Ńkàtá:Ihu mbụ

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="ig">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>igwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Midia</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Ọpụrụiche</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Ojiarụ</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá ojiarụ</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Faịlụ</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá faịlụ</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MidiaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá MidiaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Templeeti</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá templeeti</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Enyemaka</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá enyemaka</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Otú</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá otú</namespace>
      <namespace key="118" case="first-letter">Édēchághị́</namespace>
      <namespace key="119" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá Édēchághị́</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Ńkàtá:Ihu mbụ</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>8880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638956</id>
      <parentid>198352</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T00:35:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikipedian12512(alt)</username>
        <id>61413</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* New featured article */ nkeji ohúrù</comment>
      <origin>638956</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4691" sha1="ev5feepjmer6h5oun1osjk4exh7rqek" xml:space="preserve">'''This is a place for discussing the main page.'''

For general discussions go to [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako]].

== Main page change ==
Hi,

The main page here is quite broken. It is full of red links. It is even more broken on mobile phones, and shows almost nothing.

The current code of the main page is too complicated and too hard to edit.

I recommend starting from scratch: Deleting everything and putting something very simple instead. Later it can be made more complex and designed, but in the beginning it should at least be usable.

Here's a very simple suggestion for a first version to begin from: [[Ọbanife:Amire80/mp]].

If no-one objects, I'll replace the current page with this next week.

If anyone has better proposals, I'll be happy to hear them.

Tagging active users: [[Ọbanife:Abuchi Chinedu Ojiaku]], [[Ọbanife:Blossom Ozurumba]], [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious]], [[Ọbanife:Uzoma Ozurumba]], [[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo]], [[Ọbanife:Ngozianaza]], [[Ọbanife:Ukabia]].

Thanks! --[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|talk]]) 07:03, 7 Ọnwaàsatọ 2019 (UTC)

:Hello [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]], 
:The proposed simple fix is okay.
:I removed some of the diacritics as they are not used for those particular words in Igbo language. 
:Thank you for this proposal.
:Regards,
:[[Ọbanife:Uzoma Ozurumba]]
:([[Okwu ọbanife:Uzoma Ozurumba|talk]])
::Thank you so much! --[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|talk]]) 09:06, 7 Ọnwaàsatọ 2019 (UTC)

:Hi [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]], 
:The proposed simple fix is okay.
:Thank you for this
:Regards,
:[[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious]]
:([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|talk]])
I'm English please

== Wikipedia or Wikipidia ==

Hi,

What is the right name for Wikipedia in Igbo?

The logo at the top says &quot;Wikipedia&quot;, but the main page says &quot;Wikipidia&quot;, and there is also the article [[Wikipidia]].

So what is correct? It should be consistent everywhere.

Thanks! --[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|talk]]) 07:50, 7 Ọnwaàsatọ 2019 (UTC)

:Hello [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]],
:The correct one is ”Wikipidia&quot;.
:Regards,

::Hello[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]],
::Its Wikipidia. 
::Thanks

::Hello[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]],
::The correct should be  Wikipidia
::Daalụ(Thanks)
:[[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo]]

== Hip hop song ==

Juice bae decide to release his new song &quot;title&quot; dream juice prove that yesterday in his Twitter account juice while a lot of people eager to listen it. [[Ọbanife:Ramadan bin|Ramadan bin]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Ramadan bin|kwuo]]) 13:13, 23 Ọnwa iri 2021 (UTC)

== Ihu mbụ ==

Asụpetaghị okwu a bụ ihu m bụ. O tosịr.i ịbụ Ihu mbụ. [[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|kwuo]]) 11:40, 11 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)

[[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|kwuo]]Nke a bụ eziokwu. [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 11:18, 31 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)
== NCPUG TheWikiVibrance International Youth Day 2022 (Audio and Photography)  ==
We are delighted to inform you the Nigerian Commons Photographers User Group NCPUG will be participating in the programs of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/NCPUG_WikiBrance_International_Youth_Day_2022_(ID:_21913535)%7CWikiVibrance International Youth Day 2022], to bring you and the youth to the International Youth Day Campaign. Which is to be lunch at Wikimania August 2022 and other events afterwards, if intrested leave me message or a comment.[[User:Anass-koko|&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Anass-koko&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Anasskoko|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 00:44, 12 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)
[[Òtù:Ihu mbụ]]
[[Òtù:Édémédé egosipụtara]]

== New featured article ==

Hello.

I am currently working on translating an article (https://en.wikiipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra) into Igbo. It is a relatively large and well sourced article, and when it is done, it might be good enough to go into the featured article area (assuming that it is checked over enough to make sure it's fine). I've translated some already, (see [[Alhambra]]), but my grammar might not be perfect so I'd appreciate another person to check that (I'm a native English speaker).


I would look forward to feedback.


Best regards, [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|ṅkátá]]) 00:35, 26 Mee 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ev5feepjmer6h5oun1osjk4exh7rqek</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638957</id>
      <parentid>638956</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T00:37:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikipedian12512(alt)</username>
        <id>61413</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* New featured article */ Zaghachi</comment>
      <origin>638957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4925" sha1="3gw7clb3qcsvzajbg7n2rnw8mjgys8u" xml:space="preserve">'''This is a place for discussing the main page.'''

For general discussions go to [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako]].

== Main page change ==
Hi,

The main page here is quite broken. It is full of red links. It is even more broken on mobile phones, and shows almost nothing.

The current code of the main page is too complicated and too hard to edit.

I recommend starting from scratch: Deleting everything and putting something very simple instead. Later it can be made more complex and designed, but in the beginning it should at least be usable.

Here's a very simple suggestion for a first version to begin from: [[Ọbanife:Amire80/mp]].

If no-one objects, I'll replace the current page with this next week.

If anyone has better proposals, I'll be happy to hear them.

Tagging active users: [[Ọbanife:Abuchi Chinedu Ojiaku]], [[Ọbanife:Blossom Ozurumba]], [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious]], [[Ọbanife:Uzoma Ozurumba]], [[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo]], [[Ọbanife:Ngozianaza]], [[Ọbanife:Ukabia]].

Thanks! --[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|talk]]) 07:03, 7 Ọnwaàsatọ 2019 (UTC)

:Hello [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]], 
:The proposed simple fix is okay.
:I removed some of the diacritics as they are not used for those particular words in Igbo language. 
:Thank you for this proposal.
:Regards,
:[[Ọbanife:Uzoma Ozurumba]]
:([[Okwu ọbanife:Uzoma Ozurumba|talk]])
::Thank you so much! --[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|talk]]) 09:06, 7 Ọnwaàsatọ 2019 (UTC)

:Hi [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]], 
:The proposed simple fix is okay.
:Thank you for this
:Regards,
:[[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious]]
:([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|talk]])
I'm English please

== Wikipedia or Wikipidia ==

Hi,

What is the right name for Wikipedia in Igbo?

The logo at the top says &quot;Wikipedia&quot;, but the main page says &quot;Wikipidia&quot;, and there is also the article [[Wikipidia]].

So what is correct? It should be consistent everywhere.

Thanks! --[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|talk]]) 07:50, 7 Ọnwaàsatọ 2019 (UTC)

:Hello [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]],
:The correct one is ”Wikipidia&quot;.
:Regards,

::Hello[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]],
::Its Wikipidia. 
::Thanks

::Hello[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]],
::The correct should be  Wikipidia
::Daalụ(Thanks)
:[[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo]]

== Hip hop song ==

Juice bae decide to release his new song &quot;title&quot; dream juice prove that yesterday in his Twitter account juice while a lot of people eager to listen it. [[Ọbanife:Ramadan bin|Ramadan bin]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Ramadan bin|kwuo]]) 13:13, 23 Ọnwa iri 2021 (UTC)

== Ihu mbụ ==

Asụpetaghị okwu a bụ ihu m bụ. O tosịr.i ịbụ Ihu mbụ. [[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|kwuo]]) 11:40, 11 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)

[[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|kwuo]]Nke a bụ eziokwu. [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 11:18, 31 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)
== NCPUG TheWikiVibrance International Youth Day 2022 (Audio and Photography)  ==
We are delighted to inform you the Nigerian Commons Photographers User Group NCPUG will be participating in the programs of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/NCPUG_WikiBrance_International_Youth_Day_2022_(ID:_21913535)%7CWikiVibrance International Youth Day 2022], to bring you and the youth to the International Youth Day Campaign. Which is to be lunch at Wikimania August 2022 and other events afterwards, if intrested leave me message or a comment.[[User:Anass-koko|&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Anass-koko&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Anasskoko|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 00:44, 12 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)
[[Òtù:Ihu mbụ]]
[[Òtù:Édémédé egosipụtara]]

== New featured article ==

Hello.

I am currently working on translating an article (https://en.wikiipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra) into Igbo. It is a relatively large and well sourced article, and when it is done, it might be good enough to go into the featured article area (assuming that it is checked over enough to make sure it's fine). I've translated some already, (see [[Alhambra]]), but my grammar might not be perfect so I'd appreciate another person to check that (I'm a native English speaker).


I would look forward to feedback.


Best regards, [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|ṅkátá]]) 00:35, 26 Mee 2026 (UTC)

:(Because the recent changes are so few, I'll ping a someone:
:@[[Ojiarụ:Anasskoko|Anasskoko]]) [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|ṅkátá]]) 00:37, 26 Mee 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>3gw7clb3qcsvzajbg7n2rnw8mjgys8u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638958</id>
      <parentid>638957</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T00:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikipedian12512(alt)</username>
        <id>61413</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>H</comment>
      <origin>638958</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4923" sha1="dptpzvkhbophpsebzidwzpy4i8b0b42" xml:space="preserve">'''This is a place for discussing the main page.'''

For general discussions go to [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako]].

== Main page change ==
Hi,

The main page here is quite broken. It is full of red links. It is even more broken on mobile phones, and shows almost nothing.

The current code of the main page is too complicated and too hard to edit.

I recommend starting from scratch: Deleting everything and putting something very simple instead. Later it can be made more complex and designed, but in the beginning it should at least be usable.

Here's a very simple suggestion for a first version to begin from: [[Ọbanife:Amire80/mp]].

If no-one objects, I'll replace the current page with this next week.

If anyone has better proposals, I'll be happy to hear them.

Tagging active users: [[Ọbanife:Abuchi Chinedu Ojiaku]], [[Ọbanife:Blossom Ozurumba]], [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious]], [[Ọbanife:Uzoma Ozurumba]], [[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo]], [[Ọbanife:Ngozianaza]], [[Ọbanife:Ukabia]].

Thanks! --[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|talk]]) 07:03, 7 Ọnwaàsatọ 2019 (UTC)

:Hello [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]], 
:The proposed simple fix is okay.
:I removed some of the diacritics as they are not used for those particular words in Igbo language. 
:Thank you for this proposal.
:Regards,
:[[Ọbanife:Uzoma Ozurumba]]
:([[Okwu ọbanife:Uzoma Ozurumba|talk]])
::Thank you so much! --[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|talk]]) 09:06, 7 Ọnwaàsatọ 2019 (UTC)

:Hi [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]], 
:The proposed simple fix is okay.
:Thank you for this
:Regards,
:[[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious]]
:([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|talk]])
I'm English please

== Wikipedia or Wikipidia ==

Hi,

What is the right name for Wikipedia in Igbo?

The logo at the top says &quot;Wikipedia&quot;, but the main page says &quot;Wikipidia&quot;, and there is also the article [[Wikipidia]].

So what is correct? It should be consistent everywhere.

Thanks! --[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|talk]]) 07:50, 7 Ọnwaàsatọ 2019 (UTC)

:Hello [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]],
:The correct one is ”Wikipidia&quot;.
:Regards,

::Hello[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]],
::Its Wikipidia. 
::Thanks

::Hello[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]],
::The correct should be  Wikipidia
::Daalụ(Thanks)
:[[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo]]

== Hip hop song ==

Juice bae decide to release his new song &quot;title&quot; dream juice prove that yesterday in his Twitter account juice while a lot of people eager to listen it. [[Ọbanife:Ramadan bin|Ramadan bin]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Ramadan bin|kwuo]]) 13:13, 23 Ọnwa iri 2021 (UTC)

== Ihu mbụ ==

Asụpetaghị okwu a bụ ihu m bụ. O tosịr.i ịbụ Ihu mbụ. [[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|kwuo]]) 11:40, 11 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)

[[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|kwuo]]Nke a bụ eziokwu. [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 11:18, 31 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)
== NCPUG TheWikiVibrance International Youth Day 2022 (Audio and Photography)  ==
We are delighted to inform you the Nigerian Commons Photographers User Group NCPUG will be participating in the programs of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/NCPUG_WikiBrance_International_Youth_Day_2022_(ID:_21913535)%7CWikiVibrance International Youth Day 2022], to bring you and the youth to the International Youth Day Campaign. Which is to be lunch at Wikimania August 2022 and other events afterwards, if intrested leave me message or a comment.[[User:Anass-koko|&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Anass-koko&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Anasskoko|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 00:44, 12 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)
[[Òtù:Ihu mbụ]]
[[Òtù:Édémédé egosipụtara]]

== New featured article ==

Hello.

I am currently working on translating an article (https://en.wikiipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra) into Igbo. It is a relatively large and well sourced article, and when it is done, it might be good enough to go into the featured article area (assuming that it is checked over enough to make sure it's fine). I've translated some already, (see [[Alhambra]]), but my grammar might not be perfect so I'd appreciate another person to check that (I'm a native English speaker).


I would look forward to feedback.


Best regards, [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|ṅkátá]]) 00:35, 26 Mee 2026 (UTC)

:(Because the recent changes are so few, I'll ping someone:
:@[[Ojiarụ:Anasskoko|Anasskoko]]) [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|ṅkátá]]) 00:37, 26 Mee 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>dptpzvkhbophpsebzidwzpy4i8b0b42</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638959</id>
      <parentid>638958</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T00:40:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikipedian12512(alt)</username>
        <id>61413</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* New featured article */ Zaghachi</comment>
      <origin>638959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5252" sha1="l7gbbx8yt7fd72bxhrobogevm7clj04" xml:space="preserve">'''This is a place for discussing the main page.'''

For general discussions go to [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako]].

== Main page change ==
Hi,

The main page here is quite broken. It is full of red links. It is even more broken on mobile phones, and shows almost nothing.

The current code of the main page is too complicated and too hard to edit.

I recommend starting from scratch: Deleting everything and putting something very simple instead. Later it can be made more complex and designed, but in the beginning it should at least be usable.

Here's a very simple suggestion for a first version to begin from: [[Ọbanife:Amire80/mp]].

If no-one objects, I'll replace the current page with this next week.

If anyone has better proposals, I'll be happy to hear them.

Tagging active users: [[Ọbanife:Abuchi Chinedu Ojiaku]], [[Ọbanife:Blossom Ozurumba]], [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious]], [[Ọbanife:Uzoma Ozurumba]], [[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo]], [[Ọbanife:Ngozianaza]], [[Ọbanife:Ukabia]].

Thanks! --[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|talk]]) 07:03, 7 Ọnwaàsatọ 2019 (UTC)

:Hello [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]], 
:The proposed simple fix is okay.
:I removed some of the diacritics as they are not used for those particular words in Igbo language. 
:Thank you for this proposal.
:Regards,
:[[Ọbanife:Uzoma Ozurumba]]
:([[Okwu ọbanife:Uzoma Ozurumba|talk]])
::Thank you so much! --[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|talk]]) 09:06, 7 Ọnwaàsatọ 2019 (UTC)

:Hi [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]], 
:The proposed simple fix is okay.
:Thank you for this
:Regards,
:[[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious]]
:([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|talk]])
I'm English please

== Wikipedia or Wikipidia ==

Hi,

What is the right name for Wikipedia in Igbo?

The logo at the top says &quot;Wikipedia&quot;, but the main page says &quot;Wikipidia&quot;, and there is also the article [[Wikipidia]].

So what is correct? It should be consistent everywhere.

Thanks! --[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|talk]]) 07:50, 7 Ọnwaàsatọ 2019 (UTC)

:Hello [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]],
:The correct one is ”Wikipidia&quot;.
:Regards,

::Hello[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]],
::Its Wikipidia. 
::Thanks

::Hello[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]],
::The correct should be  Wikipidia
::Daalụ(Thanks)
:[[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo]]

== Hip hop song ==

Juice bae decide to release his new song &quot;title&quot; dream juice prove that yesterday in his Twitter account juice while a lot of people eager to listen it. [[Ọbanife:Ramadan bin|Ramadan bin]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Ramadan bin|kwuo]]) 13:13, 23 Ọnwa iri 2021 (UTC)

== Ihu mbụ ==

Asụpetaghị okwu a bụ ihu m bụ. O tosịr.i ịbụ Ihu mbụ. [[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|kwuo]]) 11:40, 11 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)

[[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|kwuo]]Nke a bụ eziokwu. [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 11:18, 31 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)
== NCPUG TheWikiVibrance International Youth Day 2022 (Audio and Photography)  ==
We are delighted to inform you the Nigerian Commons Photographers User Group NCPUG will be participating in the programs of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/NCPUG_WikiBrance_International_Youth_Day_2022_(ID:_21913535)%7CWikiVibrance International Youth Day 2022], to bring you and the youth to the International Youth Day Campaign. Which is to be lunch at Wikimania August 2022 and other events afterwards, if intrested leave me message or a comment.[[User:Anass-koko|&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Anass-koko&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Anasskoko|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 00:44, 12 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)
[[Òtù:Ihu mbụ]]
[[Òtù:Édémédé egosipụtara]]

== New featured article ==

Hello.

I am currently working on translating an article (https://en.wikiipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra) into Igbo. It is a relatively large and well sourced article, and when it is done, it might be good enough to go into the featured article area (assuming that it is checked over enough to make sure it's fine). I've translated some already, (see [[Alhambra]]), but my grammar might not be perfect so I'd appreciate another person to check that (I'm a native English speaker).


I would look forward to feedback.


Best regards, [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|ṅkátá]]) 00:35, 26 Mee 2026 (UTC)

:(Because the recent changes are so few, I'll ping someone:
:@[[Ojiarụ:Anasskoko|Anasskoko]]) [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|ṅkátá]]) 00:37, 26 Mee 2026 (UTC)
:I would expect to get (enough) done in about a month, maybe more, maybe less. In a bit after a month, I won't be using this account for a while, in which case It'll need to wait for September. [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|ṅkátá]]) 00:40, 26 Mee 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>l7gbbx8yt7fd72bxhrobogevm7clj04</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638960</id>
      <parentid>638959</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T00:41:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikipedian12512(alt)</username>
        <id>61413</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>H</comment>
      <origin>638960</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5252" sha1="npbzvuznz92t469hwyzn0i495b4akha" xml:space="preserve">'''This is a place for discussing the main page.'''

For general discussions go to [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako]].

== Main page change ==
Hi,

The main page here is quite broken. It is full of red links. It is even more broken on mobile phones, and shows almost nothing.

The current code of the main page is too complicated and too hard to edit.

I recommend starting from scratch: Deleting everything and putting something very simple instead. Later it can be made more complex and designed, but in the beginning it should at least be usable.

Here's a very simple suggestion for a first version to begin from: [[Ọbanife:Amire80/mp]].

If no-one objects, I'll replace the current page with this next week.

If anyone has better proposals, I'll be happy to hear them.

Tagging active users: [[Ọbanife:Abuchi Chinedu Ojiaku]], [[Ọbanife:Blossom Ozurumba]], [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious]], [[Ọbanife:Uzoma Ozurumba]], [[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo]], [[Ọbanife:Ngozianaza]], [[Ọbanife:Ukabia]].

Thanks! --[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|talk]]) 07:03, 7 Ọnwaàsatọ 2019 (UTC)

:Hello [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]], 
:The proposed simple fix is okay.
:I removed some of the diacritics as they are not used for those particular words in Igbo language. 
:Thank you for this proposal.
:Regards,
:[[Ọbanife:Uzoma Ozurumba]]
:([[Okwu ọbanife:Uzoma Ozurumba|talk]])
::Thank you so much! --[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|talk]]) 09:06, 7 Ọnwaàsatọ 2019 (UTC)

:Hi [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]], 
:The proposed simple fix is okay.
:Thank you for this
:Regards,
:[[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious]]
:([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|talk]])
I'm English please

== Wikipedia or Wikipidia ==

Hi,

What is the right name for Wikipedia in Igbo?

The logo at the top says &quot;Wikipedia&quot;, but the main page says &quot;Wikipidia&quot;, and there is also the article [[Wikipidia]].

So what is correct? It should be consistent everywhere.

Thanks! --[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|talk]]) 07:50, 7 Ọnwaàsatọ 2019 (UTC)

:Hello [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]],
:The correct one is ”Wikipidia&quot;.
:Regards,

::Hello[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]],
::Its Wikipidia. 
::Thanks

::Hello[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]],
::The correct should be  Wikipidia
::Daalụ(Thanks)
:[[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo]]

== Hip hop song ==

Juice bae decide to release his new song &quot;title&quot; dream juice prove that yesterday in his Twitter account juice while a lot of people eager to listen it. [[Ọbanife:Ramadan bin|Ramadan bin]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Ramadan bin|kwuo]]) 13:13, 23 Ọnwa iri 2021 (UTC)

== Ihu mbụ ==

Asụpetaghị okwu a bụ ihu m bụ. O tosịr.i ịbụ Ihu mbụ. [[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|kwuo]]) 11:40, 11 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)

[[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|kwuo]]Nke a bụ eziokwu. [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 11:18, 31 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)
== NCPUG TheWikiVibrance International Youth Day 2022 (Audio and Photography)  ==
We are delighted to inform you the Nigerian Commons Photographers User Group NCPUG will be participating in the programs of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/NCPUG_WikiBrance_International_Youth_Day_2022_(ID:_21913535)%7CWikiVibrance International Youth Day 2022], to bring you and the youth to the International Youth Day Campaign. Which is to be lunch at Wikimania August 2022 and other events afterwards, if intrested leave me message or a comment.[[User:Anass-koko|&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Anass-koko&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Anasskoko|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 00:44, 12 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)
[[Òtù:Ihu mbụ]]
[[Òtù:Édémédé egosipụtara]]

== New featured article ==

Hello.

I am currently working on translating an article (https://en.wikiipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra) into Igbo. It is a relatively large and well sourced article, and when it is done, it might be good enough to go into the featured article area (assuming that it is checked over enough to make sure it's fine). I've translated some already, (see [[Alhambra]]), but my grammar might not be perfect so I'd appreciate another person to check that (I'm a native English speaker).


I would look forward to feedback.


Best regards, [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|ṅkátá]]) 00:35, 26 Mee 2026 (UTC)

:(Because the recent changes are so few, I'll ping someone:
:@[[Ojiarụ:Anasskoko|Anasskoko]]) [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|ṅkátá]]) 00:37, 26 Mee 2026 (UTC)
:I would expect to get (enough) done in about a month, maybe more, maybe less. In a bit after a month, I won't be using this account for a while, in which case it'll need to wait for September. [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|Wikipedian12512(alt)]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512(alt)|ṅkátá]]) 00:40, 26 Mee 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>npbzvuznz92t469hwyzn0i495b4akha</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inna Modja</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11016</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638941</id>
      <parentid>200280</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T16:07:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638941</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6074" sha1="kx5d0h36zzhspkcfes06odf92i9op91" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Inna Bocoum''', Amakwaara dị ka '''Inna Modja''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na iteghete nke ọnwa Mee , afọ 1984), bụ amala [[Mali|Malian-]] French, bụ nwanyị na-abụ abụ n'emekwa ihe ngosi nlereanya mma. &quot;Modja&quot; pụtara &quot;ọjọọ, adịghị mma&quot; na Fulfulde . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tv5.org/TV5Site/publication/galerie-186-1-Les_mutilations_sexuelles_feminines_Etat_des_lieux.htm Les mutilations sexuelles feminines Etat des lieux]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;The actual word in the Fula language (Fulfulde) is ''moƴƴa'', being a negative form from the root ''moƴƴ-'' (good). &quot;Modja&quot; is a [[Francization|Francified]] transcription.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge nwata na oge uto ==
A mụrụ ya na Mee 19, 1984, na Bamako, Mali, na ezinụlọ Fula, Ma bụrụ onye nke isii n'ime ụmụ asaa, '''Inna Bocoum''' bu nne ya  gụrụ ya aha  a, bụ onye nyere ya aha a bụ Inna Modja, nke pụtara &quot;Inna dị njọ&quot; ma ọ bụ. &quot;Inna adịghị mma&quot; na Fulfulde. Mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, ndị mụrụ ya debara aha ya n'òtù ukwe. N'ụlọ, nna ya gbara ya ume ka ọ nwee ọganihu site n'ịkpọrọ́ ya ụfọdụ ndekọ  masịrị ya (ndị nwere nka dị ka Ray Charles, Ella Fitzgerald, Otis Redding, Sarah Vaughan )ọ nwekwara mkpali mmụọ  ya site na ụmụnne ya ndị tọrọ ya, bụ ndị gbanwere na Thrash Punk, na Rap, Oge Heavy Metal  nke ndị 80 ma ọ bụ 90, na mgbakwunye  Blues, Soul and Disco  . Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, ọ ka na-atụgharị n'etiti Hard Rock na egwu ịhụnanya. Ọ na-eleta onye agbata obi ya mgbe niile, Salif Keita, bụ onye na-akpọ ya òkù ka o sonye na Rail Band  nke Bamako, otu ndị agadi nwoke na-efegharị efegharị ( Bossa Nova na Jazz ), n'etiti ndị ya onwe ya gbara akwụkwọ.

Ọ na-ekwu okwu megide [[Ibe nwaanyị ugwu|ibi úgwù nwanyị]], ebe ya onwe ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị anọ bụ ndị ebere úgwù na-enweghị nkwado nne na nna ha, ihe omume ọ gụrụ banyere ya n'otu egwu ya. Ebe ọ bụ na a wara ya  ahụ. Ọ na-ekwukwa okwu megide ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, nke o gosipụtara na vidiyo nke egwu ya bụ &quot;La Valse de Marylore&quot;.

== 2009: Ọrụ mmalite na ''ụbọchị ọ bụla bụ ụwa ọhụrụ'' ==
Site n'ahụmahụ ndị a, Inna Modja mụtara ime nsokwunye na ụda ukwe dị iche iche, dị ka Swing ma ọ bụ Disco. O dabere  na ụda Pop na Soul. Mgbe ọ pụtachara na ihe nkiri TV pụrụ iche Fête de la Musique mepụtara nke France 2 na- abụ abụ duet tinyere Jason Mraz na egwu ya &quot; Lucky &quot;, Inna Modja megheere Sliimy n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ya. Ọ wepụtara otu egwu mbụ ya, &quot;Mista H&quot;, nke agụnyere na album mbụ ya &quot;Everyday is a New World&quot;, nke  ewepụtara n'ọnwa Ọktoba, 2009. Ọ kwadoro ya site na ngosipụta na ọtụtụ ihe ngosi TV, gụnyere &quot;Vivement Dimanche&quot; na &quot; Taratata &quot;.

== 2011–ka ọ dị ugbu a: ''Mgbanwe ịhụnanya'' ==
O guhachiri site n'otu ohuru ya bụ&quot;French Cancan (Monsieur Sainte Nitouche)&quot;  na Jun 2011ngwa ngwa , ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime nnukwu egwu oge  okpomọkụ kpụ ọkụnonu, bụ Summer hits nke 2011 na France wee bụrụ nke anọ na SNEP French Singles Chart . Ọ gbasoro ihe ịga nke ọma a tinyere &quot;La Fille du Lido&quot;, nke abụọ na albọm ya nke abụọ bụ &quot;Love Revolution&quot; nke ewepụtara n'onwa Nọvemba 7. O sonyere na [[:fr:Téléthon|Téléthon]] bụ kwa afọ, nke baara Association France megide Myopathy uru. Vidio egwu maka otu nke atọ, &quot;I am smiling&quot; (Febrụwarị 2012), bụ nke sitere na vidiyo sitere na ndị na-akwado ya.

O nyere ntunye mkpuchi nke &quot;Souris Puisque C'est Grave&quot; na albọm mkpuchi nke Alain Chamfort ''bụ̀ Elles &amp;amp;amp; Lui'' (2012), wee gbazinye olu ya na otu ọrụ ebere &quot;Je Reprends Ma Route&quot;, iji ritere otu ahụ uru nke&quot;Les Voix de&quot;. nwa&quot;.

Na 2018 o Sonyere na  nke nlegharị anya, na mkpali mmụọ nke Laurent Ruquier , nke Claude Bolling 's ''Les Parisiennes'' .

== Ihe ngosi ==

=== Albọm ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |Afọ
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Aha
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Ọnọdụ
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | Asambodo
|-
! width=&quot;40&quot; | &lt;small&gt;FRA&lt;/small&gt;
! width=&quot;40&quot; | &lt;small&gt;BEL&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| 2009
|Everyday Is a New World
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 56&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; -&lt;/div&gt;
|
|-
| 2011
|Love Resolution
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 28&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 98&lt;/div&gt;
| FRA: ọla edo
|-
| 2015
| ''Motel Bamako''
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 55&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; -&lt;/div&gt;
|
|-
|}

=== Ndị bụ naanị otu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Afọ
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Naanị otu
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Ọkwa chaatị kacha elu
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Album
|- style=&quot;font-size:smaller;&quot;
! width=&quot;35&quot; | BEL&lt;br /&gt;(WA)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ultratop.be/fr/search.asp?search=inna%20modja&amp;cat=s Wallonia peaks]&lt;/ref&gt;
! width=&quot;35&quot; | IKE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=inna modja|chart=all}} Canadian peaks]&lt;/ref&gt;
! width=&quot;35&quot; | FRA&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://lescharts.com/search.asp?search=inna+modja&amp;cat=s French peaks]&lt;/ref&gt;
! width=&quot;35&quot; | SWI&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=inna%20modja&amp;cat=s Swiss peaks]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2009
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Mister
| -
| -
| -
| -
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Kwa ụbọchị Bụ Ụwa Ọhụrụ''
|-
| 2010
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Life
| -
| -
| -
| -
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Ịhụnanya mgbanwe''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2011
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Cancan French (Monsieur Sainte Nitouche)
| 6
| 55
| 4
| 60
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &quot;La fille du Lido&quot;
| -
| 86
| 82
| -
|-
| 2012
| align=&quot;left&quot; |I Am Smiling
| -
| 83
| -
| -
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2014
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Forgive yourself
| -
| -
| 129
| -
| align=&quot;left&quot; | ''Motel Bamako''
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |I Want your Sex(Inna Modja Na Woodboyz)
| -
| -
| -
| -
|
|-
| 2015
| align=&quot;left&quot; | &quot;Tombouctou&quot;
| -
| -
| 147
| -
|
|-
|}

== Nrụtụaka ==
 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190402075907/http://www.innamodja.com/ Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>kx5d0h36zzhspkcfes06odf92i9op91</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sharon Farmer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15901</id>
    <revision>
      <id>639003</id>
      <parentid>198213</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T11:20:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>87</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing President_Bill_Clinton_with_Prime_Minister_Ehud_Barak_of_Israel_and_Chairman_Yasser_Arafat_of_the_Palestinian_Authority.jpg with [[File:Prime_Minister_Ehud_Barak_of_Israel_and_Chairman_Yasser_Arafat_of_the_Palestinian_Authority_shake_hands_at_a_</comment>
      <origin>639003</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5742" sha1="0ur9lryyqzr9bizpou1udn0kasf5q36" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Infobox officeholder|image=|office=[[Chief Official White House Photographer]]|termstart=September 1998|termend=January 20, 2001|president=[[Bill Clinton]]|predecessor=[[Bob McNeely]]|successor=[[Eric Draper]]}}
'''Sharon Camille''' Farmer (amụrụ n'ọnwa Juun 10, afọ 1951) bụ onye Amerịka na-ese foto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.otesa.com/pdfs/profilesandbios/Profile%20Sharon%20Farmer%20African-American%20National%20Biography.pdf|title=Profile Sharon Farmer African-American National Biography|first=Henry Louis|author=Gates|authorlink=Henry Louis Gates Jr.|accessdate=September 30, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nwanyị Afrịka-Amerịka mbụ e were n'ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto White House&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Rugged Waters: Black Journalists Swim the Mainstream|url=https://archive.org/details/ruggedwatersblac00dawk|publisher=August Press LLC|date=January 1, 2003|isbn=9780963572073|language=en|first=Wayne|author=Dawkins}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Complete Encyclopedia of African American History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsKHCgAAQBAJ|publisher=Visible Ink Press|date=June 1, 2015|isbn=9781578595839|language=en|first=Jessie Carney|author=Smith}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nwanyị Afrịka-Amerịka nke mbụ na nwanyị mbụ ịbụ onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ foto White House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet White House Photographer, Sharon Farmer|url=http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/kids/inside/html/fall99/html/farmer.html|work=clinton4.nara.gov|accessdate=November 12, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ellsworth J. Davis, first black photographer for The Washington Post, dies at 86|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/ellsworth-j-davis-first-black-photographer-for-the-washington-post-dies-at-86/2013/08/19/89241e36-08de-11e3-b87c-476db8ac34cd_story.html|work=The Washington Post|date=August 19, 2013|accessdate=November 20, 2015|language=en-US|first=Emily|author=Langer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Farmer ma zụlite ya na Washington, D.C. ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ohio State n'afo 1974 na nzere na foto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Black photographers tell their stories|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/therootdc/post/black-photographers-tell-their-stories/2011/11/22/gIQATij64N_blog.html|work=The Washington Post|date=November 22, 2011|accessdate=November 20, 2015|language=en-US|first=Macy L.|author=Freeman}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ ọ ghọrọ onye otu Delta Sigma Theta sorority, osote onye isi oche nke gọọmentị ụmụ akwụkwọ, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, Our Choking Times .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sharon Farmer|url=http://lgbthistorymonth.com/sharon-farmer?tab=biography|work=LGBTHistoryMonth.com|accessdate=November 12, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Prime Minister Ehud Barak of Israel and Chairman Yasser Arafat of the Palestinian Authority shake hands at a trilateral meeting at the U.S. Ambassador's residence in Oslo, Norway - DPLA - fc56152fbb8cd5a11e698f338a8304d0.jpg|alt=Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat, U.S. President Bill Clinton and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak came together for peace negotiations in 2000. Photograph by Sharon Farmer|thumb|Sharon Onye ọrụ ugbo foto nke onye isi oche Palestinian Authority Yasser Arafat, Onye isi ala US Bill Clinton na Praịm Minista Israel Ehud Barak bụ ndị gbakọtara maka mkparịta ụka udo n'afọ 2000.]]

