị ohere dị egwu ọ ga-eme. Sony Pictures Classics wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ ụbọchị atọ tupu mmalite ya na Sundance, nke mere ka onye ọ bụla nwee obi ụtọ. Mgbasa ozi ahụ abụwo ihe a na-apụghị ikwere ekwere na òkè anyị na ihe nkiri ahụ... anyị hụrụ n'anya nke ukwuu. Ọ bụ ezie na anyị bụ 'onye nkwado', Mane 'n Tail akwụghị ụgwọ ka anyị bụrụ akụkụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ, kama anyị gbanwere ngwaahịa anyị, ezigbo nkwekọrịta 'ntinye ngwaahịa'. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://manentail.com/expert-blog/mane-%E2%80%98n-tail-goes-to-the-sundance-film-festival/|title=Mane 'n Tail Goes To The Sundance Film Festival|publisher=Mane 'n Tail|date=March 2, 2011|accessdate=November 5, 2023|archivedate=June 26, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626150419/http://manentail.com/expert-blog/mane-%E2%80%98n-tail-goes-to-the-sundance-film-festival/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị na omenala pop ==
Mane ' Tail nwekwara ihe olile ndi ozo ma ewepu &quot;The Greatest Movie Ever Sold&quot;. These include:

* Blades of glory&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blades of Glory/Mane 'n Tail Shampoo|url=http://manentail.com/press/blades-of-glorymane-n-tail-shampoo/|work=Mane 'n Tail Shampoo|accessdate=6 September 2015|archivedate=3 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503062006/http://manentail.com/press/blades-of-glorymane-n-tail-shampoo/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* spirit Untamed 

=== Mmetụta na NASCAR ===
N'afọ 1996, Mane 'n Tail ga-akwado onye ọkwọ ụgbọala NASCAR Winston Cup Series Derrike Cope, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Daytona results|url=https://us.motorsport.com/nascar-cup/news/daytona-results-9/1665668/|accessdate=2023-02-21|work=us.motorsport.com|date=8 May 1996|language=en|archivedate=2023-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221205901/https://us.motorsport.com/nascar-cup/news/daytona-results-9/1665668/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-anya ụgbọ ala # 12 maka Bobby Allison Motorsports. Ha ga-ebu ụzọ kwado na 1996 Daytona 500, ebe Cope ga-emecha 41st. N'oge agbụrụ mbụ nke oge 1996, Mane ' n' Tail ga-akwalite agbụrụ niile maka Cope, na Cope na-etinye otu n'elu 10 na 1996 Goodwrench Service 400. Mane 'n Tail ga-akwado ruo na [[1996 Goody's Headache Powder 500]], ebe Mane 'ntail hapụrụ otu ahụ.

N'afọ 2017, Mane 'n Tail ga-alaghachi na NASCAR, ọzọ na-akwado Cope maka otu ugboro, onye na-anya ụgbọala # 55 maka Premium Motorsports. Ha kwadoro asọmpi a na-agba ọsọ na Darlington, na-alaghachi na atụmatụ mbụ ya na 1996.

N'afọ 2018, Derrike Cope ga-amalite otu ọhụrụ, StarCom Racing . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Walters|first=Shane|date=2021-09-17|title=StarCom Racing employee says NASCAR team closing; Tweet deleted|url=https://racingnews.co/2021/09/17/starcom-racing-employee-says-nascar-team-closing-tweet-deleted/|accessdate=2023-02-21|work=Racing News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mane 'n Tail ga-akwado ọzọ dị ka otu ugboro, n'oge a na-akwado Landon Cassill na # 00 na Michigan International Speedway. Ha ga-akwado Cassill ọzọ na 2019, ha na-akwado ụzọ Pocono Raceway.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Report|date=2021-01-19|title=Mane 'n Tail Returns to StarCom Racing, Quin Houff for Multiple Races in 2021 - The Racing Insiders|url=https://theracinginsiders.com/mane-n-tail-returns-to-starcom-racing-quin-houff-for-multiple-races-in-2021/|accessdate=2023-02-21|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221204150/https://theracinginsiders.com/mane-n-tail-returns-to-starcom-racing-quin-houff-for-multiple-races-in-2021/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afo 2020, ya na onye ohuru na akwo ya Quin Houff, ga enyere ndi StarCom na agba oso aka ji kwado ha I gba oso ndi ozo, nke gunyere igba oso ugboro ano na midseason.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mane 'n Tail to Partner with StarCom Racing for the 2021 Daytona 500|url=https://www.speedwaydigest.com/index.php/news/nascar-cup-series-news/60218-mane-n-tail-to-partner-with-starcom-racing-for-the-2021-daytona-500}}&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 2021, ha gbasaa nkwado ha, gụnyere nkwado na 2021 Daytona 500. Malite &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Racing|first=StarCom|date=2021-05-20|title=STARCOM RACING AND MANE 'N TAIL PARTNER WITH DREAMWORKS ANIMATION'S NEW FILM, SPIRIT UNTAMED|url=https://starcomracing.com/2021/05/starcom-racing-and-mane-n-tail-partner-with-dreamworks-animations-new-film-spirit-untamed/|accessdate=2023-02-21|work=Starcom Racing 00|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 Texas Grand Prix, Mane 'n Tail ga-arụkọ Ọrụ Nrọ ihe nkiri DreamWorks Spirit Untamed, iji kwalite ihe nkiri ahụ.

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Abdul-Karim Gharaybeh</title>
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'''Abdul-Karim Mahmud Gharaybeh''' (20 June 1923 - 22 February 2014) bụ onye Jordan na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, agụmakwụkwọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;jordantimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://jordantimes.com/historian-abdul-kareem-gharaibeh-passes-away|title=Historian Abdul Kareem Gharaibeh passes away|work=The Jordan Times|date=22 February 2014|accessdate=4 March 2014|archivedate=31 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831030611/http://jordantimes.com/historian-abdul-kareem-gharaibeh-passes-away}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''The Jordan Times''. 22 February 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 March&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mohamed M. Arnaout|url=http://www.alhayat.com/m/story/10182634#sthash.5SBM4KOw.dpbs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030751/http://www.alhayat.com/m/story/10182634#sthash.nQ0GACEs.dpbs|title=عبد الكريم غرايبة ... ريادة متعدّدة في التأريخ لبلاد الشام والعرب|language=Arabic|publisher=Alhayat.com|date=24 July 2015|archivedate=21 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; mụrụ Gharaybeh na Irbid na 20 June 1923.Ọ malitere ịmụ ọgwụ mana mgbe nkuzi mbụ ya gbasara ahụike gbanwere isi ya gaa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'afọ 1950, ọ nwetara Ph.D. ya na School of Oriental and African Studies na Mahadum London. &lt;ref name=&quot;jordantimes&quot; /&gt; bụ otu n'ime ndị Jọdan mbụ nwetara Ph.D. . [1]

== Ọrụ ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ichaj.org/about-committees.htm|title=12th International Conference on the History and Archaeology of Jordan (ICHAJ)|publisher=International Conference on the History and Archeology of Jordan|accessdate=4 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008203326/http://ichaj.org/about-committees.htm|archivedate=8 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 1956, ọ bụ onye Jọdan mbụ a kpọrọ Director General nke Ngalaba Antiquities nke Jọdan. Ọ nọchiri Gerald Lankester Harding, onye duziri ngalaba ahụ n'etiti afọ 1939 na 1956. Gharaybeh &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.doa.gov.jo/En/inside.php?src=sublinks&amp;SlID=5003&amp;MlID=1|title=DoA Historical Background|publisher=Department of Antiquities|accessdate=4 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216120838/http://doa.gov.jo/en/inside.php?src=sublinks&amp;SlID=5003&amp;MlID=1|archivedate=16 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;'onwe ya bụ Saeed al-Durrah nọchiri ya n'otu afọ ahụ a họpụtara ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;jordantimes&quot;/&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://jordantimes.com/historian-abdul-kareem-gharaibeh-passes-away|title=Historian Abdul Kareem Gharaibeh passes away|work=The Jordan Times|date=22 February 2014|accessdate=4 March 2014|archivedate=23 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223190347/http://jordantimes.com/historian-abdul-kareem-gharaibeh-passes-away}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum nke Jọdan n'etiti afọ 1962 na 1997. [1]

A họpụtara Gharaybeh ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu na Senate nke iri abụọ na otu nke Jọdan, na-eje ozi site na 17 Nọvemba 2005 ruo 28 Nọvember 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.senate.jo/en/content/previous-councils|title=Previous Councils|publisher=The Jordanian Senate|accessdate=4 March 2014|archivedate=15 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415030922/http://senate.jo/en/content/previous-councils}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.islamicity.com/articles/MuslimLeaderSignatoriesList.htm|title=Signatories (in Alphabetical Order) of An Open Letter and Call from Muslim Religious Leaders to Christian Leaders|publisher=Islamicity.com|accessdate=4 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2007, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị Alakụba 138 bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi a kpọrọ A Common Word Between Us and You nye ndị isi Ndị Kraịst na-akpọ maka udo n'etiti ndị Alakụbụba na ndị Kraịst.

Gharaybeh, onye dị afọ 90, nwụrụ na 22 Febụwarị 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;jordantimes&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

* ''WeNdị ahịa Bekee na Siria 1744-1791''. Mahadum nke London, 1950

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151001074527/http://www.senate.jo/en/node/202 Peeji nke Senate nke Jọdan]
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    <title>Ịdị ọcha nke hydrogen</title>
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      <text bytes="13806" sha1="7b4bsdah8umblle3jcrlnvur2xi0jpp" xml:space="preserve">Hydrogen dị ọcha ma ọ bụ hydrogen àgwà na-akọwa ọnụnọ nke adịghị ọcha na hydrogen mgbe ejiri ya dị ka gas mmanụ. Ihe na-adịghị ọcha na hydrogen nwere ike igbochi ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke ngwá ọrụ na-echekwa, na-ekesa, ma ọ bụ na-eji mmanụ hydrogen.

== Ihe Hydrogen Dị Ịdị Ọcha chọrọ ==
Mmetụta nke adịghị ọcha dịgasị iche na ngwá ọrụ a kapịrị ọnụ eji eme ihe na ọdịdị physico-chemical nke adịghị ọcha ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, hydrogen boilers nke na-ere hydrogen ọkụ ga-anabata n'ozuzu oke nke adịghị ọcha karịa ụgbọ ala na-eji polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)  &lt;ref name=&quot;:222&quot;/&gt; na adịghị ọcha dị ka nitrogen na-abụkarị ihe na-adịghị emerụ ahụ karịa ụdị dị ka hydrogen sulphide. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|title=ISO 14687:2019|url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/95/69539.html|accessdate=2021-10-18|work=|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka ihe na-adịghị ọcha a kapịrị ọnụ, ọ gaghị ezu ịdabere na metrik nkịtị nke ịdị ọcha gas, nke a na-akọkarị site na iji itoolu (dịka &gt;99.9990% ma ọ bụ 5.0N), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Purity, Grades and Concentration|url=https://www.boconline.co.uk/en/contact-and-support/technical-advice/speciality-products-advice/purity-grades-concentration/purity-grades.html|accessdate=2021-10-27|work=BOConline UK|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọ bụ na nke a anaghị enye ozi zuru oke banyere ihe na-enweghị ọcha nwere ike ịdị na ọkwa dị ala. Kama nke ahụ, e mepụtara ụkpụrụ ndị na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu maka ịdị ọcha mmanụ maka ngwa ụfọdụ. Ụkpụrụ mba ụwa ISO 14687:2019 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; na-akọwapụta oke oke ikike maka ọtụtụ isi adịghị ọcha dabere na ojiji. A na-anakwere ụkpụrụ a n'ime iwu n'ọtụtụ ikike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Directive 2014/94/EU on the deployment of alternative fuels structure|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014L0094&amp;from=EN|accessdate=15 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọmụmaatụ, na Europe Ntuziaka 2014/94/EU maka itinye n'ọrụ akụrụngwa mmanụ ọzọ na-ekwu na ịdị ọcha hydrogen nke ebe hydrogen na-agbanye ga-agbaso nkọwapụta teknụzụ gụnyere na ISO 14687-2.

=== Ụgbọ ala eletrik ===
Ụgbọ ala eletriki mmanụ ụgbọala na-ejikarị polymer electrolyte membrane mmanụ ụgbọala (PEMFC) nke nwere ike ịnweta ụdị adịghị ọcha.  Ihe adịghị eme na-emetụta PEMFC site na iji usoro dị iche iche, ndị a nwere ike ịgụnye nsị na-eme ka mmeghachi omume mmeghachi omume anode hydrogen oxidation, na-ebelata ionic conductivity nke ionomer na akpụkpọ ahụ, na-agbanwe omume wetting nke components ma ọ bụ igbochi porosity na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi.  Mmetụta nke ụfọdụ adịghị ọcha dị ka carbon monoxide, formic acid, ma ọ bụ formaldehyde nwere ike ịtụgharị site na arụmọrụ PEMFC na-agbake ozugbo ewepụrụ ihe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=X. Cheng, Z. Shi, N. Glass, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, D. Song, Z.-S. Liu, H. Wang and J. Shen|year=2007|title=A review of PEM hydrogen fuel cell contamination:Impacts, mechanisms, and mitigation|journal=Journal of Power Sources|volume=165|issue=2|pages=739–756|doi=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.12.012}}&lt;/ref&gt;-adịghị ọcha, dịka ọmụmaatụ, sulphurous compounds, nwere ike ịkpata mmebi a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. A na-egosi oke nke hydrogen adịghị ọcha n'okpuru ebe a.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Nkọwapụta nke Fuel Quality Maka Hydrogen Gaus nyere ụgbọala PEMFC &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|title=ISO 14687:2019|url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/95/69539.html|accessdate=2021-10-18|work=|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!
!&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; ọgụgụ Kasị Elu / μmol mol-1
|-
|Ngụkọta nke gas ndị na-abụghị hydrogen
|300
|-
|Mmiri
|5
|-
|Ngụkọta Hydrocarbons Ewezuga Methane [Nkepụta carbon atom]
|2
|-
|Methane
|100
|-
|Mmanụ oxygen
|5
|-
|Helium
|300
|-
|Naịjirịa
|300
|-
|Argon
|300
|-
|Carbon Dioxide
|2
|-
|Carbon Monoxide
|0.2
|-
|Ngụkọta nke Sulphur Compounds [Sulphur atom basis]
|0.004
|-
|Formaldehyde
|0.2
|-
|Formic Acid
|0.2
|-
|Ammoniya
|0.1
|-
|Halogenated Compounds [Halogen ion basis]
|0.05
|-
|Ọnụ ọgụgụ Kasị Elu nke Particulate
|&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; mg kg-1&amp;nbsp;
|}
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=HYDRAITE public report D3.1 {{!}} HYDRAITE|url=https://hydraite.eu/public-reports/|accessdate=2021-10-18|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018111217/https://hydraite.eu/public-reports/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-eme mgbalị iji nyochaa nkwenye nke hydrogen nke ụlọ ọrụ hydrogen na-enye megide ọkọlọtọ ISO-14687. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Aarhaug|first=Thor Anders|date=2021-08-18|title=Assessment of hydrogen quality dispensed for hydrogen refuelling stations in Europe|journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy|language=en|volume=46|issue=57|pages=29501–29511|doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.163|issn=0360-3199}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Aarhaug|first=Thor A.|date=2020|title=Mapping of Hydrogen Fuel Quality in Europe|journal=Frontiers in Energy Research|volume=8|pages=307|doi=10.3389/fenrg.2020.585334|issn=2296-598X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na a chọpụtara na hydrogen bụ 'ezi' &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; mmebi nke ọkọlọtọ a kọrọ, ọtụtụ mgbe maka nitrogen, mmiri na oxygen.

=== Injin na Ngwaọrụ Mmanụ ===
Ngwa ọkụ &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|title=ISO 14687:2019|url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/95/69539.html|accessdate=2021-10-18|work=|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;-anabata ihe na-adịghị ọcha nke hydrogen karịa PEFMC, n'ihi ya, ọkọlọtọ ISO-14687 maka ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị adịghị ike. &lt;ref name=&quot;:222&quot;/&gt; A katọrọ ọkọlọtọ a n'onwe ya site na ngbanwe ndị a tụrụ aro iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo nro na ya mere dabara adaba maka hydrogen ekesara site na netwọk gas eweghachiri.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Nkọwapụta nke Fuel Quality maka Hydrogen Gas nke a na-enye na Combustion Engines na Ngwaọrụ &lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|title=ISO 14687:2019|url=https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/06/95/69539.html|accessdate=2021-10-18|work=|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Ịdị ọcha
!&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; ọgụgụ Kasị Elu / μmol mol-1
|-
|Ngụkọta nke gas ndị na-abụghị hydrogen
|20 000
|-
|Mmiri
|Enweghị nkwụsịtụ
|-
|Ngụkọta Hydrocarbons [Ụdị carbon atom]
|100
|-
|Carbon Monoxide
|1
|-
|Sulphur [Ụdị atọm sulphur]
|2
|-
|Mmiri, oxygen, nitrogen, argon jikọtara ọnụ
|19 000
|-
|Akụkụ Ndị Na-adịgide Adịgide
|Ga-enwerịrị ego zuru ezu iji mebie ihe.
|}

== Isi Iyi nke Hydrogen Impurities ==
Ọnụnọ nke adịghị ọcha na hydrogen na-adabere na nri nri na usoro mmepụta.  Mmiri mmiri na-emepụta site na electrolysis nke mmiri nwere ike ịgụnye ikuku oxygen na mmiri, nke a na-ewepụkarị tupu ejiri ya.  A na-emepụta hydrogen site na ngbanwe nke hydrocarbons dị ka ngwakọta na ngwakọta stoichiometric na carbon dioxide na carbon monoxide nke a ga-ekewapụ, gbakwunyere na-achọpụta adịghị ọcha site na nri nri dị ka ogige sọlfọ nwere ike ịdị na njedebe ikpeazụ hydrogen.  Enwere ike iwebata adịghị ọcha n'oge nchekwa, nkesa, nkesa ma ọ bụ n'ihi arụrụ ọrụ akụrụngwa. Ihe &lt;ref name=&quot;:222&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=WP2 Report Hydrogen Purity|url=https://www.hy4heat.info/reports|accessdate=2021-10-18|work=Hy4Heat|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke a gụnyere nkesa nke hydrogen site na netwọk gas a rụgharịrị arụgharị nke nwere ike imerụ ya na ọtụtụ adịghị ọcha ma ọ bụ mmebi nke ngwá ọrụ na ọdụ mmanụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hydrogen Odorant and Leak Detection Project Closure Report|url=https://sgn.co.uk/sites/default/files/media-entities/documents/2020-09/Hydrogen_Odorant_and_Leak_Detection_Project_Closure_Report_SGN.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; ike ịkpachara anya tinye ụfọdụ adịghị ọcha, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ iji nyere aka ịchọpụta gas na-agbapụta.

== Ụzọ e si enyocha ịdị ọcha nke hydrogen ==
Dị ka ọnụọgụ a na-ekwe ka ọ bụrụ nke a na-enye ohere maka ọtụtụ adịghị ọcha dị ala nke a na a na-etinye ihe siri ike na mmetụta nke usoro nyocha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bacquart|first=Thomas|date=2020-02-14|title=Hydrogen quality sampling at the hydrogen refuelling station – lessons learnt on sampling at the production and at the nozzle|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319919340510|journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy|language=en|volume=45|issue=8|pages=5565–5576|doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.178|issn=0360-3199}}&lt;/ref&gt;, mmeghachi omume dị elu nke ụfọdụ adịghị ọcha chọrọ iji ihe nnwale na usoro nyocha nke ọma. Nnyocha nke hydrogen nke &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Arrhenius|first=Karine|date=2021-10-11|title=Strategies for the sampling of hydrogen at refuelling stations for purity assessment|journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy|language=en|volume=46|issue=70|pages=34839–34853|doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.08.043|issn=0360-3199}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihe ịma aka ma kpachara anya iji hụ na anaghị ewebata adịghị ọcha na sample ahụ nakwa na adịghị ọcha anaghị amịkọrọ ma ọ bụ meghachi omume n'ime ngwá ọrụ nnwale, enwere ụzọ dị iche iche ugbu a maka nnwale mana dabere na ịjupụta cylinder gas site na nozzle mmanụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ.  na-eme mgbalị iji mee ka usoro nnwale dị mma ma jiri ya tụnyere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Murugan|first=Arul|date=2015-03-22|title=Review of purity analysis methods for performing quality assurance of fuel cell hydrogen|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319915000804|journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy|language=en|volume=40|issue=11|pages=4219–4233|doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.01.041|issn=0360-3199}}&lt;/ref&gt; chọrọ njikọta nke ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche iji nyochaa ihe nlele hydrogen maka ihe niile edepụtara na ISO 14687-2. A na-egosi usoro dabara adaba maka adịghị ọcha n'otu n'otu na tebụl dị n'okpuru.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Ihe Nlereanya Ụzọ Nnyocha Maka Ịtụle Mgbasa nke Ịdị ọcha na Hydrogen&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hydrogen purity|url=https://www.npl.co.uk/products-services/gas/hydrogen-purity|accessdate=2021-10-18|work=NPLWebsite|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bacquart|first=Thomas|date=2019-12-31|title=Hydrogen fuel quality from two main production processes: Steam methane reforming and proton exchange membrane water electrolysis|journal=Journal of Power Sources|language=en|volume=444|pages=227170|doi=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227170|issn=0378-7753}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Ịdị ọcha
!Ụzọ Nnyocha Pụrụ Iche
!Ihe Ndị A Na-achọpụta Ihe Ndị Dị Iche
|-
|Ngụkọta nke gas ndị na-abụghị hydrogen
|
|
|-
|Mmiri
|Quartz crystal microbalance
ma ọ bụ CRDS
|1.3 ma ọ bụ 0.030
|-
|Ngụkọta Hydrocarbons Ewezuga Methane [Nkepụta carbon atom]
|GC-Methaniser-FID
|0.1
|-
|Methane
|GC-Methaniser-FID, GC-EPD
|0.1
|-
|Mmanụ oxygen
|GC-PDHID, GC-EPD
|0.3
|-
|Helium
|GC-TCD
|10
|-
|Naịjirịa
|GC-PDHID, GC-EPD
|1
|-
|Argon
|GC-PDHID, GC-EPD
|0.3
|-
|Carbon Dioxide
|GC-Methaniser-FID, GC-EPD
|0.02
|-
|Carbon Monoxide
|GC-Methaniser-FID, GC-EPD
|0.02
|-
|Ngụkọta nke Sulphur Compounds [Sulphur atom basis]
|GC-SCD, GC-EPD
|0.001
|-
|Formaldehyde
|GC-Methaniser-FID
|0.1
|-
|Formic Acid
|FTIR
|0.2
|-
|Ammoniya
|GC-MS ma ọ bụ UV-visible spectroscopy ma ọ bụ FTIR
|1 ma ọ bụ 0.03 ma ọ bụ 0.5
|-
|Halogenated Compounds (Halogen Ion Equivalent) 
|TD-GC-MS
|0.016
|}
Na mgbakwunye na nyocha nyocha nyocha nke ụlọ nyocha nke enwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ọhịa na-enyocha hydrogen maka adịghị ọcha. Ndị a gụnyere usoro ndị dị ka ihe mmetụta electrochemical &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mukundan|first=Rangachary|title=Development of an Electrochemical Hydrogen Contaminant Detector|journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society|year=2020|language=en|volume=167|issue=14|pages=147507|doi=10.1149/1945-7111/abc43a}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Noda|first=Z.|date=2017-02-02|title=Hydrogen pump-type impurity sensors for hydrogen fuels|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319916336138|journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy|language=en|volume=42|issue=5|pages=3281–3293|doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.12.066|issn=0360-3199}}&lt;/ref&gt; na mass spectrometry. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=HydrogenSense|url=https://www.vandf.com/en/products/analyzers/hydrogensense/,%20https://www.vandf.com/en/products/analyzers/hydrogensense/|accessdate=2021-10-27|work=www.vandf.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụzọ e Si Purify Hydrogen ==
Hụkwa: Hydrogen purifier

Ịsacha hydrogen &lt;ref name=&quot;:222&quot;/&gt; akụkụ dị mkpa nke nkesa hydrogen ma enwere teknụzụ dị iche iche dabere na adịghị ọcha dị ugbu a na ọnọdụ usoro.

* Ụlọ ọrụ hydrogen
* Mmanụ hydrogen
* Hydrogen purifier
* Mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ proton na-agbanwere
* [https://www.sintef.no/projectweb/metrohyve-2/ Ọrụ MetroHyVe2]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20231211005432/https://hydraite.eu/ Ọrụ Hydraite]
* [https://www.npl.co.uk/products-services/gas/hydrogen-purity National Physical Laboratory Hydrogen Purity]

== Edensibia ==
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'''[[w:Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan|Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan]]''' [[w:Royal College of Physicians|FRCP]] [[w:The World Academy of Sciences|FTWAS]] ({{lang-ar|أحمد محمد الحسن}}; 10 Eprel 1930 – 10 Nọvemba 2022) bụ Ọkammụta si mba Sudan n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|pathology]]. 
 
A mụrụ El Hassan ma zụlite ya na [[w:Berber, Sudan | Berber, Sudan]]. Ọ nwetara ọtụtụ ọzụzụ n'isi ọmụmụ ahụike ya na Mahadum Khartoum tupu ọ gụchaa ma nweta nzere [[w:Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] ya na [[w:|Mahadum Edinburgh]] n'afọ 1965. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sudan, O duru ngalaba Pathology (1966–1969) nakwa [[w:Kitchener School of Medicine|Faculty of Medicine, Kitchener School of Medicine]] (1969–1971) tupu o duo nwa nkenke oge {{Ill|lt=Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research |Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Nnyocha (Sudan) |ar|وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي (السودان)}} (1971–1972). Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Medical Research Council (1972-1977), mgbe ọ na-enye aka iguzobe Ngalaba Pathology na [[w:|Mahadum King Faisal]], Saudi Arabia na [[w:|Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology]], Sudan. Na mgbakwunye, El Hassan bụụrụ onye isi ntọala nke [[w:|Institute of Endemic Diseases]] (1993-2000), [[w:|Sudanese National Academy of Sciences]] (SNAS) (2005-2011) na [[w:|Sudanese Cancer Society]] (2008-2009). 

El Hassan lekwasịrị anya na [[w:|epidemiology]] na [[w:|immunopathology]] nke [[w:Tropical disease| ọrịa okpomọkụ]] na ọrịa na-efe efe. N'ihi nke a, Sudan nyere ya nkwanye ùgwù kachasị elu bụ [[w:Order of merit | Order of merit]], na ụlọ ọgwụ ọrịa okpomọkụ nke steeti Sudan bụ [[w:Al Qadarif (state)|Al Qadarif]] ka a kpọkwasịrị aha ya. Na mgbakwunye, ọ natara ihe nrite [[w:World Health Organisation|WHO] nke afọ 1987 bụ [[w:WHO Public Health Prizes and Awards#A.T. Shousha Foundation Prize and Fellowship | Shousha Prize]], [[w:Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | RSTMH]] n'afọ 1996, [[w:|Donald Mackay Medal]], n'afọ 2017 – 2018 na Sheikh [[w:|Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum]].

=== Ndụ na Ọrụ Ya ===
==== Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya ====
A mụrụ El Hassan na [[w:|Berber, Sudan]], na 10 Eprel 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Elhassan {{!}} Naanị saịtị UofK ọzọ |url=https://staffpages.uofk.edu/ahmed-e-hassan/ |nweta-date=2022-11-20 |asụsụ=en-US |Archive-date=27 Nọvemba 2022 |Archive-url=https://web.archive .org/web/20221127025924/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/ahmed-e-hassan/ |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-23 |archivedate=2022-11-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127025924/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/ahmed-e-hassan/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ | aha = |script-title=ar:في وداع البروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن .. بقلم: البروفيسور. الوليد محمد الأمين |trans-title=Prọfesọ Ahmed Mohamed Al-Hassan Daalụ.. Onye dere ya: Ọkammụta. Waleed Mohammed Al-Ami |url=https://sudanile.com/%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84 %d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af- %. ụbọchị=2022-11-20 |websaịtị=سودانايل |asụsụ=ar |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205113/https://sudanile.com/ %D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81 %D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF -%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%82/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị n'oge ahụ, ọ malitere akwụkwọ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Quran (''[[w:Khalwa (school)|Khalwa]]'') tupu ọ banye Berber Intermediate School. O mechara kwaga Khartoum iji sonyere [[w:|Omdurman]] Secondary School n'afọ 1945.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Ahmed El Safi. Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan: Ihe ịrịba ama na ọrịa okpomọkụ, ọrịa ọrịa, nchọpụta ọrịa cancer na mmụta ahụike |url=https://media.tghn.org/site_finder/sites/documents/Ahmed_Mohamed_El-Hassan_his_life_and_work.pdf |ebipụta-ụbọchị =April 30, 2019 |via=Ebipụtara onwe ya |isbn=978-1096419341 | nweta-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120175615/https://web.archive.org/web/20221120175615/https:// media.tghn.org/site_finder/sites/documents/Ahmed_Mohamed_El-Hassan_his_life_and_work.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
El Hassan gara [[w:Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum|Kitchener School of Medicine]] (bụzi ngalaba Medicine, Mahadum Khartoum ugbua).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11 -10 |title= |script-title=ar:وفاة البروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن: السودان يفقد أبرز علمائه في مجال الطب والبحث العلمي - اوبن سودان يفقد أبرز علمائه في مجال الطب والبحث العلمي - اوبن سودان: The most ọwọrọetop ọnwụ nke Sudan | ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ngalaba ọgwụ na nyocha sayensị - Mepee Sudan |url=https://opensudan.net/archives/24595 | nweta-date=2022-11-20 |asụsụ = ar | Archive-date=20 November 2022 | Archive -url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205108/https://opensudan.net/archives/24595 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nweta nzere ọpụrụiche n'isi ọmụmụ ọgwụ na ịwa ahụ n'afọ 1955 mgbe ọ na-enweta ihe nrite [[w:Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Kitchener]] Ihe nrite ncheta maka ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ mahadum nzere ha kacha mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; O sonyeere Ministri Ahụike Sudan maka ọzụzụ, malite dị ka onye dọkịnta gụchara akwụkwọ ọhụrụ n'etiti 1955 na 1957, na onye ọrụ ahụike site n'afọ 1957 ruo 1958 n'ebe dị iche iche na Khartoum, Omdurman na [[w:Northern state, Sudan|Northern State]]. Ọ laghachiri na ngalaba Pathology, Mahadum Khartoum dịka onye enyemaka nnyocha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=News &amp; Events |url=https:// www.snas.org.sd/index.php/news-events | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-11-20 | webụsaịtị = www.snas.org.sd | asụsụ = en-gb | Archive-ụbọchị = 20 Nọvemba 2022 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205628/https://www.snas.org.sd/index.php/news-events |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:بروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن أحد أول عشرة أطباء في تاريخ السودان |trans-title=Prọfesọ Ahmed Mohamed Al-Hassan, otu n'ime ndị mbụ ndị dọkịta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Sudan |url=https://www.sudaress.com/akhirlahza/9413 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=سودارس |language=ar |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |Archive -url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205653/https://www.sudaress.com/akhirlahza/9413 |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-23 |archivedate=2022-11-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205656/https://www.sudaress.com/akhirlahza/9413 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

El Hassan gara n'ihu n'ọzụzụ ya na Mahadum London wee nweta nzere diploma n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Clinical Pathology]] (DCP) n'afọ 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Ọ laghachiri na Mahadum Khartoum maka nw'obere oge (1962–1963) dị ka onye nkuzi tupu ọ malite ịchụ nzere [[w:Doctor of Philosophy|doctor of philosophy]] n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Immunology]] na [[w:|Mahadum Edinburgh]], nke ọ dechara n'afọ 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan |url=http://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/el-hassan |website=mycetoma |access-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 | Archive-ụbọchị =20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205108/http://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/el-hassan |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nabd.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:اوبن سودان {{!}} أحمد محمد الحسن: السودان يفقد أبرز علماءه في trans-title=Mepee Sudan {{!}} Ọnwụ Prọfesọ Ahmed Mohamed Al-Hassan: Sudan na-efunahụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama na ngalaba ọgwụ na nyocha sayensị (Sudan) |url=https://nabd.com/ s/111169557-0eb438/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9% 8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8 %A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9 %8A%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8 %A1%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8- %D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A | ohere-ụbọchị = 2022-11-20 | webụsaịtị = موقع نبض | asụsụ = ar | archive-date = 25 Maachị 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195517/https://nabd .com/s/111169557-0eb438/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81 %D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF -%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86 -%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8% A7%D8%A1%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8 %A8-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9 %8A |url-status=ndụ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ọrụ Ya ====
[[File:Ahmed_Mohamed_El_Hassan_and_Mohamed_Hamad_Satti.jpg|thumb|Ahịrị mbụ site n'aka ekpe, [[w;Mansour Ali Haseeb|Mansour Haseeb]], HV Morgan na [[w:|Mohamed Hamad Satti]] Ahịrị nke abụọ, aka ekpe, El Hassan. ca. 1965]]
El Hassan laghachiri na Ngalaba Pathology, Mahadum Khartoum dịka onye isi nkuzi tupu ọ ghọọ ọkammụta na onye isi ngalaba ahụ n'afọ 1966.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1969, e mere El Hassan ka ọ bụrụ Dean, Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Ọgwụ na osote onyeisi mahadum ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:في رثاء البروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن (4) .. بقلم: زهير السراج |trans-title=In Arịrị nke Prọfesọ Ahmed Muhammad Al-Hassan (4) .. Edere ya: Zuhair Al-Sarraj |url=https://sudanile.com/%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b1%d8%ab% d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1-% d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b3% d9%86-4-%d8%a8%d9%82/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=سودانايل |asụsụ=ar |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https:// web.archive.org/web/20221120205107/https://sudanile.com/%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8% AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-4-%D8%A8%D9%82 / |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Ahmed M El Hassan - Sheikh Hamdan Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award for Medical Sciences - HMA |url=http://hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=2131 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=hmaward.org.ae |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120224704/http://hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=2131 |url-status=ndụ |accessdate=2023-12-23 |archivedate=2022-12-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202050603/http://hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=2131 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
El Hassan bụụrụ Minista ntọala nke agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na nnyocha sayensị, Sudan, n'etiti 1971 na 1972, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Kansụl Nnyocha (1972-1977). El Hassan sonyeziri [[w:|Mahadum King Faisal]], Saudi Arabia, dị ka ọkammụta n'afọ 1977 wee nye aka guzobe Ngalaba Pathology tupu ọ pụọ n'afọ 1979, ịlaghachi n'afọ 1981 dịka onye nduzi nyocha na Mahadum ahụ ruo afọ 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;: 3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:البروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن يتفقد مركز أبحاث المايستوما ومركز الحسن لأبحاث الأمرية | na-enyocha Mycetoma Research Center na Ụlọ Ọrụ Al-Hassan maka Nchọpụta Ọrịa Ọdụdọ Na-eleghara anya |url=https://sudanianews.net/2022/04/06/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%88% d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d8%d%d9%85%d8%af-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85% d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b3%d9%86-%d9%8a%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%82%d8%af-%d9%85 %. .archive.org/web/20221120205109/https://sudanianews.net/2022/04/06/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9% 8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8 %A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9 %83%D8%B2/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
N'agbata 1979-1980, El Hassan nọọrọ na Sudan dị ka onye nduzi nke [[w:|Tropical Diseases Institute]], ma guzobe [[w:|Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mgbe o si Saudi Arabia lọta n'afọ 1988, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba Pathology, ngalaba ọmụmụ ọgwụ, Mahadum Khartoum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
El Hassan bụụrụ onye nhazi ntọala nke [[w:|Institute of Endemic Diseases]] n'etiti afọ 1993 na afọ 2000, wee gaa n'ihu na njikọ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka ọkammụta Pathology larala ezumike ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;: 0&quot; /&gt; El Hassan bụụrụ onye isi ntọala nke [[w:|Sudanese National Academy of Sciences]] (SNAS) n'afọ 2005, bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke Sudan Cancer Society n'etiti afọ 2008 na 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
 
El Hassan bụụrụ Ọkammụta nleta na Mahadum London, Mahadum Copenhagen, Mahadum Ahfad maka ụmụ nwanyị, na [[w:|Mahadum Ọktoba 6]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; O so na Kọmitii ndị Ndụmọdụ Nnyocha nke [[w:|World Health Organisation]] (WHO), strokes na Kọmitii ndị Ndụmọdụ Sayensị na NkànỤzụ nke Nnyocha Ọrịa Tropical, WHO.&lt;ref name = &quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

==== Nnyocha Ndị O Mere ====
El Hassan lekwasịrị anya na [[w:|epidemiology]] na [[w:|immunopathology]] nke [[w: Tropical disease| ọrịa okpomọkụ]] na ọrịa na-efe efe, karịsịa [[w:|leishmaniasis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Zijlstra |first1=E. E. | ikpeazụ2=Musa |nke mbụ2=A. M. | ikpeazụ3=Khalil |nke mbụ3=E. a. G. | ikpeazụ4=Hassan |first4=IM El | ikpeazụ5=El-Hassan |first5=A. M. | ụbọchị = 2003-02-01 | aha = Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis | url = https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(03)00517-6/abstract |journal = Ọrịa na-efe efe nke Lancet | asụsụ = bekee | mpịakọta = 3 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 87–98 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00517-6 |issn=1473-3099 |pmid=125 |pmid=125 ohere-ụbọchị = 20 Nọvemba 2022 | Archive-date = 20 Eprel 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420092726/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/ PIIS1473-3099(03)00517-6/abstract |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Ghalib |first1=H. W. | ikpeazụ2=Piuvezam |nke mbụ2=M. R. | ikpeazụ3=Skeiky |nke mbụ3=Y. A. | ikpeazụ4=Siddig |nke mbụ4=M. | ikpeazụ5=Hashim |nke mbụ5=F. A. | ikpeazụ6=el-Hassan |nke mbụ6=A. M. | ikpeazụ7=Russo |nke mbụ7=D. M. | ikpeazụ8=Ahịhịa | mbụ8=S. G. | ụbọchị = 1993-07-01 | aha = Interleukin mmepụta 10 jikọtara ya na pathology na ọrịa Leishmania donovani mmadụ|url=https://www.jci.org/articles/view/116570 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |asụsụ = |issn=0021-9738 |pmid=8326000 |pmc=293600 | nweta-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2022151517 ://www.jci.org/articles/view/116570 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[w:Eumycetoma|mycetoma]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Fahal |first1=Ahmed | last2=Mahgoub |first2=El Sheikh |last3=El Hassan |first3=Ahmed Mohamed |last4=Abdel-Rahman |first4=Manar Elsheikh |last5=Alshambaty |first5=Yassir |last6=Hashim |first6=Ahmed |last7=Hago |first7=Ali | ikpeazụ8=Zijlstra |first8=Eduard E. |date=2014 |title=Ihe nlere ohuru maka njikwa mycetoma na Sudan |journal=PLOS Lelected Tropical Diseases |olu = 8 | mbipụta = 10 | ibe = e3271 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003271 |issn=1935-2735 |pmc=4214669 |pmid=25356640 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; gụnyere nchọpụta, ọgwụgwọ na ọgwụ mgbochi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Ménard |first1=Didier |last2=Khim |first2=Nimol |last3=Beghain |first3=Johann |last4=Adegnika |first4=Ayola A. |last5=Shafiul-Alam |first5=Mohammad | ikpeazụ6 =Amodu |first6=Olukemi | ikpeazụ7=Rahim-Awab |first7=Ghulam |last8=Barnadas |first8=Céline |last9=Berry |first9=Antoine |last10=Boum |first10=Yap |last11=Bustos |first11=Maria D. | ikpeazụ12 = Cao | mbụ12 = Jun | ikpeazụ13 = Chen | mbụ13 = Jun-Hu | ikpeazụ14 = Collet | first14 = Louis | ikpeazụ15 = Cui | first15 = Liwang | ụbọchị = 2016-06-23 | aha = Map nke Plasmodium zuru ụwa ọnụ falciparum K13-Propeller Polymorphisms |url=https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1513137 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine | mpịakọta=374 | mbipụta = 25 | ibe = 2453–2464 |doi=10.1056/13715 |NEJMoa 0028-4793 |pmc=4955562 |pmid=27332904}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Zijlstra |first1=E E |last2=el-Hassan |first2=A M |last3=Ismael |first3=A | ikpeazụ4=Ghalib |first4=H W |date=1994-12-01 |title=Endemic kala-azar n’ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Sudan: ọmụmụ ogologo oge gbasara ọrịa nke ụlọ ọgwụ na nke subclinical na post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis |url=https. ://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.826 |journal = The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | mpịakọta = 51 | mbipụta = 6 | ibe = 826–836 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.8 issn=1476-1645 |pmid=7810819}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha ya lebakwara anya n'ọrịa [[w:|ekpenta]] na [[w:|iba]], ma mgbe afọ 2005 gachara, ọ tụgharịrị anya ya tinye ya na [[w:|nasopharyngeal cancer]]. O nwetara enyemaka maka nyocha n'ụdị ego n'aka [[w:|World Health Organisation's Tropical Disease Research]], [[w:|Wellcome Trust]], [[w:|Danish International Development Agency]], na [[w:|The World Academy of Sciences]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye ùgwù Ya ===
Gọọmenti Sudan nyere El Hassan ihe nrite ọla edo maka nyocha na sayensị n'afọ 1977, [[w:|El Neelain Order]] (Klas nke mbụ) n'afọ 1979, na [[w:Order of Merit (Sudan) | Order of Merit]] (Klas nke mbụ) n'afọ 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; O nwetara nzere [[w:|Honorary Doctor of Science]] site na Mahadum Ahfad maka ụmụnwaanyị n'afọ 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;: 0&quot; /&gt; Okammụta Ahmed Mohamed El-Hassan Center for Tropical Medicine na Doka, [[w:Al Qadarif (state)|Al Qadarif]] State,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Abubakr |first=Bakri |title= | script-title=ar: افتتاح مركز بروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن لطب المناطق الحاره بمدينة دوكه ولاية القضارف |trans-title=Mmeghe nke Prọfesọ Ahmed Mohamed El-Hasef na Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọgwụ maka Tropicl sudaneseonline.com/board/300/msg/%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%aa%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%83%d8% b2-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d8%d%d9%85%d8% af-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b3%d9%86-%d9%84%d8%b7%d8 %a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8 %b1%d9%87-%d8%a8%d9%85%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%af%d9%88%d9%83%d9%87-% d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%81-1285694164 ... /sudaneseonline.com/board/300/msg/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8 %B2-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8 %AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%B7% D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7% D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%83%D9%87- %D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81-1285694164.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[w:|EL Hassan Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases Clinical Trials Research]] na Soba, Khartoum &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EL Hassan Center maka Nleghara Ọrịa Tropical Diseases Nchọpụta nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ. |url=https://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/home-el-hassan-centre |website=mycetoma.edu | nweta-date=26 Jenụarị 2023 | Archive-date=26 Jenụarị 2023 | archive-url=https ://web.archive.org/web/20230126071737/https://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/home-el-hassan-centre |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Elhassan Center Maka Ọrịa Tropical Na-eleghara anya n'ụzọ ụlọ ọgwụ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUk0ryE8GWo |asụsụ=en | nweta-date=2023-01-26 | Archive-date=26 Jenụwarị 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126071708/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUk0ryE8GWo&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref &gt; ka akpọrọ aha ya na 2010 na 2016, n'otu n'otu.
 
A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù [[w:Royal College of Pathologists|Royal College of Pathologists, London]] (FRCPath) n'afọ 1964, onye òtù [[w:|Royal College of Physicians, London]] (FRCP) n'afọ 1974, &lt;ref &gt;{{Cite webụ |title=Prọfesọ Ahmed Mohamed EL Hassan |url=https://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/home-page/staff/110-mrc-staff/163-mohamed-elhassan |website=mycetoma | ohere-ụbọchị = 20 Nọvemba 2022 | Archive-date = 20 Nọvemba 2022 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205112/https://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/home-page/staff/110-mrc-staff/163-mohamed-elhassan |url-status= ndụ }}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye òtù World Academy of Sciences (FTWAS) n'afọ 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=El Hassan, Ahmed Mohamed |url=https://twas.org/directory/ el-hassan-ahmed-mohamed | nweta-date=2022-11-20 |website=TWAS |asụsụ=en |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20221120175614/https://twas.org/directory/el-hassan-ahmed-mohamed |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara ihe nrite [[w:|Shousha Prize]] n'aka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa n'afọ 1987,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Ihe nrite na ihe nrite ahụike ọha |url=https://apps.who.int/gb/awards/e/Sousha.html |access- ụbọchị=2022-11-20 |website=apps.who.int |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219215505/https://apps.who. int/gb/awards/e/Sousha.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:|Donald Mackay Medal]] sitere na [[w:|Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]] n'afọ 1996,&lt;ref&gt;{ {Cite webụ |title=Medal Donald Mackay {{!}} RSTMH |url=https://rstmh.org/medals-awards/donald-mackay-medal |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=rstmh. org | Archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120175624/https://rstmh.org/medals-awards/donald-mackay-medal |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; na Sheikh [[w:|Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum]] Award for Medical Sciences n'afọ 2017-2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== Ndụ Onwe Onye na Ọnwụ Ya ===
El Hassan lụrụ Amal Galal Mohamed n'afọ 1959, ha wee mụọ ụmụ nwanyị anọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; O nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'ise  foto na egwú. O hiwere òtù [[w:|Medical Photography]] na [[w:Medical illustration|Medical Illustration]] nke mbụ na Sudan. Ọ mụtara ịkpọ ngwá egwú [[w:|oud]] wee bipụta akwụkwọ ya ''Writings on Medicine, Music and Literature'' n'afọ 2017''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;
 
El Hassan nwụrụ na 10 Nọvemba 2022 n'ụlọ ya na [[w:|Al Riyadh, Khartoum]] site na ihe mkpatara osinachi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nabd.com&quot; /&gt;

=== Akwụkwọ Ndị O Bipụtara Ahọpụtara ===
* Zijlstra, E. E.; Musa, A. M.; Khalil, E. a. G.; Hassan, IM El; El-Hassan, A. M. (2003-02). [[doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00517-6|''Postkala-azar dermal leishmaniasis'']]. [[The Lancet Infectious Diseases]]. 3 (2): 87–98. doi:[[doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00517-6|10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00517-6]]. {{ISSN|1473-3099}}. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 12560194&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Ghalib, H. W.; Piuvezam, M. R.; Skeiky, Y. A.; Siddig, M.; Hashim, F. A.; El-Hassan, A. M.; Russo, D. M.; Reed, S. G. (1993-07). ''[https://www.jci.org/articles/view/116570 Interleukin 10 production correlates with pathology in human Leishmania donovani infections]''. [[The Journal of Clinical Investigation]]. 92 (1): 324–329. doi:[[doi:10.1172/JCI116570|10.1172/JCI116570]]. {{ISSN|0021-9738}}. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 8326000&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Zijlstra, E E; El-Hassan, A. M. (2001-04). [[doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90218-4|''Leishmaniasis in Sudan. 3. Visceral leishmaniasis'']]. [[Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]]. S27–S58. doi: [[doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90218-4|10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90218-4]].
* Zijlstra, E E; El-Hassan, A. M.; Ismael, A; Ghalib, H W (1994-12). [[doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.826|''Endemic kala-azar in eastern Sudan: a longitudinal study on the incidence of clinical and subclinical infection and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis'']]. [[American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene]]. 51 (6): 826–836. doi:[[doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.826|10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.826]]. {{ISSN|1476-1645}}. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 7810819&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

=== Edensibia ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Ịgụrụ Gawa ===
Ahmed El Safi. [https://media.tghn.org/site_finder/sites/documents/Ahmed_Mohamed_El-Hassan_his_life_and_work.pdf ''Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan: Milestones in tropical disease, pathology, cancer research &amp; medical education''], Sudan Medical Heritage Foundation Publications (2008), {{ISBN|978-99942-899-5-0}}.


=== Njikọ Mpụga ===
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=5&amp;v=plB7oELp-zI&amp;embeds_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fdndi.org%2F&amp;feature=emb_logo In memoriam: Prof. Ahmed M. El-Hassan], [[YouTube]] (English)
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NY3N9j1FrlY A Night of Loyalty and Gratitude to the Late Prof. Ahmed Mohamed El-Hassan], YouTube (Arabic)

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[[Category: Ndị ọkachamara sayensị si mba Sudan]]
[[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1930]]
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[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum  Edinburgh]]
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[[Category: Ndị ọ̀gwọ́ ọrịa si mba Sudan]]
[[Category:Dr A.T. Shousha Foundation Prize and Fellowship laureates]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi na Mahadum Ahfad maka ụmụ nwanyị]]
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[[Category:20th-century physicians]]
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[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Khalwa (school)]]
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'''''Aki na Ukwa''''' bụ Ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke ezinụlọ Naijiria nke afọ 2002 nke Amayo Uzo Philips duziri. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Osita Iheme]] na [[Chinedu Ikedieze]]. Ihe nkiri ahụ malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri nke ndị &lt;ref name=&quot;sun1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/showtime/2005/may/06/showtime-06-05-2005-001.htm|title=.DYNAMITES. That's what we are|author=Cornel-Best|first=Onyekaba|date=6 May 2005|work=Daily Sun|accessdate=7 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;-eme ihe nkiri abụọ Osita na Chinedu na ihe nkiri a gosipụtara mmekọrịta mbụ ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/03/13/20021113art02.html|title=A Director's Search for New Haven|author=Odigbo|first=Emeka|work=[[Thisday]]|accessdate=7 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;newvision&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/9/34/608674|title=Nigeria's funny little men come to Kampala|author=Katende|first=Jude|date=27 January 2008|work=[[New Vision]]|publisher=New Vision Printing &amp; Publishing Company Limited|accessdate=7 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201802190082.html|title=Reference at allafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nollywood's duo returning|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/nollywoods-duo-returning|date=2019-01-23|work=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-eto ihe nkiri ahụ nke ọma na-emeghe na nyocha dị mma ma a na-ewere ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị mma na sinima Naijiria karịsịa maka iwebata Osita Iheme na Chinedu Ikedieze na ọrụ ndị na-eduzi na-egwu ihe a na-akpọ ndị PawPaw na Aki n'otu n'otu. [1] [2] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=10 memorable Nollywood movie characters of the 90s &amp; 2000s|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/pulse-list-10-memorable-nollywood-movie-characters-of-the-90s-and-2000s/b4b2d2z|date=2018-08-09|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The making of Aki and Pawpaw|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/08/the-making-of-aki-and-pawpaw/|date=2019-08-18|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; ghọrọ ndị a ma ama ma ghọọ ihe na-akpali akpali na Naịjirịa maka arụmọrụ ha na ihe nkiri ahụ kemgbe a tọhapụrụ ya. [1] [2] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Read why actor and Chinedu Ikedieze are friendship goals!|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/osita-iheme-read-why-actor-and-chinedu-ikedieze-are-friendship-goals/5phtk3f|date=2018-10-03|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria: How My Height Made Me a Superstar – Chinedu Ikedieze, Aka Aki|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201808110043.html|author=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2018-08-11|work=allAfrica.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahụ, ha abụọ emeela ihe nkiri n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na ọrụ ndị isi. [1] [2] Chukwuka Emelionwu onye &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How late film maker, Kasvid discovered us —Aki, Pawpaw|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/02/late-film-maker-kasvid-discovered-us-aki-pawpaw/|date=2018-02-16|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri ahụ ka a na-eto maka ịmepụta akara &quot;Aki&quot; na &quot;PawPaw&quot;.

== Nkọwa ==
Ụmụnne abụọ &lt;ref name=&quot;mmegi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&amp;aid=25&amp;dir=2007/June/Friday1|title=Nigerian movies take Botswana by storm|author=Mooketsi|first=Lekopanye|date=1 June 2007|work=[[Mmegi]]|publisher=Dikgang Publishing House|accessdate=7 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;-akpata ọgba aghara zuru oke n'ụlọ ha, n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha na n'ime obodo ha dum.

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==

* [[Osita Iheme]] dị ka Pawpaw
* [[Chinedu Ikedieze]] dị ka Aki
* [[Oby Kechere]] dị ka Gladys
* [[Amaechi Muonagor]] dị ka Mbakwe
* Frances Nsokwu dị ka Dorcas
*

== Ihe Nketa ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigerian entertainment, 'meme culture' and how 'gender wars' triggered Obesere's comeback and virality as a Twitter meme|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/red-flag-here-is-how-gender-wars-made-obesere-a-meme-on-twitter-ng/4q429dv|date=2020-03-05|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-11|archivedate=2020-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013145652/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/red-flag-here-is-how-gender-wars-made-obesere-a-meme-on-twitter-ng/4q429dv/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka na-ekwu okwu n'ọtụtụ ebe maka arụmọrụ Chinede Ikedieze na obere onye ibe ya bụ Osita Iheme na fim ahụ, ha abụọ (karịsịa àgwà Osita) anọwo na-aga n'ihu site na memes kemgbe 2019 na Twitter na usoro mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ndị ọzọ n'ụwa niile. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thisisafrica.me/arts-and-culture/osita-iheme-meme-used-by-fenty-beauty-50-cent-a-win-for-nollywood/|title=Is Osita Iheme's meme used by Fenty Beauty and 50 Cent a win for Nollywood?|date=2019-07-10|work=This is africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-07-02|title=Why dis Osita Iheme meme dey burst pipo brain?|publisher=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-48840118|accessdate=2020-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Nigerian Film Stars Behind Some of Twitter's Greatest Memes|url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/08/osita-iheme-chinedu-ikedieze-twitter-memes.html|author=Adikwu|first=Marris|date=2019-08-14|work=Vulture|language=en-us|accessdate=2020-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
na social class. Directed by Peter Mimi and scripted by Hesham Maged and Chico, the film presents a captivating narrative set against the backdrop of [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]].{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb title|0842475}}
* Aki na Ukwadị maka ikiri n'efu na nbudata naEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet
* Aki na UkwanaYouTube</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adreesị nnọchiteanya</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="9038" sha1="de364yu5pdhw9yxgjyryfi3c0mc8xi6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''ProxyAddress Ltd''' bụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ nke na-enyere aka iji adreesị utu aha ga-eji maka ebumnuche ijikọ ndị na-eche enweghị ebe obibi na nkwado, na-adabereghị na ọnọdụ.

ProxyAddress gụnyere iji nchekwa data echekwara nke gụnyere adreesị, aha njirimara, ebe obibi ugbu a (ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla), na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akaụntụ onye ọrụ ọ bụla. Ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi nwere ike iji ProxyAddress nye ndị na-ebunye ọrụ nkwado isi nkọwa na-agbanwe agbanwe, si otú ahụ na-ejigide ma ọ bụ nwetaghachi ohere. Ndị ọrụ na-enwe ike imelite ọnọdụ na nkọwa ha n'ịntanetị, site na email, ma ọ bụ site na ozi ederede. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/proxy-address-design-museum-homelessness|title=The radical plan to give every homeless person an address|author=Manthorpe|first=Rowland|date=2018-03-14|work=Wired UK|accessdate=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ga-ebugharị ozi ezigara na adreesị ozi-e nke usoro ProxyAddress ekenyela n'ebe ọ bụla onye ahụ nwere ike ịnọ - ma ọ bụ ọbụna n'ebe ha nwere ike ịga nata ozi ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/postal-addresses-for-homeless-to-beat-benefits-catch-22-rfvkltwlj|title=Postal addresses for homeless to beat Catch 22|author=Greg Hurst|date=2018-03-15|work=The Times|accessdate=2019-07-14|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ==
Emepụtara ProxyAddress site n'aka [[Chris Hildrey]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hildreystudio.com/|title=Hildrey Studio|work=hildreystudio.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ si Liverpool, United Kingdom, ebe ndị na-emepụta ihe n'ụlọ obibi na Design Museum, London na 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bdonline.co.uk/news/natural-history-museum-architect-lands-design-museum-gig/5087594.article|title=Natural History Museum architect lands Design Museum gig|author=Hopkirk2017-05-10T07:30:00+01:00|first=Elizabeth|work=Building Design|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi nyocha emere n'oge ebe obibi a, achọpụtara na ohere ịnweta ọrụ gọọmentị na nkeonwe ma ọ bụ nkwado na-agaghị enweta ya ozugbo emere mmadụ enweghị ebe obibi n'ihi enweghị adreesị na-adịgide adịgide. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/05/fashion/craftsmanship-design-museum-london.html|title=In London, Designers Play With the Future|author=Beckett|first=Kathleen|date=2017-12-05|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-07-14|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na mmekorita ==
Site na Eprel 2017 ruo Disemba 2017, Chris Hildrey kere ProxyAddress dị ka akụkụ nke Arts Council England -funded &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.artscouncil.org.uk/design-museum%E2%80%99s-new-home-opens-doors-next-generation|title=Design Museum's new home opens doors to the next generation {{!}} Arts Council England|work=www.artscouncil.org.uk|accessdate=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-emepụta ihe na mmemme obibi na Museum Design, London. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/designers-in-residence-2017-support|title=Designers in Residence 2017: Support|author=Q42|first=Fabrique &amp;|work=Design Museum|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emechara gosipụta ọrụ a na Museum Design maka ọnwa anọ site na Jenụwarị 2018 ruo Eprel 2018.

Na Septemba 2018, ProxyAddress nwetara nkwado nke Gọọmenti UK site na Mmemme Geovation, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/news/2018/Geovation-Sept-18.html|title=GeoTech and PropTech companies join Geovation Programme|work=www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk|accessdate=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; atụmatụ nyocha Ordnance nke raara nye iji kwado iji ihe onwunwe na data ọnọdụ ọhụrụ na mmekorita ya na HM Land Registry. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/meet-the-start-ups-set-to-receive-support-from-geovation|title=Meet the start-ups set to receive support from Geovation|work=GOV.UK|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu ọnwa ahụ, ProxyAddress meriri pensụl na Design and Art Direction (D&amp;AD) Impact Awards na ngalaba enyemaka mmadụ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dandad.org/profiles/jury/676240/humanitarian-aid/|title=Humanitarian Aid {{!}} 2018 D&amp;AD Impact Awards Winners {{!}} D&amp;AD|work=www.dandad.org|accessdate=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee nye ya onyinye mkpụrụ sitere na Royal Society of Arts. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thersa.org/discover/publications-and-articles/rsa-blogs/2018/09/catalyst-round-2-announcement|title=Catalyst Round 2 Announcement - RSA|author=RSA|work=www.thersa.org|accessdate=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Nọvemba 2018, e gosipụtara ProxyAddress na Architectural Association, London dị ka akụkụ nke ihe ngosi Pushing the Boundaries &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaschool.ac.uk/PUBLIC/WHATSON/Exhibitions.php?item=368|title=AA School of Architecture - Exhibitions|work=www.aaschool.ac.uk|accessdate=2019-07-14|archivedate=2019-08-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824151145/https://www.aaschool.ac.uk/PUBLIC/WHATSON/Exhibitions.php?item=368}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke sonyeere onyinye Arts Foundation maka ihe owuwu nnwale. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://artsfoundation.co.uk/directory/chris-hildrey/|title=Arts Foundation {{!}} Hildrey, Chris|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Disemba 2018, e nyere ProxyAddress 2018 Royal Institute of British Architects 'Medal's President's Medal for Research &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/riba-presidents-awards-for-research/2018/proxyaddress|title=ProxyAddress|work=www.architecture.com|accessdate=2019-07-14|archivedate=2019-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714152133/https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/riba-presidents-awards-for-research/2018/proxyaddress}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke na-eme nchọpụta kacha mma n'ụwa niile n'akụkụ ihe owuwu na gburugburu ebe obibi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/riba-presidents-awards-for-research/riba-presidents-awards-for-research-2018-1|title=RIBA President's Awards for Research|work=www.architecture.com|accessdate=2019-07-14|archivedate=2019-07-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714152133/https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/riba-presidents-awards-for-research/riba-presidents-awards-for-research-2018-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọzọkwa na Disemba 2018, Wired UK kpọrọ ProxyAddress otu n'ime 'ihe 18 mere ụwa ka ọ bụrụ ebe ka mma na 2018'. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/18-positive-stories-from-2018|title=It's not all bad! 18 things that made the world a better place in 2018|author=Katwala|first=Amit|date=2018-12-23|work=Wired UK|accessdate=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2019, ahọpụtara ProxyAddress dị ka akụkụ nke otu mmeghe nke Royal Society of Arts 'Economic Impact Accelerator na mmekorita ya na Mastercard Center for Inclusive Growth.

Na Septemba 2019, akpọpụtara ProxyAddress maka Beazley Designs of the Year 2019 na ngalaba ihe owuwu . A na-akwado ihe ngosi na-eso ya ugbu a na Museum Design, London. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/beazley-designs-of-the-year/architecture|title=Architecture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ejikọta ProxyAddress na ọtụtụ ndị ọlụlụ n'ofe Gọọmenti, ọrụ ebere, na ngalaba ego, gụnyere: Monzo, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://monzo.com/campaign/banking-for-all/|title=No Barriers to Banking|work=monzo.com|accessdate=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Crisis, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/how-one-architect-is-rethinking-architecture-to-help-the-homeless/10043532.article|title=How one architect is rethinking architecture to help the homeless|author=Jessel|first=Ella|work=Architects Journal|date=10 July 2019|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Big Issue, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bigissue.com/latest/the-big-issue-is-teaming-up-with-proxyaddress-to-level-playing-field-for-vendors/|title=The Big Issue teams up with ProxyAddress to level playing field for vendors|author=Geraghty|first=Liam|date=|work=The Big Issue|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ordnance Survey, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/news/2018/Geovation-Sept-18.html|title=GeoTech and PropTech companies join Geovation Programme|work=www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk|accessdate=2019-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; HM Land Registry, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Royal Society of Arts and Mastercard Center maka uto gụnyere.

== Edensibia ==
mere eme nke akaụntụ onye ọrụ ọ bụla. Ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi nwere ike iji ProxyAddress nye ndị na-ebunye ọrụ nkwado isi nkọwa na-agbanwe agbanwe, si otú ahụ na-ejigide ma ọ bụ nwetaghachi ohere. Ndị ọrụ na{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ụlọ Ọgwụ Royal Oldham</title>
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      <text bytes="3688" sha1="766aahzhlvnkkkawpj24b669awq5ei4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Hospitallọ ọgwụ Royal Oldham''' bụ ụlọ ọgwụ NHS na mpaghara Coldhurst nke Oldham, Greater Manchester, England . Ndị Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust na-elekọta ya. Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ redio na-arụ ọrụ afọ ofufo, Radio Cavell, nke na-agbasa na 1350 AM . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiocavell1350.org.uk/|title=Official website|work=Radio Cavell}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ sitere na ụlọ ọgwụ na-arụ ọrụ nke hiwere iji kwado Oldham Union Workhouse na Rochdale Road na gburugburu 1870. &lt;ref name=&quot;workhouses&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Oldham/|title=Oldham|publisher=Workhouses|accessdate=13 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ ụlọ ọgwụ Boundary Park na ngwụcha 1920s na, mgbe ọ sonyechara na National Health Service na 1948, ọ ghọrọ Oldham na District General Hospital na 1955. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/hospitalrecords/details.asp?id=1860&amp;page=6|title=Royal Oldham Hospital, Oldham|publisher=National Archives|accessdate=13 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ bụ ebe ọmụmụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Bekee Brian Cox, bụ onye prọfesọ nke physics particle na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Physics na Astronomy na Mahadum Manchester ; a mụrụ ya na 1968. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.oldham-chronicle.co.uk/news-features/139/main-news/124163/tv-star-professor-cox-goes-back-to-school-for-a-day|title=TV star Professor Cox goes back to school for a day!|work=Oldham Evening Chronicle|date=22 November 2018|accessdate=1 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ bụkwa ebe ọmụmụ Louise Brown, nke mbụ n'ụwa nwere ihe ịga nke ọma &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwJw&quot;&gt;na vitro&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; fertilized &quot;nwa tube nwa&quot;, na 25 Julaị 1978. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oldham-chronicle.co.uk/news-features/8/news-headlines/90771/first-testtube-baby-hails-birth-pioneers|title=First test-tube baby hails birth pioneers|date=17 March 2015|publisher=Oldham Evening Chronicle|accessdate=13 September 2018|archivedate=13 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913185433/https://www.oldham-chronicle.co.uk/news-features/8/news-headlines/90771/first-testtube-baby-hails-birth-pioneers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'April 2018 ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ sonyeere National Bereavement Care Pathway, nke na-ezube ịhụ na ụkpụrụ nkịtị na nlekọta ọnwụ maka ndị nne na nna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rochdaleonline.co.uk/news-features/2/news-headlines/118077/royal-oldham-hospital-joins-the-national-bereavement-care-pathway|title=Royal Oldham hospital joins the National Bereavement Care Pathway|date=18 April 2018|publisher=Rochdale News|accessdate=13 September 2018|archivedate=13 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913185514/https://www.rochdaleonline.co.uk/news-features/2/news-headlines/118077/royal-oldham-hospital-joins-the-national-bereavement-care-pathway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Radio Cavell ==
Radio Cavell, tọrọ ntọala na 1952, na-enye ọrụ redio ụlọ ọgwụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hbauk.com/member-stations/profile/178|title=Radio Cavell|publisher=Hospital Broadcasting Association|accessdate=22 December 2021|archivedate=22 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222021525/https://www.hbauk.com/member-stations/profile/178}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ụlọ ọgwụ Westhulme
* Ndepụta ụlọ ọgwụ dị na England

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221003111955/https://www.pat.nhs.uk/ Saịtị gọọmentị]</text>
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    <title>Ụgbọ mmiri igbe ozu</title>
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      <text bytes="10414" sha1="ab6vapw6z9g7nx9w5a4n7u67b65ev77" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Jeanie_Johnston.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Ụdị nke &quot;ezigbo ụgbọ mmiri&quot; Jeanie Johnston, nke na-akwụkwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'oge oké agụụ mgbe ụgbọ mmiri igbe igbe na-emekarị.  Ọ dịghị onye nwụrụ na Jeanie Johnson]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesonsofscotland.co.uk/thehighlandclearances.htm|work=thesonsofscotland.co.uk|title=The Highland Clearances|accessdate=2024-04-11|archivedate=2023-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403231328/http://www.thesonsofscotland.co.uk/thehighlandclearances.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;bụrụ mmiri igbe ozu ( Irish &lt;/link&gt; ) bụ akpaala okwu ama ejiri ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu ndị Irish na-agbanarị oke ụnwụ Irish na Highlanders nke Highland Clearances chụpụrụ .

Shipgbọ mmiri akpati ozu bu ndị naakwaga mba ọzọ, ndị mmadụ juru na ọrịa, na- nri na mmiri na-adịghị mma, butere ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ mmadụ ka ha na-agafe Atlantic, wee bute ọrịa typhus North America na 1847 na 1847  ọdụ iche iche na Canada .  [1] Ndị nwe ụgbọ mmiri igbe ozu na-enye obere nri, mmiri na ebe obibi dị ka iwu akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ha erubere iwu isi ma ọlị.  [2] Ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ na-eru elele 20 na egwu egwu nke oku 50 na-anwụ, n'oge na-adịghị anya, a bịara mara ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị ka ụgbọ mmiri igbe ozu .  E liri ndị ọnwụ anwụ n’oké osimiri.

Ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ mmiri igbe ozu bụ ụzọ dị ọnụ ala iji gafere Atlantic, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ na pasent 30 n'ime ụgbọ mmiri igbe ozu bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emigrantletters.com/IE/output.asp?ArticleID=211374&amp;CategoryID=6574&amp;ArticleOutputTemplateID=452&amp;ArticleStateID=2|title=Early Emigrant Letter Stories|work=eligrantletters.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412052102/http://www.emigrantletters.com/IE/output.asp?ArticleID=211374&amp;CategoryID=6574&amp;ArticleOutputTemplateID=452&amp;ArticleStateID=2|archivedate=12 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; E kwuru na a na-ahụ shark ka ha na-eso ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ n’ihi na a tụbara ọtụtụ ozu n’ime mmiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A dictionary of Irish history since 1800|author=Hickey|first=D.J.|year=1980|publisher=Barnes &amp; Noble|isbn=978-0-389-20160-1|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofiris00djhi|quote=sharks.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Enter the Irish-American|author=Wakin|first=Edward|year=2001|publisher=[[iUniverse]]|isbn=978-0-595-22730-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E9O6AuNcwekC&amp;pg=PA29}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Kennedys: dynasty and disaster|author=Davis|first=John H|year=1992|publisher=S.P.I. Books|isbn=978-1-56171-060-7|url=https://archive.org/details/kennedysdynastyd0000davi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iwu ==
Iwu iji kpuchido ndị njem na-akwaga mba ọzọ, Iwu Ndị njem ụgbọ mmiri, bụ nke mbụ ewepụtara na Britain na 1803 wee tọ na-etolite n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ.  Dị ka ihe atụ, Iwu e depụtara na 1828 bụ akara oge mbụ nke Britain nwere ihe siri ike n'ihe gbasara ihe.  N'ime afọ ole na ole, a hụ iwu iji ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị njem ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ibu, na ịhụ na e nyere nri na mmiri zuru ezu maka njem ahụ&lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Mana ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-amanye iwu ahụ, ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri na ndị na-ahụ maka ụgbọ mmiri chọtara ụzọ ha ga-esi mebie iwu ahụ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-esi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-abụghị ndị Britain anọghị n'okpuru iwu. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ puku ndị kwagara mba ọzọ nwetara njem jọgburu onwe ya na nke na-adịkarị ize ndụ. Ka ọ na-erule 1867, ụkpụrụ dị irè karị, si otú a na-enye ndị mmadụ nkwa nke njem nchebe, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị nke ọma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/immigrants/021017-2111-e.html|title=Moving Here, Staying Here: The Canadian Immigrant Experience – &quot;Right of Passage&quot;|publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]]|work=collectionscanada.ca|accessdate=18 April 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181333/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/immigrants/021017-2111-e.html|archivedate=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.croagh-patrick.com/natfamine.html|title=The National Famine Monument|work=croagh-patrick.com|accessdate=2024-04-11|archivedate=2010-07-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726090908/http://www.croagh-patrick.com/natfamine.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ihe sheikh ụnwụ nke mba dị na ntọala Croagh Patrick na Murrisk, County Mayo, Ireland na-egosi ụgbọ mmiri igbe ozu nke nwere ọkpụkpụ na ọkpụkpụ dị ka mgbagha.  Onye John Behan kpụrụ ya, ọ bụ ihe ọkpụkpụ kacha kacha ukwuu na Ireland.  Onye isi ala Ireland Mary Robinson ịkpọ &quot;okporo mmiri igbe ozu&quot; na 1997 iji mee emume nke afụ 150 nke ọkpara Irish.

== Na omenala ewu ewu ==
N'adịghị ka nghọta a ma ama, a naghị eji okwu ahụ bụ &quot;ụgbọ mmiri igbe ozu&quot; mee ihe n'oge oke ụnwụ n'onwe ya (1845-1852). Ọ pụtara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Irish naanị otu ugboro n'ime afọ ndị gara aga na n'oge ọdachi ahụ mana agbasaghị ya n'oge ahụ ma ọ bụ na ojiji ya enweghị ihe ọ bụla jikọrọ ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị onye mba Irish bụ Thomas D'Arcy McGee a ma ama &quot;igbe igbe ozu&quot; Maachị 1848.

N'ezie, okwu ahụ bụ &quot;ụgbọ mmiri igbe ozu&quot; bụ nke a ma ama na mmalite 1870 site n'aka onye omeiwu Bekee Samuel Plimsoll dịka akụkụ nke mgbasa ozi ya maka ikike ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri. Ndị mba Irish nakweere ya n'oge agha ala nke ngwụcha 1870s na mmalite 1880 dịka akụkụ nke mkpọsa ejima ha maka mgbanwe ala na nnwere onwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. &lt;ref&gt;Cian T. McMahon, &quot;Tracking the Great Famine's 'Coffin Ships' Across the Digital Deep&quot; ''Eire-Ireland'' 56, nos. 1–2 (Spring/Summer 2021): 85–113&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=McMahon|first=Cian T.|title=The Coffin Ship: Life and Death at Sea During the Great Irish Famine|date=2022|publisher=NYU Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na Pogues song &quot; puku kwuru puku na-akọ ụgbọ mmiri &quot;, ike nke onye Irish kwabatara kwara arịrị, &quot;... n'ime ụgbọ mmiri igbe ozu m bịara ebe a / Ọ dịghịkwa mgbe m ikike n'ebe dị anya na ha  nwere ike echiche aha m.&quot;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Paramount+1923 season 1 episode 1 recap: 1923|url=https://showsnob.com/2022/12/20/1923-season-1-episode-1-recap/}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ezin iro Dutton nke nwunye na ala Yellowstone kwuru na ihe ngosi prequel 1923 ka e &quot;mebiri ya&quot; &quot;n'elu mmiri mmiri igbe ozu nke Ireland&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=1923: Harrison Ford, Helen Mirren key to another compelling Yellowstone drama|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/stuff-to-watch/300768810/1923-harrison-ford-helen-mirren-key-to-another-compelling-yellowstone-drama|publisher=[[Stuff (company)|Stuff]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọzọkwa Kenn Gordon &amp; 1916 song &quot; The Ships&quot; na-mrị otú e si Bridge na ha na- Seesei ịlanarrị njem ahụ ha na-eme njem.  Nke a asị ndị sitere na mkpochapụ Highland nke Sutherland na Caithness na ndị ọrụ ugbo Irish dara ogbenye. &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Na mgbakwunye, ndị otu igwe igwe Irish Cruachan na Primordial abụọ nwere egwu egwu &quot;The Coffin Ships&quot;.  Ụdị nke Primordial na album 2005 ha The Gathering Wilderness, ebe e dere abụ Cruachan (ihe njikọ) maka album 2007 The Morrigan's Call .  Ndị otu Australian/Irish Clann Zú na-ekwukwa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri igbe ozu n'ime egwu &quot;Oji ihu na bandeeji&quot;.&lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Onye na-ede uri Irish bụ Eavan Boland na-ekwu ụgbọ mmiri mmiri igbe ozu na uri ya &quot;N'ime ọkụ ọkụ&quot; site na nchịkọta n'oge ime ihe ike, na n'ime ihe ọmụmụ ya Ihe nkuzi ihe: Ndụ nke  mgbaàmà na onye na-ede uri n'oge anyị . &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Flogging Molly, otu Irish-American band with punk, na-eji okwu ahụ bụ &quot;nwa mmiri mmiri akpati ozu&quot; na abụ ha &quot;Ị Ibu nzuzu n'ime m&quot; site na album ha Float .  Nkwuta okwu a bụ:

&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=6dgtUfHS2r8C&amp;dq=frank+herbert+the+white+plague+coffin+ship&amp;pg=PA142 ''The White Plague''] by Frank Herbert, p. 142.&lt;/ref&gt;Akwụkwọ Frank Herbert The White Plague, nje nje na-efe efe zuru ụwa ọnụ nke na-egbu naanị ụmụ anọ, ụgbọ mmiri mmiri igbe ozu ọgbara ọhụrụ nke bu ndị Irish la LED n'Ụdị ọnwụ ha, dịka onye na-bụ akwụkwọ  Ozi ahụ ahụike nje ahụ.

Onye edemede Irish Joseph O'Connor 's 2004 akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Star of the Sea ka edobere n'ime ụgbọ mmiri mmiri igbe ozu na ibu na ibu nke ọnwụ Irish.  Akwụkwọ ahụ onyonyo onye na-ere akara nke mba ụwa.

== Hụkwa ==

* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwjQ&quot;&gt;Hannah&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, brig nke kụrụ iceberg wee daa na 1849 ka ọ na-ebu ndị Irish na-akwaga Canada.
* Major Denis Mahon, onye nwe ụlọ nke Irish zipụrụ ọtụtụ puku ndị bi n'ụgbọ mmiri igbe ozu na Canada ma gbuo ya na 1847.

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://nyupress.org/9781479808793/the-coffin-ship/ Cian T. McMahon, ''Ụgbọ mmiri igbe ozu: Ndụ na Ọnwụ n'oké osimiri n'oge nnukwu ụnwụ Irish'' (NYU Press, 2021)]
* 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130903075825/http://www.famineships.info/ famineships.info ndekọ mbata na ọpụpụ 1846 ruo 1851] Archived  &lt;/link&gt;
{{Great Hunger}}
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọrụ Birmingham Union</title>
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&lt;ref name=&quot;Pastscape&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=1407134|title=Birmingham Union Workhouse and Infirmary|work=Pastscape|publisher=[[English Heritage]]|accessdate=22 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002143616/http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=1407134|archivedate=2 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ụlọ ọrụ Birmingham Union bụ ụlọ ọrụ na Western Road na Birmingham, England.

== Ụlọ ọrụ mbụ ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mason College|url=http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/university/about/history/mason.aspx|work=University of Birmingham|accessdate=21 July 2015|archivedate=25 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225072118/https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/university/about/history/mason.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;Birmingham Workhouse Infirmary bụ ụlọ arụ ọrụ wuru na 1734 na saịtị nke Coleridge Passage dị ugbu a, ugbu a na-eche Ọgwụ Ọgwụ Birmingham .  [1] Ọrụ a anabatala nkuzi nke Mr John Tomlinson, Dọkịta nke mbụ nke ụlọ ọgwụ;  Akwụkwọ akụkọ Birmingham na 1825 ma so na nkuzi izizi emere na emume London na Scotland.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Pastscape&quot; /&gt;Ewebere ụlọ ọhụrụ nke ụlọ ọgwụ, nke ewuru iji kwalite ikike nke ochie, n'etiti 1850 na 1852 n'okpuru Iwu Ndozigharị Iwu Ogbenye nke 1834, ka John Jones Bateman na G Drury chepụtara.  [1] Nnukwu ọnụ ụzọ mbata, n'agbanyeghị na ike ya, dịgidere ruo mgbe a kwaturu ya na September 2017. A maara ọnụ ụzọ ya gbachiri agbachi dị ka &quot;akwa nke anya mmiri&quot;.  [2] E kwaturu ihe ike n ọrụ ahụ na-egosi 1990s.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Pastscape&quot; /&gt;Na 1889 e wuru ụlọ ọgwụ dị ka ndọtị na ụlọ ọrụ.  [1] Nke a ka dị, nke mepere emepe, dịka ụlọ ọgwụ obodo .

N'agbanyeghị afọ ndụ ya na ndị mmadụ na ibe ya, oku nke Victorian Society na Birmingham Conservation Trust, maka ụlọ ọrụ ọnụ ụlọ ọrụ ka a ga -edepụta, English Heritage ụzọ na 2010 &lt;ref name=&quot;Pastscape&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BCT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.birminghamconservationtrust.org/bct-finished/archway-of-tears-2/|title=Archway of Tears|publisher=Birmingham Conservation Trust|accessdate=22 October 2013|archivedate=21 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021233758/http://www.birminghamconservationtrust.org/bct-finished/archway-of-tears-2/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* Hetherington, RJ (1991) Birmingham Workhouse Records site na (na Midland Ancestor, 9). 
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      <text bytes="4428" sha1="hw6f8jnlhxceq5222g8lfzxt2pvjnpm" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Watford General Hospital from Vicarage Road.jpg|thumb|Watford General Hospital from Vicarage Road.jpg]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.westhertshospitals.nhs.uk|title=West Herts Hospitals|accessdate=6 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;Hospitallọ ọgwụ Watford General bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọgwụ District nke nwere akwa 521 dị na Vicarage Road, Watford, Hertfordshire .  Yana Hemel Hempstead Hospital na St Albans City Hospital, ụlọ ọgwụ West Hertfordshire NHS Trust na-arụ ya.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Emebere Watford General na ntọala nke National Health Service na-eji ụlọ ndị bụbu ụlọ ọrụ Watford na, site na 1929, Shrodells Public Assistance Institution.  [1] ndị ọrụ ahụ gbakwunyekwara Peace Memorial Wing site na 1965 mgbe a na-ebufe nke ndị ọgwụgwụ Peace Memorial na saịtị Shrodells.  [2] [3] Udo Hospice dị na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ udo mbụ.  [3] [4] Princess Michael nke Kent meghere Princess Michael nke Kent Wing na saịtị Shrodells na 1986 [5] [6] na Andy Burnham, ụlọ nke steeti maka ngwaọrụ meghere nnukwu na February 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;lost&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/watfordgeneral.html|title=Watford General Hospital|publisher=Lost Hospitals of London|accessdate=8 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;cqc0118&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cqc.org.uk/location/RWG02/inspection-summary|title=CQC Report January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;ọgwụ ahụ ahụ na-achịkwa ikike nchekwa ya na A&amp;E emebere ya maka ndị bịara 30,000 kwa afọ mana na enweta ihe ụmụaka 88,000.  A Aha ụlọ ahụ ahụ &quot;ikike oke&quot; na nyọcha 2015 CQC, mana emelitere ka ọ bụrụ &quot;chọrọ mmelite&quot; na Jenụwarị 2018

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.watford.gov.uk/ccm/content/strategic-services/press-releases/2015-07/first-spade-hits-the-ground-for-the-watford-health-campus-road.en;jsessionid=8CC66F2A5904C4ECCC0E411BE941B553|title=First spade hits the ground for the Watford Health Campus road|date=23 July 2015|accessdate=14 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;Enyere ikike ikike iji wulite ụlọ ọgwụ na akwụkwọ nkwado Watford na 2008. Nkwe egwuregwu nke ngalaba 106 nke ga-enye £3 nde maka mkpuchi mkpuchi mgbasa ozi Vicarage Road, ụmụnna na njem,nyere aka na 26 Ma ọchịchị 2010. [1] Na  August 2012 Kier Property ka jijira iji mee mmemme mmemme.  [2] Ɔ ga-ewe afɔ – iji wuchaa

== Ụlọ ọrụ ==
Ewula okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ iji mgbasa ụlọ na etiti obodo na M1 .  Nyere aha ahụ, Thomas Sawyer Way, ọ bụ isi osisi maka ụlọ ọgwụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/9510463.New_hospital_road_funding_hailed_as__critical_stride__to_Health_Campus|work=Watford Observer|title=New hospital road funding hailed as critical stride to Health Campus|date=3 February 2012|accessdate=30 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.westhertshospitals.nhs.uk/documents/WHHT_new_hospital_road_map_oct2016.pdf|title=New hospital Road map|publisher=West Herts Hospitals|accessdate=2024-04-11|archivedate=2017-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109185813/http://www.westhertshospitals.nhs.uk/documents/WHHT_new_hospital_road_map_oct2016.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.westhertshospitals.nhs.uk/newsandmedia/mediareleases/2016/november/thomas_sawyer_way_opens.asp|title=Change to hospital access as Thomas Sawyer Way opens|publisher=West Herts Hospitals|accessdate=2 April 2018|archivedate=2 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225929/http://www.westhertshospitals.nhs.uk/newsandmedia/mediareleases/2016/november/thomas_sawyer_way_opens.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

site ala Watford na-arụ ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nke ọma na-agba ọsọ n'etiti etiti obodo na Rickmansworth . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.arrivabus.co.uk/ServiceSearchResults.aspx?regid=1737&amp;txt=Watford|title=Watford - Our Services|date=2 September 2012|accessdate=30 September 2012|archivedate=22 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022022202/http://www.arrivabus.co.uk/ServiceSearchResults.aspx?regid=1737&amp;txt=Watford}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220920235706/https://www.nhs.uk/Services/hospitals/Overview/DefaultView.aspx?id=1043 Watford General Hospital on the NHS website]
* [https://www.cqc.org.uk/location/RWG02 Inspection reports] from the Care Quality Commission</text>
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    <title>Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti maka Commonwealth of Independent States Affairs, Compatriots Living Abroad, na International Humanitarian Cooperation</title>
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'''Ụlọ ọrụ Federal maka Commonwealth of Independent States Affairs, Compatriots bi ná mba ọzọ, na International Humanitarian Cooperation''' [lower-alpha 1] bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] kwụụrụ onwe ya n'okpuru ikike nke Ministry of Foreign Affairs Russia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|quote=For instance, the cultural organization Rossotrudnichestvo, run by Sergei Lavrov’s Foreign Ministry, has financed any number of European governmental nongovernmental organizations—“GONGOs”—dealing with this mythical double-headed beast of resurgent Nazism and Russian persecution, from Tallinn to Tbilisi.|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-kgb-playbook-for-turning-russians-worldwide-into-agents|title=The KGB Playbook for Turning Russians Worldwide Into Agents|first=Michael|author=Weiss|date=December 29, 2017|accessdate=January 12, 2018|work=[[The Daily Beast]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka inye enyemaka ndị nkịtị si mba ofesi na mgbanwe omenala. Rossotrudnichestvo na-arụ ọrụ na Central Asia, Latin America na [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|Eastern Europe]] (ma ọ na-abụkarị na Commonwealth of Independent States ).

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Emepụtara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ site na ụlọ ọrụ bu ya ụzọ site n'iwu Onye isi ala, nke onye isi ala Russia Dmitry Medvedev bịanyere aka na ya na 6 Septemba 2008, na ebumnuche nke ịnọgide na-enwe mmetụta Russia na Commonwealth of Independent States, na ịkwalite mmekọrịta enyi na enyi maka ọganihu nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba Russia. mmasị na mba ọzọ na mba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2008-09-18/kremlin-reinforces-russias-soft-power-cis|title=The Kremlin reinforces Russia's soft power in the CIS &amp;#124; Centre for Eastern Studies|accessdate=2010-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711085610/http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2008-09-18/kremlin-reinforces-russias-soft-power-cis|archivedate=2011-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dabere na atụmatụ OECD, enyemaka mmepe gọọmentị 2019 sitere na Russia ruru ijeri US $ 1.2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/2dcf1367-en/1/3/2/49/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/2dcf1367-en&amp;_csp_=177392f5df53d89c9678d0628e39a2c2&amp;itemIGO=oecd&amp;itemContentType=book#section-d1e55077|title=Russia &amp;#124; Development Co-operation Profiles – Russia&amp;#124; OECD iLibrary|accessdate=2024-04-15|archivedate=2024-07-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721165031/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/2dcf1367-en/1/3/2/49/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/2dcf1367-en&amp;_csp_=177392f5df53d89c9678d0628e39a2c2&amp;itemIGO=oecd&amp;itemContentType=book#section-d1e55077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị ọkachamara na-ekiri [lower-alpha 2] tụlere Rossotrudnichestvo ka ọ na-ahazi ma na-ahazi nnọkọ ọha na eze pro-Russian, ihe ngosi, na ụgbọ ala gafee Europe n'April 2022 iji kwado mbuso agha Russia wakporo Ukraine . E mere ngagharị iwe n'otu oge na Dublin (Ireland), Berlin, Hanover, Frankfurt (Germany), Limassol (Cyprus), na Atens (Greece). &lt;ref name=&quot;Times-2022-04-16&quot;&gt;[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/1afe5d8e-bce1-11ec-94e5-2197dead5942 Kremlin ‘is behind pro-Russian protests in Europe’] The Times, 2022-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmachi ==
Na Julaị 2022, European Union nyere iwu na Rossotrudnichestvo n'ihe metụtara mbuso agha Russia na Ukraine . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2022/1270 of 21 July 2022|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32022R1270|accessdate=8 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndetu ==
ọha na eze pro-Russian, ihe ngosi, na ụgbọ ala gafee Europe n'April 2022 iji kwado mbuso

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website (in Russian)
* Official website (in English)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Akosua Adoma Owusu</title>
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      <text bytes="50240" sha1="m7umtampo8oxzenljmi8kv418g77842" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} '''kosua Adoma Owusu''' (amuru Jenụwarị 1, 1984) bụ onye [[Ndị America Ghana|Ghana-American]] onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nrụpụta. Ihe nkiri ya na-enyocha njirimara ndị isi ojii kwabatara na America site n'ụdị dị iche iche sitere na edemede cinematic ruo na akụkọ nnwale ruo na mgbasa ozi a ma ama Black wulitere. N'ịkọwa echiche nke &quot; uche abụọ ,&quot; nke ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na onye na-akwado ikike obodo WEB Du Bois chepụtara, Owusu bu n'obi ịmepụta oghere sinima ma ọ bụ nsụhọ nke atọ. N'ọrụ ya, Feminism, queerness, na njirimara [[Afrịka|ndị Africa]] na-emekọrịta ihe na oghere omenala ndị Africa, ndị America ọcha, na ndị ojii America. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu talks about triple consciousness|url=https://www.artforum.com/interviews/akosua-adoma-owusu-talks-about-triple-consciousness-79725|work=ArtForum|accessdate=2019-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinema.utoronto.ca/events/aesthetics-triple-consciousness-interdisciplinary-approaches-films-akosua-adoma-owusu|title=The Aesthetics of Triple Consciousness|work=University of Toronto|accessdate=2019-10-10|first=Julie|author=MacArthur|date=18 September 2019|archivedate=2021-11-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128025238/https://www.cinema.utoronto.ca/events/aesthetics-triple-consciousness-interdisciplinary-approaches-films-akosua-adoma-owusu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ugbu a ọ bụ onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadum Harvard na Pratt Institute na Brooklyn, New York.

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Ndị nne na nna Ghana mụrụ Owusu ma zụlite ya na obodo ndị mbata na Alexandria, Virginia . Ọ bụ ọdụdụ n'ime ụmụnne atọ Grace na Albert A. Owusu, Sr. Owusu nwere akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na School of Film/Video na School of Fine Art si California Institute of Arts, nke ọ nwetara na 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=40 Festivals and Counting: Me Broni Ba (my white baby) on the Film Circuit|url=https://blog.calarts.edu/2010/07/21/40-festivals-and-counting-me-broni-ba-my-white-baby-on-the-film-circuit/|work=California Institute of the Arts|date=21 July 2010|accessdate=2010-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ interdisciplinary na Media Studies &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=School of Cinematic Arts|url=https://cinema.usc.edu/directories/profile.cfm?id=35474&amp;first=&amp;last=&amp;title=&amp;did=17&amp;startpage=1&amp;startrow=1|work=USC Department of Critical Studies|accessdate=2020-06-17|first=Nitin|author=Govil}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Studio Art dị iche na Mahadum Virginia na 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=University of Virginia Arts Magazine - Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://magazine.arts.virginia.edu/stories/hoos-for-art-adoma|work=University of Virginia|accessdate=2015-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Owusu malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye enyemaka mgbe emepụtara ihe na Chris Rock 's HBO documentary &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ME BRONI BA (MY WHITE BABY) - Cinema Guild Non-Theatrical|url=http://store.cinemaguild.com/nontheatrical/product/2358.html|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=store.cinemaguild.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot; Ezi ntutu &quot; (2009). N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbanwere ime ihe nkiri dị nkenke nke onwe ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fowler In Focus: The Art of Hair in Africa|url=https://www.fowler.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Art-of-Hair-Press-Release-_Final_rev-4-17-15.pdf|work=Fowler Museum UCLA|accessdate=2015-01-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
N'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na CalArts na 2008, Owusu bụ onye ama ama &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=On Work: A Selection of Shorts – The Flaherty 2010|url=https://www.nga.gov/content/dam/ngaweb/calendar/film/pdfs/2011/ngafilm-2011-spring.pdf|work=National Gallery of Art|accessdate=2011-06-10|first=Dennis|author=Lim|archivedate=2022-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925061600/https://www.nga.gov/content/dam/ngaweb/calendar/film/pdfs/2011/ngafilm-2011-spring.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=In Praise of Independents: The Flaherty|url=http://www.lisahillart.com/2011/05/screening-me-broni-ba/|work=Lisa Hill|accessdate=2011-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke 56th Robert Flaherty Film Seminar nke onye ama ama na-akatọ na onye na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri Dennis Lim mere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dennis Lim|url=http://dennis-lim.com|work=Dennis Lim|accessdate=2016-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Indiewire'' kpọrọ aha ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nwanyị isii Avant-Garde bụ ndị Redefined Cinema, na otu n'ime ndị Artists Black Huffington Post : 30 Contemporary Art Makers Under 40 You should Know, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=30 Black Artists Under 40 You Should Know|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/26/black-artists-under-40-contemporary-painters-sculptors-performance-race-representation-art_n_2725639.html|work=The Huffington Post|date=26 February 2013|accessdate=2016-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Owusu bụ 2013 MacDowell Colony Fellow &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu - Artist|url=https://www.macdowell.org/artists/akosua-adoma-owusu|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=MacDowell|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 2015 Guggenheim Fellow . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2015 Guggenheim Fellows|url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=2015-10-13|archivedate=2022-12-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214094935/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/akosua-adoma-owusu/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2020, Owusu nwetara ihe nrite Lincoln Center maka ndị nka na-apụta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Emerging Artist Awards|url=http://aboutlincolncenter.org/press-room/release/1213?category_id=recent|work=Lincoln Center|accessdate=2019-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke ihe nkiri nyere na Lincoln Center . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lincoln Center Awards For Emerging Artists|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Photo-Flash-BE-MORE-CHILL-Producer-Jennifer-Ashley-Tepper-and-More-Receive-2020-Emerging-Artist-Awards-at-Lincoln-Center-20200227|work=Broadway World|accessdate=2020-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Indiewire'' kọwara ụdị ihe nkiri na-agbanwe ọdịdị nke Owusu:
 
Ọmụma mmụọ ya dị ka ọ na-akọwa ya, ghọrọ ebe ọpụpụ maka ihe nkiri ya ''Me broni ba'' (nwa ọcha m). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://wiki.uanl.mx/index.php/Ambulante_2010_en_la_UANL|title=2010 Ambulante Documentary Festival: Akosua Adoma Owusu|accessdate=2020-06-03|archivedate=2020-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603163548/http://www.wiki.uanl.mx/index.php/Ambulante_2010_en_la_UANL}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'iji [[Ntụtụ ịsị|ntutu isi]] dị ka usoro [[Culture|omenala]], ọ na-enyocha njirimara na echiche ndị Africa na ndị Africa na America na mgbalị iji dozie esemokwu ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu's Triple Consciousness|url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2010/11/akosua-adoma-owusus-triple-consciousness.html|work=African Women in Cinema|date=23 November 2010|accessdate=2010-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ed Halter, otu n'ime ndị guzobere Light Industry na Brooklyn, depụtara ''Me Broni Ba'' dị ka otu n'ime ihe nkiri iri kacha elu nke 2010 na magazin ''Artforum'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.artforum.com/print/201008/ed-halter-26416|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu / Top Ten|work=artforum.com|accessdate=2010-12-18|first=Ed|author=Halter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O mepụtala ihe nkiri na-enweta ihe nrite gụnyere ''Reluctantly Queer'' (2016) na ''Kwaku Ananse'' . Na 2013, ''Kwaku Ananse'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://grasshopperfilm.vhx.tv/products/kwaku-ananse|title=Grasshopper Film Products: Kwaku Ananse|accessdate=2020-06-03|archivedate=2020-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603163335/https://grasshopperfilm.vhx.tv/products/kwaku-ananse}}&lt;/ref&gt; nwetara nhọpụta ọla edo na Berlinale &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2013/02_programm_2013/02_filmdatenblatt_2013_20135751.html#tab=filmStills 2013 Berlinale, Berlin International Film Festival]&lt;/ref&gt; wee merie 2013 Africa Movie Academy Award &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.indiewire.com/2015/06/interview-akosua-adoma-owusus-kwaku-ananse-at-the-institute-of-contemporary-art-philadelphia-153842/ Interview: Akosua Adoma Owusu's 'Kwaku Ananse']&lt;/ref&gt; maka mba West Africa nke [[Ghana]] na ngalaba ihe nkiri kacha mma. Ihe nkiri ahụ, bụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri Ghana Jojo Abot, kwadoro Focus Features' Africa First, &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAYzvqdDmTc Focus Features: Akosua Adoma Owusu Profile]&lt;/ref&gt; ma nwee mmalite nke North America na 2013 Toronto International Film Festival . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=TIFF 2013: You'll Appreciate This Poster For Akosua Adoma Owusu's 'Kwaku Ananse'|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2013/08/tiff-2013-youll-appreciate-this-poster-for-akosua-adoma-owusus-kwaku-ananse-165869/|work=Indiewire|date=19 August 2013|accessdate=2013-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Triple Consciousness: Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://tiff.net/events/triple-consciousness-films-by-akosua-adoma-owusu|work=Toronto International Film Festival|accessdate=2019-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Higher Learning: Akosua Adoma Owusu on the Art of Adaptation|url=https://www.tiff.net/events/higher-learning-akosua-adoma-owusu-on-the-art-of-adaptation|work=Toronto International Film Festival|accessdate=2019-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agụnyere ''Kwaku Ananse'' na 2013 Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma - César Golden Nights, mmemme a haziri site na nkwado sitere na UNESCO nke na-ahọrọ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi ama ama.

''Achọghị Queer'' (2016) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The New York African Film Festival's &quot;Africa in New York&quot; Shorts|url=http://www.bkmag.com/2016/05/04/new-york-african-film-festival-shorts/|work=Brooklyn Magazine|accessdate=2016-05-04|first=Mark|author=Asch|date=4 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; emepụtara na mmekorita ya na Dr. Kwame Edwin Otu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://woodson.as.virginia.edu/people/profile/eko3q |title=University of Virginia - Carter G. Woodson Institute |accessdate=2024-05-22 |archivedate=2023-01-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127135431/https://woodson.as.virginia.edu/people/profile/eko3q }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Normative Collusions and Amphibious Evasions|url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/news-events/listen-anthropologist-kwame-edwin-otu-normative-collusions-and-amphibious-evasions|work=Swarthmore College|date=2 April 2018|accessdate=2018-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye osote prọfesọ nke [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|African American]] and African Studies na Mahadum Virginia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reluctantly Queer: Sassoi, and the Shifting Paradigms of Masculinity and Sexual Citizenship in the era of neoliberal LGBTIQ politics|url=https://virginia.academia.edu/KwameEdwinOtu|work=Academica.edu|accessdate=2020-02-14|first=Dr. Kwame|author=Otu}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ahọpụtara maka onyinye Golden Bear na Teddy Award. &lt;ref&gt;[https://issuu.com/teddyaward/docs/programm_teddy_2016_lowres 30th Teddy Award Programme Guide 2016]&lt;/ref&gt; na 2016 Berlin International Film Festival. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2016/02_programm_2016/02_Filmdatenblatt_2016_201605738.php#tab=filmStills Berlinale, Berlin International Film Festival]&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nwere mmalite nke North America dị ka akụkụ nke New Directors/New Films Festival . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Best of New Directors/New Films 2016 Might Be These 3 Documentary Shorts|url=https://nonfics.com/the-best-of-new-directors-new-films-2016-might-be-these-3-documentary-shorts-41180dce9472/|work=NonFics|accessdate=2016-05-12|first=Daniel|author=Walber|date=18 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lincolncenter.org/video/574024518064f1795546a664|title=New Directors/New Films 2016 - Film at Lincoln Center|accessdate=2020-06-03|archivedate=2022-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524180339/http://www.lincolncenter.org/video/574024518064f1795546a664}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://boldaslove.us/2016/03/18/new-directorsnew-films-2016-genre-bending-docs-and-experimental-film-march-16-27-in-nyc/|title=New Directors/New Films 2016 – Genre Bending Docs|work=Bold As Love Magazine|accessdate=2016-03-18|first=Curtis Caesar|author=John}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2017, Owusu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://trueafrica.co/article/meet-the-ghanaian-filmmaker-adapting-a-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-novel-to-film/|title=Meet the Ghanaian filmmaker who's adapting Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|work=True Africa.co|accessdate=2016-06-22|first=Priscilla|author=Debar|date=22 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://culturela.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/onlineprnews.com-.pdf |title=New Filmmakers LA - Developing Nations |accessdate=2024-05-22 |archivedate=2023-09-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926030933/https://culturela.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/onlineprnews.com-.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu Will Adapt Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's &quot;On Monday of Last Week&quot;|url=https://womenandhollywood.com/akosua-adoma-owusu-will-adapt-chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-on-monday-of-last-week-91a2eb85878a/|work=Women and Hollywood|accessdate=2016-06-13|first=Casey|author=Cipriani|archivedate=2020-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610144517/https://womenandhollywood.com/akosua-adoma-owusu-will-adapt-chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-on-monday-of-last-week-91a2eb85878a/}}&lt;/ref&gt; dere wee duzie &quot;N'ụbọchị Mọnde nke izu ụka gara aga&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cast for adaptation of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's short story announced|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/on-monday-of-last-week-cast-for-adaptation-of-chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-short-story/s731rx3|work=Pulse Nigeria|date=17 August 2016|accessdate=2016-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Adaptation of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Short Story &quot;On Monday of Last Week&quot;|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/06/bn-tv-watch-trailer-monday-last-week/|work=Bella Naija|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=2017-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Black Panther' Stars Lupita Nyong'o, Danai Gurira To Adapt 'Americanah' Into Miniseries|url=https://www.vibe.com/2018/03/lupita-nyongo-danai-gurira-americanah-miniseries|work=Vibe Magazine|date=March 2018|accessdate=2018-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; ngbanwe ihe nkiri nke obere akụkọ nke otu aha ahụ sitere n'aka onye edemede a ma ama [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|bụ Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.]] nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirisi, &quot;Ihe dị n'olu gị.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chimamanda.com/news_items/short-story-chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-thing-around-neck-adapted-film-ghanaian-director-akosua-adoma-owusu/ Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - Official site]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Is Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie the most influential woman in Africa right now?|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/10/19/africa/chimamanda-adichie-influence-africa/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2016-10-20|first=Phoebe|author=Parke|date=19 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Another Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Story Is Being Adapted Into a Film|url=http://www.essence.com/2016/06/13/akosua-adoma-owusu-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-short-story|work=Essence.com|accessdate=2016-10-18|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri nke gosipụtara [[Actor|onye na-eme ihe nkiri]] America bụ Karyn Parsons kacha mara amara maka ọrụ ya dị ka Hilary Banks na NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, nwetara nhọpụta na 2017 African Movie [[Academy Awards]] . Ihe nkiri ahụ gara n'ihu na ihuenyo na Fowler Museum, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Triple Consciousness of 'On Monday Last Week'|url=https://femmagazine.com/the-triple-consciousness-of-on-monday-last-week-2018/|work=FEM Magazine|accessdate=2018-05-17|first=Jemina|author=Garcia}}&lt;/ref&gt; ICA London &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Daughters of Africa Screen Narratives: Archive Revelations VII|url=https://archive.ica.art/whats-on/daughters-africa-screen-narratives-archive-revelations-vii|work=ICA London|accessdate=2018-06-13|first=June|author=Givanni|archivedate=2018-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624151036/https://archive.ica.art/whats-on/daughters-africa-screen-narratives-archive-revelations-vii}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 25th New York African Film Festival nke ihe nkiri na Lincoln Center kwadoro. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.filmlinc.org/films/selbe-one-among-many/ Safi Faye - Film Society of Lincoln Center]&lt;/ref&gt;

Owusu kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2015 na ''Elle nke South Africa (magazine)'', Owusu kwuru &quot;Amalitere m ịse ihe nkiri na [[Ghana]] dịka ụzọ isi chọta ebe n'ime ihe nketa Ghana m. M na-akpọkarị onwe m dị ka onye Ghana-American, ma m na-ewere onwe m. ịbụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri America nke sitere na agbụrụ Ghana Mgbe m nọ na America, ọ na-adị m ka onye Ghana na-adị m, mgbe m nọ na Ghana, ọ na-adị m ka mụ na ndị enyi m si [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|America]] gaa Ghana iji nyere m aka na mkpasu iwe na-eji oji ma [[Afrịka|n'Africa]] ma n'ebe ndị Africa nọ n'Africa mere ka echiche ịhụnanya banyere kọntinent ahụ dị ka ebe obibi na-echere m ịse ihe nkiri na Ghana, bụ akụkụ nke njem a.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=http://www.elle.co.za/meet-akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=Elle Magazine South Africa|accessdate=2015-09-12|first=Ntombenhle|author=Shezi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527223655/http://www.elle.co.za/meet-akosua-adoma-owusu/|archivedate=2017-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2011, Owusu gosipụtara ọrụ na ''Cusp: Works on Film &amp; Video site Kevin Jerome Everson &amp; Akosua Adoma Owusu'' na Ụlọ Ahịa Ụlọ Ahịa. A na-akpọ &quot;mmetụta chiri anya na ezigbo nghọta nke ọhụụ nke ọgụgụ isi bara uru&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Whip My Hair|url=http://www.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/whip-my-hair/Content?oid=2180113|work=SF Weekly|accessdate=2016-02-18|first=Hiya|author=Swanhuyser|archivedate=2016-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803181134/http://www.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/whip-my-hair/Content?oid=2180113}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihe ngosi a gụnyere ''ikpughe mgbọrọgwụ'', mmeghari nke dị jụụ nke otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị egwu sitere na Alex Haley 's ''Roots (1977 miniseries)'' na-ejikọta achọta. ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri kpakpando Owusu na ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri Africa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://archive.freewaves.org/video_tags/history |title=LA Freewaves Archive - Revealing Roots |accessdate=2024-05-22 |archivedate=2024-05-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527054022/http://archive.freewaves.org/video_tags/history }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enyerela ihe nkiri Grasshopper LLC akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ọrụ Owusu. &lt;ref&gt;[http://store.grasshopperfilm.com/triple-consciousness-films-by-akosua-adoma-owusu.html Grasshopper Film: Akosua Adoma Owusu]&lt;/ref&gt;

Farber Law LLC nọchitere ya.

Emepụtara ihe nkiri ya n'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ ya bụ Obibini Pictures LLC.

== Nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide ==
Ọrụ ya gụnyere na mkpokọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Whitney Museum of American Art, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://collection.whitney.org/artist/14667/AkosuaAdomaOwusu|title=Whitney Museum Collections|accessdate=2018-09-09|archivedate=2018-09-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014808/http://collection.whitney.org/artist/14667/AkosuaAdomaOwusu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Center Georges Pompidou, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/agenda/event.action?param.id=FR_R-fe46d1a3df9ce4b6ad849cd7721fb87&amp;param.idSource=FR_E-fe46d1a3df9ce4b6ad849cd7721fb87|title=Global(e) Resistance - Centre Pompidou Collections|accessdate=2020-06-03|archivedate=2020-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103123126/https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/agenda/event.action?param.id=FR_R-fe46d1a3df9ce4b6ad849cd7721fb87&amp;param.idSource=FR_E-fe46d1a3df9ce4b6ad849cd7721fb87}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Fowler Museum na UCLA . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Film Screening and Artist Talk: Akosua Adoma Owusu at Fowler Museum at UCLA|url=https://curate.la/event.php?id=3781|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=curate.la|archivedate=2023-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127135750/https://curate.la/event.php?id=3781}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri Rex ==
N'afọ 2013, Owusu malitere atụmatụ Kickstarter zuru ụwa ọnụ iji 'Save the Rex'! &lt;ref&gt;[https://vimeo.com/81255397 Akosua Adoma Owusu: Life &amp; Save the Rex Project Part 1]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Filmmaker battles to save historic Ghana cinema|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/filmmaker-battles-to-save-historic-ghana-cinema-19978618.html|work=Yahoo US|date=22 November 2013|accessdate=2013-11-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Filmmaker hoping to rejuvenate Ghana's dilapidated old cinemas|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuEwUkOmsno|work=AFP news agency|accessdate=2013-10-27|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cinema Rex bụ otu n'ime ụlọ sinima kacha ochie na Ghana. N'oge enweghị nchekwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Ghana na 60s, 70s na 80s, enwere mbelata na Arts. Ụlọ ihe nkiri niile mechiri n'ihi mpụ ndị agha na iwu na-alọta . Owusu chọrọ ichekwa ụlọ sinima Rex maka ichekwa ụlọ sinima. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reimagining Ghana's Cinemaspace|url=https://africasacountry.com/2013/11/reimagining-ghanas-cinemaspace|work=Africa is a Country|accessdate=2013-11-13|first=Zachary|author=Rosen}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2016, Owusu mepụtara ihe ngosi ihuenyo dabere na mgbasa ozi ya zuru ụwa ọnụ iji chekwaa Rex Cinema &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana : La jeune réalisatrice américano-ghanéenne Akosua Adoma Owusu fait revivre le Rex Cinéma|url=https://www.opinion-internationale.com/2014/02/04/ghana-la-jeune-realisatrice-americano-ghaneenne-akosua-adoma-owusu-fait-revivre-le-rex-cinema_22035.html|work=Opinion Internationale|date=4 February 2014|accessdate=2014-02-04|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.kuwaittimes.net/pdf/2013/nov/23/p24.pdf |title=Kuwait Times |accessdate=2024-05-22 |archivedate=2021-09-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923172239/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/pdf/2013/nov/23/p24.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana: une réalisatrice se bat pour sauver le cinéma Rex|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/26491/politique/ghana-une-realisatrice-se-bat-pour-sauver-le-cinema-rex/|work=Jeune Afrique|date=27 November 2013|accessdate=2013-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Ghana na Camargo Foundation na Cassis, France. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Owusu|first=Akosua Adoma|title=Camargo Foundation|url=http://camargofoundation.org/programs/partnership-programs/jerome-foundation/art-matters/2016/akosua-adoma-owusu/|accessdate=2016-10-09|work=The Camargo Foundation - Save the Rex}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Save the Rex|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5734222/?ref_=nm_knf_i4|work=IMDb|accessdate=2018-10-10|first=Akosua Adoma|author=Owusu}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2017, ''The Guardian'' kwuputara na Owusu na-arụ ọrụ na ndụ nke ndụ n'ezie, ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo banyere mkpọsa ya iji weghachi ihe nkiri Rex mere eme. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Accra at 60: concrete heads and colonial questions in Ghana's capital|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/06/accra-60-independence-birthday-parade-arts-colonisation-ghana|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2017-03-09|first=Alice|author=McCool|date=6 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmezu nke mba ụwa ==
N'afọ 2015, ihe nkiri abụọ nke Owusu duziri ma mepụta bụ ihe ndị nkatọ nwetara na magazin Artforum . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sutton|first=Kate|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu / Critics' Picks|url=http://artforum.com/picks/id=56161|accessdate=2016-02-18|work=artforum.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nkiri Owusu ''Reluctantly Queer'' bụ otu n'ime ihe nkiri kacha mma nke ndị nkatọ na 2016 na Sight &amp;amp;amp; Sound, akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe nkiri na-ebipụta kwa ọnwa nke British Film Institute (BFI) bipụtara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The best films of 2016.|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk//best-films-2016|work=Sight &amp; Sound Magazine|accessdate=2016-12-20|language=en-US|archivedate=2016-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130185646/http://www.bfi.org.uk/best-films-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2016, ndị [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|Britain]] Royal African Society kpọrọ Owusu ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ nke izu ha yana ''Elle nke South Africa (magazine)'' kpọrọ ya dịka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 50 na-enweghị atụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What's Trending #014: Human of the Week|url=http://whatsonafrica.org/whats-trending-014/|accessdate=2016-08-07|work=Whatsonafrica.org|date=4 August 2016|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218205209/http://whatsonafrica.org/whats-trending-014/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2017, akpọrọ aha ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Dazed'' dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nnwale nnwale na-agbakọ nnukwu isiokwu ụwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ten experimental filmmakers tackling the world's big topics|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/34976/1/filmmakers-experimenting-with-big-subjects|work=Dazed.com|date=2 March 2017|accessdate=2017-03-09|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2018, Cobo Center nyere Owusu ọrụ ka o mepụta ntinye vidiyo n'akụkụ Jefferson na Washington avenues na ogbe ndịda Detroit, Michigan n'oge ọnwa akụkọ ihe mere eme ojii. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-03-09|title=Video game art dances across Cobo Center marquee as part of yearlong series|url=https://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20180309/news/654786/video-game-art-dances-across-cobo-center-marquee-as-part-of-yearlong|accessdate=2023-02-17|work=Crain's Detroit Business|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enyere Owusu onye na-ese ihe na-ebi ndụ site na Goethe-Institut Vila Sul na Salvador, Bahia [[Brazil]], na 2018, tinyere onye na-ese ihe nrụnye Britain na onye na-ese ihe nkiri Isaac Julien . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu - 04/06 - 27/07/2018 - Goethe-Institut Brasilien|url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/br/en/sta/sal/ueb/vil/ako.html|accessdate=2023-02-17|work=www.goethe.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Owusu sonyeere dị ka onye ọka iwu ama ama na mmemme ihe nkiri Ann Arbor nke afọ 57 wee gosi mmemme pụrụ iche nke raara nye ọrụ ya. 

Na 2019, o duuru ogbako maka ndị na-ese ihe nkiri, ndị nkatọ na ndị nyocha na Amamihe Triple na Cinema Camp &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cinema Camp|url=https://www.cinema.camp/en|work=Electrified Identities|accessdate=2019-09-12|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418054211/https://www.cinema.camp/en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mmemme ogologo ụbọchị anọ kwa afọ nke Meno Avilys Film Center nke dabere na Vilnius, [[Lithunia|Lithuania]] haziri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Iš Ganos kilusi režisierė A. A. Owusu|url=https://www.zmones.lt/naujiena/is-ganos-kilusi-rezisiere-a-a-owusu-mes-afrikos-filmu-kurejai-turime-pasiulyti-kinui-kazka-autentisko.87280837-b99f-11e9-a421-aa000054c883|work=ŽMONĖS|accessdate=2019-08-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nkiri Owusu bụ ''White Afro'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=White Afro|url=https://www.locarnofestival.ch/en/pardo/program/archive/2019/film?fid=1111691&amp;eid=72&amp;|work=Locarno Film Festival|accessdate=2019-08-30|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-08-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819042347/https://www.locarnofestival.ch/en/pardo/program/archive/2019/film?fid=1111691&amp;eid=72&amp;}}&lt;/ref&gt; nwetara ihe nrite Premio Medien Patent Verwaltung AG na Pardi di domani (Leopards of Tomorrow) ngalaba nke 2019 Locarno Festival &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Locarno Open Doors 2014|url=https://www.rsi.ch/news/vita-quotidiana/ciak-news/Il-programma-completo-della-67esima-edizione-1461910.html/BINARY/Il%20programma%20completo%20della%2067esima%20edizione|work=Festival del film Locarno|accessdate=2014-08-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Locarno open doors to Sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://variety.com/2012/film/news/locarno-open-doors-to-sub-saharan-africa-1118053160/|work=Variety|date=26 April 2012|accessdate=2012-04-26|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Switzerland]] . Edere ihe nkiri a n'asụsụ etiti Europe atọ.