== Ọrụ ==
Farmer malitere ọrụ ya n'afọ 1974 na-agbapụ mkpuchi albọm. Foto onwe ya toro na foto ''akụkọ'' ma rụọ ọrụ maka Smithsonian Institution, The Washington Post na American Association for the Advancement of Science.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sharon Farmer|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/sharon-farmer-41|work=The HistoryMakers|accessdate=November 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1993, e goro Sharon Farmer ka ọ see foto maka White House na-ekpuchi Onye isi ala Bill Clinton na nwanyị mbụ Hillary Rodham Clinton.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Photographer Spotlight {{!}} Sharon Farmer|url=http://thephotographer4you.com/photography/photographer-spotlight-sharon-farmer|work=thephotographer4you.com|accessdate=November 19, 2015|archivedate=November 17, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117214224/http://thephotographer4you.com/photography/photographer-spotlight-sharon-farmer/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Minor Rift Between First Pets - 01-06-98|url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/01/06/vxtreme/pets.rift/|publisher=CNN|work=AllPolitics|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mgbe e mesịrị, e buliri Farmer ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke White House Photography wee bụrụ onye Afrịka-Amerịka mbụ na nwanyị mbụ nwere ọnọdụ a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tuason presents award to Sharon Farmer|url=http://www.glaa.org/archive/2011/tuason2farmer0420.shtml|work=www.glaa.org|date=April 20, 2011|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gụnyere ọrụ Farmer n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi, gụnyere: &quot;Songs of My People,&quot; &quot;Art against AIDS,&quot; &quot;Gospel in the Projects,&quot; &quot;Twenty Years on the Mall,&quot; &quot;Washington, DC-Beijing Exchange,&quot; na &quot;Our View of Struggle&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ụlọ akwụkwọ ==
Sharon Farmer gụrụ akwụkwọ na foto ma mechaa na egwu na Mahadum Ohio State dị na Columbus, Ohio, ebe ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor of Arts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sharon Farmer|url=https://focusonthestory.org/festival/bios/sharon-farmer/|work=Focus On The Story|accessdate=11 December 2020|archivedate=15 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515113958/https://focusonthestory.org/festival/bios/sharon-farmer/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>0ur9lryyqzr9bizpou1udn0kasf5q36</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Otulu, Oru West</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>20632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638946</id>
      <parentid>577270</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T18:01:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lucy Iwuala</username>
        <id>12732</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tinyere Mkpọpụta</comment>
      <origin>638946</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6988" sha1="1rmhe5ood9jii73xg7ztehlluummpbj" xml:space="preserve">'''[[c:|Otulu]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA017|title=Imo (State, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Lucy Iwuala-Otulu, Oru West.wav|Mkpọpụta}} bụ obodo dị na mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo Oru West nke Imo State, Nigeria . Ọ dị n'akụkụ Owerri-Onitsha Federal Highway (nke a na-akọwa dị ka Highway A6 site na map Google) na Imo State. Site na Owerri ruo Onitsha, ịga agafe Awo-Omanma, Amiri na Otulu mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ịga enwete Mgbidi; ebe site na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] ruo [[Òwèrè|Owerri]], ịga afụ Otulu mgbe Mgbidi gasịrị.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Aha Otulu sitere na okwu Igbo abụọ 'Otu' nke pụtara 'Otu&quot; na 'Olu' nke pụtara' olu', jikọta ya na 'otu olu'. Nna Otulu bụ Igbo n'abunkwu. O sitere na Nri na Anambra Steeti. Ya mere a maara obodo ahụ dị ka Otulu Igbo n'abunkwu. Mgbe Igbo n'abunkwu malitere ịgbasa, ya na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ si n'obodo ya họọrọ aha Otulu &quot;otu olu&quot; nke na-egosi ịdị n'otu nke bụ 'ka anyị dịrị n'otu'.

Dị ka Chief E. Ndubuisi si kwuo, Otulu lụrụ nwunye abụọ, nwunye mbụ bụ Lolo Ogueri Ukwu na nwunye nke abụọ bụ Lolo Uji.&lt;ref&gt;personal communication, July 29, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Nwunye mbụ ahụ mụrụ ụmụ abụọ aha ha bụ, Umuhu na Umuezem. Nwunye nke abụọ nwere ụmụ atọ bụ Ubahawa, Okponsu na Umuojienwe. Umuhu bụ nwa mbụ nke Otulu, Umuezem bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ, Ubahawa bụ nwa nwoke ya atọ, Okponsu bụ nwa nwoke na Umuojienwe bụ nwa nwoke ikpeazụ. Umuhu nwere ụmụ atọ ha bụ Umunkwa, Umudurukwu na Umuofia. Umuhu mere obodo mbụ, Umuezem mekwara obodo nke ya na ụmụ ya nwoke ise bụ Umuochihe, Umuelile, Umunka, Umuaro na Umuaso. Ubahawa na ụmụ ya nwoke isii mere obodo nke ya ha bụ Umuokwa, Umunabia, Umudikwa, Ubahawa Oji, Umuabuba, Umuosunkita gụnyere ụmụnne ya abụọ Okponsu na Umuojienwe. Ndị a mejupụtara obodo iri na isii dị na Otulu. Otulu nwere otu obodo na-achị onwe ya na obodo iri na isii mana okike nke obodo na-ahụ onwe ya na Imo Steeti n'afọ 2003 mere ka nkewa nke obodo Otulu banye n'ime obodo abụọ dị iche iche na-achịkwa onwe ha, nke mere na obodo ọbụla na-achị achị bụ onye ọchịchị ọdịnala. Nke a pụtara na e mepụtara obodo ndị na-achị onwe ha nke Umuhu na Umuezem site na obodo ndị na'onwe ha nke Otulu n'oge ahụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ gọọmentị Imo State of Nigeria No.4 Vol 28 nke 29 Ọktoba 2003. Obodo Umuhu na Umuezem nwere onwe ha nwere obodo asatọ bụ Umuofia, Umunka, Umuelile, Umudurukwu, Umuaro, Umuochihe, na Umuaso. Ọ bụ ezie na obodo Otulu na-achị onwe ya hapụrụ obodo asatọ fọdụrụnụ bụ Umuokwa, Ubahawa Oji, Umudikwa, Umuabuba, Umunabia, Umuosonkita, Okposu na Umuojienwe.

Otulu nwere ndị ọchịchị ọdịnala abụọ bụ, Obi nke Otulu onye bu HRH Eze Festus I. Orji na Igwe nke Otulu na onye HRH Eze Sunday B. Nnabue; na-achị obodo Otulu na-achị onwe ya na Umuhu / Umuezem na-achịkwa onwe ya.

== Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ==
Otulu nwere ndị bi na ya dị ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,028.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://population.city/nigeria/adm/imo/|title=Imo Population|accessdate=2022-10-05|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326084945/http://population.city/nigeria/adm/imo/}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere obodo abụọ na-achị onwe ha: Ubahawa na Umuhu / Umuezem.

Ubahawa nwere obodo nta ndị a:

# Umundikwa
# Umunnabe
# Ubahawa-ocha
# Ubahawa-oji
# Nkponsu
# Umuabuba
# Umuosonkita Gị
# Umuojienwe

Ọ bụ ezie na Umuhu/Umuezem nwere:

# Umunkwa
# Umudurukwu
# Umuofia
# Umuochoihe
# Umunka
# Ụgbọ mmiri na-agba ọsọ
# Umuaro
# Umuaso

Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ nọ n'obodo ahụ bụ Ndị Kraịst nke kewara n'etiti ụka Anglican na Chọọchị Roman Katọlik. E nwere nnukwu ndị na-eso Anglicanism n'etiti ụmụ amaala Ubahawa na St. Stephen's Anglican Church na-eje ozi dị ka chọọchị dị n'ógbè ahụ yana archdeaconry. Chọọchị Anglịkan nwekwara ụfọdụ ndị na-efe ofufe ole na ole si Umuhu na Umuezem, yana ndị na-abụghị ụmụ amaala. St. Stephen's Anglican Church, Otulu bụ nke Christian Missionary Society (CMS) guzobere na 1914.

Roman Katọlik n'akụkọ ihe mere eme abụwo ihe na Umuhu na Umuezem, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwekwara ọtụtụ ndị na-eso ya na Ubahawa. E guzobere St. Christopher's Catholic Church na Ubahawa na 1990s.

Tupu ọbịbịa nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, ndị Otulu dị ka ọtụtụ obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka na-etinye aka n'ụzọ miri emi na nkwenkwe obodo ha na chi obodo dị ka Ogwugwu, Obana na Ala Umuhu. N'oge ahụ, ụlọ ezinụlọ ọ bụla nwere akụkụ dị iche iche maka chi ezinụlọ ha, na isi (nna) nke ezinụlọ ga-achụ àjà mgbe niile maka ezinụlọ ya na maka mkpa ndị ọzọ. Onye isi nchụàjà na-eme otu ihe ahụ maka obodo dum. Mana site na mbata nke [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]], Otulu ugbu a nwere ezinụlọ ole na ole ma ọ bụ enweghị ezinụlọ ka na-eme omume a.

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
E nwere otu ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Otulu, nke a na-akpọ Otulu Secondary Commercial School. Ọ bụ ndị mmadụ wuru ya na mbido afọ 1980. E nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị abụọ gọọmentị nwere bụ Community Primary School Otulu na Progressive Central School Otulu.

== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ==
Otulu nwere ahịa ahịa abụọ a na-akpọ Afor Otulu na Orie Otulu dị na Ubahawa na Umuhu / Umuezem.

Obodo a na-erite uru nke ukwuu site n'ịnọ n'okporo ụzọ Onitsha-Owerri, n'ihi na ọtụtụ ụlọ ahịa na azụmaahịa na-adịkarị n'okpero ụzọ a. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ole na ole dị n'obodo ahụ na 1990s na mmalite 2000s, mana ọ bụghị ọzọ.

== Njem ==
E nwere emume ọdịnala dị iche iche nke a maara ndị Otulu maka ya, emume ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere emume Owu, emume Ogugu, nke dị n'etiti June na July nke afọ ọ bụla, Iri-ji (emume yam ọhụrụ) nke ndị ọchịchị ọdịnala na-eduzi.

Nzukọ Ọgọstụ bụ ihe omume ụmụ nwanyị Otulu na-eme kwa afọ n'ọnwa Ọgọustụ.

A na-eme emume Obana (masquerade) n'ọnwa Ọktoba na Nọvemba kwa afọ.

Ememe Krismas na ezumike Afọ Ọhụrụ bụ nnukwu ihe omume na Otulu. Ụmụ amaala Otulu, yana ụmụ amaala Otlu ndị bi n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa, na-alaghachi n'ụlọ Otulu na ezinụlọ ha iji soro ndị ikwu na ndị enyi ha ndị ọzọ nọrọ oge. E nwere asọmpi bọọlụ na ọtụtụ oriri n'èzí dị ka emume agbamakwụkwọ na ihe omume afọ n'oge ememme a.

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
{{Populated places of Imo State}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>1rmhe5ood9jii73xg7ztehlluummpbj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638949</id>
      <parentid>638946</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T18:41:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lucy Iwuala</username>
        <id>12732</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Formatted content</comment>
      <origin>638949</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6994" sha1="jdfo30ige6ccad2znyt38xlw1nzbo5z" xml:space="preserve">'''[[c:|Otulu]]'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA017|title=Imo (State, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''{{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Lucy Iwuala-Otulu, Oru West.wav|(Mkpọpụta)}}'' bụ obodo dị na mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo Oru West nke Imo State, Nigeria . Ọ dị n'akụkụ Owerri-Onitsha Federal Highway (nke a na-akọwa dị ka Highway A6 site na map Google) na Imo State. Site na Owerri ruo Onitsha, ịga agafe Awo-Omanma, Amiri na Otulu mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ịga enwete Mgbidi; ebe site na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] ruo [[Òwèrè|Owerri]], ịga afụ Otulu mgbe Mgbidi gasịrị.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Aha Otulu sitere na okwu Igbo abụọ 'Otu' nke pụtara 'Otu&quot; na 'Olu' nke pụtara' olu', jikọta ya na 'otu olu'. Nna Otulu bụ Igbo n'abunkwu. O sitere na Nri na Anambra Steeti. Ya mere a maara obodo ahụ dị ka Otulu Igbo n'abunkwu. Mgbe Igbo n'abunkwu malitere ịgbasa, ya na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ si n'obodo ya họọrọ aha Otulu &quot;otu olu&quot; nke na-egosi ịdị n'otu nke bụ 'ka anyị dịrị n'otu'.

Dị ka Chief E. Ndubuisi si kwuo, Otulu lụrụ nwunye abụọ, nwunye mbụ bụ Lolo Ogueri Ukwu na nwunye nke abụọ bụ Lolo Uji.&lt;ref&gt;personal communication, July 29, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Nwunye mbụ ahụ mụrụ ụmụ abụọ aha ha bụ, Umuhu na Umuezem. Nwunye nke abụọ nwere ụmụ atọ bụ Ubahawa, Okponsu na Umuojienwe. Umuhu bụ nwa mbụ nke Otulu, Umuezem bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ, Ubahawa bụ nwa nwoke ya atọ, Okponsu bụ nwa nwoke na Umuojienwe bụ nwa nwoke ikpeazụ. Umuhu nwere ụmụ atọ ha bụ Umunkwa, Umudurukwu na Umuofia. Umuhu mere obodo mbụ, Umuezem mekwara obodo nke ya na ụmụ ya nwoke ise bụ Umuochihe, Umuelile, Umunka, Umuaro na Umuaso. Ubahawa na ụmụ ya nwoke isii mere obodo nke ya ha bụ Umuokwa, Umunabia, Umudikwa, Ubahawa Oji, Umuabuba, Umuosunkita gụnyere ụmụnne ya abụọ Okponsu na Umuojienwe. Ndị a mejupụtara obodo iri na isii dị na Otulu. Otulu nwere otu obodo na-achị onwe ya na obodo iri na isii mana okike nke obodo na-ahụ onwe ya na Imo Steeti n'afọ 2003 mere ka nkewa nke obodo Otulu banye n'ime obodo abụọ dị iche iche na-achịkwa onwe ha, nke mere na obodo ọbụla na-achị achị bụ onye ọchịchị ọdịnala. Nke a pụtara na e mepụtara obodo ndị na-achị onwe ha nke Umuhu na Umuezem site na obodo ndị na'onwe ha nke Otulu n'oge ahụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ gọọmentị Imo State of Nigeria No.4 Vol 28 nke 29 Ọktoba 2003. Obodo Umuhu na Umuezem nwere onwe ha nwere obodo asatọ bụ Umuofia, Umunka, Umuelile, Umudurukwu, Umuaro, Umuochihe, na Umuaso. Ọ bụ ezie na obodo Otulu na-achị onwe ya hapụrụ obodo asatọ fọdụrụnụ bụ Umuokwa, Ubahawa Oji, Umudikwa, Umuabuba, Umunabia, Umuosonkita, Okposu na Umuojienwe.

Otulu nwere ndị ọchịchị ọdịnala abụọ bụ, Obi nke Otulu onye bu HRH Eze Festus I. Orji na Igwe nke Otulu na onye HRH Eze Sunday B. Nnabue; na-achị obodo Otulu na-achị onwe ya na Umuhu / Umuezem na-achịkwa onwe ya.

== Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ==
Otulu nwere ndị bi na ya dị ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,028.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://population.city/nigeria/adm/imo/|title=Imo Population|accessdate=2022-10-05|archivedate=2022-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326084945/http://population.city/nigeria/adm/imo/}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere obodo abụọ na-achị onwe ha: Ubahawa na Umuhu / Umuezem.

Ubahawa nwere obodo nta ndị a:

# Umundikwa
# Umunnabe
# Ubahawa-ocha
# Ubahawa-oji
# Nkponsu
# Umuabuba
# Umuosonkita Gị
# Umuojienwe

Ọ bụ ezie na Umuhu/Umuezem nwere:

# Umunkwa
# Umudurukwu
# Umuofia
# Umuochoihe
# Umunka
# Ụgbọ mmiri na-agba ọsọ
# Umuaro
# Umuaso

Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ nọ n'obodo ahụ bụ Ndị Kraịst nke kewara n'etiti ụka Anglican na Chọọchị Roman Katọlik. E nwere nnukwu ndị na-eso Anglicanism n'etiti ụmụ amaala Ubahawa na St. Stephen's Anglican Church na-eje ozi dị ka chọọchị dị n'ógbè ahụ yana archdeaconry. Chọọchị Anglịkan nwekwara ụfọdụ ndị na-efe ofufe ole na ole si Umuhu na Umuezem, yana ndị na-abụghị ụmụ amaala. St. Stephen's Anglican Church, Otulu bụ nke Christian Missionary Society (CMS) guzobere na 1914.

Roman Katọlik n'akụkọ ihe mere eme abụwo ihe na Umuhu na Umuezem, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwekwara ọtụtụ ndị na-eso ya na Ubahawa. E guzobere St. Christopher's Catholic Church na Ubahawa na 1990s.

Tupu ọbịbịa nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, ndị Otulu dị ka ọtụtụ obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka na-etinye aka n'ụzọ miri emi na nkwenkwe obodo ha na chi obodo dị ka Ogwugwu, Obana na Ala Umuhu. N'oge ahụ, ụlọ ezinụlọ ọ bụla nwere akụkụ dị iche iche maka chi ezinụlọ ha, na isi (nna) nke ezinụlọ ga-achụ àjà mgbe niile maka ezinụlọ ya na maka mkpa ndị ọzọ. Onye isi nchụàjà na-eme otu ihe ahụ maka obodo dum. Mana site na mbata nke [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]], Otulu ugbu a nwere ezinụlọ ole na ole ma ọ bụ enweghị ezinụlọ ka na-eme omume a.

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
E nwere otu ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Otulu, nke a na-akpọ Otulu Secondary Commercial School. Ọ bụ ndị mmadụ wuru ya na mbido afọ 1980. E nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị abụọ gọọmentị nwere bụ Community Primary School Otulu na Progressive Central School Otulu.

== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ==
Otulu nwere ahịa ahịa abụọ a na-akpọ Afor Otulu na Orie Otulu dị na Ubahawa na Umuhu / Umuezem.

Obodo a na-erite uru nke ukwuu site n'ịnọ n'okporo ụzọ Onitsha-Owerri, n'ihi na ọtụtụ ụlọ ahịa na azụmaahịa na-adịkarị n'okpero ụzọ a. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ole na ole dị n'obodo ahụ na 1990s na mmalite 2000s, mana ọ bụghị ọzọ.

== Njem ==
E nwere emume ọdịnala dị iche iche nke a maara ndị Otulu maka ya, emume ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere emume Owu, emume Ogugu, nke dị n'etiti June na July nke afọ ọ bụla, Iri-ji (emume yam ọhụrụ) nke ndị ọchịchị ọdịnala na-eduzi.

Nzukọ Ọgọstụ bụ ihe omume ụmụ nwanyị Otulu na-eme kwa afọ n'ọnwa Ọgọustụ.

A na-eme emume Obana (masquerade) n'ọnwa Ọktoba na Nọvemba kwa afọ.

Ememe Krismas na ezumike Afọ Ọhụrụ bụ nnukwu ihe omume na Otulu. Ụmụ amaala Otulu, yana ụmụ amaala Otlu ndị bi n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa, na-alaghachi n'ụlọ Otulu na ezinụlọ ha iji soro ndị ikwu na ndị enyi ha ndị ọzọ nọrọ oge. E nwere asọmpi bọọlụ na ọtụtụ oriri n'èzí dị ka emume agbamakwụkwọ na ihe omume afọ n'oge ememme a.

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
{{Populated places of Imo State}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>jdfo30ige6ccad2znyt38xlw1nzbo5z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khadija Oussat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>24913</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638995</id>
      <parentid>110821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T08:23:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638995</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1626" sha1="1hcqhfeaactdk44i1t1ab9vb5xq8ys4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Khadija Oussat''' bụ onye Morocco bụbu onye na agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka [[Footbọl|onye]] na edebe goolu. Ọ bụ onye otu ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Morocco.

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Oussat agbaala bọọlụ maka CA Khénifra na Morocco.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2006/Football-feminin_Stage-de-preparation-de-l-equipe-marocaine-feminine/68999.html|title=Stage de préparation de l'équipe marocaine féminine|date=9 September 2006|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/eliminatoires-2008-a69764.html|title=Eliminatoires JO-2008: La sélection marocaine en préparation à Maâmora|language=fr|date=17 February 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lematin.ma/express/2008/Selection-marocaine-feminine-de-football-_23-joueuses-en-stages-de-preparation-a-Casablanca-/85734.html|title=23 joueuses en stages de préparation à Casablanca|language=fr|date=16 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Oussat gbara ọsọ maka Morocco na ọkwa dị elu na 8 Maachị 2008 n'ụlọ enyi 0–6 furu efu.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị Morocco na-agba bọọlụ mba ụwa

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{Cite web|url=https://www.maghress.com/fr/lionsdelatlas/6079|title=Trois Lionnes partent chasser aux EAU !|language=fr|work=Maghress|publisher=Lions De l'Atlas|date=12 October 2011|accessdate=4 April 2023|archivedate=4 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404224320/https://www.maghress.com/fr/lionsdelatlas/6079}}
* Khadija Oussat on Facebook
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>1hcqhfeaactdk44i1t1ab9vb5xq8ys4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imeri Ọrịa Autism</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26423</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638939</id>
      <parentid>195676</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T15:41:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638939</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2699" sha1="o4opqdvvrfaicnr6hu9zakawdw6d986" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''''Overcoming Autism: Finding the Answers, Strategies, and Hope That Can Transform a Child's Life''''' bụ akwụkwọ nke onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Claire Scovell LaZebrik dere ya na onye na-agwọ ọrịa Lynn Level, nke UCSB AutismImeri Autism: Ịchọta azịza, Strategies, na Olileanya nke nwere ike ịgbanwe ndụ nwata bụ akwụkwọ nke onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Claire Scovell LaZebrik dere ya na onye na-agwọ ọrịa Lynn Level, nke UCSB Autism Ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na ọzụzụ, na 2004. {{Tinye edensibịa}}

Akwụkwọ a abụghị akụkọ ifo ma na-anọchite anya echiche nyocha omume.  Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na'akwado iji ọgwụgwọ nzaghachi dị mkpa na ịrụ ọrụ na ụmụaka dị autistic. {{Tinye edensibịa}}

== Isiokwu ==
Isi nke Mbụ - Nnyocha: Ịlanarị Akụkọ Kasị njọ Ị ga-enweta/Diagnosis: Surviving the Worst News You'll Ever Get

Isi nke Abụọ - Ịkwụsị Ogologo Ogwe Nkwurịta Okwu: Ịkụziri Nwa Gị Ka Ịma Ntụziaka/Ending the Long Silence: [[:en:Teaching|Teaching]] Your Child to [[:en:Communication|Communicate]]

Isi nke Atọ - Anya mmiri, Mgbaze, Mwakpo, na Mmerụ Onwe Onye: Ịgbaji Okirikiri/Tears, [[:en:Tantrum|Meltdowns]], Aggression, and [[:en:Self-Injury|Self-Injury]]: Breaking the Cycle

Isi nke anọ - Mmetụta Onwe Onye: Ịkụ aka, Ịgba, Na-agbagọ agbagha, na Omume Ndị Ọzọ/[[:en:Stimming|Self-Stimulation]]: Flapping, Banging, Twirling, and Other Repetitive Behaviors

Isi nke Ise - Nkà Mmekọrịta: Ịtụgharị Asụsụ na Egwuregwu n'ime Mmetụta Dị Mkpa/[[:en:Social_skills|Social Skills]]: Turning Language and Play into Meaningful Interactions

Isi nke Isii - Ịlụso Egwu na Mgbanwe: Iweghachi Nwa Gị n'Ụwa N'ezie/Battling [[:en:Fears|Fears]] and Fixations: Bringing Your Child Back to the Real World

Isi nke asaa - Mmụta: Ịchọta Ebe Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Dị Mma ma Mee ka Ọ bụrụ Ihe Dị Ama/[[:en:Education|Education]]: Finding the Right School Placement and Making It Even More Right

Isi nke Asatọ - Ndụ Ezinụlọ: Ịlụ ọgụ n'ụzọ ị ga-esi laghachi n&quot;ọnọdụ gị/Family Life: Fighting Your Way Back to [[:en:Normal_(behavior)|Normalcy]]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091024122647/http://clairelazebnik.com/overcoming-autism/ ''Imeri'' Autism na Claire LaZebnik Website]
* [http://www.education.ucsb.edu/autism/ UCSB Autism Research and Training Center Home Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240420165237/https://www.2-b-well.org/ Jean Genet - Onye guzobere Byonetics, Onye Na-anwụghị na Autism]
[[Òtù:Akwụkwọ]]</text>
      <sha1>o4opqdvvrfaicnr6hu9zakawdw6d986</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ikpe ihu igwe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638938</id>
      <parentid>540506</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T15:09:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638938</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48362" sha1="dmez1dmo2bjycrx5flpxdfhyx3f44np" xml:space="preserve">
[[Usòrò:Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands,_large_courtroom_(cropped).jpg|thumb|N'afọ 2019, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Netherlands kwupụtara na gọọmentị ga-ebelata ikuku carbon dioxide, dịka mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eyi ahụike mmadụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaminski&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Isabella Kaminski|title=Dutch supreme court upholds landmark ruling demanding climate action|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/20/dutch-supreme-court-upholds-landmark-ruling-demanding-climate-action|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=20 December 2019|accessdate=20 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Ikpe mgbanwe ihu igwe''', nke a makwaara dị ka '''ikpe ihu''' ọha, bụ usoro iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na-apụta site na iji usoro ikpe setịpụ iwu ikpe iji mee ka mbọ ndị ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze na ụlọ akwụkwọ na gọọmentị na ndị ọzọ na ya na mgbanwe mgbanwe ọnọdụ ihu ọma.  N'okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị nwayọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-egbu oge nkwụsị mgbanwe ihu igwe, ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị ọkàiwu amụbawo mgbalị iji jiri usoro ikpe nke mba na nke mba na-aga n'ihu na mgbalị ahụ.  Mkpebi gbasara ihu igwe na-etinyekarị aka n'otu n'ime ụdị ise nke ebubo iwu. Iwu (gbadoro anya na mmebi nke ikike iwu obodo site na steeti), wu nhazi (na-ama aka iru eru nke ime mkpebi nchịkwa), iwu nzuzo (ụlọ ọrụ na-ama aka).  ma ọ bụ òtù ndị ọzọ maka nleghara anya, mkpasu iwe, wdg, aghụghọ ma ọ bụ nchebe ndị ahịa (ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ama aka maka ịkọwahie ozi gbasara mmetụta ihu igwe), ma ọ bụ ikike mmadụ (na-azọrọ na ọdịda ime mgbanwe ihu igwe adịghị echebe ikike mmadụ).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Viola2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pasquale Viola|date=29 March 2022|title=Climate Constitutionalism Momentum: Adaptive Legal Systems|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-03-097336-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kN5mEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA103}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Orangias|first=Joseph|title=Towards global public trust doctrines: an analysis of the transnationalisation of state stewardship duties|journal=Transnational Legal Theory|date=1 December 2021|volume=12|issue=4|pages=550–586|doi=10.1080/20414005.2021.2006030}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kemgbe mmalite afọ 2000, usoro iwu maka ịlụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ ejirila iwu dịnụ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ikpe ụlọ ikpe emeela ka iwu mba ụwa jikọta omume ihu ọha na ihe ịma aka iwu, metụtara iwu iwu usoro, iwu nchịkwa, ikike onwe onye, Iwu nchedo ndị ahịa ma ọ bụ ikike mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime ikpe na usoro ndị na-aga nke ọma lekwasịrị anya n&quot;ịkwalite mkpa nke ikpe ziri ezi ihu igwe na [[School Strike for Climate|mmegharị ihu]] ọha ndị ntorobịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Greenpeace Germany sues Volkswagen over carbon emissions targets|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/09/business/volkswagen-climate-greenpeace-lawsuit/index.html|accessdate=11 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe afọ 2015, e nweela ihe na-eme n'iji arụmụka gbasara ikike mmadụ na ikpe ikpe ihu igwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;rights turn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peel|first=Jacqueline|title=A Rights Turn in Climate Change Litigation?|journal=Transnational Environmental Law|date=March 2018|volume=7|issue=1|pages=37–67|doi=10.1017/S2047102517000292}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ikpe ikpe ihu igwe dị elu e wetara megide steeti gụnyere ''Leghari v''. ''Pakistan'', ''Juliana v''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leghari&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leghari v. Federation of Pakistan|url=http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/ashgar-leghari-v-federation-of-pakistan/|work=Climate Case Chart|publisher=Sabin Centre for Climate Change Law}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''United States'' (ha abụọ 2015), ''Urgenda v''. ''Netherlands'' (2019), na ''Neubauer v''. ''Germany'' (2021)., ebe ''Milieudefensie v Royal Dutch Shell'' (2021) bụ ikpe kachasị elu megide ụlọ ọrụ ruo ugbu a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Beauregard|first=Charles|date=28 May 2021|title=Climate justice and rights-based litigation in a post-Paris world|journal=Climate Policy|volume=21|issue=5|pages=652–665|doi=10.1080/14693062.2020.1867047|issn=1469-3062}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marris|first=Emma|date=3 November 2018|title=US Supreme Court allows historic kids' climate lawsuit to go forward|language=en|pages=163–164|journal=Nature|volume=563|issue=7730|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07214-2/|accessdate=7 November 2021|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-07214-2|pmid=30401851}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Viglione|first=Giuliana|date=28 February 2020|title=Climate lawsuits are breaking new legal ground to protect the planet|language=en|pages=184–185|journal=Nature|volume=579|issue=7798|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00175-5/|accessdate=7 November 2021|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00175-5|pmid=32157222}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Constitutional complaints against the Federal Climate Change Act partially successful|url=https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/EN/2021/bvg21-031.html|work=www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de|publisher=Bundesverfassungsgericht}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shell: Netherlands court orders oil giant to cut emissions|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-57257982|work=BBC News|date=26 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-etinye ego na coal, mmanụ, na ụlọ ọrụ gas nwere ike ịbụ ndị iwu na omume maka mmebi ikike mmadụ metụtara ihu igwe, ọ bụ ezie na mkpebi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ikike igbochi ha itinye aka na mmejọ dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Science Hub for Climate Litigation {{!}} Union of Concerned Scientists|url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/science-hub-climate-litigation|accessdate=7 November 2021|work=www.ucsusa.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 December 2020|title=As South Africa clings to coal, a struggle for the right to breathe|url=https://grist.org/justice/as-south-africa-clings-to-coal-a-struggle-for-the-right-to-breathe/|accessdate=7 November 2021|work=Grist|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-emekarị ikpe site na ijikọ mgbalị na ihe onwunwe dịka site n'aka òtù dị ka Greenpeace, dị na Green Peace [[Poland]] nke gbara ụlọ ọrụ coal na greenpeace Germany nke kpere onye na'emepụta ụgbọ ala akwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 November 2018|title=Greenpeace threatens to sue coal utility in Poland|url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2018/11/29/greenpeace-threatens-sue-coal-utility-poland/|accessdate=7 November 2021|work=Climate Home News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021-11-09|title=Greenpeace Germany sues Volkswagen over carbon emissions targets|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/greenpeace-germany-sues-volkswagen-over-carbon-emissions-targets-2021-11-09/|accessdate=2022-08-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nwere usoro na-arịwanye elu nke ikpe ndị na'ime ihe ịga nke ọma na ụlọ ikpe ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OP|date=2013-02-22|title=Summary of the Clean Air Act|url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-air-act|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ ikpe nke UN nke afọ 2017 chọpụtara ikpe 884 na mba 24, gụnyere ikpe 654 dị na United States na ikpe 230 na Mba ndị ọzọ niile. Ka ọ na-erule Julaị 1, 2020, ọnụ ọgụgụ ikpe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu abụọ ruo ma ọ dịkarịa ala 1,550 ikpe mgbanwe ihu igwe tinyere na mba 38 (39 gụnyere ụlọ ikpe nke European Union), na ihe dịka ikpe 1,200 tinyere ya na US na karịa 350 tinyere aha na Mba ndị ọzọ niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Climate Litigation Report: 2020 Status Review|url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34818/GCLR.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y|work=UN environment programme.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126145143/https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34818/GCLR.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y|archivedate=2021-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-atụ anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ikpe ga-anọgide na ịrị elu na 2020s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kaminski|first=Isabella|title=Why 2023 will be a watershed year for climate litigation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/04/why-2023-will-be-a-watershed-year-for-climate-litigation|work=The Guardian|date=4 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụdị ihe omume ==
 
Ikpe ihu igwe na-etinye aka n'otu n&quot;ime ụdị ikpe ise:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=King|title=Climate change litigation - what is it and what to expect? {{!}} Lexology|url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=03ba4171-3769-4b77-b355-c9cf63cccc24|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=www.lexology.com|date=27 February 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Iwu iwu''' - lekwasịrị anya na mmebi nke ikike iwu site na steeti.
* '''Iwu nchịkwa''' - na-ama aka na uru nke mkpebi nchịwa ime n'ime iwu ndị dị n&quot;akwụkwọ, dịka nʼinye ikikere maka ọrụ ikuku dị elu.
* '''Iwu onwe onye''' - na-ama ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ òtù ndị ọzọ aka maka ileghara anya, nsogbu, mmebi iwu, ntụkwasị obi ọha na eze na ịba ọgaranya na ikpe na'ụzọ na ụba.
* '''Ịghọ aghụghọ ma ọ bụ nchedo ndị ahịa''' - na-ama ụlọ ọrụ aka maka ịkọwa ozi gbasara mmetụta ihu igwe.
* '''Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ''' - na-azọrọ na enweghị ike ime ihe na mgbanwe ihu igwe ma ọ bụ ichebe ihe ndị sitere n'okike metụtara ya, dị ka ikuku maọbụ oké ọhịa, enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n&quot;ichebe ikike mmadụ&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Site n'ụdị ihe ọ na-eme ==

=== N'etiti gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ ===
Na United States, Enyi nke Ụwa, Greenpeace na obodo Boulder, Arcata na Oakland meriri megide Export-Import Bank nke United States na Overseas Private Investment Corporation (ụlọ ọrụ steeti nwere nke United States ọchịchị).  nke e boro ebubo na ọ na-akwado ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ na-emebi ọnọdụ ihu igwe kwụsiri ike, megidere iwu iwu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba (ikpe gbara akwụkwọ na 2002 wee biri na 2009).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Carlarne|first=Cinnamon Piñon|title=Climate Change Law and Policy: EU and US Approaches|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780199553419|pages=99–101}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2016, otu ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nke Philippines (Commission on Human Rights) malitere nyocha gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe megide 47 n'ime ndị na-emepụta carbon kachasị n&quot;ụwa. Ọ chọpụtara na na n'afọ 2019 ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala nwere ọrụ iwu iji mee ihe megide mgbanwe ihu igwe ma nwee ike ibu ọrụ maka mmebi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kaminski|first=Isabella|date=2019-12-09|title=Fossil fuel firms 'could be sued' for climate change|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/cop25-madrid-climate-change-greta-thunberg-fossil-fuel-lawsuit-a9239601.html|accessdate=2020-12-28|work=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2017, San Francisco, Oakland na obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke [[California]] gbara ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala akwụkwọ maka ịrị elu nke oke osimiri.

N'afọ 2018, obodo [[New York City|New York]] kwupụtara na ọ na-ewere ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala ise (BP, ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips na Shell) gaa n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti n&quot;ihi enyemaka ha nyere na mgbanwe ihu igwe (nke obodo ahụ na ya na'ahụla ahụhụ).