Ihe nkiri Owusu ''Pelourinho: Ha anaghị eche banyere anyị n'ezie'' bụ otu n'ime ihe nkiri kacha mma nke ndị nkatọ na 2019 na magazin Sight &amp; Sound nke British Film Institute (BFI) bipụtara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The best films of 2019.|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/polls-surveys/annual-round-ups/best-films-2019-all-votes|work=Sight &amp; Sound Magazine|accessdate=2019-12-20|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara ==

* 2020: ''Akosua Adoma Owusu: Welcome to the Jungle'' at the Museum of Modern Art Documentary Fortnight&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MoMA Documentary Fortnight|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/6387|work=Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=2020-02-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Akosua Adoma Owusu: Welcome to the Jungle'' at Contemporary Arts Center (New Orleans)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Contemporary Arts Center New Orleans|url=https://cacno.org/welcometothejungle|work=Contemporary Arts Center New Orleans|accessdate=2020-02-03|archivedate=2021-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028072648/https://cacno.org/welcometothejungle}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Akosua Adoma Owusu: Welcome to the Jungle'' at Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts|url=https://wattis.org/view?id=687|work=CCA Wattis Institute|accessdate=2019-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Between Three Worlds: Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at REDCAT&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=REDCAT|url=https://www.redcat.org/event/between-three-worlds-films-akosua-adoma-owusu|work=REDCAT(Roy and Edna Disney/CalArts Theater)|accessdate=2018-12-28|archivedate=2022-05-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516084645/https://www.redcat.org/event/between-three-worlds-films-akosua-adoma-owusu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Triple Consciousness: Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yerba Buena Center for the Arts|url=http://www.sfcinematheque.org/screenings/triple-consciousness-films-by-akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=SF Cinematheque|accessdate=2019-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Sala de Video: Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the São Paulo Museum of Art&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Video room: Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://masp.org.br/en/exhibitions/video-room-akosua-adoma-owusu|work=Museu de Arte de São Paulo|accessdate=2019-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Afro-Atlantic Histories|url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/204006/histrias-afro-atlnticas/|work=Museu de Arte de São Paulo|accessdate=2018-09-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Triple Consciousness: Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Institute for Contemporary Art, Richmond&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Institute for Contemporary Art|url=https://icavcu.org/films/short-film-showcase-akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=Institute for Contemporary Art(ICA)|accessdate=2019-03-14|archivedate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217224129/https://icavcu.org/films/short-film-showcase-akosua-adoma-owusu/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Screening: Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Screening: Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://mcachicago.org/Calendar/2019/01/Screening-Akosua-Adoma-Owusu|work=MCA Chicago|accessdate=2018-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: ''Triple Consciousness'' at BOZAR, Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Triple Consciousness: Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://www.bozar.be/en/activities/147402-triple-consciousness|work=BOZAR Cinema|accessdate=2018-05-11|archivedate=2020-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810055234/https://www.bozar.be/en/activities/147402-triple-consciousness}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: ''African Twilight'' at the Bowers Museum;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Twilight|url=https://www.bowers.org/index.php/component/yendifevents/event/1735-kwaku-ananse-screening-and-live-performance-by-baba-the-storyteller|work=African Twilight|accessdate=2018-09-15|archivedate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217224129/https://www.bowers.org/index.php/component/yendifevents/event/1735-kwaku-ananse-screening-and-live-performance-by-baba-the-storyteller}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: ''Fragments of a Dream'' at the McNay Art Museum;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fragments of a Dream|url=https://www.mcnayart.org/exhibitions/upcoming/fragments-of-a-dream|work=McNay Art Museum|accessdate=2018-06-15|archivedate=2018-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624150923/https://www.mcnayart.org/exhibitions/upcoming/fragments-of-a-dream}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: ''Screening and Conversation with Director Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Fowler Museum at UCLA;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=On Monday of Last Week|url=https://www.fowler.ucla.edu/events/screening-conversation-monday-last-week-akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=Fowler Museum|accessdate=2018-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akosua Adoma Owusu - John Simon Memorial Foundation|url=https://www.gf.org/news/events/akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=2018-04-17|archivedate=2022-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123211850/https://www.gf.org/news/events/akosua-adoma-owusu/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: ''Akosua Adoma Owusu and Bus Nut'' at the Atlanta Contemporary Art Center;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Atlanta Contemporary Art Center|url=https://atlantacontemporary.org/exhibitions/akosua-adoma-owusu|work=Atlanta Contemporary|accessdate=2017-06-05|archivedate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217224542/https://atlantacontemporary.org/exhibitions/akosua-adoma-owusu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: ''Making Africa: Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Voices of African Cinema - Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=http://www.cccb.org/en/participants/file/akosua-adoma-owusu/223091|work=Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona|accessdate=2016-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Making Africa - Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=http://www.cccb.org/en/activities/file/new-voices-of-african-cinema-akosua-adoma-owusu/223059|work=Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona - Akosua Adoma Owusu|accessdate=2016-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: ''Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at Tabakalera&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tabakalera|url=https://www.tabakalera.eu/en/akosua-adoma-owusu|work=Tabakalera|accessdate=2016-04-06|archivedate=2019-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411052826/https://www.tabakalera.eu/en/akosua-adoma-owusu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: ''Encuentro con Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Encuentro con Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=http://www.laguiago.com/evento/encuentro-akosua-adoma-owusu-musac/|work=MUSAC|date=7 April 2016|accessdate=2016-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: ''L'évènement Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Centre Georges Pompidou&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=L'évènement Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/c45yK9a/rx5XKMR|work=Centre Pompidou|accessdate=2016-09-03|archivedate=2018-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624150435/https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/c45yK9a/rx5XKMR}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: ''Triple Consciousness'' at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Triple Consciousness: Films of Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://www.cinemahtx.org/3889-2/|work=Houston Cinema Arts Society|date=26 October 2016|accessdate=2016-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Billy Woodberry - Bless Their Little Hearts|url=https://www.cinemahtx.org/introduction-to-the-2016-program/|work=Houston Cinema Arts Festival|date=26 October 2016|accessdate=2016-10-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: ''Dreamlands: Immersive Cinema and Art, 1905–2016'' at the Whitney Museum of American Art&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dreamlands: Afrofuturism - Whitney Museum|url=https://whitney.org/Events/Afrofuturism|work=Whitney Museum of American Art|accessdate=2016-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dreamlands: Pain Revisited - Whitney Museum|url=https://whitney.org/Events/PainRevisited|work=Whitney Museum of American Art|accessdate=2016-12-12|archivedate=2020-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028032813/https://whitney.org/Events/PainRevisited}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: ''Modern Mondays: An Evening with Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Museum of Modern Art&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=An Evening With Akosua Adoma Owusu - MoMA|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/1621|work=Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=2015-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: ''Existential Crisis'' at the Rochester Art Center&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rochester Art Center|url=http://rochesterartcenter.org/exhibition/akosua-adoma-owusu/|accessdate=2015-12-11|archivedate=2021-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614050241/https://rochesterartcenter.org/exhibition/akosua-adoma-owusu/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: ''America Is Hard to See'' at the Whitney Museum of American Art&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=America is Hard To See|url=https://whitney.org/Exhibitions/AmericaIsHardToSee|work=Whitney Museum of American Art|accessdate=2015-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=24700 News from CalArts|url=http://blog.calarts.edu/2015/04/20/calartians-named-2015-guggenheim-fellows/|work=California Institute of the Arts|date=20 April 2015|accessdate=2015-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: ''The Art of Hair in Africa'' at the Fowler Museum at UCLA&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fowler in Focus: The Art of Hair in Africa|url=https://www.fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/fowler-focus-art-hair-africa/|work=Fowler Museum at UCLA|accessdate=2015-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: ''Two Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at Art and Practice &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=In Conversation: Njideka Akunyili Crosby and Akosua Adoma Owusu with Jamillah James|url=https://www.artandpractice.org/public-programs/in-conversation-njideka-akunyili-crosby-and-akosua-adoma-owusu-with-jamillah-james/|work=Art and Practice|accessdate=2015-09-24|archivedate=2020-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603163249/https://www.artandpractice.org/public-programs/in-conversation-njideka-akunyili-crosby-and-akosua-adoma-owusu-with-jamillah-james/}}&lt;/ref&gt; in association with the Hammer Museum&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Off-Site Program: In Conversation: Njideka Akunyili Crosby and Akosua Adoma Owusu|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/programs-events/2015/09/off-site-program-in-conversation-njideka-akunyili-crosby-and-akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=Hammer Museum|date=24 September 2015|accessdate=2015-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: ''Do/Tell'' at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Do/Tell|url=https://icaphila.org/exhibitions/do-tell-erin-bernard-heather-hart-rachelle-mozman-and-akosua-adoma-owusu/|work=ICA Philadelphia|date=8 March 2015|accessdate=2015-09-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014: ''Prospect.3: Notes for Now'' New Orleans Triennial&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prospect.3|url=https://www.artforum.com/inprint/issue=201501&amp;id=49428|work=artforum.com|accessdate=2015-01-13|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013: ''Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' at the Moderna Museet&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CinemAfrica - Moderna Museet|url=https://www.modernamuseet.se/stockholm/sv/aktiviteter/cinemafrica-filmfestival/|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012: ''Fore'' at the Studio Museum in Harlem&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fore - Smithsonian Libraries|url=https://siris-libraries.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1546O9V395595.39270&amp;profile=liball&amp;source=~!silibraries&amp;view=subscriptionsummary&amp;uri=full=3100001~!1025889~!1&amp;ri=2&amp;aspect=Keyword&amp;menu=search&amp;ipp=20&amp;spp=20&amp;staffonly=&amp;term=akosua+adoma+owusu&amp;index=GW&amp;uindex=&amp;aspect=Keyword&amp;menu=search&amp;ri=2|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012: ''The Bearden Project'' at the Studio Museum in Harlem&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Beardenmania|url=http://gailgregg.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/Beardenmania.pdf|work=ARTnews|accessdate=2012-06-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Bearden Project|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/841590034|oclc=841590034|accessdate=2012-12-20|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: ''VideoStudio: Changing Same'' at the Studio Museum in Harlem&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=VideoStudio: Changing Same|url=https://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/videostudio/changing-same|accessdate=2010-11-12|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230025935/https://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/videostudio/changing-same|archivedate=2018-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: ''Quadruple Consciousness'' at the Vox Populi (art gallery)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Quadruple Consciousness|url=http://voxpopuligallery.org/exhibitions/quadruple-consciousness/|work=voxpopuligallery.org|accessdate=2011-01-06|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217224928/http://voxpopuligallery.org/exhibitions/quadruple-consciousness/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: ''30 Seconds Off an Inch'' at the Studio Museum in Harlem&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Beating Heart of Social Import|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/11/arts/design/11inch.html|work=NY Times|accessdate=2009-12-10|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: ''Me Broni Ba'' at the Museum of Modern Art Documentary Fortnight &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MoMA Documentary Fortnight|url=http://press.moma.org/wp-content/press-archives/PRESS_RELEASE_ARCHIVE/DocMonth_Release.pdf|work=Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=2009-02-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Award
!Work
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2005
|Virginia Film Festival
|''Ajube Kete''
|Ken Jacobs Award for Best Experimental Short Film
|Won
|
|-
|2008
|Berlin International Film Festival
|''Me Broni Ba/My White Baby''
|Berlinale Talent Campus
|Won
|
|-
|2008
|California Institute of the Arts
|''Good Hair''
|Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences Grant
|Won
|
|-
|2008
|Detroit Docs
|''Intermittent Delight''
|Most Progressive Filmmaker Award
|Won
|
|-
|2008
|Mexico International Film Festival
|''Me Broni Ba/My White Baby''
|Silver Palm Award
|Won
|
|-
|2009
|[[Athens International Film and Video Festival]]
|''Me Broni Ba/My White Baby''
|Best Documentary Short
|Won
|
|-
|2009
|Chicago Underground Film Festival
|''Me Broni Ba/My White Baby''
|Best Documentary Short
|Won
|
|-
|2010
|Robert J. Flaherty Film Seminar
|Work
|Featured Artist
|Won
|
|-
|2010
|Real Life Documentary Festival
|''Me Broni Ba/My White Baby''
|Special Jury Mention, Best Short Film
|Won
|
|-
|2011
|Black Maria Film Festival
|''Drexciya''
|Jury's Citation Prize
|Won
|
|-
|2011
|African Film Festival, Tarifa
|''Drexciya''
|Special Jury Mention
|Won
|
|-
|2011
|Expresión en Corto International Film Festival
|''Drexciya''
|Best Experimental Short
|Won
|
|-
|2012
|Focus Features Africa First
|''Kwaku Ananse''
|Production Grant
|Won
|
|-
|2012
|Creative Capital Foundation
|''Black Sunshine''
|Film/Video Grant
|Won
|
|-
|2012
|Art Matters Foundation
|''Kwaku Ananse''
|Post-Production Grant
|Won
|
|-
|2013
|Ann Arbor Film Festival
|''Split Ends, I Feel Wonderful''
|Most Promising Filmmaker Prize
|Won
|
|-
|2013
|Berlin International Film Festival
|''Kwaku Ananse''
|Golden Bear Best Short Film
|Nominated
|
|-
|2013
|Africa Movie Academy Award
|''Kwaku Ananse''
|Best Short Film
|Won
|
|-
|2013
|Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma
|''Kwaku Ananse''
|Best Short Film of the Year
|Won
|
|-
|2013
|Arte International Prize
|''Black Sunshine''
|Development Grant
|Won
|
|-
|2013
|MacDowell Colony Fellowship
|''Black Sunshine''
|Screenwriting Grant
|Won
|
|-
|2014
|Berlin International Film Festival
|''Black Sunshine''
|Production Grant
|Won
|
|-
|2015
|Association Cinémas et Cultures d'Afrique
|''Kwaku Ananse''
|Special Jury Mention
|Won
|
|-
|2015
|John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
|''Black Sunshine''
|Guggenheim Fellowship
|Won
|
|-
|2015
|Tribeca Film Institute
|''Black Sunshine''
|Tribeca All Access Development Grant
|Won
|
|-
|2016
|Berlin International Film Festival
|''Reluctantly Queer''
|Golden Bear for Best Short Film
|Nominated
|
|-
|2016
|Berlin International Film Festival
|''Reluctantly Queer''
|Teddy Award for Best Short Film
|Nominated
|
|-
|2016
|Baltimore International Black Film Festival
|''Reluctantly Queer''
|Audience Award for Best International Short Film
|Won
|
|-
|2016
|The Camargo Foundation
|''Save the Rex''
|Travel Grant
|Won
|
|-
|2017
|Africa Movie Academy Award
|''On Monday of Last Week''
|Best Short Film
|Nominated
|
|-
|2018
|Pratt Institute
|''On Monday of Last Week''
|Mellon Research Grant
|Won
|
|-
|2018
|International Short Film Festival Oberhausen
|Oberhausen Film Seminar
|Featured Artist
|Won
|
|-
|2018
|Goethe-Institut Vila Sul Salvador-Bahia
|''Black Sunshine''
|Artist-in-Residence
|Won
|
|-
|2018
|Cobo Center Marquee Video Art Series
|''Intermittent Delight''
|John S. and James L. Knight Foundation
|Won
|
|-
|2019
|Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts
|''Akosua Adoma Owusu: Welcome to the Jungle''
|The Westridge Foundation
|Won
|
|}

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
|2005
|''Ajube Kete''
|writer, director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2006
|''Tea 4 Two''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2007
|''Intermittent Delight''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2008
|'' Revealing Roots''
|actress, director, producer
|-
|2008
|''Boyant: A Michael Jordan in a Speedo is Far Beyond the Horizon''
|actress, producer
|-
|2009
|''Me Broni Ba''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2010-11
|''Drexciya''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2012
|''Split Ends, I Feel Wonderful''
|director, producer
|-
|2013
|''Kwaku Ananse''
|writer, director, producer
|-
|2015
|''Bus Nut''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2016
|''Reluctantly Queer''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2017
|''On Monday of Last Week''
|writer, director, producer
|-
|2018
|''Mahogany Too''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2019
|''Pelourinho: They Don't Really Care About Us''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2019
|''White Afro''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2020
|''King of Sanwi''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|in production
|''Black Sunshine'' (feature film)
|writer, director, producer
|-
|}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* Owusu, Akosua Adoma, na Adwoa Adu-Gyamfi. ''Me broni ba'' . New York, NY: [http://store.cinemaguild.com/nontheatrical/product/2358.html Cinema Guild] (2009).
* Baron, Jaimi. ''Akụkụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị: Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke oge a na-ama aka arụ ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị site na ntinye aka.'' [http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7mw7m95b] Ụlọ ọrụ UCLA maka ọmụmụ ihe ụmụ nwanyị (2009).
* Birchall, Danny. ''Ihe Ekwuru Ọzọ'' (2010) [https://online.ucpress.edu/fq/article/63/3/55/41775/Things-Said-Again Ihe nkiri Nkeji nkeji 63, mbipụta 3], pg. 55-57
* Nelmes, Jill. ''Okwu mmalite nke ọmụmụ ihe nkiri'' (2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=AnGrAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22erie%22+%2B+%22akosua+adoma+owusu%22&amp;pg=PT620]
* Dovey, Lindiwe. ''Mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị Africa na ihe nkiri'' (2012) [https://web.archive.org/web/20220119221237/http://www.agi.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/429/feminist_africa_journals/archive/16/fa16_full_pub.pdf], p.&amp;nbsp;18-23.
* Nkpuchi, Mia, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dX-kvyCFVF0C&amp;q=%2522erie%2522%2520%252&amp;pg=PA140 Ihe nkiri Black American nke oge a: agbụrụ, okike na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na ihe nkiri] (2012).
* Kendall, Nzingha, [http://muse.jhu.edu/article/525956 Commentary: Haunting in Akosua Adoma Owusu's Short Experimental Films] (2013). ''Igwefoto ojii''
* Agyeman, Erica. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210509162156/https://www.festivaldecurtasbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/20_FESTCURTASBH_online.pdf Akosua Adoma Owusu: Na-enyocha 'Threeness] Archived  &lt;/link&gt; , ''Nlebanya mba ụwa nke Art African American Art'' 24.3 (2013), 11–13.
* Prabhu, Anjali. ''Cinema nke oge a nke Africa na ndị mba ọzọ'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZ5kAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=akosua+adoma+owusu&amp;pg=PT307] (2014).
* Laderman, David. ''Mgbasa ozi nlele'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=B0WkAgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22control%22+%2B+%22akosua+adoma+owusu%22&amp;pg=PA179] (2014).
* UNESCO. ''Egalité des genres: patrimoine et créativité'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=brsPBgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Cinemas+D%E2%80%99Afrique+%2B+akosua+adoma+owusu&amp;pg=PA109] (2014).
* Ellerson, Beti. ''Ọchịchị Gaze: Ihe nkiri na Feminisms n'Africa'' (2015) [https://books.google.com/books?id=3DZjDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22akosua+adoma+owusu%22+%22triple+consciousness%22&amp;pg=PT50]
* Johnson, Elizabeth. ''Akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị na Nollywood Melodramas'' (2016) [https://books.google.com/books?id=x4vpDAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22akosua+adoma+owusu%22+%22triple+consciousness%22&amp;pg=PA113], p.&amp;nbsp;113.
* Kelly, Gabrielle. ''Celuloid Ceiling: Ndị isi ihe nkiri ụmụ nwanyị na-agbaji'' (2018) [https://books.google.com/books?id=N0KeDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Celluloid+Ceiling%3A+Women+Film+Directors+Breaking+Through+%2B+%22akosua+adoma+owusu%22&amp;pg=PT24]
* Lené Hole, Kristin. ''Ihe nkiri Feminisms: Okwu Mmalite zuru ụwa ọnụ'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=QCBtDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22akosua+adoma+owusu%22+ajube+kete&amp;pg=PT251] (2018).
* Bisschoff, Lizelle. ''Womenmụ nwanyị nọ na sinima Africa: gafere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ahụ.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=4aS-DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Lizelle+Bisschoff+%2B+%22akosua+adoma+owusu%22&amp;pg=PT127] (2019).
* Nyeck, SN ''Routledge Handbook of Queer African Studies'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=lkPBDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=reluctantly+queer+akosua+adoma+owusu&amp;pg=PT10] (2019).
* Williams, James S. ''Ethics and Aesthetics in Contemporary African Cinema: The Politics of Beauty'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=rrGIDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=reluctantly+queer+akosua+adoma+owusu&amp;pg=PA179] (2019).
* Dasilva, Dax. ''Afọ nke Njikọ: Igniting The Changemaker'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=eD7YDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=akosua+adoma+owusu&amp;pg=PT98] (2020).
* Huberman, Anthony. ''Abbas ka Yuki: Ide n'akụkụ ihe ngosi'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=lMNLzAEACAAJ] (2020).

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* [http://akosuaadoma.com/ Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị]
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3113362/?ref_=tt_ov_dr/ Akosua Adoma Owusu] at the [[IMDb|Internet Movie Database]]
* [https://mubi.com/cast/akosua-adoma-owusu/ Akosua Adoma Owusu] na MUBI
* Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ojii
* Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Ghana

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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  <page>
    <title>Adam Broomberg</title>
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      <text bytes="21127" sha1="7k3fdk0k5sp7w827lwqjpnyqzzeqqik" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Adam Broomberg, Photographer.png|thumb|Adam Broomberg, Photographer.|304x304px]]
Adam Broomberg (amuru Nọvemba 11, 1970) bu onye omenka South-Africa, onye nkuzi nka na onye na-eme ihe ike ugbu a na Berlin, Germany .  Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye nhazi nke NGO Artists + Allies x Hebron n' maida onye na-akwado Palestine Issa Amro .  [1] Ụgbụ Broomberg na- kpàkpa aka nke tre, ike, na nnochite anya nke eziokwu n'ime ọha mmadụ nke oge a.  N'agbanyeghị ọrụ ya nke ọma, ọ ori na-agba mbọ ịma aka ike dị ugbu a na iji nkà eme ihe dị ka ụzọ isi kwalite mgbanwe mmadụ.  Ọrụ ya na-aga n'ihu na-akpali ma kpasuo ndị na-ekiri ya, na-akpọ ha òkù ka ha okpukpe ụwa gbara ha gburugburu ma chee eziokwu na-adịghị mma.&lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;O tolitere na mpaghara ndị agha n'oge oge Apartheid, nke nwere ike dị ukwuu n'ihe nka ya mechara.  N obodo Broomberg n'ime obodo kewapụrụ mere ka ọ mara maka akara ahaghị n'etiti nsogbu na ma kpalie ike ya ịma aka ndị bụ isi site n'ahụ ya.  &lt;/link&gt; &amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Na 1998, Broomberg nzere nzere bachelọ nke Arts na Fine Art na Mahadum Cape Town .  O mechara ịchụso Master of Fine Arts na Goldsmiths, Mahadum London, [1] ebe ọ zutere Oliver Chanarin, nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya ga-abụ onye na-emekọ ihe ọnụ mgbe niile.

== Ọrụ nkuzi na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Broomberg na-akụzi ma jidekwa ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche.

Ọ bụ prọfesọ nke foto na Hochschule für bildende Künste (HFBK) na Hamburg, Germany, site na 2015 ruo 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Door|first=Lukas|date=2021-06-04|title=Kunsthochschule trennt sich von Dozenten: Kunst als Kampfplatz|language=de|work=Die Tageszeitung: taz|url=https://taz.de/!5772009/|accessdate=2023-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye otu ngalaba na Photography &amp; Society na Royal Academy of Art (KABK na Hague (usoro ọ rụpụtara). Nkwenye nke Broomberg n'ịgụ akwụkwọ gafere klaasị, ebe ọ na-edukarị nkuzi na nkuzi na ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa. &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mmekọrịta ya na Oliver Chanarin ==
Na Nwanyị 2000s ọ ihe ngosi okike ya na onye omenkà ibe ya Oliver Chanarin ( eje na London, 1971).  [1] Enyere abụọ ihe nrite Deutsche Börse Photography maka akara ha bụ War Primer 2 .  [2] A na-eme emume ọrụ ha n'ihi ike isi isi ya, nka nka, na ike ike emetụta ụka bara uru.  [3] Ọtụtụ ihe ngosi, ọrụ na-esitela na edemede a ruo mgbe ha kewara azụ azụ na Barcelona : &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=O'Toole|first=Sean|title=An obituary, of sorts, for the 'death' of artist duo Adam Broomberg &amp; Oliver Chanarin - 1854 Photography|url=https://www.1854.photography/2021/02/an-obituary-of-sorts-for-the-end-of-artist-duo-broomberg-chanarin/|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=British Journal of Photography|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe ngosi ===

==== 2021 ====

* ''The Late Estate Broomberg &amp; Chanarin'', Fabra i Coats Center D'Art Contemporani, Barcelona, Spain &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-01|title=Spring Is Here: Brilliant Things To Do This March|url=https://www.anothermag.com/design-living/13138/brilliant-things-to-do-this-march|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=AnOther|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2019 ====

* ''Ahụhụ sitere na Wit'', Ụlọ ihe nkiri Synthesis, Berlin, Germany &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Woe From Wit - Exhibition at synthesis gallery in Berlin|url=https://www.artrabbit.com/events/woe-from-wit|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=ArtRabbit|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2018 ====

* ''Broomberg &amp; Chanarin: Ime ihe ike Chineke'', Center Georges Pompidou, Paris, France &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Photography Exhibition - Broomberg &amp; Chanarin. Divine violence|url=https://loeildelaphotographie.com/en/event/broomberg-chanarin-divine-violence/|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=The Eye of Photography Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ọdịnihu fig'', izu 3 / Broomberg &amp; Chanarin, Kettles Yard, Cambridge, UK &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=fig-futures, WEEK 3 / BROOMBERG &amp; CHANARIN, 25 – 29 September 2018|url=https://www.kettlesyard.co.uk/fig-futures-week-3/|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=Kettle's Yard|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728143840/https://www.kettlesyard.co.uk/fig-futures-week-3/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bande mma, ọ bụghị ọnya, Nogueras Blanchard Gallery, Madrid, Spain &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nogueras Blanchard|url=https://www.noguerasblanchard.com/en/exhibitions/bandage-the-knife-not-the-wound|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=Nogueras Blanchard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kechie mma ahụ, ọ bụghị ọnya, Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=No Heroes Outside: Broomberg &amp; Chanarin's 'Bandage the knife not the wound'|url=https://artthrob.co.za/2018/05/15/no-heroes-outside-broomberg-chanarins-bandage-the-knife-not-the-wound/|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=ArtThrob|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2017 ====

* ''Ọ bụghị maka mbipụta na ọrịre na Iran'' n, Ag Galerie, Tehran, Iran &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Single Exhibition – ‌Broomberg &amp; Chanarin – Not for Publication and Sale in Iran – Ag Galerie|url=https://www.aggalerie.com/single-exhibition-%e2%80%8cbroomberg-chanarin-not-for-publication-and-sale-in-iran/|accessdate=2023-07-28|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728143841/https://www.aggalerie.com/single-exhibition-%E2%80%8Cbroomberg-chanarin-not-for-publication-and-sale-in-iran/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Bureaucracy of Angels'' (commission), Kings Cross St. Pancras, Art na Underground – TFL, London, UK &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Bureaucracy of Angels|url=https://art.tfl.gov.uk/projects/the-bureaucracy-of-angels/|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=Art on the Underground|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Chọpụta ihe akaebe'', Lisson Gallery, Milan, Italy &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Broomberg &amp; Chanarin: Trace Evidence {{!}} Exhibitions|url=https://www.lissongallery.com/exhibitions/broomberg-chanarin-trace-evidence|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=Lisson Gallery|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2016 ====

* ''Ejila ezigbo ihe ochie ebido mana ndị ọhụrụ ọjọọ'', C/O Berlin, Berlin, Germany &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Christoph|date=2016-10-03|title=Don't Start With The Good Old Things But The Bad New Ones|url=https://anothersomething.org/bad-new-ones/|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=Another Something|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2015 ====

* ''Uzuzu ọ bụla dị n'ihe ndina Freuds'', Freud Museum, London &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Broomberg &amp; Chanarin - Every Piece of Dust on Freud's Couch|url=https://www.freud.org.uk/exhibitions/every-piece-of-dust-on-freuds-couch/|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=Freud Museum London|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Rudiments,'' Lisson Gallery, London, UK &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Broomberg &amp; Chanarin: Rudiments {{!}} Exhibitions|url=https://www.lissongallery.com/exhibitions/broomberg-chanarin|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=Lisson Gallery|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ndị nọ na nsogbu ịchị ọchị kwagara n'ala'', Belfast Exposed, Belfast, UK &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=People in Trouble Laughing Pushed to the Ground|url=https://www.belfastexposed.org/exhibitions/people-in-trouble-laughing-pushed-to-the-ground/|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=Belfast Exposed|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Iji see foto nkọwa nke ịnyịnya gbara ọchịchịrị na obere ọkụ'', Foam Fotografiemuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-04-19|title=To Photograph the Details of a Dark Horse in Low Light|url=https://aperture.org/editorial/adam-broomberg-oliver-chanarin-to-photograph-the-details-of-a-dark-horse-in-low-light/|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=Aperture|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ime ihe ike dị nsọ'', Goodman Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Adam Broomberg &amp; Oliver Chanarin: Divine Violence at Goodman Gallery|url=https://www.galleriesnow.net/shows/adam-broomberg-oliver-chanarin-divine-violence/|accessdate=2023-07-28|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mbipụta ===

==== 2015 ====

* ''Ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ'' (monograph), Adam Broomberg &amp; Oliver Chanarin, Tate Publishing. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-849763-67-7|978-1-849763-67-7]]
* ''Mmụọ bụ ọkpụkpụ'' (monograph), Adam Broomberg &amp; Oliver Chanarin, MACK, London, UK. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-910164-18-1|978-1-910164-18-1]] .

=== Ime ihe ===

==== Polaroid na apartheid + Kodak na agbụrụ ====
N'afọ 2013, ya na Oliver Chanarin &quot; nọrọ otu ọnwa na South Africa&quot; iji mee ka ọdịiche akpụkpọ ahụ dị na foto foto n'oge Apartheid pụta ìhè mgbe ha na-ese foto &quot;na ihe nkiri ochie nke ọtụtụ iri afọ nke e mebere na naanị ihu ọcha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=David|date=2013-01-25|title='Racism' of early colour photography explored in art exhibition|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/jan/25/racism-colour-photography-exhibition|accessdate=2023-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha ji mee ihe. Igwefoto vintage ID-2 nke Polaroid, nke nwere bọtịnụ &quot;ebuli elu&quot; iji mee ka ọkụ dịkwuo elu - na-enye ya ohere iji see foto ndị ojii maka akwụkwọ ikike ama ama, ma ọ bụ &quot;dompas&quot;, nke nyere steeti ahụ aka ịchịkwa mmegharị ha.

==== Mmụọ bụ Ọkpụkpụ ====
Ọrụ ọzọ na Oliver Chanarin bụ ''Mmụọ bụ Ọkpụkpụ'' nke ha na-agbalị imeri ihe ize ndụ nke njirimara ihu (dịka na Russia) nke na-akọwa otú ihu ihu ndị a na-ese foto adịghị egosi kọntaktị ọ bụla n'etiti ihe na onye na-ese foto na, na-ebelata ọrụ ha, si otú ahụ ghọọ. &quot;[...] dijitalụ nhata ihe nkpuchi ọnwụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Spirit is a Bone|url=https://photomonitor.co.uk/book/spirit-is-a-bone/|accessdate=2023-07-23|work=Photomonitor|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Nwa Oyi N'èzí ====
Na 2016 obere tupu Brexit referendum ya na Oliver Chanarin haziri ma na-ere ethically mere t-shirts na-ebu okwu &quot;Baby It's Cold Outside&quot; [1] referencing the 1940s eponymous song Christmas to protest megide a ekwe omume ịpụ na EU .  &quot; Ezin m gbanarị Europe tupu oke ahụ, m tolitere n'Afrika, na-echetara m ịbụ onye na-ese ihe na Ịtali, ebiwokwa m England afọ 20. Ọ na-adị m ka m nọ n'ahụ n'ụwa. &quot;Broomberg  kwuru na ajụjụ ọnụ Dazed Digital . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-06-06|title=The t-shirts and people supporting #VoteRemain this summer|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/31408/1/the-t-shirts-and-people-supporting-voteremain-this-summer|accessdate=2023-07-21|work=Dazed|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ solo na ihe ngosi ahọpụtara ==
Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ọrụ ya, Broomberg arụ ọrụ ma njikọ na mba ụwa.  Foto ya na- akpali akpali nke chiri anya na adịghị ike, na-agba ndị na-ekiri ume ka ha chee eziokwu na-adịghị mma ma na-ajụ ajụjụ ndị a akwụkwọ.  &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;Emere ihe ] [ ngo ya na veranda na ụlọ ọrụ n'ụwa niile, kpọọ Tate Modern na London, Center Pompidou na Paris na Stedelijk Museum na Amsterdam .  Ụbọchị ya nchịkọta na nchịkọta nke ụlọ ọrụ dị ka Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) na New York, Victoria na Albert Museum na London, na Art Institute of Chicago .  Edepụtara n'okpuru bụ ndị kacha ọhụrụ: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Adam Broomberg, artist|url=https://www.signsandsymbols.art/artists/adam-broomberg|accessdate=2023-07-21|work=signs and symbols|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* (2022) Adam Broomberg &quot; ''na-egbuke egbuke na ọnya m'' &quot; @ akara na akara, New York, USA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Adam Broomberg, with CAConrad and Gersande Spelsberg: Glitter in My wounds, an exhibition at signs and symbols|url=https://www.signsandsymbols.art/exhibitions/glitter-in-my-wounds|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=signs and symbols|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2021) ''Matthew Krouse'', Kunsthallo, London, UK &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The new exhibition by Adam Broomberg at kunsthallo London – OpenCall Magazine|url=https://opencallmag.com/the-new-exhibition-by-adam-broomberg-at-kunsthallo-london/|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=opencallmag.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2020) ''Bureaucracy of Angels'' (online), akara na akara, New York, USA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Broomberg &amp; Chanarin: The Bureaucracy of Angels, an online video exhibition|url=https://www.signsandsymbols.art/exhibitions/bureaucracy-of-angels|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=signs and symbols|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ahọpụtara ==

=== 2023 ===

* ''Vitamin C'' + '': Collage in Contemporary Art'' (akwụkwọ), nke Rebecca Morrill deziri, Phaidon Press: London &amp; New York ISBN 978-1-838665-57-9

* Rubin, Birgitta, &quot; ''Fantasieggande vårprogram på Magasin III'' &quot; (atụmatụ mmiri dị na Magasin III), Dagens Nyheter, Maachị 1

=== 2022 ===

* Ruka, Elīna, &quot; ''Ụwa (nkà) nke Adam Broomberg'' ,&quot; Magazin FK, Ọktoba 6
* Phearse, Terrence, &quot; ''Adam Broomberg: Rare and Bare'' &quot;, Musée Magazine, mbipụta Nke 27, June 2022 akara na akara | New York, New York | www.signsandsymbols.art
* Sanchez, Gabriel H., &quot; ''Akpa igwefoto: nnukwu foto ị ga-ahụ ugbu a'' &quot;, PhotoSpark, Jenụwarị 25
* ''Nwute na ọnya m'', akara na akara, New York, New York ISBN 978-1-913620-36-3
* Capone, Emily, ” ''Nlele Ngosipụta: Adam Broomberg ya na CAConrad na Gersande Spelsberg'' ” Magazin Musée, Jenụwarị 12

=== 2021 ===

* ''Glitter na ọnya m (monograph)'', Adam Broomberg + CAConrad + Gersande Spelsberg, MACK, London, UK. ISBN 978-1-913620-36-3

=== 2017 ===

* ''Benjamin und Brecht: Iche echiche na Extremes'' (katalọgụ), Akademie der Künste
* ''Co-Art: Ndị na-ese ihe na mmekorita okike'' (akwụkwọ), Ellen Mara De Wachter, Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-714872-88-9
* ''Das Gesicht: Bilder, Medien, Usoro'' (katalọgụ), Deutsche Hygiene-Museum, Dresden
* ''Na / Agha a na-ahụ anya: Omenala Agha na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mbụ America'' (akwụkwọ), Mahadum Mahadum Rutgers
* ''Foto na imekọ ihe ọnụ: Site na nka echiche rue igwe mmadụ'' (akwụkwọ), Daniel Palmer, Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350008-31-1
* ''Yokohama Triennale: Islands'' (katalọgụ), Constellations &amp; Galapagos

=== 2016 ===

* ''Emanations: Art of the Cameraless Photograph'' (akwụkwọ), Geoffrey Batchen, Govett-Brewster Art Gallery na DelMonico Akwụkwọ - Prestel. ISBN 978-3-791355-04-7
* ''Il ya de l'autre'' (katalọgụ), Julie Jones na Agnés Geoffrey, RM/JUMEX
* ''Elere: Onyunyo, Nkà na Foto'' (katalọgụ), mbipụta nke Cornerhouse

=== 2015 ===

* ''Art &amp; Religion na 21st Century'' (akwụkwọ), Aaron Rosen, Thames &amp; Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500293-03-4
* ''Art in the Age of...'' (katalọgụ), Witte de With Center for Contemporary Art
* ''AKWỤKWỌ: Akwụkwọ Banyere Magazin Banyere Ụwa Ndị Ọzọ'' (akwụkwọ), Damiani / Fabrica. ISBN 978-8-862084-24-6
* ''Echiche dị na Ebe: Theory and Practice in Landscape Photography'' (akwụkwọ), JAP Alexander, Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-472533-89-0
* ''Rudiments'' (katalọgụ), Center for Contemporary Art Ujazdowski Castle

== Ihe nrite na nnabata ==
N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Broomberg enwetala ọtụtụ ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu maka ntinye aka ya na ngalaba nka nke oge a.

=== 2018 ===

* ''Ihe nrite Akwụkwọ Ederede Foto'' na Ememme Foto Arles, Arles, France (ọnụ w. Chanarin) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=HFBK: 2018/07/16: Photo Text Book Award für Broomberg &amp; Chanarin|url=https://hfbk-hamburg.de/de/aktuelles/auszeichnungen/20180716-photo-text-book-award-f%C3%BCr-broomberg-chanarin/|accessdate=2023-09-25|work=hfbk-hamburg.de|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2014 ===

* ''Infinity Award'', International Center of Photography, New York, New York (n'ọnụ w. Chanarin) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-05-16|title=Past Recipients|url=https://www.icp.org/infinity-awards/past-recipients|accessdate=2023-09-25|work=International Center of Photography|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2013 ===

* ''Deutsche Börse Photography Prize'', The Photographers Gallery, London, UK (otu w. Chanarin) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-06-10|title=DB 2013 Winner|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702131802/http://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/deutsche-b-rse-photography-prize-2013-3|archiveurl=https://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/deutsche-b-rse-photography-prize-2013-3|archivedate=2015-07-02|accessdate=2023-09-25|work=The Photographers' Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2004 ===

* ''Vic Odden Award'', Royal Photographic Society, Bath, UK (ọnụ w. Chanarin) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-09-25|title=Vic Odden Award - RPS|url=https://rps.org/awards/history-and-recipients/vic-odden-award|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615015801/https://rps.org/awards/history-and-recipients/vic-odden-award|archivedate=2015-06-15|accessdate=2023-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ime ihe ==
Mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, ọ tọrọ ntọala otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a na-akpọ &quot;Linx&quot; na South Africa n'akụkụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na-eto eto dị ka Yaёl Farber iji mee ka ndị ọcha South Africa na-eto eto mara banyere Apartheid.

=== Gbanyụọ mgbanwe anyị ===
Mgbe otu afụ ahụ, o mere akara akara nka (ọkachasị Miami Basel) na-eme &quot;azụmahịa dị ka ọ dị na mbụ&quot; mgbe mmeri mmeri aka nke Donald Trump nchebe.  Iji &quot;na-acha olu nke fasizim nke oge a&quot;, Broomberg kere Hands Off our Revolution, [1] ọrụ nka na-emekọ ihe na webụ ndị agha ndị nka, ndị na-eche echiche na ndụ.  &quot;Ndị ikike ejiriwo nke iwu iwu,&quot; ka akwụkwọ ozi ahụ meghere.  &quot;N'oge a, ihe iyi egwu, n'ụdị fasizim 'whitelash' nke Donald Trump akụ naanị na United States. Ntuli aka nke Trump agbasiwo ike n'ụdị aka nri n'ụwa niile.&quot;

=== Ndị na-ese ihe + Allies x Hebron ===
Broomberg hiwere, a gbadoro ụkwụ na nnukwu usoro onyunyo nke ndị na-eso Israel, iji igodo ndị Palestine na gburugburu Hebron.  N'ihi ojiji ha na-eji ibu ibu ihu nke ukwuu, a na-akpọ ya &quot;Facebook maka ndị Palestine&quot;.  [1] A na-eji otu esi a mee ihe ndị na-anwụrụ &quot;Counter-Surveillance: H2&quot; nke a na-enye onyinye ndị e jibu ele ndị Palestine iji chebe owuwe ihe ubi osisi oliv.  [2] N'ime oru ngo ọzọ Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg gosiri oku ka ọ bụrụ &quot;mkparịta ụka na-akụzi ezi&quot; n'ihe gbasara etu ọrịa ndị siri kparịta ụka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-26|title=What's happening to free will and human agency? Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg speaks to artist Jeremy Hutchison on Instagram today|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2020/10/26/whats-happening-to-free-will-and-human-agency-facebook-founder-mark-zuckerberg-speaks-to-artist-jeremy-hutchison-on-instagram-today|accessdate=2023-07-24|work=THE ART NEWSPAPER}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkatọ ==
Na February 2023 ọ gbachitere onwe ya na okpukpe Zeit [1] ebubo Antisemitism nke Stefan Hensel, onye kọmishọna megide Antisemitism maka Hamburg .  [2] Broomberg kwuru na ọ na-atụ egwu maka egwu ya na Germany ma gbachitere Nkwado maka BDS .

O kwuru na edemede 2021 taz [1] megide Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg (HFBK) nke ndị ekiri ha na ngwaọrụ ngwaọrụ na ọrụ Israel na-aga n'ihu na mpaghara Palestine dị ka &quot;apartheid&quot;.  Ọzọkwa ọ gwara ndị na-ese ihe n'ụwa niile ka ha ihe ọrụ ha na Zabludowicz Art Trust .  Dị ka Broomberg si kwuo, ndị Spinwatch na Middle East Monitor, Chaim &quot;Poju&quot; Zabludowicz na esoro ya Anita Zabludowicz achịkọtala ihe ngosi nka nke mba ụwa nke ọrụ 5,000 ruo taa;  Otú ọ dị, a na-eche na Art Trust bụ ego ngwa agha sitere na ụlọ ọrụ Israel.  [2] A kọrọ na Poju Zabludowicz ikike akụ ya site n'ahịa nna ya na-azụahia.  Broomberg kwuru, &quot;Amaara nke ọma ugbu a na ebe Zabludowicz bụ isi na nri dị n'etiti Britain na Israel.  &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Liscia|first=Valentina Di|date=2021-05-18|title=600+ Artists and Organizations Urge Boycott of Zabludowicz Art Trust Over Israel Ties|url=http://hyperallergic.com/646541/artists-boycott-the-zabludowicz-art-trust-over-israel-ties/|accessdate=2023-07-24|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://adambroomberg.com/ Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị]
* [http://www.broombergchanarin.com/ Mmekọrịta ya na Oliver Chanarin]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Ọta Sienna</title>
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&lt;ref name=&quot;Lee&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Felicia R.|title=Singular Art, Made by Plurals Yams Collective Brings Work to Whitney Biennial|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/22/arts/design/yams-collective-brings-work-to-whitney-biennial.html|accessdate=15 March 2018|work=New York Times|date=21 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;Sienna Shields ( banyere 1976) bụ onye omenkà na-adịghị anya nke America bụ ihe na mpempe akwụkwọ nchịkọta buru ibu.  Ọ bụkwa onye isi nhazi nke HowDoYouSayYaminAfrican?  ndị na-ese ihe na onye ntụziaka nke ọrụ ya, Good Stock on the Dimension Floor: Opera nke a nabatara maka 2014 Whitney Biennial

== Ndụ mbido ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Lovelace&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Lovelace|first=Joyce|date=18 March 2013|title=Intuitive Mapping|url=https://craftcouncil.org/magazine/article/intuitive-mapping|magazine=American Craft Magazine|publication-date=April–May 2013|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609173928/https://www.craftcouncil.org/magazine/article/intuitive-mapping|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Shields egwuregwu na Alaska na 1976. Ma nne na nna ya bụ ndị nkuzi na ya na ike ya abụọ n'ibu akwụkwọ nwa oge ka ha bi na obere Anchorage .  [1] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Lewis &amp; Clark College, Portland, Oregon nwere akara akara akara na Caribbean na Latin America na 1998. [1] Na 2001, ọ kwagara na mkpokọta DUMBO na Brooklyn

== Ụdị nka ==
Usoro ọrụ Shields ejiriwo &quot;ike na ọgba aghara&quot; nke mkpokọta nke o biri na ya ruo ọtụtụ oge ndụ ọrụ ya.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ ndịiche na collages nke acrylic paint na otutu n'ígwé nke ịkpụ ma ọ bụ dọwara adọwa iberibe, gbakọtara n'ime nnukwu nkịtị iberibe.  Ọ mepụtara ụdị ọrụ a ka ọ gachara mahadum n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi mgbochi ego. &lt;ref name=&quot;whitewall&quot; /&gt; Ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ihe ọkpụkpụ bead, nka mgbasa ozi agwakọtara, na onyonyo dijitalụ.

== 2014 Whitney Biennial ==
The Whitney Biennial of contemporary art is the invitation-only exhibition nke na-amasị mmasị ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe na n'oge gara aga nyere aka weta ihe dị ukwuu nye ndị nka dị ka Georgia O'Keeffe, Jackson Pollock na  Jeff Koons.  [1] Biennial echewo nka ọtụtụ oge maka ihe gbasara nchekwa, ọhọre na nsonye.  [2] Shields haziri Yams Collective (mkpụmkpụ maka HowDoYouSayYaminAfrican?) nke mba ụwa 38 na- ise ndị oji na ndị na-egwu egwu, ndị na-ede uri, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ndị edemede na ndị na-ese ihe.  iji eserese ihe nkiri ngosi ihe ngosi maka ọkọlọtọ 2014. [3] Ọdịiche a gbara Shields ume, na-ekwu, sị: &quot;M ga-aga ihe omume nka, na m ga-abụ naanị onye ojii n'ime ụlọ - ebe  a na New York Ọ bụ ihe.&quot;  [3] Otu n'ime ndị na-ahụ maka Biennial, Michelle Grabner, gara leta Shields na studio ya wee hụ obere vidiyo vidiyo o mere na Alaska.  [3] Nke a ihe mkpali maka nrubeisi nke mkpokọta, mpempe akwụkwọ 53 na 35 na-egosi Good Stock on the Dimension Floor: Opera  &lt;ref name=&quot;Lee&quot; /&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Aftab|first=Kaleem|title=Opera hits wrong note|work=The Independent (UK)|date=4 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'agbanyeghị ndị otu ahụ, otu n'ime mmadụ ole na ole ndị na-ese ihe nkiri sere afụ ahụ bụ &quot;Donelle Woolford&quot;, ihe okike nke Joe Scanlan .  [1] Scanlan, onye ọcha, nwoke, prọfesọ Mahadum Princeton goro ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ka ha guzo &quot;Woolford&quot; na mmemme.  Marine nke onye nka “adigboroja” a mere ka ndi Yams Collective weghara nrubeisi ha, na-ekiri ihe “Woolford” na ihe ngosi n'ụdị ọrụ ha.  [2] Shields akwụkwọ na ihuenyo ahụ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị Scanlan abụghị: &quot;...  [3] Ndị otu a tụlekwara nsonye nke Scanlan ka ọ bụrụ edit nke nnukwu okwu aṅụ ókè na ụwa nka.  [4] Emere ihe nkiri ahụ na Ememme Nkiri Trinidad na Tobago

== Ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ ama ama ==

=== Ihe ngosi Solo ===

* Julaị 11-Septemba 12, 2009, ''ahịrị ndị ọzọ'', Brooklyn, Superfront Gallery Artist na ihe ngosi ebe obibi &lt;ref name=&quot;AAVAD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shields, Sienna|url=http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=16356|work=AAVAD.com|publisher=African American Visual Artists Database|accessdate=24 November 2019|archivedate=14 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114110434/http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=16356}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jenụwarị 7-February 6, 2019 ''Nwanyị a na-adịghị ahụ anya'', Chicago, Kruger Gallery  

=== Ihe ngosi nkwonkwo na otu ===

* Nọvemba 6-December 20, 2009, ''Francis Young &amp; Sienna Shields'', Berlin, Kuma-Galerie. &lt;ref name=&quot;artslant&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kuma Galerie|url=https://www.artslant.com/ny/venues/show/16042-kuma-galerie?tab=EXHIBITS|work=ArtSlant|accessdate=24 November 2019|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20191124020947/https://www.artslant.com/ny/venues/show/16042-kuma-galerie?tab=EXHIBITS|archivedate=24 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* November 8, 2012 – March 10, 2013, ''FORE'', New York, Studio Museum na Harlem &lt;ref name=&quot;AAVAD&quot;/&gt; reocurring otu show nnyocha nke ọrụ nke dịkọrọ ndụ nta nta nka dị mkpa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wise|first=Lloyd|title=Fore|journal=Artforum International|date=May 2013|volume=51|issue=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Anderson|first=Tom|title=Legendary Painter Chuck Close on Public Art, Diversity and His Ex-Wife|url=https://www.insidehook.com/article/art/chuck-close-subway-portraits|accessdate=22 November 2019|work=InsideHook|date=20 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;Shields fim onye na-ese ihe nkiri Chuck Close na 2013 [1] wee tinye ya dị ka usoro na usoro 2017 ya n'agbanyeghị na ha gbara n'oge ahụ.

== Hụkwa ==

* Whitney Museum nke American Art
* Nkà nka
* Chuck nso

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://siennashields.blogspot.com/ blọgụ foto]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230621223933/https://www.talismanphoto.com/sienna-shields Eserese nwere ihe osise]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240528125751/http://howdoyousayyaminafrican.com/ Nchịkọta Yams]
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{{Databox}}'''Abdel R. Salaam''' mụrụ na Harlem, [[New York City]] . Ọ bụ onye na-agụ egwu, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe, onye ndụmọdụ na onye nkuzi. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nka kemgbe 1955. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://harlemworldmag.com/celebrating-legacy-dance-harlem-fabulous/|title=Celebrating The Legacy Of Dance In Harlem is...Fabulous!|date=16 August 2016|accessdate=10 June 2024|archivedate=17 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817034846/http://harlemworldmag.com/celebrating-legacy-dance-harlem-fabulous/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.njpac.org/events/detail/forces-of-nature|title=Forces of Nature Dance Theatre company - NJPAC|author=NJPAC|work=www.njpac.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye nduzi nke Forces of Nature Dance Theatre dị na New York City. Ọ bụkwa onye nduzi nka nke [[DanceAfrica]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/30/arts/dance/danceafrica-review-bam.html|title=Review: DanceAfrica Excels With Tradition. Why Go Beyond?|date=30 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/19/arts/dance/danceafrica-at-bam-explores-a-diasporas-traditions.html|title=DanceAfrica at BAM Explores a Diaspora's Traditions|date=19 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/28/arts/dance/groupe-bakomanga-and-asase-yaa-perform-at-danceafrica.html|title=African Dance, Rhythms and Folksy Beats, Pitched to Fill a Basket|date=27 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/17/arts/dance/transition-in-leadership-for-bams-danceafrica.html|title=Transition in Leadership for BAM's DanceAfrica|date=16 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; DanceAfrica bụ Chuck Davis (onye na-agba egwu) tọrọ ntọala. Ememme DanceAfrica abụrụla otu n'ime egwu egwu, egwu, na mmemme nka kacha ukwuu na United States of America. Ọtụtụ puku mmadụ na-aga ememme kwa afọ nke na-eme na Brooklyn Academy of Music n'oge ezumike ụbọchị ncheta. Ememme a na-agụnye ahịa ahịa n'èzí, ihe nkiri, egwu, na ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime mmemme egwu kacha ogologo na Brooklyn Academy . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/BAM-to-Host-39th-Annual-DanceAfrica-Festival-This-May-20160524|title=Annual DanceAfrica Festival Begins Today at BAM|author=BWW News Desk}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Na 1981 Abdel Salaam, Olabamidele Di, na onye isi ịgba egwu, Dyane Harvey tọrọ ntọala Forces of Nature Dance Theatre ụlọ ọrụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ịgba egwu dabeere na New York City. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/arts/dance-enriching-lives-by-relearning-african-culture.html|title=DANCE; Enriching Lives by Relearning African Culture|first=Valerie|author=Gladstone|date=20 May 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ngwakọta nke ịgba egwu ọdịnala Africa, egwu ọdịnala na-eji [[ballet]], egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ na [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amherst.edu/academiclife/departments/theater_dance/performances/node/711715|title=2018-19 Season - &quot;The Living Books: Forces of Nature Dance Theatre&quot; - Amherst College|work=www.amherst.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbido ==
Abdel gụrụ piano, xylophone, na glockenspiel mgbe ọ dị afọ ise. Mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ viola oge ochie, na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu, ọ na-egwu alto saxophone. Ọ gara High School of Music and Art na New York City. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1968. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ọ gara Lehman College na Bronx, New York City. Mgbe ọ na-aga kọleji Lehman, ọ zutere Prọfesọ Joan Miller (onye choreographer) onye na-agba egwu na onye na-agụ egwu. Ọ kpọbatara Abdel n'ime mmemme ịgba egwu mbụ nke kọleji, ọ bụkwa onye ndụmọdụ ya. Ndị nkuzi ịgba egwu dị otú ahụ dị ka Louis Falco, John Parks, Nadine Revine, Miguel Godreau, Chuck Davis na ya na Joan Miller bụ ndị nkuzi na mmemme nzere ngalaba ịgba egwu e hiwere ọhụrụ. Ọ na-ekwu na Joan Miller bụ mmetụta nke nyere aka n'ịkpụzi ozi ya na nkwenye ya maka nka na ịgba egwu. Ọrụ ya na nkwenye ya iji nkà na-eme ka ọha mmadụ, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na gburugburu ebe obibi nkwupụta nke na-akwalite nkwekọ na mbara ala na gburugburu ebe obibi, na nsogbu anyị na nsogbu dị ka ndị mmadụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/h/ed6tkwc1ubyw/?th=163d75470e80ab07&amp;v=c|title=Gmail|work=mail.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://prezi.com/kgdiqisbc3xm/abdel-r-salaam/|title=Abdel R. Salaam|work=prezi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Mgbe Abdel Salaam na-agụ akwụkwọ na Lehman College Abdel ghọrọ onye isi ịgba egwu na ndị egwuregwu Joan Miller Chamber Arts Dance. Na mmalite ọrụ ya ọ rụrụ dị ka ụkpụrụ ya na Fred Benjamin Dance Company, Ron Pratt's Alpha Omega 1-7 Theatrical Dance Company, na Otis Sallid's New Art Ensemble. Mgbe e mesịrị ọ ghọrọ Associate Artistic Director maka Chuck Davis Dance Company. Nke na-eme n'ime. Ọ bụkwa onye omenkà ọbịa na ụlọ ọrụ American Contemporary Ballet yana ya na ụlọ ihe nkiri Contemporary Chamber Dance.

N'afọ 1981, Abdel mebere Forces of Nature Dance Theater ya na onye otu ya bụ Olabamidele Di na nwunye ya, onye bụbu onye isi ịgba egwu Dyane Harvey.

N'ime afọ 80's Abdel bụ onye nnọchi anya ọgbakọ mba ụwa nke ndị Artists for Ecology nke emere na Sundance Institute na Utah. Ọ bụ onye so na ọgbakọ gbasara nka ụwa nke atọ emere na European Theatre na Oxford, England. Nakwa na 80s o sonye na Ememme 12th Annual Festival for Peace na Moscow, Russia.

N'afọ 1988, Reverend James Parks Morton nyere Abdel onye isi na Katidral St. John the Divine ka o mepụta Mass Episcopal Africa maka ụka site na iji ịgba egwu, egwu na olu.

Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya ọdịnala ọdịnala nke Mahadum Brooklyn na Dance Umbrella/Dance Alive Festival. Emere mmemme a na Johannesburg, South Africa .

A zụrụ Abdel n'ịgba egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ, ụdị ịgba egwu Afro-Caribbean na nke America, ballet, jazz, ịgba egwu ọdịnala Africa, na nka ịgba egwu. Forces of Nature Dance Theatre na-enye Kwanzaa kwa afọ na ihe nkiri Apollo na Harlem. Tupu ịkwaga Kwanzaa na Apollo ọ bụ na Aaron Davis Hall na New York City. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/16/arts/reviews-dance-forces-nature-choreographer-modernizes-traditional-african-forms.html|title=Reviews/Dance; The Forces of Nature Choreographer Modernizes Traditional African Forms|first=Jennifer|author=Dunning}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/31/arts/dance/histories-danced-in-tooth-and-claw.html|title=Histories, Danced in Tooth and Claw|first=Jennifer|author=Dunning|date=31 December 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/30/news/review-dance-a-legend-of-voodoo-and-power.html|title=Review/Dance; A Legend Of Voodoo And Power|first=Jennifer|author=Dunning}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/30/arts/dance/review-danceafrica-festival-focuses-on-senegal.html|title=Review: DanceAfrica Festival Focuses on Senegal|date=29 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ Forces of Nature Dance Theatre tọrọ ntọala na 1981. Na 1990 Forces of Nature Dance Theatre ụlọ ọrụ yana Alvin Ailey Dance ụlọ ọrụ na-edu ngagharị n'oge Nelson na Winnie Mandela nleta akụkọ ihe mere eme na New York City.

Na 2015 Abdel ghọrọ onye isi nka maka DanceAfrica site n'aka Chuck Davis bụ onye bidoro DanceAfrica na 1977. Ememme a na-ebute ndị na-ese ihe si Africa, ndị mba Africa na ndị na-ese ihe na ụlọ ọrụ ịgba egwu obodo na ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-agba egwú si United States of America. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/25/arts/dance/a-percussive-farewell-to-a-dance-festivals-founder.html|title=Review: DanceAfrica Festival Bids a Percussive Farewell to Chuck Davis|date=24 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bkreader.com/2014/05/bam-names-abdel-salaam-new-incoming-artistic-director-for-danceafrica/|title=BAM Names Abdel Salaam New Incoming Artistic Director for DanceAfrica|first=Brooklyn|author=Reader|date=19 May 2014|accessdate=10 June 2024|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141253/https://www.bkreader.com/2014/05/bam-names-abdel-salaam-new-incoming-artistic-director-for-danceafrica/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bklyner.com/danceafrica-remembering-festivals-founder-chuck-davis/|title=DanceAfrica 2017: Remembering Festival's Founding Director, Chuck Davis - BKLYNER|first=Chris|author=Farrell|date=24 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2016, ụlọ ọrụ ịgba egwu ihe nkiri ya bụ Forces of Nature mere akụkụ atọ nke PBS &quot;Great Performances&quot;. Ihe onyonyo pụrụ iche na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịgba egwu ojii na narị afọ nke 20. Ihe onyonyo pụrụ iche bụ 'Free to Dance'. Ụlọ ọrụ ịgba egwú ya bụ akụkụ nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke National Association of Black Museums na mmetụta nke egwú African American na omenala Western. Akpọrọ ọrụ a 'Mgbe Mmụọ Na-aga'. Ụlọ ọrụ ịgba egwu bụkwa akụkụ nke ihe ngosi na Smithsonian Institution na Washington, DC. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://paulwinter.com/winter_solstice/speaker/abdel-salaam-and-forces-of-nature-dance-theatre/|title=Forces of Nature|publisher=Paulwinter.com|accessdate=2018-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140708/http://paulwinter.com/winter_solstice/speaker/abdel-salaam-and-forces-of-nature-dance-theatre/|archivedate=2018-06-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://iforcolor.org/abdel-salaam/3/|title=ABDEL SALAAM|date=2 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abdel Salaam bụkwa onye nduzi nka nke ememme DanceAfrica nke Brooklyn, onye isi Harlem Children's Zone/Forces of Nature Youth Academy of Dance, na onye isi nka nke mmemme Kwanzaa kwa afọ na Apollo Theatre na Harlem. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.apollotheater.org/event/kwanzaa-celebration-regeneration-night/|title=Kwanzaa Celebration: Regeneration Night - Apollo Theater|first=Wordpress|author=Admin|accessdate=2024-06-10|archivedate=2021-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022135809/https://www.apollotheater.org/event/kwanzaa-celebration-regeneration-night/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ nọ na ngalaba ikike nke Alvin Ailey American Dance Center, Chuck Davis Dance Academy na Lehman College. Ugbu a ọ bụ onye nduzi maka Mpaghara ụmụaka Harlem na Forces of Nature Youth Academy of Dance, na Wellness na St. Martin's Episcopal Church na Harlem.

== Ebe nkiri ihe nkiri ==
Theaterworks USA dị ka onye na-egwu egwu maka: &quot;Sundiata, Eze ọdụm nke [[Mali]]&quot; nke David Schecter duziri.

Choreography maka &quot; Measure for Measure &quot; nke Michael Rudman duziri na New York Shakespeare Festival's nke emere na Delacorte Theatre na Lincoln Center, New York City.

Choreography maka &quot;Pecong&quot; duziri Dennis Zacek mere na Newark Symphony Hall .

Ihe ngosi ihe nkiri ya dị ka onye nduzi na onye na-egwu egwu gụnyere: &quot;Ju-Ju Man&quot; na Billie Holiday Theatre na Brooklyn . &quot;Ụwa ndị nna ochie&quot; na Apollo Theatre na New York.

&quot;Ebony Magic&quot; na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Aaronow na New York City.

&quot;Ụbọchị Satọde dị ụtọ&quot;, nke bụ njegharị obodo 20 nke Gordon Crowe Productions mepụtara.