N'afọ 2020, Charleston, South Carolina, gbasoro usoro yiri nke ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-09-11|title=Charleston, SC Becomes First City in U.S. South to Sue Big Oil for Climate Costs|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/charleston-climate-lawsuit-big-oil-2647571485.html?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1?rebelltitem=1|accessdate=2020-09-22|work=EcoWatch|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Site na mba na mpaghara ==

=== Australia ===
Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Febụwarị 2020, [[Ostraliya|Australia]] nwere ọnụọgụ nke abụọ kachasị n&quot;ụwa, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ 200.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
Ikpe ''ndị'' dị na Australia gụnyere Torres Strait Islanders v. Australia (2019), nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu chọpụtara na gọọmentị ''Australia'' mebiri ikike mmadụ nke ndị Islanders site na ịghara ime ihe na mgbanwe ihu igwe, Youth Verdict v.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Daniel Billy and others v Australia (Torres Strait Islanders Petition)|url=http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/petition-of-torres-strait-islanders-to-the-united-nations-human-rights-committee-alleging-violations-stemming-from-australias-inaction-on-climate-change/|work=Climate Case Chart|publisher=Sabin Centre for Climate Change Law}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marjanac|first=Sophie|title=Staying within Atmospheric and Judicial Limits: Core Principles for Assessing Whether State Action on Climate Change Complies with Human Rights|journal=Litigating the Climate Emergency: How Human Rights, Courts, and Legal Mobilization Can Bolster Climate Action|date=2022|pages=157–176|doi=10.1017/9781009106214.010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waratah ''Coal'' (2020), na ''Sharma v''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Youth Verdict v. Waratah Coal|url=http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/youth-verdict-v-waratah-coal/|work=Climate Case Chart|publisher=Sabin Centre for Climate Change Law}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi'' (2020), nke ndị na'eto eto asatọ na ya enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịrụ ụka maka iwu megide mgbasawanye nke ebe a na - na Whitehaven.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sharma and others v. Minister for the Environment|url=http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/raj-seppings-v-ley/|work=Climate Case Chart|publisher=Sabin Centre for Climate Change Law}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Belgium ===
Na June 2021, mgbe afọ isii nke agha iwu gasịrị, Ụlọikpe nke Mbụ kpebiri na ebumnuche ihu igwe nke gọọmentị Belgium dị ala ma ya mere &quot;mebiri ikike ndụ (Nkebi 2) na ikike ịkwanyere ndụ onwe onye na nke ezinụlọ (Mkeji 8) &quot; nke European Convention on Human Rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Germanos|first=Andrea|title=Belgium Court Deems Inadequate Climate Policy a Human Rights Violation|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/belgium-court-climate-crisis-human-rights-2653450597.html|accessdate=28 June 2021|date=19 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== France ===

=== Germany ===
N'afọ 2021, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Germany kpebiri na Neubauer v. Germany na usoro nchebe ihu igwe nke gọọmentị ezughi oke iji chebe ọgbọ n'ọdịnihu nakwa na gọọmentị nwere ruo njedebe nke 2022 iji melite Iwu Nchebe Ihu Igwe..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Connolly|first=Kate|date=2021-04-29|title='Historic' German ruling says climate goals not tough enough|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/29/historic-german-ruling-says-climate-goals-not-tough-enough|accessdate=2021-05-01|work=The Guardian|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429134710/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/29/historic-german-ruling-says-climate-goals-not-tough-enough|archivedate=2021-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Republic nke Ireland ===
N'ọnwa Julaị 2020, [[Friends of the Irish Environment|ndị enyi nke gburugburu ebe obibi Irish]] meriri ikpe dị ịrịba ama megide gọọmentị Irish maka ịghara ime ihe zuru ezu iji dozie nsogbu ihu igwe na gburugburu ụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-08-01|title=Climate change: 'Huge' implications to Irish climate case across Europe|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53619848|accessdate=2021-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Ireland kpebiri na atụmatụ mgbochi mba nke gọọmentị Ireland nke afọ 2017 ezughi oke, na-akọwapụta na ọ nyeghị nkọwa zuru ezu banyere otu ọ ga-esi belata gas na'ime okpomọkụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Frost|first=Rosie|date=2020-07-31|title=Irish citizens win case to force government action on climate change|url=https://www.euronews.com/living/2020/07/31/irish-citizens-win-case-to-force-government-action-on-climate-change|accessdate=2021-01-08|work=living|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Netherlands ===
[[Usòrò:Hans_van_Loon_2020_Strategic_Climate_Litigation_in_the_Dutch_Courts_-_a_source_of_inspiration_for_NGOs_elsewhere%3F.pdf|thumb|Akụkọ ndị ọkà mmụta banyere ikpe ihu igwe na Netherlands, ọkachasị ikpe Urgenda]]
Netherlands agbaala mbọ ibelata ikuku carbon dioxide ya site na ọkwa 1990 site na 49% site na 2030 yana ebumnuche etiti dị iche iche.  Agbanyeghị, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi Dutch kpebiri na obodo ahụ ga-efunahụ ebumnuche ya maka 2020..&lt;ref name=&quot;bloomberg dec19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-20/dutch-supreme-court-upholds-landmark-greenhouse-ruling|title=Dutch Supreme Court orders 25% cut in CO2 starting next year|first=Joost|author=Akkermans|date=20 December 2019|accessdate=20 December 2019|work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220161525/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-20/dutch-supreme-court-upholds-landmark-greenhouse-ruling|archivedate=20 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2012, onye ọka iwu Dutch bụ Roger Cox nyere echiche nke itinye aka n'ụlọ ikpe iji manye ime ihe megide mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'afọ 2013, Ntọala Urgenda, ya na ndị mkpesa 900, etinyela akwụkwọ megide Gọọmentị Netherlands &quot;maka ịghara ime ihe zuru ezu iji belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ nke na'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ize ndụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Urgenda&quot;&gt;[http://www.urgenda.nl/en/climate-case/ Urgenda climate case] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221110041/http://www.urgenda.nl/en/climate-case/ |date=21 December 2016}}, Urgenda Foundation (page visited on 6 November 2016).&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2015, Ụlọikpe Mpaghara nke Hague kpebiri na gọọmentị [[Netherlands]] ga-eme ihe ndị ọzọ iji belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ iji chebe ụmụ amaala ya pụọ na mgbanwe ihu igwe (okwu ihu ọha Urgenda). A kọwara ya dị ka &quot;ikpe ikpe na-eme ihe mbụ&quot; na dị Ka &quot;okwu ikpe mbụ gbasara ihu igwe n'ụwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schiermeier&quot;&gt;Quirin Schiermeier, [http://www.nature.com/news/landmark-court-ruling-tells-dutch-government-to-do-more-on-climate-change-1.17841 &quot;Landmark court ruling tells Dutch government to do more on climate change&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304225808/http://www.nature.com/news/landmark-court-ruling-tells-dutch-government-to-do-more-on-climate-change-1.17841 |date=4 March 2017}}, ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', 24 June 2015 (page visited on 5 November 2016).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neslen&quot;&gt;Arthur Neslen, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jun/24/dutch-government-ordered-cut-carbon-emissions-landmark-ruling &quot;Dutch government ordered to cut carbon emissions in landmark ruling&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223054853/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jun/24/dutch-government-ordered-cut-carbon-emissions-landmark-ruling |date=23 December 2019}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 24 June 2015 (page visited on 5 November 2016).&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka James Thornton, onye isi nchịkwa nke Client Earth, si kwuo, &quot;Nke kachasị dị ịrịba ama, ọ dabeere n'ụzọ bụ isi na sayensị guzosiri ike na ụkpụrụ oge ochie nke ọrụ nlekọta gọọmentị. Echiche ahụ metụtara usoro iwu ọ bụla ma ụlọ ikpe na mba ndị ọzọ ga-eji ya mee ihe. N'afọ 2018, ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe dị na The Hague akwadowo ikpe a na-eme ka gọọmentị Dutch gbasaa mbọ ya iji gbochie ikuku na Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Schiermeier|first=Quirin|date=2018-10-10|title=Dutch court rules that government must help stop climate change|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07007-7|journal=Nature|language=EN|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-07007-7|accessdate=1 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Disemba 2019, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Netherlands kwadoro mkpebi ikpe ahụ na mkpegharị ikpe. Ya mere, na-ekwusi ike na gọọmentị ga-ebelata ikuku carbon dioxide site na 25% site n'ọkwa 1990 site ná ngwụsị nke afọ 2020, na ndabere na mgbanwe ihu igwe na'ihe ize ndụ nye ahụike mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaminski&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Isabella Kaminski|title=Dutch supreme court upholds landmark ruling demanding climate action|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/20/dutch-supreme-court-upholds-landmark-ruling-demanding-climate-action|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=20 December 2019|accessdate=20 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bloomberg dec19&quot;/&gt;

Na ''Milieudefensie'' et al v Royal Dutch Shell, kpebiri na Mee 2021, ụlọ ikpe distrikti nke The Hague nyere iwu ka RoyalDutch Shell belata ikuku carbon ya zuru ụwa ọnụ site na 45% site n'ọgwụgwụ 2030 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa 2019, ma kwado ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ maka ikuku 3, dịka, ikuku sitere na ndị na-eweta na ngwaahịa ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Court orders Royal Dutch Shell to cut carbon emissions by 45% by 2030|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/may/26/court-orders-royal-dutch-shell-to-cut-carbon-emissions-by-45-by-2030|first=Daniel|author=Boffey|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=26 May 2021|accessdate=26 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Peel|first=Jacqueline|title=Four seismic climate wins show Big Oil, Gas and Coal are running out of places to hide|url=https://theconversation.com/four-seismic-climate-wins-show-big-oil-gas-and-coal-are-running-out-of-places-to-hide-161741|accessdate=29 June 2021|date=31 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Turkey ===
N'afọ 2022, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi tinyere akwụkwọ ikpe karịrị iri atọ na'ihi na ha rịọrọ onye isi ala ka ọ mechie ọtụtụ nnukwu ụlọ ọkụ eletrik na ihe karịrị 600 ebe a na - na.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-17|title=Ekoloji Örgütleri, 37 Termik Santralın Kapatılması İçin Cumhurbaşkanı'na Dava Açtı|url=https://k2haber.com.tr/ekoloji-orgutleri-37-termik-santralin-kapatilmasi-icin-cumhurbaskanina-dava-acti/|accessdate=2022-05-10|work=K2 Haber|language=tr|archivedate=2022-07-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701040656/https://k2haber.com.tr/ekoloji-orgutleri-37-termik-santralin-kapatilmasi-icin-cumhurbaskanina-dava-acti/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye na arụmụka mgbanwe ihu igwe, ndị gbara akwụkwọ na-ekwu na ọrịa kansa na'ebe dị elu na nje COVID-19 ka njọ site na mmetọ ikuku ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=34 termik santral ve 606 madene karşı açılan dava için Guinness başvurusu|url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/34-termik-santral-ve-606-madene-karsi-acilan-dava-icin-guinness-basvurusu-1933621|accessdate=2022-05-10|work=[[Cumhuriyet]]|language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-ekwu na dịka iwu na'ihi na enweghị ike ike kewaa [[wikisource:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (2017)#III._Integrity,_official_language,_flag,_national_anthem,_and_capital_of_the_State|mba ahụ]], nke a pụtakwara na ọ megidere iwu imebi mba, nakwa na n'oge ha na ndị mmadụ na ha kwụrụ ụgwọ, ha mebiri ọrụ ndị isi ala na nchekwa mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Iwu ahụ kwukwara (Nkebi nke 56) na &quot;Onye ọ bụla nwere ikike ibi na gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma ma dị nro. Ọ bụ ọrụ nke steeti na ụmụ amaala imeziwanye gburugburu ebe obibi, ichebe ahụike gburugburu na igbochi mmetọ gburugburu. [[Turkéy|Turkey]] akwadowo nkwekọrịta Paris ma kwuo na ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ ga-abụ [[Enweghị ike itinye aka na carbon|net]] zero site na 2053, mana gọọmentị enweghị atụmatụ ịkwụsị ike coal.

Ndị ọkaiwu gọọmentị buru ụzọ rịọ ka a kagbuo ikpe ahụ site n'ikwu na onyeisiala enweghị ikike imechi ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ, mana ndị na-agba akwụkwọ na-arụ ụka na ebe ọ bụ na a gbanwere akwụkwọ iwu site na ụlọ omeiwu gaa na usoro onyeisi oche na ya nwere ikike ahụ..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-17|title=37 termik santrali kapatma davası görüldü: Avukatları 'Cumhurbaşkanının yetkisi yok' dedi|url=https://yesilgazete.org/37-termik-santrali-kapatma-davasi-goruldu-avukatlari-cumhurbaskaninin-yetkisi-yok-dedi/|accessdate=2022-05-10|work=Yeşil Gazete|language=tr-TR|archivedate=2022-06-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618011903/https://yesilgazete.org/37-termik-santrali-kapatma-davasi-goruldu-avukatlari-cumhurbaskaninin-yetkisi-yok-dedi/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== United Kingdom ===
N'ọnwa Disemba 2020, ụmụ amaala Britain atọ, Marina Tricks, Adetola Onamade, Jerry Amokwandoh, na ọrụ ebere gbasara ikpe ihu igwe, Plan B, kwupụtara na ha na-eme ihe megide gọọmentị UK maka ịghara ime ihe zuru ezu iji dozie nsogbu ihu na gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Youth Climate Lawsuit Launched Against UK Government on Five Year Anniversary of Paris Agreement|url=https://www.desmogblog.com/2020/12/12/youth-climate-lawsuit-uk-boris-johnson-five-year-anniversary-paris-agreement|accessdate=2021-01-08|work=DeSmog|date=12 December 2020|language=en|archivedate=2020-12-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224161802/https://www.desmogblog.com/2020/12/12/youth-climate-lawsuit-uk-boris-johnson-five-year-anniversary-paris-agreement}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Young People v UK Government: Safeguard our Lives and our Families!|url=https://planb.earth/plan-b-v-government-bailouts-for-polluters/|accessdate=2021-04-14|work=Plan B|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị gbara akwụkwọ mara ọkwa na ha ga-ebo ebubo na ego gọọmentị na-enye maka mmanụ ala na [[UK Climate Change Act of 2008|UK]] na mba ndị ọzọ bụ mmebi nke ikike ha nwere ndụ na ndụ ezinụlọ, yana imebi nkwekọrịta Paris na Iwu Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke UK nke 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-11|title='A quantum leap for climate action': UK pledges to end support for overseas oil and gas projects|url=https://www.businessgreen.com/news/4024895/quantum-leap-climate-action-uk-pledges-end-support-overseas-oil-gas-projects|accessdate=2021-01-08|work=www.businessgreen.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2022, e kwuru na ''McGaughey na Davies v'' Universities Superannuation Scheme Ltd na ndị nduzi nke nnukwu ego ezumike nká na UK, USS Ltd emebiela ọrụ ha ime ihe maka ebumnuche kwesịrị ekwesị n'okpuru Iwu Ụlọ Ọrụ 2006 ngalaba 171, site n&quot;enweghi atụmatụ iwepu mmanụ ala sitere na pọtụfoliyo nke ego ahụ. Arịrịọ ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, ndị na-arịọ arịrịịrịị rịọkwara ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe, na a na - enye ha ikike maka ikpe June 2023.&lt;ref&gt;[2022] EWHC 1233 (Ch) and B Mercer, 'Lecturers’ USS lawsuit frustrated by centuries-old precedent' (24 May 2022) [https://web.archive.org/web/20230206192540/https://www.pensions-expert.com/Law-Regulation/Lecturers-USS-lawsuit-frustrated-by-centuries-old-precedent?ct=true Pensions Expert]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;T Williams, 'Commit to restoring ‘£7,000’ pension losses now, say USS members' [https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/commit-restoring-ps7000-pension-losses-now-say-uss-members Times Higher Ed]&lt;/ref&gt; Ikpe ahụ na-ekwu na a ga-eji ikike ndụ mee ihe iji kọwaa ọrụ na iwu ụlọ ọrụ, nakwa na n'ihi na mmanụ ala gafere ịkwụsị ịdị, itinye ego ọ bụla na'iji ha na - na &quot;ihe ize ndụ nke nnukwu mmebi ego&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;E McGaughey, ‘Holding USS Directors Accountable, and the Start of the End for Foss v Harbottle?’ (18 July 2022) [https://blogs.law.ox.ac.uk/business-law-blog/blog/2022/07/holding-uss-directors-accountable-and-start-end-foss-v-harbottle Oxford Business Law Blog]&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2023, ClientEarth tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa megide ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ Shell maka itinye ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ihe ize ndụ site n&quot;ịghara ịhapụ mmanụ ala ngwa ngwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ClientEarth v Shell board&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=We’re taking Shell's Board of Directors to court|url=https://www.clientearth.org/latest/latest-updates/news/we-re-taking-legal-action-against-shell-s-board-for-mismanaging-climate-risk/|work=ClientEarth|date=9 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; ClientEarth kwuru na ikpe ahụ gosipụtara 'oge mbụ a mara ụlọ ọrụ aka na ọdịda ya ịkwadebe maka mgbanwe ike.'&lt;ref name=&quot;ClientEarth v Shell board&quot; /&gt;

=== United States ===
[[Usòrò:Xiuhtezcatl_Martinez_for_Standing_Strong_Project_(cropped).jpg|thumb|349x349px|Xiuhtezcatl Martinez bụ onye gbara akwụkwọ na ''Juliana v''. ''United States'' na ''Martinez'' v. Ikpe nke Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission.]]
Tutu February 2020, US nwere ihe karịrị 1000 ikpe na-echere na usoro ụlọ ikpe.  Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere Connecticut v. ExxonMobil Corp. na [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]] v. Environmental Protection Agency.  Na United States ịgba akwụkwọ gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eleba anya na iwu ndị bụ isi dị ugbu a iji mee nkwupụta ha, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-elekwasị anya na iwu nzuzo na nhazi.  Iwu ndị kachasị ewu ewu iji mee ihe bụ NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act), na ikpe 322 gbara akwụkwọ n'okpuru ikike ya, Clean Air Act, yana ikpe 215 gbara n'okpuru ikike ya, Iwu nke Edangered Species Act, ya na ikpe 163 gbara n'okpuru ikike ya.  Ka mbọ ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ihu n'ihu mgbanwe ihu igwe, dịka nke Ọgọst 2022, gọọmentị etiti na-aga n'ihu na-akwado nkwekọrịta na omume klas n'ihe gbasara atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe ndị ọzọ.  Na mgbakwunye, kemgbe 2015, enwere ihe dị ka ụgwọ iri na abuo na ikpe aghụghọ wetara ụfọdụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ kacha ukwuu n'ụwa site n'aka steeti dị iche iche maka ọrụ ha na-agọnarị amụma ihu igwe na-eduga n'ihe egwu na ọnụ ahịa ndị gọọmentị steeti na-ebu.  Steeti ndị a gụnyere New Jersey, District nke Columbia, Delaware, Connecticut, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Massachusetts na Vermont.  Dị ka Minnesota na District nke Columbia n'ihu ya, New Jersey agụnyewokwa otu ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa US kachasị elu, American Petroleum Institute na mgbakwunye na ExxonMobil, Shell Oil, Chevron, BP na ConocoPhillips..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=August 2022 Updates to the Climate Case Charts {{!}} Sabin Center for Climate Change Law|url=https://climate.law.columbia.edu/news/august-2022-updates-climate-case-charts|work=Sabin Centre for Climate Change Law}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=U.S. Climate Change Litigation|url=http://climatecasechart.com/climate-change-litigation/us-climate-change-litigation/|accessdate=2021-11-18|work=Climate Change Litigation|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123062239/http://climatecasechart.com/climate-change-litigation/us-climate-change-litigation/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-10-18|title=New Jersey latest state to sue oil companies over climate misinformation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/oct/18/new-jersey-sues-oil-companies-climate-crisis-misinformation|accessdate=2023-01-28|work=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu Na-enye Obodo na Steeti Ikike ịgba Big Oil akwụkwọ ====
Na 24 Eprel, 2023, &quot;Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States ... jụrụ ịnụ ajụjụ ikike sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na-alụ ọgụ maka ọtụtụ nde dollar nke obodo Baltimore wetara maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ngọnarị nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu bụ mmeri maka Baltimore na maka  ndị ọzọ steeti na ndị ọchịchị obodo ndị na-arịọ ugboro ugboro ka ha debe ikpe mgbanwe ihu igwe ha n'ụlọ ikpe steeti, ebe akụkụ abụọ ahụ kwenyere na gọọmentị nwere ohere ka mma iji nweta nnukwu mmebi karịa n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmenti etiti..&lt;ref name=&quot;Maryland1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=O'Neil|first=Madeleine|title=Supreme Court denies appeal from Big Oil, sending Baltimore climate change suit to state court|url=https://thedailyrecord.com/2023/04/24/supreme-court-denies-energy-companies-appeals-in-climate-suits-from-md-other-governments/|accessdate=25 April 2023|publisher=Maryland - The Daily Record|date=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Boulder1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Fried|first=Kate|title=Supreme Court Rejects Big Oil's Bid to Review Landmark Climate Case|url=https://bouldercolorado.gov/news/supreme-court-rejects-big-oils-bid-review-landmark-climate-case|accessdate=25 April 2023|publisher=City of Boulder - News|date=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Omume Ndị Na-eji Iwu Ụdị Dị n'Ime Iche ====
N'okwu ikpe nke Endangered Species Act (ESA), ''Tennessee Valley Authority v''. Hill, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kwuru na ESA nyere iwu ka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti hụ na omume ha anaghị etinye ụdị ọ bụla edepụtara dị ka ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na EPA.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/adjudicating-climate-change/8FD6426447A7AB717946EDF8AE8B321F|title=Adjudicating Climate Change: State, National, and International Approaches|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-87970-5|editor=Burns|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511596766}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ nnukwu  iyi egwu nye ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ihu ọma enweela ike iji ESA lekwasị anya na ndị ahụ na'ime ka agbanwe ihu ọha dị ngwa. [citation needed] Ikpe ikpe mgbanwe ọnọdụ ihu ihu ọchị nke na na - ESA na Nkeji edemede nke 7 na-ekwu na ihe niile ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na'eme agaghị ekwe omume itinye ịdị adị na nso n'ihe ize ndụ ma ọ bụ mee ka mbibi nke ụdị ndị nọ n&quot;ihe egwu. Nkeji edemede nke 9 na-elekwasị anya ọ bụghị naanị na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti kamakwa onye ọ bụla, na'amachibido iwere ụdị ọghọm ọchụ ọkpụkpụ ọwụwa, ma ọ bụ nke gọọmenti etiti, nke steeti, ọ bụkwa nke onwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Site n'igosi na omume ndị na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe na'ihe ize ndụ nke anụmanụ edepụtara na ESA, ndị ọrụ ihu ọha nwere ike iji ESA kwụsị omume na -enye onyinye na Mgbanwe ihu ọma.

Nzọụkwụ mbụ maka ndị na-akwado mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ ijide n'aka na e depụtara ụdị dị iche iche nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eyi na ESA site na Ọrụ Azụ na Anụ ọhịa (FWS).  Ọtụtụ mgbe naanị nke a nwere ike ịbụ usoro dị ogologo.  Na Disemba 2005 Center for Biological Diversity sonyeere ndị NGO abụọ US (Greenpeace na Natural Resources Defence Council) iji rịọ ka edepụta Arctic Polar Bear na ESA.  FWS n'okpuru ọchịchị Bush gbatịpụrụ usoro ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na-efunahụ ọtụtụ isi njedebe ma depụta ụdị dị ka &quot;egwu&quot; kama ịnọ n'ihe ize ndụ ebe sayensị doro anya na-akwado ndepụta dị ize ndụ.  Na-eche nrụgide ọha na eze ihu na nkwenye sayensị, FWS depụtara aha ndị a dị ka ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na Mee 2008..&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;

==== Omume Iji Iwu Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba ====
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ghọtara na ihe ndị gọọmentị US mere nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi ma chọọ ka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti niile tụlee ihe omume gburugburu ụlọ obibi ndị a mgbe ha na-eme &quot;ihe ndị dị mkpa nke gọọmentsị etiti&quot;. Enwere ike ime nke a site na nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi (EA) ma ọ bụ nkwupụta mmetụta gburugburuebe obibi zuru oke (EIS), etu nyocha ahụ ga-esi bụrụ nke ọma dabere na ọdịdị nke ihe a tụrụ aro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 2021|title=A Citizens Guide to NEPA|url=https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/get-involved/citizens-guide-to-nepa-2021.pdf|journal=Council on Environmental Quality Executive Office of the President|pages=1–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NEPA - Introduction to Incorporating Climate Change {{!}} Climate Change Resource Center|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/nepa-introduction-incorporating-climate-change|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=www.fs.usda.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; NEPA anaghị achọ ka a kpọtụrụ mgbanwe ihu igwe ma ọ bụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ aha na EAs na eIS niile, mana ọtụtụ ndị na'ahụ maka mgbanwe ọnọdụ ihu ọha ga-agba akwụkwọ n'okpuru NEPA na na ọ na - mmetụta metụtara mgbanwe ikuku dị mkpa nke na a gafere itinye ha.

==== Omume Ndị Na-eji Iwu Mmiri Dị Mma ====
Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha (CAA) na-achịkwa mmetọ ikuku site na isi mmalite kwụ otu ebe na nke na'elu. E mere iwu ahụ n'afọ ndị 1970 tupu e nwee ihe ọmụma zuru oke banyere gas na-ekpo ọkụ (GHGs) mana n&quot;afọ 2007 Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kpebiri na EPA ga-achịkwa GHGs nʼokpuru CAA n'&quot;ihi ''Massachusetts'' a ma ama vs. Ikpe ''EPA''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; N'ihi nke a, ndị na-eme mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike iji CAA dị ka ụzọ iji lụso ikuku GHG ọgụ iji gbochie ngwa ngwa nke mgbanwe ọnọdụ ihu ọha.

N'afọ 2009, steeti California nwere ike iji CAA mepụta ụkpụrụ ụgbọ ala siri ike karịa ụkpụrụ mba, nke mere ka gọọmentị Obama nabata ụkpụrụ ndị a siri anya na mba. A na-akpọ ụkpụrụ ndị a Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) ma tinye ụkpụrụ nke GHGs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt;

==== ''Massachusetts v. EPA'' ====
Otu n'ime ikpe mbụ gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe gbara akwụkwọ bụ Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency, nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States kpebiri na 2007. Ọtụtụ steeti America webatara uwe ahụ megide Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi (EPA) mgbe EPA jụrụ ime.  na-ahazi carbon dioxide na ikuku gas ndị ọzọ dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ha n'okpuru Iwu Clean Air Act (CAA) na 2003. EPA ekwuola na ikike ha n'okpuru Iwu Clean Air bụ ịchịkwa &quot;mmetọ ikuku&quot;, nke ha kwuru na carbon dioxide na  gas ndị ọzọ griin haus adaghị n'okpuru, ya mere enweghị ike itinye ụkpụrụ.  Steeti, dị ka Massachusetts, rụrụ ụka na ihe ndị a nwere ike ibute mmebi metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe na steeti ha, dịka site na oke oke oke osimiri, yabụ enwere ike ịhụ ihe ndị a dị ka ihe na-emerụ ahụ n'okpuru CAA yana n'ime ikike EPA ịhazi.  Ọ bụ ezie na EPA meriri na mbụ n'Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, na mkpebi 5-4, kwetara na steeti ahụ na carbon dioxide na gas ndị ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ na-emerụ ahụ, ma chọọ ka EPA na-achịkwa ha.

==== Juliana v. United States ====
N'afọ 2015, ọtụtụ ndị ntorobịa America, nke Our Children's Trust nọchitere anya, gbara akwụkwọ megide gọọmentị United States n'ọnwa 2015, na-ekwu na ndụ ha n&quot;ọdịnihu ga-emerụ ahụ n-ihi enweghị ọrụ gọọmenti iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ ikpe etinyela akwụkwọ ndị yiri ya ma chụpụ ya n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe, ''Juliana v''. ''United States'' nwetara nkwado mgbe onye ọka ikpe distrikti Ann Aiken kpebiri na ikpe ahụ kwesịrị ịga n'ihu, nakwa na &quot;usoro ihu igwe nwere ike ịkwado ndụ mmadụ&quot; bụ ikike dị mkpa n&quot;okpuru Iwu [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn mar2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/09/opinions/sutter-oregon-kids-lawsuit-climate/index.html|title=Climate kids take on the feds|first=John|author=Sutter|date=9 March 2016|accessdate=23 October 2018|work=[[CNN]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223180045/https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/09/opinions/sutter-oregon-kids-lawsuit-climate/index.html|archivedate=23 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gọọmentị United States agbalịwo iwepụ ikpe ahụ site na ihe ịma aka dị iche iche na nchọpụta Aiken, mana ọ ka na-echere ikpe ụlọ ikpe.

=== Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Europe ===
N'ọnwa Septemba 2019, otu ìgwè ụmụaka isii na ndị okenye na-eto eto si [[Portugal]] gbara akwụkwọ na European Court of Human Rights. N'ịbụ ndị ụlọ ọrụ British NGO Global Legal Action Network (GLAN) kwadoro, ha na-ekwu na ọ dị mkpa ime ihe siri ike iji chebe ọdịmma anụ ahụ na nke uche ha n'ọdịnihu. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ rịọrọ gọọmentị Europe iri atọ na atọ ka ha kọwaa ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2021 ma ọdịda ha n&quot;ịnagide okpomọkụ ụwa mebiri Akụkụ nke 3 nke European Convention on Human Rights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Jonathan Watts|title=European states ordered to respond to youth activists' climate lawsuit|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/30/european-states-ordered-respond-youth-activists-climate-lawsuit|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=30 November 2020|accessdate=30 November 2020}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://youth4climatejustice.org &quot;An emergency like no other&quot;], Global Legal Action Network (GLAN), 30 November 2020 (page visited on 30 November 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== United Nations ===
N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Machị, afọ 2023, Mba Ndị Dị n&quot;Otu nabatara mkpebi na-akpọ oku ka Ụlọikpe Ikpe nke Mba Nile (ICJ) &quot;nyesie ọrụ mba ike iji gbochie okpomọkụ na ichebe obodo pụọ na ọdachi ihu igwe&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=O'Malley|first=Isabella|title=UN seeks court opinion on climate in win for island states|url=https://apnews.com/article/vanuatu-un-international-court-climate-change-opinion-64a918c2861f795fb4acf05344dcfebb|accessdate=17 April 2023|publisher=AP News|date=29 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-atụ anya na ICJ ga-ewepụta mkpebi na'ịkọwapụta ihe iwu chọrọ na steeti iji meghachi omume na nsogbu ihu igwe na ịkọwa ihe si mba ndị kwesịrị ihu maka ịghara iru ihe ndị ahụ chọrọ.&lt;ref&gt;The Guardian, 29 Mar. 2023 [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/29/united-nations-resolution-climate-emergency-vanuatu &quot;United Nations Adopts Landmark Resolution on Climate Justice, Resolution Hailed as ‘Win for Climate Justice of Epic Proportions’ Should Make It Easier to Hold Countries Accountable for Failures&quot;] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị ọzọ ===
Mgbe mkpebi ikpe dị ịrịba ama nke [[Netherlands]] na 2015, ìgwè dị na mba ndị ọzọ nwalere otu usoro ikpe ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ìgwè gara ụlọ ikpe iji chebe ndị mmadụ pụọ na mgbanwe ihu igwe na [[Brazil]], [[Belgium]], [[Ndia|India]], [[New Zealand]], [[Norway]], South Africa, [[Switzerland]] na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=First climate case reaches Brazil's Supreme Court|url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/news/first-climate-case-reaches-brazils-supreme-court/|accessdate=2021-08-31|work=Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Khan&quot;&gt;Tessa Khan, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/mar/08/how-climate-change-battles-are-increasingly-being-fought-and-won-in-court &quot;How climate change battles are increasingly being fought, and won, in court&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309112346/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/mar/08/how-climate-change-battles-are-increasingly-being-fought-and-won-in-court |date=9 March 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 8 March 2017 (page visited on 9 March 2017).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Greenpeace&quot;&gt;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161106185936/http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/ph/What-we-do/Demand-Climate-Justice/The-Climate-Justice-movement-across-the-globe/ &quot;The Climate Justice movement across the globe&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106185936/http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/ph/What-we-do/Demand-Climate-Justice/The-Climate-Justice-movement-across-the-globe/ |date=6 November 2016}}, [[Greenpeace]], 19 August 2015 (page visited on 6 November 2016).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CPI&quot;&gt;[[Center for Public Integrity]], [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/dec/17/big-oil-climate-change-lawsuits-environment &quot;Venue of last resort: the climate lawsuits threatening the future of big oil &quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217100815/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/dec/17/big-oil-climate-change-lawsuits-environment |date=17 December 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 17 December 2017 (page visited on 17 December 2017).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Na Pakistan na 2015 Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu Lahore kpebiri na ''Asghar Leghari vs''. Federation of Pakistan na gọọmentị na-emebi National Climate Change Policy nke 2012 na Framework for Implementation of Climat Change policy (2014-2030) site n'ịghara iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị iwu ahụ setịpụrụ. Na nzaghachi, a chọrọ ka e guzobe Kọmitii Mgbanwe Ihu igwe iji nyere Pakistan aka iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ ihu igwe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gill|first=Anam|date=2015-11-13|title=Farmer sues Pakistan's government to demand action on climate change|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-climatechange-lawsuit-idUSL8N1383YJ20151113|accessdate=2021-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewere ikpe ahụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ikpe ihu igwe dabere na ikike mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;rights turn&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2017, Saul Luciano Lliuya gbara RWE akwụkwọ iji chebe obodo ya bụ Huaraz site na ọdọ mmiri glacier na-agbaze n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịba ụba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=France-Presse|first=Agence|date=14 November 2017|title=Peruvian farmer sues German energy giant for contributing to climate change|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/14/peruvian-farmer-sues-german-energy-giant-rwe-climate-change|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816005958/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/14/peruvian-farmer-sues-german-energy-giant-rwe-climate-change|archivedate=16 August 2019|accessdate=4 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2018, ezinụlọ iri si mba Europe, [[Kenya]] na Fiji gbara akwụkwọ megide European Union maka egwu a na-eyi ụlọ ha nke ikuku EU kpatara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=24 May 2018|title=Families from 8 countries sue EU over climate change|work=France 24|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20180524-families-8-countries-sue-eu-over-climate-change|accessdate=28 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu ìgwè ụmụaka nọ na [[Colombia]] gbara gọọmentị akwụkwọ iji chebe oké ọhịa Amazon site na mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ihi enyemaka mgbakpọ osisi na mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'afọ 2018, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kpebiri na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke Colombia bụ &quot;ihe gbasara ikike&quot; nke chọrọ nchebe na mweghachi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-04-05|title=In historic ruling, Colombian Court protects youth suing the national government for failing to curb deforestation|url=https://www.dejusticia.org/en/en-fallo-historico-corte-suprema-concede-tutela-de-cambio-climatico-y-generaciones-futuras/|accessdate=2020-07-29|work=Dejusticia|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2020, ikpe ụlọ ikpe nchịkwa na [[France]], chọrọ ka gọọmentị Macron nyochaa iwu ha iji dozie mgbanwe ihu igwe iji jide n'aka na ha dị mkpa iji mezuo nkwekọrịta Paris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2020-11-19|title=Court gives France three-month deadline to justify its actions on climate change|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20201119/court-gives-france-three-month-deadline-to-take-action-on-climate-change|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119140757/https://www.thelocal.fr/20201119/court-gives-france-three-month-deadline-to-take-action-on-climate-change|archivedate=2020-11-19|accessdate=2020-11-22|work=www.thelocal.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-19|title=Une avancée historique pour la justice climatique !|url=https://laffairedusiecle.net/une-avancee-historique-pour-la-justice-climatique/|accessdate=2020-11-22|work=L'Affaire du Siècle|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-19|title=France's top court gives government three months to honour climate commitments|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20201119-three-month-deadline-for-france-to-honour-climate-commitments-cop-21|accessdate=2020-11-22|work=RFI|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe
* Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi
* [[Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe]]
* [[Usoro obibi ndu ndi Oslo|Ụkpụrụ Oslo na Ọrụ Ụwa Nile Maka Mbelata Mgbanwe ihu igwe]]

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>dmez1dmo2bjycrx5flpxdfhyx3f44np</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>International Bank (Liberia)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27081</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638942</id>
      <parentid>113802</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T16:16:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638942</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1478" sha1="emgirtfc9b2uc1sdzpm4axx0negjxs5" xml:space="preserve">International Bank (Liberia), Limited (IBLL) bụ '''ụlọ''' akụ na-arụ ọrụ zuru oke na [[Liberia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Bank (Liberia) Limited - Official Website|url=https://www.ibliberia.com/|work=www.ibliberia.com|accessdate=2023-06-10|archivedate=2023-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610194632/https://ibliberia.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Liberia: International Bank Limited Unveils State-of-the-Art Facility|url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-international-bank-limited-unveils-state-of-the-art-facility/|work=FrontPageAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Emebere ụlọ akụ ahụ mgbe International Trust Company nke Liberia mepụtara ngalaba ụlọ akụ azụmaahịa na 1960. Na 2000 International Trust Company ghọrọ International Bank.  Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Monrovia nwere ọtụtụ ebe na mba ahụ niile.  International Bank na-agbatị ọrụ ụlọ akụ dị iche iche, gụnyere mana ọnweghị oke na: ụlọ akụ azụmaahịa na nkeonwe, mgbazinye ego azụmahịa na nke onwe, ọrụ mbufe ego, gụnyere wires, MoneyGram, Western Union, RIA, &amp; Nobel, yana ọrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ &amp; ọrụ nkuzi..