&quot;American Griot&quot; na Triplex Theatre na New York, New York.

== Ebe E Si Nweta Television ==
Choreographer maka:

&quot;Mmụọ okike&quot;, WNET Channel Iri na Atọ

&quot;Mkwupụta na ojii: Akụkọ nke ndị mmadụ&quot;, maka WABC

&quot;The Caribbean Music Awards&quot;, maka BET Global Syndication

&quot;Ememme St Francis&quot; na Katidral St. John the Divine

WNET Channel iri na atọ, &quot;Ụmụ nwanyị mara mma nke Mufaro.&quot;

WNET Channel Iri na Atọ; &quot;Arụmọrụ dị ukwuu: ike nke okike.&quot;

Telemundo telivishọn, [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] City

&quot;Nhọrọ ndị nkatọ: Abdel Salaam&quot;, Gala TV (Mexico)

Abdel pụtara na ihe nkiri Richard Pryor dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri.

Nnukwu arụmọrụ &quot;American Dance Festival.&quot;

== Ọrụ ndị ama ama ==

* &quot;Eclipse: Ọhụụ nke Crescent na Cross.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; Abdel kọwara 'Eclipse' dị ka &quot;njem choreo nke na-enyocha esemokwu na myirịta dị n'etiti [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]] na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]], site na Agha Ntụte gaa n'ihu.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://infinitebody.blogspot.com/search/label/Abdel%2BR.%2BSalaam|title=InfiniteBody}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;The Life and Legend of Marie Laveau &quot;. Ọrụ ihe nkiri ịgba egwu banyere onye ụkọchukwu voodoo New Orleans sitere na narị afọ nke 18. &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;/&gt;
* &quot;Na-apụta site n'ụbọchị&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/24/arts/reviews-dance-struggles-in-history-and-myth.html|title=Reviews/Dance;  Struggles In History And Myth|first=Jack|author=Anderson}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Nzọụkwụ nke Mbụ: Ịgba egwu na Mmeri Ọhụrụ&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/27/arts/family-fare.html|title=Family Fare|first=Laurel|author=Graeber|date=27 February 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Ode to Brahma&quot;
* &quot;Ụdị ime ụwa&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/29/arts/dance-review-meld-of-forms-informed-by-the-sea.html|title=DANCE REVIEW; Meld of Forms, Informed by the Sea|first=Jennifer|author=Dunning|date=29 September 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Legacy Rhythm: The Living Books; Akwụkwọ IV: Legacy Club and Beyond&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/29/arts/dance-review-leaping-from-earth-into-air-young-and-old-in-life-s-circle.html|title=DANCE REVIEW; Leaping From Earth Into Air, Young and Old in Life's Circle|first=Jack|author=Anderson|date=29 May 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Ụwa ndị nna ochie&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/01/arts/dance-review-primal-emotions-and-ancient-cultures.html|title=DANCE REVIEW;Primal Emotions and Ancient Cultures|first=Jack|author=Anderson}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Agwọ asaa&quot;
* &quot;Osisi Rhythm&quot;
* &quot;Ndị nche ọhịa&quot;

== Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu ==

* 1987 - Akara DanceAfrica na Choreography
* 1989 - American Choreographer nke Afọ nhọpụta
* 1991 ruo 1993 - Choreography - Mmekọrịta sitere na National Endowment for Arts
* 1994 ruo 1996 - Choreography - Mmekọrịta sitere na National Endowment for Arts
* 1992 - Ihe nrite nke eze eze maka ọganiihu pụtara ìhè na ịgba egwu sitere na National Council for Arts &amp; Culture
* 1994 - Kọleji Lehman - Ihe nrite ncheta afọ Silver maka mmezu pụtara ìhè na Choreography, nkuzi na arụmọrụ.
* 2000 - Ihe nrite mmezu ndụ ndụ ka mma nke ezinụlọ na nka
* 2003 ruo 2007 - Artist in Residence, [[Tennessee]] Performing Art Center
* 2004 - New York Foundation maka Arts ibe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bam.org/artists/2015/abdel-r-salaam|title=Abdel R. Salaam|work=BAM.org|accessdate=2024-06-10|archivedate=2023-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528232048/https://www.bam.org/artists/2015/abdel-r-salaam}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2007 - DanceAfrica Award na Choreography
* 2013 - 41st kwa afọ Audelco Award maka Ọkachamma na Black Theater dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ịgba egwu nke afọ
* 2017 - Onyinye Bessie na agba egwu maka 'Healing Seven' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bessies.org/2017-awards/|title=2017 awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwuta okwu ==
&quot;Mmụọ m na-ebuli elu site na Art na ụwa nke Dance! Dance na Divine bụ Otu!&quot; &quot;Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ amaghị na e nwere nnukwu ịgba egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ na kọntinent Africa na ọtụtụ n'ime ya bụ postmodern.&quot;

&quot;Ọtụtụ n'ime mmegharị ahụ sitere n'isi nke iwere omenala ọdịnala kama ịgbalị iṅomi ihe a zụlitere gị, ọ bụ ikwu okwu n'oge a banyere mkpali nke omenala Africa ka anyị na-ewere asụsụ ọdịnala anyị wee tụgharịa ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọzọ. ọgbara ọhụrụ m chere na DanceAfrica kwesịrị igosipụta ọtụtụ iyi egwu na egwu Africa.&quot; Abdel R. Salaam

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIw_vKs5ZCc Na-agba egwu Africa Abdel R. Salaam Talks Carrying Forward Baba Chuck Davis' Legacy | BK Live]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hx-Ej110VqQ Ajụjụ nke obi umeala (Ndị agha nke okike)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Kn3vYmDUrg Ajụjụ ọnụ nke ihu Avitar Face 2 na Abdel Salaam]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aaKyj9vBJa4 Baba Chuck Davis Ememe Ncheta]
* [http://bam150years.blogspot.com/2018/05/danceafrica-evolves.html?m=1 Ajụjụ ọnụ BAM afọ 150 na Abdel R. Salaam]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
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'''Okene''' ({{Audio|Okene.ogg|pronounciation}}) bụ obodo dị na steeti [[Ȯra Kogi|Kogi]] nke Naijiria . Obodo a gbadoro ụkwụ na mpaghara ọchịchị ime otu aha. Okene na-aga n'okporo ụzọ A2 . Ọ nwere mpaghara &amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;  narị atọ na iri abụo na asatọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị puku narị atọ na iri abụo,narị abụọ na iri isii  na ngụkọ afọ 2006. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.statoids.com/yng.html HASC, population, area and Headquarters Statoids]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị kacha bụrụ ndị Ebira nke etiti Naijiria na-asụkwa bụ [[asụsụ Ebira]] .

Koodu nzipu ozi nke mpaghara ahụ bụ narị abụọ na iri isii na anọ . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|accessdate=2009-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|archivedate=October 7, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị mmadụ ==
Okene bụ ebe amụrụ onye ọkpụkpọ egwuregwu Hockey mba Amerika na atụmanya National Hockey Akim Aliu . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=89808 Akim Aliu's profile at hockeydb.com]&lt;/ref&gt; Onye Naijiria ọzọ a ma ama sitere na Okene bụ Injinia Joseph Makoju, onye bụbu onye isi njikwa ụlọ ọrụ  Igwe n'ekesa ọkụ nke mba  Naijiria ma bụrụkwa onye ndụmọdụ nkwanye ugwu nye Onye isi  ọchịchị na ọkụ eletrik na onye ndụmọdụ nsọpụrụ nke Onye isi ala / Otu  atụmatụ isi ụlọ ọrụ [[Dangote Group|Dangote]] . Okene bụ ebe amụrụ Gọvanọ [[Yahaya Bello]] na Gọvanọ ahọpụtara nke Kogi steeti bụ Ahmed Usman Ododo . Onye omere ama ama na onye ọchụnta ego [[Mercy Johnson]] sikwa Okene. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mercy Johnson Biography: Who Is the Star Actress, Where is She From and How Old Is She?|url=https://buzznigeria.com/mercy-johnson-biography-facts/|accessdate=2023-06-23|work=buzznigeria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
Nnukwu ụlọ okacha mmụta Akwụkwọ nke akpọrọ Federal College of Education dị na Okene n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Okene- gara Lokoja . Enwekwara ogige satịlaịtị nke Kogi State Polythecnic. Enwere ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche n'obodo ahụ, gụnyere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị ka Abdulaziz Atta Memorial College Okene (AAMCO), Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekondiri okpuru ọchịchị ime obodo Ohiana (LGSS), Ụlọ mmụta asụsụ Arabic na Islamic Okene (CAISO), Otú ụlọ akwukwọ Solardad , dị  na nso nso a. GRA Okene, Ụlọ akwụkwọ ndi ntolite Nozịrị na praịmarị Samaritan, nke dị na Ozuwaya n'akụkụ Kekere Guest Palace Okene, na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ ama ama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The top 10 schools near Okene (page 2)|url=https://schools.heyplaces.com.ng/Okene/?sida=2&amp;distance=9500|accessdate=2022-10-03|work=schools.heyplaces.com.ng|language=en-NG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ọ bụ n'afọ 1976 ka e mebere mpaghara ọchịchị Okene  site na ngalaba Ebira nke oge ahụ site n'aka ndị nlekọta nke Onye isi ala [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], na-esote mgbanwe ọchịchị ime obodo nke afọ 1976. Ndị Okpuru ọchịchị ime obodo Ajaokuta na Ogori-Magongo sitere na okpuru ọchịchị ime obodo Okene ochie na afọ 1991 na afọ 1996 n'otu n'otu. Ndị obodo Okene bụ ndị Ebira Tao nke ezumezu isi ụlọ ọrụ etiti nke Kogi steeti.

Ekwenyere na ha siri na Jukun kwaga na [[Ȯra Taraba|steeti Taraba]] ugbu a wee kwụsịtụ obere oge na Idah tupu ha akwaga ebe ha nọ ugbu a. Okpuru ọchịchị ime obodo Okene  dị ugbu a bụ mpaghara Okene na Okengwe. Enwere ngalaba iri na otu n'ime ọchịchị ime obodo, ya bụ Bariki, Otutu, Orietesu, Lafia/Obessa, Okene-Eba, Idoji, Onyukoko, Obehira-Eba, Obehira-Uvete, Abuga/Ozuja na Upogoro/Odenku ward. Ndị bi na ya bụ ndị Alakụba, mana ndị otu Ndị Kraịst pere mpe dịkwa. Ruo n'ókè dị ukwuu, e nwere ngwakọta nke ọdịnala na okpukpere chi ebe ọ bụ nanị mmadụ ole na ole na-eleda anya ka na-ekpe nanị okpukpe ọdịnala.

Otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị ewu ewu n'obodo ahụ bụ ''Obí Azad'', nke bụ ihe onwunwe nke Ohinoyi (Eze) nke Ebiraland, Dr. Ado Ibrahim Atta, bụ onye nwụgoro anwụ ugbu a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ohinoyi of Ebiraland dies at 95|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/10/29/ohinoyi-of-ebiraland-ado-ibrahim-dies-at-95/|accessdate=July 3, 2024|work=Channels TV}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihu igwe ==

== Edemsibia ==

[[Òtù:Ama ukwu nor na Naigeria]]</text>
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Ọrụ ugbo nke cellular na-elekwasị anya na mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ugbo sitere na omenala cell site na iji ngwakọta nke biotechnology, engineering tissue, molecular biology, and synthetic biology iji mepụta na chepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ nke imepụta protein, abụba na anụ ahụ ga-esi na ọrụ ugbo omenala pụta. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ a na-elekwasị anya na ngwaahịa anụmanụ dị ka anụ, mmiri ara ehi, na akwa, nke a na-emepụta na omenala cell kama ịzụ na igbu anụ ụlọ nke jikọtara ya na nnukwu nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (dịka mmepụta anụ), ọdịmma anụmanụ, nchekwa nri na ahụike mmadụ. Ọrụ ugbo nke cellular bụ ngalaba akụ na ụba nke biobased. Echiche ọrụ ugbo cellular kacha mara amara bụ anụ emebere.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
 
Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ugbo cellular bụ ọzụzụ sayensị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-eji insulin na rennet zụta ngwaahịa ọrụ ugbo cellular na njedebe narị afọ nke 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/about|title=About|accessdate=2016-08-08|archivedate=2020-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114002306/https://www.new-harvest.org/about}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Machị 24, 1990, FDA kwadoro nje bacteria e mebere site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta rennet, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa mbụ ejiri mkpụrụ ndụ megharịa maka nri. Rennet bụ ngwakọta nke enzymes na-eme ka mmiri ara ehi ghọọ curds na whey n'ime cheese. Na omenala, a na-ewepụta rennet site n'ime ime nke afọ nke anọ nke ụmụ ehi. Taa, usoro ịme cheese na-eji rennet enzymes sitere na nje bacteria, fungi, ma ọ bụ yist emebere site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ihi na ha adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, na-agbanwe agbanwe, ma dị ọnụ ala karịa rennet sitere na anụmanụ..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/ncbe/gmfood/chymosin.html|title=Case Studies: Chymosin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522102627/http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/ncbe/gmfood/chymosin.html|archivedate=2016-05-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2004, Jason Matheny guzobere New Harvest, nke ebumnuche ya bụ &quot;ịkwalite ọganihu na ọrụ ugbo cellular&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://new-harvest.org/who-we-are/|title=Who We Are|accessdate=2024-07-12|archivedate=2019-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905072502/https://www.new-harvest.org/about}}&lt;/ref&gt; New Harvest bụ naanị nzukọ lekwasịrị anya naanị n'ịkwalite ngalaba nke ọrụ ugbo cellular ma nye ego PhD mbụ maka ọrụ ugbo cell, na Mahadum Tufts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/cellular_agriculture_tufts_university|title=Cellular Agriculture at Tufts University.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807065054/http://www.new-harvest.org/cellular_agriculture_tufts_university|archivedate=2016-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule 2014, IndieBio, onye na-eme ngwa ngwa bayoloji sịntetik na San Francisco, ewepụtala ọtụtụ mmalite ọrụ ugbo cellular, na-anabata Muufri (na-eme mmiri ara ehi site na omenala cell, ugbu a, nri ụbọchị zuru oke), ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla (na-eme akwa ọcha site na omenala cell), Gelzen (na-eme ihe). Gelatin sitere na nje bacteria na yist, ugbu a Geltor), Afineur (na-eme kọfị kọfị omenala) na Pembient (na-eme mpi rhino). Muufri na Ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla bụ ndị New Harvest kwadoro na mbụ.

N'afọ 2015, Mercy for Animals mepụtara The Good Food Institute, nke na-akwalite ọrụ ugbo na-adabere na osisi na cellular.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vegnews.com/2016/3/mfa-launches-new-sister-organization|title=MFA Launches New Sister Organization|first=Richard|author=Bowie|work=VegNews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọzọkwa na 2015, Isha Datar chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ &quot;ọrụ ugbo cellular&quot; (nke a na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ &quot;cell ag&quot;) n'otu New Harvest Facebook.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Crosser|first=Nate|title=Cellular agriculture landscape|url=https://ecotech.substack.com/p/cellular-agriculture-landscape|work=Fifth Industrial|date=13 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Useful Resources|url=https://cellularagricultureaustralia.org/useful-resources/|work=Cellular Agriculture Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Julaị 13, 2016, New Harvest kwadoro nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ gbasara ọrụ ugbo cellular na San Francisco, [[California]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt; N'ụbọchị sochiri nzukọ ahụ, New Harvest kwadoro ogbako mbụ mechiri emechi maka ụlọ ọrụ, agụmakwụkwọ, na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ọrụ ugbo cellular.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@NewHarvestOrg/notes-from-the-2016-cellular-agriculture-innovators-workshop-c97d4df4eabb#.dow8i6r2m|title=Notes from the 2016 Cellular Agriculture Innovators' Workshop|author=Harvest|first=New|date=2016-08-04|work=Medium|accessdate=2016-08-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngwá ọrụ nyocha ==
Ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ nyocha dị mkpa dị na ntọala nke nyocha na ọrụ ugbo cellular. Ndị a gụnyere: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Talbot|first=Neil C.|date=2008-01-01|title=The Pursuit of ES Cell Lines of Domesticated Ungulates.|journal=Stem Cell Reviews|volume=4|issue=3|pages=235–254|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232876|doi=10.1007/s12015-008-9026-0|pmid=18612851}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akara mkpụrụ ndụ ===
Ihe dị mkpa na-efu efu na ọganihu nke anụ a na-emepe emepe bụ ịnweta ngwa ekwentị kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ụzọ na ụkpụrụ sitere na omenala mmadụ na nke òké nwere ike emetụta ihe ndị cellular ọrụ ugbo, ọ bịara doo anya na ọtụtụ adịghị. A na-egosipụta nke a site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na usoro iwu hiwere maka ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ sel embrayo na-enwebeghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'iwepụta ahịrị sel embrayo na-adịghị edozi.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|title=Challenges and prospects for the establishment of embryonic stem cells of domesticated ungulates|journal=Animal Reproduction Science|volume=98|issue=1–2|doi=10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.10.009|pmid=17097839|pages=147–68|author=Keefer|first=CL}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2008|title=The pursuit of ES cell lines of domesticated ungulates|journal=Stem Cell Rev|volume=4|issue=3|doi=10.1007/s12015-008-9026-0|pmid=18612851|pages=235–154|author=Talbot|first=NC|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232876}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|date=2016|doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-3483-6_5|pages=81–99|series=Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine|author=Nowak-Imialek|first=Monika|title=Fetal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine|chapter=Embryonic Stem Cells and Fetal Development Models|isbn=978-1-4939-3481-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Usoro dị mma maka ahịrị mkpụrụ ndụ maka ebumnuche mmepụta anụ azụlitere gụnyere anwụghị anwụ, ikike [[Iba|ịba]] ụba dị elu, nnwere onwe elu, nnwere onwe serum, na ikike imepụta anụ ahụ. Ụdị cell ndị akọwapụtara nke ọma maka ọrụ ugbo cellular nwere ike ịdị iche site na ụdị gaa n'ụdị&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|date=2013|doi=10.1007/978-1-62703-628-3_9|pages=111–23|author=Cao|first=S|title=Epiblast Stem Cells|chapter=Isolation and Culture of Bovine Embryonic Stem Cells|series=Methods in Molecular Biology|isbn=978-1-62703-627-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2012|title=Why is it so difficult to derive pluripotent stem cells in domestic ungulates?|pmid=22913556|journal=Reprod Domest Anim|volume=47|issue=Suppl 5|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02106.x|pages=11–7|author=Gandolfi|first=F}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbasa ozi na-eto eto ===
Ụzọ omenala maka ịzụlite anụ ahụ anụmanụ na ọdịbendị gụnyere iji serum bovine fetal (FBS). FBS bụ ọbara a na-ewepụta site na nwa ehi. Ngwaahịa a na-enye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe oriri na ihe na-akpali uto, mana ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị adịgide adịgide na ihe onwunwe dị arọ iji mepụta, yana nnukwu ọdịiche dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Van der Valk|first=J|date=2010|title=Optimization of chemically defined cell culture media--replacing fetal bovine serum in mammalian in vitro methods|journal=Toxicol in Vitro|volume=24|issue=4|doi=10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.016|pmid=20362047|pages=1053–63}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ anụ ndị nwere ọdịbendị anọwo na-etinye ihe onwunwe dị mkpa na mgbasa ozi na-eto eto.

Mgbe e mepụtara usoro mkpụrụ ndụ, mgbalị iji wepụ serum site na mgbasa ozi na-eto eto bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ọrụ ugbo cellular dị ka serum ehi nwa ọhụrụ bụ ihe ọtụtụ nkatọ nke ọrụ ugbo cell na mmepụta anụ. O yikarịrị ka a ga-achọ usoro mgbasa ozi abụọ dị iche iche maka ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla: mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, maka uto, na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, maka ntozu okè.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Agapakis|first=Christina|date=2012|title=Steak of the Art: The Fatal Flaws of In Vitro Meat|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/04/24/steak-of-the-art-the-fatal-flaws-of-in-vitro-meat/#.V6jP-Vcw3zI|journal=Discover Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nkà na ụzụ ===
Ka usoro biotechnological na-agbasa, nnwale na-amalite ịbawanye oke ọnụ, dịka a ga-emepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ na-abawanye. Mmụba ọ bụla n'ogo ga-achọ mmelite nke akụkụ dị iche iche dị ka ọrụ unit, fluid dynamics, mass transfer, na reaction kinetics.

=== Ihe ndị e ji akpụ ihe ===
Maka mkpụrụ ndụ iji mepụta anụ ahụ, ọ na-enyere aka ka agbakwunye ihe mkpuchi iji nye ọdịdị. Scaffolds dị oke mkpa maka mkpụrụ ndụ iji mepụta anụ ahụ buru ibu karịa 100 μm n'obosara. &amp;nbsp;Ezigbo scaffold ga-abụrịrị ihe na-adịghị egbu maka mkpụrụ ndụ, nke a na-eri eri, ma kwe ka ihe na-edozi ahụ na oxygen na-aga. Ọ ga-abụkwa ọnụ ala ma dị mfe imepụta n'ọtụtụ n'enweghị mkpa maka ụmụ anụmanụ.

=== Usoro anụ ahụ 3D ===
Nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ maka ịmepụta anụ a zụlitere na-agụnye ijikọta ihe niile gara aga nke nyocha iji mepụta nnukwu (&gt; 100 μm n'obosara) nke anụ ahụ nke enwere ike iji mkpụrụ ndụ na-emepụta n'ìgwè mee n'enweghị mkpa maka serum, ebe scaffold dị mma maka mkpụrụ ndụ na ụmụ mmadụ.&amp;nbsp;

== Ngwa ==
Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka bụ maka ngwa nri, anụ a kụrụ akụ, enwere ike iji ọrụ ugbo cellular mepụta ụdị ngwaahịa ugbo ọ bụla, gụnyere ndị na-emetụbeghị ụmụ anụmanụ ịmalite, dị ka ísì ụtọ Ginkgo Biowork.

=== Nzukọ sayensị mba ụwa banyere anụ a kụrụ akụ ===
{{Reflist}}
anụ a zụlitere (nke a makwaara site na aha ndị ọzọ) bụ anụ a na-emepụta site na mkpụrụ ndụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Datar|first=I|date=January 2010|title=Possibilities for an in vitro meat production system|journal=Innovative Food Science &amp; Emerging Technologies|volume=11|issue=1|pages=13–22|doi=10.1016/j.ifset.2009.10.007|url=https://zenodo.org/record/7469618}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ụdị ọrụ ugbo cellular, na usoro ọrụ ugbo dị otú ahụ na-enyocha n'ihe gbasara mmụba nke ndị na-azụ ahịa chọrọ protein.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dutch&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danieladelorenzo/2022/03/17/dutch-parliament-approves-cultured-meat-tasting-within-the-netherlands/?sh=274e269460bf|work=[[Forbes.com]]|title=Dutch Parliament Approves Cultured Meat Tasting In The Netherlands|first=Daniela|author=De Lorenzo|date=17 March 2022|accessdate=8 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-emepụta anụ a kụrụ akụ site na iji usoro injinia anụ ahụ nke a na-eji eme ihe na ọgwụ regenerative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Post|first=Mark|date=4 December 2013|title=Medical technology to Produce Food|journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture|volume=94|issue=6|pages=1039–1041|doi=10.1002/jsfa.6474|pmid=24214798}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jason Matheny mere ka ndị na-ege ntị mara echiche nke anụ a kụrụ akụ na ụba na mbido afọ 2000 mgbe o so dee akwụkwọ  gbasara mmepụta anụ a kụziri akụ na ụba ma mepụta New Harvest, nzukọ mbụ na-enweghị uru n'ụwa nke raara onwe ya nye nyocha anụ na ''in-vitro''. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Edelman|first=PD|date=3 May 2005|title=Commentary: In Vitro-Cultured Meat Productionsystem|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7746539|journal=Tissue Engineering|volume=11|issue=5–6|pages=659–662|doi=10.1089/ten.2005.11.659|pmid=15998207|accessdate=8 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Schonwald|first=Josh|date=May 2009|url=http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0906/features/future_fillet.shtml|title=Future Fillet|publisher=The University of Chicago Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cultured meat may have the potential to address substantial global problems of the environmental impact of meat production, animal welfare, food security and [[Health|human health]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bryant|first=Christopher J|title=Culture, meat, and cultured meat|journal=Journal of Animal Science|date=3 August 2020|volume=98|issue=8|pages=skaa172|doi=10.1093/jas/skaa172|pmid=32745186|issn=0021-8812}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hong|first=Tae Kyung|title=Current Issues and Technical Advances in Cultured Meat Production: AReview|journal=Food Science of Animal Resources|date=May 2021|volume=41|issue=3|pages=355–372|doi=10.5851/kosfa.2021.e14|pmid=34017947|issn=2636-0772}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Treich|first=Nicolas|title=Cultured Meat: Promises and Challenges|journal=Environmental and Resource Economics|date=1 May 2021|volume=79|issue=1|pages=33–61|doi=10.1007/s10640-021-00551-3|pmid=33758465|language=en|issn=1573-1502}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bryant|first=Christopher J|title=Culture, meat, and cultured meat|journal=Journal of Animal Science|date=1 August 2020|volume=98|issue=8|pages=skaa172|doi=10.1093/jas/skaa172|pmid=32745186}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Treich|first=Nicolas|title=Cultured Meat: Promises and Challenges|journal=Environmental and Resource Economics|date=May 2021|volume=79|issue=1|pages=33–61|doi=10.1007/s10640-021-00551-3|pmid=33758465}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wood|first=Paul|date=2023-04-01|title=&quot;Cellular agriculture&quot;: current gaps between facts and claims regarding &quot;cell-based meat&quot;|journal=Animal Frontiers|volume=13|issue=2|pages=68–74|doi=10.1093/af/vfac092}}&lt;/ref&gt; Specifically, it can be thought of in the context of the mitigation of climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dutch&quot;/&gt;
[[Usòrò:The_Meat_Revolution_Mark_Post.webm|thumb|''The Meat Revolution'', a lecture at the World Economic Forum by Mark Post of the University of Maastricht about in vitro meat]]
[[Usòrò:Lab_Grown_Meat_explained_by_New_Harvest.webm|thumb|Vidio nke New Harvest na Xprize na-akọwa mmepe nke anụ a kụrụ akụ na ụba na &quot;ihe gbasara ndụ anụmanụ&quot; nke protein a zụlitere na ụlọ nyocha (anụ, àkwá, mmiri ara ehi) na-akpali]]
In 2013, professor Mark Post at Maastricht University pioneered a proof-of-concept for cultured meat by creating the first hamburger patty grown directly from cells. Since then, other cultured meat prototypes have gained media attention: SuperMeat opened a farm-to-fork restaurant called &quot;The Chicken&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kolyohin|first=Nick|title=Feature: Israeli cultured meat company aims to redefine industry|journal=Xinhua News Agency|date=2 July 2021|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-07/02/c_1310040282.htm|accessdate=2 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Tel Aviv to test consumer reaction to its &quot;Chicken&quot; burger,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peters|first=Adele|title=At the first lab-grown meat restaurant, you can eat a 'cultured chicken' sandwich|journal=Fast Company|date=5 November 2020|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90572093/at-the-first-lab-grown-meat-restaurant-you-can-eat-a-cultured-chicken-sandwich|accessdate=18 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the &quot;world's first commercial sale of cell-cultured meat&quot; occurred in December 2020 at the Singapore restaurant &quot;1880&quot;, where cultured meat manufactured by the [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|US]] firm Eat Just was sold.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Scully|first=Matthew|title=Hello Cultured Meat, Goodbye to the Cruelty of Industrial Animal Farming|journal=National Review|date=17 January 2021|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/01/hello-cultured-meat-good-bye-to-the-cruelty-of-industrial-animal-farming/|accessdate=18 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ mgbalị na mbara igwe na-elekwasị anya na anụ ndị a na-ahụkarị dị ka anụ ezì, anụ ehi, na anụ ọkụkọ nke mejupụtara ihe ka ukwuu a na-eri na mba ndị mepere emepe, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is the most consumed meat in the world?|url=https://ask.usda.gov/s/article/What-is-the-most-consumed-meat-in-the-world|accessdate=14 October 2021|archivedate=21 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021133914/https://ask.usda.gov/s/article/What-is-the-most-consumed-meat-in-the-world}}&lt;/ref&gt; ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ dị ka Orbillion Bio lekwasịrị anya na anụ dị elu ma ọ bụ nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe gụnyere Elk, Nwa atụrụ, Bison, na ụdị anụ ehi Wagyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Investors eat up Orbillion Bio's plans for lab-grown Wagyu beef, elk and bison|url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/04/26/investors-eat-up-orbillion-bios-plans-for-lab-grown-wagyu-beef-elk-and-bison/|accessdate=14 October 2021|date=26 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Avant Meats ewetawo azụ grouper a zụlitere n'ahịa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lab-grown fish makes a debut in Hong Kong|url=https://thefishsite.com/articles/lab-grown-fish-makes-a-debut-in-hong-kong|accessdate=14 October 2021|date=29 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ amalitela ịzụlite ụdị azụ ndị ọzọ na nri mmiri ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Seafood Without The Sea: Will Lab-Grown Fish Hook Consumers?|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/05/05/720041152/seafood-without-the-sea-will-lab-grown-fish-hook-consumers|accessdate=14 October 2021|date=5 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Usoro mmepụta na-agbanwe mgbe niile, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na-akpali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.futurefood.org/in-vitro-meat/index_en.php|title=Future Food - In Vitro Meat|date=November 2018|work=futurefood.org|accessdate=26 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmetụta nke anụ a zụlitere emeela ka mkparịta ụka gbasara ụkpụrụ omume, ahụike, gburugburu ebe obibi, ọdịbendị, na akụ na ụba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://sentience-politics.org/policy-papers/cultured-meat/|title=Cultured Meat|author=Rohrheim|first=A|date=June 2016|work=Sentience Politics|accessdate=26 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe gbasara ike ahịa, data nke ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị Good Food Institute bipụtara chọpụtara na na 2021 ụlọ ọrụ anụ a na-akụ adọta $ 140 nde na [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] naanị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dutch&quot;/&gt;Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-enye anụ a kụrụ akụ na ihe omume pụrụ iche na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ole na ole dị elu, mmepụta buru ibu nke anụ a kụziri akụ amalitebeghị.
[[Usòrò:Assembly_of_fibrous_muscle,_fat,_and_vascular_tissues_to_cultured_steak.webp|thumb|N'afọ 2021, ndị na-eme nchọpụta gosipụtara usoro bioprinting iji mepụta anụ a kụrụ akụ dị ka anụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Japanese scientists produce first 3D-bioprinted, marbled Wagyu beef|url=https://newatlas.com/science/world-first-lab-grown-wagyu-beef-japan/|accessdate=21 September 2021|work=New Atlas|date=25 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kang|first=Dong-Hee|title=Engineered whole cut meat-like tissue by the assembly of cell fibers using tendon-gel integrated bioprinting|journal=Nature Communications|date=24 August 2021|volume=12|issue=1|pages=5059|pmid=34429413|doi=10.1038/s41467-021-25236-9|language=en|issn=2041-1723}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
N'afọ 2020, gọọmentị Singapore nyere ikike nchịkwa mbụ n'ụwa maka ngwaahịa anụ a zụlitere. A na-akụ anụ ọkụkọ na Bioreactor na mmiri nke amino acid, shuga, na [[Ńnú|nnu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg 20192&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=These $50 Chicken Nuggets Were Grown in a Lab|work=Bloomberg.com|date=October 22, 2019|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-22/clean-meat-just-chicken-nuggets-grown-in-a-lab-coming-soon|accessdate=February 27, 2020|first=Deena|author=Shanker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe oriri nke anụ ọkụkọ bụ ~70% anụ a zụlitere na ụlọ nyocha, ebe a na-eji protein Mọnk bean na ihe ndị ọzọ eme ihe. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwere nkwa ịgbalịsi ike maka ọnụahịa nhata na nri ọkụkọ &quot;ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Corbyn 2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Corbyn|first=Zoë|title=Out of the lab and into your frying pan: the advance of cultured meat|work=the Guardian|date=January 19, 2020|url=http://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/jan/19/cultured-meat-on-its-way-to-a-table-near-you-cultivated-cells-farming-society-ethics|accessdate=February 27, 2020|archivedate=February 11, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211055549/https://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/jan/19/cultured-meat-on-its-way-to-a-table-near-you-cultivated-cells-farming-society-ethics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ives|first=Mike|title=Singapore Approves a Lab-Grown Meat Product, a Global First|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/02/business/singapore-lab-meat.html|accessdate=16 January 2021|work=The New York Times|date=2 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmiri ara ehi ===

* Perfect Day bụ mmalite nke San Francisco nke malitere dị ka New Harvest Dairy Project ma IndieBio mepụtara ya na 2014. Perfect Day na-eme mmiri ara ehi site na yeast kama ehi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/muufri_milk|title=Muufri Milk|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609012500/http://www.new-harvest.org/muufri_milk|archivedate=2016-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.muufri.com/|title=Perfect Day: All the dairy you love, with none of the dairy cows.|work=Perfect Day|accessdate=2024-07-12|archivedate=2016-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724224525/http://muufri.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbanwere aha ya site na Muufri gaa na Perfect Day n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://perfectday.com/faqs/|title=Non-Animal Protein FAQs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* New Culture bụ mmalite nke San Francisco nke IndieBio mepụtara na 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://agfundernews.com/brief-kraft-heinz-invests-in-new-culture-3-5m-seed-round-for-cell-grown-cheese.html|title=BRIEF: Kraft Heinz's VC invests in New Culture $3.5m seed round for cell-grown cheese|date=2019-09-10|work=AgFunderNews|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-16|archivedate=2019-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222053056/https://agfundernews.com/brief-kraft-heinz-invests-in-new-culture-3-5m-seed-round-for-cell-grown-cheese.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọdịbendị Ọhụrụ na-eme cheese mozzarella site na iji protein casein (protein mmiri ara ehi) nke ụmụ ahụhụ mere kama ehi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cell.ag/interview-matt-gibson-new-culture/|title=Interview: Matt Gibson, CEO of New Culture Foods|work=www.cell.ag|accessdate=2019-09-16|archivedate=2019-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222053056/https://www.cell.ag/interview-matt-gibson-new-culture/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/02/science/lab-grown-milk.html|title=Got Impossible Milk? The Quest for Lab-Made Dairy|author=Sheikh|first=Knvul|date=2019-08-02|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-09-16|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Culture|url=https://www.newculturefood.com/|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=www.newculturefood.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Real Vegan Cheese nke dị na San Francisco Bay-area bụ otu Open Science na-enweghị uru na-arụ ọrụ site na ụlọ nyocha obodo abụọ mepere emepe ma wepụ ya na asọmpi International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) na 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://realvegancheese.org/|title=Real Vegan Cheese {{!}}|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Real Vegan Cheese na-eme cheese site na iji protein casein (protein mmiri ara ehi) nke ụmụ ahụhụ mere kama ehi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/827852/fblk|title=Real Vegan Cheese!|work=Indiegogo|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-16|archivedate=2019-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222053056/https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/827852/fblk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livekindly.co/scientists-develop-real-vegan-cheese-made-lab-milk/|title=Scientists Develop 'Real Vegan Cheese' Made From Lab 'Milk' {{!}} News|author=Murray-Ragg|first=Nadia|date=2017-10-01|work=LIVEKINDLY|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-09-16|archivedate=2019-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123022252/https://www.livekindly.co/scientists-develop-real-vegan-cheese-made-lab-milk/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Real Vegan Cheese|url=https://www.realvegancheese.org/|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=Real Vegan Cheese|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Formo, nke dị na Germany, bụ mmalite na-emepụta ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi site na iji nje na-agbanye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Formo - The Future Dairy from Berlin.|url=https://formo.bio/|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=formo.bio}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Imagindairy na-anwa ịmepụta mmiri ara ehi site na ihe iko achịcha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-08|title=Imagindairy plans to cut out the cow and make milk from yeast|url=https://newatlas.com/science/imagindairy-milk-yeast-cow/|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=New Atlas|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-11|title=Blood, brains and burgers: The future is lab-grown everything|url=https://newatlas.com/technology/lab-grown-meat-wood-dairy-human-organs-future/|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=New Atlas|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Àkwá ===

* Ụlọ ọrụ EVERY bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-amalite na San Francisco nke malitere dị ka New Harvest Egg Project ma IndieBio mepụtara ya na 2015. Ụlọ ọrụ EVERY na-eji ihe iko achịcha emepụta ihe ọcha àkwá kama iji àkwá.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://new-harvest.org/under-development/|title=Under Development|accessdate=2024-07-12|archivedate=2019-06-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611201752/https://www.new-harvest.org/clara_foods}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gelatin ===

* Geltor bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-amalite na San Francisco nke IndieBio mepụtara na 2015. Geltor na-emepe usoro mmepụta protein nke na-eji nje bacteria na yeast emepụta gelatin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biotechin.asia/2015/12/02/gelzen-inc-making-sustainable-animal-free-gelatin/|title=Gelzen Inc. – Making sustainable, animal-free gelatin|date=December 2, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819211621/https://biotechin.asia/2015/12/02/gelzen-inc-making-sustainable-animal-free-gelatin/|archivedate=August 19, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gelzen.com/|title=Geltor|work=gelzen.com|accessdate=2024-07-12|archivedate=2016-08-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818061059/http://www.gelzen.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kọfị ===
In 2021, media outlets reported that the world's first synthetic coffee products have been created by two biotechnology companies, still awaiting regulatory approvals for near-term commercialization.&lt;ref name=&quot;synthcoffee&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lavars|first=Nick|title=Lab-grown coffee cuts out the beans and deforestation|url=https://newatlas.com/science/lab-grown-coffee-beans-deforestation/|accessdate=18 October 2021|work=New Atlas|date=20 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;labgrown&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Eco-friendly, lab-grown coffee is on the way, but it comes with a catch|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/16/lab-grown-coffee-eco-friendly|accessdate=26 October 2021|work=The Guardian|date=16 October 2021|first=Nadra|author=Nittle|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vttresearch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sustainable coffee grown in Finland|url=https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/sustainable-coffee-grown-finland-land-drinks-most-coffee-capita-produces-its-first|work=VTT News|date=15 September 2021|accessdate=18 October 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such products – which can be produced via cellular agriculture in bioreactors&lt;ref name=&quot;vttresearch&quot; /&gt; and for which multiple companies' R&amp;amp;amp;D have acquired substantial funding – may have equal or highly similar effects, composition and taste as natural products but use less water, generate less carbon emissions, require less labor&lt;ref name=&quot;labgrown&quot; /&gt;{{additional citation needed|date=October 2021}} and cause [[Kọfị|no deforestation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;synthcoffee&quot; /&gt; Products that equal naturally grown coffee on the chemical molecular level technically would not be &quot;coffee substitutes&quot; but differ only in their method of production – and hence be &quot;lab-grown coffee&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;labgrown&quot; /&gt;

Organizations working on cellular coffee include:

* Afineur bụ mmalite nke dị na Brooklyn na-eji biotechnology na smart fermentations iji melite profaịlụ nri na uto nke nri sitere na osisi, na-amalite na kọfị aka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afineur.com|title=Home|work=AFINEUR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọbara nke ụgbala ===

* Sothic Bioscience bụ mmalite nke Cork nke IndieBio mepụtara na 2015. Sothic Bioscience na-ewu ikpo okwu maka mmepụta ọbara crab. Ọbara crab nke Horseshoe nwere limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), nke bụ ọkọlọtọ ọla edo na-akwado ngwá ọrụ na ọgwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/sothic-bioscience|title=Sothic Bioscience: Protecting human lives while preserving an ancient species|accessdate=2016-08-08|archivedate=2016-07-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729223953/http://www.new-harvest.org/sothic-bioscience}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bitnami-lampstack-b011.cloudapp.net|title=Lampstack|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301045717/http://bitnami-lampstack-b011.cloudapp.net/|archivedate=2018-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Azụ ===
Enwere ike iji ọrụ ugbo cellular mee ihe maka nri azụ azụmahịa.

* Finless Foods na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta ma mepụta ngwaahịa nri anụmanụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.finlessfoods.com/|title=Finless Foods – Finless Foods|accessdate=2018-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924102222/https://finlessfoods.com/|archivedate=2018-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wild Type bụ mmalite nke San Francisco nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta anụ a zụrụ azụ iji dozie ihe ndị dị ka mgbanwe ihu igwe, nchekwa nri, na ahụike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2018/03/29/wild-type-raises-3-5m-to-reinvent-meat-for-the-21st-century/|title=Wild Type raises $3.5M to reinvent meat for the 21st century|date=29 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewildtype.com/|title=Home|work=Wild Type|accessdate=2018-05-09|archivedate=2019-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827034102/https://www.thewildtype.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ===

* Ginkgo Bioworks bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na Boston na-emepụta ísì ụtọ ma na-emepụta ụmụ irighiri ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ginkgobioworks.com|title=The Organism Company - Ginkgo Bioworks|work=Ginkgo Bioworks}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Silk ===

* Spiber bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị na [[Japan]] nke na-akọwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke fibroin na ududo wee mepụta nje bacteria na DNA recombinant iji mepụta protein, nke ha na-agbanye n'ime silk ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://newatlas.com/spiber-synthetic-silk/28267/|title=Artificial &quot;Spiber&quot; silk is tougher than Kevlar|date=12 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.spiber.jp/|title=Spiber株式会社|work=Spiber株式会社|accessdate=2024-07-12|archivedate=2019-09-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911213843/https://www.spiber.jp/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bolt Threads bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị na California na-emepụta eriri silk engineered dabere na protein a na-ahụ na silk ududo nke enwere ike ịmepụta na ahịa. Bolt na-enyocha DNA nke ududo wee mepụta usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị ahụ na ihe ndị ọzọ iji mepụta eriri silk yiri ya. A na-eji shuga, mmiri, nnu, na yist eme silk nke Bolt. Site na usoro a na-akpọ wet spinning, a na-atụgharị mmiri a n'ime eriri, dịka ụzọ a na-esi eme eriri dị ka acrylic na rayon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://boltthreads.com|title=Bolt Threads|work=boltthreads.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/05/11/bolt-threads-patagonia/|title=Bolt Threads Will Bring Its Spider Silk Fabric to Patagonia|author=Rao|first=Leena|date=May 11, 2016|publisher=Fortune}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bolt Threads|url=https://boltthreads.com/|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=boltthreads.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akpụkpọ anụ ===

* Modern Meadow bụ ihe na-amalite na Brooklyn na-eto collagen, protein a na-ahụ na akpụkpọ anụ, iji mee akpụkpọ anụ biofabricated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.modernmeadow.com|title=Modern Meadow – Leather re-imagined|work=modernmeadow.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nri anụ ụlọ ===

* Clean Meat cluster depụtara n'ihi na Animals, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Because Animals|url=https://becauseanimals.com/|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=Because Animals|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wild Earth na Bond Pet Foods &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bond Pet Foods - Animal-free &amp; Protein-Rich Pet Food|url=https://www.bondpets.com/|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=Bond Pet Foods|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; dị ka ndị sonyere n'ịmepụta nri anụ ụlọ na-eji anụ a kụrụ akụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wild Earth Announces the World's First Cell-Based Meat Developed for Dogs|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20221026005209/en/Wild-Earth-Announces-the-World%E2%80%99s-First-Cell-Based-Meat-Developed-for-Dogs|work=www.businesswire.com|language=en|date=26 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Osisi ===
N'afọ 2022, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kọrọ na osisi mbụ e biri ebi na 3D. Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na ahịa (dịka na mmepụta zuru oke na ogo).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brahambhatt|first=Rupendra|title=Science Scientists can now grow wood in a lab without cutting a single tree|url=https://interestingengineering.com/lab-grown-wood|accessdate=23 June 2022|work=Interesting Engineering}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Beckwith|first=Ashley L.|title=Physical, mechanical, and microstructural characterization of novel, 3D-printed, tunable, lab-grown plant materials generated from Zinnia elegans cell cultures|journal=Materials Today|date=1 April 2022|volume=54|pages=27–41|doi=10.1016/j.mattod.2022.02.012|language=en|issn=1369-7021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsogbu ==

== Ihe omume agụmakwụkwọ ==

=== New Harvest Cultured Tissue Fellowship na Mahadum Tufts ===
Usoro jikọrọ aka n'etiti New Harvest na Tissue Engineering Research Center (TERC), atụmatụ NIH kwadoro na 2004 iji kwalite injinia anụ ahụ. Usoro mkpakọrịta ahụ na-enye ego maka ụmụ akwụkwọ Masters na PhD na Mahadum Tufts bụ ndị nwere mmasị na bioengineering tunable structures, mechanics, na biology n'ime usoro anụ ahụ 3D metụtara uru ha dị ka nri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.new-harvest.org/grants|title=Grant Opportunities, New Harvest|work=new-harvest.org|publisher=New Harvest|accessdate=July 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018200955/http://www.new-harvest.org/grants|archivedate=October 18, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nzukọ ==

=== Nzukọ Owu Ọhụrụ ===
New Harvest na-eme ka ndị ọsụ ụzọ na ọrụ ugbo cellular na ndị ọhụrụ, ndị nwere mmasị site na ụlọ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ kesaa ihe mmụta dị mkpa maka ụzọ ọrụ ugbo cell na-aga n'ihu. E meela nzukọ ahụ na San Francisco, California, Brooklyn, New York, ma na-eme ya ugbu a na Cambridge, [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://new-harvest.org/|title=Home|work=New Harvest}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nkwekọrịta Nri na Nri Mmiri ===
Nzukọ nke atọ nke Industrializing Cell-Based Meats &amp; Seafood Summit bụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ na-eduzi na-ejikọta ndị isi na-eme mkpebi site na biotech na teknụzụ nri, na-eduga ụlọ ọrụ nri na anụ, na ndị na-etinye ego iji kwurịta isi ihe ịma aka na teknụgbọ maka mmepe nke anụ na nri mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://industrializingcultivatedmeats.com/|title=Industrializing Cultivated Meats &amp; Seafood Summit|work=4th Industrializing Cultivated Meats &amp; Seafood Summit}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nzukọ sayensị mba ụwa banyere anụ a kụrụ akụ ===
Nzukọ sayensị mba ụwa na anụ a kụrụ akụ malitere na mmekorita ya na Mahadum Maastricht na 2015, ma kpọkọta otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọkachamara n'ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa iji gosipụta nyocha na mmepe ọhụrụ na anụ a na-azụ akụ. A na-eme ya kwa afọ na Maastricht, [[Netherlands]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturedmeatconference.com/|title=International Conference on Cultured Meat|work=International Conference on Cultured Meat|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nzukọ Ezigbo Nri ===
Nzukọ GFI bụ ihe omume lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite ahịa nke anụ dị ọcha na nke dị ọcha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.goodfoodconference.com|title=Good Food Conference 2018|work=goodfoodconference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nzukọ Nzukọ Anụ Ọdịbendị ===
Cultured Meat Symposium bụ nzukọ e nwere na Silicon Valley na-eme ka nghọta kachasị elu nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mgbanwe anụ dị ọcha pụta ìhè. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kulr8.com/story/39177932/cultured-meat-symposium-announces-cell-based-meat-conference-planned-for-november-2018|title=Cultured Meat Symposium Announces Cell-Based Meat Conference Planned for November 2018|publisher=KULR8|accessdate=2024-07-12|archivedate=2018-10-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011133405/http://www.kulr8.com/story/39177932/cultured-meat-symposium-announces-cell-based-meat-conference-planned-for-november-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cms21.io/|title=CMS21 – Cultured Meat Symposium|work=CMS21|accessdate=2024-07-12|archivedate=2024-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827174834/https://cms21.io/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe ngosi protein ọzọ ===
The Alternative Protein Show bụ &quot;ihe omume netwọk&quot; iji mee ka mmekorita dị mfe na &quot;New Protein Landscape&quot;, nke gụnyere ọrụ ugbo nke osisi na nke cellular.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newprotein.org/|title=The KET Maps — FoodTech Industry Landscapes|work=The KindEarth.Tech Maps}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nzukọ Nri Ọhụrụ ===
Nzukọ Nri Ọhụrụ bụ ihe omume na-elekwasị anya na ụlọ ọrụ nke na-achọ ime ka ngwa ngwa ma nye ike ihe ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ngwaahịa anụmanụ site n'ịchịkọta ndị isi. Ọ bụ nzukọ mbụ na nke kachasị ukwuu na Europe na ngwọta protein ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.new-food-conference.com/|title=New Food Conference|work=www.new-food-conference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na mgbasa ozi ==

=== Akwụkwọ ===

:* Clean Meat: How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World bụ akwụkwọ gbasara ọrụ ugbo cellular nke onye na-ahụ maka anụmanụ bụ Paul Shapiro (onye edemede)  dere. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-enyocha ụlọ ọrụ mmalite ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a maka mmepụta ngwaahịa ugbo cellular. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cleanmeat.com/|title=Clean Meat - The Bestselling Book by Paul Shapiro|work=cleanmeat.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Clean-Meat/Paul-Shapiro/9781501189081|title=Clean Meat|date=2 January 2018|isbn=9781501189081|author=Shapiro|first=Paul}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haU3Y9ooPZ8|title=Cultured Meat and Future Food Podcast Episode 03: Paul Shapiro|author=Cultured Meat Future Food|date=8 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* Meat Planet: Artificial Flesh and the Future of Food nke Benjamin Aldes Wurgaft bụ nsonaazụ nke afọ ise na-eme nchọpụta maka ọrụ ugbo cellular, ma na-enyocha ọchụchọ iji mepụta anụ na ụlọ nyocha, na-ajụ ihe ọ pụtara iche n'echiche na nke a bụ ọdịnihu nke nri. Ọ bụ Mahadum California Press bipụtara ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520295537/meat-planet?mc_cid=4282227b23&amp;mc_eid=00ba3967ba|title=Meat Planet|date=September 2019|isbn=9780520295537|language=en|author=Wurgaft|first=Benjamin Aldes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* ''Ebee ka hot dogs si bịa? Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka Banyere Ọrụ Ugbo Cellular'' nke Anita Broellochs, Alex Shirazi na Illustrated nke Gabriel Gonzalez na-agbanwe ezinụlọ BBQ ka ọ bụrụ akụkọ sayensị na-akọwa etu esi eme hot dogs na teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo cellular. E wepụtara akwụkwọ ahụ na Kickstarter na July 20, 2021.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/where-do-hot-dogs-come-from-childrens-book/|title=This Children's Book Wants To Inspire Future Cell-Based Meat Makers|author=Green Queen Media|date=30 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thespoon.tech/food-tech-news-food-waste-sneakers-cell-ag-childrens-book-and-bon-appetits-new-app/|title=Food Tech News: Food Waste Sneakers, Cell-Ag Children's Book, and Bon Appétit's New App|author=The Spoon|date=31 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Podcasts ===

* Cultured Meat and Future Food bụ pọdkastị banyere anụ dị ọcha na teknụzụ nri n'ọdịnihu nke Alex Shirazi kwadoro, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alex Shirazi {{!}} User Experience Designer|url=https://alexshirazi.com/|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=alexshirazi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye na-emepụta ahụmịhe onye ọrụ mkpanaka nke dị na Menlo Park, California, onye ọrụ ya ugbu a na-elekwasị anya na teknụgbọ ahịa. Podcast ahụ na-egosi ajụjụ ọnụ na ndị ọkachamara ụlọ ọrụ sitere na mmalite, ndị na-etinye ego, na ndị na-enweghị uru na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ ugbo cellular.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cleanmeatpodcast.com/|title=Cultured Meat and Future Food|work=cleanmeatpodcast.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC33S_Bjg2Hs1tuqDdABjf0Q|title=Cultured Meat Future Food|work=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkụ ndị yiri ya nke nyocha na mmepụta ==

* Ọdịbendị nri microbes na mmepụta microbial nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (dịka nke ududo silk&lt;ref name=&quot;spider-silk&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Spider silk made by photosynthetic bacteria|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-spider-silk-photosynthetic-bacteria.html|accessdate=16 August 2020|work=phys.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Foong Higuchi-Takeuchi Malay Oktaviani p. 357&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Foong|first=Choon Pin|title=A marine photosynthetic microbial cell factory as a platform for spider silk production|journal=Communications Biology|volume=3|issue=1|date=2020-07-08|issn=2399-3642|doi=10.1038/s42003-020-1099-6|pmid=32641733}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ protein powder nke anyanwụ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Growing food with air and solar power: More efficient than planting crops|url=https://phys.org/news/2021-06-food-air-solar-power-efficient.html|accessdate=11 July 2021|work=Phys.org|language=en|date=June 22, 2021|first=Bob|author=Yirka}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Leger|first=Dorian|title=Photovoltaic-driven microbial protein production can use land and sunlight more efficiently than conventional crops|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=29 June 2021|volume=118|issue=26|pages=e2015025118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2015025118|pmid=34155098|language=en|issn=0027-8424}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nchịkọta onwe onye nke protein osisi (dịka nke ududo silk yiri nke protein-based plastic)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title='Vegan spider silk' provides sustainable alternative to single-use plastics|url=https://phys.org/news/2021-06-vegan-spider-silk-sustainable-alternative.html|accessdate=11 July 2021|work=phys.org|language=en|date=June 10, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;10.1038/s41467-021-23813-6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kamada|first=Ayaka|title=Controlled self-assembly of plant proteins into high-performance multifunctional nanostructured films|journal=Nature Communications|date=10 June 2021|volume=12|issue=1|pages=3529|doi=10.1038/s41467-021-23813-6|pmid=34112802|language=en|issn=2041-1723}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ngwakọta aka na-enweghị mkpụrụ ndụ (lee Biobased economy#Agriculture) 
* Nri ndị na-eṅomi (dịka anụ yiri anụ na mmiri ara ehi) 

== Ebem si dee ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa nke Naịjirịa</title>
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      <text bytes="1794" sha1="in0gufh5dxys8sl0xkgx3dl6x1a2y0k" xml:space="preserve">Ndị ọrụ mkpa nke Nigeria ( FRIN ) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ Naijiria na-ahụ maka ịdị mkpa nke njirimara.  Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Jeriko, Ibadan .

E hiwere FRIN dị ka ngalaba Federal Department of Forestry Research na 1954. [1] nke Iwu Institutelọ Ọrụ 35 nke 1973 na iwu guzobe Research Institute of 1977 nyere ụlọ nke Ngalaba na ụlọ akwụkwọ.  Ọ bụ Federal Ministry of Environment na-elekọta ya, mana ikike ụlọ ọrụ nke Ministry.

FRIN na-arụ ọrụ Federal College of Forestry na Ibadan (FEDCOFOR). Ebo ya ebubo ọzụzụ na ịzụlite omume ọhịa na ọrụ ugbo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcfibadan.edu.ng/#|title=Federal College of Forestry Ibadan|work=www.fcfibadan.edu.ng|accessdate=2019-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

FEDCOFOR nwere ngalaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị isii na ngalaba nkwado atọ.  Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ụfọdụ mono-technic, na-enye ma National Diploma (ND) na ndị ọzọ, iwu ọrụ ugbo, osisi na akwụkwọ, ihe na-akpata odida obodo, akwado ihe ọmụmụ na Diploma National Higher (HND) na  ụdị, osisi na akwụkwọ.  Fada, Horticulture na mpaghara odida obodo , , , , , , , , , , , , , , na-eme ka ihe na-edozi ihe ndi ozo.

Koodu index herbarium maka Forest Herbarium Ibadan, herbarium ịgụ FRIN, bụ FHI . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=124559|title=FHI Herbarium Details - The William &amp; Lynda Steere Herbarium|author=|first=|date=|work=sweetgum.nybg.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109202501/https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=124559|archivedate=2023-11-09|accessdate=2020-02-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe ==

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website</text>
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[[File:AMCOW Office Headquarter.jpg|thumb|African Ministers' Council on Water]]
Council of African Ministers' Council on Water (AMCOW) ( French &lt;/link&gt;), nke African Union na-ewere dị ka usoro nkwado maka Kọmitii Nkà na ọzụ Pụrụ Iche (STC) iji kwalite mmezu na mpaghara mmiri na ọcha .  Ọ bụ mpaghara mpaghara nke mba 55 dị n'Africa na- mgbaàmà akụ na-ahụ ọha na eze na mkpochapụ nke ndị ogbenye site na imekọ ihe ọnụ nke ọma, njikwa ọrụ mmiri, na inye òtù ya ihe mmiri mmiri nke kọntinent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=AFRICAN UNION|date=2019|title=Third Ordinary Session of the Specialized Technical Committee (STC) on Agriculture, Rural Development, Water and Environment 21-25 October 2019, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.|url=http://www.acmad.net/new/NEWSITEACMAD/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/infoReport-of-the-Ministers-of-the-2019-STC-on-ARDWE-Final-Nov-20-2010.pdf|journal=African Union|pages=40}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AMCOW - African Ministers' Council on Water|url=https://www.infontd.org/organization/amcow-african-ministers-council-water|accessdate=October 9, 2021|work=infontd|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027054705/https://www.infontd.org/organization/amcow-african-ministers-council-water|archivedate=2020-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
N'April 2002, ndị Minista Afrịka na-ahụ maka ụgbọ mmiri na [[Abuja]], Nigeria, hibere ndị minista na-ahụ maka mmiri nke Africa (AMCOW) na-esote nke nke &quot;Nkwuwapụta Minista nke Abuja na Mmiri - isi ihe na-  eme ka ike na-adịgide adịgide&quot;.  E hiwere ụgbọ a iji mee ka mmezu nke Mat mmiri na idebe ihe dị n'Africa dị ngwa.  Na 2008, na nhụsianya nke iri na otu nke African Union (AU) Assembly na Sharm el-Sheikh Egypt, ndị isi obodo na ọrịa Africa, nyere AMCOW iwu ka ha guzobe na nri maka mmewere nkwa ha n'ịkwalite akpụkpọ ọcha na  ọcha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=AFRICAN|first=UNION|date=2008|title=ASSEMBLY OF THE AFRICAN UNION Eleventh Ordinary Session 30 June to 1 July 2008 Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt: Decisions, Declaration, Tribute and Resolution.|url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/9558-assembly_en_30_june_1_july_2008_auc_eleventh_ordinary_session_decisions_declarations_tribute_resolution.pdf|journal=African Union|pages=40}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Coombes|first=Yolande|date=2015|title=Investment in Sanitation to Support Economic Growth in Africa: Recommendations to the African Ministers' Council on Water (AMCOW) and Ministers of Finance.|url=https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp/files/publications/WSP-Investment-in-Sanitation-to-Support-Growth-Africa.pdf|journal=Water and Sanitation Program:Report|pages=32}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yolande Coombes, Sophie Hickling and Mark Radin - PDF Free Download|url=https://docplayer.net/8667420-Yolande-coombes-sophie-hickling-and-mark-radin.html|accessdate=2021-12-28|work=docplayer.net|archivedate=2021-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228092927/https://docplayer.net/8667420-Yolande-coombes-sophie-hickling-and-mark-radin.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Usoro nchịkwa ==
Usoro ụlọ ọrụ nke AMCOW nwere Council of Minister (Ndị Minista na-ahụ maka mmiri na mba ọ mgbasa), kọmitii ndị (EXCO) na Onye isi ala / oche, na Board of Directors (nke bụ [[Namibia]] ugbu a).  Nke ọ ALA n'ime mpaghara ise a nọchitere anya na kọmitii onye isi site n'aka ndị agadi anya atọ / ndị Minista mmiri (A na-ekewa mba ndị otu AMCOW n'ime mpaghara ise: West Africa, Eastern Africa, Central Africa).  , North Africa, na South Africa ) maka nhazi.  nke sub-regional ọrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Ministers' Council on Water {{!}} UIA Yearbook Profile {{!}} Union of International Associations|url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100041436|accessdate=2021-10-09|work=uia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osote onye isi ala na-elekọta mpaghara ọlala.  AMCOW Secretariat hiwere isi na Abuja, Nigeria, onye ode akwukwo Executive nwa oge na otu ndi okachamara na ndi oru nkwado na-edu ya.  Kọmiti Ndụmọdụ Nka na ẹzà (TAC) na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndu Kọmitii Executive.  Kọmiti ndị isi na-ahụ maka ịhụ na e mezuru isi kansụl, yana mmemme/mmefu ego maka nkwado nke kansụl, mankọta ego dị mkpa, na ilekọta ọrụ nke Secretariat. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Special Technical Committee of the African Union|date=2018|title=Decisions of the 11th ordinary session of the governing council of AMCOW 29 – 30 October 2018, Libreville, GABON and 13 February 2019, Kigali, RWANDA.|url=https://aquaknow.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/Final_11th_AMCOW_GC_Kigali_0.pdf|journal=AMCOW|pages=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ ndị bụ isi nke AMCOW bụ mpaghara mpaghara na nke mba ụwa site n'chịkọta atumatu na omume n'etiti mba Africa ihe ndị na-agụ mmiri mmiri, iji na-eche na ikpokọta ego ọzọ maka mpaghara mmiri mmiri, na-enye usoro maka  nọmba nke isi mpaghara na mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ.  ntụ, inye mmiri, na akwụkwọ ọcha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-22|title=AMCOW launches the African Sanitation Policy Guidelines|url=https://guardian.ng/ama-press-releases/amcow-launches-the-african-sanitation-policy-guidelines/|accessdate=2021-10-09|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009171145/https://guardian.ng/ama-press-releases/amcow-launches-the-african-sanitation-policy-guidelines/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

AMCOW na-ejekwa ozi dị ka achịcha maka ịgba ụka gbasara mmiri na ụlọ ọrụ UN na ndị mmekọ ndị ọzọ.  Ọ na-akwado ikere òkè na mkpagbu ihe mpaghara na mpaghara ihu igwe, tallaabo nke nleba anya, iwu nke ozi, na mgbaàmà nke atumatu na akara iji dozie nsogbu mmiri na Africa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IISD Reporting Services - African Regional Coverage - AFRICAN MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE ON WATER|url=https://enb.iisd.org/africa/water/amcow/amcow.html|accessdate=2021-10-09|work=enb.iisd.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ozi na Ọhụụ ==
'''Ozi:''' Iji nye onye ndu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ntụzịaka amụma na nkwado na ntinye, ojiji na njikwa nke akụrụngwa mmiri maka mmepe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide na mmezi nke gburugburu ebe obibi Africa.