Ebe ndị a gụnyere Harbel, Harper, Pleebo, Kakata, Caldwell, Paynesville, Sinkor, Camp Johnson Road, Vai Town, Broad Street, na ụlọ ọrụ Monrovia Post.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke Liberia
* Ndepụta ụlọ akụ na Liberia 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>emgirtfc9b2uc1sdzpm4axx0negjxs5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ihe igwe ihe Biron</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>29551</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638936</id>
      <parentid>118702</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T12:58:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7449" sha1="8l4w55zyb762gso0dzds1bohz25r97e" xml:space="preserve"> 

Biron Mill bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ dị na obodo US nke Biron, Wisconsin, na mpụga [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]] Rapids. Ugbu a akụkụ nke Nine Dragons Paper Holdings Limited, ihe igwe ihe ahụ gafere ọtụtụ aka na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya gụnyere Grand Rapids Pulp and Paper Company, nke ghọrọ Consolidated Papers, Stora Enso, NewPage Catalyst Paper na ND Paper. Ihe igwe ihe ahụ nwere ígwè ọrụ akwụkwọ abụọ na-emepụta akwụkwọ nkwakọba ihe na-acha nchara nchara na ndị ọrụ oge niile 315 ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Eprel nke afọ 2023 site na ndị ọrụ 425 ka ọ na na-eru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biron Division|url=https://us.ndpaper.com/biron/|accessdate=2023-04-06|work=ND Paper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe a na-akwachasị osisi ==
Tupu e wuo ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta akwụkwọ n'ala ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ na'ebe a na-awa osisi bi n'ụlọ ahụ n'osimiri ahụ. E wuru ebe a na-awa osisi n'afọ 1837 mana ọ hụghị ụgbọ mmiri mbụ ya ruo n'afọ 1839. Frances Biron Sr. zụrụ ebe a na-awa osisi na ala ọ guzo na 1846 wee wughachi ebe a na 1853. Ebe a na-awa osisi na-arụ ọrụ ruo 1888 ma ala ahụ guzo n'enweghị ọrụ. George Severe Biron, nwa ikpeazụ Frances Biron, nwetara ala ahụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. 

== White House ==
White House bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme bara ọgaranya nke guzo n'ala nke ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ Biron. E wuru na 1865 square foot 3,300, ụlọ nwere okpukpu abụọ nwere windo ọkara French, ala osisi siri ike, uko ụlọ, na mpụga scalloped edging, gables na veranda n'ihu na n'akụkụ. Ogige na osisi Elm gbara ụlọ ahụ gburugburu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Schooley|first=Julie|date=2019-05-20|title=The Biron Mill: The White House|url=https://wrcitytimes.com/2019/05/20/the-biron-mill-the-white-house/|accessdate=2023-04-13|work=Wisconsin Rapids City Times|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413012104/https://wrcitytimes.com/2019/05/20/the-biron-mill-the-white-house/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ Biron biri ebe a ọtụtụ afọ ma ụlọ ahụ mechara bụrụ ebe ọfịs maka Consolidated Papers. ND Paper kwatuo White House n'agbanyeghị mgbalị ire ya na obodo maka $ 1 ma mee ka ọ kwaga. 

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Na Disemba 14 nke 1892, J.D. Witter, George Biron, J.W. Cameron, Daly S Sampson na ET Hartmon hiwere Grand Rapids Pulp and Paper Company.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Schooley|first=Julie|date=2019-06-16|title=The Biron Mill: Getting into print|url=https://wrcitytimes.com/2019/06/16/the-biron-mill-getting-into-print/|accessdate=2023-04-13|work=Wisconsin Rapids City Times|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413012102/https://wrcitytimes.com/2019/06/16/the-biron-mill-getting-into-print/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe owuwu malitere na Biron Paper Mill na 1895 dị ka brik pulp na akwụkwọ na-amalite na igwe akwụkwọ abụọ a maara dị ka PM21 &amp; PM22. Na mbụ, ọ lekwasịrị anya na mmepụta nke akwụkwọ mgbidi na akwụkwọ akụkọ. George Biron rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye njikwa maka ihe igwe ihe ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1899. N'afọ 1911, ụlọ ọrụ Consolidated Water Power and Paper Company nwetara ihe igwe ihe ahụ nke ghọrọ Consolidate Papers n'afọ 1962.  

Ntinye aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ bịara na njedebe n'afọ ndị 1930 mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwụsịrị mmepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ wee malite imepụta akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ edemede. A gbanwere otu n'ime igwe ochie iji mee mpempe akwụkwọ na 1940s n'oge WWII.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Media|first=For Daily Tribune|title=Biron employee completes history of papermaking|url=https://www.wisconsinrapidstribune.com/story/news/local/2015/04/09/biron-employee-completes-history-papermaking/25525729/|accessdate=2023-04-13|work=Daily Tribune|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ ka ọ kwekọọ na ụkpụrụ gọọmentị ma jiri ya mee ihe maka ụgbọelu n'oge agha. N'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe igwe ihe ahụ, ọ hụla igwe akwụkwọ 6 nke 4 n'ime ha ewepụla ma ọ bụ naanị PM25 na PM26 ka na-arụ ọrụ. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Ndị nwe ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ Biron
|1895
|Ụlọ ọrụ Pulp na Akwụkwọ Grand Rapids
|-
|1911
|Ụlọ ọrụ Mmiri, Ike na Akwụkwọ
|-
|1962
|Consolidated Water, Power and Paper Company gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Consolided Papers
|-
|2000
|Stora Enso
|-
|2007
|NewPage
|-
|2015
|Akwụkwọ Catalyst
|-
|2018
|[[ND Paper|Akwụkwọ ND]]
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Mgbakwunye na Mgbakwunye
|1915
|E wuru ụlọ igwe nri, a rụnyere igwe nri 14 maka iji osisi
|-
|1922
|Ihe owuwu malitere na Paper Machine 23 na J.B. Purvis dị ka Mill Manager
|-
|1923
|Biron Mill na-emepụta akwụkwọ mbụ e ji kpuchie na PM23 ma gbakwunye ụlọ mmechi na njedebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke PM21
|-
|1925
|A na-agbakwunye ihe mkpuchi ndị ọzọ na PM23.
|-
|1937
|A na-agbasawanye ụlọ mmechi
|-
|1945
|Iwu nke Paper Machine 24 malitere yana ụlọ elekere ọhụrụ, ụlọ ndozi, ụlọ ọkụ, na ụlọ mmezi.
A na-agbakwunye ụlọ igwe iji gbakwunye igwe igwe eletrik abụọ
|-
|1946
|E wuru ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè n'akụkụ ndịda nke PM24
|-
|Ọktoba 13th 1947
|PM24 malitere na nke mbụ
|-
|
|Ihe owuwu na Paper Machine 25 malitere
A na-agbasawanye ụlọ igwe iji gbakwunye igwe igwe eletrik atọ
|-
|1956
|Ogige ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọhụrụ e wuru n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụlọ ọkụ ahụ
|-
|1984
|Consolidated Papers na-amalite mmụba nke $ 215 nde nke gụnyere iwu Paper Machine 26
|-
|1985
|Ihe owuwu nke PM26
|}

== Mmalite Ọhụrụ ==
N'afọ 2022, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwụsịrị ime akwụkwọ ọcha na obere akwụkwọ ha (B25) wee malite ime akwụkwọ nkwakọba ihe na-acha nchara nchara site na iji ihe ndị a rụgharịrị arụgharị mana ha nọgidere na-eme akwụkwọ kraft ọcha na nnukwu akwụkwọ ha (B26) ruo n'ọnwa Eprel nke afọ 2023. Nke a bụ akụkụ nke atụmatụ nde $ 189 maka ụlọ ọrụ OCC ọhụrụ na iwughachi na iwugharị PM25. Ihe igwe ihe Biron mepụtara mpempe akwụkwọ kraft ikpeazụ ya na Eprel 1st nke 2023 ma na-emepụta akwụkwọ nkwakọba ihe niile na-acha nchara nchara nke akpa, nke dị n'etiti na nke dị nro.    

Biron's B25 machine na-emepụta ihe dị ka 270,000 obere tọn nke corrugating medium na linerboard kwa afọ. Ngwunye B26 nwere ikike imepụta 500,000 obere tọn akwụkwọ nkwakọba kwa afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Clips|first=Midland Paper|date=2022-03-22|title=ND Paper Continues Transformation with Growth in Packaging Grades at Biron Division|url=https://www.midlandpaper.com/nd-paper-continues-transformation-with-growth-in-packaging-grades-at-biron-division/|accessdate=2023-04-06|work=Midland Paper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbanwe site na akwụkwọ ọcha gaa na akwụkwọ na-acha nchara nchara gụnyere iwu ụlọ ọrụ abụọ dị iche iche nke Old Corrugated Container (OCC) nke na-ewere katọn mkpofu ma na-emepụta ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ihe igwe ihe ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ OCC nke tọn 700 na ụlọ ọrụ O CC nke tọn 1400 yana igwe akwụkwọ abụọ.      

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>8l4w55zyb762gso0dzds1bohz25r97e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kimbundu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37222</id>
    <revision>
      <id>639001</id>
      <parentid>213856</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T09:09:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>639001</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7201" sha1="maxcr54x9m808r18lbzj3ck16il3v7e" xml:space="preserve"> 

{{Databox}}
[[Usòrò:WIKITONGUES-_António_speaking_Kimbundu.webm|thumb|Onye na-ekwu okwu Kimbundu, nke edere na [[Angola]].]]
'''Kimbundu''', asụsụ Bantu nke a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ Mbundu
ma ọ bụ North Mbundu {{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} (hụ Umbundu), is asụsụ Bantu nke abụọ a na-asụkarị na Angola. 

Ndị na-asụ ya na-elekwasị anya n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, ọkachasị na Luanda, Bengo, Malanje na mpaghara Cuanza Norte. &lt;ref&gt;Ambundu is the short form for Akwa Mbundu, where 'Akwa' means 'from', or 'of', or more originally 'originally from' and 'belonging to'. In Kimbundu language, the particle Akwa is shortened into simply A, so that instead of Akwa Mbndu, it becomes Ambundu; similarly the term Akwa Ngola becomes ANgola, then Angola. Ngola was the title for kings in the historic Northern Angolan kingdom, before the Portuguese invasion.&lt;/ref&gt; bụ ndị Ambundu na-asụ ya.

== Ọmụmụ ụdaolu ==

=== Mkpụrụ okwu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable IPA&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!Akpụkpọ ahụ
!Ezé ezé
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Mkpịsị aka
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Kwụsị
!&lt;small&gt;ala dị larịị&lt;/small&gt;
|p
|t
|
|
|k
|
|-
!&lt;small&gt;kwuru okwu&lt;/small&gt;
|b
|
|
|
|
|
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!&lt;small&gt;tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị&lt;/small&gt;
|mb
|nd
|
|
| (ŋɡ) 
|
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ihe na-esiri ike
!&lt;small&gt;enweghị olu&lt;/small&gt;
|f
|
|s
|ʃ
|
|h
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!&lt;small&gt;kwuru okwu&lt;/small&gt;
|v
|
|z
|ʒ
|
|
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!&lt;small&gt;tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị&lt;/small&gt;
|Ọ bụ ya ka a na-akpọɱv
|
|nz
|nʒ
|
|
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ụgbọ imi
|m
|n
|
| (ɲ) 
|ŋ
|
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe atụ
|w
|
|l
|j
|
|
|}
Allophones:

Na [β] bụ allophones nke /p/ na /b/, n'otu n'otu, tupu /a/ na /u/. Foneme /l/ bụ flap [ɾ], ụdaolu [d] ma ọ bụ nsụgharị ya [dj] mgbe ọ na-esote ụdaume dị elu /i/. N'otu ụzọ ahụ, alveolars /s/, /z/ na /n/ na-eme ka [ʃ], [ʒ] na [ɲ], n'otu n'otu, tupu [i]. Enwere ike inwe epenthesis nke [g] mgbe /ŋ/ gasịrị na ọnọdụ etiti okwu, si otú a na-emepụta ụyọkọ ụdaume [ŋg] na usoro nke fortition.

Enwere nkwekọrịta imi dị anya, nke /l/ na-aghọta dị ka [n] ma ọ bụrụ na morphemes gara aga nwere /m/ ma ọ bụ /n/, mana ọ bụghị nkwụsịtụ prenasalized.

=== Mkpụrụedemede ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
!N'ihu
!Ịlaghachi azụ
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!N'akụkụ
|i
|u
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!N'etiti
|na
|o
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!Emeghe
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |a
|}
E nwere ụda abụọ dị iche iche: ụda dị elu (á) na ụda dị ala (à). Enwekwara mbelata n'ọnọdụ tonal sandhi.

=== Nkwekọ ụdaume ===
Enwere nkwekọrịta ụdaume n'ìgwè abụọ (ụdaume dị elu /i, u/ na ụdaume dị n'etiti na nke dị ala /e, o, a/) nke na-emetụta naanị maka ọdịdị okwu.  ụfọdụ morphemes, enwere ike ihichapụ ụdaume mgbe niile iji zere hiatus.

== Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Kimbundu ==
'''Mkpụrụ okwu'''

'''Mkpụrụedemede'''

A E I O U

Ebe e si nweta ya: https://omniglot.com/writing/kimbundu.htm

== Ịgbazinye ego ==

=== Asụsụ Portuguese nke Europe ===
E nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke okwu sitere na Kimbundu na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ahụ bụ mgbazinye ego na-apụtaghị ìhè, nke a gbazitere site na Angolan Portuguese.

Ihe atụ ndị ọtụtụ ma ọ bụ ndị niile na-asụ Angolan na European Portuguese ghọtara gụnyere

bué (nke a na-akpọ [bwɛ], &quot;nke ukwuu, ọtụtụ&quot;),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/bué|title=bué|first=Priberam Informática|author=S.A|work=Dicionário Priberam}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

[] ([ˈkɔtɐ], &quot;onye agadi&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/cota|title=Cota|first=Priberam Informática|author=S.A|work=Dicionário Priberam}}&lt;/ref&gt;) 

[] ([bɐˈzaɾ]) 

[]{{Lang|pt|mambo}} ([ˈmɐ̃bu]) 

[]{{Lang|pt|guita}} ([ˈgitɐ], &quot;ego&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno-portugues/busca/portugues-brasileiro/guita/|title=Guita|work=Michaelis On-Line}}&lt;/ref&gt;) 

[]{{Lang|pt|beca}} ([ˈbɛkɐ]) 

wi (&quot;nwoke, nwoke&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno-portugues/busca/portugues-brasileiro/Wi/|title=Wi|work=Michaelis On-Line}}&lt;/ref&gt;) 

fixe (&quot;dị jụụ&quot;),&lt;ref name=&quot;michaelis.uol.com.br&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/busca?r=0&amp;f=0&amp;t=0&amp;palavra=Fixe|title=Fixe|work=Michaelis On-Line}}&lt;/ref&gt; bué da fixe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/bu%C3%A9%20da%20fixe|title=Bué Da Fixe|first=Priberam Informática|author=S.A|work=Dicionário Priberam|accessdate=2024-02-27|archivedate=2024-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208003802/https://dicionario.priberam.org/bu%C3%A9%20da%20fixe}}&lt;/ref&gt; (&quot;dị mma&quot;).[1]&lt;ref&gt;[https://lordcesarvalentine.blogspot.com.br/2010/05/mundo-cigano.html Suplemento do léxico cigano]. Mundo Cigano.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+
!Aha nnọchiaha
!Nsụgharị
|-
|Eme
|M
|-
|Isi / Anya
|Ị
|-
|Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ
|Ya ma ọ bụ ya
|-
|Etu
|Anyị
|-
|Enu
|Ị
|-
|Eprel
|Ha
|}
''Ịnọ''-ejikọta ngwaa ka ọ bụrụ (''Kuala''; kwa presence na Kimbundu) n'oge a: &lt;ref name=&quot;ciberduvidas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/outros/diversidades/a-lingua-kimbundu/351|language=pt|title=A língua kimbundu|work=Ciberduvidas da lingua portuguesa|accessdate=30 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|Eme ngala
|Abụ m
|-
|Eie walla / Eye walla / Eie wala / Eye wala
|Ị bụ
|-
|Baan walla / Baan wala
|Ya ma ọ bụ ya bụ
|-
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n&quot;ụlọikpe ahụ ka a ga-enwetụ ya
|Anyị bụ
|-
|Enu nuala / Enu nwala
|Ị bụ
|-
|Ene ala
|Ha bụ
|}
Na-ejikọta ngwaa inwe (''Kuala ni''; kwa presence ni na Kimbundu) n'oge a: 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|Eme ni ngala
|Enwere m
|-
|Isi / Anya ma ọ bụ walla
|Ị nwere
|-
|Baan na walla
|Ya ma ọ bụ ya nwere
|-
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụghị ya ka ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ
|Anyị nwere
|-
|Enu nuala ni
|Ị nwere
|-
|Ene ala ni
|Ha nwere
|}

== Edensibia ==
na asụsụ ahụ si na Lushootseed pụta. (Asụsụ Salish Coast gbara agbata obi) n'ihi ọdịnala na-enweghị isi na mpaghara aha n'ime obodo Skokomish (dị ka Bruce Subiyay Miller) kwenyere{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [[iarchive:artedalinguadean00dias|Nkà nke asụsụ Angola, onye edemede Father Pedro Dias, bipụtara na 1697]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051111071245/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/kimbundu.html Akụkọ ihe mere eme banyere Kimbundu]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314140912/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Kimbundu PanAfrican L10n peeji na Kimbundu]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051111071245/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/kimbundu.html Ndị Kimbundu]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080705124055/http://www.bjornthegreat.com/angola/ancient/ethnic.php Agbụrụ ndị dị na Angola]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>maxcr54x9m808r18lbzj3ck16il3v7e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khaled Ghorbal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37927</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638999</id>
      <parentid>152969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T08:36:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638999</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5406" sha1="eogat1fvfncuanp2q118tr81n8lauqf" xml:space="preserve">
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Khaled Ghorbal|url=https://mubi.com/cast/khaled-ghorbal|accessdate=2021-11-27|work=MUBI|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Databox}}'''Khaled Ghorbal''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1950 na Sfax) bụ onye Tunisia na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ede ihe nkiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Ghorbal Khaled|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=3206|accessdate=2021-11-27|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Africiné - Khaled Ghorbal|url=https://www.africine.org/personne/khaled-ghorbal/3206|accessdate=2021-11-27|work=Africiné|language=fr|archivedate=2023-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109152701/https://www.africine.org/personne/khaled-ghorbal/3206}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ na ọrụ ==
Ghorbal gụrụ akwụkwọ na Dramatic Art Center nke Tunis. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Khaled Ghorbal Archives|url=https://www.quinzaine-realisateurs.com/en/realisateur/khaled-ghorbal-en/|accessdate=2021-11-27|work=Directors' Fortnight|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109152713/https://www.quinzaine-realisateurs.com/en/realisateur/khaled-ghorbal-en/}}&lt;/ref&gt; bịarutere na [[France]] n'afọ 1970 iji mezue ọzụzụ ihe nkiri ya, na Mahadum International of Theatre na Paris, na Machịum Paris nke asatọ na mgbe ahụ na Jacques Lecoq Mime School Mouvement Théâtre . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-11-13|title=Fatma|url=https://www.pcmmo.org/programmation-2014/longs-metrages/400-2/|accessdate=2021-11-27|work=PCMMO - Panorama des Cinémas du Maghreb et du Moyen-Orient|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2023-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109152716/https://www.pcmmo.org/programmation-2014/longs-metrages/400-2/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri, mgbe ahụ dị ka onye nduzi ihe nkiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Khaled Ghorbal|url=http://evene.lefigaro.fr/celebre/biographie/khaled-ghorbal-40881.php|accessdate=2021-11-27|work=Evene.fr|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihe fọrọ nke nta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Khaled Ghorbal|url=https://www.le-musee-prive.com/magazine-art-contemporain/art-cinema/1642-khaled-ghorbal.html|accessdate=2021-11-27|work=www.le-musee-prive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụrụ afọ iri, ọ haziri ma duzie Ụlọ ihe nkiri abụọ na mpaghara Paris.

N'afọ 1996, o duziri El Mokhtar (The Chosen One), ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo mbụ ya, na-ekwu maka okwu nke fundamentalism na ịmegharị ụbụrụ nke ndị ntorobịa. A họọrọ ihe nkiri ahụ n'ọtụtụ mmemme mba ụwa. N'afọ 1999 ọ hapụrụ [[Tunisia]] iji gbaa ''[[Fatma (2001 film)|Fatma]]'', ihe nkiri mbụ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Intercontinent|first=Médias France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miENachi-ucC&amp;dq=Khaled+Ghorbal&amp;pg=PA47|title=Cinémas africains d'aujourd'hui|date=2007-05-01|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-4186-8|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJkaAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Khaled+Ghorbal|title=Africa Film &amp; TV Magazine|date=2001|publisher=Z Productions|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; nkiri ahụ gosipụtara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Armes|first=Roy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3E_tmPLCUAC&amp;dq=Khaled+Ghorbal&amp;pg=PA79|title=Postcolonial Images: Studies in North African Film|date=2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-21744-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cannes ma merie ọtụtụ ihe nrite, ọkachasị na FESPACO.

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Dị ka onye nduzi ===

* 1996: El Mokhtar (The Chosen One) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=métrage|first=Sauve qui peut le court|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_1BDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Khaled+Ghorbal&amp;pg=PA35|title=Catalogue Clermont FilmFest97|publisher=Sauve qui peut le court métrage|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2001: ''[[Fatma (2001 film)|Fatma]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Videau|first=André|date=2002|title=Fatma. Film tunisien de Khaled Ghorbal|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/homig_1142-852x_2002_num_1237_1_3851|journal=Hommes &amp; Migrations|volume=1237|issue=1|pages=145–146}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pallister|first=Janis L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P15tyiOSRz0C&amp;dq=Khaled+Ghorbal&amp;pg=PA251|title=Francophone Women Film Directors: A Guide|date=2005|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-4046-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T95kAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khaled+Ghorbal|title=Variety International Film Guide|date=2003|publisher=Andre Deutsch|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gugler|first=Josef|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQ9zsiRnQQMC&amp;dq=Khaled+Ghorbal&amp;pg=PA280|title=Film in the Middle East and North Africa: Creative Dissidence|date=2011-01-15|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-72327-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Khaled Ghorbal|url=https://en.unifrance.org/directories/person/313158/khaled-ghorbal|accessdate=2021-11-27|work=en.unifrance.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-03-14|title=Un si beau voyage|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/lefigaromagazine/2009/03/14/01006-20090314ARTFIG00197--un-si-beau-voyage-.php|accessdate=2021-11-27|work=LEFIGARO|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;: Otu ''[[Un si beau voyage|Njem Dị Mma]]'' [1] [2] [3] 
* 2015: ''[[Zaafrane (2015 film)|Zaafrane]] (Saffron) ''  

== Edensibia ==
 {{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|0315865}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>eogat1fvfncuanp2q118tr81n8lauqf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iwu ndị ogbenye nke Ireland</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>41556</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638947</id>
      <parentid>164465</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T18:27:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638947</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8670" sha1="nii0uahzxwtzckifjcoxj3f4jo6fd5l" xml:space="preserve">
[[Usòrò:WorkhouseatDunfanaghy.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Ozi ọrụ mbụ dị na Dunfanaghy, County Donegal]]
Iwu ndị ogbenye Irish bụ usoro mmemme nke nzuko omeiwu ezubere iji lebara akara ihu obi ọha na eze anya n'inyere ogbenye na-adịgide adịgide na Ireland.  Ọ bụ ebe na ndị omeiwu pre-Union nke Ireland ewebatala iwu ụfọdụ tupu iwu nke Union, mbọ radical na nke zuru oke bụ omume Irish nke 1838, nke akwadoro na Iwu Ndozi Iwu Ogbenye Bekee 1834 .  Na England, nke a nọchiri iwu oge Elizabethan nke na-ihe ọ ALA na Ireland.

== Tupu Njikọ ==
N'afọ 1703, nzuko omeiwu nke Irish nyere iwu maka &quot;ịkwado ụlọ ọrụ na maka nlekọta na ịzụ ụmụ site n'aka ụmụaka&quot;. Ka ọ na-erule 1771, enwere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara ọ bụla na ka ọ na-erule 1833, ngụkọta ọnụ ahịa ahụ bụ £ 32,967. &lt;ref&gt;George O'Brien, the Economic History of Ireland From the Union to the Famine, 1921, p.168&lt;/ref&gt;

== Post-Union ==
Ruo 1838, iji 'Ụlọ nke ụlọ ọrụ' dị obere karịa na England na Wales. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~peter/workhouse/Ireland/Ireland.shtml|title=Poor Law Unions in Ireland&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|accessdate=8 September 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529014333/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~peter/workhouse/Ireland/Ireland.shtml|archivedate=29 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Akụkọ nke Royal Commission on the Poorer Classes in Ireland 1833 dugara na Iwu iwu Ogbenye (Ireland) 1838, nke atọ &quot;ndị ọrụ iwu dara ogbenye&quot; ​​kewara Ireland n'ime otu iwu dara ogbenye, nke ndị ogbenye ga-enweta- na-enweghị  mma (ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ).  ụgwọ n'akwụkwọ ) n'akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi na ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye dabere na &quot; ntụle iwu dara ogbenye&quot;.  [1] [2] Aha &quot;otu&quot; ka edobere n'ụdị &quot;Union of parishes&quot; nke bekee n'agbanyeghị na oke otu ndị Irish si dị iche na nke parish obodo .  Akpọrọ otu otu aha obodo ahụ ọ gbadoro ụkwụ na ya, ebe ụlọ ọrụ dị.  A kọwa otu dị ka otu nke ngalaba aka iwu dara ogbenye, nke a kọwakwara dị ka otu obodo obodo .  Nkewa ọhụrụ aka we iche ndị otu na kọmitii ndị mgbasa, ebe ndị ọhụrụ aka na- nching dị elu nwere ụfọdụ akụkụ .  [3] [4] N'oge na mgbe oke ụnwụ ahụ, ike dị na ike ịbụ dara ogbenye ka e me ike iji otu na ntanye maka ụmụaka dị mfe.  Mgbe e hiwere ụlọ ọrụ dị iche n'ozuzu nke Irish na 1864, otu ọ làla mpaghara onye ozi na-edeba aha, yana otu nke ngalaba ọhụrụ aka na-etolite mpaghara dispensary ma ọ bụ onye na-edeba aha.  [5].

=== Ọpụpụ ===
&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231215/http://www.proni.gov.uk/index/exhibitions_talks_and_events/19th_century_emigration_to_the_north_america_online/helping_hands/the_irish_poor_law.htm ''The Irish poor law''] [[Public Record Office of Northern Ireland]].&lt;/ref&gt;N'oge Oké Ụnwụ ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ bịara na-enye nke ukwuu nke na e ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị ogbenye aka ọkụga.  Nke a nwere ike nke ikwe ka ndị ọzọ banye n'ihe ọrụ na-enwe ịgbanarị egwu na ọrịa.  Na nzaghachi, azịza nke onye nke nyere aka bụ maka ndị natara onyinye ime ụlọ ihe ngosi afọ abụọ.

== Mgbe nkebi gasịrị ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt;N'ịgbaso nkebi nke Ireland, na steeti Irish nweere onwe ya, ndị ọrụ iwu na-ahụ mma na mpaghara ime obodo kagburu na 1925 ma ikike nke ndị àmà na kọmitii' County Boards of Health or County Boards of Public Assistance. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/sro/950/made/en/print|title=27/05/1925: Adaptation Of Children's Act, 1908, Order, 1925.|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;askaboutireland_est&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/poor-law-union/poor-law-unions-and-their/the-establishment-of-the-/|title=History &amp; Heritage &gt; Poor Law Union &gt; Poor Law Unions and their Records &gt; The Establishment of the Poor Law System|work=AskAboutIreland|publisher=An Chomhairle Leabharlanna|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na Northern Ireland, òtù iwu dara ogbenye dịgidere ruo mgbe Northern Ireland Health and Social Care Service na 1948.

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Iwu ndị ogbenye na Scotland|Iwu ogbenye Scotland]]
* Iwu Ogbenye Bekee
* Ndepụta nke otu ndị ogbenye iwu Irish

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

=== Akaụntụ nke oge a ===

* Nassau William Senior - [[iarchive:alettertolordho00senigoog/page/n7|''Akwụkwọ ozi ...'']] [[iarchive:alettertolordho00senigoog/page/n7|''na ndokwa iwu maka ndị ogbenye Irish'']] (1831)
* Poulet Scrope, George [[iarchive:principlesofpoli00scrorich/page/325|Mkpa nke Iwu Ogbenye maka Ireland]] na ''ụkpụrụ nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị'' (1833)
* [[iarchive:irelandinajourn00inglgoog/page/n38|Ndị njem nlegharị anya Bekee, EG Inglis, na-eleta Dublin's Mendicity Institute, Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ ọgwụ ntọala]] (1834)
* [[iarchive:selectionparoch00irelgoog|Nhọrọ nke ule Parochial metụtara klaasị ndị ogbenye na Ireland]] Royal Commission nke Ajụjụ (1835)
* George Nicholls – [[iarchive:poorlawsireland00offigoog|''Iwu dara ogbenye—Ireland: Akụkọ atọ'']] (1838)
* Torrens, Robert [https://books.google.com/books?id=otsNAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=Torrens ''Atụmatụ nke otu n'enyemaka nke Irish Ogbenye Iwu''] (1838)
* Poulet Scrope, George - [https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ0uAAAAYAAJ ''Akwụkwọ ozi ndị ziri ezi Hon. Lord John Russell, na mkpa nke ịgbasa iwu ogbenye Irish ruo n'uju nke iwu ogbenye England''] (1846)

=== Narị afọ nke 19 ===

* O'Connor, John [[iarchive:workhousesofirel00ocon|''Ụlọ ọrụ nke Ireland: Ọdịmma nke ndị ogbenye Ireland'']] 1995 : 
* Crossman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-327AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=irish+poor+law ''ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Virginia, Pauperism na Ike na njedebe nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu Ireland''] : 2006 : 
* Burke, Helen [https://books.google.com/books?id=CdqwAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=the+people+and+the+poor+law+helen+burke ''Ndị mmadụ na iwu ogbenye na narị afọ nke 19 Ireland''] : 1987 : 
* * Butt, Isaac [[iarchive:poorlawbillfori00nichgoog|''The ogbenye-iwu ụgwọ maka Ireland enyochala, ndokwa ya na akụkọ nke Mr. Nicholls iche ...'']] [[iarchive:poorlawbillfori00nichgoog|''(1837)'']] na Internet Archive .
* MacDonagh, Oliver [https://web.archive.org/web/20070321144234/http://www.rhs.ac.uk/bibl/wwwopac.exe Iwu Ogbenye, Immigrashọn na ajụjụ Irish 1830–'55] : na ''Christus Rex – Studies in Irish History'' : Jenụwarị 1958
* Grey, Peter [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Making-1815-43-Studies-Popular-Culture/dp/0719076498 Ime Iwu ndị ogbenye Irish, 1815–43] MUP 2009 
* [[Robert Dennis Collison Black|Collison Black, RD]] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tks7AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=ECONOMIC+THOUGHT+AND+THE+IRISH+QUESTION+1817-1970 ''Echiche akụ na ụba na ajụjụ Irish 1817–1870''], 1993 (mbigharị nke 1960) 

* Anderson, James [http://www.libraryireland.com/articles/PauperismIrelandsHope/index.php ''Pauperism: Enyemaka Ogbenye na Ireland—Aro ụfọdụ''] (sitere na “Olileanya Ireland: Oku na-eje ozi”), 1913

Kely, GO, Donnell, A Kennedy, P Quin, S Irish Social Policy N'okwu:(1999) Dublin University College Dublin Press

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Ireland/ Ụlọ ọrụ na Ireland]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220522080101/http://kilmoregenealogy.com/hidden_wexford_genealogy/ Usoro ọmụmụ Wexford zoro ezo - ọmụmụ na Wexford Workhouse 1851–1893]
* [http://thuthuatmarketingz.blogspot.com/ Ihe nke Iwu Ogbenye Irish wepụrụ] akwụkwọ ụkpụrụ Irish
* [http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/poor-law-union/poor-law-unions-and-their/index.xml Iwu Iwu Ogbenye Irish na ndekọ ha] sitere na Jụọ About Ireland, ọnụ ụzọ gọọmentị Irish na-akwado.
* [https://archive.today/20061005072715/http://www.nationalarchives.ie/research/poorlaw.html Ntuziaka na ndekọ nke Iwu Ogbenye] sitere na National Archives nke Ireland .
* [http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers3/Gray.pdf Iwu ogbenye Irish na oke ụnwụ nri]
* [http://pdf.library.soton.ac.uk/EPPI/297-1.pdf Ọnọdụ klaasị ndị ka daa ogbenye na Ireland: akụkọ mbụ: mgbakwunye A na mgbakwunye 1835] Whately report (1218 pages) dị site na EPPI.
* List of Irish Workhouse Unions  
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
      <sha1>nii0uahzxwtzckifjcoxj3f4jo6fd5l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>James S. Watson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>44584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638952</id>
      <parentid>166307</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T20:27:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638952</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6427" sha1="oullzbaq77xxmdl5onne6uxla260h12" xml:space="preserve">'''James Samuel Watson''' (1882-1952) bụ otu n'ime [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Ndị isi ojii America]] abụọ mbụ a họpụtara dị ka onye ọka ikpe na steeti [[Nú Yọk|New York]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://alumni.nyls.edu/Document.Doc?id=16 |title=&quot;James S. Watson, Class of 1913&quot;, ''New York Law School Alumni Connections'', June 2007 |accessdate=2024-05-14 |archivedate=2010-07-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707015911/http://alumni.nyls.edu/Document.Doc?id=16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ James S. Watson na Spanish Town, [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]] na Mee 29, 1882. &lt;ref name=&quot;courts.state&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.courts.state.ny.us/history/pdf/Pioneer.pdf |title=''Pioneering African Americans in the Courts and the Legal Community Past and Present'', p. 21. |accessdate=2024-05-14 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224100/http://www.courts.state.ny.us/history/pdf/Pioneer.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya, James Michael Watson, bụ Sergeant na Jamaica Constabulary Force ma mesịa rụọ ọrụ maka Jamaica Government Railway dị ka onye nduzi na onye isi oche.&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://jamaicanhistorymonth2007.moonfruit.com/#/james-s-watson/4520858139|title=Profile from Jamaican History Month 2007|accessdate=2010-08-26|archivedate=2019-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101025015/http://jamaicanhistorymonth2007.moonfruit.com/#/james-s-watson/4520858139}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aha nne ya bụ Elizabeth Jones Watson . [2] Mgbe ọ gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị na Spanish Town, James S. Watson rụrụ ọrụ dị icheiche na mpaghara ọwụwa ndọrọ ọchịchị ọrụ ka onye na-edebe akwụkwọ, onye na-akwụ ụgwọ, na onye isi odeakwụkwọ na họtel dị na Constant Spring, Jamaica.[2]&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url&quot; /&gt;

Na June 1905, Watson kwagara New York City. N'ebe ahụ, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mgbede na Harlem, ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọrịtandrị na 1910. N'afọ 1908, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke House, Grossman na Vorhaus, nke dị na 115 Broadway, dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ. Site nzọụkwụ ụtọ na nsusu na mpaghara okpomọkụ ọdịda anyanwụ n'ala nke ekwere Afrịka soto na mpaghara na 1910 ruo 1913, Watson gara klas abalị na City College of New York na New York Law School, ebe ọ natara LL.B. na 1913. Ọ ghọrọ Nwa amaala United States na July 3, 1913. &lt;ref name=&quot;courts.state&quot;/&gt; A nabatara ya na ọkàiwu nke New York n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1914 ma n'ọnwokwa na-esote a nabatara ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'ihu Ụlọikpe Mpaghara United States maka Southern District nke New York. Watson nọgidere na House, Grossman na Vorhaus, ugbu a dị ka onye ọka iwu ruo 1920, na-aghọ onye isi nke Ngalaba Corporate na Iwu Ụtụ Isi ha.

N'afọ 1920, Watson na ndị ọka iwu ojii abụọ ọzọ, S. T. Christian ma nwéré ogologo nke ọbọdọ na mpaghara ọwụwa J. E. Stevens guzobere ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke ha, ebe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ iwu ruo n'afọ 1930. N'afọ 1922, ọ ghọrọ Onye ndụmọdụ ụlọ ọrụ pụrụ iche na New York City na ngalaba ụtụ isi pụrụ iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot;/&gt; Ọ nọchitekwara anya [[Marcus Garvey]] n'afọ ndị 1920. [1]&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot; /&gt;

Watson gbara ọsọ maka onye ọka ikpe obodo na 1930 ma, ya na Charles E. Toney, nke a họpụtara n'afọ ahụ, si otú a ghọọ otu n'ime ndị ọka ikpe ojii abụọ mbụ na steeti New York. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka ikpe ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1950. &lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot;/&gt; Ọ chere mkpọsa nhọpụta siri ike ihu na 1940 mgbe Tammany Hall jụrụ Watson ọnọdụ nke onye ọchịchị agaghị ahapụ na nwoke idina na nwaanyị ọzọ metụtara ọrụ pụrụ ntakịrị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Democratic n'agbanyeghị na Association of the Bar of the City of New York kwadoro Watson.[1] Tammany Hall mechara gbanwee obi ya ma nye Watson nhọpụta ahụ ma merie nhọpụta ọzọ site na ọnụọgụ nke itoolu na otu.[1] N'afọ 1943, Watson bụ onye Africa America mbụ ghọrọ onye otu ọhụrụ nke American Bar Association kemgbe afọ 1912. [1]&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot; /&gt;

Watson lara ezumike nká n'oche n'afọ 1950, ọ ghọrọ onye isi óche na mpaghara okpomọkụ yana akụkụ ọzara nke Kọmitii Ọrụ Obodo. Ọ nọ n'ọkwa a ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1952. &lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot;/&gt; Ihe karịrị mmadụ 3,000 bịara olili ozu ya, gụnyere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ ọ bụla dị elu.[1] Vincent R. Impellitteri, Onye isi obodo New York City, bụ otu n'ime ndị bu ozu ya n'ememe olili ozu ya.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot; /&gt;

== Ezinụlọ ==
Watson lụrụ onye Jamaica American ibe ya, Violet Lopez, na New Haven, Connecticut na 1917. &lt;ref name=&quot;courts.state&quot;/&gt; Ya na Mary McLeod, Violet Lopez Watson bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere National Council of Negro Women . &lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot;/&gt;

* Barbara M. Watson (1918-1983), onye bụ onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ nke mba Afrịka mbụ na onye jere ozi dị ka Onye nnọchi anya United States na Malaysia &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Barbara M. Watson is Dead; Former U.S. Diplomat was 64&quot;, New York Times, Feb. 18, 1983&lt;/ref&gt;
* James Lopez Watson (1922-2001), onye ghọrọ onye ọka ikpe nke United States Court of International TradeỤlọikpe Azụmaahịa Mba Nile nke United States
* [[Douglas C. Watson]] (d. 1993), onye injinia na-emepụta ihe nke nyere aka mepụta Republic F-105 Thunderchief na Republic F-84 Thunderjet &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/03/obituaries/douglas-c-watson-design-engineer-73-in-military-aviation.html Dennis Hevesi, &quot;Douglas C. Watson, Design Engineer, 73, In Military Aviation&quot;, ''New York Times'', June 3, 1993]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Grace Elizabeth Watson]] (b. 1924) -O jere ozi na Ngalaba Mmụta Ahụike na Ahụike

James na Violet Watson nwekwara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanne na ụmụ nwanne, gụnyere:

* J. Bruce Llewellyn (1927-2010), onye ọchụnta ego a ma ama &lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot;/&gt;
* Colin Powell (b. 1937), onye Africa America mbụ ghọrọ Odeakwụkwọ nke United States [1]&lt;ref name=&quot;bare_url_a&quot; /&gt;

* Ndepụta nke ndị ọka iwu na ndị ọkàikpe mbụ na New York

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oullzbaq77xxmdl5onne6uxla260h12</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kadiatou Konaté</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>45101</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638964</id>
      <parentid>167700</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:02:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638964</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4682" sha1="9l2x6ifj3id2g5o1ufcpt6s4oa09lpi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Kadiatou Konaté|occupation=Film director, screenwriter|education=Cheikh Anta Diop University|birth_place=[[Bamako]], Mali}}

{{Databox}}'''Kadiatou Konaté''' bụ onye ntụzi ihe nkiri na onye na-ese ihe nkiri [[Mali|nke Mali]] . Ọrụ ya kacha ama ama bụ ''L'Enfant dị egwu'', obere ihe na-atọ ụtọ dabere na akụkọ ifo ndị Africa. O mekwara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, na-elekwasịkarị anya n'okwu gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na Mali.

== Akụkọ nkeonwe ==
A mụrụ Konaté na Bamako, Mali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.africultures.com/php/?nav=personne&amp;no=3694|title=Kadiatou Konaré|accessdate=27 October 2016|language=French|work=africultures.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ ya, ndị Konates, bụ ndị eze nke bụbu ndị Gbara nke Old Mali .

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Cheikh Anta Diop University . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bolly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.musow.com/spip.php?article356|title=Fanta Régina Nacro et kadiatou Konaré : Les amazones d’une nouvelle ère du cinéma africain|language=French|year=2007|accessdate=27 October 2016|first=Moussa|author=Bolly|work=musow.com|archivedate=27 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027192930/http://www.musow.com/spip.php?article356}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ihe nkiri ==
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị mahadum, Konaté rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu ndị ọrụ na Souleymane Cissé 's 1985 classic film ''[[Yeelen]]'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bolly&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 1989, o dere ihe nkiri ihuenyo maka obere ihe nkiri ''La Geste de Ségou'' nke onye Mali ibe ya Mambaye Coulibaly duziri. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bolly&quot; /&gt; Edepụtara ọrụ solo mbụ ya dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Des Yeux Pour Pleurer'' (Anya na-akwa), gbara na vidiyo na 1992. &lt;ref name=&quot;Karthala&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Les cinémas d'Afrique: dictionnaire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61Ol3PLhYhsC&amp;pg=PA269|year=2000|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-84586-060-5|pages=269–270}}&lt;/ref&gt; Konaté sochiri nke a na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ, gbakwara na vidiyo, ''Circulation Routiere'' ( ''Okporo ụzọ'' ), onye na-eduzi ya na Kabide Djedje. &lt;ref name=&quot;Karthala&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1993, o wepụtara ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi atọ, nke a ma ama bụ ''L'Enfant egwu'' ( ''The Terrible Child'' ), na-arụkọ ọrụ na Belgian ogbako Graphoui. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bolly&quot; /&gt; ''L'Enfant dị egwu'', nke dabeere na akụkọ ifo Central Africa, dị ka ''La Geste de Ségou'', akụkọ ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri nke na-eji ụmụ nkịta eme ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;terrible child&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanfilmny.org/2012/the-terrible-child-l%E2%80%99enfant-terrible/|title=The Terrible Child / L’Enfant Terrible|accessdate=27 October 2016|work=africanfilmny.org|archivedate=2 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070348/https://www.africanfilmny.org/2012/the-terrible-child-l%E2%80%99enfant-terrible/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-agbaso mmụọ dị mma, nwatakịrị a mụrụ na ezé na ikike ikwu okwu na ije ije, onye chọtara nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ wee malite njem na-adịghị ahụkebe. &lt;ref name=&quot;terrible child&quot; /&gt; Ọ ka bụ ọrụ ya kacha ewu ewu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bolly&quot; /&gt;

Konaté gbasoro obere ihe nkiri ya site na ịlaghachi na akwụkwọ akụkọ, wepụta ''Femmes et Développement'' na 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;Karthala&quot;/&gt; ''Femmes et Dévelopement'' na-atụnyere n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Mali si dị iche iche socioeconomic otu. Ihe nkiri a na-eleba anya n'ihe ụmụnwaanyị rụzuru na obodo ya na ihe ndị a ka kwesịrị ime. &lt;ref name=&quot;Karthala&quot; /&gt; Na 1998 ọ na-eduzi ''Un mineur en milieu carcéral'', akwụkwọ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke nyochara ọnọdụ nke ụmụaka ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ, mgbe mgbe maka obere mmejọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Karthala&quot; /&gt;

Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya 2008 ''Daman Da'' ( ''Yellow Mirage'' ), na-agbaso ndụ ndị na-egwu ọla edo na Mali kwa ụbọchị. Isiokwu ahụ dọọrọ mmasị ya mgbe o lechara akụkọ akụkọ obodo banyere isiokwu ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Diop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.africine.org/?menu=art&amp;no=8507|title=Daman da, le mirage jaune, de Kadiatou Konaté|accessdate=27 October 2016|work=africine.org|language=French|first=Baba|author=Diop|archivedate=21 February 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221115719/http://www.africine.org/?menu=art}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri ahụ gosiri ihe isi ike ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-eche ihu, na-arụ ọrụ n'ọnọdụ ọjọọ, kamakwa ịkwụwa aka ọtọ na ụkpụrụ ọrụ ha gosipụtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Diop&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe ndetu ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|0464836}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>9l2x6ifj3id2g5o1ufcpt6s4oa09lpi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jo Ractliffe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>45900</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638954</id>
      <parentid>637566</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T23:39:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638954</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27750" sha1="0kjc68yefgy8ij8fzvgcm5x6v5gj6wl" xml:space="preserve">{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}

{{Databox}}

'''Jo Ractliffe''' (amụrụ 9 Maachị 1961) bụ onye na-ese foto na onye nkuzi South Africa na-arụ ọrụ na [[Cape Town]] abụọ, ebe amụrụ ya, yana Johannesburg, South Africa . A na-ewere ya dị ka ndị na-ese foto mmekọrịta ọha na eze South Africa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/black-social-photography-south-africa/|title=Black Social Photography in South Africa: Before &amp; After|date=2016-09-05|work=OkayAfrica|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ gbasoro agụmakwụkwọ ya na Cape Town, gụnyere Diploma ya na Fine Art na Ruth Prowse School of Art, Woodstock, Bachelor of Fine Arts (1985) na Master of Fine Arts (1988) na Michaelis School of Fine Art na Mahadum nke Cape Town . &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jo-ractliffe|title=Jo Ractliffe|author=Leander|date=2016-08-29|work=South African History Online|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Malite na ihe ngosi mbụ ya, Master of Fine Arts Graduate Show na [[Irma Stern Museum]], Foto nke Ractliffe enwetawo mmasị mba ụwa na ihe ngosi na South Africa, na MET, MOMA, Tate Modern, na Gwangju Biennial na South Korea. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; [[Okwui Enwezor]] akọwala Ractliffe dị ka &quot;otu n'ime ndị na-ese foto nke ọgbọ ya kachasị arụ ọrụ na nke na-erughị eru.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=O'Toole|first=Sean|date=2008-09-09|title=Jo Ractliffe|language=en|work=Frieze|url=https://www.frieze.com/article/jo-ractliffe|accessdate=2023-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egosipụtala ọrụ Ractliffe n'onwe ya yana ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ ama ama dịka [[David Goldblatt]], [[Guy Tillim]], [[William Kentridgr|William Kentridge]], [[Pieter Hugo]], na Zanele Muholi . &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Ọ nwetala ọtụtụ ihe nrite. Enyere akwụkwọ foto ya ''dị ka Terras do Fim do Mundo'' &quot;Best Photobook of 2010&quot; na International Photobook Festival na Kassel &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Online, South African History. &quot;Jo Ractliffe.&quot; South African History Online. 
    Last modified June 13, 2018. Accessed November 24, 2018. 
    https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jo-ractliffe .&lt;/ref&gt; na a họpụtara ya maka Nchọpụta Nchọpụta na Rencontres d'Arles Photography Festival na 2011. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.stevenson.info/exhibitions/ractliffe/index_borderlands.html|title=STEVENSON {{!}} Jo Ractliffe|work=archive.stevenson.info|accessdate=2019-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O nweela mmekorita ide ihe na Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research na 2010; Mmekọrịta [http://www.theampersandfoundation.com Ampersand Foundation] na New York na 2008; mkpakọrịta nke Christian Merian Stiftung na iaab studios, Basel, Switzerland, na 2001; na mkpakọrịta Ecole Cantonale d'Art du Vallais na Sierre, Switzerland na 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;

O nweela ọrụ ọha ma ọ bụ curatorial, gụnyere ''Johannesburg Circa Ugbu a'', Johannesburg Art Gallery, South Africa na 2004; ''Joubert Park Project'', Johannesburg, South Africa na 2000, na ''njedebe nke oge Pinhole Photography Project'', Nieu-Bethesda, Great Karoo, South Africa na 1999; na ''mkpuchi eziokwu'', Center maka ọmụmụ ihe ime ihe ike na imezigharị; Ụlọ ọrụ Wits History Workshop, Mahadum Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;

Ractliffe bụkwa onye isi nkuzi na Witwatersrand School of Arts na Mahadum Wits, Johannesburg. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wits.ac.za/wsoa/fine-arts/staff/|title=Staff - Wits University|work=www.wits.ac.za|accessdate=2019-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kụzikwaara ya na Salzburg International Summer Academy of Fine Arts na Salzburg, Austria, na na Ụlọ Ọrụ Foto Ahịa na Johannesburg. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

== gburugburu nka ==
Foto Ractliffe na-agbasa ọtụtụ isiokwu, mana na-elekwasị anya n'ịchọgharị otu isiokwu (dịka nchịkọta foto ya na-ebipụtaghị ihe dị ka afọ 25: ''Ihe niile bụ ihe niile)'' ma ọ bụ ọdịdị dị mgbagwoju anya (dịka nchịkọta ya ''Borderlands).'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.stevenson.info/exhibitions/ractliffe/index_borderlands.html|title=STEVENSON - Jo Ractliffe|work=archive.stevenson.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka Metropolitan Museum of Art si kwuo, Ractliffe &quot;eduzila igwefoto ya n'ebe dị iche iche dị na mbara ala iji lebara isiokwu nke mgbapụ, esemokwu, akụkọ ihe mere eme, ncheta, na mkpochapụ.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Aftermath of Conflict|url=https://www3.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2015/jo-ractliffe|accessdate=2023-08-11|work=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kọwawo Ractliffe dị ka &quot;onye na-ese foto na-ese foto nke na-ejide akara nke ime ihe ike, nchụpụ na mgba na mpaghara ala.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://artthrob.co.za/2016/08/26/the-contemporaries-jo-ractliffe/|title=The Contemporaries: Jo Ractliffe|date=2016-08-26|work=ArtThrob|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe oyiyi ya na-akpalite ncheta, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na nsogbu nke esemokwu gasịrị. Ọrụ ya na-etinye aka na ihe ndị fọdụrụ na esemokwu, nke a na-ahụ anya dị ka ọnya na mbara ala. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Omume nka ==
Ractliffe na-eji ụdị foto dị iche iche na omume nka, gụnyere foto foto, akwụkwọ akụkọ, ihe nleba anya na foto studio, yana vidiyo ntinye na ntule. Otú ọ dị, isi okwu ya bụ ihe oyiyi ojii na nke na-acha ọcha analọg, &quot;nke na-ejide ihe dị omimi nke dị omimi, nke onye na-ese ihe na-emesi ike na usoro obibi akwụkwọ ya.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Na mkparịta ụka ya na Kathleen MacQueen maka BOMB Magazine, Ractliffe kọwapụtara omume foto ya dị ka &quot;nke ukwuu banyere ịhụ - na ịdị oke egwu na ịtụgharị uche banyere ihe ịhụ ihe dị otú ahụ pụtara.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/shifting-connections-jo-ractliffe/|title=Shifting Connections: Jo Ractliffe by Kathleen MacQueen - BOMB Magazine|work=bombmagazine.org|accessdate=2018-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka nkwupụta onye na-ese ihe si kwuo, Ractliffe nwere mmasị n'ịchọgharị &quot;ihe ndị na-adịghị adị - ọchịchọ, ọnwụ, agụụ - na mmekọrịta ha na foto. Achọkwara m ịma ihe anyị na-atụghị anya ya na foto, ihe ha na-ahapụ, ịgbachi nkịtị na oghere ha nwere n'etiti 'eziokwu' na 'ọchịchọ'. M na-agbalị ịrụ ọrụ na mpaghara n'etiti ihe ndị anyị maara na ihe anyị na-amaghị; ihe na-anọdụ n'èzí etiti. Enwere m mmasị n'ịchọgharị 'oghere dị n'etiti' ndị a na-adịghị mma na ndị na-adịghị mma, yana otu ha si echepụta n'ịmepụta ihe n'ụdị nnochite anya nke yiri ka ọ na-emekarị na nkọwapụta na nghọta. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ArtThrob|url=https://artthrob.co.za/99mar/artbio.htm|accessdate=2023-08-11|work=artthrob.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na-arụ ọrụ ==
Akwụkwọ foto ya nke 2009/2010 ''dị ka Terras do Fim do Mundo'' (Portuguese maka &quot;Ala nke Ọgwụgwụ Ụwa&quot;), nke a makwaara dị ka &quot;The Aftermath of Conflict&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;Ghosts of [[Angola]]'s Civil War,&quot; bụ mkpokọta. Foto ndị oji na ndị ọcha na-ese onyinyo njedebe na-adịte aka nke Agha Obodo Angola . Ọ na-agụnye foto iri ise na ise, mgbe ụfọdụ iri isii ma e jiri ọrụ ndị mbụ dị ka ''Terreno Occupado bipụta ya,'' bụ nke chọpụtara ụzọ agha oke ala nke South Africa lụrụ na Angola site na 1970 na 80s. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mg.co.za/multimedia/2011-03-02-angola-through-jo-ractliffes-lens/|title=Angola: Through Jo Ractliffe's lens|work=The M&amp;G Online|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-24|archivedate=2019-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020309/https://mg.co.za/multimedia/2011-03-02-angola-through-jo-ractliffes-lens/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na-esote ''Terreno Ocupado'', nke lekwasịrị anya na Luanda afọ ise ka agha obodo ahụ kwụsịrị, ''Ka Terras do Fim do Mundo'' &quot;na-atụgharị uche site na ngosipụta nke obodo mepere emepe na-esote ohere agha n'onwe ya. Foto ojii na nke ọcha nke Ractliffe na-enyocha echiche nke ọdịdị ala. dị ka pathology, otú ime ihe ike n'oge gara aga si egosipụta na ọdịdị nke ugbu a.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=As Terras do Fim do Mundo: The Lands of the End of the World|author=Ractliffe|first=Jo|publisher=Michael Stevenson|year=2010|isbn=0620485515|location=South Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka a nyochaa nke ''Collector Daily'', &quot;Foto ndị Ractliffe nwere ihe efu dị jụụ nye ha, ebe nkume nkume nkume na oké ọhịa na-eguzobe ogbi n'ihu akụkọ ihe mere eme. Foto ya na-edekọ ili ili, ubi ogbunigwe, ihe ọkụkụ a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ, ebe ndị na-eche nche, ihe ncheta ndị a na-emeghị eme., trench usoro, na uzuzu n'ọgbọ agha, singing si ụfọdụ obere akara ma ọ bụ mpempe ihe àmà na n'ụzọ na-enweghị mmasị odida obodo, ya platinum ebipụta n'ihu mee ka obi ọjọọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị nro, ha tonalities ọzọ nwayọọ na-agbaghara; Mgbidi ndị a kpụrụ akpụ na-ezo n'ụlọ ndị dị jụụ, ma ọ bụ ahịrị nkume ọcha na-akpọpụta akụkụ nke bonka ngwa agha.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-04-27|title=Jo Ractliffe: As Terras do Fim do Mundo @Walther Collection|url=https://collectordaily.com/jo-ratcliffe-as-terras-do-fim-do-mundo-walther-collection/|accessdate=2023-08-11|work=Collector Daily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Foto kacha ebipụta nke mkpokọta ahụ na-egosi ụzọ asaa nke isi ojii na-acha anụnụ anụnụ gbadoro n'elu osisi, nke Metropolitan Museum of Art họọrọ ịnọchite anya ihe ngosi solo nke Ractliffe na 2015. Ractliffe na-ekwu na foto a na edemede onwe onye maka ''The Guardian'', &quot;Ha bụ ndị ikom nwere oghere.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Frizzell|first=Nell|date=2016-06-30|title=Jo Ractliffe's best photograph: the ghosts of Angola's civil war|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jun/30/jo-ractliffe-best-photograph-ghosts-angola-civil-war|accessdate=2023-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na nyocha nke ''New York Times, &quot;'' Ọ bụ site na lens akụkọ ihe mere eme a ka Oriakụ Ractliffe na-ele anya odida obodo: dị ka ebe na-anọpụ iche nke omume mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma site na eziokwu dị egwu site n'oge gara aga - ili nke narị narị ndị [[Namibia]] gbara ọsọ ndụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụmụaka., ndị e gburu n'ime mwakpo ikuku a na-amaghị; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2011-05-26|title=JO RACTLIFFE: ‘As Terras do Fim do Mundo (The Lands of the End of the World)’ (Published 2011)|language=en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/27/arts/design/jo-ractliffe-as-terras-do-fim-do-mundo-the-lands-of-the-end-of-the-world.html|accessdate=2023-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mkparịta ụka gburugburu ''As Terras do Fim do Mundo,'' Ractliffe ka e hotara na-ekwu, &quot;Otu n'ime ihe kpatara ịmalite ọrụ a bụ, n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, iji gbalịa ịchọta echiche nke [Agha Angolan], ka tinye akụkọ ifo ndị na-ekesa na iji weghachi ebe nchekwa… Ekwuwo m ntakịrị banyere nkukota nke a n'oge gara aga na ugbu a na odida obodo, mana ọ na-agbakọkwa n'ime m. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jo Ractliffe|url=https://www.newyorker.com/goings-on-about-town/art/jo-ractliffe|accessdate=2023-08-11|work=The New Yorker|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mkpuchi ==
A tụlere ọrụ Ractliffe n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, site na nchịkọta foto nke ya, dị ka akwụkwọ ya ''As Terras do Fim do Mundo: The Lands of the End of the World'', &lt;ref&gt;Ractliffe, Jo. ''As Terras Do Fim Do Mundo =: The Lands of the End of the World''. Cape Town, South Africa: Michael Stevenson, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; na mkpokọta otu, dị ka akwụkwọ [[Okwui Enwezor]] nke karịrị 250. foto nke ndị omenkà 30 nke Africa: ''Mkpesa Snap: Ọnọdụ Ọhụrụ na Foto Ọhụrụ n'Afrika.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Enwezor, Okwui. ''Snap Judgments: New Positions in Contemporary African Photography''. New York: ICP, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Edepụtala ọrụ ya ma dị ka ọrụ nka na ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, dịka n'akwụkwọ [[Okwui Enwezor]] na Michael Godby's ''Rise and Fall of Apartheid: Photography and the Bureaucracy of Everyday Life.'' Akwụkwọ a na-egosipụta &quot;ụfọdụ n'ime ihe oyiyi kachasị mma nke oge anyị&quot; na &quot;nchịkọta pụrụ iche nke foto foto na nkọwa [nke] na-enye nyocha nyocha na nke zuru oke banyere ọmụmụ, evolushọn, na nkwụsị nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. Ndị na-ese foto rụrụ ihe dị mkpa. Ọrụ na akwụkwọ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na-eweghara ntinye nke usoro ahụ n'ime akụkụ ndụ kachasị njọ nke ndụ na South Africa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Enwezor, Okwui, and Rory Bester. ''Rise and Fall of Apartheid: Photography and the Bureaucracy of Everyday''. New York, NY: International Center of Photography, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na nlele ''New Yorker'' na nyocha nke ihe ngosi Ractliffe The Aftermath of Conflict, &quot; A kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka inwe&quot; ụgwọ dị njọ, dị ka a ga - asị na onye na-ese foto South Africa ewepụtala ụfọdụ ebe nchekwa mkpokọta. Ọtụtụ n'ime saịtị Ractliffe na-ahọrọ bụ ndị tọgbọrọ n'efu (ubi ahịhịa, ụgbọ mmiri kpuru, ili), na foto ndị a na-esi na ya pụta pụrụ ịdị na-agbagwoju anya mgbe ụfọdụ, ma ihe mgbu na nhụjuanya na-apụta ìhè, dị ka ike na njide nke Ractliffe: ogbunigwe na-ejupụta n'ala ndị dị n'ugbo; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ dị n'ịntanetị ''Don't Take Pictures'' kwuru na ihe oyiyi Ractliffe na-egosi na Ractliffe ghọtara na mmetụta nke agha bụ ọ bụghị nanị na ndị mmadụ na ebe ndị na-enweghị isi mgbe ụfọdụ ha bi, kamakwa n'ememe nke ibi ndụ, mgbe gbara alụkwaghịm site n'ọnọdụ, were ụdị ọmarịcha ịma mma na ncheta ihe ndụ chọrọ iji nọgide na-adị ma ọ bụ ọbụna nwee ọganihu. Site na igwefoto onye na-ese foto lekwasịrị anya nke ọma na onyonyo nke a na-akpụzigharị ya mgbe niile, anyị na-eche eziokwu ahụ na-adịghị mma ihu na agha, na ịma mma ya jọgburu onwe ya, na-emebi ọ bụghị naanị ala ndị dị anya, kama na-ebikwa nso ụlọ.” &lt;ref&gt;Thompson, Roger. &quot;JO RACTLIFFE: UNEXPECTED CHALLENGE TO DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY AT THE MET.&quot; ''Don't Take Pictures'', January 20, 2016. Accessed November 27, 2018. http://www.donttakepictures.com/dtp-blog/2016/1/19/ jo-ractliffe-unexpected-challenge-to-documentary-photography-at-the-met.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Ihe ngosi ya Vlakplaas ('' Ihe na-eme na Afikaans) bụ aha na-ezo aka na gọọmentị mgbochi nnupụisi na ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii mere dị ka ebe ogbugbu maka ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ . Vlakplaas dị n'ugbo dị nso na Pretoria . Ractliffe na-ekwu na e nyere òtù ọrụ ahụ ọrụ maka ''Truth Veils'', ihe ngosi e dokwasịrị na Gertrude Posel Gallery na 1999 iji soro ọgbakọ ahụ ''bụ́ TRC: Commissioning the Past'' na Mahadum Witwatersrand . E gosipụtara ya n'ihe metụtara ''Prime Evil'', ihe nkiri ihe nkiri gbasara ọchịagha Vlakplaas Eugene de Kock .&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.stevenson.info/exhibitions/ractliffe/index_vlakplaas.html|title=STEVENSON {{!}} Jo Ractliffe|work=archive.stevenson.info|accessdate=2018-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọgbakọ ahụ, na ihe ngosi Ractliffe, bụ nke e mere maka nzaghachi na South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission na ihe nketa na-adịgide adịgide nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.

Things Fall Apart bụ ihe ngosi otu weputara aha ya n'akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Chinụa Achebe|Chinua Achebe]] nke ''Things Fall Apart'' . &quot;Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ hụrụ dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ oge ochie nke Afrịka n'asụsụ Bekee, akwụkwọ ahụ na-atụgharị uche na mmetụta ọjọọ nke colonialism na Africa. Ihe ngosi ahụ na-eji mkpakọrịta a na-elekwasị anya na mfu nke utopian yiri nke ahụ mgbe njedebe nke Agha Nzuzo na ọdịda nke mba ụwa. Ntinye ego nke Communist Bloc na mmepe omenala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa na-egosi ọrụ iri na ise nke ndị nka n'oge a jikọtara ya na isiokwu a n'ụzọ dị iche iche.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=RED AFRICA: Things Fall Apart|url=https://contemporaryand.com/exhibition/red-africa-things-fall-apart/|accessdate=2023-08-11|work=Contemporary And|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọnụ ọgụgụ na akụkọ ifo bụ otu ihe ngosi gosipụtara ọrụ ndị na-ese foto iri na asaa. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi ahụ kwuru banyere ihe ngosi ahụ, sị: &quot;Obi ụtọ na ịdị ngwa gbara gburugburu foto na South Africa taa bụ nke a na-akọwa nke ọma site na mpaghara mpaghara ya: agbakwunyere na akụkọ ihe mere eme colonial, ethnography, anthropology, ndi oru nta akuko na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, foto kacha mma na-apụta na mba ahụ etinyewo uche. na mgba na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya dị arọ, ịjụ ajụjụ, ịmegharị na imegharị koodu ngosi ya na ịgwakọta ha na nsogbu ndị dị ugbu a na Post-Apartheid, mgbagwoju anya na isi okwu - agbụrụ, ọha mmadụ, okike, njirimara - na-anọgide na-adị n'elu Ndị na-ese foto bụ ndị na-ejigide ihe nkiri ndị na-esi na ya pụta dị ka ụdị esemokwu okike n'ime ọhụụ nke onwe ha N'ebe a, ụda foto dị iche iche apụtawo: mpaghara n'àgwà na isiokwu, ma nke mmasị zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ihi ike ha jikọtara ọnụ.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Victoria and Albert Museum. &quot;Figures &amp; Fictions: Contemporary South African Photography.&quot; Victoria and Albert Museum. Last modified 2011. Accessed November 27, 2018. http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/f/ figures-and-fictions-contemporary-south-african-photography/.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmetụta sitere na South Africa bụ ihe ngosi na New York's Museum of Modern Art nke gosipụtara nka South Africa site n'ịdị elu nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na 1965 gaa n'ihu. &quot;Site na mbipụta mbụ na ihe ngosi ahụ, nke emere na 1965 (nke mbụ nke Museum nwetara ọrụ site n'aka onye na-ese ihe South Africa), na-ebipụta akwụkwọ mmado site na elu nke òtù antiapartheid na 1980, na-arụ ọrụ site na ọgbọ na-eto eto na-egosipụta ọhụrụ na nchegbu nka na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọrụ ndị a bụ ihe atụ pụtara ìhè nke nka e biri ebi dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka okwu ọha na eze na nka.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Maggioni, Laura, and Jean-François Allain. ''MoMA: Contemporary Highlights : 250 Oeuvres Du Museum of Modern Art De New York De 1980 À Nos Jours''. Milan: 5 continents, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==

=== Ihe ngosi Solo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Title
!Location
!Date
|-
|'''''Both, And,'''''
|STEVENSON Gallery Cape Town, South Africa
|July 5- August 21, 2018
|-
|'''''Jo Ractliffe: Everything is Everything'''''
|STEVENSON Gallery Johannesburg, South Africa
|May 18- June 30, 2017
|-
|'''''The Aftermath of Conflict: Jo Ractliffe's Photographs of Angola and South Africa'''''
|The MET Fifth Avenue, New York, USA
|August 24, 2015- March 6, 2016
|-
|'''''After War'''''
|Fondation A Stichting, Brussels, Belgium
|2015
|-
|'''''Someone Else's Country'''''
|Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts, USA
|2014
|-
|'''''As Terras do Fim Mundo'''''
|Museet for Fotokunst, Odense, Denmark
|2013
|-
|'''''Jo Ractliffe: The Borderlands'''''
|STEVENSON Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa
|July 25- August 31, 2013
|-
|'''''The Loom of the Land'''''
|STEVENSON Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa
|January 24- March 8, 2013
|-
|'''''As Terras do Fim Mundo'''''
|Fotohof, Salzburg, Austria
|2012
|-
|'''''Trade Routes Over Time,'''''
|STEVENSON Gallery Cape Town, South Africa
|April 4- May 19, 2012
|-
|'''''As Terras do Fim Mundo'''''
|Walther Collection Project Space, New York, USA
|2011
|-
|'''''Jo Ractliffe: As Terras do Fim do Mundo'''''
|Brodie and STEVENSON Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa
|February 24- April 2, 2011
|-
|'''''FOREX: THIS IS OUR TIME'''''
|Brodie and STEVENSON Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa,
|June 10- July 24, 2010
|-
|'''''Terren Ocupado'''''
|\Warren Siebrits Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa
|2008
|-
|'''''Jo Ractliffe: Terreno Ocupado'''''
|STEVENSON Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa
|2007
|-
|'''''Jo Ractliffe: Selected Colour Works 1999-2005'''''
|Warren Siebrits Modern and Contemporary Art, Johannesburg, South Africa
|2005
|-
|'''''Jo Ractliffe: Real Life'''''
|STEVENSON Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa
|2002-2005
|-
|'''''Jo Ractliffe: Selected Works 1982-1999'''''
|Warren Siebrits Modern and Contemporary Art, Johannesburg, South Africa
|2004
|-
|'''''Jo Ractliffe: Johannesburg Inner City Works'''''
|STEVENSON Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa
|2000-2004
|-
|'''''Snow White'''''
|Ecole Cantonale du'Art du Vallais, Sierra, Switzerland
|2000
|-
|'''''End of Time'''''
|Ibis Art Gallery, Nieu-Bethesda, traveling to the Mark Coetzee Art Cabinet, Cape Town, South Africa
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1999
|-
|'''''Jo Ractliffe: Vlakplaas'''''
|Gertrude Posel Gallery; STEVENSON Gallery Johannesburg, South Africa
|-
|'''''Guess who loves you'''''
|Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa
|1997
|-
|'''''Jo Ractliffe: End of Time'''''
|STEVENSON Gallery Johannesburg, South Africa
|1996-1999
|-
|'''''Jo Ractliffe: reShooting Diana'''''
|STEVENSON Gallery Johannesburg, South Africa
|1990-1995
|-
|'''''Nadir'''''
|Metropolitan Life Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa
|1989
|-
|'''''Master of Fine Arts Graduate Show'''''
|Irma Stern Museum, Cape Town, South Africa
|1988
|}