Ọhụụ: Iji nwa 2025 Africa Water Vision site na ijikwa mmiri mmiri nke Africa nke ọma na inye inye mmiri mmiri.  Iji kwalite imekọ ihe ọnụ, nchekwa, nchekwa ọha na eze na akụ na ngwaọrụ, na ikpochapụ ego ogbenye n'etiti mba ndị otu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AMCOW - African Ministers' Council on Water {{!}} InfoNTD|url=https://www.infontd.org/organization/amcow-african-ministers-council-water|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=www.infontd.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe mmalite ==

* Mmemme mmiri dị n'ala Africa
* AMCOW Pan African Groundwater Programme (APAGroP) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=sandaruwan|date=2020-03-19|title=African Ministers' Council on Water reaches out to co-develop and consolidate its Pan-African groundwater program - GRIPP|url=https://gripp.iwmi.org/2020/03/19/african-ministers-council-on-water-reaches-out-to-co-develop-and-consolidate-its-pan-african-groundwater-program/|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=Groundwater Solutions Initiative for Policy and Practice (GRIPP)|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Usoro nlekota mmiri na ịdị ọcha nke Africa (WASSMO) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Improving water and sanitation monitoring in Africa: AMCOW trains WASSMO focal points in Central Africa|url=https://www.gwp.org/en/GWP-Central-Africa/WE-ACT/news/improving-water-and-sanitation-monitoring-in-africa/|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=Global Water Partnership}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe ịma aka njikwa mmiri na ịdị ọcha nke Africa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=afrique-news|title=African Ministers Council on Water launches Africa's Water and Sanitation Knowledge Management Challenge on the sidelines of the Stockholm World Water Week 2022 {{!}} Afrique News|url=https://afrique-news.info/african-ministers-council-on-water-launches-africas-water-and-sanitation-knowledge-management-challenge-on-the-sidelines-of-the-stockholm-world-water-week-2022/|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=afrique-news.info|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2022-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124134445/https://afrique-news.info/african-ministers-council-on-water-launches-africas-water-and-sanitation-knowledge-management-challenge-on-the-sidelines-of-the-stockholm-world-water-week-2022/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ntuziaka amụma ịdị ọcha nke Africa (ASPG) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=MBAYE|first=Bara|date=2022-03-21|title=Achieving Universal Coverage through Africa Sanitation Policy Guidelines ⋆ Speak Up Africa|url=https://www.speakupafrica.org/achieving-universal-coverage-through-africa-sanitation-policy-guidelines/|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=Speak Up Africa|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mmemme nsonye ntorobịa na okike &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-21|title=Development of AMCOW Youth, Gender and Social Inclusion Strategy|url=https://www.joshswaterjobs.com/jobs/28231/|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=Josh's Water Jobs|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124140909/https://www.joshswaterjobs.com/jobs/28231/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ebe Ọmụma Ọnlaịnụ
* Mukhtari Shehu Shagari Resource Center &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Tribune|date=2020-11-23|title=Shagari tasks African countries on information sharing as AMCOW names resource centre after him|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/shagari-tasks-african-countries-on-information-sharing-as-amcow-names-resource-centre-after-him/|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe omume ==

* Ụbọchị elekwasị anya n'Africa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AFRICA Focus - High Level Ministerial Panel: Waste to benefits|url=https://www.worldwaterweek.org/event/7000-africa-focus---high-level-ministerial-panel-waste-to-benefits|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=World Water Week}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Izu mmiri na ịdị ọcha nke Africa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Africa Water and Sanitation Week 2021|url=https://africa.harvard.edu/event/africa-water-and-sanitation-week-2021|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=africa.harvard.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ebe nchekwa mmiri nke Africa (AWF) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The African Water Facility (AWF)|url=https://www.unccd.int/cbm/african-water-facility-awf|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=UNCCD|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* AfricaSan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AfricaSan 5 / FSM5|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/events/2019/01/25/africasan-5-fsm5|accessdate=2022-11-24|work=World Bank|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmezu ==
Nnukwu mmezu AMCOW gụnyere:

* Mepụtara atụmatụ atụmatụ mmiri afọ 10 maka mmejuputa iwu n'etiti 2018 na 2030. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=African Ministers' Council on Water|title=African Ministers' Council on Water Strategy 2018–2030|year=2018|isbn=978-978-967-549-4|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ewubere usoro ozi nke otu netwọk nke ndị isi mmiri na-akwado maka nleba anya n'usoro maka ihe ịma aka amụma mmiri na Africa.
* Enyere nkwado maka njikọta mpaghara .
* Anakwere mmemme ọrụ afọ atọ nke na-enye ntụzịaka atụmatụ maka imekọ ihe ọnụ nke mba, mpaghara na mba ụwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Partnership: AMCOW engage in the preparatory phase and the organization of the Dakar Forum {{!}} 9th World Water Forum|url=https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar|accessdate=2021-10-09|work=www.worldwaterforum.org|archivedate=2021-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009182819/https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Enyere nkwado nhazi, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ụlọ ọrụ maka mmejuputa atumatu mmiri. 
* Achịkọbara isi mmiri pọtụfoliyo maka mpaghara mpaghara ise nke Africa, nguzobe nke African Water Facility (AWF) nke African Development Bank na-elekọta ma na-elekọta, na nguzobe nke Trust Fund n'okpuru [[Ihe Omume Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2017-09-25|title=AMCOW 15th anniversary holds in Abuja|url=https://guardian.ng/property/amcow-15th-anniversary-holds-in-abuja/|accessdate=2021-10-09|work=The Guardian|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Akuko eweputara na nleba anya nleba anya nke ndi isi obodo na ndi ochichi nke AfricaSan Ngor iji kwalite mmepe idebe ocha na idebe ocha n'Afrika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Laying the Foundation for Sanitation Revolution in Africa: WALIS Technical Brief|url=https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/walis/laying-foundation-sanitation-revolution-africa-walis-technical-brief|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Laying the Foundation for Sanitation Revolution in Africa: WALIS Technical Brief {{!}} Globalwaters.org|language=en|archivedate=2022-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130213249/https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/walis/laying-foundation-sanitation-revolution-africa-walis-technical-brief}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mepụtara mmemme mmiri dị n'ala Africa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-10-08|title=AMCOW launches its Pan-African Groundwater Program|url=https://gripp.iwmi.org/2019/10/08/amcow-launches-its-pan-african-groundwater-program/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Groundwater Solutions Initiative for Policy and Practice (GRIPP)|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2020 ewepụtara ụlọ ọrụ ihe ọmụma ohere mepere emepe maka ịnakọta na ịkekọrịta ozi na ihe ọmụma mmiri na ịdị ọcha nke Africa. 
* N'afọ 2021 ka ewepụtara ụkpụrụ ntụzịaka ịdị ọcha nke Africa site na nkwado nke Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF).
* Emere ncheta afọ 15 ya na Nọvemba, 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Simire|first=Michael|date=2017-09-21|title=AMCOW set to celebrate 15th anniversary|url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/amcow-set-celebrate-15th-anniversary/|accessdate=2021-10-09|work=EnviroNews Nigeria -|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-09-25|title=AMCOW 15th anniversary holds in Abuja|url=https://guardian.ng/property/amcow-15th-anniversary-holds-in-abuja/|accessdate=2021-12-28|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009182818/https://guardian.ng/property/amcow-15th-anniversary-holds-in-abuja/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ga-abụ ncheta afọ 20th ya n'oge World Water Forum na Dakar, [[Senegal]], na Machị 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dakar 2022|work=World Water Council|url=https://www.worldwatercouncil.org/|accessdate=2021-12-28|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Partnership: AMCOW engage in the preparatory phase and the organization of the Dakar Forum {{!}} 9th World Water Forum|url=https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar|accessdate=2021-12-28|work=www.worldwaterforum.org|archivedate=2021-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009182819/https://www.worldwaterforum.org/en/latest-news/partnership-amcow-engage-in-the-preparatory-phase-and-the-organization-of-the-dakar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Obodo ndị otu ==
 

== Hụkwa ==
 

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Akpụkpọ iko kọfị</title>
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      <text bytes="2684" sha1="ad7sw7i9e2e3k13suh7b27x90x5o9gw" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Coffee-cup-sleeve.jpg|thumb|Akpụkpọ iko kọfị n'elu iko kọfịa. Mkpịsị aka ya na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ijide ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ.]]
Mkpịsị aka iko [[kọfị]], nke a makwaara dị ka aka kọfị,[lower-alpha 1] bụ aka cylindrical nke n'adaba n'elu iko kọfị n'enweghị aka iji kpụchie aka onye n'aṅụ kọfị na kọfị ọkụ. A n'ejịkarị mpempe akwụkwọ eme aka kọfị, mana enwere ike ịchọta ya na ihe ndị ọzọ. Mkpịsị aka kọfị n'enye ohere Ụlọ kọfị, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nri ngwa ngwa, na ndị n'ere ahịa ndị ọzọ iji zere ịkpụ okpụkpụ abụọ, omume nke iji iko akwụkwọ abụọ (ma ọ bụ karịa) maka otu ihe ọṅụṅụ n'ekpo ọkụ. Ụfọdụ ndị n'ejide iko akwụkwọ n'ebu [[Advertising|mgbasa ozi]].

Jay Sorensen mepụtara aka kọfị ahụ n'afọ 1991 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-the-coffee-cup-sleeve-was-invented-119479/?no-ist|title=How the Coffee Cup Sleeve Was Invented|work=Smithsonian|accessdate=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma nye ya ikike n'afọ 1995  (n'okpụrụ aha ahịa Java Jacket), ma ugbụa ụlọ kọfị na ndị n'ere ahịa ndị ọzọ n'ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ere ihe ọṅụṅụ n'ekpo ọkụ nke a n'ekesa na iko akwụkwọ a na-atụfu atụfu. E nwere ọtụtụ ikike nke n'ekpụchi uwe kọfị dị iche iche n'akụkụ ha. Nke a gụnyere Coffee Clutch, nke Starbucks na-eji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=To Serve &amp; Protect Compared to the typical entrepreneur, Jay Sorensen seems an unlikely candidate for success. A few jobs didn't work out, his career was foundering... ...and then he got his big break--his divine inspiration--from a drive-through window and a tumbling cup of hot coffee. - November 1, 2001|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2001/11/01/312461/|accessdate=2024-01-09|work=money.cnn.com|archivedate=2024-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109052700/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2001/11/01/312461/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọzọ ekwuola na ha mepụtara aka kọfị. 

E nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ n'emepụta aka kọfị; ụlọ ọrụ anọ kachasị elu site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke aka kọfị a na -ere na mba US bụ, n'enweghị usoro ọ bụla, International Paper, LBP Manufacturing, Java Jacket, na [[Labansat &amp; Schulz Manufacturing]].   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;</text>
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[[Usòrò:Daedelus_comparison,_remote_sensing_in_precision_farming.jpg|thumb|Ihe oyiyi ndị na-acha adịgboroja na-egosi ngwa Mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ na ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=1139|title=Precision Farming : Image of the Day|publisher=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|accessdate=12 October 2009|date=30 January 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Usòrò:Yara_N-Sensor_ALS.jpg|thumb|Yara ''N-Sensor ALS'' nke a na-etinye n'elu okpokoro traktọ - usoro nke na-edekọ ihe ọkụkụ na-egbuke egbuke, na-agbakọ aro maka imeju ma na-agbanwe ọnụọgụ nke fatịlaịza gbasaa]]
[[Usòrò:DroneMapper_Processed_NDVI_4cm_GSD.png|thumb|Nkọwa Nkọwapụta NDVI 4 cm / pixel GSD]]
Ọrụ ugbo nke ọma (PA) bụ atụmatụ njikwa ọrụ ugbo dabere na ilele, tụọ na ịzaghachi na mgbanwe oge na oghere iji kwalite nkwado mmepụta ugbo.[2] A na-eji ya ma ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ.[3] Ọrụ ugbo nke ọma na-ejikarị teknụzụ arụ ọrụ arụ ọrụ ugbo, na-emezi nyocha ha, ime mkpebi ma ọ bụ ịrụ ọrụ.[4][5] Ebumnuche nke nyocha ọrụ ugbo nkenke bụ ịkọwapụta usoro nkwado mkpebi maka njikwa ọrụ ugbo dum na ebumnuche nke ịkwalite nlọghachi na ntinye mgbe ị na-echekwa akụrụngwa.  &lt;ref&gt;McBratney, A., Whelan, B., Ancev, T., 2005. Future Directions of Precision Agriculture. Precision Agriculture, 6, 7-23.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Whelan, B.M., McBratney, A.B., 2003.  Definition and Interpretation of potential management zones in Australia, In: Proceedings of the 11th Australian Agronomy Conference, Geelong, Victoria, 2–6 Feb. 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụzọ ndị a bụ usoro phytogeomorphological nke jikọtara nkwụsi ike / njirimara nke mkpụrụ osisi ọtụtụ afọ na njiri mara mbara ala. Mmasị nke usoro phytogeomorphological sitere n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na akụkụ geomorphology na-akọwakarị hydrology nke ubi ugbo.  &lt;ref&gt;Howard, J.A., Mitchell, C.W., 1985. Phytogeomorphology. ''Wiley''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KasparColvin2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kaspar|first=Thomas C.|title=Relationship Between Six Years of Corn Yields and Terrain Attributes|journal=Precision Agriculture|volume=4|issue=1|date=March 2003|pages=87–101|issn=1385-2256|doi=10.1023/A:1021867123125}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emeela ka omume ọrụ ugbo nke ọma site na ọbịbịa nke GPS na GNSS. Ikike onye ọrụ ugbo na/ma ọ bụ onye nchọcha nwere ịchọta kpọmkwem ọnọdụ ha n'ọhịa na-enye ohere ịmepụta maapụ nke mgbanwe mbara igwe nke ọtụtụ mgbanwe dị ka enwere ike tụọ (dịka ihe ọkụkụ, njirimara ala/topography, ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ, ọkwa mmiri, ọkwa nitrogen, pH, EC, mg, K, na ndị ọzọ).[10] A na-anakọta data yiri nke ahụ site n'usoro ihe mmetụta etinyere na ngwakọ ndị nwere GPS. Usoro ndị a nwere ihe mmetụta nke na-eme ihe n'ezie na-atụ ihe niile site na ọkwa chlorophyll ruo ọkwa mmiri osisi, yana foto dị iche iche.[11] A na-eji data a na njikọ satịlaịtị site na teknụzụ mgbanwe ọnụego mgbanwe (VRT) gụnyere ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ, ndị na-efesa, wdg iji kesaa akụrụngwa kacha mma. Otú ọ dị, ọganihu nkà na ụzụ na-adịbeghị anya enyerela aka iji ihe mmetụta nke oge eme ihe ozugbo na ala, nke nwere ike ibunye data na ikuku na-enweghị mkpa ọnụnọ mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;M. Sophocleous et al., &quot;A Stand-Alone, In Situ, Soil Quality Sensing System for Precision Agriculture,&quot; in IEEE Transactions on AgriFood Electronics, doi: 10.1109/TAFE.2024.3351953.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;M. Sophocleous and J. Georgiou, “Precision agriculture: Challenges in sensors and electronics for real-time soil and plant monitoring,” 2017 IEEE Biomed. Circuits Syst. Conf., pp. 1–4, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOCAS.2017.8325180&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=M.|author=Sophocleous|title=IoT &amp; Thick-Film Technology for Underground Sensors in Agriculture|year=2016|url=http://www.sensorsmag.com/components/iot-thick-film-technology-for-underground-sensors-agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụgbọ ala ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ ala na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ bụ ndị dị ọnụ ala nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ elu nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ugbo nke ọma. Enwere ike ịkwado drones ọrụ ugbo [15] nwere igwefoto multispectral ma ọ bụ RGB iji weghara ọtụtụ onyonyo nke ubi enwere ike ịdụkọta ọnụ site na iji ụzọ fotogrammetric mepụta orthophotos. Onyonyo dị iche iche nwere ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ n'otu pikselụ na mgbakwunye na omenala uhie, ụkpụrụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị ka nso infrared na ụkpụrụ ụdị dị iche iche nke na-acha uhie uhie ejiri na-ahazi na nyochaa ndepụta ahịhịa dị ka maapụ NDVI.[16] Drones ndị a nwere ike ịse foto yana ịnye ntụnyere mpaghara dị ka elu, nke na-enye ohere ngwanrọ ịrụ ọrụ algebra maapụ iji wuo maapụ topography. Enwere ike iji map ndị a na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na-ejikọta ahụike ihe ọkụkụ na ọdịdị ọdịdị, nke a ga-esi na ya pụta iji kwalite ntinye ihe ọkụkụ dị ka mmiri, fatịlaịza ma ọ bụ kemịkalụ dị ka ahịhịa ahịhịa na ndị na-ahụ maka uto site na ngwa mgbanwe ọnụego.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro nke atọ nke mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo nke oge a. Mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo mbụ bụ mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo, site na 1900 ruo 1930. Onye ọrụ ugbo ọ bụla na-emepụta nri zuru ezu iji nye ihe dị ka mmadụ 26 nri n'oge a.&lt;ref name=&quot;ey.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://consulting.ey.com/digital-agriculture-helping-to-feed-a-growing-world/|title=Digital agriculture: Helping to feed a growing world|date=23 February 2017|accessdate=3 April 2018|archivedate=15 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015002931/https://consulting.ey.com/digital-agriculture-helping-to-feed-a-growing-world/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afọ 1960 kpaliri Green Revolution na usoro ọhụrụ nke mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, nke mere ka onye ọrụ ugbo ọ bụla na-enye ihe dị ka mmadụ 156.&lt;ref name=&quot;ey.com&quot; /&gt; A na-atụ anya na ka ọ na-erule afọ 2050, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ụwa niile ga-eru ihe dị ka ijeri 9.6, mmepụta nri ga-abụrịrị okpukpu abụọ site na ọkwa dị ugbu a iji nye ọnụ ọ bụla nri. Site na ọganihu teknụzụ ọhụrụ na mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo nke ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi, onye ọrụ ugbo ọ bụla ga-enwe ike inye mmadụ 265 nri n'otu mpaghara ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ey.com&quot; /&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==
Ugboro mbụ nke mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi bịara n'ụdị satellite na ihe oyiyi ikuku, amụma ihu igwe, ngwa fatịlaịza na-agbanwe agbanwe, na ihe ngosi ahụike ihe ọkụkụ.&lt;ref&gt;[Haneklaus, Silvia/Lilienthal, Holger/Schnug, Ewald (2016): 25 years Precision Agriculture in Germany – a retrospective. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Precision Agriculture : 31 July – 3 August 2016, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Online unter: https://www.openagrar.de/receive/openagrar_mods_00039296]&lt;/ref&gt; Ifufe nke abụọ na-agbakọta data igwe maka ọbụna ịkụ osisi ziri ezi, eserese ala, na data ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.agnewscenter.com/archives.cfm?news=9903|title=Can Digital Farming Deliver on its Promise?|date=27 April 2016|author=Arama Kukutai|work=www.agnewscenter.com|accessdate=12 August 2024|archivedate=28 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228070015/http://www.agnewscenter.com/archives.cfm?news=9903}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi na-ezube imeziwanye njikwa ọkwa n'ihe gbasara:

* wuru ihe ndekọ nke ugbo ha
* imeziwanye mkpebiime mkpebi
* ịkwalite nchọpụta ka ukwuu
* ịkwalite ahịa nke ngwaahịa ugbo
* melite ndokwa ịgbazite na mmekọrịta ya na ndị nwe ụlọ
* bulie ogo nke ngwaahịa ugbo (dịka ọkwa protein na ọka wit) 

=== Ịkụ ihe na-enye ntụziaka ===
'''Ịkụ ihe na-enye ntụziaka''' bụ ụdị usoro ọrụ ugbo nke na-enye ndụmọdụ ịkụ ihe na-akpali data nke nwere ike ikpebi ọnụego ịkụ ihe na'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche iji kwado ọnọdụ dịgasịiche gafee otu ubi, iji bulie ihe ọkụkụ. A kọwawo ya dị ka &quot;Big Data on the farm&quot;. Monsanto, DuPont na ndị ọzọ na-amalite teknụzụ a na US.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304450904579369283869192124|title=Big Data Comes to the Farm, Sowing Mistrust|work=Wall Street Journal|date=25 February 2014|accessdate=10 February 2015|author=Bunge, Jacob}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21602757-managers-most-traditional-industries-distrust-promising-new-technology-digital|title=Digital disruption on the farm|work=The Economist|date=24 May 2014|accessdate=10 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụkpụrụ Ndị Dị na ya ==
Ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi na-eji ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ ma ebe a bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi: traktọ, ngwakọta, sprayers, ndị ọrụ ugbo, ndị na-egwu ala, nke a na-ewere dị ka usoro nduzi onwe onye. Obere ngwaọrụ dị na ngwá ọrụ na-eji GIS (usoro ozi ala) bụ ihe na-eme ka ọrụ ugbo bụrụ ihe ziri ezi. Ị nwere ike iche echiche banyere usoro GIS dị ka &quot;ụbụrụ.&quot; Iji nwee ike iji ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi, ọ dị mkpa ka ejiri teknụzụ na usoro data ziri ezi jikọta ngwá ọrụ ahụ. Ngwá ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere teknụzụ ọnụego na-agbanwe agbanwe (VRT), usoro nhazi ụwa na usoro ozi ala, nnwale grid, na ihe mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://precisionagricultu.re/important-tools-to-succeed-in-precision-farming/|title=Important tools to succeed in precision farming|language=en-US|accessdate=20 November 2019|archivedate=31 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031153041/http://precisionagricultu.re/important-tools-to-succeed-in-precision-farming/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ebe a na-achọta ala ===
Geolocating a ubi na-enyere onye ọrụ ugbo aka ikpuchi ozi anakọtara site na nyocha nke ala na nitrogen fọdụrụnụ, na ozi gbasara ihe ọkụkụ gara aga na resistivity nke ala. A na-eme geolocation n'ụzọ abụọ

* A na-akọwa ubi ahụ site na iji onye na-anabata GPS n'ime ụgbọala ka onye ọrụ ugbo na-anya traktọ gburugburu ubi ahụ.
* A na-akọwa ubi ahụ na basemap nke sitere na foto ikuku ma ọ bụ satellite. Ihe oyiyi ndị ahụ ga-enwerịrị ọkwa ziri ezi nke mkpebi na ogo geometric iji hụ na geolocation ziri ezi.

=== Mgbanwe ===
Mgbanwe n'ime na n'etiti mpaghara nwere ike ịpụta site na ọtụtụ ihe. Ndị a gụnyere ọnọdụ ihu igwe (ụgbụgbọ mmiri, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, wdg), ala (ọdịdị, omimi, ọkwa nitrogen), omume ịkọ ugbo (ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ugbo), ahịhịa na ọrịa.Ihe ngosi na-adịgide adịgide - ọkachasị ihe ngosi ala - na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo ozi gbasara isi ihe ndị na-adịkarị na gburugburu ebe obibi.Ihe ngosi isi na-enye ha ohere ịchọpụta ọnọdụ ihe ọkụkụ, ya bụ, ịhụ ma ọrịa na-etolite, ma ọ bụrụ na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ na-ata ahụhụ site na nrụgide mmiri, nrụgide nitrogen, ma ọ bụ ebe obibi, ma ice mebiri ya na ihe ndị ọzọ.Ozi a nwere ike ịpụta site na ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe na ihe mmetụta ndị ọzọ (resistivity eletrik nke ala, nchọpụta anya nkịtị, foto satellite, wdg).Nnyocha nke ala na nyocha ala na-eme ka o kwe omume ịlele mmiri dị n'ime. Resistivity nke ala bụkwa ihe dị mfe ma dị ọnụ ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-508/442-508_pdf.pdf|title=Precision Farming Tools: Soil Electrical Conductivity|accessdate=12 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Atụmatụ ===
[[Usòrò:SUAS_StardustII_Ndvi_sml.jpg|thumb|Ihe oyiyi NDVI e ji obere usoro ikuku Stardust II mee n'otu ụgbọ elu (299 mosaic images) ]]
N'iji map ala, ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịchụso usoro abụọ iji gbanwee ihe ntinye ubi:

* Ụzọ ịkọ ọdịnihu: dabere na nyocha nke ihe ngosi kwụ otu ebe (ala, resistivity, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ubi, wdg) n'oge usoro ihe ọkụkụ.
* Usoro nchịkwa: ozi sitere na ihe ngosi kwụ otu ebe na-emelite mgbe niile n'oge usoro ihe ọkụkụ site na:
** nnwale: ịtụle biomass, ịtụle chlorophyll nke akwụkwọ, ịtụ mkpụrụ osisi, wdg.
** Mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ: ịtụle parameters dị ka okpomọkụ (ikuku / ala), iru mmiri (ikuku/ala / akwụkwọ), ifufe ma ọ bụ obosara osisi nwere ike ime n'ihi Wireless Sensor Networks  na Intanet nke ihe (IoT) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/articles/101651651444|title=New Waspmote Sensor Board enables extreme precision agriculture in vineyards and greenhouses- Libelium|work=www.libelium.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** proxy-detection: ihe mmetụta dị n'ime ụgbọala na-atụle ọnọdụ akwụkwọ; nke a chọrọ ka onye ọrụ ugbo na-akwọ ụgbọala gburugburu ubi ahụ dum.
** mmetụta dị n'elu ma ọ bụ satellite: a na-enweta ihe oyiyi multispectral ma na-edozi ya iji nweta map nke ihe ọkụkụ biophysical parameters, gụnyere ihe ngosi nke ọrịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mahlein|first=Anne-Katrin|date=1 September 2015|title=Plant Disease Detection by Imaging Sensors – Parallels and Specific Demands for Precision Agriculture and Plant Phenotyping|journal=Plant Disease|volume=100|issue=2|pages=241–251|doi=10.1094/PDIS-03-15-0340-FE|pmid=30694129|issn=0191-2917}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngwá ọrụ ikuku nwere ike ịlele oke mkpuchi osisi na ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ọkụkụ na ahịhịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2016-06-09/factory-fresh|title=The future of agriculture: Factory fresh|date=9 June 2016|work=The Economist|accessdate=12 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpebi nwere ike ịdabere na ụdị nkwado mkpebi (ụdị ihe ọkụkụ na ụdị aro) dabere na nnukwu data, mana na nyocha ikpeazụ ọ dị n'aka onye ọrụ ugbo ikpebi n'ihe gbasara uru azụmaahịa na mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi- ọrụ nke usoro ọgụgụ isi (AI) na-eweghara dabere na mmụta igwe na netwọk akwara.

Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta ihe mere e ji nabata teknụzụ PA ma ọ bụ na a nabataghị ya, &quot;maka na ntinye teknụzụ nke PA ga-eme, onye ọrụ ugbo ga-ahụ teknụzụ ahụ dị ka ihe bara uru ma dị mfe iji mee ihe. O nwere ike ọ gaghị ezu inwe data dị mma n'èzí na uru akụ na ụba nke teknụzụ AP dịka nghọta nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere igosipụta echiche akụ na ụba ndị a. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Aubert|first=Benoit|date=2012|title=IT as enabler of sustainable farming: An empirical analysis of farmers' adoption decision of precision agriculture technology|journal=Decision Support Systems|volume=54|pages=510–520|doi=10.1016/j.dss.2012.07.002|url=https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/40902/1/IT_as_enabler_of_sustainable_farming.pdf|accessdate=26 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmejuputa omume ===
Nkà na ụzụ ozi ọhụrụ na nkwurịta okwu na-eme ka njikwa ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ọhịa rụọ ọrụ nke ọma ma dịkwuo mfe maka ndị ọrụ ugbo.Mmetụta nke mkpebi nchịkwa ihe ọkụkụ na-akpọ maka ngwá ọrụ ugbo nke na-akwado teknụzụ dịgasị iche iche (VRT), dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ dịgasịiche nke mkpụrụ osisi yana ngwa dịgasị anya (VRA) nke nitrogen na ngwaahịa phytosanitary.&lt;ref name=&quot;nasa-feature&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/PrecisionFarming/|title=Precision Farming : Feature Articles|publisher=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|accessdate=12 October 2009|author=Herring|first=David|date=29 January 2001}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi na-eji teknụzụ na ngwá ọrụ ugbo (dịka traktọ, sprayers, harvesters, wdg):

* usoro ọnọdụ (dịka ndị na-anabata [[Usoro Nhazi Ụwa|GPS]] na-eji akara satellite iji chọpụta kpọmkwem ọnọdụ na ụwa);
* Usoro ozi ala (GIS), ya bụ, ngwanrọ nke na-aghọta data niile dịnụ;
* Ngwá ọrụ ugbo na-agbanwe agbanwe (onye na-akụ, onye na-agbasa).

== Ojiji a na-eji ya eme ihe gburugburu ụwa ==
[[Usòrò:Pteryx_UAV_-_wiki.jpg|thumb|Pteryx UAV, UAV ndị nkịtị maka foto elu na eserese foto nwere isi igwefoto na-agbagharị agbagharị]]
Echiche nke ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi pụtara na United States na mbido afọ 1980. N'afọ 1985, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Mahadum nke Minnesota gbanwere ntinye lime dị iche iche n'ubi ihe ọkụkụ. Ọ bụkwa n'oge a ka omume nke nnwale grid pụtara (na-etinye grid kwụ ọtọ nke otu sample kwa hekta). Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1980, a na-eji usoro a eme ihe iji nweta map mbụ maka fatịlaịza na mgbazi pH. Ojiji nke sensọ mmepụta mepụtara site na teknụzụ ọhụrụ, jikọtara ya na ọbịbịa nke ndị na-anabata GPS, anọwo na-enweta ala kemgbe ahụ. Taa, usoro ndị dị otú ahụ na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ nde hekta.

Na American Midwest (US), a na-ejikọta ya ọ bụghị na ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide kama na ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ ndị na-anwa ịbawanye uru site na itinye ego naanị n'ebe ndị chọrọ fatịlaịza. Omume a na-enye onye ọrụ ugbo ohere ịgbanwe ọnụego fatịlaịza gafee ubi ahụ dịka mkpa nke GPS guided Grid ma ọ bụ Zone Sampling chọpụtara. Fertilizer nke a ga-agbasa n'ebe ndị na-adịghị mkpa nwere ike itinye ya n'ebe na-eme ya, si otú a na-eme ka ojiji ya dị mma.

N'ụwa niile, ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi mepụtara n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche. Mba ndị bu ụzọ bụ United States, Canada na [[Ostraliya|Australia]]. Na Europe, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] bụ nke mbụ gara n'ụzọ a, [[France]] sochiri ya nke ọma, ebe ọ pụtara na 1997-1998. Na Latin America, mba na-eduga bụ [[Argentina]], ebe e webatara ya n'etiti afọ 1990 site na nkwado nke National Agricultural Technology Institute. [[Brazil]] guzobere ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, Embrapa, iji mee nchọpụta ma melite ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide. Mmepe nke GPS na usoro mgbasa ozi na-agbanwe agbanwe nyere aka mee ka ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Simon Blackmore: Farming with robots|url=http://spie.org/newsroom/blackmore-video|publisher=SPIE Newsroom|date=2 June 2016|accessdate=2 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taa, ihe na-erughị 10% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo France nwere usoro mgbanwe. Iji GPS eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, mana nke a akwụsịbeghị ka ha jiri ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi, nke na-enye map ndụmọdụ ọkwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spotimage.com/web/en/3294-pixagri-precision-agriculture-with-aerial-and-satellite-imagery-satellite-imagery-and-geoinformation-spot-image.php|title=precision agriculture with satellite imagery|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407161935/http://www.spotimage.com/web/en/3294-pixagri-precision-agriculture-with-aerial-and-satellite-imagery-satellite-imagery-and-geoinformation-spot-image.php|archivedate=7 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na teknụzụ dijitalụ nwere ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị nke igwe ọrụ ugbo, na-eme ka igwe dịkwuo mma ma dịkwuo mfe, mmepụta na-abụghị nke igwe ka na-achịkwa n'ọtụtụ mba na-enweta ego dị ala na nke dị n'etiti, ọkachasị na mpaghara Sahara Africa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9479en|title=The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 − Leveraging agricultural automation for transforming agrifood systems|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)|year=2022|isbn=978-92-5-136043-9|location=Rome|doi=10.4060/cb9479en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.4060/cc2459en|title=In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 − Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)|year=2022|isbn=978-92-5-137005-6|location=Rome|doi=10.4060/cc2459en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nnyocha banyere ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi maka mmepụta na-abụghị nke igwe na-abawanye na nnabata ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nyaga|first=Justine M.|date=2021-08-01|title=Precision agriculture research in sub-Saharan Africa countries: a systematic map|journal=Precision Agriculture|language=en|volume=22|issue=4|pages=1217–1236|doi=10.1007/s11119-020-09780-w|issn=1573-1618}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Onyango|first=Cecilia M.|date=2021-01-22|title=Precision Agriculture for Resource Use Efficiency in Smallholder Farming Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review|journal=Sustainability|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=1158|doi=10.3390/su13031158|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Proceedings of 1st African Conference of Precision Agriculture – African Plant Nutrition Institute (APNI)|url=https://www.apni.net/product/proceedings-of-1st-african-conference-of-precision-agriculture/|accessdate=2022-12-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;Ihe atụ gụnyere AgroCares aka-held soil scanner, uncrewed air vehicle (UAV) ọrụ (nke a makwaara dị ka drones), na GNSS iji mee map ókèala ubi ma guzobe ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lowenberg-DeBoer|first=James|date=2019|title=Setting the Record Straight on Precision Agriculture Adoption|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2134/agronj2018.12.0779|journal=Agronomy Journal|language=en|volume=111|issue=4|pages=1552–1569|doi=10.2134/agronj2018.12.0779|issn=0002-1962}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ole ndị na-emepụta ọrụ ugbo na-eji teknụzụ dijitalụ eme ihe n'ezie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Van Beek, C|url=https://www.agrocares.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/whitepaper-christy-van-beek-1.pdf|title=Adoption level is the most underestimated factor in fertiliser recommendations|publisher=AgroCares|year=2020|accessdate=23 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ịkpa anụ ụlọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-akwado ndị ọrụ ugbo n'oge site n'ịnọgide na-enyocha ma na-achịkwa mmepụta anụmanụ, mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, na ahụike na ọdịmma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Schillings|first=Juliette|date=2021|title=Exploring the Potential of Precision Livestock Farming Technologies to Help Address Farm Animal Welfare|journal=Frontiers in Animal Science|volume=2|doi=10.3389/fanim.2021.639678|issn=2673-6225}}&lt;/ref&gt;Sensọ ndị ejikọtara na ụmụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ na ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na-arụ ọrụ na njikwa ihu igwe ma na-enyocha ọnọdụ ahụike, mmegharị na mkpa ụmụ anụmanụ. &amp;nbsp;Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike iji akara eletrọniki (EID) nke na-enye ohere ka robot na-enye mmiri ara nweta nchekwa data nke udder coordinates maka ehi ụfọdụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Knight|first=C.H.|date=2020|title=Review: Sensor techniques in ruminants: more than fitness trackers|journal=Animal|language=en|volume=14|issue=S1|pages=s187–s195|doi=10.1017/S1751731119003276|pmid=32024562}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahịa usoro mmiri ara ehi na-akpaghị aka n'ụwa niile amụbaala n'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, mana ọ ga-abụrịrị na nkuchi na Northern Europe, ma eleghị anya ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịdị na mba ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na nke etiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Global milking robots market size by type, by herd size, by geographic scope and forecast|url=https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/product/milking-robots-market|accessdate=24 July 2022|work=Verified Market Research}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rodenburg|first=Jack|date=2017|title=Robotic milking: Technology, farm design, and effects on work flow|journal=Journal of Dairy Science|volume=100|issue=9|pages=7729–7738|doi=10.3168/jds.2016-11715|pmid=28711263|issn=0022-0302}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lowenberg-DeBoer, J.|url=https://doi.org/10.4060/cc2624en|title=Economics of adoption for digital automated technologies in agriculture. Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2022|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)|year=2022|isbn=978-92-5-137080-3|series=FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper 22-10|location=Rome|doi=10.4060/cc2624en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngwaọrụ na-enye nri maka ehi na ọkụkọ dịkwa, mana data na ihe akaebe gbasara usoro nkuchi ha na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala dịkwa ụkọ.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

E gosiputara uru akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi na China, mana China na-esote mba ndị dị ka Europe na United States n'ihi na usoro ọrụ ugbo nke China nwere obere ugbo ezinụlọ, nke na-eme ka ọnụego nnabata nke ọrụ ugpo ziri ezi dị ala karịa mba ndị ọzọ. Ya mere, China na-anwa iwebata teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi n'ime mba nke ya ma belata ihe ize ndụ ụfọdụ, na-emeghe ụzọ maka teknụzụ China iji zụlite ọrụ ugbo n'ọdịnihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S2040470017001066|title=Precision Agriculture in China: Exploring Awareness, Understanding, Attitudes and Perceptions of Agricultural Experts and End-Users in China|journal=Advances in Animal Biosciences|volume=8|issue=2|pages=703–707|year=2017|author=Kendall|first=H.|url=https://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/fulltext.aspx?url=239759/1E563DE4-1F12-4A59-8EB4-D0D0A5B3FC72.pdf&amp;pub_id=239759}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2014, onye isi ala Russia kwuru okwu n'ụlọ omebe iwu Russia ebe ọ kpọrọ oku maka National Technology Initiative (NTI). A na-ekewa ya na obere ihe dịka FoodNet initiative. Ihe omume FoodNet nwere usoro ihe ndị a kpọsara dị mkpa, dị ka ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi. Ubi a nwere mmasị pụrụ iche na Russia dị ka ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmepụta ihe ndị dị na bioeconomy na Russia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Osmakova|first=Alina|title=Recent biotechnology developments and trends in the Russian Federation|journal=New Biotechnology|volume=40|date=2018|issue=Pt A|doi=10.1016/j.nbt.2017.06.001|pages=76–81|pmid=28634066}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nti2035.ru/markets/|title=Рынки Нти}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi ==
Ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi, dị ka aha ahụ na-egosi, pụtara itinye ihe ntinye ziri ezi na nke ziri ezi dị ka mmiri, fatịlaịza, ọgwụ ahụhụ wdg. n'oge ziri ezi maka ihe ọkụkụ maka ịbawanye mmepụta ya na ịbawanye ihe ọkụkụ ya. Omume nchịkwa ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi nwere ike belata nke ukwuu ọnụọgụ nke ihe oriri na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ eji eme ihe mgbe ha na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/08/03/technology/climate-corporation-digital-agriculture/index.html|title=Hacking the farm: How farmers use 'digital agriculture' to grow more crops|first=Julianne|author=Pepitone|date=3 August 2016|work=CNNMoney|accessdate=12 August 2024|archivedate=12 August 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812100119/https://money.cnn.com/2016/08/03/technology/climate-corporation-digital-agriculture/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ụzọ dị otú a, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enweta nloghachi na itinye ego ha site n'ichekwa mmiri, ọgwụ ahụhụ, na fatịlaịza.

Nke abụọ, uru buru ibu nke itinye aka na-emetụta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. Itinye oke kemịkal n'ebe kwesịrị ekwesị na n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị na-abara ihe ọkụkụ, ala na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala uru, ya mere usoro ihe ọkụkụ dum.&lt;ref name=&quot;economist.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2016-06-09/factory-fresh|title=The future of agriculture|work=The Economist|date=9 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi aghọwo isi nkuku nke Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-akwanyere ihe ọkụkụ, ala na ndị ọrụ ugbo ùgwù. Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide na-achọ ijide n'aka na a na-aga n'ihu na-enye nri n'ime oke gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya achọrọ iji kwado mmepụta ogologo oge.

Akụkọ 2013 gbalịrị igosi na ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi nwere ike inyere ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe dịka India aka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|authorlink=Anil K. Rajvanshi|first=Anil K.|author=Rajvanshi|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Is-precision-agriculture-the-solution-to-Indias-farming-crisis/2013/10/15/article1836607.ece|title=Is precision agriculture the solution to India's farming crisis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi na-ebelata nrụgide nke ọrụ ugbo na gburugburu ebe obibi site n'ịbawanye arụmọrụ nke igwe na itinye ya n'ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ojiji nke ngwaọrụ nchịkwa dịpụrụ adịpụ dị ka GPS na-ebelata ojiji mmanụ ụgbọala maka ọrụ ugbo, ebe itinye ihe oriri ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ike belata ojiji nke ntinye ndị a, si otú ahụ na-echekwa ego ma belata nsị na-emerụ ahụ n'ime ụzọ mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Schieffer|first=J.|year=2015|title=The economic and environmental impacts of precision agriculture and interactions with agro-environmental policy|journal=Precision Agriculture|volume=16|pages=46–61|doi=10.1007/s11119-014-9382-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

GPS na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpakọ n'ala site na ịgbaso usoro nduzi e mere n'oge gara aga. Nke a ga-enyekwa ohere maka obere oge n'ọhịa ma belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ngwá ọrụ na kemịkal.

Ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi na-emepụta ọtụtụ data dị iche iche nke na-emepụta ohere iji gbanwee ma jiri data dị otú ahụ mee ihe maka nkà mmụta ihe ochie na ọrụ ihe nketa, na-eme ka nghọta nke nkà mmụta ihe mgbe ochie na ala ugbo nke oge a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Opitz|first=Rachel|title=Remote Sensing Data to Support Integrated Decision Making in Cultural and Natural Heritage Management - Impasses and opportunities for collaboration in agricultural areas|journal=Internet Archaeology|date=2023|issue=62|doi=10.11141/ia.62.10|url=https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue62/10/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkà na ụzụ na-apụta ==
Ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi bụ itinye n'ọrụ teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo dijitalụ. E tinyewo ihe karịrị ijeri $ 4.6 na ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo - mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ agtech.&lt;ref name=&quot;ey.com&quot;/&gt;

=== Robots ===
Traktọ ndị na-eduzi onwe ha adịla oge ugbu a, ka akụrụngwa John Deere na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụgbọ elu na autopilot. Traktọ na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ, onye ọrụ ugbo na-abanye maka ihe mberede.[45] Nkà na ụzụ na-aga n'ihu n'igwe na-enweghị ọkwọ ụgbọala nke GPS haziri iji gbasaa fatịlaịza ma ọ bụ ịkọ ala. A na-ebute nnwere onwe nke teknụzụ site na mkpa nyocha nke na-achọsi ike, na-esikarị ike ịrụzu naanị site n'aka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmepụta dị elu, mmezi akwụkwọ ntuziaka enweghị ike ịkwado.[49] Ihe ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ na-agụnye, obere ọkụ anyanwụ, igwe/robot nke na-achọpụta ahịhịa na-egbu ya kpọmkwem site na iji ọgwụ ahịhịa ma ọ bụ lasers..&lt;ref name=&quot;economist.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Papadopoulos|first=Loukia|title=This new farming robot uses lasers to kill 200,000 weeds per hour|url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/farming-robot-lasers-200000-weeds-per-hour|accessdate=17 November 2022|work=interestingengineering.com|date=21 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Verdant Robotics launches multi-action agricultural robot for 'superhuman farming'|url=https://roboticsandautomationnews.com/2022/02/23/verdant-robotics-launches-multi-action-agricultural-robot-for-superhuman-farming/49471/|work=Robotics &amp; Automation News|accessdate=17 November 2022|date=23 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Robots ọrụ ugbo, nke a makwaara dị ka AgBots, adịlarị, mana a na-emepụta robots owuwe ihe ubi dị elu iji mata mkpụrụ osisi ndị tozuru etozu, gbanwee ọdịdị na ogo ha, ma jiri nlezianya wepụta ha na alaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;idealog.co.nz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://idealog.co.nz/tech/2016/10/five-technologies-changing-agriculture|title=Five technologies changing agriculture|date=7 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Drones na ihe osise satellite ===
A na-eji teknụzụ Drone na Satellite eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi. Nke a na-emekarị mgbe drones na-ewere foto dị elu ebe satellites na-ejide foto buru ibu. Enwere ike ijikọta foto ụgbọ elu site na ụgbọ elu dị mfe na data sitere na ndekọ satellite iji buo amụma maka mmepụta n'ọdịnihu dabere na ọkwa dị ugbu a nke biomass. Ihe oyiyi ndị a chịkọtara nwere ike ịmepụta map contour iji soro ebe mmiri na-aga, chọpụta mkpụrụ dịgasị iche iche, ma mepụta map nke ebe ndị na-amị mkpụrụ karịa ma ọ bụ obere.&lt;ref name=&quot;economist.com&quot;/&gt;

=== Intanet nke ihe ===
Intanet nke ihe bụ netwọk nke ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya nwere ngwá electronic nke na-eme ka nchịkọta data na nchịkọta. IoT na-abanye n'ọrụ na mmepe nke sensọ  na ngwanrọ njikwa ugbo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike iji spectroscopy tụọ nitrogen, phosphorus, na potassium na nsị mmiri, nke a ma ama na-ekwekọghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;economist.com&quot;/&gt; Ha nwere ike nyochaa ala iji hụ ebe ehi emeela nsị ma tinye fatịlaịza naanị n'ebe ndị chọrọ ya. Nke a na-ebelata ojiji nke fatịlaịza ruo pasent 30.&lt;ref name=&quot;idealog.co.nz&quot;/&gt; Sensọ mmiri  n'ime ala na-ekpebi oge kachasị mma maka osisi mmiri dịpụrụ adịpụ.&lt;ref&gt;M. Sophocleous and J. K. Atkinson, “A novel thick-film electrical conductivity sensor suitable for liquid and soil conductivity measurements,” Sensors Actuators, B Chem., vol. 213, pp. 417–422, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.02.110&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike ịhazi usoro ịgba mmiri iji gbanwee akụkụ nke ogwe osisi ha na-enye mmiri dabere na mkpa na mmiri ozuzo nke osisi ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;economist.com&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụghị naanị na ihe ọhụrụ na-ejedebe na osisi - enwere ike iji ha mee ihe maka ọdịmma nke ụmụ anụmanụ. Enwere ike itinye anụ ụlọ na sensọ dị n'ime iji nyochaa acid nke afọ na nsogbu mgbari nri. Sensọ ndị dị n'èzí na-agbaso usoro mmegharị iji chọpụta ahụike na ahụike ehi, mmetụta mmerụ ahụ, ma mata oge kachasị mma maka ịzụlite.&lt;ref name=&quot;economist.com&quot;/&gt; Enwere ike ijikọta data a niile sitere na ihe mmetụta ma nyochaa iji chọpụta usoro na usoro.

Dị ka ihe atụ ọzọ, enwere ike iji teknụzụ nlekota mee ka ịkpa aṅụ dịkwuo irè. Aṅụ nwere uru dị ukwuu n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba ma na-enye ọrụ dị mkpa maka ọrụ ugbo site n'ịtụba ihe ọkụkụ dịgasị iche iche. Nnyocha nke ìgwè aṅụ site na okpomọkụ wireless, iru mmiri na ihe mmetụta  na-enyere aka imeziwanye mmepụta nke aṅụ, na ịgụ ịdọ aka ná ntị n'oge na data nke nwere ike iyi ndụ nke ụlọ ahụ dum egwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iotone.com/casestudy/precision-beekeeping-with-wireless-temperature-monitoring/c918|title=Precision beekeeping with wireless temperature monitoring|work=IoT ONE|accessdate=27 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngwa smartphones ===
[[Usòrò:Figure_16_Components_of_a_Precision_Agriculture_System_(49132514563).jpg|thumb|Nhazi nwere ike ịbụ nke usoro ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi jikọtara smartphone]]
Ngwa smartphones na mbadamba na-aghọwanye ewu ewu na ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi. Smartphones na-abịa na ọtụtụ ngwa bara uru arụnyerelarị, gụnyere igwefoto, igwe okwu, GPS, na accelerometer. E nwekwara ngwa ndị a raara nye ngwa ọrụ ugbo dị iche iche dị ka eserese ubi, ịchụso ụmụ anụmanụ, inweta ihu igwe na ozi ihe ọkụkụ, na ndị ọzọ. Ha dị mfe ibugharị, dị ọnụ ala, ma nwee ike kọmpụta dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;Suporn Pongnumkul, Pimwadee Chaovalit, and Navaporn Surasvadi, “Applications of Smartphone-Based Sensors in Agriculture: A Systematic Review of Research,” Journal of Sensors, vol. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ịmụ ihe igwe ===
A na-ejikarị nkuzi igwe eme ihe na njikọ aka na drones, robot, na ịntanetị nke ngwaọrụ ihe. Ọ na-enye ohere maka ntinye data site na nke ọ bụla n'ime isi mmalite ndị a. Kọmputa ahụ na-edozi ozi a ma zighachi omume kwesịrị ekwesị na ngwaọrụ ndị a. Nke a na-enye ohere maka ndị robot ịnye nri zuru oke ma ọ bụ maka ngwaọrụ IoT iji nye mmiri zuru oke ozugbo n'ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Goap|first=Amarendra|date=December 2018|title=An IoT based smart irrigation management system using Machine learning and open source technologies|journal=Computers and Electronics in Agriculture|volume=155|pages=41–49|doi=10.1016/j.compag.2018.09.040}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmụta igwe nwekwara ike inye ndị ọrụ ugbo amụma n'oge ọ dị mkpa, dị ka ọdịnaya nke nitrogen dị n'ime ala, iji duzie atụmatụ imeju.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Grell|first=Max|date=9 October 2020|title=Determining and Predicting Soil Chemistry with a Point-of-Use Sensor Toolkit and Machine Learning Model|journal=bioRxiv|doi=10.1101/2020.10.08.331371}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọrụ ugbo na-aghọwanye nke dijitalụ, mmụta igwe ga-akwado ọrụ ugbo dị irè na nke ziri ezi na obere ọrụ aka.

== Nzukọ ==

* Nzukọ InfoAg
* Nzukọ Europe na Precision Agriculture (ECPA) (nke a na-eme ugboro abụọ) 
* Nzukọ mba ụwa na Ọrụ Ugbo (ICPA) (nke a na-eme ugboro abụọ) 

== Hụkwa ==
 

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==
 Isiokwu a gụnyere ederede sitere naọdịnaya n'efuọrụ.  Ikike n'okpuru CC BY-SA 3.0  (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie nankwupụta ikike / ikikeỌpụpụ ọzọ Ihe odide e si nwetaNa Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 - Ntinye aka n'ọrụ ugbo maka ịgbanwe usoro nri ugbo__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  

== Ihe edeturu ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>suy74iw8foimi386k3h6gujyntivd8g</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Agro-Climatic Resilience na Semi-Arid Landscapes</title>
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      <text bytes="7750" sha1="nc7v6lnu9ffjo9goxygdplhr0en27v3" xml:space="preserve">Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid Landscapes (ACReSAL) bụ ọrụ afọ isii nke ụlọ akụ mba, nke ezubere iji weghachi ala ndị mebiri emebi na Northern Nigeria .  [1] na-enwe nnukwu ihe ịma aka, ndị oke ogbenye, agụ agụghị akwụkwọ dị ala, na gburugburu ebe ike, ike, na ime ihe ike.  Nbibi nke akụ ndị sitere n'okike, enweghị ihe kpatara na-enweghị mma, na ihe egwu ihu igwe dị ka njọ na-eme ka ọnọdụ ahụ sie ike.  Na mgbakwunye, mpaghara ahụ na-ata iche site na ebe nke ike ọgbara ọhụrụ na ikike ụlọ ọrụ enweghị ike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-05-04|title=Recognize 'enormous challenges' facing northern Nigeria to forge new hope, Guterres urges {{!}} UN News|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/05/1117472|accessdate=2024-08-22|work=news.un.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebumnobi na Oke ==
HDR bụ isi nke ọrụ ACReSAL bụ mme ihe omume egwu odida na-adigide n'ime mmiri mmiri ezubere iche n'ofe Northern Nigeria.  Ihe oru ngo a bu n'obi ime ka ikike Naijiria sie ike maka nhazi ihu igwe na- madu ihu igwe.  [2] Site na 2028, ACReSAL bu n'obi iweghachi 1 nde hectare nke ala mebiri emebi, na-enye aka na ebumnobi sara mbara nke President Muhammadu Buhari nke iweghachite hectare nde 4 nke ala ubi mebiri emebi site na 2030 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-09-11|title=ACReSAL - FCT ACReSAL|url=https://acresalfcta.org.ng/acresal/|accessdate=2024-08-22|work=acresalfcta.org.ng|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-08-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822200634/https://acresalfcta.org.ng/acresal/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ACReSAL na-ekwu maka ọtụtụ ngalaba, a gburugburu ebe obibi, ọrụ ugbo, na mmiri mmiri, iji luso akwụkwọ ogụ, weghachi ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-eze ugbo .  Ọrụ a na-achọ ibelata dị n'etiti ndị na-achị ehi na ndị ọrụ ugbo site na imezi ọbọ iji ala eme ihe, ọkụ n'otu obodo, na tinye mbọ ime udo.