=== Ihe ngosi otu nso nso a ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Title
!Location
!Date
|-
|'''''Both, And,'''''
|STEVENSON Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa
|July 5- August 21, 2018
|-
|'''''More for Less'''''
|A4 Arts Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa
|2018
|-
|'''''A Short History of South African Photography'''''
|Fotografia Europea
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2017
|-
|'''''Memory, archives, future'''''
|Chiostri di San Pietro, Reggio Emilia, Italy
|-
|'''''Sea Views'''''
|Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
|-
|'''''Things Fall Apart'''''
|Vera and Donald Blinken Open Society Archives, Budapest, Hungary
|-
|'''Gestures and Archives of the Present, Genealogies of the Future: A new lexicon for the biennial'''
|10th Taipei Biennial, Taipei Fine Arts Museum, Taiwan
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
|-
|'''''Things Fall Apart'''''
|Calvert 22, London, UK; University of Bayreuth, Germany; Gallery Municipais, Lisbon, Portugal
|-
|'''''After Eden/Après Eden- The Walther Collection'''''
|La Maison Rouge, Paris, France
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2015
|-
|'''''History Lesson'''''
|Museum Centro Atlántico de Arte Moderno, Las Palmas, Spain
|-
|'''''What remains is tomorrow'''''
|South African Pavilion, 56th Venice Biennale, Italy
|-
|'''''THEOREM: You Simply Destroy the Image I Always Had of Myself'''''
|Mana Contemporary, New Jersey, USA
|-
|'''''Conflict, Time, Photography,'''''
|Tate Modern, London, UK
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2014
|-
|'''''Earth Matters: Land as material and metaphor in the arts of Africa'''''
|Fowler Museum, Los Angeles, California, USA
|-
|'''''Rise and Fall of Apartheid: Photography and the bureaucracy of everyday life'''''
|Museum Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
|-
|'''''Apartheid and After'''''
|Huis Marseille, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
|-
|'''''Public Intimacy: Art and Other Ordinary Acts in South Africa'''''
|Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, San Francisco, California
|-
|'''''Unstable Territory: Borders and identity in contemporary art'''''
|Centro di Cultura Contemporanea Strozzina, Palazzo Strozzi, Florence, Italy
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2013
|-
|'''''Present Tense'''''
|Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon, Portugal; Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian -Délégation en France, Paris
|-
|'''''My Joburg'''''
|La Maison Rouge, Paris, France; Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Dresden, Germany
|-
|'''''Distance and Desire: Encounters with the African Archive'''''
|The Walther Collection, Ulm, Germany
|-
|'''''Transition: Social Landscape'''''
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20020419070640/http://www.rencontres-arles.com/ Rencontres d'Arles festival], Arles, France
|-
|'''''Social Landscape Project'''''
|Rencontres d’Arles, Paris, France
|-
|'''''The Rise and Fall of Apartheid: Photography and the bureaucracy of everyday life'''''
|Haus der Kunst, Munich, Germany
|-
|'''''Transitions – Social Landscape Project'''''
|Market Photo Workshop, Johannesburg, South Africa
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2012
|-
|'''''Trade Routes Over Time'''''
|Stevenson Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa
|-
|'''''Not My War'''''
|Michaelis Galleries, University of Cape Town, South Africa
|-
|'''''Making History'''''
|Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt, Germany
|-
|'''''Rise and Fall of Apartheid: Photography and the bureaucracy of everyday life'''''
|International Center of Photography, New York, USA
|-
|'''''Topography of War'''''
|Le Bal, Paris, France
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2011
|-
|'''''Neither Man Nor Stone'''''
|Iziko South African National Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa
|-
|'''''Lens: Fractions of Contemporary Photography and Video in South Africa'''''
|Stellenbosch University Art Museum, South Africa
|-
|'''''Les Rencontres d'Arles 2011 photography festival'''''
|France
|-
|'''''Appropriated Landscapes'''''
|Walther Collection, Ulm, Germany
|-
|'''''Figures and Fictions: Contemporary South African Photography'''''


|V&amp;amp;amp;A Museum, London, UK
|-
|'''''Impressions from South Africa, 1965 to Now'''''
|Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA
|}

== Nchịkọta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Ọrụ Ractliffe bụ akụkụ nke mkpokọta ndị a.
! Aha
! Ebe
|-
| Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Apartheid
| Johannesburg, South Africa
|-
| Center Georges Pompidou
| Paris, France
|-
| Ntọala A nkedo
| Brussels, Belgium
|-
| Huis Marseille
| Amsterdam, Netherlands
|-
| MOMA
| New York, USA
|-
| SF MOMA
| San Francisco, California
|-
| Iziko South African National Gallery
| Cape Town, South Africa
|-
| Nchịkọta Bank Deutsche
|
|-
| Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Metropolitan
| New York, USA
|-
| Nchịkọta Walther
| Neu-Ulm, Swabia, Bavaria, Germany
|-
| Mahadum Cape Town mkpokọta nka
| Cape Town, South Africa
|-
| Mahadum nke South Africa Art Gallery
| Pretoria, South Africa
|-
| Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka WITS
| Johannesburg, South Africa
|}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}na-agbagwoju anya mgbe ụfọdụ, ma ihe mgbu na nhụjuanya na-apụta ìhè, dị ka ike na njide nke Ractliffe: ogbunigwe na-ejupụta n'ala ndị dị n'ugbo; &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Aftermath of Conflict|url=https://www3.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2015/jo-ractliffe|accessdate=2023-08-11|work=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ dị n'ịntanetị ''Don't Take Pictures'' kwuru na ihe oyiyi Ractliffe na-egosi na Ractliffe ghọtara na mmetụta nke agha bụ ọ bụghị nanị na ndị mmadụ na ebe ndị na-enweghị isi mgbe ụfọdụ ha bi, kamakwa n'ememe nke ibi ndụ, mgbe gbara alụkwaghịm site na-agbagwoju anya mgbe ụfọdụ, ma ihe mgbu na nhụjuanya na-apụta ìhè, dị ka ike na njide nke Ractliffe: ogbunigwe na-ejupụta n'ala ndị dị n'ugbo; &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Aftermath of Conflict|url=https://www3.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2015/jo-ractliffe|accessdate=2023-08-11|work=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ dị n'ịntanetị ''Don't Take Pictures'' kwuru na ihe oyiyi Ractliffe na-egosi na Ractliffe ghọtara na mmetụta nke agha bụ ọ bụghị nanị na ndị mmadụ na ebe ndị na-enweghị isi mgbe ụfọdụ ha bi, kamakwa n'ememe nke ibi ndụ, mgbe gbara alụkwaghịm site

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ractliffe, Jo}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>0kjc68yefgy8ij8fzvgcm5x6v5gj6wl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Keith Piper</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>46683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638990</id>
      <parentid>638178</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T07:20:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638990</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12630" sha1="jx8p45qwsckkufarr3tdqim3di3tus1" xml:space="preserve">
{{Databox}} 

'''Keith Piper''' (amụrụ 1960) &lt;ref&gt;Meigh-Andrews, C., 2013. ''A History of Video Art'', pp. 291. A&amp;C Black.&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye omenkà Britain, onye na-ahụ maka ihe, onye nkatọ na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke BLK Art Group nke na-emepe emepe, otu òtù ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri ojii nke Britain, nke dabeere na mpaghara West Midlands nke UK. &lt;ref&gt;Chambers, E., 2011. ''Things Done Change: The Cultural Politics of Recent Black Artists in Britain'', Rodopi.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Piper na [[Malta]] - obodo ndị Britain n'oge ahụ - na ezinụlọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ihe nketa Africa-Caribbean : nna ya, nke sitere na Antigua, gara England na 1950s, biri na Birmingham na West Midlands, ma bụrụ onye a ma ama. ezigara na ọdụ ndị agha Malta obere oge tupu ọmụmụ Piper. &lt;ref name=&quot;Art UK: on the history of the Black Art Group&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://artuk.org/discover/stories/keith-piper-on-the-history-of-the-black-art-group|title=Keith Piper: on the history of the Black Art Group|date=25 October 2021|first=Melissa|author=Chemam|work=Art UK|accessdate=31 January 2022|archivedate=3 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603203719/https://artuk.org/discover/stories/keith-piper-on-the-history-of-the-black-art-group}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChemam2021&quot;&gt;Chemam, Melissa (25 October 2021). . ''Art UK''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;31 January&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnwa isii mgbe ọ rutere Britain, a zụlitere Piper na Birmingham na gburugburu ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Chandler, David 1997&quot;&gt;Chandler, David, &amp; [[Kobena Mercer]], 1997. &quot;Keith Piper: Relocating the Remains&quot;, Institute of International Visual Arts (Iniva).&lt;/ref&gt; Na mbụ mmasị ya na nka dị ka nzaghachi maka mmepụta ihe na-emebi emebi nke oge ntorobịa ya. N'ehota ya na monograph ''Relocating the Remains'' (1997), ọ na-echeta na ọ &quot;nwere mmasị na mma nke peeling peeling, nchara na deliction na ọdịdị multi-layered nke akwụkwọ mmado ijiji mgbe a dọkapụrụ ha&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Chandler, David 1997&quot; /&gt; Piper gara n'ihu ịga Trent Polytechnic, ebe ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta BA(Hons) na Fine Art na 1983, tupu ọ gụchaa nzere masta na Environmental Media na Royal College of Art na London. &lt;ref name=&quot;Chandler, David 1997&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ na ọrụ ==

Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ mbụ nke Piper na nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ji usoro mgbasa ozi mara mma nke ọdịnala dị ka agba na akwaaji (dị ka ọ dị na ''The Body Politic'', 1983), &lt;ref name=&quot;Chandler, David 1997&quot;&gt;Chandler, David, &amp; [[Kobena Mercer]], 1997. &quot;Keith Piper: Relocating the Remains&quot;, Institute of International Visual Arts (Iniva).&lt;/ref&gt; site na njedebe 1980s ọ malitere ọrụ ya na teknụzụ ọhụrụ nke nyochara ihe mgbasa ozi dị iche iche. dị ka ngwanrọ kọmputa, weebụsaịtị, teepu/slide, ụda na vidiyo n'ime omume dabere na nrụnye. &lt;ref&gt;White, M., 2006. ''The Body and the Screen: Theories of Internet Spectatorship'', MIT Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

Piper mbụ bịara n'ihu ọha mgbe, na 1982, mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ, ọ sonyeere Eddie Chambers, onye nwụrụ anwụ [[Donald Rodney]] na Marlene Smith na ihe bịara mara dị ka BLK Art Group. Ngosipụta nke ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ha ''bụ Njikọ Pan-Afrikan'' dọtara mmasị mgbasa ozi ka ọ na-aga Trent Polytechnic na Nottingham; Ụlọ ihe nkiri King Street na Bristol ; na Ụlọ Ọrụ Africa dị na London. Na 1983-84 ihe ngosi njegharị nke abụọ, ''The BLK Art Group'', mere na Herbert Art Gallery na Coventry, Battersea Arts Center na London na, ọzọ, Africa Center. &lt;ref name=&quot;ODNB&quot;&gt;Pauline de Souza, &quot;[[Rodney, Donald Gladstone]] (1961–1998)&quot;, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;

Otú ọ dị, nkatọ nke otu ahụ banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na na n'ofe ụwa nkà nke Britain &lt;ref&gt;Owusu, K., 2000. ''Black British Culture and Society: A Text Reader'', Psychology Press.&lt;/ref&gt; ghọrọ akụkụ nke mkpali na-eduga na ''Akụkọ nke ọzọ'', nyocha seminal nke ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa na Asia na London Hayward Gallery na 1989 nakwa dị ka ntọala nke Association of Black Photographers na nguzobe nke Iniva, Institute of International Visual Arts - ụfọdụ n'ime ha gosipụtara ọrụ Piper. &lt;ref name=&quot;Iniva&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://iniva.org/programme/projects/keith-piper-relocating-the-remains/|publisher=Iniva|title=Keith Piper: Relocating the Remains Exhibition {{!}} 18 Jul 1997-27 Feb 2000|date=9 March 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://iniva.org/programme/projects/keith-piper-relocating-the-remains/ &quot;Keith Piper: Relocating the Remains Exhibition | 18 Jul 1997-27 Feb 2000&quot;]. Iniva. 9 March 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Achọpụtara foto ya na nyocha 1992 site na magazin ''Ten.8'' . &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Critical Decade: Black British Photography in the 80s&quot;, ''[[Ten.8]]'' vol. 2, no. 3, 1992.&lt;/ref&gt;

Piper nọgidere na-eme ihe na 1990s, 2000s na 2010s, na-egosipụta ọrụ na veranda ndị a ma ama na ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi nka gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere, na 1999, New Museum of Contemporary Art na New York, &lt;ref name=&quot;Relocating&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.newmuseum.org/index.php/Detail/Occurrence/Show/occurrence_id/325|title='Keith Piper: Relocating the Remains'|publisher=New Museum Digital Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 2007, Victoria na Albert Museum . &lt;ref name=&quot;Uncomfortable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/slavery-into-the-art-of-darkness-435583.html|work=The Independent|date=9 February 2007|author=Yasmin Alibhai-Brown|authorlink=Yasmin Alibhai-Brown|title=Uncomfortable Truths Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; na, na 2012, ''Migrations'' na Tate Britain . &lt;ref name=&quot;Migrations&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/jan/31/migrations-tate-britain-review|author=Jonathan Jones|work=The Guardian|date=31 January 2012|title=Migrations exhibition review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1998, Piper, ya na Ramona Ramlochand jikọrọ aka na ngosi a na-akpọ ''The Night has A Thousand Eyes'' na Ottawa Art Gallery. Ọ gụnyere ntinye ọnụ n'etiti ha abụọ yana nke ha dị iche iche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marks|first=L. U.|date=April–June 1998|title=Keith Piper and Ramona Ramlochand: Ottawa Art Gallery, September 25 - November 23|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A30014269/ITOF?u=nysl_me_pratt&amp;sid=bookmark-ITOF&amp;xid=2d00ceeb|journal=Parachute: Contemporary Art Magazine|volume=90|pages=47–8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eme ihe atụ nke ọrụ Piper n'ọtụtụ mkpokọta ọha, gụnyere mkpokọta Arts Council &lt;ref name=&quot;Council&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/you-are-now-entering-mau-mau-country-63994|title=Art UK - National Collection page|accessdate=2024-06-03|archivedate=2024-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603203721/https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/you-are-now-entering-mau-mau-country-63994}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tate &lt;ref name=&quot;Tate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ArtistWorks?cgroupid=999999961&amp;artistid=4955&amp;page=1|title=Tate's artist page for Keith Piper}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Manchester Art Gallery . &lt;ref name=&quot;Manchester&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.manchestergalleries.org/the-collections/search-the-collection/display.php?EMUSESSID=1ccb712e28b2ce9d0d64f5125937cf26&amp;irn=9236|title=Manchester Art Gallery page for Keith Piper}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asụgharịgharịrị eserese ya 'Untitled' (1986) nke Manchester Art Gallery nwetara na 2022 maka ngosipụta dị ka ọrụ etiti na ụlọ ọrụ ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Climate Justice|url=https://manchesterartgallery.org/event/climate-justice/|accessdate=2022-09-27|work=Manchester Art Gallery|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2017, Iniva, na mmekorita ya na [http://www.thebluecoat.org.uk/ Bluecoat], gosipụtara ihe ngosi ngosi nke ọrụ Piper. N'ịbụ nke a kpọrọ ''Unearthing the Bankers Bones'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iniva.org/programme/projects/unearthing-the-bankers-bones/|title=Unearthing the Banker's Bones Keith Piper Exhibition {{!}} 01 Apr-11 Jun 2017|work=iniva|date=20 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ na-egosipụta nnukwu eserese, ntinye na ọrụ dijitalụ nke na-edozi nchegbu banyere mmetụta nke ijikọ ụwa ọnụ. N'ịgbazinye aha ya na ihe ngosi ahụ, isi ihe ngosi ahụ bụ 70th Anniversary Commission for Arts Council Collection na Iniva na Bluecoat, nke nwere ihe ngosi vidiyo dị elu nke atọ jikọtara ọnụ, nke na-egosi akụkọ banyere ọdịda akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Nke a bụ ihe ngosi monoographic izizi nke Piper kemgbe atụgharịghachi azụ ''Relocating the Remains'', &lt;ref name=&quot;Iniva&quot;/&gt; nke Iniva mepụtara na 1997. &lt;ref&gt;Keith Piper Biography{{Cite web|url=http://www.iniva.org/library/digital-archive/people/p/piper-keith/|title=Peoples Directory, Iniva}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Ndọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke azụghachi azụ - Ọrụ sitere na 1982-2007'' gosipụtara site na Ọktọba ruo Disemba 2019 na Wolverhampton Art Gallery . &lt;ref name=&quot;Art UK: on the history of the Black Art Group&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wolverhamptonart.org.uk/whats-on/keith-piper-body-politics-work-from-1982-2007/|title=Keith Piper: Body Politics.Work from 1982 – 2007|date=10 October 2019|first=Laura|author=Page|work=Wolverampton Art Gallery|accessdate=31 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2022, Piper mepụtara ihe ngosi ''Jet Black Futures'' nke ewepụtara na New Art Gallery na Walsal site na Jenụwarị 12 ruo Eprel 24. Ọ bụ &quot;nchịkọta mgbasa ozi dijitalụ agwakọta nke ebipụtara n'elu ihe ọcha ma zubere ije ozi dị ka ọkọlọtọ ngagharị iwe.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Malik|first=A.|date=March 1, 2022|title=Keith Piper: Jet Black Futures: New Art Gallery, Walsall, 14 January to 24 April.|url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=edsgao&amp;AN=edsgcl.708625407&amp;authtype=sso&amp;custid=s8440772&amp;site=eds-live&amp;scope=site&amp;authtype=sso&amp;custid=s8440772|journal=Art Monthly|volume=454|pages=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Viva Voce'', ọrụ akọwapụtara saịtị maka Rex Whistler Room na Tate Britain, mepere na 2024. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Alex|date=12 March 2024|title=An Artist’s Response to a Racist Mural Walks a Fine Line|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/12/arts/design/tate-britain-mural-keith-piper.html|work=The New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMarshall2024&quot;&gt;Marshall, Alex (12 March 2024). [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/12/arts/design/tate-britain-mural-keith-piper.html &quot;An Artist's Response to a Racist Mural Walks a Fine Line&quot;]. ''The New York Times''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nrụnye mgbasa ozi na oru ngo ==
 

* ''Viva Voce,'' 2024 - Ụlọ Rex Whistler, Tate Britain &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
* ''Onye njem nlegharị anya akụkọ ifo na Europe'', 2001
* ''Ọbara Ọbara Mechanoid'', 2001
* ''Obodo gbawara'', 1998
* ''Akụkụ anọ'', 1998
* ''Onye na-ebu ozi'', 1998
* ''Robot Bodies'', 1998
* ''Ntugharị nke fọdụrụ'', 1997
* ''Akụkọ ifo nke Sayensị'', 1996
* ''Nkuku anọ, asọmpi nke mmegide'', 1995
* ''N'anya na-enweghị atụ'', 1995
* ''Oghere dị egwu'', 1994
* ''Ihe ịrịba ama pụrụ iche'', 1993
* ''Ọrụ Mmehie'', 1993
* ''Nzọụkwụ ọzọ n'ime Arena'', 1992
* ''Nkpado nke ọzọ'', 1992
* ''Azụmahịa ifufe'', 1992
* ''Ụgbọ mmiri a na-akpọ Jizọs'', 1991
* ''Banye na Arena'', 1991
* ''Ekwensu chọtara ọrụ'', 1990
* ''Ndị isi egwu'', 1988
* ''Akwụkwọ ahụaja Diaspora'', 1987

== Ntụaka ==
mmetụta nke ijikọ ụwa ọnụ. N'ịgbazinye aha ya na ihe ngosi ahụ, isi ihe ngosi ahụ bụ 70th Anniversary Commission for Arts Council Collection na Iniva na Bluecoat, nke nwere ihe ngosi vidiyo dị elu nke atọ jikọtara ọnụ, nke na-egosi akụkọ banyere ọdịda akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Nke a{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.keithpiper.info/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Keith Piper]
* [http://www.iniva.org/library/digital-archive/people/p/piper-keith/ Keith Piper, Akwụkwọ ndekọ aha mmadụ], Iniva
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20241227155135/https://www.absolutearts.com/artsnews/1999/08/16/25816.html ''Keith Piper: Ịbugharị ihe fọdụrụ''] na New York New Museum of Contemporary Art
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:1960 births]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>jx8p45qwsckkufarr3tdqim3di3tus1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jerry Pinkney</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638953</id>
      <parentid>211190</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T22:44:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638953</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44283" sha1="4f271v00twjz63s9pr3mh0bvps0hbjm" xml:space="preserve">
{{Databox}} 

'''Jerry Pinkney''' (December 22, 1939 - Ọktoba 20, 2021) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye edemede nke akwụkwọ ụmụaka . Pinkney gosipụtara ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 100 kemgbe 1964, gụnyere akwụkwọ foto, aha ndị na-abụghị akụkọ ifo na akwụkwọ akụkọ . Ọrụ Pinkney lebara isiokwu dị iche iche anya ma na-emekarị ya na agba mmiri .

Na 1994, Pinkney nwetara ihe nrite Boston Globe –Horn Book Award maka akwụkwọ ''John Henry'' &lt;ref name=&quot;:142&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hbook.com/?detailStory=past-boston-globe-horn-book-award-winners|title=Past Boston Globe–Horn Book Award Winners|date=May 30, 2011|work=www.hbook.com|accessdate=September 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ natala Coretta Scott King Awards ise maka ihe atụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:332&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Coretta Scott King Awards, 1970–2009|publisher=American Library Association|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8389-9725-3|editor=Smith|pages=97}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Coretta Scott King Awards3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/rt/emiert/coretta-scott-king-book-awards-all-recipients-1970-present|title=Coretta Scott King Book Awards – All Recipients, 1970–Present|work=American Library Association|date=April 5, 2012|accessdate=March 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2010, ọ natara Caldecott Medal maka akwụkwọ ya ''The Lion &amp;amp;amp; the Mouse .'' &lt;ref name=&quot;caldecott3&quot;&gt;[http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/caldecottmedal/caldecotthonors/caldecottmedal &quot;Caldecott Medal &amp; Honor Books, 1938–Present&quot;]. [[Association for Library Service to Children]] (ALSC). American Library Association (ALA). &amp;nbsp; [http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/caldecottmedal/aboutcaldecott/aboutcaldecott &quot;The Randolph Caldecott Medal&quot;]. ALSC. ALA. Retrieved July 22, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ ya ''bụ A Place to Land: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation'' (2019), nke Pinkney gosipụtara na nke Barry Wittenstein dere, meriri Orbis Pictus Award maka 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/?detailStory=NCTE-names-2020-charlotte-huck-orbis-pictus-award-winners|title=NCTE Names 2020 Charlotte Huck and Orbis Pictus Award Winners|work=School Library Journal|accessdate=December 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2000, Pinkney natara Virginia Hamilton Literary Award site na Kent State University, na, na 2004, e nyere ya Mahadum Southern Mississippi Medallion maka ntinye pụtara ìhè na ngalaba akwụkwọ ụmụaka. Na 2016, Pinkney nwetara ihe nrite Coretta Scott King - Virginia Hamilton maka mmezu ndụ oge niile. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/11/living/newbery-caldecott-youth-media-awards-2016-feat/index.html 2016 Newbery, Caldecott awards honor best children's books], Katia Hetter, CNN, January 11, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==

=== Ndụ mbido ===
A mụrụ Pinkney na Philadelphia na Disemba 22, 1939, nye Williemae na James Pinkney. &lt;ref name=&quot;nytobit&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Genzlinger|first=Neil|date=October 21, 2021|title=Jerry Pinkney, Acclaimed Children's Book Illustrator, Dies at 81|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/21/books/jerry-pinkney-dead.html|accessdate=October 22, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.illustrationhistory.org/artists/jerry-pinkney|title=Jerry Pinkney – Illustration History|work=www.illustrationhistory.org|accessdate=November 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pinkney bụ nwa etiti n'ezinụlọ nwere ụmụnne ise. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/blogs/authors/jerry-pinkney|title=Jerry Pinkney|work=HarperCollins Publishers|language=en-US|accessdate=November 1, 2021|archivedate=November 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101155041/https://www.harpercollins.com/blogs/authors/jerry-pinkney}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pinkney gbalịsiri ike n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ihi dyslexia, mana ọ na-eme nke ọma n'ise ihe, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọ dị afọ 4. &lt;ref name=&quot;:172&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nysenate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/terrence-murphy/picture-jerry-pinkney-renowned-childrens-book-illustrator|title=Picture This: Jerry Pinkney, Renowned Children's Book Illustrator Feted by Senator Murphy In Honor of Black History Month|date=February 22, 2018|work=NY State Senate|language=en|accessdate=November 11, 2019|archivedate=November 11, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111035926/https://www.nysenate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/terrence-murphy/picture-jerry-pinkney-renowned-childrens-book-illustrator}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''NY State Senate''. February 22, 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 11,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge Pinkney na-eto eto, nne ya gbara ya ume ịzụlite nkà ya site n'ịdebanye aha ya na klaasị nka, mana nna Pinkney ewereghị nka ka ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide ruo mgbe Pinkney tolitere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chestnuthilllocal.com/2017/02/09/exhibit-by-legendary-germantown-native-now-at-woodmere/|title=Exhibit by legendary Germantown native now at Woodmere|author=Lear|first=Len|date=February 9, 2017|work=Chestnut Hill Local Philadelphia PA|language=en-US|accessdate=November 11, 2019|archivedate=November 11, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111054732/https://www.chestnuthilllocal.com/2017/02/09/exhibit-by-legendary-germantown-native-now-at-woodmere/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ ===
[[Usòrò:Jerry_Pinkney_2019_Texas_Book_Festival.jpg|thumb| Pinkney na Ememme Akwụkwọ Texas 2019]]
N'oge ọ bụ nwata, Pinkney rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara, ebe ọ ga-agafe oge site na ịbịaru ndụ obodo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:172&quot;/&gt; Talent Pinkney jidere anya nke onye ahịa na onye na-ese foto John Liney, bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri Henry . &lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;/&gt; Liney gosiri Pinkney ka a ga-esi jiri nka mee ihe maka azụmahịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/nyregion/jerry-pinkneys-work-to-be-on-exhibit-in-yonkers.html|title=Jerry Pinkney's Work to Be on Exhibit in Yonkers|author=Gorce|first=Tammy La|date=September 14, 2012|work=The New York Times|accessdate=November 11, 2019|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGorce2012&quot;&gt;Gorce, Tammy La (September 14, 2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/nyregion/jerry-pinkneys-work-to-be-on-exhibit-in-yonkers.html &quot;Jerry Pinkney's Work to Be on Exhibit in Yonkers&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:0362-4331|0362-4331]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 11,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Pinkney gara Murrell Dobbins Vocational High School maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị wee zute nwunye ya n'ọdịnihu, Gloria Jean Pinkney, n'oge a. &lt;ref name=&quot;DHeck&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrm.org/2009/11/pinkney-introduction/|title=Introduction to The Pinkney Exhibition Catalogue from Chief Curator Stephanie Plunkett|date=November 1, 2009|work=Norman Rockwell Museum|language=en-US|accessdate=November 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pinkney gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Murrell Dobbins na 1957 wee nye ya ohere ịgụ akwụkwọ na Philadelphia Museum College of Art (ugbu a Mahadum Arts ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/jerry-pinkney|title=Jerry Pinkney's Biography|work=The HistoryMakers|language=en|accessdate=November 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Talking with Artists: Conversations with Victoria Chess, Pat Cummings, Leo and Diane Dillon, Richard Egielski, Lois Ehlert, Lisa Campell Ernst, Tom Feelings, Steven Kellogg, Kerry Pinckney, Amy Schwartz, Lane Smith, Chris Van Allsburg, and David Wiener.|author=Cummings|first=Pat|publisher=Simon and Schuster Books for young readers|year=1999|isbn=978-0-02-724245-4|location=Hong Kong}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pinkney gara Philadelphia College of Art naanị afọ ole na ole, na-ahapụ ka ya na nwunye Gloria malite ezinụlọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hbook.com/?detailStory=jerry-pinkneys-2016-coretta-scott-king-virginia-hamilton-lifetime-achievement-award-speech|title=Jerry Pinkney's 2016 Coretta Scott King-Virginia Hamilton Lifetime Achievement Award speech|author=Pinkney|first=Jerry|work=The Horn Book|accessdate=December 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1960, Pinkney malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka The Rust Craft Greeting Card Company na Dedham, Massachusetts. &lt;ref name=&quot;DHeck&quot;/&gt; Pinkney mechara rụọ ọrụ na Barker-Black Studio, ebe o gosipụtara akwụkwọ foto mbụ ya na mmekorita ya na Joyce Cooper Arkhurst akpọrọ, ''Adventures of Spider: West African Folk Tales'' (1964) ''.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Black Authors and Illustrators of Books for Children and Young Adults: A Biographical Dictionary|author=Thrash Murphy|first=Barbara|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8153-2004-3|edition=Third|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackauthorsillu00murp/page/314 314-315]|url=https://archive.org/details/blackauthorsillu00murp/page/314}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na ndị na-ese ihe abụọ ọzọ, meghere Kaleidoscope Studio afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:282&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Pinkney__Jerry|title=Pennsylvania Center for the Book|work=pabook.libraries.psu.edu|accessdate=December 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pinkney mepere ụlọ ihe nkiri nke onwe ya, ''Jerry Pinkney Studios'', na 1968 ''.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot; /&gt;

N'ime 1970s, Pinkney rụrụ ọrụ na Black Heritage Stamp Series maka ọrụ nzi ozi United States . &lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;&gt;(1) {{Cite web|url=https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/african-american-stamp-subjects.pdf|title=African American Subjects on United States Postage Stamps|date=February 2019|work=USPS|publisher=[[United States Postal Service]]|accessdate=November 9, 2019}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/african-american-stamp-subjects.pdf &quot;African American Subjects on United States Postage Stamps&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''USPS''. [[Ọrụ nzi ozi United States|United States Postal Service]]. February 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 9,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;(2) {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/01/arts/stamps-new-commemorative-for-black-heritage-series.html|title=Stamps; New Commemorative for Black Heritage Series|author=Dunn|first=John F.|date=March 1, 1987|work=Arts|accessdate=May 16, 2015|publisher=The New York Times|quote=The Du Sable commemorative is the first Black Heritage issue that was not designed by Jerry Pinkney of Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y. although he was art director for this issue. The series has previously honored Harriet Tubman, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Benjamin Banneker, Whitney Young, Jackie Robinson, Scott Joplin, Carter Woodson, Mary McLeod Bethune and Sojourner Truth.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDunn1987&quot;&gt;Dunn, John F. (March 1, 1987). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150516151812/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/01/arts/stamps-new-commemorative-for-black-heritage-series.html &quot;Stamps; New Commemorative for Black Heritage Series&quot;]. ''Arts''. The New York Times. Archived from [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/01/arts/stamps-new-commemorative-for-black-heritage-series.html the original] on May 16, 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 16,&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;q&gt;The Du Sable commemorative is the first Black Heritage issue that was not designed by Jerry Pinkney of Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y. although he was art director for this issue. The series has previously honored Harriet Tubman, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Benjamin Banneker, Whitney Young, Jackie Robinson, Scott Joplin, Carter Woodson, Mary McLeod Bethune and Sojourner Truth.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime 1980s Pinkney malitere inweta nkwado ọzọ maka ọrụ ya, gụnyere ihe nrite Coretta Scott King maka mmekorita ya na onye edemede Patricia McKissack na ''Mirandy na Nwanna Wind'' (1989). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibby.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Jerry_Pinkney-compressed.pdf|title=Jerry Pinkney: USA Nominee 2018 Hans Christian Andersen Award for Illustration|author=Huggins|first=Sujin|date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pinkney mekọrịtakwara na National Geographic Magazine &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrm.org/2010/11/witness-the-art-of-jerry-pinkney-2/|title=Witness: The Art of Jerry Pinkney|date=November 13, 2010|work=Norman Rockwell Museum|language=en-US|accessdate=December 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; na National Park Service na isiokwu nke okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko dị n'okpuru ala . &lt;ref name=&quot;:37&quot;&gt;''Underground Railroad'', Official National Park Handbook, No. 156, Division of Publications, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;

Pinkney rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi, nkuzi na kọleji na mahadum dị ka Mahadum Delaware, &lt;ref name=&quot;:192&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccil.org/artists/jerry-pinkney|title=Jerry Pinkney|work=The National Center for Children's Illustrated Literature|date=December 6, 2019|language=en|accessdate=December 7, 2019|archivedate=December 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207063359/https://www.nccil.org/artists/jerry-pinkney}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''The National Center for Children's Illustrated Literature''. December 6, 2019. Archived from  on December 7, 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 7,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Pratt Institute na Brooklyn, New York na Mahadum dị na Buffalo, na Buffalo, New York. &lt;ref name=&quot;:38&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ourwhitehouse.org/jerry-pinkney/|title=Jerry Pinkney|work=Our White House {{!}} Looking In, Looking Out|language=en-US|accessdate=December 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ Pinkney gụnyere na ihe ngosi 2015 ''Anyị Na-ekwu: Black Artists na Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s'' na Woodmere Art Museum . &lt;ref name=&quot;Woodmere Art Museum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=We Speak: Black Artists in Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/experience/exhibitions/we-speak-black-artists-in-philadelphia-1920s-1970s-95|work=Woodmere Art Museum|accessdate=10 June 2022|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ndị otu ọkachamara ====

* Pinkley ghọrọ onye otu Society of Children's Writers and Illustrators na 1990. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.scbwi.org/members-public/jerry-pinkney|title=SCBWI {{!}} Public Profile|language=en-US|accessdate=December 7, 2019|archivedate=December 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207042002/https://www.scbwi.org/members-public/jerry-pinkney}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi ala George W. Bush họpụtara ya na National Council of Arts na 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;:38&quot;/&gt; Na 2012, a họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Sciences . &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;/&gt;

=== Ndụ onwe onye ===
Jerry Pinkney na Gloria Jean Pinkney nwere ụmụ anọ: Troy, Brian, Scott, na Myles. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bishop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hbook.com/?detailStory=the-pinkney-family-in-the-tradition|title=The Pinkney Family: In the Tradition|author=Sims Bishop|first=Rudine|work=The Horn Book|accessdate=November 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Brian Pinkney na nwunye ya Andrea Davis Pinkney na-edekwa akwụkwọ maka ụmụaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bishop&quot; /&gt; Ụmụ Pinkney ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ụmụ ụmụ isii Jerry na Gloria Pinkney, niile na-ekere òkè na nka, nke Gloria kpọrọ n'ihu nke &quot;ọdịnala Pinkney.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hbook.com/?detailStory=the-pinkney-family-in-the-tradition|title=The Pinkney Family: In the Tradition|author=Bishop|first=Rudine|date=January 10, 1996|work=www.hbook.com|accessdate=September 22, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pinkney biri na Croton-on-Hudson na New York ya na nwunye ya Gloria, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị onwe ya, ''Jerry Pinkney Studio'', kemgbe 1971 ''.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;:27&quot;/&gt;

Pinkney nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi na Ọktoba 20, 2021, na Sleepy Hollow, New York, &lt;ref name=&quot;nytobit&quot;/&gt; mgbe ọ dị afọ 81. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/10/20/1047786312/jerry-pinkney-illustrator-obituary|title=Jerry Pinkney, the beloved, award-winning children's book illustrator, has died at 81|first=Neda|author=Ulaby|date=October 20, 2021|work=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Art style na gburugburu ==

=== Ụdị nka ===
Pinkney malitere ịse pensụl &lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.readingrockets.org/books/interviews/pinkneyj/transcript|title=Transcript from an interview with Jerry Pinkney|date=August 12, 2013|work=Reading Rockets|language=en|accessdate=December 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ọrụ mbụ ya bụ mmepụta ojii na ọcha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:31&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Manna|first=Anthony L.|date=1991|title=Reading Jerry Pinkney Reading|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=16|issue=4|pages=269–275|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0771|issn=1553-1201}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pinkney ji ngwakọta nke agba mmiri na pensụl maka ọtụtụ ọrụ ya, yana ihe ndị ọzọ, dị ka, &quot;pastel[s], pensụl agba, na Cray-Pas&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot;/&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ, o kwuru na watercolors bụ ya &quot;ọkara nhọrọ.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot; /&gt; A na-ewere &quot;nkọwa dị mgbagwoju anya&quot; nke Pinkney dị ka &quot;ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe&quot; maka onye na-eji agba mmiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pinkney|first=Jerry|date=2014|title=Conversation Currents: Watercolor as a Form of Storytelling: An Interview with Jerry Pinkney|journal=Language Arts|volume=91|issue=6|pages=449–453|issn=0360-9170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gburugburu ===
Pinkney nyochara isiokwu nke ọrụ ya maka izi ezi, dị ka uwe nke ihe odide metụtara na oge oge. &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt; Pinkney jikwa ụdị ndụ dị ndụ wee wepụta ọnọdụ agwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:31&quot;/&gt; Pinkney ekwuola na ọ masịrị ya ise anụmanụ na inye agwa ndị a njirimara mmadụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:29&quot;/&gt;

Ọtụtụ n'ime aha Pinkney dị na isiokwu na isiokwu dị iche iche, dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa America, Pinkney ekwuola na akụkọ ya bụ ụzọ ọ ga-esi 'letaghachi' oge ọ bụ nwata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:30&quot;/&gt; Akwụkwọ ya na nso nso a, ''Ebe n'Ala: Martin Luther King Jr na Okwu nke kpaliri Mba'' (2019), na-akọwa [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.'s]] 1963 March na Washington okwu &quot;Enwere m nrọ&quot; . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Place to Land|author=|publisher=[[Blackwell's]]|date=|accessdate=October 27, 2021|url=https://blackwells.co.uk/bookshop/product/A-Place-to-Land-by-Barry-Wittenstein-author-Jerry-Pinkney-illustrator/9780823451135}}&lt;/ref&gt;
.

* Boston Globe-Horn Book Award
** 1995, for Picture Book: Lester, Julius. ''John Henry.'' Pictures by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Dial Books, 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/johnhenry00lest_0|title=John Henry|author=Lester|first=Julius|date=1994|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-8037-1606-3|language=en|oclc=28966718}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:142&quot;/&gt;
* Boston Globe-Horn Honor Book 
** 1980, for Nonfiction: Greenfield, Eloise, Lessie Jones Little, and Pattie Ridley Jones. ''[[Childtimes: A Three-Generation Memoir]]''. Drawings by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Crowell, 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/childtimesthreeg00gree|title=Childtimes: a three-generation memoir|author=Greenfield|first=Eloise|date=1979|publisher=Crowell|isbn=978-0-690-03874-3|location=New York|language=en|oclc=5265308}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:142&quot; /&gt;
** 2010, for Picture Book: Pinkney, Jerry. ''The Lion and the Mouse.'' New York: Little, Brown, and Co. Books for Young Readers, 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The lion &amp; the mouse|author=Pinkney|first=Jerry|date=2009|publisher=Little, Brown and Co. Books for Young Readers|isbn=978-0-316-07360-8|location=New York|language=en|oclc=858456607}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:142&quot; /&gt;
* Caldecott Medal
** 2010: Pinkney, Jerry. ''The Lion and the Mouse.'' New York: Little, Brown, and Co. Books for Young Readers, 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;
* Caldecott Honor Book 
** 1989: McKissack, Patricia C. ''Mirandy and Brother Wind.'' Illustrated by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Knopf, 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mirandy and Brother Wind|author=McKissack|first=Patricia C|date=1988|publisher=Knopf|isbn=978-0-394-98765-1|location=New York|language=en|oclc=701812871}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;caldecott3&quot; /&gt;
** 1990: San Souci, Robert D. ''The Talking Eggs: A Folktale From the American South.'' Pictures by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Dial Books for Young Readers, 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/talkingeggsfolk00sans|title=The talking eggs: a folktale from the American South|author=San Souci|first=Robert D|date=1989|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-8037-0619-4|language=en|oclc=18873666}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;caldecott3&quot; /&gt;
** 1995: Lester, Julius. ''John Henry.'' Pictures by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Dial Books, 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;caldecott3&quot; /&gt;
** 2000: Andersen, Hans Christian. ''The Ugly Duckling''. Adapted and illustrated by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Morrow Junior Books, 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/uglyduckling00pink|title=The ugly duckling|author=Pinkney|first=Jerry|date=1999|isbn=978-0-688-15932-0|language=en|oclc=39051276}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;caldecott3&quot; /&gt;
** 2003: Pinkney, Jerry. ''Noah's Ark.'' New York: SeaStar Books, 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/noahsark00pink|title=Noah's ark|author=Pinkney|first=Jerry|date=2002|publisher=SeaStar Books|isbn=978-1-58717-201-4|location=New York|language=en|oclc=49305434}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;caldecott3&quot; /&gt;
* '''Coretta Scott King Book Award'''
** 1986, for Illustrator: Flournoy, Valerie. ''The Patchwork Quilt.'' Pictures by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Dial, 1985.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The patchwork quilt|author=Flournoy|first=Valerie|date=1985|publisher=Dial|isbn=978-0-8037-0098-7|location=New York|language=en|oclc=1005482583}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Coretta Scott King Awards3&quot;/&gt;
** 1987, for Illustrator: Dragonwagon, Crescent. ''Half a Moon and One Whole Star.'' Illustrated by Jerry Pinkney. New York:Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/halfmoononewhole00drag|title=Half a moon and one whole star|author=Dragonwagon|first=Crescent|date=1986|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-02-733120-2|location=New York|language=en|oclc=12216017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Coretta Scott King Awards3&quot; /&gt;
** 1989, for Illustrator: McKissack, Patricia C. ''Mirandy and Brother Wind.'' Illustrated by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Knopf, 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Coretta Scott King Awards3&quot; /&gt;
** 1997, for Illustrator: Schroeder, Alan. ''[[Minty: A Story of Young Harriet Tubman]].'' Pictures by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Dial Books for Young Readers, 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mintystoryofyoun00schr|title=Minty: a story of young Harriet Tubman|author=Schroeder|first=Alan|date=1996|publisher=Dial Books for Young Readers|isbn=978-0-8037-1888-3|location=New York|language=en|oclc=32821613}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Coretta Scott King Awards3&quot; /&gt;
** 2002, for Illustrator: McKissack, Patricia C. and Jerry Pinkney. ''Goin' Someplace Special.'' New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Goin' someplace special|author=McKissack|first=Pat|date=2001|publisher=Atheneum Books for Young Readers|isbn=978-0-689-81885-1|location=New York|language=en|oclc=43050147}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Coretta Scott King Awards3&quot; /&gt;
* Coretta Scott King Honor Award 
** 1981, for Illustrator: Zaslavsky, Claudia. ''Count on Your Fingers African Style.'' Illustrated by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Crowell, 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Count on your fingers African style|author=Zaslavsky|first=Claudia|date=1980|publisher=Crowell|isbn=978-0-690-03864-4|location=New York|language=en|oclc=4195140}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Coretta Scott King Awards3&quot; /&gt;
** 1990, for Illustrator: San Souci, Robert D. ''The Talking Eggs: A Folktale From the American South.'' Pictures by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Dial Books for Young Readers, 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Coretta Scott King Awards3&quot; /&gt;
** 2005, for Illustrator: Holiday, Billie and Arthur Herzog Jr. ''God Bless the Child.'' Illustrated by Jerry Pinkney. New York:HarperCollins/Amistad, 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/godblesschild0000holi|title=God bless the child|author=Holiday|first=Billie|date=2004|publisher=HarperCollins / Amistad|isbn=978-0-06-028797-9|location=New York|language=en|oclc=45230462}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Coretta Scott King Awards3&quot; /&gt;
** 2009, for Illustrator: Aston, Dianna Hutts. ''The Moon Over Star.'' Pictures by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Dial Books for Young Readers, 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/moonoverstar0000asto|title=The moon over star|author=Aston|first=Dianna Hutts|date=2008|publisher=Dial Books for Young Readers|isbn=978-0-8037-3107-3|location=New York|language=en|oclc=191897904}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Coretta Scott King Awards3&quot; /&gt;
** 2017 for Illustrator: Jackson, Richard. ''In Plain Sight.'' Illustrated by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Roaring Brook Press, 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=In plain sight|author=Jackson|first=Richard|date=2016|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-1-62672-255-2|language=en|oclc=928488455}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Coretta Scott King Awards3&quot; /&gt;
* Coretta Scott King-Virginia Hamilton Award
** 2016, for Lifetime Achievement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/awardsgrants/jerry-pinkney-0|title=Jerry Pinkney {{!}} Awards &amp; Grants|work=www.ala.org|accessdate=December 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Laura Ingalls Wilder Award
** 2016: For American authors or illustrators who have contributed &quot;significantly&quot; to children's literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/awardsgrants/jerry-pinkney|title=Jerry Pinkney {{!}} Awards &amp; Grants|work=www.ala.org|accessdate=December 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* New York Times/New York Public Library Best Illustrated Children's Books Award 
** 1989: Singer, Marilyn. ''Turtle in July.'' Illustrated by Jerry Pinkney.  New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/turtleinjuly0000sing|title=Turtle in July|author=Singer|first=Marilyn|date=1989|publisher=Macmillan Pub. Co.; Collier Macmillan Publishers|isbn=978-0-02-782881-8|location=New York; London|language=en|oclc=19123010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/12/books/children-s-books-the-year-s-best-illustrated-books.html|title=Children's Books; the Year's Best Illustrated Books|date=November 12, 1989|work=The New York Times|accessdate=December 8, 2019|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 1994: Pinkney, Gloria Jean. ''The Sunday Outing.'' Pictures by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Dial Books for Young Readers, 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sundayouting0000pink|title=The Sunday outing|author=Pinkney|first=Gloria Jean|date=1994|publisher=Dial Books for Young Readers|isbn=978-0-8037-1199-0|location=New York|language=en|oclc=28707787}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/17/books/review/new-york-times-best-illustrated-childrens-books-of-the-year.html|title=New York Times Best Illustrated Children's Books of the Year, 1952–2002|date=November 17, 2002|work=The New York Times|accessdate=December 8, 2019|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 1997: San Souci, Robert D. ''The Hired Hand: An African-American Folktale.'' Pictures by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Dial Books for Young Readers, 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hiredhandafrican00sans|title=The hired hand|author=San Souci|first=Robert D|date=1997|publisher=Dial Books for Young Readers|isbn=978-0-8037-1296-6|location=New York|language=en|oclc=412294423}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/16/books/children-s-books-best-illustrated-books-1997.html|title=CHILDREN'S BOOKS; Best Illustrated Books 1997|date=November 16, 1997|work=The New York Times|accessdate=December 8, 2019|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 2006: Pinkney, Jerry. ''The Little Red Hen. New York:'' Dial Books for Young Readers, 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The little red hen|author=Pinkney|first=Jerry|date=2006|publisher=Dial Books for Young Readers|isbn=978-0-8037-2935-3|location=New York|language=en|oclc=60414351}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:172&quot;/&gt;
* Orbis Pictus Award
** 2020: Wittenstein, Barry. ''A Place to Land: Martin Luther King Jr and the Speech That Inspired a Nation.'' Illustrated by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Holiday House, 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=A place to land: Martin Luther King Jr. and the speech that inspired a nation|author=Wittenstein|first=Barry|date=2019|publisher=Holiday House|isbn=978-0-8234-4331-4|language=en|oclc=1051778798}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
* Phoenix Picture Book Award
** 2016, Honor Book: Lester, Julius. ''Sam and the Tigers: A New Telling of Little Black Sambo.'' Pictures by Jerry Pinkney. New York: Dial Books for Young Readers, 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/samtigersnewtell00lest|title=Sam and the tigers: a new telling of Little Black Sambo|author=Lester|first=Julius|date=1996|publisher=Penguin Young Readers|isbn=978-0-8037-2028-2|language=en|oclc=33441135}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.childlitassn.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=121:2016-phoenix-recipients&amp;catid=20:site-content|title=2016 Phoenix recipients|work=www.childlitassn.org|accessdate=December 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2005 Regina Medal by the Catholic Library Association.
* Society of Illustrators
** 2006: The Original Art Lifetime Achievement Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.societyillustrators.org/jerry-pinkney-0|title=Jerry Pinkney {{!}} Society of Illustrators|work=www.societyillustrators.org|accessdate=December 8, 2019|archivedate=March 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329161815/https://www.societyillustrators.org/jerry-pinkney-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Received four Gold medals&lt;ref name=&quot;:192&quot;/&gt;
** Received four Silver medals&lt;ref name=&quot;:192&quot; /&gt;

=== Onyinye ndị ọzọ ===

* Mepụtara ihe atụ mkpuchi maka Virginia Hamilton's ''The Planet of Junior Brown'' (New York: Simon &amp; Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1971). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The planet of Junior Brown|author=Hamilton|first=Virginia|date=1971|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster Books for Young Readers|isbn=978-0-02-742510-9|location=New York, N.Y.|language=en|oclc=42704363}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisweeknews.com/news/20190827/illustrator-jerry-pinkney-will-be-guest-for-bexley-library-series-for-families|title=Illustrator Jerry Pinkney will be guest for Bexley library series for families|author=Bournea|first=Chris|work=ThisWeek Community News|language=en|accessdate=November 10, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Enyere ihe atụ maka akwụkwọ nta RCA Corporation ''Craftmanship, A Tradition in Black America'' (New York: RCA, 1976). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Craftsmanship, a tradition in Black America.|author=Pinkney|first=Jerry|date=1976|publisher=RCA|location=New York|language=en|oclc=5544534}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Egosiputara akwụkwọ n'ihu maka Mildred D. Taylor akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Roll of Thunder, nụrụ mkpu ákwá m ('' New York: Dial Press, 1977). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Roll of thunder, hear my cry|author=Taylor|first=Mildred D|date=1977|publisher=Dial Press|location=New York|language=en|oclc=861097462}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Enyere ihe atụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ National Geographic Magazine nke Charles L. Bronson nke 1984 &quot;Izopụ n'ohu: Ụzọ ụgbọ oloko dị n'okpuru ala.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;woodmereartmuseum.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/experience/exhibitions/freedoms-journal_4756|title=Freedom's Journal: The Art of Jerry Pinkney|work=woodmereartmuseum.org|language=en-gb|accessdate=December 7, 2019|archivedate=December 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207064509/https://woodmereartmuseum.org/experience/exhibitions/freedoms-journal_4756}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Egosiputara &quot;Silent Lobby,&quot; akụkọ nke Mildred Pitts Walter dere nke pụtara na ''The Big Book For Peace'' (New York: EP Dutton Children's Books, 1990). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The big book for peace|author=Durell|first=Ann|date=1990|isbn=978-0-525-44605-7|language=en|oclc=20260066}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Eserese eserese maka National Park Service's &quot;The Underground Railroad Handbook&quot; na 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;:37&quot;&gt;''Underground Railroad'', Official National Park Handbook, No. 156, Division of Publications, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Haziri broshuọ ekeresimesi White House na 2001 na isiokwu ''Ụlọ maka ezumike'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jerry-pinkney-comes-full-circle/|title=Jerry Pinkney Comes Full Circle|date=December 11, 2001|work=www.cbsnews.com|language=en|accessdate=December 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:332&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nnabata ==
Pinkney enwetala ọtụtụ ihe nrite maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'ime ọtụtụ afọ, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ marakwa ya maka onyinye ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe.

=== Ihe nrite ===

=== Nkwenye ===

* Na 1997, a họpụtara Pinkney maka biennial 1998 Hans Christian Andersen Award, weere dị ka &quot;Nrite Nobel maka akwụkwọ ụmụaka.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usbby.org/ibby-hans-christian-andersen-award.html|title=IBBY Hans Christian Andersen Award|work=USBBY|language=en|accessdate=December 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na 2000, Kent State University nyere Pinkney ihe nrite nke Virginia Hamilton Literary Award, nke na-asọpụrụ ndị okike nke &quot;akwụkwọ ọdịnala&quot; maka ndị ntorobịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kent.edu/virginiahamiltonconference/literary-award-winners|title=Literary Award Winners {{!}} Virginia Hamilton Conference on Multicultural Literature for Youth {{!}} Kent State University|work=www.kent.edu|accessdate=December 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kent.edu/virginiahamiltonconference/about-awards|title=About the Awards {{!}} Virginia Hamilton Conference on Multicultural Literature for Youth {{!}} Kent State University|work=www.kent.edu|accessdate=December 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na 2004, Pinkney nwetara Mahadum Southern Mississippi Medallion maka ntinye aka ya na akwụkwọ ụmụaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usm.edu/childrens-book-festival/history-fay-b-kaigler-childrens-book-festival.php|title=History of the Fay B. Kaigler Children's Book Festival {{!}} Fay B. Kaigler Children's Book Festival {{!}} The University of Southern Mississippi|work=www.usm.edu|accessdate=December 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na 2011, New York Society of Illustrators webatara Pinkney n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Fame nke nzukọ maka mmezu na ntinye aka Pinkney dị ka onye na-ese ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:203&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.societyillustrators.org/programs/hall-fame|title=Hall of fame {{!}} Society of Illustrators|work=www.societyillustrators.org|accessdate=December 7, 2019|archivedate=April 16, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416102025/https://www.societyillustrators.org/programs/hall-fame}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na 2013, Pinkney nwetara ihe nrite nka nka dị iche iche dịka akụkụ nke onyinye onyinye Gọvanọ [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] maka nka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.arts.pa.gov:443/WHAT%20WE%20DO/Governor%E2%80%99s-Awards/Pages/default.aspx|title=Governor's Awards for the Arts|work=Pennsylvania Council On The Arts|language=en-US|accessdate=December 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2016, obodo Philadelphia kpọrọ July 19 &quot;Jerry Pinkney Day&quot; iji sọpụrụ ihe ndị Pinkney rụzuru. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.phila.gov/posts/city-representative/2016-08-31-jerry-pinkney-day-proclaimed-in-philadelphia/|title=Jerry Pinkney Day proclaimed in Philadelphia {{!}} Office of the City Representative {{!}} Posts|work=City of Philadelphia|date=August 31, 2016|language=en-US|accessdate=December 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na 2016, Norman Rockwell Museum kpọrọ Pinkney Artist Laureate maka ihe ọ rụzuru dị ka onye na-ese ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:153&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockwell-center.org/news/illustrator-jerry-pinkney-receives-two-lifetime-achievement-awards/|title=ILLUSTRATOR JERRY PINKNEY RECEIVES TWO LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS|author=SPlunkett|date=January 11, 2016|work=The Rockwell Center for American Visual Studies|language=en-US|accessdate=December 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na 2016, a họpụtara Pinkney maka onyinye Hans Christian Andersen maka 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.usbby.org/2/post/2016/11/announcing-the-hca-nominees.html|title=Announcing the 2018 hca nominees|work=USBBY|language=en|accessdate=December 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi nka ==

* 1994, Fall: E gosipụtara na Richard C. von Hess Illustration Gallery na Mahadum Philadelphia nke Arts . &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uarts.edu/about/richard-c-von-hess-illustration-gallery-exhibitors|title=Richard C. von Hess Illustration Gallery Exhibitors {{!}} University of the Arts|work=www.uarts.edu|accessdate=December 7, 2019|archivedate=December 7, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207063652/https://www.uarts.edu/about/richard-c-von-hess-illustration-gallery-exhibitors}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2000: ''Jerry Pinkney/ Brian Pinkney: Nna &amp; Ọkpara'', nke National Center for Children's Illustrated Literature kwadoro na [[Texas]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccil.org/exhibitions/father-son-jerry-pinkey-brian-pinkey|title=Father &amp; Son: Jerry Pinkney &amp; Brian Pinkney|publisher=The National Center for Children's Illustrated Literature|date=December 7, 2019|language=en|accessdate=December 7, 2019|archivedate=March 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329203456/https://www.nccil.org/exhibitions/father-son-jerry-pinkey-brian-pinkey}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008, Fall/Winter: E gosipụtara na Richard C. von Hess Illustration Gallery na Mahadum Philadelphia nke Arts . &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;
* 2010: ''Jerry Pinkney's African-American Journey to Freedom'', nke e gosipụtara na Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/19/arts/19spare.html|title=Spare Times|date=February 18, 2010|work=The New York Times|accessdate=December 8, 2019|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012: ''Onye akaebe: The Art of Jerry Pinkney'', nke Hudson River Museum na Yonkers, [[Nú Yọk|New York]] kwadoro. &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;/&gt;
* 2013: ''Na-ese n'akụkụ azụ: Art na Life of Jerry Pinkney'', nke Free Library nke Philadelphia gosipụtara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillytrib.com/metros/metros-northwest/free-library-celebrates-artist-jerry-pinkney/article_871cf6b6-73f9-5889-bfd6-6be93da2e6fc.html|title=Free Library celebrates artist Jerry Pinkney|author=Bailey|first=Samaria|work=The Philadelphia Tribune|date=July 24, 2013|language=en|accessdate=December 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: ''Jerry Pinkney: Imaginings/Nchọpụta ihe osise nke ihe onyonyo na okwu'', nke Norman Rockwell Museum gosipụtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:153&quot;/&gt;
* 2017: ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Ime Anwansi nke Jerry Pinkney'', nke Woodmere Art Museum gosipụtara na Philadelphia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/experience/exhibitions/the-storybook-magic-of-jerry-pinkney|title=The Storybook Magic of Jerry Pinkney|work=woodmereartmuseum.org|language=en-gb|accessdate=December 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Freedom's Journal: The Art of Jerry Pinkney'', nke Woodmere Art Museum gosipụtara na Philadelphia . &lt;ref name=&quot;woodmereartmuseum.org&quot;/&gt;

== Mpempe akwụkwọ nzi ozi ==
Na 1977, United States Postal Service nyere Pinkney iwu ka o mepụta stampụ mbụ nke usoro nzi ozi Black Heritage, usoro na-asọpụrụ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị America America]] nwere oke na akụkọ ntolite [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030095351/http://www.ncaaa.org/exhibitions/pinkney/pinkneyexhibition.html|archivedate=October 30, 2014|url=http://www.ncaaa.org/exhibitions/pinkney/pinkneyexhibition.html|title=Historical Themes, Tales and Legends: The Art of Jerry Pinkney: Sept. 22, 2002 – Jan. 4, 2003|publisher=The Museum of the National Center of Afro American Artists|accessdate=May 16, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pinkney dechara ngụkọta nke ihe osise iri na otu maka usoro ahụ, na atụmatụ ya gosipụtara ihe oyiyi [[Harriet Tubman]], [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]], Benjamin Banneker, Whitney Young, Jackie Robinson, Scott Joplin, Carter Woodson, Mary McLeod Bethune na Sojourner Truth . &lt;ref name=&quot;:36&quot;/&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
ezie na amabeghị nkewa nke ọrụ na mmekọrịta Gist, a maara na edemede ahụ bụ nke James na mbụ, mana Eloyce degharịrị ya, ma leba anya na reshoots. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gibson|first=Gloria J.|title=Cinematic Foremothers: Zora Neale Hurston and Eloyce King Patrick Gist|chapter=Cinematic Foremothers|date=2001|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1b7x4wf.19|pages=195–210|editor=Bowser|series=African-American Filmmaking and Race Cinema of the Silent Era|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-02135-9|accessdate=2021-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri a na-esote ụgbọ oloko nke [[Setan|Ekwensu]] na-edu na-aga [[hell]], na-ebu ndị mmehie ikpe na nke ọ bụla n'ime ụgbọ ala ya; A haziri ụgbọ ala ọ bụla maka ụdị ndị mmehie kpọmkwem. Eloyce ji ihe nnọchianya okpukpe na ihe nnọchianya na-achọtakarị [[Akụkọ ifo ndị Africa-America|akụkọ ifo ndị]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ezie na amabeghị nkewa nke ọrụ na mmekọrịta Gist, a maara na edemede ahụ bụ nke James na mbụ, mana Eloyce degharịrị ya, ma leba anya na reshoots. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gibson|first=Gloria J.|title=Cinematic Foremothers: Zora Neale Hurston and Eloyce King Patrick Gist|chapter=Cinematic Foremothers|date=2001|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1b7x4wf.19|pages=195–210|editor=Bowser|series=African-American Filmmaking and Race Cinema of the Silent Era|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-02135-9|accessdate=2021-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri a na-esote ụgbọ oloko nke [[Setan|Ekwensu]] na-edu na-aga [[hell]], na-ebu ndị mmehie ikpe na nke ọ bụla n'ime ụgbọ ala ya; A haziri ụgbọ ala ọ bụla maka ụdị ndị mmehie kpọmkwem. Eloyce ji ihe nnọchianya okpukpe na ihe nnọchianya na-achọtakarị [[Akụkọ ifo ndị Africa-America|akụkọ ifo ndị]]{{Reflist|refs=&lt;!-- some awards refs - unused
&lt;ref name=caldecott&gt;
[http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/caldecottmedal/caldecotthonors/caldecottmedal &quot;Caldecott Medal &amp; Honor Books, 1938–Present&quot;]. [[Association for Library Service to Children]] (ALSC). American Library Association (ALA).&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp; [http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/caldecottmedal/aboutcaldecott/aboutcaldecott &quot;The Randolph Caldecott Medal&quot;]. ALSC. ALA. Retrieved 2013-07-22.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=andersen&gt;
[http://www.ibby.org/index.php?id=273 &quot;Hans Christian Andersen Awards&quot;]. [[International Board on Books for Young People]] ('''IBBY'''). Retrieved July 22, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=ibby-nominee&gt;
[http://www.literature.at/viewer.alo?objid=14769&amp;viewmode=fullscreen&amp;scale=3.33&amp;rotate=&amp;page=105 &quot;Candidates for the Hans Christian Andersen Awards 1956–2002&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130114185952/http://www.literature.at/viewer.alo?objid=14769&amp;viewmode=fullscreen&amp;scale=3.33&amp;rotate=&amp;page=105 |date=January 14, 2013 }}. ''The Hans Christian Andersen Awards, 1956–2002''. IBBY. [[Gyldendal]]. 2002. Pages 110–18. Hosted by [[Austrian Literature Online]] (literature.at). Retrieved July 22, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website  (early 2019)
* Jerry Pinkney at Library of Congress, with 122 library catalog records
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181025150458/https://www.harpercollins.com/author/cr-100766/jerry-pinkney/ Jerry Pinkney: Author] at publisher HarperCollins (archived 2018-10-25)
* Jerry Pinkney at the Wayback Machine (archived August 13, 2007) at Children's Literature (childrenslit.com)
* Jerry Pinkney discography at Discogs
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>4f271v00twjz63s9pr3mh0bvps0hbjm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>John Cavanaugh (onye na-ese ihe)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48024</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638955</id>
      <parentid>199451</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T00:32:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638955</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5789" sha1="8nbgun19wjc94x7gqg5w2bn9y22ups2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=John Cavanaugh|birth_name=John William Cavanaugh|birth_date={{birth date|1921|9|20}}|birth_place=[[Sycamore, Ohio]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|1985|1|9|1921|9|20}}|death_place=[[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.|nationality=American|education=[[Ohio State University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|occupation=Sculptor|spouse={{marriage|Janet Corneille|1946}}|children=2|parents=Chauncy Floyd Cavanaugh&lt;br&gt;Hilda Cavanaugh}}

John William Cavanaugh (Septemba 20, 1921 na Sycamore, Ohio - January 9, 1985 na Washington, DC ) bụ onye ọkpụ ọkpụ America nke National ọrụ na Washington, DC, ebe o bi ma onye ọrụ na mpaghara Dupont Circle.  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ bụ isi na ndu, njirimara na-egbu egbu.  Ekwenyere na nke a butere ọrịa kansa nke akpa ume.

== Ndụ ==
A mụrụ John Cavanaugh na ime obodo Sycamore, Ohio dị ka onye nke atọ n'ime ụmụ nwoke a nke Hilda na Chauncy Floyd Cavanaugh, ndị siri ike, ndị nne na nna Irish dara ogbenye.  Eziniche ya gbasiri mgba, ndị mgbe nna ya gbuchara onwe ya na 1929 mgbe John dị afã .  Cavanaugh buru ụzọ gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n' Touch ahụ, mana nne ya ngosi ma ịgba ume ike ya, na-ozi ya n' akwụkwọ Ursuline maka nkà.  N'afọ 1938, Cavanaugh gara ibi ndụ ma nkà na Urbana, Ohio, n'okpuru Alice Archer Sewall James (1870-1955), na-Ịrị ịse ihe.  (James bụ onye na-eso Swedenborg .) Cavanaugh mmụta akwụkwọ na Ohio State University, na BA na 1945, na-amụ Bekee na ihe ọkpụkpụ.. &lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cavanaughfoundation.org/aboutjohncavanaugh.php |title=John Cavanaugh Foundation – About John Cavanaugh |accessdate=2024-06-14 |archivedate=2003-08-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030801125917/http://www.cavanaughfoundation.org/aboutjohncavanaugh.php }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1946, Cavanaugh lụrụ Janet Corneille na ha nwere otu nwa nwoke, nwụrụ na ọnwa itoolu nke ọrịa hydrocephaly. Na 1949, a mụrụ nwa ha nwoke nke abụọ Jon. N'afọ 1951, Cavanaugh nwetara ihe nrite nke National Sculpture Society Purchase Prize, na-enye ya nkwalite ka amara nka nka. Mana Cavanaugh nwere mmetụta na-enwewanye esemokwu banyere mmekọahụ, okpukperechi na alụmdi na nwunye ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;/&gt;

Na 1956 ọ hụrụ ya na nwa ya nwoke, na akara ndị ọzọ, ọkụga New York City akpụkpọ anụ ọkpụkpụ ya ma mee ụzọ ya.  O mere ka ya na nne nwee nwee ezumike na- atụ, bụ́ onye ọ na-ahụ omume ọzọ.  Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, o mere ka ya na ike ya dịghachi ná mma, ya na nwa ya nwokekwara na-enwe nri.. &lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;/&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule 1959 Cavanaugh etolitela ihe ọkọlọtọ ogologo ndụ ya na onye mmekọ ya, Philip Froeder, onye na-ese onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ na onye nhazi obodo.  [1] Na 1963, ha kwagara Washington, DC ebe Froeder ọrụ ọrụ.  [2] Nke a tolitere dị ka oge na-ama ihe nke ukwuu maka Cavanaugh, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nọpụrụ iche na ihe nkiri New York.  Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekere òkè &quot;na ihe ngosi biennial na New York's Sculpture Center ruo 1977. N'otu oge ahụ, Cavanaugh na-enweta ego site na ihe ngosi ya ugboro abụọ n'afọ na oghere studio Washington&quot; na Swann  Street, NW.

Ọ nwụrụ na 1985 mgbe ọ dị afọ 63.

== Ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:Olive_Seward_Statue.JPG|thumb| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwLg&quot;&gt;Olive Risley Seward&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]
E sere ọrụ Cavanaugh na National Sculpture Center na New York City, na National Arts Club na Washington, DC President Clinton nyere ụfọdụ Cavanaugh dị ka nri nye ndị isi ala Egypt na France.  Ihe osise ya, Demeter, mgbe chi Gris nke ọrụ ugbo, na-agụ na Ogige Enyi nke US National Arboretum .  [1] Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya nke Olive Risley Seward, ada William Henry Seward, bụ nke ụlọ obibi onwe ya na Southeast Washington, dị nso na Seward Square, nke a na-akpọ maka onye ụdị.

Awụnyere ụfọdụ n'ime nkọwa ihe ọkpụkpụ ya n'iche dị na mpaghara Dupont Circle nke onye otu ya Froeder we nchekwa.  [1] Cavanaugh nwere ọtụtụ ihe ma ree ọtụtụ ihe ọkpụkpụ na ọrụ ndị ọzọ sitere na ihe ngosi ihe nkiri Swann Street ya.  Obosara ọrụ Cavanaugh gbatịrị n'ụdịdị dị obere egwu Flux Box Year Two (1967), otu n'ime ọtụtụ mkpokọta nke obere ihe ndị na-ese ihe ebe na-esetịpụ, Fluxus. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Flux Box Year Two (1967)|url=http://www.walkerart.org/collections/artworks/flux-year-box-2|work=Walker Art Center|accessdate=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na 2008 ruo 2011, ihe ngosi nlegharị anya nke ọrụ Cavanaugh, Na Search of Motion, gara na Saginaw Art Museum, [1] Kalamazoo Institute of Arts, [2] [3] na Dubuque Museum of Art. 