== Ntinye isi ==
Emebere mmemme ACReSAL iji kwalite nkịtị ike nke obodo na mpaghara ala ndepụta nkụ .  Ihe omume ndị dị mkpa mweghachi nke gburugburu ebe obibi, idei mmiri na njikwa sedimentation, na nkwụsi ike nke dunes ájá.  Oru ngo a lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite mmiri mmiri, dị ka mmiri mmiri elele, obere ɔdɔ mmiri dị iche iche, na usoro ịgba mmiri .  M ịgbakọ ndị a bụ iji nyere ndị obodo aka ime ime na ọnọdụ ala nkụ na- agbanwe na ibelata ọrụ nke ọkpọ igwe na- ọrụ ugbo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-17|title=WHO WE ARE . – Agro-Climatic Resilience in Semi-Arid landscapes (ACReSAL) project|url=https://acresal.gov.ng/?page_id=752|accessdate=2024-08-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Usoro ụlọ ọrụ na ịdịgide ==
Iji hụ na nkwado nke ntinye aka ya, ACReSAL na-ekwusi ike mkpa ọ dị ime ka ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ozi dị ike n'ofe mpaghara na steeti. Nke a na-agụnye nkwado maka ọchịchị ka mma, nrube isi n'usoro iwu, nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi, na nyocha mmetụta. Site n'ịkwalite nhazi mmiri na iji ala eme ihe, oru a bu n'obi wulite ikike ogologo oge Naijiria iji mejuputa oru ngo na-egbochi ihu igwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria-Agro-Climatic-Resilience-in-Semi-Arid- ...|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/651961639671634678/pdf/Nigeria-Agro-Climatic-Resilience-in-Semi-Arid-Landscapes-ACReSAL-Project.pdf|archivedate=August 22, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Federal Ministry of Environment na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mme aha iwu ACRESAL, na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ ya na Federal Ministries of Water Resources, na Agriculture and Rural Development.  Usoro ihe omume dị iche iche na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eme ka o doo anya na ọ na-edozi ihe ịma aka dị anya na nke ọnụ na-eche Northern Nigeria ihu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=agro-climatic resilience in semi-arid landscapes (acresal) ...|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/499111635422456433/pdf/Environmental-and-Social-Management-Framework-ESMF-Agro-Climatic-Resilience-in-Semi-Arid-Landscapes-ACReSAL-P175237.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwenye nke steeti Gombe maka nkwụsi ike gburugburu ebe obibi ==
Gọvanọ Gombe steeti, Alhaji Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya, ekwughachila nkwa ya n'ịgbasa nso gburugburu ebe obibi na iwulite nkwụsi ike maka ire akụ na-adị na-adịgide.  N'ikwu okwu na-egosi nke Project Implementation Support Mission nke Gombe State ACRESAL, nke e mere na ndị ọchịchị Gọọmenti dị na Gombe, Gọvanọ Yahaya nnukwu nnukwu nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na steeti ahụ chere ihu n'ihi na ala ya iche iche.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Editor|date=2023-07-31|title=Gov. Yahaya Commits to Climate Resilience As Gombe Launches ACReSAL Project|url=https://naturenews.africa/gov-yahaya-commits-to-climate-resilience-as-gombe-launches-acresal-project/|accessdate=2024-08-22|work=Naturenews.africa|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gọvanọ Yahaya kwuru na steeti Gombe so na ihe ndị gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta dị ka ide mmiri, oke mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị mma, mmekpa ahụ ọrụ, na ibelata ala a na-akọ ihe, bụ ihe niile emetụta ọrụ ugbo na ndụ.  ndị mmadụ.  O kwusiri ike na egwu na-arị elu nke agụụ na mba ahụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na mkpuchi gburugburu ebe obibi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bello|first=Kamila|date=2023-07-05|title=Gombe state Governor takes proactive measures to prevent flooding|url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-state-governor-takes-proactive-measures-to-prevent-flooding/|accessdate=2024-08-22|work=Voice of Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-08-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822200634/https://von.gov.ng/gombe-state-governor-takes-proactive-measures-to-prevent-flooding/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ wetara ọkwa n'afọ 2019, Gọvanọ Yahaya butere ebe obibi ebe obibi, ndị na-eme ego ndị otu maka Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), na-eduga n'iche ọrụ na steeti ahụ.  [8] Otu n'ime akara ngosi nke ya, ọrụ Gombe Goes Green (3G), bu n'obi ịlụso ọgụ ogụ, igbukpọ osisi, na njikere ala site n'ịkụ osisi nde a n'ime afọ anọ.  Ọrụ a enyekwara ihe dị ka ndị ruru puku iri abụọ na asaa ọrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/402511-governor-yahaya-launches-second-phase-of-gombe-goes-green-project.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2024-08-22|work=www.premiumtimesng.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ 3G, , otu Gombe steeti na NEWMAP akwụkwọ iji dozie nsogbu oke mbuze, dị ka ndị na-emetụta Mahadum Gombe steeti na obodo Malam Inna.  Gọọmenti steeti ahụ gara n'ihu nkwa ya na ọrụ ACReSAL site n'ịkwụ ụgwọ nde naira 573 na ego ndị otu na imezu ihe niile chọrọ maka isonye.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Azubuike|first=Chima|date=2023-11-22|title=Gombe signs N12bn contract to tackle gully erosion|url=https://punchng.com/gombe-signs-n12bn-contract-to-tackle-gully-erosion/|accessdate=2024-08-22|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gọvanọ Yahaya mesiri obi ike na ọchịchị ya ga-aga n'ihu na-akwado mmejuputa ACReSAL nke ọma na steeti Gombe, gụnyere inye nkwado ego ọzọ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o hibere kọmitii raara onwe ya nye maka iweghachi ụzọ ehi, ala ịta ahịhịa, oke ohia, na anụ ọhịa dị n'ime steeti ahụ, na-egosi na gọọmentị ya na-agba mbọ na nchekwa akụ na ụbara gburugburu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Azubuike|first=Chima|date=2023-07-27|title=Gombe inaugurates committee to mitigate farmers/ herders clashes|url=https://punchng.com/gombe-inaugurates-committee-to-mitigate-farmers-herders-clashes/#google_vignette|accessdate=2024-08-22|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
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      <text bytes="12027" sha1="t33uz7k4g4eadygep8zsim7qq5nquxu" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Tallow-beef_suet_after_rendering.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Tallow e mere site na [[Rendering (ihe anụmanụ)|nsụgharị]] nwa ehi suetuwe elu]]
Tallow bụ ụdị anụ ehi ma ọ bụ anụ atụrụ, nke mejupụtara triglycerides.

N'ụlọ ọrụ, a kọwaghị tallow nke ọma dị ka anụ ehi ma ọ bụ anụ anụ. N'okwu a, tallow bụ abụba anụmanụ nke na-agbaso usoro teknụzụ ụfọdụ, gụnyere ebe agbaze ya. Tallow nke azụmahịa na-enwekarị abụba sitere na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka mmanu abuba sitere na ezì, ma ọ bụ ọbụna sitere na isi ihe ọkụkụ.
[[Usòrò:TriglycerideTallow.svg|thumb|300x300px|Tallow nwere triglycerides (mkpụrụ), nke isi ihe mejupụtara ya sitere na stearic na oleic acid.]]
A na-akpọ ihe siri ike fọdụrụ mgbe a sụgharịrị ya cracklings, greaves, ma ọ bụ ili.&lt;ref name=&quot;tyson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tysonanimalnutrition.com/premium-products/all-about-rendering|title=Greaves: a high-protein solid which is left following the extraction of tallow from animal by-products during the rendering process.|accessdate=2018-10-28|archivedate=2019-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622222019/https://www.tysoningredientsolutions.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka [[Nri anụmanụ]], dị ka Nri nkịta.&lt;ref name=&quot;boyard&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ODpFAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA2-PA552&amp;num=100&amp;q=intitle%3A%22animaux%20domestiques%22%20chat Nicolas Jean Baptiste Boyard,'' Manuel du bouvier et zoophile: ou l'art d'élever de soigner les animaux'' 1844, 327]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sports&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-oDAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PT158|title=The Sportsman's Dictionary; Or, The Gentleman's Companion: for Town and Country|date=December 6, 1785|publisher=G. G. J. and J. Robinson}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụlọ ọrụ ncha na n'etiti ndị na-enwe mmasị ncha ncha, a na-eji aha tallowate eme ihe na-ezo aka na ncha ndị e ji tallow eme ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-enweta sodium tallowate site na iji sodium hydroxide meghachi omume tallow (lye, caustic soda) ma ọ bụ sodium carbonate (soda ịsa). Ọ mejupụtara ngwakọta mgbanwe nke sodium salts nke fatty acids, dị ka oleic na palmitic.

== Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya ==
Tallow bụ 100% abụba, ọkachasị abụba monounsaturated (52%) na abụba saturated (42%), ọ nweghịkwa mmiri, protein ma ọ bụ carbohydrates (tebụl). 
 

* Mkpụrụ abụba siri ike:
** Palmitic acid (C16:0): 26%
** Stearic acid (C18:0): 14%
** Myristic acid (C14:0): 3%
* Monounsaturated fatty acids:
** Oleic acid (C18-1, ω-9): 47%
** Palmitoleic acid (C16:1): 3%
* Polyunsaturated fatty acids:
** Linoleic acid: 3%
** Linolenic acid: 1%

== Ojiji ==
[[Usòrò:Tallow_Ad.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mgbasa ozi 1883 na-arịọ ndị na-egbu anụ na ndị na-azụ anụ maka mmepụta ncha na akwụkwọ akụkọ Hawaii The Daily Bulletin''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Bulletin'']]
A na-eji ahịhịa emepụta [[ncha]] na nri anụmanụ.

=== Nri ===
Ojiji dị mkpa nke tallow bụ maka mmepụta nke mkpụmkpụ. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi nke pemmican nri nwa amaala America. Site na ebe anwụrụ ọkụ nke 480 °F (249 °C), a na-eji tallow eme ihe n'ụzọ ọdịnala ma bụrụ nke a masịrị ya maka ojiji nke a ruo mgbe ịrị elu nke ewu ewu nke mmanụ osisi maka ighe. Tupu ọ gbanwee gaa na mmanụ ihe oriri dị ọcha na 1990, [7] McDonald siri ya fries French na ngwakọta nke 93% beef tallow na 7% mmanụ owu.[8]. Dị ka akụkọ 1985 na The New York Times si kwuo, a na-ejikwa tallow maka frying na Burger King, Wendy's, Hardee's, Arby's, Dairy Queen, Popeyes, na Bob's Big Boy.[9] Otú ọ dị, Tallow na-emeghachi azụ na mpaghara nri ụfọdụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ramachandran|first=Divya|date=September 21, 2018|title=Food Trends and Popular Nutrition Advice Online – Implications for Public Health|journal=Online Journal of Public Health Informatics|volume=10|issue=2|pages=e213|doi=10.5210/ojphi.v10i2.9306|issn=1947-2579|pmid=30349631}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ụgbọ mmiri na-egbu egbu ====
Greaves (nke a na-akpọkwa ''ili'') ma ọ bụ cracklings bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nke fọdụrụ na nsụgharị, &lt;ref name=&quot;tyson&quot;/&gt; nke a na-agbanyekarị n'ime achịcha ma jiri ya mee ihe maka [[Nri anụmanụ]], ọkachasị maka nkịta na ezì, ma ọ bụ dị ka Ọnyà azụ. &lt;ref&gt;''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', [https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/81128 ''s.v.'']&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge gara aga, a na-ahọrọ ya ma na-ezere ya na Nri nkịta.&lt;ref name=&quot;boyard&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sports&quot;/&gt;

=== Mmanụ ala ===

==== Biodiesel ====
Enwere ike iji tallow mee ihe maka mmepụta nke Biodiesel n'otu ụzọ ahụ a na-eji mmanụ sitere na osisi eme ihe ugbu a.&lt;ref&gt;Thamsiriroj (2011). &quot;The impact of the life cycle analysis methodology on whether biodiesel produced from residues can meet the EU sustainability criteria for biofuel facilities constructed after 2017&quot;, Renewable Energy, 36, 50-63.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mmanụ ụgbọelu ====
Ndị Agha Ụgbọelu nke United States enwetala ihe ịga nke ọma na iji anụ ehi na mmanụ ụgbọelu. N'ime ụbọchị ise nke nnwale ụgbọ elu site na August 23 ruo 27, 2010, na Edwards Air Force Base, [[California]], ụgbọ elu US Air Force C-17 Globemaster III ji JP-8 jet fuel na atọ n'ime injin ya na ngwakọta 50/50 nke JP-8 na HRJ biofuel mere site na anụ ehi na otu injin na August 23, sochiri ụgbọ elu na otu 50/50 ngwakọta na injin anọ niile na August 24. N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, ọ na-efe efe site na iji ngwakọta nke 50% JP-8, 25% HRJ, na 25% coal-based fuel mere site na Usoro Fischer-Tropsch, na-aghọ ụgbọelu mbụ nke United States Department of Defense na-efe na ngwakọta dị otú ahụ na ụgbọelu mbụ na-arụ ọrụ site na Edwards site na iji mmanụ sitere na anụ ehi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&amp;id=41e2d9de-4756-4810-9b82-6a5550dfa9a5|title=C-17 Conducts Flight Test With Biofuel - Aero-News Network|work=www.aero-news.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mbipụta ===
Tallow nwekwara ihe eji eme ihe n'ịmepụta akwụkwọ, ebe a na-ejikọta ya na bitumen ma tinye ya na mpempe akwụkwọ ígwè iji guzogide acid etching.

Ojiji a na-eji obere ahịhịa dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na ihe eji eme ihe na Akwụkwọ ego polymer pụtara na Nọvemba 2016. A chọpụtara na ihe edeturu na mba 24 gụnyere Canada, Australia, na United Kingdom metụtara, na-eduga na mmegide sitere n'aka ndị na-eri nri na ndị otu okpukpe ụfọdụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/theres-a-minute-amount-of-rendered-animal-fat-in-canadas-banknotes-bank-of-canada-confirms|title=Why there is processed cow in Canada's money. Hint: you can blame it on the polymer|date=November 30, 2016|work=nationalpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/11/30/news/animal-fat-money-notes-bills-cash-australia-canada/|title=It's not just the U.K. These countries also have animal fat in their money|first=Alanna|author=Petroff|work=cnn.com|date=30 November 2016|accessdate=27 August 2024|archivedate=11 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211025156/https://money.cnn.com/2016/11/30/news/animal-fat-money-notes-bills-cash-australia-canada/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== kandụl ===
[[Usòrò:Candles_(AM_1966.3-5).jpg|thumb|kandụl na-acha odo odo]]
A na-eji Tallow eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe iji mee kandụl a kpụrụ akpụ tupu ụdị wax ndị ọzọ dị mfe adị - na oge ụfọdụ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ebe ọ bụ na ha nọgidere na-abụ ihe ọzọ dị ọnụ ala. Maka ndị dara ogbenye ọbụna iji kandụl a kpụrụ akpụ, &quot;tallow dip&quot; - ahịhịa a wụsara n'ime tallow a gbazere agbaze ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ akwa na-ere ọkụ n'ime ite mmanụ tallow - bụ ihe a na-enweta n'ọnọdụ. A na-akpọkarị kandụl dị otú ahụ &quot;dip&quot; ma ọ bụ, n'ihi ọnụ ala ya, &quot;farthing dip&quot; ma ọ dị &quot;penny dip&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable|author=E. Cobham Brewer|authorlink=E. Cobham Brewer|publisher=Wordsworth Editions|year=2001|isbn=9781840223101}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1866|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2013|isbn=9781108054904}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmiri na-agbapụta ===
Na mbido mmepe nke injin piston na-arụ ọrụ na steam, ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na mmiri na-asa ọtụtụ mmanụ ngwa ngwa. N'oge na-adịghị anya, a chọpụtara na ahịhịa na-eguzogide ịsa ahụ a. A na-eji tallow na compounds gụnyere tallow mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe iji mee ka engines ụgbọ okporo ígwè na ụgbọ mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ruo n'afọ 1950.  (N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-eji uzuoku eme ihe gwụrụ ihe, na-eduga n'ịkụ nnukwu osisi rapeseed n'ihi na mmanụ rapeseed na-eguzogide mmetụta ịsa ahụ.) A ka na-eji Tallow eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ na-agbagharị ígwè iji nye mmanụ achọrọ ka a na-agbanye ígwè site na rollers ígwè. E nwere ihe na-aga n'ihu iji mmanụ aka dochie mmanụ na-adabere na tallow na ngwa na-agagharị maka ihe ndị dị ọcha n'elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/4891161-description.html|title=Cold rolling mill lubricant - US Patent 4891161&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|work=patentstorm.us|accessdate=April 5, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095627/http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/4891161-description.html|archivedate=September 29, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ojiji ọzọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe bụ dị ka mmanụ maka ụdị ọrụ injinia ọkụ ụfọdụ, dị ka ịkpụ eriri na paịpụ eletrik. A na-enweta ihe ndị ọkachamara na-egbutu, mana tallow bụ mmanụ ọdịnala nke dị mfe maka iji ya eme ihe dị ọnụ ala na nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe.

Ojiji a na-eji abụba ma ọ bụ abụba eme ihe iji mee ka égbè dị mmanụ bụ ihe malitere nnupụisi ndị India nke 1857. Iji tinye Pattern 1853 Enfield Rifle ọhụrụ, ndị Sepoys ga-ata cartridge ahụ. E kwenyere na cartridges akwụkwọ ndị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na égbè ahụ bụ ndị e ji abụba (amị anụ ezì), nke ndị Alakụba weere dị ka ihe na-adịghị ọcha, ma ọ bụ tallow (amị ehi), nke na-ekwekọghị na iwu nri Hindu. A na-ejikwa Tallow, tinyere wax aṅụ, mee ihe na mmanụ maka mgbọ agha obodo America nke e ji mee ihe na Springfield rifled musket. A ka na-eji ngwakọta nke ụgbụ atụrụ, paraffin wax na wax aṅụ dị ka patch ma ọ bụ lubricant projectile na ogwe aka ojii nke oge a.

A na-ejikwa Tallow mee ihe na mgbịrịgba ọdịnala, dị ka nkewa maka mgbịrịgba ụgha mgbe a na-atụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Forschungen|first=Institut für kunst-und musikhistorische|date=2002|title=Glockenguss|url=https://www.musiklexikon.ac.at/ml/musik_G/Glockenguss.xml|accessdate=2022-10-28|work=ISBN 978-3-7001-3043-7|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ===
Enwere ike iji tallow mee ihe dị ka flux maka ịgbado ọkụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fantasyinglass.com/fantasyinglass.com/Tech_Help-Flux.html|title=Tech Help-Flux|work=www.fantasyinglass.com|accessdate=2024-08-27|archivedate=2020-08-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823183114/http://www.fantasyinglass.com/fantasyinglass.com/Tech_Help-Flux.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uwe ===
A na-eji mutton tallow eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka starch, lubricant na softener na mmepụta akwa. Usoro ọgwụgwọ na akwa gụnyere usoro a na-akpọ sizing. N'ịmepụta, kemịkal dị mkpa iji nye ike achọrọ maka eriri a na-etinye na akwa. Mutton tallow na-enye ike na mmanụ achọrọ na eriri.

== Hụkwa ==

* Suet
* Ịdọrọ

== Ebem si de ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>1989 IAAF World Women's Road Race Championship</title>
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      <text bytes="5835" sha1="lip9jz11ejehf9wyfcwe1w1x9geszb2" xml:space="preserve">Asọmpi asọmpi ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị mba ụwa nke 1989 bụ mbipụta nke asaa nke asọmpi ịgba ọsọ ụzọ mba ụwa kwa afọ nke International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF) haziri. Brazil kwadoro asọmpi a na 24 Septemba 1989 na Rio de Janeiro ma gosipụta otu agbụrụ naanị: ọsọ 15K maka ụmụ nwanyị. Enwere onyinye nturu ugo n'otu n'otu na otu egwuregwu, ebe a na-ekpebi ọkwa ọkwa otu mba site na nchikota nke ndị otu atọ kacha agba ọsọ. Mba ndị na-erubeghị atọ emechabeghị ọkwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/road.htm IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships]. GBR Athletics. Retrieved 2018-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọsọ a bụ Wang Xiuting nke China, bụ onye gbara ọsọ na Ingrid Kristiansen n'afọ gara aga. Ọ gbara 49:34 nkeji iji gụchaa sekọnd iri n'ihu onye na-agba ọsọ, onye otu egwuregwu Zhong Huandi, na onye bụbu onye mmeri bụ Aurora Cunha nke Portugal nọ n'ọkwa nke atọ. Ka ha na Wang Huabi nọ n'ọkwa nke asaa, ndị otu China nwetara akara asọmpi dị ala nke dị akara iri. Ụmụ nwanyị Portuguese nwetara akara kacha ala na-enweghị mmeri n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asọmpi, na isi iri na ise, ebe Cunha sochiri ụlọ nke anọ Albertina Machado na Albertina Dias na asatọ. N'igosi ike nke agbụrụ ahụ site n'aka mba ole na ole, Soviet Union nke Yekaterina Khramenkova na-edu, nwetakwara akara kacha ala maka ọnọdụ nke atọ na isi iri abụọ na anọ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181110144446/https://more.arrs.run/race/6821 1989 IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships]. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]]. Retrieved 2018-02-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsonaazụ ==

=== Onye ọ bụla ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot;
!Ọnọdụ
!Onye na-eme egwuregwu
!Mba
!Oge ([[Second|s]]=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;33&quot; href=&quot;./Minute&quot; id=&quot;mwIw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Minute&quot;&gt;m:s) 
|-
|
|Wang Xiuting
| align=&quot;left&quot; | China  (CHN) 
|49:34
|-
|
|Zhong Huandi
| align=&quot;left&quot; | China  (CHN) 
|49:44
|-
|
|Aurora Cunha
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Portugal  (Ọ bụ n'ihi ya) 
|50:06
|-
|4
|Albertina Machado
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Portugal  (Ọ bụ n'ihi ya) 
|50:16
|-
|5
|Yekaterina Khramenkova
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Soviet Union  (URS) 
|50:21
|-
|6
|Jill Hunter
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Great Britain  (GBR) 
|50:34
|-
|7
|[[Wang Huabi]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | China  (CHN) 
|50:42
|-
|8
|Albertina Dias
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Portugal  (Ọ bụ n'ihi ya) 
|50:59
|-
|9
|Nadezhda Stepanova
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Soviet Union  (URS) 
|51:05
|-
|10
|[[Irina Yagodina]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Soviet Union  (URS) 
|51:06
|-
|11
|[[Judy Chamberlin]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | United States  (USA) 
|51:28
|-
|12
|Anna Villani
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Italy  (ITA) 
|51:32
|-
|13
|Angie Ihe Ọrịa
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Great Britain  (GBR) 
|51:35
|-
|14
|Allison Rabour
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Italy  (ITA) 
|52:02
|-
|15
|[[Elena Tolstogouzova]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Soviet Union  (URS) 
|52:17
|-
|16
|[[Anni Müller]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Austria  (Ọ dị n'ebe ọzọ) 
|52:36
|-
|17
|Jane Welzel
| align=&quot;left&quot; | United States  (USA) 
|52:44
|-
|18
|Nives Curti
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Italy  (ITA) 
|52:52
|-
|19
|María Luisa Servín
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Mexico  (MEX) 
|53:07
|-
|20
|[[Janeth Mayal]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Brazil  (BRA) 
|53:18
|-
|21
|Marcia Narloch
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Brazil  (BRA) 
|53:20
|-
|22
|[[Yolanda Quimbita]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Ecuador  (ECU) 
|53:28
|-
|23
|[[Susan Dilnot]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Great Britain  (GBR) 
|53:35
|-
|24
|Tani Ruckle
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Australia  (AUS) 
|53:42
|-
|25
|[[Carole Connelly]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Australia  (AUS) 
|53:52
|-
|26
|[[Marina Prat]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Spain  (ESP) 
|53:53
|-
|27
|[[Carmen Brunet]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Spain  (ESP) 
|53:54
|-
|29
|[[Debbie Elsmore]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | New Zealand  (NZL) 
|54:06
|-
|30
|[[Monica O'Reilly]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | United States  (USA) 
|54:08
|-
|31
|Carmem nke Oliveira
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Brazil  (BRA) 
|54:17
|-
|32
|[[Lesley Graham]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | New Zealand  (NZL) 
|54:19
|-
|33
|Griselda González
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Argentina  (ARG) 
|54:19
|-
|34
|[[Patricia Griffin (athlete)|Patricia Griffin]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Ireland  (IRL) 
|54:24
|-
|36
|[[Lynn Harding]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Great Britain  (GBR) 
|54:30
|-
|37
|[[Kimball Dryden]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | United States  (USA) 
|54:45
|-
|38
|[[Santa Velasquez]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Mexico  (MEX) 
|54:49
|-
|39
|Leslie Lewis
| align=&quot;left&quot; | United States  (USA) 
|54:54
|-
|40
|Marta Jimenez
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Mexico  (MEX) 
|55:15
|-
|41
|[[Wilma Guerra]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Ecuador  (ECU) 
|55:19
|-
|43
|[[Mary Brayley]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Ireland  (IRL) 
|55:43
|-
|44
|[[Carmen Díaz]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Spain  (ESP) 
|56:20
|-
|45
|[[Elsa Calderon]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Chile  (CHI) 
|56:32
|-
|46
|[[Marisol Cossio]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Bolivia  (BOL) 
|56:45
|-
|50
|Silvana Pereira
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Brazil  (BRA) 
|58:07
|-
|51
|[[Janeth Alder]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Ecuador  (ECU) 
|58:14
|-
|61
|[[Trudy Fenton]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Australia  (AUS) 
|60:01
|-
|63
|[[Julia Sakala]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Zimbabwe  (ZIM) 
|61:47
|-
|}

=== Ìgwè ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ọnọdụ
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Ìgwè
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ihe Ndị E Si Eme
|-
|
| align=&quot;left&quot; | China  (CHN) &lt;br /&gt;[[Wang Xiuting]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Zhong Huandi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Wang Huabi]]
|10 pts
|-
|
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Portugal  (Ọ bụ n'ihi ya) &lt;br /&gt;[[Aurora Cunha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Albertina Machado]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Albertina Dias]]
|15 pts
|-
|
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Soviet Union  (URS) &lt;br /&gt;[[Yekaterina Khramenkova]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nadezhda Stepanova]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Irina Yagodina]]
|24 pts
|-
|}

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>1999 (abụ Charlie XCX na Troye Sivan)</title>
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&quot;1999&quot; bụ abụ nke onye na-agụ Bekee Charli XCX na onye na-agụ egwú Australia Troye Sivan, wepụtara dị ka onye ndu otu na album studio nke atọ Charli na 5 October 2018.[1] Otu mkpuchi ahụ sitere na ihe nkiri 1999 The Matrix.[1] Ọ na-esote ọtụtụ alụlụ ewepụtara na mbụ na 2018 nke Charli XCX na album 2018 nke Sivan Bloom. Egwu ahụ ruru nọmba 13 na UK Singles Chart nke dị na 22 Nọvemba 2018, ghọrọ Charli XCX nke iri kacha elu 40 otu na nke mbụ 15 otu kemgbe 2015, yana Sivan nke anọ kacha elu 40 otu na nke mbụ ya kacha elu 20 otu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/ariana-grandes-thank-u-next-claims-a-second-week-at-number-1-with-huge-streaming-numbers__24739/|title=Ariana Grande claims second week at Number 1 with huge streaming numbers|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=18 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tọhapụrụ ihe ọzọ na egwu ahụ, &quot;2099&quot;, dị ka otu nkwalite na Septemba 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/06/09/watch-charli-xcx-and-troye-sivan-debut-new-song-2099|title=Watch Charli XCX and Troye Sivan debut new song &quot;2099&quot;|author=D'Souza|first=Shaad|work=[[The Fader]]|date=9 June 2019|accessdate=17 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;1999&quot; nwere ike igwu egwu na Just Dance Unlimited na Just Dance 2020. 

== Ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu ==

=== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ===
Egwu a nwere ntụaka egwu egwu na-enweghị atụ gbasara afọ titular yana ọnyà dị egwu, &quot;Bass sawtooth fuzzy na igodo Eurodance na-egbuke egbuke&quot;.[1] Sasha Geffen nke Pitchfork kwuru na egwu ahụ bụ &quot;ihe na-echegbu onwe ya na omume nke icheta karịa na nkọwa nke afọ ọ na-akpọ onwe ya&quot; na &quot;dabara n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Charli XCX na-adọrọ adọrọ, na-elepụ anya pop songs&quot;.[1] Egwu ahụ na-ezokwa aka na Britney Spears '1998 mpụta mbụ, &quot;...Baby One More Time.

=== Egwú ndị e dere ===
Edere egwu a na igodo D major, yana allegro tempo nke 124 BPM na 4

4 oge nkịtị. Olu Sivan na Charli XCX dị n'etiti ndetu B3 na F#5..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Charli XCX, Troye Sivan, 1999|url=https://tunebat.com/Info/1999-Charli-XCX-Troye-Sivan/05mAIVLkIWc2d1UBYZBCp8|accessdate=2021-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901022936/https://tunebat.com/Info/1999-Charli-XCX-Troye-Sivan/05mAIVLkIWc2d1UBYZBCp8|archivedate=1 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0190120|title=1999|first=Mclaughlin|author=Brett|date=11 October 2018|work=Musicnotes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe osise ==
Ihe osise mkpuchi ahụ na-ezo aka na ihe nkiri 1999 The ''Matrix'', nke Sivan yi uwe dị ka Neo, na-eyi enyo anya anyanwụ gbara ọchịchịrị, uwe ojii, na ntutu isi ojii na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;NME&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/charli-xcx-to-drop-new-single-1999-with-troye-sivan-on-friday-2385448|title=Charli XCX to drop new single '1999' with Troye Sivan on Friday|work=[[NME]]|author=Krol|first=Charlotte|date=1 October 2018|accessdate=2 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Charli XCX, onye yi uwe dị ka Atọ n'Ime Otu, na-agba ya gburugburu.&lt;ref name=&quot;NME&quot; /&gt; ''Billboard'' kwukwara na ya na Aaliyah yiri na vidiyo egwu ya nke afọ 2000 &quot;Gbalịa Ọzọ&quot;.

== Nkwalite ==
Charli XCX na Sivan tweeted lyrics si &quot;1999&quot; na-agwa ibe ha okwu na Twitter tupu ha ekerịta ihe osise na aha egwu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2018/10/01/troy-sivan-1999-charli-xcx-announce|title=Charli XCX and Troye Sivan announce new duet '1999'|work=[[The Fader]]|author=Hussein|first=Wandera|date=1 October 2018|accessdate=2 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.out.com/popnography/2018/10/02/troye-sivan-and-charli-xcx-announce-collab-matrix-cosplay-internet-shook|title=Troye Sivan and Charli XCX Announce Collab in 'Matrix' Cosplay, Internet is Shook|work=[[Out (magazine)|Out]]|author=Garner|first=Glenn|date=2 October 2018|accessdate=3 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vidio egwu ==
A tọhapụrụ vidiyo egwu ahụ na 11 Ọktoba 2018, ma gosipụta Sivan na Charli XCX na nsọpụrụ dị iche iche maka ọdịbendị pop nke afọ 1990, gụnyere iMac G3 na Steve Jobs, Spice Girls, Britney Spears na Justin Timberlake, New Radicals, Eminem, Nokia 3310, Rose McGowan na Marilyn Manson, ihe nkiri ''Titanic'', The ''Matrix'', American Beauty, na The Blair Witch Project, Dancing baby, na vidiyo maka egwu &quot;Say You's&quot;, &quot;I Want Itelf&quot; (I Want It It It It Thinking).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2018/10/11/charli-xcx-troye-sivan-1999-video|title=Charli XCX and Troye Sivan drop '1999' music video|work=[[The Fader]]|author=Hussein|first=Wandera|date=11 October 2018|accessdate=12 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/watch-charli-xcx-and-troye-sivan-dress-like-eminem-britney-spears-steve-jobs-more-in-amazing-new-video-for-1999/|title=Watch Charli XCX and Troye Sivan Dress Like Eminem, Britney Spears, Steve Jobs, More in Amazing New Video for '1999'|work=Pitchfork|author=Bloom|first=Madison|date=11 October 2018|accessdate=14 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Maka ọtụtụ n'ime nsọpụrụ, e ji teknụzụ deepfake mee ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-10-12|title=Charli XCX's new video uses deepfake technology because of course it does|url=https://www.popjustice.com/briefing/charli-xcxs-new-video-uses-deepfake-technology-of-course-it-does/|accessdate=2020-11-04|work=Popjustice|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201052754/https://www.popjustice.com/briefing/charli-xcxs-new-video-uses-deepfake-technology-of-course-it-does/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndepụta egwu ==
'''Nbudata dijitalụ'''&lt;ref name=&quot;dd1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=1999 – Single by Charli XCX &amp; Troye Sivan on Apple Music|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/1999-single/1437171617|work=iTunes Store|accessdate=19 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# &quot;1999&quot; – 3:09

'''Nbudata dijitalụ - Ụdị e wepụrụ'''&lt;ref name=&quot;dd4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=1999 (Stripped)– Single by Charli XCX &amp; Troye Sivan on Tripped|url=https://listen.tidal.com/album/100921801|work=Tidal|accessdate=9 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# &quot;1999&quot; (E wepụrụ) - 3:21

'''Nbudata dijitalụ - The Knocks Remix'''&lt;ref name=&quot;dd3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=1999 (The Knocks Remix) – Single by Charli XCX &amp; Troye Sivan on Tidal|url=https://listen.tidal.com/album/101983815|work=Tidal|accessdate=19 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# &quot;1999&quot; (The Knocks Remix) - 3:41

'''Nbudata dijitalụ - Remixes'''&lt;ref name=&quot;dd2&quot; /&gt;
# &quot;1999&quot; (Alphalove remix) - 3:55
# &quot;1999&quot; (Easyfun remix) - 3:12
# &quot;1999&quot; (Michael Calfan remix) - 3:03
# &quot;1999&quot; (R3hab remix) - 3:18
# &quot;1999&quot; (Carta remix) - 2:52
# &quot;1999&quot; (Super Cruel remix) - 2:51
# &quot;1999&quot; (Young Franco remix) - 3:33
# &quot;1999&quot; (Dipha Barus remix) - 2:28
# &quot;1999&quot; (The Knocks remix) - 3:40

== Chaatị ==
 

== Akụkọ banyere ntọhapụ ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ógbè
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ụbọchị
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ọdịdị ya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Nsụgharị
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Akara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref.
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ihe dị iche iche
|5 Ọktoba 2018
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 
|Nke mbụ
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ebe Mgbaba
|&lt;ref name=&quot;dd1&quot; /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|9 Nọvemba 2018
|Alphalove remix
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7aHggqW4ucu0gLni9jepwM|title=1999 (Alphalove Remix)|date=9 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|16 Nọvemba 2018
|Easyfun remix
|&lt;ref name=&quot;dd3Remix&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=1999 (Easyfun Remix) – Single by Charli XCX &amp; Troye Sivan on Apple Music|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/1999-easyfun-remix-single/1441157792|work=iTunes Store|accessdate=19 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|23 Nọvemba 2018
|Michael Calfan remix
|&lt;ref name=&quot;dd4Remix&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=1999 (Michael Calfan Remix) – Single by Charli XCX &amp; Troye Sivan on Apple Music|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/1999-michael-calfan-remix-single/1441661528|work=iTunes Store|accessdate=26 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |United States
|4 Disemba 2018
|Redio a ma ama n'oge a
|Nke mbụ
|Atlantic
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases|title=Top 40/M Future Releases|publisher=All Access Media Group|accessdate=20 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120142449/https://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases|archivedate=20 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ihe dị iche iche
|18 Jenụwarị 2019
| 
|Remixes
|Ebe Mgbaba
|&lt;ref name=&quot;dd2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=1999 (Remixes) by Charli XCX &amp; Troye Sivan on Apple Music|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/1999-remixes/1448734869|work=iTunes Store|date=18 January 2019|accessdate=18 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Ụdị ndị Vengaboys ==
Na Septemba 2021, Vengaboys wepụtara otu mkpuchi nke egwu ahụ, nke akpọrọ &quot;1999 (I Wanna Go Back) &quot; wee bịa na vidiyo deepfake nke hụrụ kpakpando mkpuchi sitere na albums dị iche iche nke 1990s na-agbakọta egbugbere ọnụ na abụ ahụ na otu ahụ tinyere n'usoro aha Friends na sofa na isi iyi. Otu n'ime &quot;deepfakes&quot; na-agbakọta na otu mkpuchi nke Vengaboys nke &quot;We're Going To Ibiza&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/vengaboys-throw-it-back-to-the-90s-with-a-cover-of-charli-xcx-and-troye-sivans-1999-3042719|title=Vengaboys throw it back to the '90s with a cover of Charli XCX and Troye Sivan's '1999'|work=[[NME]]|date=10 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/vengaboys-look-back-at-their-biggest-hits-after-boom-boom-boom-boom-we-were-set-for-life__34020/|title=Vengaboys look back at their biggest hits: &quot;People loved or hated us&quot;|work=www.officialcharts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe edeturu ==
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== Ihe odide ==</text>
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    <title>2001 Mgbukpọ nke Aluva</title>
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Mgbuchapụ Aluva nke a makwaara dị ka ogbugbu mmadụ Manjooran mere na 6 Jenụarị 2001 n'obodo Aluva na steeti Kerala, India. E gburu mmadụ isii ahụ niile, gụnyere agadi nwanyị na ụmụaka abụọ, nke ụlọ Manjooran dị n'etiti obodo ahụ.[1] Mgbe ọtụtụ nyocha gasịrị, ndị uwe ojii mpaghara bịarutere nkwubi okwu na Antony, bụ onye ikwu ezinụlọ na onye na-eleta ụlọ ha mgbe niile, mere igbu mmadụ ahụ. E mechara nyefee ikpe ahụ n'aka CBI, na-esochi mkpesa nke ndị ikwu nke ndị ahụ metụtara. Na February 2005, ụlọikpe CBI mara Antony ikpe ọnwụ na na September 2006, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kwadoro ikpe ọnwụ ahụ. Agbanyeghị na Disemba 2018, a gbanwere ikpe ọnwụ Antony gaa mkpọrọ ndụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-13|title=Mass murder of an Aluva family: Why SC commuted the murderer's death sentence|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mass-murder-aluva-family-why-sc-commuted-murderers-death-sentence-93291|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=The News Minute|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ogbugbu ==
Na Jenụwarị 6, 2001, e gburu mmadụ isii sitere n'ụlọ Manjooran dị n'[[Aluva]]_railway_station&quot; id=&quot;mwGQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Aluva railway station&quot;&gt;Okporo ụzọ ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè dị na Aluva. Augustine, onye nwe Manjooran Hardwares, nke na-arụ ọrụ n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, nwunye ya Baby, ụmụ Jaymon na Divya, nne Augustine Clara na nwanne ya nwanyị Kochurani bụ ndị ahụ nwụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|title=കൊല്ലപ്പെട്ടത് 6 പേർ, പ്രതി ഒരാൾ!; അവകാശികൾ വാങ്ങാതെ കോടികൾ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/01/06/aluva-murder-case-20-years.html|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony Manjooran, onye ikwu dị anya na enyi ezinụlọ Augustine bụ ogbugbu ahụ. E nyere Antony ọrụ na mba ofesi ma ọ chọrọ ego ụfọdụ nke Kochurani kwere nkwa. N'abalị ahụ, Antony lọtara n'ụlọ ịrịọ maka ego. N'oge a, ọ bụ naanị Kochurani na Clara nọ n'ụlọ ahụ ebe Augustine, nwunye ya na ụmụ ya abụọ gara ịhụ ihe nkiri. Antony rịọrọ Kochurani (onye dị afọ 42) maka ego ma mgbe ọ nataghị ya, ọ gburu ya. Clara (onye dị afọ 74), onye hụrụ nke a, gbukwara ya. Dị ka Augustine Manjooran maara na ọ lọtara n'ụlọ, Antony ghọtara na a ga-ejide ya, ya mere o zoro n'ụlọ ahụ ka ndị ọzọ nọ n'ezinụlọ ahụ laghachi. Augustine dị afọ iri anọ na asaa, nwunye ya dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ Baby, ụmụ dị afọ iri na anọ na iri na abụọ Jaymon na Divya ka Antony gburu mgbe ha laghachiri n'ụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|title=രക്തം പുരണ്ട പത്ത് കാല്‍പ്പാടുകള്‍? ചുവരിലെ രക്തം കൊണ്ടുളള അമ്പും വില്ലും? ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ ബാക്കി|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2018/12/13/sc-commutes-death-sentences-of-aluva-murer-accused-antony-to-life-imprisonment.html|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=Manoramanews|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnyocha, ikpe na ikpe ==

=== Ndị uwe ojii Kerala ===
Mgbe ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị, n'echi ya n'ihe dị ka elekere iri na otu nke abalị, ndị uwe ojii Aluva natara oku n'ihe dị ka elekere 11 nke abalị n'echi ya mgbe ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị. Ndị uwe ojii chọtara akara akụ́ nke e sere ọbara n’ahụ́ ụlọ n’akụkụ ozu Augustine na Baby. N'okpuru nlekọta nke Ernakulam onye nlekọta ime obodo nke ndị uwe ojii M Sethuraghavan, e hiwere otu nyocha nke nwere ndị ọrụ 30. Ndị otu ahụ ka ọtụtụ nyocha mechara chọpụta na Antony, onye bụ onye ikwu August na onye na-eletakarị ụlọ ha bụ ogbu mmadụ. Antony bụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala nwa oge n'ime ime obodo. Ya na ezinụlọ ya biri n'okporo ụzọ ụka Aluva Siria. Ka ọ dịgodị, o nwetara ohere ịrụ ọrụ ná mba ọzọ. Kochurani kwere nkwa ego maka nke a, mana ọ naghị akwụ ụgwọ. Ndị ọrụ nyocha ahụ kwubiri na iro nke metụtara nke a bụ ihe kpatara mgbuchapụ ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, alaka ụlọ ọrụ mpụ, bụ́ ndị mere nyocha, gosikwara nke a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ആലുവ കൂട്ടക്കൊല: ആന്റണിക്കു തൂക്കുകയര്‍ ഇല്ല, ശിക്ഷ ജീവപര്യന്തമാക്കി കുറച്ചു|url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/keralam/2018/dec/12/ആലുവ-കൂട്ടക്കൊല-ആന്റണിക്കു-തൂക്കുകയര്-ഇല്ല-ശിക്ഷ-ജീവപര്യന്തമാക്കി-കുറച്ചു-41326.html|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=Samakalika Malayalam|date=12 December 2018|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na akụkọ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, a ghọtara na e gburu mmadụ niile n'abalị gara aga. Site na ajụjụ nke ndị ikwu na ndị nọ nso, o doro anya na Antony mere ogbugbu ahụ. N'abalị ahụ, Antony, onye si n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Aluva gaa Mumbai, batara [[Dammam]]. Ndị uwe ojii gara Mumbai ma chọpụta na Antony rere ihe ịchọ mma ọla edo ndị ahụ na-eyi n'ebe ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A brutal murderer, several times accused - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/states/kerala/2018/dec/13/a-brutal-murderer-several-times-accused-1910801.html|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=www.newindianexpress.com|date=8 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ahụ, ndị uwe ojii choro ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Enweghị nkwekọrịta n'etiti India na Saudi Arabia iji nyefee ndị omempụ. Ndị uwe ojii tinyere Jamma n'okpuru nlekota iji gbochie ya ịgwa Antony Jamma okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=newskairali|date=2018-12-12|title=ദൂരൂഹത മാറാത്ത ആലുവ കൊലക്കേസ്;അവസാനം കൊലക്കയറില്‍ നിന്ന് ആന്റണി ജീവപര്യന്തത്തിലേക്ക്|url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2018/12/12/213284.html|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=Kairali News {{!}} Kairali News Live|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị uwe ojii bịara Mumbai wee zute Arun Memon, onye nwe Cosmos Travel, onye kpọgara Antony na Saudi Arabia. Nwunye ya bịara n'ọfịs dị na Mumbai na-arịọ ka a kpọghachi ya, nakwa na ọ ga-eburu mmefu ahụ, onye nkwado Saudi zigara Antony n'ụlọ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ndị uwe ojii jidere Antony na Ọdụ ụgbọ elu SAHAR. Ndị uwe ojii rutere n'Ọdụ ụgbọ elu Karipur na Antony. N'agbanyeghị na ọ na-agha ụgha, Anthony kwupụtara mpụ ahụ mgbe ndị uwe ojii gosipụtara ihe akaebe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-05|title=കൊലക്കളമായി മാഞ്ഞൂരാൻ വീട്, വെട്ടിനുറുക്കിയത് ആറുപേരെ; ആലുവ കൂട്ടക്കൊലയ്ക്ക് ഇരുപതാണ്ട്|url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/crime-beat/crime-special/twenty-years-of-aluva-massacre-1.5333340|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=Mathrubhumi Archives|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Central Bureau of Investigation ===
Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ikwu nke ndị ahụ nwụrụ anwụ bịara na-ekwupụta enweghị afọ ojuju ha na nyocha nke ngalaba mpụ. Ha kwuru na e nwere ndị ọzọ a na-ebo ebubo. Mgbe ahụ, e nyefere ikpe ahụ na CBI. Otú ọ dị, ha mechara rute Antony n'onwe ya. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2005, ụlọ ikpe pụrụ iche nke CBI mara Antony ikpe ma mara ya ikpe ọnwụ. N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2006, Ụlọikpe Kasị EluỤlọikpe Kasị Elu ikpe ọnwụ mana n'ụbọchị iri na atọ n'ọnwarị, Ụlọikpe Kasụ Elu kwụsịtụrụ ikpe ahụ. N'afọ 2009, a kwadoro ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ ọzọ. A jụrụ arịrịọ mmezigharị ahụ. E nyere Onye isi ala arịrịọ ebere n'afọ 2010 n'enweghị isi. Mgbe ahụ, a malitere ịkwụgbu Antony n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Poojappura. N'oge nyocha ahụ, ndị uwe ojii nwetara ihe ịchọ mma ọla edo n'ụlọ ahụ na ebe nchekwa ụlọ akụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ikpe ahụ agwụla ugbu a, ndị na-arịọ arịrịọ azụtaghị ya, ya mere a na-edebe ya n'ụlọ ikpe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-12|title=Aluva mass murder: Antony's death commuted to life term|url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/supreme-court-1.3387943|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=English Archives|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbanwe nke ikpe ==
N'afọ 2014, iwu Chief Justice R.M Lodha tụgharịrị mkpebi ikpe Antony. O nyere iwu ka a nụ mkpesa nyocha megide ikpe ọnwụ n'ụlọ ikpe mepere emepe. N'afọ 2018, ụlọ ikpe gbanwere ikpe ọnwụ Anthony ka ọ bụrụ mkpọrọ ndụ ya niile. N'oge a, Antony nọrọ afọ iri na atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya mgbe a mara ya ikpe ọnwụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ndị isi ụlọ mkpọrọ Poojappura Central mere mgbalị atọ ịtọhapụ ya ka a mara ya ikpe n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Mana ndị uwe ojii Aluva etinyeghị akụkọ na-akwado Antony na mgbalị ya maka nnwere Okwu kemgbe 2018 enweghị isi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-07|title=പോലീസ് വെരിഫിക്കേഷൻ നടന്നു; ആലുവ കൂട്ടക്കൊലക്കേസ് പ്രതി ആന്റണി ജയിൽമോചിതനായേക്കും|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/crime/specials/aluva-massacre-accused-antony-may-be-released-from-jail-1.5338622|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=Mathrubhumi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, na June 2022, gọọmentị kpebiri inye mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ọtụtụ afọ ma jụ ịhapụ ha n'ihi akụkọ ndị uwe ojii na-emegide ya. A gụnyere Antony na ndepụta ahụ ma nye ya ụbọchị 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ആലുവ കൂട്ടക്കൊല കേസ് പ്രതി ആൻ്റണി പരോളിൽ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/kerala-news/aluva-murder-case-accused-antony-released-from-prison-on-parole-rdh56j|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=www.asianetnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== N'omenala a ma ama ==
Ọnọdụ nke ihe nkiri mpụ na-akpali akpali nke Malayalam nke afọ 2004 Sethuramaiyar CBI bụ ogbugbu n'ụlọ. Onye na-ede ihe nkiri ahụ bụ S.N Swamy kwuru na e nwere obere mkpali site na ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Kerala cops' out-of-the-box thinking brought a cold-blooded killer to justice|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/12/12/how-kerala-police-proved-aluva-murder-case.html|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=www.onmanorama.com|archivedate=2023-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730100203/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/12/12/how-kerala-police-proved-aluva-murder-case.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ogbugbu nke Chandini

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Mgbuchapụ Aluva nke a makwaara dị ka ogbugbu mmadụ Manjooran mere na 6 Jenụarị 2001 n'obodo Aluva na steeti Kerala, India. E gburu mmadụ isii ahụ niile, gụnyere agadi nwanyị na ụmụaka abụọ, nke ụlọ Manjooran dị n'etiti obodo ahụ.[1] Mgbe ọtụtụ nyocha gasịrị, ndị uwe ojii mpaghara bịarutere nkwubi okwu na Antony, bụ onye ikwu ezinụlọ na onye na-eleta ụlọ ha mgbe niile, mere igbu mmadụ ahụ. E mechara nyefee ikpe ahụ n'aka CBI, na-esochi mkpesa nke ndị ikwu nke ndị ahụ metụtara. Na February 2005, ụlọikpe CBI mara Antony ikpe ọnwụ na na September 2006, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kwadoro ikpe ọnwụ ahụ. Agbanyeghị na Disemba 2018, a gbanwere ikpe ọnwụ Antony gaa mkpọrọ ndụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-13|title=Mass murder of an Aluva family: Why SC commuted the murderer's death sentence|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mass-murder-aluva-family-why-sc-commuted-murderers-death-sentence-93291|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=The News Minute|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ogbugbu ==
Na Jenụwarị 6, 2001, e gburu mmadụ isii sitere n'ụlọ Manjooran dị n'[[Aluva]]_railway_station&quot; id=&quot;mwGQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Aluva railway station&quot;&gt;Okporo ụzọ ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè dị na Aluva. Augustine, onye nwe Manjooran Hardwares, nke na-arụ ọrụ n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, nwunye ya Baby, ụmụ Jaymon na Divya, nne Augustine Clara na nwanne ya nwanyị Kochurani bụ ndị ahụ nwụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|title=കൊല്ലപ്പെട്ടത് 6 പേർ, പ്രതി ഒരാൾ!; അവകാശികൾ വാങ്ങാതെ കോടികൾ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/01/06/aluva-murder-case-20-years.html|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antony Manjooran, onye ikwu dị anya na enyi ezinụlọ Augustine bụ ogbugbu ahụ. E nyere Antony ọrụ na mba ofesi ma ọ chọrọ ego ụfọdụ nke Kochurani kwere nkwa. N'abalị ahụ, Antony lọtara n'ụlọ ịrịọ maka ego. N'oge a, ọ bụ naanị Kochurani na Clara nọ n'ụlọ ahụ ebe Augustine, nwunye ya na ụmụ ya abụọ gara ịhụ ihe nkiri. Antony rịọrọ Kochurani (onye dị afọ 42) maka ego ma mgbe ọ nataghị ya, ọ gburu ya. Clara (onye dị afọ 74), onye hụrụ nke a, gbukwara ya. Dị ka Augustine Manjooran maara na ọ lọtara n'ụlọ, Antony ghọtara na a ga-ejide ya, ya mere o zoro n'ụlọ ahụ ka ndị ọzọ nọ n'ezinụlọ ahụ laghachi. Augustine dị afọ iri anọ na asaa, nwunye ya dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ Baby, ụmụ dị afọ iri na anọ na iri na abụọ Jaymon na Divya ka Antony gburu mgbe ha laghachiri n'ụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|title=രക്തം പുരണ്ട പത്ത് കാല്‍പ്പാടുകള്‍? ചുവരിലെ രക്തം കൊണ്ടുളള അമ്പും വില്ലും? ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ ബാക്കി|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2018/12/13/sc-commutes-death-sentences-of-aluva-murer-accused-antony-to-life-imprisonment.html|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=Manoramanews|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnyocha, ikpe na ikpe ==

=== Ndị uwe ojii Kerala ===
Mgbe ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị, n'echi ya n'ihe dị ka elekere iri na otu nke abalị, ndị uwe ojii Aluva natara oku n'ihe dị ka elekere 11 nke abalị n'echi ya mgbe ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị. Ndị uwe ojii chọtara akara akụ́ nke e sere ọbara n’ahụ́ ụlọ n’akụkụ ozu Augustine na Baby. N'okpuru nlekọta nke Ernakulam onye nlekọta ime obodo nke ndị uwe ojii M Sethuraghavan, e hiwere otu nyocha nke nwere ndị ọrụ 30. Ndị otu ahụ ka ọtụtụ nyocha mechara chọpụta na Antony, onye bụ onye ikwu August na onye na-eletakarị ụlọ ha bụ ogbu mmadụ. Antony bụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala nwa oge n'ime ime obodo. Ya na ezinụlọ ya biri n'okporo ụzọ ụka Aluva Siria. Ka ọ dịgodị, o nwetara ohere ịrụ ọrụ ná mba ọzọ. Kochurani kwere nkwa ego maka nke a, mana ọ naghị akwụ ụgwọ. Ndị ọrụ nyocha ahụ kwubiri na iro nke metụtara nke a bụ ihe kpatara mgbuchapụ ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, alaka ụlọ ọrụ mpụ, bụ́ ndị mere nyocha, gosikwara nke a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ആലുവ കൂട്ടക്കൊല: ആന്റണിക്കു തൂക്കുകയര്‍ ഇല്ല, ശിക്ഷ ജീവപര്യന്തമാക്കി കുറച്ചു|url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/keralam/2018/dec/12/ആലുവ-കൂട്ടക്കൊല-ആന്റണിക്കു-തൂക്കുകയര്-ഇല്ല-ശിക്ഷ-ജീവപര്യന്തമാക്കി-കുറച്ചു-41326.html|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=Samakalika Malayalam|date=12 December 2018|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na akụkọ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, a ghọtara na e gburu mmadụ niile n'abalị gara aga. Site na ajụjụ nke ndị ikwu na ndị nọ nso, o doro anya na Antony mere ogbugbu ahụ. N'abalị ahụ, Antony, onye si n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Aluva gaa Mumbai, batara [[Dammam]]. Ndị uwe ojii gara Mumbai ma chọpụta na Antony rere ihe ịchọ mma ọla edo ndị ahụ na-eyi n'ebe ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A brutal murderer, several times accused - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/Dec/13/a-brutal-murderer-several-times-accused-1910801.html|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=www.newindianexpress.com|date=8 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ahụ, ndị uwe ojii choro ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Enweghị nkwekọrịta n'etiti India na Saudi Arabia iji nyefee ndị omempụ. Ndị uwe ojii tinyere Jamma n'okpuru nlekota iji gbochie ya ịgwa Antony Jamma okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=newskairali|date=2018-12-12|title=ദൂരൂഹത മാറാത്ത ആലുവ കൊലക്കേസ്;അവസാനം കൊലക്കയറില്‍ നിന്ന് ആന്റണി ജീവപര്യന്തത്തിലേക്ക്|url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2018/12/12/213284.html|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=Kairali News {{!}} Kairali News Live|language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị uwe ojii bịara Mumbai wee zute Arun Memon, onye nwe Cosmos Travel, onye kpọgara Antony na Saudi Arabia. Nwunye ya bịara n'ọfịs dị na Mumbai na-arịọ ka a kpọghachi ya, nakwa na ọ ga-eburu mmefu ahụ, onye nkwado Saudi zigara Antony n'ụlọ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ndị uwe ojii jidere Antony na Ọdụ ụgbọ elu SAHAR. Ndị uwe ojii rutere n'Ọdụ ụgbọ elu Karipur na Antony. N'agbanyeghị na ọ na-agha ụgha, Anthony kwupụtara mpụ ahụ mgbe ndị uwe ojii gosipụtara ihe akaebe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-05|title=കൊലക്കളമായി മാഞ്ഞൂരാൻ വീട്, വെട്ടിനുറുക്കിയത് ആറുപേരെ; ആലുവ കൂട്ടക്കൊലയ്ക്ക് ഇരുപതാണ്ട്|url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/crime-beat/crime-special/twenty-years-of-aluva-massacre-1.5333340|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=Mathrubhumi Archives|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Central Bureau of Investigation ===
Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ikwu nke ndị ahụ nwụrụ anwụ bịara na-ekwupụta enweghị afọ ojuju ha na nyocha nke ngalaba mpụ. Ha kwuru na e nwere ndị ọzọ a na-ebo ebubo. Mgbe ahụ, e nyefere ikpe ahụ na CBI. Otú ọ dị, ha mechara rute Antony n'onwe ya. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2005, ụlọ ikpe pụrụ iche nke CBI mara Antony ikpe ma mara ya ikpe ọnwụ. N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2006, Ụlọikpe Kasị EluỤlọikpe Kasị Elu ikpe ọnwụ mana n'ụbọchị iri na atọ n'ọnwarị, Ụlọikpe Kasụ Elu kwụsịtụrụ ikpe ahụ. N'afọ 2009, a kwadoro ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ ọzọ. A jụrụ arịrịọ mmezigharị ahụ. E nyere Onye isi ala arịrịọ ebere n'afọ 2010 n'enweghị isi. Mgbe ahụ, a malitere ịkwụgbu Antony n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Poojappura. N'oge nyocha ahụ, ndị uwe ojii nwetara ihe ịchọ mma ọla edo n'ụlọ ahụ na ebe nchekwa ụlọ akụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ikpe ahụ agwụla ugbu a, ndị na-arịọ arịrịọ azụtaghị ya, ya mere a na-edebe ya n'ụlọ ikpe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-12|title=Aluva mass murder: Antony's death commuted to life term|url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/supreme-court-1.3387943|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=English Archives|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbanwe nke ikpe ==
N'afọ 2014, iwu Chief Justice R.M Lodha tụgharịrị mkpebi ikpe Antony. O nyere iwu ka a nụ mkpesa nyocha megide ikpe ọnwụ n'ụlọ ikpe mepere emepe. N'afọ 2018, ụlọ ikpe gbanwere ikpe ọnwụ Anthony ka ọ bụrụ mkpọrọ ndụ ya niile. N'oge a, Antony nọrọ afọ iri na atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya mgbe a mara ya ikpe ọnwụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ndị isi ụlọ mkpọrọ Poojappura Central mere mgbalị atọ ịtọhapụ ya ka a mara ya ikpe n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Mana ndị uwe ojii Aluva etinyeghị akụkọ na-akwado Antony na mgbalị ya maka nnwere Okwu kemgbe 2018 enweghị isi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-07|title=പോലീസ് വെരിഫിക്കേഷൻ നടന്നു; ആലുവ കൂട്ടക്കൊലക്കേസ് പ്രതി ആന്റണി ജയിൽമോചിതനായേക്കും|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/crime/specials/aluva-massacre-accused-antony-may-be-released-from-jail-1.5338622|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=Mathrubhumi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, na June 2022, gọọmentị kpebiri inye mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ọtụtụ afọ ma jụ ịhapụ ha n'ihi akụkọ ndị uwe ojii na-emegide ya. A gụnyere Antony na ndepụta ahụ ma nye ya ụbọchị 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ആലുവ കൂട്ടക്കൊല കേസ് പ്രതി ആൻ്റണി പരോളിൽ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/aluva-murder-case-accused-antony-released-from-prison-on-parole-rdh56j|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=www.asianetnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== N'omenala a ma ama ==
Ọnọdụ nke ihe nkiri mpụ na-akpali akpali nke Malayalam nke afọ 2004 Sethuramaiyar CBI bụ ogbugbu n'ụlọ. Onye na-ede ihe nkiri ahụ bụ S.N Swamy kwuru na e nwere obere mkpali site na ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Kerala cops' out-of-the-box thinking brought a cold-blooded killer to justice|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/12/12/how-kerala-police-proved-aluva-murder-case.html|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=www.onmanorama.com|archivedate=2023-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730100203/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/12/12/how-kerala-police-proved-aluva-murder-case.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ogbugbu nke Chandini

== Ihe odide ==</text>
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[[Usòrò:Cycliste_à_place_d'Italie-Paris_crop.jpg|thumb|Ịnyịnya ígwè obodo, otu n'ime ụgbọala ndị a ma ama maka ịgagharị]]
Mbugharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ngagharị dị nro, njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ụgbọ njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma ọ bụ ụgbọ njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike bụ ibufe ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ngwa ahịa, site n'ụzọ na-abụghị moto, dabere na gburugburu mmega ahụ mmadụ.[1] Ụdị mmegharị ahụ a kacha mara amara bụ ịga ije na ịgba ígwè, ọ bụ ezie na ụdịdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịgba ọsọ, ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, skoota ịgba ụkwụ na skate skate.[2] N'ihi mgbasa ya, a na-atụle ịgba ígwè mgbe ụfọdụ iche iche na ụdị mmegharị ahụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Bicycling for Transportation|date=2018|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-812642-4|language=en|doi=10.1016/c2016-0-03936-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amụma ọhaneze na-akwalite mmegharị mmegharị ahụ na-eme ka ihe ngosi ahụike dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ọkwa ahụike anụ ahụ yana ibelata ọnụego oke ibu na ọrịa shuga, [1] [2] ebe ọ na-ebelata oriri nke mmanụ ọkụ na ikuku carbon na-esi na ya pụta.[3]. E gosipụtara amụma ndị a na-ebute mmụba dị ukwuu na njem ụgbọ njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike maka njem: dịka ọmụmaatụ Portland, Oregon, nwere ike ịbawanye iji igwe igwe ugboro ise site na 1990 ruo 2009 site na mmemme ịgba ígwè.[4] Nnyocha egosiwo na mmemme ọkwa obodo dị irè karịa ịgba ume ngagharị na-arụ ọrụ n'ọkwa onye ọ bụla&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Audrey|first=Suzanne|date=December 2019|title=Evaluation of an intervention to promote walking during the commute to work: a cluster randomised controlled trial|journal=BMC Public Health|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=427|doi=10.1186/s12889-019-6791-4|issn=1471-2458|pmid=31014313}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ahụike ==
Uru ahụike nke ngagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike gụnyere ibelata nrụgide obodo, mbelata oriri ike na mmepụta, yana nkwalite ndụ dị mma.[1] Ụgbọ njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-egbochi ohere nke ọrịa na-egbu egbu sitere na mmetọ na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi.[2] Mkpọgharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-eme ka ahụike dịkwuo mma site na ibelata mmetọ ikuku site na ụgbọ ala.[3] Agbanyeghị, nsogbu ahụike na-adịghị mma nwere ike ibilite site na ndụ anaghị arụ ọrụ na ịnọ nkịtị. Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchịkwa Ọrịa na United States na-atụ aro ịbawanye ohere njem njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike.[4] Ọtụtụ ihe ọmụmụ US na-akwado maka ịba ụba nke njem njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike maka onye ọ bụla, gụnyere ụmụaka, n'ihi ọtụtụ uru ahụike.

Ndị na-anọkarị otu ebe nwere ike belata BMI ha site n'ịbawanye mmega ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dons&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dons|first=E|year=2018|title=Transport mode choice and body mass index: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from a European-wide study|journal=Environment International|volume=119|issue=119|pages=109–116|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.023|pmid=29957352|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/152336/1/Dons2018_preprint_BMI.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu House of Commons nke Kọmitii Ahụike nke [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] kọrọ banyere oke ibu na 2004 tụrụ aro ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije dị ka isi ihe iji lụso oke ibu ọgụ.&lt;ref&gt;House of Commons Health Committee, Obesity – Third Report of Session 2003–04 &lt;/ref&gt; Public Health England mere atụmatụ na 2016 na na UK, enweghị ọrụ anụ ahụ na-enye aka na otu onye n'ime mmadụ isii na-anwụ kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Physical activity: applying All Our Health|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/physical-activity-applying-all-our-health/physical-activity-applying-all-our-health|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=GOV.UK|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ PHE na-ekwu na ịga ije na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè kwa ụbọchị dị irè iji mụbaa mmega ahụ ma belata oke ibu, yana igbochi ọrịa obi, ụdị ọrịa shuga nke abụọ, ọrịa kansa na ọtụtụ ọrịa uche, gụnyere ịda mbà n'obi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
[[Usòrò:Bike_path_in_the_rain.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-emega ahụ na-agagharị agagharị n'ụbọchị mmiri na-ezo]]
Mmega ahụ na-eme ka ahụike uche na ahụike dị mma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The effects of transport mode use on self-perceived health, mental health, and social contact measures: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study|author=Ione Avila-Palencia|journal=Environment International|volume=120|pages=199–206|date=2018|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.002|pmid=30098553}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ndị na-aga ije na-ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi ha n'ụzọ dị iche karịa ndị na-anya ụgbọala n'ihi na ụgbọala na-egbochi ihe mmetụta nke na-ekpughe njem na-arụ ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Orellana|first=D.|title=A Multidisciplinary Analytical Framework for Studying Active Mobility Patterns|date=2016-06-08|url=http://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XLI-B2/527/2016/|journal=ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences|language=en|volume=XLI-B2|pages=527–534|doi=10.5194/isprs-archives-XLI-B2-527-2016|issn=2194-9034}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-akwado ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ekwusi ike na ihe omume ndị dị ka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije na-akwalite mmetụta nke obodo na njikọ, na-eme ka ahụike uche dị mma na ọdịmma zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Scrivano|first=Luana|title=Active mobility and mental health: A scoping review towards a healthier world|journal=Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health|date=2024|volume=11|doi=10.1017/gmh.2023.74|pmid=38390252}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inye ezigbo akụrụngwa maka ịgagharị na-akwalite ụdị njem a iji belata okporo ụzọ na mkpọchi obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zhou|first=Q.|date=March 2020|title=Effects of improvements in non-motorised transport facilities on active mobility demand in a residential township|journal=Journal of Transport &amp; Health|language=en|volume=16|pages=100835|doi=10.1016/j.jth.2020.100835}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije nwere ike ịchekwa ego site na ibelata ego a na-emefu na gasoline.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Giorgio Guariso|date=2017-08-24|title=Assessing the Value of Systematic Cycling in a Polluted Urban Environment|journal=Climate|language=en|volume=5|issue=3|pages=65|doi=10.3390/cli5030065|issn=2225-1154}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsonaazụ nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije gụnyere mmụba nke mmetọ ikuku, mkpọtụ, na ihe mberede ugboro ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ịgba ígwè na-ebelata mkpa maka nnukwu okporo ụzọ na ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala ka ịnyịnya ígwè na-ewe 8% nke ohere dịnụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụgbọala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije na-abawanye, enwere ike ịgbanwe akụrụngwa obodo ka ọ bụrụ ogige ntụrụndụ iji gbakwunye oghere ahịhịa ndụ na gburugburu obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ebe ndị mara mma nwere ike ịghọ ebe kachasị mma maka ịga ije na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè n'obodo ukwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vich|first=Guillem|date=March 2019|title=Green streetscape and walking: Exploring active mobility patterns in dense and compact cities|journal=Journal of Transport &amp; Health|language=en|volume=12|pages=50–59|doi=10.1016/j.jth.2018.11.003|url=https://ddd.uab.cat/record/203496}}&lt;/ref&gt; A pụkwara ịgbanwe gburugburu obodo ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-agagharị agagharị, nke nwere ike ịba uru nye ndị agadi, mana nchekwa nwere ike ịbụ nsogbu ma ọ bụrụ na ebe ndị ụgbọala jupụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Jae Seung|date=December 2013|title=Safely active mobility for urban baby boomers: The role of neighborhood design|journal=Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention|language=en|volume=61|pages=153–166|doi=10.1016/j.aap.2013.05.008|pmid=23777888}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịmepụta ebe ndị dị nchebe na-agagharị n'obodo ukwu nwere ike ịbawanye ewu ewu nke ịga ije, belata enweghị ọrụ, ma melite ahụike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè eletrik na-erite uru site na ụdị mmega ahụ a. N'obodo asaa dị na Europe, ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè eletrik nwere 10% dị elu kwa izu karịa ndị ọzọ na-agba ígwè.&lt;ref name=&quot;Castro&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Castro|first=A|title=Physical activity of electric bicycle users compared to conventional bicycle users and non-cyclists: Insights based on health and transport data from an online survey in seven European cities|journal=Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives|volume=1|pages=100017|year=2019|doi=10.1016/j.trip.2019.100017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-agbanwe na e-bike site na ụgbọala onwe ha ma ọ bụ ụgbọ njem ọha na eze na-emefu ike ka mmega ahụ na-abawanye, na-enweta n'etiti 550 na 880 Metabolic Equivalent Task nkeji kwa izu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Castro&quot; /&gt; Ịnyịnya ígwè eletrik nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ike ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wild|first=Kirsty|date=2021-07-07|title=Gender and the E-bike: Exploring the Role of Electric Bikes in Increasing Women's Access to Cycling and Physical Activity|url=https://activetravelstudies.org/article/id/991/|journal=Active Travel Studies|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.16997/ats.991|issn=2732-4184}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe obibi ==
Uru gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike bụ ibelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ iji belata [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|okpomọkụ ụwa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fraser|first=Simon D. S.|date=2011-12-01|title=Cycling for transport and public health: a systematic review of the effect of the environment on cycling|url=https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/21/6/738/493197|journal=European Journal of Public Health|language=en|volume=21|issue=6|pages=738–743|doi=10.1093/eurpub/ckq145|pmid=20929903|issn=1101-1262}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa afọ, ụgbọ ala na-ewepụta 4.6 metric ton nke carbon dioxide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OAR|date=2016-01-12|title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle|url=https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/greenhouse-gas-emissions-typical-passenger-vehicle|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=US EPA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka gas na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ, carbon dioxide dị na ikuku na-eme ngwa ngwa mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jørgensen|first=Susanne V.|date=2014-04-01|title=Assessment of urgent impacts of greenhouse gas emissions—the climate tipping potential (CTP)|journal=The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment|language=en|volume=19|issue=4|pages=919–930|doi=10.1007/s11367-013-0693-y|issn=1614-7502}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ojiji ụgbọala na-abawanye ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ, ọnụego nke ụwa anyị na-eru n'ókè ihu igwe na-agbanwe agbanwe na-arịwanye elu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Ịgagharị na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-ebelata kwa ụbọchị, na-ebepụ ebe ndị a na-agbadata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keall|first=Michael D.|date=2018-12-01|title=Reductions in carbon dioxide emissions from an intervention to promote cycling and walking: A case study from New Zealand|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136192091830419X|journal=Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment|language=en|volume=65|pages=687–696|doi=10.1016/j.trd.2018.10.004|issn=1361-9209}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na [[New Zealand]], achọpụtala na njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike iji belata ikuku carbon dioxide site na 1% kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; N'ime nnyocha nke obodo asaa dị [[Obodo Békè|Ndị Europe]], a chọpụtara na mgbanwe ndị ọ bụla na njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-abịa na uru dị ukwuu nke ikuku carbon, ọbụlagodi na obodo ukwu dị na Europe nke nwere oke ịga ije na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè.&lt;ref name=&quot;PASTA2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Brand|first=Christian|date=2021|title=The climate change mitigation effects of daily active travel in cities|journal=Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment|volume=93|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.trd.2021.102764}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmụba nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè ma ọ bụ ịga ije n'otu n'otu belatara ikuku CO2 metụtara ndụ. Onye ọ bụla na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè 1 njem / ụbọchị ọzọ ma na-akwọ 1 njem / Ụbọchị na-erughị ụbọchị 200 n'afọ ga-ebelata ikuku CO2 metụtara njem site na ihe dị ka tọn 0.5 karịa otu afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;PASTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Brand|first=Christian|date=2021|title=The climate change mitigation impacts of active travel: Evidence from a longitudinal panel study in seven European cities|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=67|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102224}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmetọ ikuku na mkpọtụ bụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke njem ụgbọ ala. Mmetọ ikuku na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi adịghị mma.[1] Mmetọ ikuku nwere ike ime ka [[mmiri ozuzo acid]], eutrophication, haze, ọnwụ anụ ọhịa, mbelata oyi akwa ozone nke Ụwa, mmebi ihe ọkụkụ, na mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ.[1] Mkpọtụ mmetọ na-akpaghasị gburugburu ebe obibi na anụ ọhịa.[2] Ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ebelata mmetọ ikuku na mkpọtụ site n'ịnọchite anya ụgbọ ala ndị na-emepụta gas na mkpọtụ, na-erite uru na gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Nzaghachi gọọmentị ==
[[Usòrò:Victoria_W6-V9-2.svg|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama n'okporo ụzọ na Victoria, Australia]]
Ịgagharị n'ihu na-arịọ ndị na-eme iwu n'ihi onyinye bara uru ọ na-enye na ahụike anụ ahụ na mbelata nke mmetọ ikuku, &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pucher|first=John|date=2010-01-01|title=Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: An international review|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743509004344|journal=Preventive Medicine|language=en|volume=50|pages=S106–S125|doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.07.028|pmid=19765610|issn=0091-7435}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-eduga na mbọ ndị omeiwu na-eme iji mee ka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije dị nchebe ma na-adọrọ mmasị maka njem na ọrụ onwe onye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mackenbach|first=Joreintje Dingena|date=March 2016|title=The Influence of Urban Land-Use and Public Transport Facilities on Active Commuting in Wellington, New Zealand: Active Transport Forecasting Using the WILUTE Model|journal=Sustainability|language=en|volume=8|issue=3|pages=242|doi=10.3390/su8030242}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nzọụkwụ ndị a gụnyere mgbanwe akụrụngwa iji kwado ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ndị na-aga ije n'okporo ụzọ, iwu iji belata okporo ụzọ ụgbọ ala, &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; na agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ iji melite nhazi n'etiti ụgbọala na ndị mmadụ na-eji njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pucher|first=John|date=2003-09-01|title=Promoting Safe Walking and Cycling to Improve Public Health: Lessons From The Netherlands and Germany|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=93|issue=9|pages=1509–1516|doi=10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1509|issn=0090-0036|pmid=12948971}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmepe nke akụrụngwa nke jikọtara ya na mmụba nke ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike bụ okporo ụzọ sara mbara, ọkụ n'okporo ámá, ala dị larịị, na ahịhịa ndụ n'obodo ukwu,  ọkachasị na ohere ịbanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cervero|first=Robert|date=1997-09-01|title=Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920997000096|journal=Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment|language=en|volume=2|issue=3|pages=199–219|doi=10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6|issn=1361-9209}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vich|first=Guillem|date=2019-03-01|title=Green streetscape and walking: Exploring active mobility patterns in dense and compact cities|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214140518303281|journal=Journal of Transport &amp; Health|language=en|volume=12|pages=50–59|doi=10.1016/j.jth.2018.11.003|issn=2214-1405}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè karịsịa chọrọ mmepe nke akụrụngwa iji nweta mmụba dị ịrịba ama n'iji ya eme ihe, gụnyere:

* Okporo ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè: ụzọ dị iche n'okporo ụzọ a na-ahụkarị nke a họpụtara site na akara na akara okporo ámá ka echekwa maka ịnyịnya ígwè.
* Igbe ịnyịnya ígwè: ebe ndị dị na nkuku a họpụtara maka ịnyịnya ígwè iji nọrọ mgbe ọ kwụsịrị.
* Ebe ịnyịnya ígwè na-akwụsị: ebe ndị a na-adọba ụgbọala pụrụ iche nke na-agụnyekwa ngwá ọrụ ndị bụ isi maka mmezi ịnyịnya ígwè.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt;

Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta ekwuputala na onyinye kachasị ukwuu maka ịgagharị na-abịa site na ịnweta ihe ntụrụndụ dị mfe dị ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ụlọ ahịa, na ụlọ ihe nkiri, nke gọọmentị ime obodo nwere ike ịkwalite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fan|first=Jessie X.|date=2014-11-01|title=An ecological analysis of environmental correlates of active commuting in urban U.S.|url=|journal=Health &amp; Place|language=en|volume=30|pages=242–250|doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.09.014|pmid=25460907|issn=1353-8292}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dogan|first=Timur|date=2020-01-02|title=Urbano: A Tool to Promote Active Mobility Modeling and Amenity Analysis in Urban Design|journal=Technology{{!}}Architecture + Design|volume=4|issue=1|pages=92–105|doi=10.1080/24751448.2020.1705716|issn=2475-1448}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchegbu dị ịrịba ama banyere mmụba nke ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike bụ mmụba kwekọrọ na mmerụ ahụ na ọnwụ, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị na-aga ije ma ọ bụ ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ụgbọala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lindsay|first=Graeme|date=2011|title=Moving urban trips from cars to bicycles: impact on health and emissions|journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=54–60|doi=10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00621.x|pmid=21299701|issn=1753-6405}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịgagharị n'ọrụ nwere ike na-eri oge karịa ịgagharị n'ụgbọala, na mmetụta nke ebe dị anya, ihe ndị dị na ala dị ka ugwu, na ihu igwe nwere ike ime ka ịrụsi ọrụ ike n'èzí ghara ịdị mma ma ọ bụ ghara ịdị irè.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rietveld 531–550&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rietveld|first=Piet|date=2004-08-01|title=Determinants of bicycle use: do municipal policies matter?|journal=Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice|language=en|volume=38|issue=7|pages=531–550|doi=10.1016/j.tra.2004.05.003|issn=0965-8564}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkatọ ọzọ nke iwu njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ekwu na ịgbanwere okporo ụzọ maka iji ịnyịnya ígwè eme njem na-eme ka njem sie ike maka ndị njem ga-enwe ụgbọala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-09-19|title=Dangerous 'road diets' are starving LA of common sense: Susan Shelley|url=https://www.dailynews.com/2017/09/19/dangerous-road-diets-are-starving-la-of-common-sense-susan-shelley/|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=Daily News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịgagharị agagharị site na mba ==

=== Njikọ Europe ===
[[Usòrò:Juist,_Carl-Stegmann-Straße_-_panoramio.jpg|alt=Carfree Juist, Germany|thumb|Juist na-enweghị ụgbọala, Germany]]
European Union's Mobility and Transport organization gụnyere ịkwalite ịga ije na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè n'etiti atụmatụ ya iji mee ka njem na-adịgide adịgide na Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=John|date=2016-09-22|title=Sustainable transport|url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/sustainable_en|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=Mobility and Transport - European Commission|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; European Union anabatala ebumnuche Vision Zero iji kpochapụ ọnwụ okporo ụzọ niile, na-achọ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe omume n'etiti ndị na-agafe agafe na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ụgbọala, ebe ndị a na-akpatakarị nnukwu mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ọnwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mobility and transport|url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/home_en|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=Mobility and transport - European Commission|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ ndị kewapụrụ na European Union, ọtụtụ obodo na mpaghara Europe guzobere otu nzukọ, Polis, na 1989 iji hazie mbọ dị n'etiti gọọmentị ime obodo na European Union iji melite arụmọrụ nke njem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Polis|url=https://www.polisnetwork.eu/who-we-are/about-polis/|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=Polis Network|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-agụnye ime ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịgagharị, nke Polis na-ekwu na ọ na-enye uru na gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike ọha na eze ma na-ekwusi ike na ọganihu ndị a na-enye aka na akụ na ụba.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.polisnetwork.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/lifecycle_promote-active-travel_handbook.pdf &quot;Active Transportation Best Practices&quot; (PDF)]. Polis Network. June 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Polis na-atụ aro na mkpebi iwu kwesịrị ịkọwa uru sitere na mbelata ahụike na ụgwọ gburugburu ebe obibi site na njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike, mmụba nke ohere obodo site na mbelata mkpọchi na mmetọ, ma tụlee ụkpụrụ gbasara imepụta ụgbọala iji dozie nchegbu nke nchekwa na ịdị mfe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211129162520/https://www.polisnetwork.morris-chapman.com/uploads/Modules/PublicDocuments/polis-paper-securing-the-health-benefits-of-active-travel-in-europe.pdf &quot;Securing the health benefits of active travel in Europe&quot; (PDF)]. Polis Network. November 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Polis na-agba ume mmepe nke Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) iji duzie ọrụ njem n'obodo niile. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.polisnetwork.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/POLIS_Brochure2020-web.pdf &quot;Polis: Cities and Regions for Transport Innovation&quot; (PDF)]. Polis Network. Retrieved 28 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Netherlands ===
[[Usòrò:Cycling_Fatalities_in_the_Netherlands_Graph.png|thumb|Ọnwụ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na Netherlands site na 2007 ruo 2016.]]
A na-eji agagharị agagharị eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na [[Netherlands]], gụnyere ihe karịrị 40% nke njem n'ime ime obodo.[1] Ọdịdị dị larịị na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ nke Netherlands na-erite uru mmegharị ahụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, nke amụma gọọmentị kwadoro kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ, [2] gụnyere kilomita 35,000 nke ụzọ ịgba ígwè raara onwe ya nye.[3] N'ihi ya, gọọmentị Dutch na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ihe dị ka igwe igwe 1.3 maka onye ọ bụla na Netherlands.[3] Ihe si na nke a pụta bụ na ihe dị ka 20% nke ndị na-egbu ihe mberede okporo ụzọ Dutch bụ ndị na-agba ígwè, ihe karịrị 100 ndị na-agba ígwè na-anwụ kwa afọ.[4] Ọnụego ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ a dị elu karịa ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ dị na Europe, na-egosipụta oke ojiji nke ngagharị na-arụ ọrụ na Netherlands.[4] Otú ọ dị, mgbalị amụma nke Ministry of Industry and Water Management[5] nwere ike iso mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na-ebelata, bụ nke dara karịa 30% site na 2007 ruo 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Zaken|first=Ministerie van Algemene|date=2017-06-09|title=Safe cycling - Bicycles - Government.nl|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/bicycles/safe-cycling|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=www.government.nl|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;[https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/pdf/statistics/dacota/bfs20xx_cyclists.pdf &quot;Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2018: Cyclists&quot; (PDF)]. European Commission. European Road Safety Observatory. 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Singapore ===
Land Transport Authority (LTA) nke Singapore na-achụso ebumnuche ekwupụtara iji gbakwunye usoro njem na &quot;nhọrọ ije na ịnyịnya ígwè&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LTA {{!}} Who We Are|url=https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/who_we_are.html/#our_work|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=www.lta.gov.sg}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịgbaso atụmatụ nnwale nke etinyere n'ógbè Tampines,  Minista nke Transport gosipụtara atụmatụ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè nke mba na 2013 iji nye ụzọ iji jikọta ịgba ịnyịnya na usoro Mass Rapid Transit nke Singapore. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Meng|first=M.|date=2014-10-01|title=Influences of urban characteristics on cycling: Experiences of four cities|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670714000481|journal=Sustainable Cities and Society|language=en|volume=13|pages=78–88|doi=10.1016/j.scs.2014.05.001|issn=2210-6707}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MOT Singapore – Gain new perspectives on land, sea &amp; air transport|url=http://www.mot.gov.sg/About-MOT/Land-Transport/Cycling/|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=www.mot.gov.sg|language=en|archivedate=5 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305195350/https://www.mot.gov.sg/About-MOT/Land-Transport/Cycling/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a gụnyere ụzọ 190 kilomita, ọtụtụ puku ebe a na-adọba ịnyịnya ígwè, akara, na agụmakwụkwọ ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè. Otú ọ dị, a katọrọ mgbalị ndị a dị ka ndị a kpaara ókè, karịsịa maka igbochi mgbasawanye nke ịnweta ịnyịnya ígwè na njikọ ndị na-abụghị ụzọ, dịka site na Park Connectors Network, karịa ihe ndị ọzọ maka ịgagharị n'obodo ukwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

=== United Kingdom ===
Association of Directors of Public Health na United Kingdom, nke ihe karịrị otu narị ndị bịanyere aka na ya gụnyere Sustrans na Royal College of Physicians sonyeere na akwụkwọ ọnọdụ na njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike, setịpụrụ ọtụtụ usoro iwu doro anya a tụrụ aro maka atụmatụ mpaghara na ndị isi okporo ụzọ, gụnyere:

* Ogologo ọsọ 20 mph (32 km / h) maka ebe obibi.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
* Okporo ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè nke na-enye maka njem dị mfe na nke bara uru.
* Agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na mmanye iwu iji melite nchekwa okporo ụzọ.
* Mbipụta ebumnuche doro anya maka mgbasawanye nke njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.adph.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Take_action_on_active_travel_20104.pdf &quot;Take action on active travel&quot; (PDF)]. Association of Directors of Public Health. January 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== England ====
A tọhapụrụ atụmatụ Gọọmentị UK maka njem na England na 2020 ma mara ya dị ka Gear Change. Atụmatụ a bu n'uche ime ka England bụrụ 'mba na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè ukwu'. Atụmatụ ahụ na-ezube ịmepụta ụzọ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije, iwebata mpaghara ndị ọzọ na-enweghị okporo ụzọ na okporo ụzọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-eju anya ịtọ ụkpụrụ dị elu maka akụrụngwa ịgba ịnyịnya. Atụmatụ ahụ na-eso £ 2 ijeri na ego ndị ọzọ n'ime afọ ise sochirinụ maka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije mara ọkwa na Mee 2020. Atụmatụ ahụ webatara ahụ ọhụrụ na onye nyocha a maara dị ka Active Travel England . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cycling and walking plan for England|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cycling-and-walking-plan-for-england|accessdate=2021-07-02|work=GOV.UK|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Scotland ====
Iwu Gọọmentị Scotland na-ezube ịbawanye ojiji nke ụzọ njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Scotland maka njem dị mkpirikpi na ime ka njem na-aga n'ihu dị nchebe ma na-agụnye. E bipụtara National Walking Strategy na 2017 ma melite Cycling Action Plan for Scotland (CAPS) na 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Active Travel Framework (1)|url=https://www.transport.gov.scot/publication/active-travel-framework-1/|accessdate=2021-07-02|work=www.transport.gov.scot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Òtù na-akwado njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike Cycling UK katọrọ Gọọmentị Scotland maka ịghara ịbawanye ego maka njem na-eme ihe. Mmefu ego Scotland na-ekenye £ 100 nde maka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije, nke bụ 3.3% nke mmefu ego njem ma ọ bụ ngụkọta nke kilomita atọ nke atụmatụ A9.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Is £500m for cycling and walking in Scotland enough? {{!}} Cycling UK|url=https://www.cyclinguk.org/blog/ps500m-cycling-and-walking-scotland-enough|accessdate=2021-07-02|work=www.cyclinguk.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ngalaba ọha na eze na Scotland ngalaba njem nwere pasentị kachasị ala nke ụmụ nwanyị na ọkwa ndị dị elu. Naanị 6.25% nke ndị isi ụgbọ njem bụ ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Exploring gender and active travel|url=https://www.sustrans.org.uk/our-blog/research/all-themes/all/exploring-gender-and-active-travel|accessdate=2022-02-05|work=Sustrans|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Wales ====
Nzọụkwụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Active Travel (Wales) Act 2013, nke gafere na 2013. Iwu ahụ chọrọ ka ndị ọchịchị mpaghara nọgide na-emeziwanye ihe owuwu na ụzọ maka ndị na-aga ije na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịkwadebe map na-achọpụta ụzọ dị ugbu a na nke nwere ike ime n'ọdịnihu maka ojiji ha. Ọ chọkwara imeziwanye okporo ụzọ na ọrụ mmepe iji tụlee mkpa nke ndị na-aga ije na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè n'oge imewe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 February 2013|title=Active Travel (Wales) Act 2013 – National Assembly for Wales|url=http://www.senedd.assembly.wales/mgIssueHistoryHome.aspx?IId=5750|accessdate=2 June 2017|work=assembly.wales}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== United States ===
Ndị bi na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na-eji njem dị ka ụzọ njem karịa ndị bi na mba ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Jae Seung|date=2013-12-01|title=Safely active mobility for urban baby boomers: The role of neighborhood design|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457513001991|journal=Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention|language=en|volume=61|pages=153–166|doi=10.1016/j.aap.2013.05.008|pmid=23777888|issn=0001-4575}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ nke ndị na-aga ije na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè n'obodo ukwu US ka e depụtara dị ka ihe na-enye aka n'ọnọdụ a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Mgbalị iji mụbaa ojiji nke ịgagharị agagharị na steeti etiti site na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Njem nke US, nke na-agbaso mmepe nke ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na Livability Initiative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Livable and Sustainable Communities {{!}} FTA|url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/regulations-and-guidance/environmental-programs/livable-sustainable-communities/livable-and|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=www.transit.dot.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Livability Initiative gụnyere ọtụtụ ijeri dollar nke ego site na ọtụtụ mmemme enyemaka, gụnyere Better Utilizing Investments to Leverage Development (BUILD), Infrastructure for Rebuilding America (INFRA), na Transportation Infrastructures Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA), iji mee ka iwu akụrụngwa na-akwado mmụba nke ndị na-aga ije na ịnyịnya ígwè.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=U.S. Department of Transportation Transit, Highway, and Safety Funds - Funding - Bicycle and Pedestrian Program - Environment - FHWA|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/funding/funding_opportunities.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018081651/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/funding/funding_opportunities.cfm|archivedate=18 October 2014|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=[[Federal Highway Administration|Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmụba ego maka mmemme ndị a, dị ka Fixing America's Surface Transportation (FAST) nke 2015, enwetala nkwado abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Davis|first=Rodney|date=2015-12-04|title=H.R.22 - 114th Congress (2015-2016): FAST Act|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/22|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=www.congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ obodo dị na United States, gụnyere [[Seattle]], [[Chicago]], Minneapolis, Sacramento, na Houston, etinyela iwu nke ha iji gbaa ndị na-agagharị agagharị maka ịga ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Richard J.|date=2017-03-04|title=Understanding the role of equity in active transportation planning in the United States|journal=Transport Reviews|volume=37|issue=2|pages=211–226|doi=10.1080/01441647.2016.1239660|issn=0144-1647}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbalị ndị ọzọ dị ukwuu gụnyere mmemme njem zuru ezu (ATPs), dị ka ndị a na-etinye na [[California]],  [[Oregon]]&quot; id=&quot;mwATU&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Portland, Oregon&quot;&gt;Portland, Oregon,  [[Texas]]&quot; id=&quot;mwATk&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Fort Worth, Texas&quot;&gt;Fort Worth, Texas,  na San Diego County.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Active Transportation Program (ATP) {{!}} Caltrans|url=https://dot.ca.gov/programs/local-assistance/fed-and-state-programs/active-transportation-program|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=dot.ca.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-07-25|title=Regional Active Transportation Plan|url=https://www.oregonmetro.gov/regional-active-transportation-plan|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=Metro|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Active Transportation Plan {{!}} City of Fort Worth, Texas|url=https://fortworthtexas.gov/atp/|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=fortworthtexas.gov|language=en|archivedate=2020-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809073723/http://fortworthtexas.gov/atp/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Active Transportation Plan|url=https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/pds/advance/ActiveTransportationPlan.html|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=www.sandiegocounty.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, mgbalị ndị a agbalịwo ịkwalite mgbanwe ndị a na-atụle na pasentị nke ndị njem na-eji ụgbọ njem na-arụ ọrụ: na United States Census Bureau's American Community Survey, 3.4% nke ndị America gbara ịnyịnya ígwè ma ọ bụ na-eje ije ịrụ ọrụ na 2013, naanị 3.1% mere ya na 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bureau|first=US Census|title=American Community Survey Data|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data.html|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=The United States Census Bureau|language=EN-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Bike_and_pedestrian_lanes_in_Roger_Williams_Park.jpg|thumb|Ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè na ndị njem na Roger Williams Park.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Njem na United States &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;/&gt;
!Afọ
!Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè
!Ịga ije
!Ngụkọta nke Ọrụ Na-aga
|-
|2013
|0.614%
|2.792%
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |3.405%
|-
|2014
|0.631%
|2.754%
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |3.385%
|-
|2015
|0.595%
|2.768%
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |3.362%
|-
|2016
|0.573%
|2.706%
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |3.279%
|-
|2017
|0.556%
|2.639%
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |3.195%
|-
|2018
|0.526%
|2.574%
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |3.100%
|}

== Ndị nwere nkwarụ ==
Ndị nwere nkwarụ na-enwekarị nsogbu na njem karịa ndị na-enweghị nkwarụ.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ihe mgbochi ahụike maka njem siri ike. E nwere ụfọdụ ọnọdụ ebe ọ na-agaghị ekwe omume ka mmadụ gaa ije ma ọ bụ gbaa ịnyịnya ígwè, ọbụnakwa ma ọ bụrụ na ewepụ ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ, ọha na eze na ego, ụfọdụ ka ga-achọ ịnweta ụgbọala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pave The Way (streetspace) » Transport for All|url=https://www.transportforall.org.uk/campaigns-and-research/pave-the-way/|accessdate=2021-07-02|work=Transport for All|date=21 January 2021|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe mgbochi ozugbo maka ndị nwere nkwarụ na-agagharị n'okporo ụzọ bụ enweghị ike ịbanye n'okpogige, dịka ọmụmaatụ: &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt;

* Ihe mgbagwoju anya n'okporo ụzọ, dịka ihe ịrịba ama okporo ụzọ na ebe a na-akwụ ụgwọ ụgbọala eletrik
* Okporo ụzọ ndị na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ndị na-agbago elu
* Enweghị okporo ụzọ dara ada na ụzọ a na-emetụ n'ahụMmetụta a na-emetụ n'ahụ
* Enweghị ebe ndị mmadụ ga-akwụsị izu ike
* Ihe ize ndụ ndị ohere ha na ụgbọala na-akpata

Maka ndị chọrọ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè, ihe mgbochi nwere ike ịgụnye ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè dị warara, akụrụngwa nke chọrọ ka onye na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè rịtuo, ihe mgide anụ ahụ na enweghị ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala kwesịrị ekwesị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt;

== Ọdịiche dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị ==
N'obodo na mba ụfọdụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-eduga n'ụzọ mgbe a bịara n'ịga ije. 54% nke njem ndị e ji ụkwụ mee na London bụ ndị inyom na-eme.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=April 2012|title=Understanding the travel needs of London's diverse communities Women|url=https://content.tfl.gov.uk/women.pdf|work=Transport for London|accessdate=2024-10-13|archivedate=2024-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203040144/https://content.tfl.gov.uk/women.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dabere na nyocha banyere ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na njem na-agafe n'ọtụtụ obodo mba ụwa, ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga ije karịa ụmụ nwoke ma nwee ike iji ụgbọ njem ọha na eze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Oyebode|first=Oyinlola|title=From walking to cycling, how we get around a city is a gender equality issue – new research|url=http://theconversation.com/from-walking-to-cycling-how-we-get-around-a-city-is-a-gender-equality-issue-new-research-175014|accessdate=2022-02-05|work=The Conversation|date=2 February 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na usoro njem na-adabere n'afọ ndụ. Echiche ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke banyere ihe ize ndụ na nchekwa na-enye ahụmịhe njem dị iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Haynes|first=Emily|date=2019-12-21|title=Gender and active travel: a qualitative data synthesis informed by machine learning|journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity|volume=16|issue=1|pages=135|doi=10.1186/s12966-019-0904-4|issn=1479-5868|pmid=31864372}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha na-eme ka mkpa ọ dị ụzọ nwoke na nwanyị na-aga ndụ dị mma na iwu njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-atụle iji belata ihe ize ndụ okporo ụzọ na ime ihe ike nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Goel|first=Rahul|date=2022-01-03|title=Gender differences in active travel in major cities across the world|journal=Transportation|volume=50|issue=2|pages=733–749|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11116-021-10259-4|pmid=37035250|issn=1572-9435}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụmụ nwoke nwere ike ịnweta ụgbọ ala nkeonwe karịa ụmụ nwanyị.[1] Nhazi nke na-abara ụgbọ ala uru karịa ụdị njem ndị ọzọ na-abara ụmụ nwoke uru na-enweghị oke.[2] Ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na-enwekarị usoro njem dị iche iche.[3] Ụmụ nwanyị na-enwekarị ike ịgbụ njem, na ịgbụ njem na-akwado iji ụgbọ ala eme ihe.[4][5] O yikarịrị ka a ga-ejide ụmụ nwanyị site na iburu ụmụaka, ịzụ ahịa ma ọ bụ soro ndị enyi agadi [6] Na UK obere okirikiri ụmụ nwanyị karịa ụmụ nwoke [7] [8] na nchekwa okporo ụzọ na-ezo aka dị ka nchegbu metụtara ịgba ígwè [9] ] na ije ije.[10][11] Otu akụkọ Sustrans na UK chọpụtara enweghị ihe akaebe na ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè n'ịmepụta amụma njem na nhazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ịdabere n'ụgbọala
* Bicycle-friendly - Atụmatụ obodo na-ebute ụzọ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè
* Ịgba ígwè
* Carfree city - Obodo mepere emepe nke na-enweghị ụgbọala
* Health impact of light rail systems - mmetụta dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma dị ka ikuku, mkpọtụ, mmega ahụ, mmetụPeeji na-egosi nkọwa wikidata dị ka ọdịda azụ
* Ụgbọ njem nke mmadụ
* Ụgbọala nwere injin
* Nkọwa nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè
* Pedestrian village - Atụmatụ obodo maka ebe a na-eji eme ihe dị iche iche na-ebute ndị na-aga ije ụzọ
* Street reclamation - Ịgbanwe okporo ámá iji lekwasị anya n'iji ụgbọala eme ihe
* Mgbasawanye obodo

== Ebem si dee ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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Na sayensị mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ụzọ nri bụ omenala, mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na omume akụ na ụba metụtara mmepụta na oriri nri. Ụzọ nri na-ezokarị aka na njikọta nke nri na omenala, ọdịnala na akụkọ ihe mere eme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Darnton|first=Julia|title=Foodways: When food meets culture and history|url=http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/foodways_when_food_meets_culture_and_history|work=Michigan State University Extension|date=12 December 2012|accessdate=5 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etymology na akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
The Merriam-Webster Dictionary na-akọwa ụzọ nri dị ka &quot;omume iri nri na omume nri nke ndị mmadụ, mpaghara, ma ọ bụ oge akụkọ ihe mere eme&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary|title=foodways}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Okwu 'foodways' yiri ka ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum atọ nke Chicago, John W. Bennett, Harvey L. Smith na Herbert Passin chepụtara na 1942.[1] N'afọ ndị 1920 na 1930, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gbasara ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze, nke na-abụkarị n'okpuru nkwado nke Ngalaba Agriculture nke United States, emeela nchọpụta dị iche iche banyere àgwà nri nke ndị ogbenye ime obodo, n'ebumnobi imeziwanye ha. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ bilitere, mgbalị ndị a mụbara. A gbara ndị nwere ozi ịkọrọ gbasara ụdị nri dị iche iche ka ha kpọtụrụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmadụ gbasara ọdịbendị omenala Margaret Mead na National Research Council.

Ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ ndị a ka John W. Bennett na ndị ibe ya gara mụọ ndị Anglo-America, German-Americans na African-American n'ime ala ndị na-eme nri mana ọtụtụ mgbe idei mmiri na-ejupụta na ala ndịda Illinois n'akụkụ mmiri nke Osimiri Mississippi. Ihe niile dabere na achịcha ọcha, anụ ezi, na poteto. N'anya ndị nyocha, omume ndị a, ọkachasị nhụsianya nke ọtụtụ nri na-edozi ahụ dị ka azụ, yiri ihe na-enweghị isi. Ha rụrụ ụka &quot;The nro nke 'aku na uba mmadụ,' na-achọ ndị kasị odoro anya nri nri si na-achọghị Nature na echiche nchụso nke zuru ezu imezu nke ya mkpa, ga-enye ụzọ ka echiche nke nwoke conditioned site mmasị na ajọ mbunobi nke ndị agbata obi ya, na-ahọpụta naanị ndị nri sanctioned site 'omenala na okwu nke presumably nri' ha[1] ihe analọgwo. folkways. Nke a enwetala ego na United States site na nkuchi ya site n'aka Prọfesọ Yale na onye ọsụ ụzọ ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze William Graham Sumner.[2] Ebe ọ bụ na e ji ojiji e hiwere ụzọ folkways, ọ bụghị ihe kpatara ya, ha na-eguzogide mgbanwe na ntinye aka gọọmentị anaghị agbanwe ngwa ngwa. N'otu aka ahụ, Bennett et al. kwubiri, ụzọ nri agaghị agbanwe naanị n'ihi na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị tụrụ aro na ụzọ ọhụrụ nwere uru akụ na ụba ma ọ bụ nri.

A naghị eji okwu nri eme ihe ruo na ngwụcha afọ 1960 na mmalite afọ 1970 na mmụba nke nyocha ndụ ọdịnala, gụnyere nguzobe nke Smithsonian Folklife Festival na 1967. Ka ngalaba Foodways na-etolite, ndị ọkà mmụta na-enye nkọwa nke ha:
 

== Sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ==
Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ, ndị na-ahụ Maka ọdịnala, ndị na'ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ndị ọkà mmụta nri na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ ụzọ nri akọwa ọmụmụ ihe mere anyị ji eri ihe anyị na-eri na ihe ọ pụtara. Ya mere, okwu ahụ na-ele anya na nri oriri n'ụzọ miri emi karịa ọkwa simenti ma na-agụnye, ma na-agafe, ihe oriri, ntụziaka, na / ma ọ bụ ụtọ. Dị ka Harris, Lyon na McLaughlin si kwuo: &quot;...ihe niile gbasara iri nri gụnyere ihe anyị na-eri, otu anyị si enweta ya, onye na-akwadebe ya na onye nọ na tebụl - bụ ụdị nkwurịta okwu bara ọgaranya. Àgwà anyị, omume anyị na ememe anyị gbasara nri bụ windo na nkwenkwe anyị kachasị mkpa banyere ụwa na anyị. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Harris|first=Patricia|date=2005|title=The Meaning of Food|location=CT|publisher=The Globe Pequot Press|pages=VIII-IX}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka otu ìgwè nyocha si kwuo ya,&lt;blockquote&gt;Anyị niile na-eri, ma na-ejikọta ọkwa dị iche iche nke ọdịbendị na nri anyị na-eri. Nnyocha nke nri, mgbe ahụ, nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ dị mfe ịbanye n'ime ụwa dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe nketa ọdịbendị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jarvis|first=Dale Gilbert|date=2019|title=Foodways and Folklife: Experiences from the Newfoundland and Labrador Intangible Cultural Heritage Office|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fyqvRw5epvyYKIfr6FphbcEp3Hu5Tbm4/view|journal=Living Heritage Series|volume=Traditional Food Sharing Experiences from the Field|pages=83–99}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;A na-enyocha isiokwu ndị dị ka itinye aka na nchụpụ ọha na eze, ike, na imepụta ihe n'okpuru okwu nche anwụ nri. Nke a pụtara ìhè karịsịa na ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-eji okwu ndị dị ka &quot;latte liberal&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;Joe Six Pack&quot; iji gosipụta echiche nke klas na obodo. Nhazi dị otú ahụ dabere na usoro oriri na mmasị nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị na-akwado ha. Ihe oriri / ike a dị ọbụna n'ime ọnọdụ nke onye bụbu gọọmentị Trump n'ihe gbasara nri ngwa ngwa, ọkachasị mgbe Trump nyere ndị ọbịa hamburger n'ụzọ doro anya maka ihe White House weere dị ka &quot;ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nri America&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bock|first=Sheila|date=2021|title=Fast food and the white house: Performing foodways, class, and American identity|url=|journal=Western Folklore|volume=80|pages=15–43}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, ụzọ nri na-akpụzi ma bụrụ nke nzukọ ọha na eze na-akụzi dị mkpa maka nyocha nke ụzọ nri. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-ewulite iri nri na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, a na-etinyekwa ọmụmụ ọdịbendị na okwu ahụ.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ Mary Douglas, na-akọwa, sị: &quot;Ndụ dị ala nke ihe oriri dị iche na ojiji nke ihe onwunwe anyị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ojiji nke nri. Olee otu anyị ga-esi nwee ike ikwu ihe niile anyị chọrọ ikwu, ọbụlagodi naanị ndị ezinụlọ anyị, banyere ụdị ihe omume na oge dị iche iche na ohere ma ọ bụrụ na anyị emeghị ihe dị iche n'etiti nri ụtụtụ na nri ehihie na nri abalị ma ọ bụrụha enweghị ihe dị iche iche n'ime Sọnde na ngwụsị izu, ma ọ bụrụkwa na anyị enwetụbeghị ụdị nri dị iche iche iche iche ka a ga-eri Krismas si bịa, ma ọ bụ na ndị enyi anyị jiri otu ụdị ahụ mee ememe ememe ya mee ememe Krismas &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Douglas|first=Mary|date=1992|title=Why Do People Want Goods?|journal=Understanding the Enterprise Culture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ebe dị ka nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ, mmepụta, ịzụ ahịa, nkwadebe, ngosi, na iri nri ka a na-ahụta mgbe niile dị ka isi n'ọmụmụ ihe gbasara omenala[1] iji okwu a na-eri nri na omenala ndị a ma ama ka a na-eji dị ka ụzọ gbadoro anya ilele omume nri. N'echiche a, okwu ahụ bụ nkwupụta omenala ndị ahịa nke gụnyere, n'ụdị a na-aghọta nke ọma na nke a na-arụrịta ụka, omume mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke oge a metụtara nri yana akụkụ nri na nri nri.

== Akụkụ mpaghara ==
Enwere ike iji okwu nri mee ihe mgbe ọ na-ezo aka na &quot;ụzọ nri&quot; nke mpaghara ma ọ bụ ebe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ:

* Ngalaba Foodways nke [[American Folklore Society]] na Ngalaba nke Ọdịbendị na-ewu ewu na Mahadum Bowling Green State na-ewepụta akwụkwọ kwa afọ a na-akpọ Digest: An Interdisciplinary Study of Food and Foodways. Na mgbakwunye na isiokwu ndị ọkà mmụta, nchịkọta a na-enye akụkọ nke ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na ụzọ nri. Ihe ndị a gụnyere edemede foto, syllabi ọmụmụ, na ọkwa. A na-ahụkwa ebe a nyocha nke akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ, nzukọ, ihe ngosi, ememme, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, na ihe nkiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://afsnet.org/sections/foodways/digest.htm|title=Digest: An Interdisciplinary Study of Food and Foodways|publisher=American Folklore Society: Foodways Section|author=Department of Popular Culture at Bowling Green State University|date=8 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Michigan Foodways raara onwe ya nye &quot;ihe ngosi na mmemme ọha na eze lekwasịrị anya na onyinye pụrụ iche nke Michigan na tapestry nri mba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|work=MichiganFoodways.org|url=http://www.michiganfoodways.org/|title=Michigan Foodways|accessdate=2025-03-06|archivedate=2025-03-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306053213/https://www.michiganfoodways.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Mystic Seaport Museum na Connecticut bipụtara akwụkwọ Saltwater Foodways, na-elekwasị anya na nri nke ndị New England. Ọ na-enyocha omume ndị mmadụ dị ka ndị na-eme njem n'oké osimiri na mgbe ha nọ n'ụsọ osimiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mystic Seaport Museum|location=CT|url=http://foodhistorynews.com/saltwater.html|title=Saltwater Foodways}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Colonial Williamsburg nwere ndị ọrụ nri raara onwe ha nye ịmụ na imezigharị ụzọ nri na omume nke ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị elu nke Williamsburg. &quot;Ndị otu nri na-akwadebe efere a na-enye ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị elu n'ihi na enwere ọtụtụ ozi akụkọ ihe mere eme banyere ndụ nri ha, ka Frank Clark, onye nlekọta nri na onye njem mbụ nke Colonial Williamsburg kwuru. Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere mere eme maara obere ihe banyere omume nri nke ndị mmadụ na-aga n'ihu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, mana akwụkwọ nri, akwụkwọ, ndepụta kichin, na nyocha ihe ochie na-enye foto zuru ezu banyere otu gọvanọ na ndị mmadụ si eri nri. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|work=History.org|url=http://www.history.org/foundation/journal/autumn04/food.cfm|title=Food|date=Autumn 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Southern Foodways Alliance na-enyocha ụzọ nri nke South America site na ọrụ Akụkọ ihe mere eme, ihe nkiri, ịkekọrịta ntụziaka, na ịkwalite nkuzi nke nri na ọdịbendị nke mpaghara ahụ. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha na-ejikọkwa na nke Mahadum Mississippi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.southernfoodways.com/|work=SouthernFoodways.com|title=Southern Foodways Alliance|accessdate=2007-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723053952/http://www.southernfoodways.com/|archivedate=2011-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-egosipụtakwa ụzọ nri ndị si mba ọzọ na America. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Mahadum Massachusetts Dartmouth, nke dị na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Massachusetts - nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị si Cape Verde - na-akọwa Cape Verdean Foodways site na ibipụta usoro nri sitere na agwaetiti ndị a dị n'ebe ndịda Atlantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|work=University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth|url=http://www.umassd.edu/SpecialPrograms/caboverde/cvrecipes.html|title=Cape Verdean Recipes|accessdate=2007-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509224110/http://www.umassd.edu/SpecialPrograms/caboverde/cvrecipes.html|archivedate=2007-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụzọ ndị ọkà mmụta ==
N'adịghị ka ọgwụgwọ anthropological nke nri, okwu nri na-achọ ụzọ dị elu maka nri na nri na-edozi ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ Food and Foodways, nke Taylor &amp; Francis bipụtara, &quot;na-etinye aka n'ibipụta isiokwu ndị ọkà mmụta mbụ gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị nke nri mmadụ. Site n'ịtụgharị uche na ọrụ nri na-arụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ a pụrụ iche na-enyocha ụzọ dị ike ma na-agbagwoju anya nke nri si kpụzie, ma kpụzie ndụ anyị na mmekọrịta mmadụ, akụ na ibe ya na ibe ya n'ụzọ, n'ụzọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nri, nri, na-edozi ahụ, na omume. &quot;N'ihi na-edochi ihe na-edozịza, ọ bụ ihe omume na-edoze, ọ bụla enweghị ike ịbịaru ya nso. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/journal/0740-9710_Food_and_Foodways|title=Food and Foodways}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ụzọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na-emetụta ya nso.

Na nyocha ọdịbendị ndị na-azụ ahịa, ụzọ nri nke oge a na nke oge a bụ isiokwu na-adọrọ mmasị. N'otu isiokwu dị na akwụkwọ akụkọ Consumption Markets &amp; Culture, site na mbipụta Taylor &amp; Francis, Douglas Brownlie, Paul Hewer, na Suzanne Horne na-enyocha ihe oriri oriri site na ọmụmụ nke akwụkwọ nri nke oge a, na ntụziaka dị mma na-agbanwekarị n'ụzọ siri ike n'ụdị &quot;gastroporn&quot;, na-emepụta &quot;simulacrum nke ọchịchọ&quot; yana &quot;simulacrom nke afọ ojuju&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Brownlie|first=Douglas|date=March 2005|title=Culinary Tourism: An Exploratory Reading of Contemporary Representations of Cooking|journal=Consumption Markets &amp; Culture|volume=8|pages=7–26|doi=10.1080/10253860500068937|url=http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10253866.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụzọ nri na-enyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ, na ndị ọkà mmụta aka ịghọta ọdịbendị gara aga.

Springer Publishing ewepụtala akwụkwọ ahụ, Pre-Columbian Foodways, nke John Staller na Michael Carrasco dere, bụ nke na-enyocha ma na-enyocha &quot;mgbagwoju anya ihe atụ nke nri na nkwadebe ya, yana mkpa ọha na eze dị n'eri oriri na ọha mmadụ nke oge a na akụkọ ihe mere eme.&quot;

== Hụkwa ==

* Anthropology nke nri
* Akụkọ banyere agbụrụ
* Nnyocha nri

== Edemsibia ==

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Alhameen Adeniyi Adegbite</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Multiple issues/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Alhameen Adeniyi Adegbite''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Abike25-Alhameen Adeniyi Adegbite.wav|listen}} (amụrụ n'ọnwa  Septemba 22, afọ 2001) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere klọb Nigeria Professional league Remo Stars. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria 2021/22|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nig2022.html|accessdate=2022-05-01|work=[[RSSSF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-05-08|title=Alhameen Adegbite Stars In Remo Stars Loss To Abia Warriors. - Soccerhub|url=https://soccerhub.com.ng/alhameen-adegbite-stars-in-remo-stars-loss-to-abia-warriors/|accessdate=2022-05-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Alhameen Adegite bidoro njem bọọlụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ Karamone tupu ọ gafere na Remo Stars n'oge ezumike etiti oge, n'akụkụ Sikiru Alimi. N'oge mbụ ọ gbara n'ụlọ n'ụbọchị egwuregwu nke 26 nke Oge NPFL nke 2021-22, ọ gbara nkeji iri itoolu niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-31|title=NPFL: Remo Stars Unveils Sikiru Ahead Of Season Restart|url=https://en.africatopsports.com/2022/03/31/npfl-remo-stars-unveils-sikiru-ahead-of-season-restart/|accessdate=2023-03-24|work=Africa Top Sports|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324081431/https://en.africatopsports.com/2022/03/31/npfl-remo-stars-unveils-sikiru-ahead-of-season-restart/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alhameen bụ onye ama ama maka ike ịwakpo ya wee mee mpụta mbụ ya maka Remo Stars na mmeri ụlọ ha 1–0 megide Wikki Tourists. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Football: Alhameen Adeniyi Adegbite|url=https://www.soccer24.com/player/adegbite-alhameen-adeniyi/YHpUTf3e/|accessdate=2022-05-01|work=www.soccer24.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-05-02|title=Remo Stars complete season double over Wikki Tourists|url=https://www.thenicheng.com/remo-stars-complete-season-double-over-wikki-tourists/|accessdate=2022-05-05|work=TheNiche|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-05-02|title=Remo Stars complete season double over Wikki Tourists|url=https://npfl.ng/remo-stars-complete-season-double-over-wikki-tourists/|accessdate=2022-05-08|work=Nigeria Professional Football League|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya na NPFL na mmeri 3-2 megide Kastina United. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-06-26|title=NPFL Round-Up: Relegation looms for MFM, another unprofessional act committed in Katsina - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/539382-npfl-round-up-relegation-looms-for-mfm-another-unprofessional-act-committed-in-katsina.html,%20https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/539382-npfl-round-up-relegation-looms-for-mfm-another-unprofessional-act-committed-in-katsina.html|accessdate=2022-06-30|language=en-GB|work=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
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A mụrụ ya na Provița nke Jos, Prahova County, Romania. N'ịbụ mmụọ nnwere onwe, ọ gbara ọsọ pụọ n'ụlọ ugboro atọ, nke ikpeazụ na-adịgide adịgide mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Revista 22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://revista22.ro/bucurestiul-cultural/bucurestiul-cultural-nr-72006|first=Alexandru|author=Cistelecan|title=Iritarea la români|date=May 26, 2006|publisher=[[Revista 22]]|language=Romanian|accessdate=May 3, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu nwanne nna ya kuchiri ya. Nna ya nwụrụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ mgbe ejidere ya maka ijide otu onye agha gbapụrụ agbapụ nke onye ahụ nwụrụ anwụ. Romanian Royal Army (onye bụ nwanne nna ya ọzọ) ruo afọ iri na otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Revista 22&quot; /&gt;

Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mihai Eminescu Literary School dị na Bucharest, ma rụọ ọrụ ruo oge ụfọdụ na ngalaba uri nke Viața Românească ebe ọ na-eme nsụgharị.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;Flacara&quot; /&gt;

Di mbụ ya bụ Marin Preda, onye ọ lụrụ n'agbata afọ 1955 na 1959[1] (maọbụ 1960).[2] Ọ gbara ya ume ka o bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Moromeții, onye o hụrụ akwụkwọ edemede ya n'ime drọwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://adevarul.ro/locale/alexandria/aurora-cornu-marea-iubire-preda-careia-datoram-morometii-1_5268be5cc7b855ff56735c6c/index.html|title=Aurora Cornu, marea iubire a lui Preda căreia îi datorăm &quot;Moromeţii&quot;|work=[[Adevărul]]|date=24 October 2013|language=Romanian|accessdate=January 20, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Belgium|Onye ọ lụrụ n'etiti afọ 1960, onye na-ahụ maka mgbakọ na mwepụ bụ́ Tudor Ganea, achụpụghị ya na Romania, ya mere o ji hụ ohere ya ịgbaga ọdịda anyanwụ mgbe ọ nọ n'ememe uri na Knokke-Het Zoute. Belgium]]. Ọ gara biri na Paris, [[France]], ebe, n'ịbụ onye ogbenye, nwunye Pierre Emmanuel kwụrụ ụgwọ ụlọ ya ruo ọtụtụ afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flacara&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-„literatura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat“/|title=Aurora Cornu: &quot;Literatura a fost singura femeie a lui Marin Preda, singura care nu l-a înșelat&quot;|language=Romanian|accessdate=January 20, 2014|author=Mărgineanu|first=Clara|archivedate=January 28, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128072001/http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-%E2%80%9Eliteratura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat%E2%80%9C/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMărgineanu&quot;&gt;Mărgineanu, Clara. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140128072001/http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-%E2%80%9Eliteratura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat%E2%80%9C/ &quot;Aurora Cornu: &quot;Literatura a fost singura femeie a lui Marin Preda, singura care nu l-a înșelat&quot;&quot;]. ''[[Flacăra]]'' (in Romanian). Archived from [http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-„literatura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat“/ the original] on January 28, 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 20,&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)]]&lt;/ref&gt;Na Paris ọ mere enyi, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, onye Romanian émigrés Mircea Eliade, Emil Cioran, na Jean Parvulesco..&lt;ref name=&quot;România literară&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.romlit.ro/aurora_cornu__apogeul_si_inceputul_unei_povesti|title=Aurora Cornu – apogeul și începutul unei povești|work=[[România literară]]|language=Romanian|author=Aldulescu|first=Radu|accessdate=January 20, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202182239/http://www.romlit.ro/aurora_cornu__apogeul_si_inceputul_unei_povesti|archivedate=2014-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbata afọ 1967 na 1978, ọ bụ onye mmekọ Monica Lovinescu na Virgil Ierunca na mmemme redio ha nke Radio Free Europe na-agbasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flacara&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-„literatura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat“/|title=Aurora Cornu: &quot;Literatura a fost singura femeie a lui Marin Preda, singura care nu l-a înșelat&quot;|language=Romanian|accessdate=January 20, 2014|author=Mărgineanu|first=Clara|archivedate=January 28, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128072001/http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-%E2%80%9Eliteratura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat%E2%80%9C/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMărgineanu&quot;&gt;Mărgineanu, Clara. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140128072001/http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-%E2%80%9Eliteratura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat%E2%80%9C/ &quot;Aurora Cornu: &quot;Literatura a fost singura femeie a lui Marin Preda, singura care nu l-a înșelat&quot;&quot;]. ''[[Flacăra]]'' (in Romanian). Archived from [http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-„literatura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat“/ the original] on January 28, 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 20,&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ bi na Frans, ọ lụrụ Aurel Cornea, onye injinia ụda telivishọn nke a mụrụ na Romania, onye France, onye a dọtara n'agha na Frans. na akwado Iran nke a maara dị ka Revolutionary Justice Organization jidere na [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]] ọnwa iri na ọkara na 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;Flacara&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-„literatura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat“/|title=Aurora Cornu: &quot;Literatura a fost singura femeie a lui Marin Preda, singura care nu l-a înșelat&quot;|language=Romanian|accessdate=January 20, 2014|author=Mărgineanu|first=Clara|archivedate=January 28, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128072001/http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-%E2%80%9Eliteratura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat%E2%80%9C/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMărgineanu&quot;&gt;Mărgineanu, Clara. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140128072001/http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-%E2%80%9Eliteratura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat%E2%80%9C/ &quot;Aurora Cornu: &quot;Literatura a fost singura femeie a lui Marin Preda, singura care nu l-a înșelat&quot;&quot;]. ''[[Flacăra]]'' (in Romanian). Archived from [http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-„literatura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat“/ the original] on January 28, 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 20,&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/25/world/french-hostage-freed-in-beirut-holiday-gesture.html|title=French Hostage Freed in Beirut; Holiday Gesture|date=December 25, 1986|accessdate=January 20, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ kwụrụ ụgwọ ọrụ maka ụlọ ụka dị na Cornu, Prahova County. Ihe osise Horia Damian kpaliri imewe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flacara&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-„literatura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat“/|title=Aurora Cornu: &quot;Literatura a fost singura femeie a lui Marin Preda, singura care nu l-a înșelat&quot;|language=Romanian|accessdate=January 20, 2014|author=Mărgineanu|first=Clara|archivedate=January 28, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128072001/http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-%E2%80%9Eliteratura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat%E2%80%9C/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMărgineanu&quot;&gt;Mărgineanu, Clara. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140128072001/http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-%E2%80%9Eliteratura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat%E2%80%9C/ &quot;Aurora Cornu: &quot;Literatura a fost singura femeie a lui Marin Preda, singura care nu l-a înșelat&quot;&quot;]. ''[[Flacăra]]'' (in Romanian). Archived from [http://revistaflacara.ro/aurora-cornu-„literatura-a-fost-singura-femeie-a-lui-marin-preda-singura-care-nu-l-a-inselat“/ the original] on January 28, 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 20,&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ bi na Paris na New York City.[1] Cornu nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Paris na Machị 14, 2021, mgbe ọ dị afọ 89.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.ziare.com/cultura/scriitoarea-aurora-cornu-prima-so-ie-a-lui-marin-preda-a-incetat-din-viata-1667344|title=Scriitoarea Aurora Cornu, prima soție a lui Marin Preda, a încetat din viață. A fost cea care l-a convins să publice &quot;Moromeții&quot;|work=Ziare.com|language=ro|first=Laurențiu|author=Sîrbu|date=March 14, 2021|accessdate=March 14, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/povestea-de-dragoste-dintre-marin-preda-si-aurora-cornu-in-urma-relatiei-lor-a-ramas-cel-mai-iubit-dintre-pamanteni-3450933|title=Povestea de dragoste dintre Marin Preda și Aurora Cornu. În urma relației lor a rămas &quot;Cel mai iubit dintre pământeni&quot;|language=ro|first=Ciprian|author=Iana|date=March 14, 2021|accessdate=March 15, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Studenta'' (1954) 
* Distanțe (1962) 
* {{Cite book|title=La Déesse au sourcil blanc|year=1984|publisher=Impr. Couteau|isbn=2-9500570-0-4|language=fr|location=Paris|oclc=461687706}}
* {{Cite book|title=Poezii|year=1995|publisher=[[Cartea Românească]]|isbn=973-23-0471-5|location=București|language=ro|oclc=895631367}}
* {{Cite book|title=Romanian fugue in C sharp: a novel and nine stories|date=2003|publisher=[[iUniverse]]|isbn=0-595-29368-9|location=New York|oclc=71312300}}
* Marin Preda, ''Scrisori către Aurora'' (1998) 

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    <title>Ụmụ nwanyị na Ukraine</title>
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'''Ụmụ nwanyị nọ na [[Ukraine]]''' nwere ikike nhata [[iwu nke Ukraine|iwu obodo]] dịka ụmụ nwoke na [[akụnụba Ukraine|akụnụba]], [[Ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị nke Ukraine|ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị]], [[Omenala nke Ukraine|omenala]], na ngalaba mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, tinyere n'ime ezinụlọ.

Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe dị ka pasent 45 nke ndị bi na Ukraine (nde 45&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18018002 |title=Ukraine country profile - Overview |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=23 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ndị na-ata ahụhụ ime ihe ike - anụ ahụ, mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ uche - bụ ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=KPWRU14213&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/kyivans-join-global-rally-to-end-violence-against-women-320424.html |title=Kyivans join global rally to end violence against women |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=14 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Feminism na Ukraine ==
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ukraine n'ime narị afọ abụọ gara aga nwere njikọ chiri anya na nke [[Alaeze Ukwu Russia]] na mgbe e mesịrị na [[Soviet Union]]. Yukren nwetara nnwere onwe na 1991, ọ bụkwa steeti nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ iri anọ bi na ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ Ndị Kraịst Ọtọdọks, ebe pasentị iri asaa nke ndị obodo bi n'obodo ukwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Europe :: Ukraine — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110024014/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=[[CIA]] |accessdate=2026-05-12 |archivedate=2021-02-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214235424/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu n'ime otu ndị otu nwanyị kachasị ukwuu na [[Europe]] ka e hiwere n'afọ 1920 na ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a [[Ukraine]] ma ọ bụ [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2010/12/29/11244/ |script-title=uk:Галицькі феміністки 1930-х: нацистське &quot;Кухня-Церква-Діти&quot; не для нас |language=uk |title=Halytsʹki feministky 1930-kh: natsyst·skoe &quot;Kukhnya-Tserkva-Dity&quot; ne dlya nas |trans-title=Galician feminists of the 1930s: the Nazi &quot;Kitchen-Church-Children&quot; is not for us |work=Історична правда |access-date=23 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ otu a [[Ukrainian Women's Union]], [[Milena Rudnytska]] duziri ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gazeta.lviv.ua/articles/2005/03/04/3194/ |script-title=uk:Львівські феміністки. Мілена Рудницька |language=uk |title=Lʹvivsʹki feministky. Milena Rudnytsʹka |trans-title=Lviv feminists. Milena Rudnytska |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209160508/http://www.gazeta.lviv.ua/articles/2005/03/04/3194/ |archive-date=2007-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge [[oge Soviet]], a na-akpọ echiche ụmụ nwanyị dị ka echiche [[bourgeois]], nke mere na ọ bụ echiche megidere mgbanwe na nke megidere Soviet.&lt;ref name=book/&gt; Ọha mmadụ na echiche ụmụ nwanyị adịghị adị n'oge Soviet.&lt;ref name=WPost/&gt; Mgbe Yukren nwetaghachiri nnwere onwe na 1991, otu ndị otu ikike ụmụnwaanyị malitere ịgbasa.&lt;ref name=book&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsgQjbgBOAkC&amp;pg=PA412 |title=A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries |first1=Francisca |last1=De Haan |author1-link=Francisca de Haan |first2=Krasimira |last2=Daskalova |author2-link=Krassimira Daskalova |first3=Anna |last3=Loutfi |publisher=[[Central European University Press]] |date=2006 |isbn=978-963-7326-39-4 |page=411 |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruo 2010, e nwere ọtụtụ otu ikike ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na Ukraine,&lt;ref name=AzWoNo&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62995/ |title=Women accuse Ukraine's Azarov of discrimination |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=1 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/124777/ |title=New Feminist Offensive aims to lift women |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=22 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/29898/ |title=Feminine Femen targets 'sexpats' |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=22 May 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; gụnyere Feminist Ofenzyva&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/entertainment/2012/05/120524_abortions_ukraine_rl Аборти в Україні: право на вибір чи право на життя? ''Abortions in Ukraine: the right to choose or the right to life?''], [[BBC Ukrainian]] (25 May 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Njikọ Ụmụ Nwanyị Ukraine]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=tOVlvvrMJhUC&amp;dq=feminism+Ukraine&amp;pg=PA324 Historical Dictionary of Feminism (Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies and Movements)] by Janet K. Boles, [[The Scarecrow Press]], 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-8108-4946-4}} (page 324)&lt;/ref&gt; E mechiri [[FEMEN]], otu kachasị arụ ọrụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na [[Kyiv]], n'afọ 2013. Òtù ahụ hapụrụ Yukren n'ihi na ndị isi na-atụ egwu &quot;maka ndụ na nnwere onwe ha&quot;.&lt;ref name=KyivOCUP&gt;{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/10/23/7000584/ У колишньому офісі Femen відкрили книжкову крамницю ''In the former office Femen opened a bookstore''], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (23 October 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=KyivOCUP2&gt;{{cite news |language=uk |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/08/31/6997008/ |script-title=uk:Активістки Femen втекли з України |title=Aktyvistky Femen vtekly z Ukrayiny |trans-title=Femen activists fled from Ukraine |work=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |date=31 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=KyivOCUP3&gt;{{cite news |language=uk |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/08/27/6996762/ |script-title=uk:Femen закриє офіс в Україні, але діяльність не припинить  |title=Femen zakryye ofis v Ukrayini, ale diyalʹnistʹ ne prypynytʹ |trans-title=Femen closes office in Ukraine, however, the activities do not stop |work=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |date=27 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge [[Agha na Donbas (2014–2022)|agha na Donbas]] nke malitere na 2014, &quot;nnukwu mmegharị afọ ofufo nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ahazi ihe gbasara ọdịmma mmadụ na mkparịta ụka obodo&quot; mepụtara, dịka [[Oksana Potapova]] si kwuo, onye nyocha na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị na onye na-eme nchọpụta na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị bụ onye kere ''Ụlọ ihe nkiri maka mkparịta ụka'', otu [[òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị]] iji kwado mmegharị afọ ofufo ụmụnwaanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;OSCE_networking_platform_women&quot; /&gt;

== Ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị ==
Ihe dị ka pasent 45 nke ndị bi na Ukraine (nde 45) na-ata ahụhụ ime ihe ike - n'anụ ahụ, n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ n'uche - ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụkwa ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=KPWRU14213/&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'okporo ámá bụ ndị kacha nwee nsogbu; ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ n'ime ha na-enwe mmeso ike mmekọahụ, pasentị iri abụọ na ise n'ime ha erubeghị afọ iri na asatọ.&lt;ref name=KPWRU14213/&gt; Na 2001, mba Ukraine bịanyere aka n'iwu  ''Iwu Ime Ihe Ike n'Ụlọ (Mgbochi) nke 2001''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://rm.coe.int/law-of-ukraine-on-preventing-and-combating-domestic-violence-eng/1680a1dc0e |title=Law of Ukraine: On Preventing and Combating Domestic Violence}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkeji edemede 173-2 nke Iwu Mmejọ Nchịkwa nke Yukren na-ekwukwa maka &quot;ime ihe ike n'ezinụlọ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://yurist-online.com/en/kodeks/001.php |title=Download, to load, read through the Code of Ukraine about administrative violations. Item of item 1-212 |website=yurist-online.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nuzhat Ehsan]], onye nnọchiteanya [[UN Population Fund]] na Ukraine, kwuru na Febụwarị 2013 &quot;Ukraine nwere oke ime ihe ike a na-anabataghị, ọkachasị site n'aka ụmụ nwoke nakwa n'ihi oke mmanya na-aba n'anya&quot;. O kwukwara na ọ bụ maka ihe ndị anaghị akọwapụta ihe dị n'iwu ahụ kpatara nsogbu ime ihe ike n'ezinụlọ, &quot;Ị nwere ike imebi ụmụ nwanyị, ma ọ bụrụ na ị bụ onye ọrụ dị elu ma ọ bụ si n'ezinụlọ dị elu, ị nwere ike ịgbanahụ ya.&quot;&lt;ref name=KPWRU14213/&gt;

== Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọrụ ==
Ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara pasentị iri ise na anọ nke [[Ọnọdụ mmadụ nke Ukraine|ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ nke Ukraine]] na pasentị iri anọ na asaa na anọ nke ndị ọrụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Labor force, female (% of total labor force) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.FE.ZS|access-date=2020-12-15|website=data.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe karịrị 60% nke ụmụ nwanyị Ukraine niile nwere agụmakwụkwọ ka elu (ọkwa kọleji na n'elu). Otú ọ dị, enweghị ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị dị oke elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ikom nwere otu agụmakwụkwọ (80% nke ndị niile na-enweghị ọrụ na Ukraine bụ ụmụ nwanyị), ka aghara ikwu maka enweghị ọrụ zoro ezo nke ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.belgium.iom.int/StopConference/relevantdocs/030%20Pyschulina.%20Human%20Trafficking%20in%20Ukraine%20and%20prevention.pdf |title=Human Trafficking in Ukraine and Perspective of {{as written|I|t's [sic]}} Prevention |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624205601/http://www.belgium.iom.int/STOPConference/relevantdocs/030%20Pyschulina.%20Human%20Trafficking%20in%20Ukraine%20and%20prevention.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iwu ọrụ na-egosi nha nhata iwu kwadoro nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ụgwọ ọrụ nhata maka ọrụ nhata, ụkpụrụ a na-agbasokarị. Agbanyeghị, ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ nwanyị na-achị nwere ụgwọ ọnwa kacha ala ma bụrụkwa ndị a na-akwụkarị n'ihi ụgwọ ọnwa. [[Afọ ezumike nka]] na-aga n'ihu iji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-amụba, ruo afọ 60 maka ụmụ nwanyị na afọ 62 maka ụmụ nwoke-ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ka ọ na-erule 2021 (afọ mbụ bụ 55 maka ụmụ nwanyị na 60 maka ụmụ nwoke).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-07-08 |script-title=ru:Рада приняла пенсионную реформу, повышающую пенсионный возраст |title=Rada prinyala pensionnuyu reformu, povyshayushchuyu pensionnyy vozrast |trans-title=The Rada adopted a pension reform that raises the retirement age |url=https://ria.ru/20110708/398714861.html |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=РИА Новости |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nwere akụkọ gbasara ụfọdụ ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ na-ajụ ịnye ụmụ nwanyị dị obere nwere ike ịtụrụ ime ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị karịrị afọ 35 ọrụ. Ụmụ nwanyị na-enwetakwa obere ụgwọ ọnwa ma nwee obere ohere maka ọganihu ọrụ. Ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nọ n'ọkwa nchịkwa kachasị elu n'ọchịchị maọbụ n'ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ma ọ bụ nkeonwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaUkraine.asp |title=Internet |website=[[Interpol]] |access-date=23 March 2015 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629030101/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaUkraine.asp |url-status=dead |accessdate=12 May 2026 |archivedate=29 June 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629030101/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaUkraine.asp }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.technorati.ro/node/59332 |title=Choose language - Drupal |access-date=23 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100590.htm |title=Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Ukraine |work=[[U.S. Department of State]] |date=11 March 2008 |access-date=23 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3979725.stm |title=Europe - A modern slave's brutal odyssey |date=3 November 2004 |access-date=23 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụmụ nwanyị na azụmaahịa Ukraine ==
Ná nkezi, ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ihe na-erughị pasentị iri atọ na ise pekarịa ụmụ nwoke ndị na-arụ ọrụ yiri nke ahụ.&lt;ref name=WPost/&gt;&lt;ref name=WPostIWD2012&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/123896/ On Women's Day, struggle for equality remains], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (8 March 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe dị ka pasentị iri ise nke ụlọ ọrụ niile na-enweghị ndị ọrụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị nwe ya. Ụlọ ọrụ nwere ndị ọrụ otu ruo ise nwere pasentị iri abụọ na asaa bụ nke ụmụ nwanyị nwe. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwere ihe na-erughị ndị ọrụ iri ise nwere pasentị iri atọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị nwe ya. Ọnụọgụgụ ndị a yiri nke ndị ọzọ dị na akụ na ụba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Ụmụ nwanyị na-edukarị azụmaahịa nta na azụmaahịa, azụmaahịa n'ogbe na nri.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=vThcPhxPmOAC&amp;dq=Ukraine+Business+woman&amp;pg=PA251 New Perspectives on Women Entrepreneurs] by John Butler, [[Information Age Publishing]], 2000, {{ISBN|978-1-931576-78-9}} (page 251)&lt;/ref&gt; 2% nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-edu.&lt;ref name=WPost&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/19/AR2010111901968.html Topless protesters gain fame in Ukraine]{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, [[The Washington Post]] (November 19, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt;

Na afọ 2008, ọnụọgụ ndị inyom na-esonye n'ọrụ (LPR) dị ihe dịka pasentị iri isii na abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;wageindicator.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wageindicator.org/main/Wageindicatorfoundation/wageindicatorcountries/country-report-ukraine |title=Ukraine - An Overview of Women's Work, Minimum Wages and Employment |website=wageindicator.org |accessdate=2026-05-12 |archivedate=2017-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074626/https://wageindicator.org/main/Wageindicatorfoundation/wageindicatorcountries/country-report-ukraine }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Yukren ==
N'ime ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Ukraine nke [[2019]], a họpụtara ụmụ nwanyị 87 ka ha bịa n'ụlọ omeiwu, nke bụ ihe ndekọ maka Ukraine, nke bụ 20.52% nke ngụkọta ọnụọgụ ndị nnọchiteanya.&lt;ref name=&quot;pravda7221668&quot;&gt;{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/07/23/7221668/ The new Council has increased the number of women deputies], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (23 July 2019)&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ntuli aka ahụ, ihe dị ka pasentị iri ise nke ndị nnọchite anya [[Voice (òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ukraine)|Voice]] a họpụtara bụ ụmụ nwanyị, pasentị iri atọ na asaa nke ndị omeiwu [[European Solidarity]] ahọpụtara bụ ụmụ nwanyị; ebe kacha nta maka ụmụ nwanyị dị na [[Opposition Platform – For Life]] na 11.4%.&lt;ref name=&quot;pravda7221668&quot;/&gt; Na 2014, ihe dị ka 12.1% [[Verkhovna Rada]] (ndị omeiwu Yukren) bụ ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipu.org&quot;/&gt; Site na [[2014 ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Ukraine|ntuli aka ndị omeiwu 2014]] ruo ntuli aka 2019, ọnụọgụgụ a mụbara ruo 53, ya bụ, 12.6%.&lt;ref name=&quot;pravda7221668&quot;/&gt; Pasentị nke ndị omeiwu nwanyị na-agbanwe agbanwe kwa [[ntụli aka na Ukraine|ntụli aka]].&lt;ref name=WPostIWD2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=woukpolitics&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=F1fhvklyl-IC&amp;q=elections&amp;pg=PA86 Women's Social Activism in the New Ukraine] by Sarah D. Phillips, [[Indiana University Press]], 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-253-21992-3}} (page 57/58)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CEEPCDSE2011/&gt; N'ime ụmụ nwanyị iri anọ na asaa a họpụtara na 2014 gaa na omeiwu, naanị mmadụ abụọ mere nke a site n'inweta otu ntuli aka (Ntuli aka ahụ jiri usoro ntuli aka agwakọtara agwakọta nke nwere ndị omeiwu 53.2% ahọpụtara n'okpuru ndepụta pati na 46.8% na 198 [[ndị mpaghara]]&lt;ref name=27sIU2510&gt;[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/230595.html Parliamentary elections not to be held at nine constituencies in Donetsk region and six constituencies in Luhansk region – CEC], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (25 October 2014)&lt;/ref&gt;). Na 2019, ụmụ nwanyị iri abụọ na isii meriri oche ntuli aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;pravda7221668&quot;/&gt; N'ime ndị omeiwu a họpụtara na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Ukraine [[2012]], ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara 9.9% nke ndị omeiwu.&lt;ref name=woukpolitics/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/too-few-women-in-the-ukrainian-parliament-317670.html Too few women in the Ukrainian parliament], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (14 December 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime [[1994 ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Ukraine|nhọpụta mbụ nke omeiwu]] nke emere mgbe [[nnwere onwe Ukraine | nnwere onwe Ukraine nke 1991]] nke emere na 1994, naanị ụmụ nwanyị iri na otu (2.3% nke ndị omeiwu) ka a họpụtara.&lt;ref name=woukpolitics/&gt;&lt;ref name=IPUwUp/&gt; Nnyocha [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] e bipụtara na 12 Nọvemba 2014 gosiri na n'ụwa niile, pasentị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ndị omeiwu mejupụtara ụmụ nwanyị, ebe ọ bụ na [[mba nke European Union]] ọnụọgụgụ a bụ 25%.&lt;ref name=RUefW14UP&gt;{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/11/12/7044034/ The new parliament greatest women in history], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (12 November 2014)&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka nnyocha (bipụtara na 1 Nọvemba 2014) nke [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] si kwuo, Ukraine nọ n'ọkwa nke 112 n'ime mba 189 n'ihe gbasara nnọchite anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị na omeiwu.&lt;ref name=IPUwUp&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/parliament-has-record-number-of-women-374872.html Parliament has record number of women], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (11 December 2014)&lt;/ref&gt; Iwu ndị a ga-eji mee ihe ọzọ gbasara oke ụmụ nwanyị na omeiwu [[oge Soviet]] (30% ma ọ bụ 35%&lt;ref name=CEEPCDSE2011/&gt;) a rụrịtara ụka n'ụlọ omeiwu mana ha anabataghị ya.&lt;ref name=woukpolitics/&gt;
[[File:Y. Tymoshenko in Poland (2008).JPG|thumb|[[Praịm Minista nke Yukren]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] na [[Onyeisiala nke Poland]] [[Lech Kaczyński]] (July 2008)]]
[[Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko]] na onye na-anọchi ya [[Batkivshchyna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CESOlszańskiUKel12&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130317180048/http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2012-11-07/after-parliamentary-elections-ukraine-a-tough-victory-party-regions After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317180048/http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2012-11-07/after-parliamentary-elections-ukraine-a-tough-victory-party-regions |date=2013-03-17 }}, [[Centre for Eastern Studies]] (7 November 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; abụwo naanị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị na-edu nke banyere na nzuko omeiwu.&lt;ref name=woukpolitics/&gt;&lt;ref name=CEEPCDSE2011/&gt; [[Hanna Hopko]] bụ onye mbụ na ndepụta pati nke [[Ntụkwasị Obi Onwe (òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)|Self Reliance]], nke gbárá nke atọ na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Yukren nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2014.&lt;ref name=KP141023&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/new-faces-in-parliament-possible-with-samopomich-party-369116.html |title= New faces in parliament possible with Samopomich Party |first= Olena |last= Goncharova |work= [[Kyiv Post]] |date= 23 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;allcountedCECIU81114&quot;&gt;[http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/poroshenko_bloc_to_have_greatest_number_of_seats_in_parliament_327072 Poroshenko Bloc to have greatest number of seats in parliament], [[Ukrinform]] (8 November 2014)&lt;br /&gt;[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/233404.html People's Front 0.33% ahead of Poroshenko Bloc with all ballots counted in Ukraine elections – CEC], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 November 2014)&lt;br /&gt;[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/233426.html Poroshenko Bloc to get 132 seats in parliament – CEC], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 November 2014)&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu ntuli aka ahụ [[Nadiya Savchenko]] ka e tinyere n'ọnọdụ mbụ na ndepụta pati Batkivshchyna (pati ahụ mechara bụ nke isii na ntuli aka ahụ).&lt;ref name=&quot;allcountedCECIU81114&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/tymoshenkos-batkivshchyna-two-women-at-top-will-propel-party-to-parliament-367835.html Tymoshenko's Batkivshchyna: Two women at top will propel party into parliament], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (Oct. 13, 2014)&lt;/ref&gt; E nweela ọtụtụ payị ụmụ nwanyị na-edu na Yukren na ọbụna ụfọdụ pati &quot;okwu ụmụnwaanyị&quot; (ndị nyocha akọwaala ha dị ka &quot;pati emebere emebe iji zuru votu n'aka pati ndị mmegide&quot;).&lt;ref name=woukpolitics/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CEEPCDSE2011&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=zQtFouCjFSMC&amp;dq=azarov+government&amp;pg=PA354 Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy Second Edition], edited by  [[Sharon Wolchik]] and  [[Jane Curry]], [[Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers, Inc.]], 2011, {{ISBN|0-7425-6734-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Virtual Politics - Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World, [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Andrew Wilson]], [[Yale University Press]], 2005, {{ISBN|0-300-09545-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gọọmentị Yatsenyuk nke abụọ]] (a họpụtara ya na Disemba 2, 2014) nwere ndị minista nwanyị abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/237576.html Rada supports coalition-proposed government lineup], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (2 December 2014)&lt;br /&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/rada-approves-new-cabinet-with-three-former-foreigners-in-it-373861.html Rada approves new Cabinet with three foreigners], [[Kyiv Post]] (2 December 2014)&lt;br /&gt;{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/12/2/7046214/ Rada voted the new Cabinet], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (2 December 2014)&lt;/ref&gt; Onye bu ya ụzọ [[Gọọmentị Yatsenyuk mbụ]] (a họpụtara ya na 27 Febụwarị 2014) nwere otu nwanyị minista.&lt;ref&gt;[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193035.html Maidan nominates Yatseniuk for prime minister], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (26 February 2014)&lt;br /&gt;[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193222.html Ukrainian parliament endorses new cabinet], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (27 February 2014)&lt;/ref&gt; Afọ 2016–2019 [[Gọọmentị Groysman]] kwụsịrị ọrụ ya na ụmụ nwanyị ise so na ya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unian.info/politics/1319232-new-cabinet-formed-in-ukraine.html New Cabinet formed in Ukraine], [[UNIAN]] (14 April 2016)&lt;br /&gt;[http://www.unian.info/economics/1322801-weeks-balance-pm-groysman-radas-sabotage-and-disappointing-imf-forecast.html Week's balance: PM Groysman, Rada's sabotage, and disappointing IMF forecast], [[UNIAN]] (18 April 2016)&lt;br /&gt;{{in lang|uk}} [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/articles/id_7105548/ Spring transplantation: Prime Groisman and without a coalition Cabinet], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (14 April 2016)&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.unian.info/m/politics/10348734-ukraine-parliament-appoints-markarova-friz-ministers.html Ukraine parliament appoints Markarova, Friz ministers], [[UNIAN]] (22 November 2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{in lang|uk}} [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7116046/ The government appointed Acting Minister of Health], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (27 July 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruo ugbu a, naanị gọọmentị enweghị ndị minista nwanyị (ọ bụkwa naanị gọọmentị [[Europe]] nke enweghị ndị otu nwanyị n'oge ahụ&lt;ref name=newHminister1422012/&gt;) bụ ụbọchị 11 nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 2010 a họpụtara ya&lt;ref&gt;[http://unian.net/eng/news/news-366951.html VR approved structure of Cabinet of Ministers (update)], [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (March 11, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gọọmentị Azarov mbụ]] ruo mgbe a họpụtara [[Raisa Bohatyryova]] [[Ministri nke Ahụike (Ukraine)|Minista nke Ahụike]] na [[Osote Praịm Minista nke Ukraine]] na 14 Febụwarị 2012.&lt;ref name=newHminister1422012&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/122428/ Bohatyriova appointed vice premier and health minister], [[Kyiv Post]] (14 February 2012)&lt;br /&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/61805/ Azarov's cabinet has highest number of ministers in Europe], [[Kyiv Post]] (March 16, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CEEPCDSE2011/&gt; [[Prime Minista nke Ukraine|Prime Minista]] [[Mykola Azarov]] kwuru na Machị 2010 na enweghị ndị minista nwanyị n'ọchịchị a n'ihi na &quot;Mgbanwe anaghị adaba n'ikike ụmụ nwanyị&quot;, ebe o kwukwara na ọ na-akwanyere ụmụ nwanyị ùgwù nke ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/34554/ Ukrainian Prime Minister Azarov had his office blessed], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (March 19, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Azorov&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/24/ukraine-mykola-azarov-women Ukrainian women berate 'Neanderthal' PM for sexist remarks], ''[[The Guardian]]'' (March 24, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị otu ụmụnwaanyị dị na Yukren kọọrọ Azarov onye na-ahụ maka ndị ombudsman nke mba ahụ mgbe okwu a gasịrị. Ha boro ya ebubo na ọ bụ onye na [[akpa ókè n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị]] ma na-enwe echiche [[wiktionary:neanderthal|neanderthal]]&lt;ref name=Azorov/&gt; ma tinye akwụkwọ dị iche iche n'ụlọ ikpe megide ya.&lt;ref name=AzWoNo/&gt; [[Gọọmentị Azarov nke abụọ]] nke Azorov (nke dịgidere site na 24 Disemba 2012&lt;ref name=USMG241212&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131211161007/http://www.unian.info/news/543116-yanukovych-appoints-new-staff-of-cabinet-of-ministers-of-ukraine.html President of Ukraine has appointed new staff of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211161007/http://www.unian.info/news/543116-yanukovych-appoints-new-staff-of-cabinet-of-ministers-of-ukraine.html |date=2013-12-11 }}, [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (24 December 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; ruo 27 Febụwarị 2014&lt;ref name=Afg27214&gt;[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193220.html Rada dismisses previous government, to form new one], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (27 February 2014)&lt;/ref&gt;) nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ bụ́ ndị minista.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-is-appointing-new-cabinet-of-ministers-318086.html Yanukovych appoints new Cabinet of Ministers], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (24 December 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=RLL4713&gt;[https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-justice-minister-appointment/25036829.html Ukrainian President Appoints New Justice Minister ], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (4 July 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge [[2010 ntuli aka onyeisiala Yukren | ntuli aka onyeisiala nke 2010]], onye na-azọ ọkwa [[Viktor Yanukovych]] jụrụ ịrụrịta ụka nke ya na onye ya na ya azo ọkwa bụ nwanyị [[Prime Minista nke Ukraine|praịm minista]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] ma kwado ya site n'ikwu na &quot;ọnọdụ nwanyị dị n'ime kichin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.promes.org/en/s15/2525.html |title=Yanukovych: The Place of women – in the kitchen |access-date=23 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://finchannel.com/Main_News/Ukraine/56415_Yanukovych_Unwilling_To_Debate_Tymoshenko_At_Runoff_Election_/ |title=Barclays announces further Non Core disposal |last=Newseditor |access-date=2013-02-08 |archive-date=2019-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404192737/https://finchannel.com/Main_News/Ukraine/56415_Yanukovych_Unwilling_To_Debate_Tymoshenko_At_Runoff_Election_/ |url-status=dead |accessdate=2026-05-12 |archivedate=2019-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404192737/https://finchannel.com/Main_News/Ukraine/56415_Yanukovych_Unwilling_To_Debate_Tymoshenko_At_Runoff_Election_/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; (Onye bụbu) [[Onyeisi oche Verkhovna Rada]] [[Volodymyr Lytvyn]] ekwuwokwa okwu ndị a pụrụ iwere dị ka mkparị nye ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine_womens_day/24509276.html Honoring Women, Ukrainian Government-Style ], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (8 March 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

E debanyere iwu machibidoro [[imebi ime]] (nke [[Andriy Shkil]] dere) na Verkhovna Rada dịka ndị ụkọchukwu nke [[Ụka Katọlik Gris]] na [[Lee Nsọ|Vatican]] rịọrọ na 12 Maachị 2012.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/125838/ Ukrainian clergy condemn FEMEN protest on Sophia Cathedral bell tower], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (11 April 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'òtù ndị agha Ukraine ==
A na-enye ụmụ nwanyị na Ukraine ohere isonye na ndị agha,&lt;ref&gt;[[Women in the military by country#Ukraine]]&lt;/ref&gt; mana n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke a bụ naanị ọrụ ndị na-abụghị ndị agha: dọkịta, onye na-esi nri, onye na-ahụ maka akaụntụ, wdg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pages/attachments/2016/11/17/cig_ukraine_military_service_11-2016.pdf |title=Country Policy and Information Note, Ukraine: Military service |version=3.0 |date=November 2016 |page=9 |archive-date=2019-03-27 |access-date=2019-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091414/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pages/attachments/2016/11/17/cig_ukraine_military_service_11-2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Malite na Julaị 2016, ndị agha Yukren malitere ikwe ka ụmụ nwanyị sonye n'ọrụ agha gụnyere, mana ọ bụghị naanị na, [[onye ogbunigwe]], [[onye agha scout]], na [[sniper]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pages/attachments/2016/11/17/cig_ukraine_military_service_11-2016.pdf |title=Country Policy and Information Note, Ukraine: Military service |version=3.0 |date=November 2016 |page=15 |archive-date=2019-03-27 |access-date=2019-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091414/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pages/attachments/2016/11/17/cig_ukraine_military_service_11-2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal |url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/content/files/whitebook/WB_2016_ENG_WEB.pdf |author=[[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]] |title=White Book 2016: The Armed Forces of Ukraine |year=2017 |page=57 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụmụ nwanyị n'oge mwakpo Russia wakporo Ukraine n'afọ 2022 == 
Ụmụ nwanyị Ukraine dị ime na mgbe ha mụsịrị nwa na-eche ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche ihu, dị ka ịmụ nwa n'ụlọ nchekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=As pregnant flee Ukraine, war imposes long-term health effects: Experts |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/pregnant-flee-ukraine-war-imposes-long-term-health/story?id=83724438 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=ABC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kọmishọna Ukwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ kwadoro mwakpo 75 e mere n'ebe a na-agwọ ọrịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Update to the Human Rights Council on Ukraine |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/03/update-human-rights-council-ukraine |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  E sere foto otu nwanyị dị ime ka ọ nọ n'elu ihe ndina site n'ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụaka dị na Mariupol, mgbe e wakporo ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mariupol children's hospital destroyed in targeted attack, Ukrainian officials say |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/mariupol-childrens-hospital-destroyed-targeted-attack-ukrainian-officials/story?id=83350914 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=ABC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị nne nwere ụmụ atọ ma ọ bụ karịa nwere ike ịpụ na mba ahụ na di ha maka nchekwa; a naghị ekwe ka ụmụ nwoke nwere ụmụ otu ma ọ bụ abụọ pụọ na mba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Mother Ukraine {{!}} Pregnant in Wartime {{!}} 52 Documentary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oTwHXO6bFY&amp;t=413s |access-date=2024-11-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Òtù UN Human Women na-akọ na ọnụọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-ebuga n'ahịa na ime ihe ike n'ihi nwoke na nwanyị dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Focus: War in Ukraine is a crisis for women and girls |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/in-focus/2022/03/in-focus-war-in-ukraine-is-a-crisis-for-women-and-girls |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==
* [[Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọrụ agha site na mba#Ukraine]]
* [[Ụmụ nwanyị na Yuropu]]

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;OSCE_networking_platform_women&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title= OSCE Networking Platform for Women Leaders including Peacebuilders and Mediators | website= [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] |date =2021-12-06 | url = https://www.osce.org/secretariat/506891 | access-date = 2022-02-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211214142143/https://www.osce.org/secretariat/506891 |archive-date= 2021-12-14 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

== Ịgụkwu ihe ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Nadina L. |title=To provide and protect: gendering money in Ukrainian households |journal=[[Gender &amp; Society]] |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=359&amp;ndash;382 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]] |doi=10.1177/0891243217705875 |date=June 2017 |s2cid=149266787}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{commons category|Women of Ukraine}}


[[Category:Women in Ukraine| ]]
[[Category:Women's rights in Ukraine| ]]
[[Category:Women by country|Ukraine]]</text>
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    <title>Ọgbọ Egwuregwu Muhammadu Dikko</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Muhammadu_Dikko_Stadium,_Formerly_KARKANDA_Stadium,_Katsina_State.jpg|thumb|Ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke ámá egwuregwu ahụ]]
[[Faịlụ:Muhammadu_Dikko_Stadium,_Katsina.jpg|thumb|Uzo]]
Muhammadu Dikko Stadium bụ ámá egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] na egwuregwu niile dị na [[Katsina]], Katsina State, Nigeria. Ọ bụ Gọọmentị [[Ȯra Katsina|Steeti Katsina]] nwe ma na-elekọta ámá egwuregwu ahụ. Ihe owuwu malitere na mbido afọ 1990, n'oge ọchịchị ndị agha nke John Madaki, mana e mechara gbahapụ ya. Gọvanọ [[Ibrahim Shema|Ibrahim Shehu Shema]] kpọlitere ọrụ ahụ ma wuchaa ya, ma meghee ya na 2013 dị ka Karkanda Stadium. N'afọ 2016, a gbanwere aha ya n'aha Emir Muhammadu Dikko nke narị afọ nke 20 nke Katsina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml|title=Stadiums in Nigeria|publisher=World Stadiums|date=14 March 2014|accessdate=14 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://katsinapost.com/2016/06/16/opinion-no-masari-renaming-karkanda-stadium-is-wrong-by-al-amin-batsari/|title=Opinion: No Masari, Renaming 'KARKANDA STADIUM' is wrong -By Al-Amin Batsari|date=16 June 2016|accessdate=14 May 2026|archivedate=5 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005142758/http://katsinapost.com/2016/06/16/opinion-no-masari-renaming-karkanda-stadium-is-wrong-by-al-amin-batsari/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

El-Kanemi Warriors F.C nke [[Maiduguri]]  gbara egwuregwu ụlọ ha n'ọgbọ egwuregwu n'afọ 2015 na 2016 ka ndị Boko Haram na-akpa ike. Ugbu a ọ bụ ụlọ egwuregwu bọọlụ Katsina United nke steeti Katsina.

A na-enwekwa ụlọ mmega ahụ na klọb mmega ahụ n'ime ámá egwuregwu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gym.cybo.com/NG/katsina/fitness-centers/|title=Fitness centers &amp; gyms Katsina, Katsina State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Adubarie Otorubio</title>
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Adubarie &quot;Chris&quot; [1] Otorubio bụbu onye nchekwa bọọlụ Naịjirịa, onye na-agba bọọlụ nke ọma n'egwuregwu bọọlụ nke ndị otu American Soccer League.

Otorubio tolitere na Naịjirịa tupu ọ kwaga mba Amerịka ịga mahadum. Ọ nọrọ oge anọ na otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke nke Clemson n'agbata afọ 1981 na 1984. Ọ bụ onye egwuregwu ACC nke afọ 1983 ma họpụta ya dịka otu egwuregwu mbụ nke All American. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.netitor.com/photos/confs/acc/null/m-soccer/auto_pdf/acc-records.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2007-05-17|archivedate=2011-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527022059/http://www.netitor.com/photos/confs/acc/null/m-soccer/auto_pdf/acc-records.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke otu Clemson nke weghaara 1984 NCAA championship. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Otorubio biri na Oklahoma City. N'afọ 1988, ọ bịanyere aka na Orlando Lions nke American Soccer League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://a-leaguearchive.tripod.com/1988/statsasl88.htm#Orlando|title=ASL 1988 Season|work=a-leaguearchive.tripod.com|accessdate=2018-05-31|archivedate=2011-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717101753/http://a-leaguearchive.tripod.com/1988/statsasl88.htm#Orlando}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Soccer America Magazine kpọrọ Otorubio na kọleji ha nke narị afọ. Nwa ya nwanyị Jessica Cousins, gbara ọsọ maka Mahadum Arkansas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.arkansasrazorbacks.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=6100&amp;ATCLID=238090|title=Ticket Office Information|date=2015-01-24|work=Arkansas Razorbacks|accessdate=2018-05-31|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
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'''Jonas Okétola''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1983) bụ onye bụbu ọkachamara n'ịgba bọọlụ nke na-agba bọọlụ dịka onye etiti. A mụrụ ya na Naịjirịa, ọ gbara bọọlụ maka otu mba Benin n'ọkwa mba ụwa.

== Ọrụ klọb ==
A mụrụ ya na Naijiria, Okétola gbara bọọlụ ọkachamara n'otu Kwara United tupu ya abịanye aka na klọb South Africa Thanda Royal Zulu n'afọ 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|publisher=[[Kick Off (magazine)|Kick Off]]|title=Thanda to sign Benin national captain|url=https://www.kickoff.com/news/articles/south-africa-news/categories/news/news/thanda-to-sign-benin-national-team-captain/510756|date=3 January 2008|accessdate=7 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Òtù Soccer nke South Africa tụlere mmachibido iwu Okétola ruo afọ abụọ na Jenụwarị 2009, n'ihi mmebi iwu ọgwụ ike. Nnyocha na-enweghị isi mgbe egwuregwu league gasịrị gosipụtara nsonaazụ dị mma maka amphetamines, ihe a machibidoro iwu.

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Okétola so n'òtù mba Benin na 2004 African Nations Cup, nke mechara n'ala nke otu ya na agba nke mbụ nke asọmpi ahụ, si otú a ghara iru eru maka nkeji iri na ise nke ikpeazụ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Jonas Okétolana National-Football-Teams.com

== Edemsibia ==
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334338334|Marie-Louise Marchand-Thébault]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Marie-Louise Marchand-Thébault''' (nwụrụ n'afọ 2007) bụ onye France na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye na-edebe ihe ochie, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007|title=Chronique de l'École des chartes et des archivistes paléographes|journal=Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes|volume=165|issue=2|pages=637|issn=0373-6237|author=Bercé|first=Yves-Marie}}&lt;/ref&gt; gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1953 na École Nationale des Chartes. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|volume=97|issue=4|pages=397–402|author=Lantier|first=Raymond|title=Palmarès des prix et récompenses décernés en 1953|journal=Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres|accessdate=2019-11-16|date=1953|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1953_num_97_4_10173}}p.402&lt;/ref&gt;

Na-arụ ọrụ na ndekọ nke ndị France na-achị, na Centre des Archives d'Outre-Mer na Aix-en-Provence (CAOM), ọ na-etinye aka n'ịchọta na ijikwa ndekọ ndị France na French Guinea, [[Kameroon|Cameroon]], na [[Madagascar]].

Marchand-Thébault tinyere aka mgbe afọ 1958 gasịrị n'ịhazi na ịkọwa ihe ndekọ ndekọ ndị metụtara [[Madagascar]].Ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka ngalaba ebe a na-edebe ihe ochie nke Ọfịs Kọmishọna Ukwu nke France na Madagascar, ebe Jean Valette bụ onyeisi ngalaba ebe a na-edebe ihe ochie nke Upper Territory nke Madagascar. O tinyere aka n'ịhazi na ịkọwa usoro ihe ndekọ metụtara nnupụisi Malagasy nke afọ 1947 na Madagascar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|issn=0305-862X|issue=101|pages=27–37|author=Camara|first=Evelyne|title=Centre des Archives d'outre-Mer à Aix-en-Provence (CAOM) Historique des Archives de Madagascar|journal=African Research &amp; Documentation|date=2006|volume=101|doi=10.1017/S0305862X00017945|id={{ProQuest|194648155}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O tinyere aha otu ndekọ aha nke metụtara nnupụisi nke afọ 1947, nke gụnyekwara oge tupu nnupụisi. Ụlọ ọrụ High Commission hiwere ya na mbụ n'okpuru &quot;E&quot; ka Marchand-Thébault kpọrọ ya &quot;R&quot;. O tinyekwara faịlụ ndị ọ chịkọtara dịka akụkụ nke njem ya na mpaghara obodo.

Marchand-Thébault bipụtara akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị mkpa banyere ịgba ohu na French Guinea n'oge Ọchịchị ochie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=General History of the Caribbean: methodology and historiography of the Caribbean Volume 6: General History of the Caribbean|date=1999|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=0333724615|editor=Higman}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|volume=165|issue=2|pages=635–637|author=Bercé|first=Yves-Marie|title=Line Teisseyre-Sallmann (1948-2007)|journal=Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes|accessdate=2019-11-16|date=2007|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bec_0373-6237_2007_num_165_2_463561}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.3406/outre.1962.1347|volume=49|issue=174|pages=80–116|author=Tarrade|first=Jean|title=Affranchis et gens de couleur libres à la Guyane à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, d'après les minutes des notaires|journal=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire|date=1962}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1976, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nchekwa na Municipal Archives nke Toulouse . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|issn=0373-6237|volume=134|issue=2|pages=465–475|title=[Chronique de l'École des chartes et des archivistes paléographes]|journal=Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes|date=1976}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ ==

*  
* {{Cite journal|issn=0300-9513|volume=47|issue=166|pages=5–75|author=Marchand-Thébault|title=L'esclavage en Guyane française sous l'ancien régime|journal=Outre-Mer. Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer|date=1960|doi=10.3406/outre.1960.1315}}
* {{Cite book|author=Marchand-Thébault|first=M.-L|title=L'esclavage en Guyane française sous l'ancien régime.|location=S.l.|date=1960}}
* {{Cite book|publisher=Chancellerie des Universités de Paris|author=Marchand-Thébault|first=Marie-Louise|title=Histoire de l'université de Paris|location=Paris|date=1973}}
* {{Cite journal|doi=10.3406/gazar.1967.1961|issn=0016-5522|volume=57|issue=1|pages=89–111|author=Marchand|first=Marie-Louise|title=Les archives de l'enseignement en France|journal=La Gazette des Archives|date=1967}}
* {{Cite journal|doi=10.3406/gazar.1965.1835|volume=50|issue=1|pages=121–129|author=Marchand|first=Marie-Louise|title=Les archives de l'Académie de Paris : expérience de gestion d'un dépôt de pré-archivage|journal=Gazette des Archives|date=1965}}

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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353744915|Louise Noëlle Malclès]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Louise Noëlle Malclès'''(20 Septemba 1899 – 29 Maachị 1977) bụ onye ọbá akwụkwọ French, onye na-ede akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi, onye bụ isi n'ọbá akwụkwọ French na onye dere otu n'ime akwụkwọ kacha mkpa n'etiti narị afọ nke 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;Women professionals in 1930s France&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Buckland|first=Michael|title=Women professionals in documentation in France during the 1930s.|journal=Libraries and the Cultural Record|year=2009|volume=2|issue=201|pages=201–219}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ a ma ama n'ọbá akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị France, n'ọrụ a na-ejikarị ụmụ nwoke eme . E nyere ya Legion of Honour maka nnukwu onyinye ya na ngalaba sayensị ọbá akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of Library Services&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services|year=1986|publisher=American Library Association|isbn=0-8389-0427-0|pages=512–513}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ==
Mmekọrịta Louise Noëlle Malclès na Bibliothèque de la Sorbonne dịgidere site na 1928 ruo 1962, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akwụkwọ ọgụgụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;First Generations of French Women Librarians&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Niles Maack|first=M|title=Women librarians in France:the first generation|journal=The Journal of Library History|year=1983|volume=18|issue=4|pages=407–449}}&lt;/ref&gt; O sokwa UNESCO rụkọọ ọrụ iji mepụta Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ Mba Nile maka Akwụkwọ Ndị A Na-ede Akwụkwọ. N'ime ọtụtụ narị ọrụ ya gbasara akwụkwọ ndị a bụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, ntuziaka ụdị, akwụkwọ ntuziaka na isiokwu ndị ọkà mmụta.

=== Ụlọ Akwụkwọ ===
N'afọ 1932, Malclès guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ na Sorbonne maka ụmụ akwụkwọ, ngalaba na ndị ọkà mmụta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Women professionals in 1930s France&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Buckland|first=Michael|title=Women professionals in documentation in France during the 1930s.|journal=Libraries and the Cultural Record|year=2009|volume=2|issue=201|pages=201–219}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBuckland2009&quot;&gt;Buckland, Michael (2009). &quot;Women professionals in documentation in France during the 1930s&quot;. ''Libraries and the Cultural Record''. '''2''' (201): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;201–&lt;/span&gt;219. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25549548 25549548].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dị iche na nnukwu ụlọ ọgụgụ, o nwere ngwá ọrụ bibliographic a haziri nke ọma. Nke a gụnyere Bibliographies, ọbá akwụkwọ katalọgụ, akwụkwọ nduzi na ndepụta oge. Ụlọ ahụ, nke na-anabata naanị ụmụ akwụkwọ iri abụọ, lekwasịrị anya na mkpa akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ, karịa nyocha n'ozuzu.
[[Faịlụ:Les_Sources_du_travail_bibliographique_de_Louise-Noëlle_Malclès.JPG|thumb|Ebe Ọrụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ si nweta ya nke Louise-Noëlle Malclès dere]]
A na-ewere Les Sources du travail bibliographique (Isi mmalite maka ọrụ akwụkwọ) dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ akwụkwọ kacha mkpa sitere na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of Library Services&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services|year=1986|publisher=American Library Association|isbn=0-8389-0427-0|pages=512–513}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;''World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services''. American Library Association. 1986. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;512–&lt;/span&gt;513. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8389-0427-0|&lt;bdi&gt;0-8389-0427-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtara ya na mbụ na 1950, ọ bụghị ntuziaka maka ihe ndị e ji eme ntụaka kama ọ bụ maka ebe e si enweta ihe ndị e ji dee akwụkwọ. E lekwasịrị anya na bibliographies, katalọgụ, index na abstracts, data akụkọ ihe mere eme, ihe onwunwe ọbá akwụkwọ na nyocha nke ederede ndị bụ isi. O nwere mpịakọta anọ nke e kewara n'ime ngalaba abụọ; akwụkwọ ọgụgụ izugbe na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ pụrụ iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;First Generations of French Women Librarians&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Niles Maack|first=M|title=Women librarians in France:the first generation|journal=The Journal of Library History|year=1983|volume=18|issue=4|pages=407–449}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNiles_Maack1983&quot;&gt;Niles Maack, M (1983). &quot;Women librarians in France:the first generation&quot;. ''The Journal of Library History''. '''18''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;407–&lt;/span&gt;449. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25541456 25541456].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; E kewara nke ikpeazụ n'ime sayensị dị ọcha, ọgwụ na ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ihe gbasara mmadụ. Ihe pụrụ iche karịsịa bụ na Malclès chepụtara ma dee ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile dị na ya n'onwe ya, nke mere ka aha ya dị ka ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ bawanye.&lt;ref name=&quot;First Generations of French Women Librarians&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke a, e nweghị mgbakwunye ọ bụla ma ọ bụ mbipụta ndị e bipụtara mgbe e mesịrị.

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==

* 1950: Ebe Ọrụ Bibliographique si nweta ya''Ebe Akwụkwọ Ndị E Si Nweta Akwụkwọ''
* 1954: Cours de Bibliographie: ederede maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-amụ ihe ndekọ na sayensị ọbá akwụkwọ.
* 1956: La Bibliographie: akụkọ ihe mere eme nke bibliography, nke e bipụtara na mbipụta atọ ma sụgharịa ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ.
* 1963: ''Akwụkwọ ntuziaka''

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== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [[data.bnf.fr]]/11914082/louise-noelle_malcles/&quot; id=&quot;mweA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Louise Noëlle Malclès na data.bnf.fr
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'''Louise Noëlle Malclès'''(20 Septemba 1899 – 29 Maachị 1977) bụ onye ọbá akwụkwọ French, onye na-ede akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi, onye bụ isi n'ọbá akwụkwọ French na onye dere otu n'ime akwụkwọ kacha mkpa n'etiti narị afọ nke 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;Women professionals in 1930s France&quot; /&gt;Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ a ma ama n'ọbá akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị France, n'ọrụ a na-ejikarị ụmụ nwoke eme . E nyere ya Legion of Honour maka nnukwu onyinye ya na ngalaba sayensị ọbá akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of Library Services&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services|year=1986|publisher=American Library Association|isbn=0-8389-0427-0|pages=512–513}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ==
Mmekọrịta Louise Noëlle Malclès na Bibliothèque de la Sorbonne dịgidere site na 1928 ruo 1962, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akwụkwọ ọgụgụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;First Generations of French Women Librarians&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Niles Maack|first=M|title=Women librarians in France:the first generation|journal=The Journal of Library History|year=1983|volume=18|issue=4|pages=407–449}}&lt;/ref&gt; O sokwa UNESCO rụkọọ ọrụ iji mepụta Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ Mba Nile maka Akwụkwọ Ndị A Na-ede Akwụkwọ. N'ime ọtụtụ narị ọrụ ya gbasara akwụkwọ ndị a bụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, ntuziaka ụdị, akwụkwọ ntuziaka na isiokwu ndị ọkà mmụta.

=== Ụlọ Akwụkwọ ===
N'afọ 1932, Malclès guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ na Sorbonne maka ụmụ akwụkwọ, ngalaba na ndị ọkà mmụta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Women professionals in 1930s France&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Buckland|first=Michael|title=Women professionals in documentation in France during the 1930s.|journal=Libraries and the Cultural Record|year=2009|volume=2|issue=201|pages=201–219}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBuckland2009&quot;&gt;Buckland, Michael (2009). &quot;Women professionals in documentation in France during the 1930s&quot;. ''Libraries and the Cultural Record''. '''2''' (201): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;201–&lt;/span&gt;219. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25549548 25549548].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dị iche na nnukwu ụlọ ọgụgụ, o nwere ngwá ọrụ bibliographic a haziri nke ọma. Nke a gụnyere Bibliographies, ọbá akwụkwọ katalọgụ, akwụkwọ nduzi na ndepụta oge. Ụlọ ahụ, nke na-anabata naanị ụmụ akwụkwọ iri abụọ, lekwasịrị anya na mkpa akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ, karịa nyocha n'ozuzu.
[[Faịlụ:Les_Sources_du_travail_bibliographique_de_Louise-Noëlle_Malclès.JPG|thumb|Ebe Ọrụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ si nweta ya nke Louise-Noëlle Malclès dere]]
A na-ewere Les Sources du travail bibliographique (Isi mmalite maka ọrụ akwụkwọ) dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ akwụkwọ kacha mkpa sitere na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia of Library Services&quot; /&gt; E bipụtara ya na mbụ na 1950, ọ bụghị ntuziaka maka ihe ndị e ji eme ntụaka kama ọ bụ maka ebe e si enweta ihe ndị e ji dee akwụkwọ. E lekwasịrị anya na bibliographies, katalọgụ, index na abstracts, data akụkọ ihe mere eme, ihe onwunwe ọbá akwụkwọ na nyocha nke ederede ndị bụ isi. O nwere mpịakọta anọ nke e kewara n'ime ngalaba abụọ; akwụkwọ ọgụgụ izugbe na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ pụrụ iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;First Generations of French Women Librarians&quot; /&gt; E kewara nke ikpeazụ n'ime sayensị dị ọcha, ọgwụ na ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ihe gbasara mmadụ. Ihe pụrụ iche karịsịa bụ na Malclès chepụtara ma dee ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile dị na ya n'onwe ya, nke mere ka aha ya dị ka ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ bawanye.&lt;ref name=&quot;First Generations of French Women Librarians&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke a, e nweghị mgbakwunye ọ bụla ma ọ bụ mbipụta ndị e bipụtara mgbe e mesịrị.

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==

* 1950: Ebe Ọrụ Bibliographique si nweta ya''Ebe Akwụkwọ Ndị E Si Nweta Akwụkwọ''
* 1954: Cours de Bibliographie: ederede maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-amụ ihe ndekọ na sayensị ọbá akwụkwọ.
* 1956: La Bibliographie: akụkọ ihe mere eme nke bibliography, nke e bipụtara na mbipụta atọ ma sụgharịa ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ.
* 1963: ''Akwụkwọ ntuziaka''

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [[data.bnf.fr]]/11914082/louise-noelle_malcles/&quot; id=&quot;mweA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Louise Noëlle Malclès na data.bnf.fr
{{Authority control}}
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1275070717|Paule Malardot]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Joséphine Léontine Paule Gilberte Malardot''' (7 Ọktoba 1898 – 26 Febụwarị 1989) bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede akụkọ nke narị afọ nke 20 na France, onye meriri Prix des Deux Magots na 1947.

A mụrụ Malardot na Dijon, ọ bụkwa onye nta akụkọ na magazin ụmụ nwanyị tupu agha na L'Aurore site na 1946. Ọ na-emekwa nsụgharị nke akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ (karịsịa site na asụsụ Itali).

Ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede Marcel Sauvage, onye ya na ya mụrụ nwa nwoke. Ọ nwụrụ na Marly-le-Roi, Yvelines.

== Ọrụ (họrọ) ==

* 1935: [http://www.ebay.fr/itm/LES-PREDICTIONS-DE-MME-FRAYA-POUR-1936-PAULE-MALARDOT-ALMANACH-MADAME-FRAYA/361114749743 ''Amụma nke Madame Frayat maka 1936'']
* 1947: L'Amour aux deux faces [fr], mbipụta SPLE, Prix des Deux MagotsIhe nrite nke Deux Magots
* 1955: La Maison, vie domestique, mbipụta Clartés
* 1978: Pride des Kennelly, mbipụta ụwa

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.lalettredulibraire.com/Palmar%C3%A8s-du-prix-des-Deux-Magots Ihe nrite nke Deux Magots]
* [http://www.normannia.info/npdf/50CHERBOURGE/1938/02/04/50CHERBOURGE_1938-02-04_P_0006.pdf ''Maka gị nwanyị''] na CHERBOURGE/1938
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Joséphine Léontine Paule Gilberte Malardot''' (7 Ọktoba 1898 – 26 Febụwarị 1989) bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede akụkọ nke narị afọ nke 20 na France, onye meriri [[:en:Prix_des_Deux_Magots|Prix des Deux Magots]] na 1947.

A mụrụ Malardot na Dijon, ọ bụkwa onye nta akụkọ na magazin ụmụ nwanyị tupu agha na L'Aurore site na 1946. Ọ na-emekwa nsụgharị nke akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ (karịsịa site na asụsụ Itali).

Ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede Marcel Sauvage, onye ya na ya mụrụ nwa nwoke. Ọ nwụrụ na Marly-le-Roi, Yvelines.

== Ọrụ (họrọ) ==

* 1935: [http://www.ebay.fr/itm/LES-PREDICTIONS-DE-MME-FRAYA-POUR-1936-PAULE-MALARDOT-ALMANACH-MADAME-FRAYA/361114749743 ''Amụma nke Madame Frayat maka 1936'']
* 1947: L'Amour aux deux faces [fr], mbipụta SPLE, Prix des Deux MagotsIhe nrite nke Deux Magots
* 1955: La Maison, vie domestique, mbipụta Clartés
* 1978: Pride des Kennelly, mbipụta ụwa

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.lalettredulibraire.com/Palmar%C3%A8s-du-prix-des-Deux-Magots Ihe nrite nke Deux Magots]
* [http://www.normannia.info/npdf/50CHERBOURGE/1938/02/04/50CHERBOURGE_1938-02-04_P_0006.pdf ''Maka gị nwanyị''] na CHERBOURGE/1938
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Joséphine Léontine Paule Gilberte Malardot''' (7 Ọktoba 1898 – 26 Febụwarị 1989) bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede akụkọ nke narị afọ nke 20 na France, onye meriri [[:en:Prix_des_Deux_Magots|Prix des Deux Magots]] na 1947.

A mụrụ Malardot na [[:en:Dijon|Dijon]], ọ bụkwa onye nta akụkọ na magazin ụmụ nwanyị tupu agha na L'Aurore site na 1946. Ọ na-emekwa nsụgharị nke akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ (karịsịa site na asụsụ Itali).

Ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede Marcel Sauvage, onye ya na ya mụrụ nwa nwoke. Ọ nwụrụ na [[:en:Marly-le-Roi|Marly-le-Roi, Yvelines]].

== Ọrụ (họrọ) ==

* 1935: [http://www.ebay.fr/itm/LES-PREDICTIONS-DE-MME-FRAYA-POUR-1936-PAULE-MALARDOT-ALMANACH-MADAME-FRAYA/361114749743 ''Amụma nke Madame Frayat maka 1936'']
* 1947: L'Amour aux deux faces [fr], mbipụta SPLE, Prix des Deux MagotsIhe nrite nke Deux Magots
* 1955: La Maison, vie domestique, mbipụta Clartés
* 1978: Pride des Kennelly, mbipụta ụwa

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.lalettredulibraire.com/Palmar%C3%A8s-du-prix-des-Deux-Magots Ihe nrite nke Deux Magots]
* [http://www.normannia.info/npdf/50CHERBOURGE/1938/02/04/50CHERBOURGE_1938-02-04_P_0006.pdf ''Maka gị nwanyị''] na CHERBOURGE/1938
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