== Ihe nketa na nsọpụrụ ==

* Philip Froeder na ndị ọzọ hibere John Cavanaugh Foundation iji chekwaa nka ya wee mee ka a mara ya.
* National Sculpture Society kwa afọ na-enye National Sculpture Society Silver Medal na John Cavanaugh Memorial Prize nye ndị nka na-egosi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Exhibition Awards|url=http://www.nationalsculpture.org/nssN/index.cfm/fa/cExhibits.exhibitAwards|work=The National Sculpture Society|accessdate=24 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702093932/http://www.nationalsculpture.org/nssN/index.cfm/fa/cExhibits.exhibitAwards|archivedate=2 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240614075752/http://www.cavanaughfoundation.org/ Webụsaịtị John Cavanaugh Foundation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190114/http://www.nationalsculpture.org/Community/index.cfm?method=main.profile&amp;profile_id=51&amp;StartRow= &quot; Profaịlụ Ọkpụkpụ :: John Cavanaugh&quot;]</text>
      <sha1>8nbgun19wjc94x7gqg5w2bn9y22ups2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kenji Nener</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>50089</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638991</id>
      <parentid>246679</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T07:51:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638991</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2545" sha1="h2yx0bt5i3ex5oup0lx9fz8szhsrn2c" xml:space="preserve">
 [[File:Paris2024 - Triathlon - 22 - Kenji Nener.jpg|thumb|Kenji Nener]]

'''Kenji Nener''' (ニナー 賢治, amụrụ 26 Mee 1993) bụ onye egwuregwu atọ nke Japan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/144723|title=Kenji Nener|work=Olympedia|accessdate=26 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara asọmpi n'egwuregwu ụmụ nwoke na asọmpi Summer Summer 2020 nke emere na Tokyo, Japan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/triathlon/results-men-s-individual-fnl-000100-.htm|title=Triathlon - Results|work=Tokyo 2020|accessdate=26 July 2021|archivedate=28 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728161613/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/triathlon/results-men-s-individual-fnl-000100-.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ zọkwara asọmpi n'asọmpị agbagharị agbagharị . &lt;ref name=&quot;triathlon_mixed_relay_summer_olympics_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mixed Relay Results|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/TRI/OG2020-_TRI_C73C_TRIXTEAM4-------------FNL-000100--.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802215026/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/TRI/OG2020-_TRI_C73C_TRIXTEAM4-------------FNL-000100--.pdf|archivedate=2 August 2021|accessdate=3 August 2021|work=2020 Summer Olympics}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mụrụ Nener na Australia site na nna Australia na nne Japan.  Ọ nọchitere anya obodo amụrụ ya na mbụ, mana ọ gbanwere nkwenye mgbe e nyere ya ikike ịbụ nwa amaala Japan na 2021.  Nener na-asọ mpi Super League Triathlon . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kenji Nener » Super League Triathlon|url=https://superleaguetriathlon.com/athlete/kenji-nener/|accessdate=31 January 2022|work=Super League Triathlon|language=en-GB|archivedate=31 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131100948/https://superleaguetriathlon.com/athlete/kenji-nener/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma Nener na asọmpi Super League bịara na 2022, mgbe ọ gụchara 3rd na SLT Toulouse, ihe omume Super League mbụ na France. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Powell|first=Megan|date=2022-10-02|title=HAYDEN WILDE STRIKES IN TOULOUSE|url=https://superleaguetriathlon.com/hayden-wilde-strikes-in-toulouse/|accessdate=2022-10-06|work=Super League Triathlon|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006084124/https://superleaguetriathlon.com/hayden-wilde-strikes-in-toulouse/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>h2yx0bt5i3ex5oup0lx9fz8szhsrn2c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kashere</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51109</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638989</id>
      <parentid>188336</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T06:35:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638989</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2750" sha1="byjh8h88qzys71z68x95echfwxnb4vs" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:FEDERAL_UNIVERSITY_OF_KASHERE_SENATE_BUIDING.jpg|thumb| Mahadum Federal nke Kashere]]
Kashere bụ Wọọdụ dị na Gombe Steeti, okpuru ọchịchị ime obodo gọọmenti Ákíkó Naijiria.  [1] Ihe dị ka kilomita iri anọ na isii, ma ọ bụ kilomita iri abụo na asatọ, site na Kashere.  Ebe dị anya bụ narị atọ na iri iteghete na asaa km/narị abụọ na iri anọ na asaa mi si Kashere ruo Abuja, isi obodo Naijiria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kashere, Nigeria - Facts and information on Kashere - Nigeria.Places-in-the-world.com|url=https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2334904-place-kashere.html#google_vignette|accessdate=2024-08-25|work=nigeria.places-in-the-world.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koodu ozi nke mpaghara ahụ bụ puku narị asaa na iri asaa na otu, otu narị na atọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kashere, Akko - Postcode - 771103 - Nigeria Postcode|url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-akko-pindiga-kashere.html|accessdate=2024-08-25|work=www.nigeriapostcode.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihu igwe ==
Oge mmiri ozuzo na Kashere bụ mmegbu na urukpuru, oge ọkọchị na-enwe obere urukpuru, ọ na-ekpokwa ọkụ n'afọ niile.  Nkezi akwụkwọ afọ sitere na iri asaa na atọ Celsius F ruo iri asaa Celsius F degrees Fahrenheit nwere obere obere dị n'okpuru ma ọ bụ mpaghara otu narị na atọ°F.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Morel|first=Emilien|title=Kashere Gombe Nigeria 15 Day Weather Forecast|url=https://m.weatheravenue.com/en/africa/ng/gombe/kashere-weather-15-days.html|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=Weather Avenue|language=en|archivedate=2024-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826001007/https://m.weatheravenue.com/en/africa/ng/gombe/kashere-weather-15-days.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-08-26|title=Hourly Weather for Kashere - Nigeria (Gombe) : FREE 15-day WEATHER forecast|url=https://www.weathercrave.com/weather-forecast-nigeria/city-503930/weather-forecast-kashere-hourly|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=Weather Crave|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Kashere &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gombe State Contributory Healthcare Management Agency|url=https://gmchma.gm.gov.ng/provider/approved|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=gmchma.gm.gov.ng|archivedate=2024-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520111833/https://gmchma.gm.gov.ng/provider/approved}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==

* Kanon Kashere Primary School
* [https://africatopschools.com/schools/jibwis-islamic-science-secondary-school-kashere-akko Jibwis islamic science secondary school Kashere]
* Ụbọchị gọọmentị Comprehensive Secondary School Kashere
* Kai Gamari Primary School
* Central Primary School, Kashere
* Mahadum Federal nke Kashere

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Ȯra Gombe]]</text>
      <sha1>byjh8h88qzys71z68x95echfwxnb4vs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>J. M. G. Le Clézio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52015</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638950</id>
      <parentid>580095</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T18:51:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638950</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27184" sha1="cefamfza9qdrkr6wvuv791wdj4dlatd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

 
'''Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ maʁi ɡystav lə klezjo|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ maʁi ɡystav lə klezjo|lang}} [ʒɑ̃ maʁi ɡystav Lü klezjo]; 13 Eprel 1940), nke a na-akpọkarị '''J. M. G. Le Clézio''', nke French na Mauritian obodo, bụ odee na prọfesọ. Onye dere ihe karịrị ọrụ iri anọ, e nyere ya 1963 Prix Renaudot maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Le Procès-Verbal na 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature maka ọrụ ndụ ya, dị ka &quot;onye edemede nke ọpụpụ ọhụrụ, njem uri na obi ụtọ anụ ahụ, onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri. mmadu gafere na n'okpuru mmepeanya na-achị.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;nobelweb&quot;/&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ nne Le Clézio n'obodo French Riviera nke Nice, nna ya n'àgwàetiti [[Mauritius]] (nke bụ ihe onwunwe Britain, mana nna ya bụ agbụrụ Breton, na France). Ma nna nna ya ma nne ya sitere na Morbihan, n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda Brittany.&lt;ref name=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;
{{Cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article709674.ece|title=A Frenchman and a Geographer|accessdate=9 December 2008|work=5th paragraph|publisher=review is taken from the TLS|date=21 April 2006|quote=&quot;Le Clézio's family were originally from Morbihan on the west coast of Brittany. At the time of the Revolution, one of his ancestors, who had refused to enlist in the Revolutionary Army because they had insisted he cut his long hair, fled France intending to reach India, but disembarked on Mauritius, and stayed there|first=Adrian|author=Tahourdin}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nna nna ya François Alexis Le Clézio gbapụrụ na France na 1798 wee biri na nwunye ya na nwa ya nwanyị na Mauritius, bụ nke bụ obodo France mgbe ahụ mana ọ ga-abanye n'aka ndị Britain n'oge na-adịghị anya. E kwere ka ndị na-achị obodo na-edebe omenala ha ma na-asụ French. Le Clézio ebibeghị na Mauritius ihe karịrị ọnwa ole na ole n'otu oge, mana o kwuru na ya na-ewere onwe ya dị ka onye France na onye Mauritian.&lt;ref name=&quot;roots&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.comcast.net/articles/news-entertainment/20081207/EU.Sweden.Nobel.Le.Clezio/|title=Internet might have stopped Hitler|accessdate=12 December 2008|publisher=comcast.net|date=7 December 2008|quote=&quot;Though he was born in France, Le Clézio's father is British and he holds dual nationality with Mauritius, where his family has roots&quot;|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209075618/http://www.comcast.net/articles/news-entertainment/20081207/EU.Sweden.Nobel.Le.Clezio/|archivedate=9 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article709674.ece|title=A Frenchman and a geographer|accessdate=11 December 2008|work=Adrian Tahourdin|publisher=The Times Literary Supplement|date=21 April 2006|quote=&quot;Le Clezio regards himself as Franco-Mauritian}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere ụmụ amaala France na Mauritius abụọ (Mauritius nwetara nnwere onwe na 1968) ma na-akpọ Mauritius &quot;obere ala nna ya&quot;.  &lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/oct/10/nobelprize-france|title=Nobel award restores French literary pride|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Angelique Chrisafis|date=10 October 2008|quote=&quot;He has joint Mauritian citizenship and calls the island his &quot;little fatherland&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;/&gt;

A mụrụ Le Clézio na Nice, obodo nne ya, n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] mgbe nna ya na-eje ozi na Ndị agha Britain na Naịjirịa.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite book|title=Multicultural Writers Since 1945|author=della Fazia Amoia|first=Alba|year=2009|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-30688-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalwri0000unse/page/313 313–318]|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalwri0000unse/page/313}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zụlitere ya na Roquebillière, obere obodo dị nso na Nice ruo 1948 mgbe ya, nne ya, na nwanne ya nwoke banyere ụgbọ mmiri iji sonyere nna ya na Naịjirịa. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1991 bụ ''[[Onitsha (novel)|Onitsha]]'' bụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. N'otu edemede nke afọ 2004, ọ chetara banyere oge ọ bụ nwata na Naijiria na mmekọrịta ya na ndị mụrụ ya.

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Bristol na England site na 1958 ruo 1959,  Le Clézio gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Institut d'études littéraires nke Nice. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio wins Nobel Prize|publisher=University of Bristol|date=10 October 2008|url=http://www.bris.ac.uk/news/2008/5946.html|accessdate=2008-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1964, Le Clézio nwetara nzere masta na Mahadum Provence na thesis banyere Henri Michaux na ahụmịhe ihe omimi.

Mgbe Le Clézio nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ na London na Bristol, ọ kwagara United States ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkụzi. Na 1967 ọ jere ozi dị ka onye ọrụ enyemaka na Thailand dị ka akụkụ nke ozi mba ya, mana a chụpụrụ ya ngwa ngwa na mba ahụ maka mkpesa megide ịgba akwụna ụmụaka wee ziga Mexico ka ọ rụchaa ozi mba ya. Site na 1970 ruo 1974, o biri na ebo Embera-Wounaan na Panama. Ọ lụrụ kemgbe 1975 na Jémia Jean, onye bụ Moroccan, ma nwee ụmụ nwanyị atọ (otu site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya na Rosalie Piquemal). Kemgbe 1990s ha kewara ebe obibi ha n'etiti Albuquerque, Mauritius, na Nice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Pollard|first=Niklas|title=Nomadic writer wins Nobel prize|work=International Herald Tribune|date=9 October 2008|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/10/09/europe/OUKWD-UK-NOBEL-LITERATURE.php|accessdate=2008-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1983, Le Clézio dere edemede doctoral banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mexico maka Mahadum Perpignan, banyere mmeri nke Ndị Purépecha bi na steeti Michoacán nke oge a. E bipụtara ya na magazin French ma bipụta ya na Spanish na 1985.&lt;ref&gt;Le Clézio, ''La Conquista divina de Michoacán''. Fondo de Cultura Económica&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Clézio akụziwo na ọtụtụ mahadum gburugburu ụwa. Onye na-eleta South Korea ugboro ugboro, ọ kụziri asụsụ French na akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ewha Women na Seoul n'oge afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2007.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2884578|title=Acclaimed French author praises Korean literature|publisher=[[JoongAng Daily]]|date=2 January 2008|author=Lee Esther}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.donga.com/fbin/output?f=total&amp;n=200810090575|work=[[Dong-a Ilbo]]|language=ko|author=Yonhap News|date=9 October 2008|authorlink=Yonhap News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Nọvemba 2013, Le Clézio sonyeere Mahadum Nanjing na China dị ka prọfesọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nju.edu.cn/english/_t317/04/75/c99a1141/page.psp|title=Nobel Laureate Le Clézio Officially Joins Nanjing University|date=Nov 6, 2013|accessdate=27 May 2019|archivedate=2 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802163611/https://www.nju.edu.cn/english/_t317/04/75/c99a1141/page.psp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ edemede ==
LE Clézio malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa; mbụ ọrụ ya bụ akwụkwọ banyere oké osimiri. Ọ nwetara ihe ịga nke ọma mgbe ọ dị afọ 23, mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, Le Procès-Verbal (The Interrogation), bụ Prix Renaudot ma bụrụ onye ahọpụtara maka Prix Goncourt.&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio wins the 2008 Nobel Literature Prize|work=Times Online|date=9 October 2008|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article4913765.ece|accessdate=2008-10-09|quote=Le Clézio, who was born in Nice and has lived in England, New Mexico and South Korea, said that he was touched by the honour. He mentioned his British father, a surgeon, and his childhood in Mauritius and Nigeria. &quot;I was born of a mix, like many people currently in Europe,&quot; he said.|first=Charles|author=Bremner}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBremner2008&quot;&gt;Bremner, Charles (9 October 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110616183321/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article4913765.ece &quot;Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio wins the 2008 Nobel Literature Prize&quot;]. ''Times Online''. London&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 October&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;q&gt;Le Clézio, who was born in Nice and has lived in England, New Mexico and South Korea, said that he was touched by the honour. He mentioned his British father, a surgeon, and his childhood in Mauritius and Nigeria. &quot;I was born of a mix, like many people currently in Europe,&quot; he said.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe ahụ, o bipụtara ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri atọ na isii, gụnyere akụkọ mkpirikpi, akwụkwọ akụkọ, edemede, nsụgharị abụọ gbasara akụkọ ifo ndị American Indian, na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ụmụaka.

Site na 1963 ruo 1975, Le Clézio nyochara isiokwu ndị dị ka isi mgbaka, [[asụsụ]], okike, na edemede. O tinyere onwe ya n'ime nnwale n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro n'ihi ndị dị ka Georges Perec ma ọ bụ Michel Butor. Omume ya bụ nke onye na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ na onye nnupụisi, nke Michel Foucault na Gilles Deleuze toro ya maka ya.

N'ime ngwụsị 1970s, ụdị Le Clézio gbanwere nke ukwuu; ọ gbahapụrụ nnwale, na ọnọdụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya adịchaghị emekpa ahụ ka ọ na-eji isiokwu dịka nwata, oge uto, na njem, nke dọtara ndị na-ege ntị ka ukwuu. Na 1980, Le Clézio bụ onye mmeri mbụ nke Grand Prix Paul Morand emebere ọhụrụ, nke Académie Française nyere maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Desert.&lt;ref name=&quot;TLS&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article709674.ece|title=A Frenchman and a geographer|accessdate=9 December 2008|work=5th paragraph|publisher=review is taken from the TLS|date=21 April 2006|quote=&quot;Le Clezio received the Academie Francaise's Grand Prix Paul Morand in 1980 for Desert, a novel that revealed a move towards a more expansive and lyrical style. The book has a dual narrative. The first, dated 1909–10, chronicles the tragic fate of a Tuareg clan fleeing across Morocco from their French and Spanish colonial oppressors (&quot;les chrétiens&quot;)&quot;.|first=Adrian|author=Tahourdin}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1994, nnyocha nke magazin French Lire mere gosiri na pasent 13 nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ weere ya dị ka onye edemede kachasị ukwuu na-asụ French.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediaterre.org/ocean-indien/actu%2C20081014083035.html|title=Maurice : Source d'Inspiration pour le Prix Nobel de Littérature, Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio (''Lire'', &quot;Le Clézio N° 1&quot;, 1994, 22s. )|accessdate=12 December 2008|work=Portail Ocean Indie|publisher=modéré par CEDREFI|date=14 October 2008|language=fr|quote=Prix du plus grand écrivain francophone du magazine Lire|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121104091801/http://www.mediaterre.org/ocean-indien/actu,20081014083035.html|archivedate=4 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite Nobel ==
[[Usòrò:Nobel2008Literature_news_conference1-1.jpg|thumb|Horace Engdahl kwupụtara na Le Clézio meriri Nobel Prize for Literature na 9 Ọktoba 2008]]
Ihe nrite Nobel na edemede maka afọ 2008 gara Le Clézio maka ọrụ ndị Swedish Academy gosipụtara dị ka &quot;ihe omume abụ na ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ&quot; na maka ilekwasị anya na gburugburu ebe obibi, ọkachasị ọzara.&lt;ref name=&quot;nobelweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2008/|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2008|accessdate=2008-10-09|publisher=Nobelprize.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2008/ &quot;The Nobel Prize in Literature 2008&quot;]. Nobelprize.org&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9 October&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Ụlọ akwụkwọ Swedish, n'ịkpọsa ihe nrite ahụ, kpọrọ Le Clézio &quot;onye edemede nke ọpụpụ ọhụrụ, egwu egwu egwu na obi ụtọ nke anụ ahụ, onye na-enyocha ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ n'ofe na n'okpuru mmepeanya na-achị.&quot; &quot;  Le Clézia jiri okwu nnabata ihe nrite Nobel ya wakpo isiokwu nke ịda ogbenye ozi. &lt;ref name=&quot;post&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Thompson|first=Bob|title=France's Le Clézio Wins Nobel Literature Prize|work=The Washington Post|date=9 October 2008|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/09/AR2008100900243.html?hpid=topnews|accessdate=2008-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lecture&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/dec/08/jmg-clezio-nobel-lecture|title=Le Clézio uses Nobel lecture to attack information poverty|accessdate=14 December 2008|publisher=guardian.co.uk home|date=8 December 2008|first=Richard|author=Lea}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isi okwu ya bụ Dans la forêt des paradoxes (&quot;N'oké ọhịa nke paradoxes&quot;), aha o kwuru na ọ bụ Stig Dagerman.&lt;ref name=&quot;english&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2008/clezio-lecture_en.html|title=The Nobel Foundation 2008|accessdate=11 December 2008|author=The Nobel Foundation 2008|date=7 December 2008|work=Nobel Lecture|publisher=The Nobel Foundation 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gao Xingjian, onye China émigré na-ede na Mandarin, bụ nwa amaala France gara aga iji nweta ihe nrite (maka 2000); Le Clézio bụ onye edemede mbụ n'asụsụ French nwetara Nrite Nobel na Akwụkwọ kemgbe Claude Simon maka 1985, na nke iri na anọ kemgbe Sully Prudhomme, onye nwetara ihe nrite mbụ nke 1901.

== Arụmụka ==
Le Clézio bụ onye na-agbachitere Mama Rosa, onye isi ụlọ nchekwa Mexico nke ndị uwe ojii wakporo na Julaị 2014 mgbe ahụrụ ụmụaka ka ha na-eri nri rere ure ma na-emegide ọchịchọ nke nne na nna ha. O dere otu akụkọ na Le Monde na-arụ ụka na ọ nọ nso nso nso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2014/07/23/plaidoyer-pour-mama-rosa_4461743_3232.html|title=Foyer de l'horreur au Mexique : plaidoyer pour &quot; Mama Rosa &quot; par JMG Le Clézio|work=[[Le Monde]]|date=2014-07-24|author=JMG Le Clézio}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ==

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ===

* Ọmụmụ Okwu (1963). ''Ajụjụ'', trans. Daphne Woodward (1964).
* ''Iju Mmiri'' (1966). Iju Mmiri, trans. Peter Green (1967).
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwng&quot;&gt;Terra Amata&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (1967). ''Terra Amata'', trans. Barbara Bray (1967).
* Akwụkwọ ịgba ọsọ (1969). Akwụkwọ nke ụgbọ elu, trans. Simon Watson-Taylor (1971).
* ''Agha'' (1970). ''Agha'', trans. Simon Watson-Taylor (1973).
* ''Ndị dike'' (1973). ''Ndị dike'', trans. Simon Watson-Taylor (1975).
* ''Njem n'akụkụ nke ọzọ'' (1975).
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwrg&quot;&gt;Ọzara&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (1980). ''Ọzara'', trans. C. Dickson (2009).
* ''Onye Na-achọ Ọlaedo'' (1985). ''Onye Na-achọ Ihe'', trans. Carol Marks (1993); C. Dickson (2016).
* [[Onitsha (novel)|''Onitsha'']] (1991). ''Onitsha'', trans. Alison Anderson (1997).
* ''Kpakpando Na-agagharị Agagharị'' (1992). Wandering Star, trans. C. Dickson (2005).
* La Quarantaine (1995).
* Azụ̀ ọlaedo (1997).
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwxA&quot;&gt;Mgbanwe&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2003).
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwxw&quot;&gt;Urania&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2006).
* Rituurnelle de la faim (2008).
* Alma (2017).

=== Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi na akwụkwọ akụkọ ===

* ''Ụbọchị Beaumont zutere ihe mgbu ya'' (1964). ''Ụbọchị Beaumont bịara mara ihe mgbu ya''.
* ''Okpomọkụ'' (1965). ''Okpomọkụ'', trans. Daphne Woodward (1966) 
* ''Mondo na akụkọ ndị ọzọ'' (1978). ''Mondo na Akụkọ Ndị Ọzọ'', trans. Alison Anderson (2011).
* La Ronde et autres faits divers (1982). The Round &amp; Other Cold Hard Facts, trans. C. Dickson (2002).
* ''Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge ndị ọzọ'' (1989) 
* A na-echere Pawana (1992). ''Pawana'', onye na-agbanwe agbanwe Christophe Brunski (2008).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2008-10-12|title=AGNI Online: Pawana by J. M. G. Le Clézio|url=http://www.bu.edu/agni/fiction/print/2001/53-clezio.html|accessdate=2023-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012090741/http://www.bu.edu/agni/fiction/print/2001/53-clezio.html|archivedate=12 October 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ememe a na-abụ abụ na edemede ndị ọzọ nke ndị American Indian (1997) 
* Ohere sochiri Angoli Mala (1999) 
* Obi na-ere ọkụ na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ (2000) 
* ''Mmụọ Mmụọ n'okporo ámá'' (2000). Mmụọ ndị dị n'okporo ámá.
* ''Tabataba sochiri Pawana'' (2002) 
* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụkwụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-atọ ọchị (2011) 
* Tempête: deux novellas (2014). ''Oké Ifufe''.
* ''Abụ Briten'', nke L'Enfant et la Guerre sochiri (2020) 
* Ihe ndị dị n'ihu (2023)  ''N'akụkụ na-ezighi ezi'', trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan (Seagull Books, 2024) 

=== Akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo ===

* Le Rêve mexicain ma ọ bụ La Pensée interompue (1965). Nrọ Mexico, Ma ọ bụ, Echiche Nkwụsị nke Mmepeanya Amerindian, trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan (1993).
* &quot;Na ịgụ ihe dị ka ezigbo njem&quot; (1965). &quot;Na Ịgụ dị ka Ezigbo Njem&quot;, trans. Julia Abramson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clezio|first=J M G Le|title=On reading as true travel|journal=World Literature Today|volume=76|issue=2|date=Spring 2002|pages=103–106|doi=10.2307/40157273|id={{Gale|A90307339}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Nnwere Onwe Ịrọ nrọ&quot; (1965). &quot;Nnwere Onwe Ịrọ Ụra&quot;, trans. Ralph Schoolcraft.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Le Clézio|first=J. M. G.|date=1997|title=Freedom to Dream|journal=World Literature Today|volume=71|issue=4|pages=671–674|doi=10.2307/40153284}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Nnwere Onwe Ikwu Okwu&quot; (1965). &quot;Nnwere Onwe Ikwu Okwu&quot;, trans. Osimiri Clézio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Le Clézio|first=J. M. G.|date=1997|title=Freedom to Speak|journal=World Literature Today|volume=71|issue=4|pages=675–677|doi=10.2307/40153285}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Obi ụtọ nke ihe onwunwe'' (1967). Ihe onwunwe Ecstasy.
* ''Mkparịta ụka ya na J. M. G. Le Clézio'' (1971) 
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwASA&quot;&gt;Haï&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (1971) 
* ''Mydriasis'' (1973). Mydriasis, trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan, nke e bipụtara na Mydriasis: Followed by &quot;To the Icebergs&quot; (2019).
* N'ebe a na-akpọ iceberg (1978). Na Icebergs, trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan, nke e bipụtara na Mydriasis: Followed by &quot;To the Icebergs&quot; (2019).
* ''Onye A Na-amaghị N'Ụwa'' (1978) 
* ''Obodo Atọ Dị Nsọ'' (1980) 
* ''Akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka J. M. G. Le Clézio'' (1982) 
* Banyere Lautréamont (1987) 
* ''Diego na Frida'' (1993) 
* ''Ebe ndị ọzọ'' (1995) 
* ''N'ụlọ Edith'' (1997) 
* Ụmụaka (1998) 
* ''Nwatakịrị nọ n'okpuru àkwà mmiri'' (2000) 
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAUc&quot;&gt;Onye Afrịka&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2004). Onye Afrịka, trans. C. Dickson (2013).
* ''Ballaciner'' (2007) 
* ''Abụ Briten sochiri L'Enfant et la guerre'' (2020) 
* ''Ịbụ onye na-akwagharị akwagharị'' (2024) 

=== Akwụkwọ njem ===

* ''Njem gaa Rodrigues''
* ''Ndị igwe ojii''
* ''Raga Ịbịaru kọntinent a na-adịghị ahụ anya nso''

=== Nchịkọta nke onye edemede ahụ sụgharịrị n'asụsụ French ===

* ''Amụma nke Chilam Balam''
* ''Mmekọrịta nke Michoacan''
* ''Sirandanes''

=== Akwụkwọ maka ụmụaka ===

* ''Njem n'ala osisi'' (1978) 
* Lullaby (1980). Site na ''Mondo na akụkọ ndị ọzọ.''
* Ndị nke eluigwe, sochiri Les Bergers (1981). Ma site na ''Mondo na akụkọ ndị ọzọ''.
* Onye na-ahụtụbeghị oké osimiri, sochiri ''Ugwu nke Chi Dị Ndụ'' (1982). Ma site na ''Mondo na akụkọ ndị ọzọ''.
* ''Villa Aurore'', sochiri ''Orlamonde'' (1985) 
* ''Balaabilou'' (1985). Ihe ndị sitere na Désert.
* La Grande Vie, sochiri Peuple du ciel (1990). &quot;La Grande Vie&quot; from La ''Ronda na ihe ndị ọzọ''.

=== Akwụkwọ ndị edemede ndị ọzọ dere na okwu mbido nke Le Clézio dere ===

* Okwu mmalite nke asụsụ French maka nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi nke Juan Rulfo Le Llano en Flammes''Osimiri Llano na-ere ọkụ''
* Okwu mmalite nke onye France na-eme ihe nkiri Robert Bresson &quot;Notes Sur Le Cinématographe&quot;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==

=== Onyinye ===
{| cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;position:relative; left:30&quot;
|'''Afọ'''
|'''Ihe nrite'''
|'''Ọrụ'''
|-
|1963
|ihe nrite Théophraste-Renaudot
|Ikpe Okwu (The Interrogation) 
|-
|1972
|Ihe nrite akwụkwọ Valery-Larbaud
|Maka ọrụ ya zuru ezu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|year=2009|title=Prix Valery Larbaud|url=http://www.prix-litteraires.net/prix/440,prix-valery-larbaud.html|accessdate=2009-02-16|publisher=Prix littéraires|quote=Pour l'ensemble de son oeuvre|archivedate=4 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304113049/http://www.prix-litteraires.net/prix/440,prix-valery-larbaud.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1980
|Grand prix de littérature Paul-Morand, nke Académie française nyere&lt;br /&gt;Ụlọ Akwụkwọ French
|-
|1997
|Ihe nrite Jean Giono&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|year=2009|title=Prix Jean Giono|url=http://www.fondation-pb-ysl.net/site/Litterature-200.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105204458/http://www.fondation-pb-ysl.net/site/Litterature-200.html|archivedate=5 January 2009|accessdate=2009-02-16|publisher=Fondation Pierre Bergé – Yves Saint Laurent|language=fr}}{{Cite web|year=2009|title=Grand Prix Jean Giono|url=http://www.prix-litteraires.net/prix/117,grand-prix-jean-giono.html|accessdate=2009-02-16|publisher=Prix littéraires|archivedate=16 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816155826/http://www.prix-litteraires.net/prix/117,grand-prix-jean-giono.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Azụ ọlaedo
|-
|1998
|Ihe nrite Prince-de-Monaco
|Maka ọrụ ya zuru ezu na mgbe e bipụtara Poisson d'or &lt;ref&gt;pour l'ensemble de son œuvre, à l'occasion de la sortie de Poisson d'or 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2008
|Stig Dagermanpriset&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=24 October 2008|title=Ljusgestalt i ondskans tid|url=http://www.svd.se/kultur/litteratur/ljusgestalt-i-ondskans-tid_1935451.svd|accessdate=27 October 2012|work=SvD|language=sv|author=Jarlsbo|first=Jeana}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|maka ọrụ ya zuru ezu na mgbe e bipụtara nsụgharị Swedish nke akụkọ njem Raga . Ịbịaru kọntinent a na-adịghị ahụ anya nso&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|year=2008|title=Ritournelle de la faim – Jean-Marie-Gustave Le Clézio|url=http://www.lehman.cuny.edu/ile.en.ile/paroles/leclezio.html|accessdate=2009-02-16|work=Ses Prix et Récompenses|publisher=ciao.fr|language=fr|quote=pour l'ensemble de son œuvre, à l'occasion de la sortie suédoise de Raga. Approche du continent invisible|archivedate=2011-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219042055/http://www.lehman.cuny.edu/ile.en.ile/paroles/leclezio.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2008
|Ihe nrite Nobel na edemede
|}

=== Nsọpụrụ ===

* E mere ya Chevalier (Knight) nke Légion d'honneur na 25 Ọktoba 1991  ma bulie ya n'ọkwa Officier (Officer) na 2009 &lt;ref name=&quot;jorf&quot;&gt;
{{Cite journal|date=1 January 2009|title=Décret du 31 décembre 2008 portant promotion et nomination|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=PREX0828237D|journal=[[Journal Officiel de la République Française|JORF]]|volume=2009|issue=1|id=PREX0828237D|accessdate=2009-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Legion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 January 2009|title=Simone Veil, Zidane et Lagardère décorés|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2009/01/01/01016-20090101ARTFIG00231-simone-veil-zidane-et-lagardere-decores-.php|accessdate=2009-04-14|work=C.M. (lefigaro.fr) avec AFP|publisher=lefigaro.fr|language=fr|quote=Le Clézio est pour sa part élevé au grade d'officier}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 1996, e mere ya ''Onye isi'' (Officer) nke Ordre National du Mérite . &lt;ref name=&quot;jorf19961115&quot;&gt;
{{Cite journal|date=15 November 1996|title=Ordre national du Mérite Décret du 14 novembre 1996 portant promotion et|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=PREX9612403D|journal=[[Journal Officiel de la République Française|JORF]]|volume=1996|issue=266|id=PREX9612403D|accessdate=2009-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lycée Français J. M. G. Le Clézio na Port Vila, Vanuatu ka akpọrọ aha ya.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

; Ọrụ nkatọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Jennifer R. Waelti-Walters, Icare ou l'évasion impossible, mbipụta Naaman, Sherbrooke, Canada, 1981.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Keith Moser, ''&quot;Oge ndị dị mkpa&quot; na akwụkwọ akụkọ na akụkọ mkpirikpi nke J.M.G. Le Clézio'', Edwin Mellen Press, 2008.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 3–4, 2011.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* Mgbasa ozi metụtaraJean-Marie Gustave Le Cléziona Wikimedia Commons
* Nkwupụta ndị metụtaraJ. M. G. Le Cléziona Wikiquote
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140428051652/http://sam-network.org/SAMLiterature/video/VID_50c9b917b48bd59b75223e36 Nnukwu ajụjụ ọnụ na J. M. G. Le Clezio na ihe niile jikọtara ya na encyclopedia vidiyo SAM Network]
* Petri Liukkonen. &quot;J. M. G. Le Clézio&quot;. Akwụkwọ na ndị edemede.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081222193640/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/label-france_2554/label-france-issues_2555/label-france-no.-45_3724/literature_3732/interview-with-jean-marie-clezio_5092.html Ajụjụ ọnụ na Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio], na Label France No. 45 (Bekee) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100412063506/http://www.mathieu-bourgois.com/photos-auteur.asp?Clef=823 J.M.G Le Clézio] - Foto nke Mathieu Bourgois.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081022203732/http://www.agencebretagnepresse.com/fetch.php?id=12477 J.M.G. Le Clézio], banyere mmalite ya na Breton.
* &quot;Nobel Goes Global With Literary Prize&quot;, nke Bob Thompson, ''Washington Post'', 10 Ọktoba 2008
* &quot;A Nobel Undertaking: Getting to Know Le Clézio&quot;, nke Richard Woodward, Wall Street Journal, 30 Ọktoba 2008
* &quot;J. M. G. Le Clézio, Nobel laureate&quot;: nchịkọta nke ihe gbasara Clézio.
* Ndụ edemede na foto: Nobel laureate Jean-Marie Le Clézio, ''The Guardian'', 9 October 2008
* Artelittera Ọtụtụ isi nke ọmụmụ banyere Le Clezio iji bulite
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110608071341/http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=28597 J.M.G. Le Clézio: A French NovelistWins 2008 Nobel Prize for Literature]
* [http://www.godine.com David R. Godine, onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ]
* Jean-Marie Gustave Le Cléziona Nobelprize.org
* [http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=127 Ndepụta nke Ọrụ]
{{J. M. G. Le Clézio}}{{Navboxes|title=Awards received by J. M. G. Le Clézio|list1={{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 2001-2025}}
{{2008 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Prix Renaudot}}}}{{Nobel Prize in Literature}}{{Stig Dagerman Prize winners}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Le Clezio, J. M. G.}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>cefamfza9qdrkr6wvuv791wdj4dlatd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Julian Omalla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>53499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638962</id>
      <parentid>587860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T04:12:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4924" sha1="anphe8z4jrab8jfop55vwty562nluk1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Julian Adyeri Omalla''' aha ya bụ &quot; '''Mama Cheers''' &quot; (amụrụ 1965) bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego [[Uganda|nke Uganda]] na onye ọchụnta ego . Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi njikwa nke [[Delight Uganda Limited]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jjingo|first=Ernest|date=2020-12-30|title=Julian Omalla wins UN award for inclusive business model|url=https://observer.ug/businessnews/67997-julian-omalla-wins-un-award-for-inclusive-business-model|accessdate=2024-03-31|work=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ ==
Julian Omalla mụrụ na 1965, ma zụlite na [[Uganda]] . Ọ malitere ndụ ọrụ ya dị ka nwanyị ọchụnta ego na onye ọchụnta ego na 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
Ọ bụ ezie na ọ maghị ọtụtụ ihe banyere ịzụ ahịa, ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọrụ n'okpuru nlekọta ụmụnne ya ebe ọ na-akpakọba ego n'otu oge iji guzobe onwe ya dị ka onye na-azụ ahịa obere. Dịka nwanyị ọchụnta ego, ọ chọsiri ike igosipụta ike ya n'inwe na ijikwa azụmaahịa. Na mbido ihe ịga nke ọma, akụ na ụba ya gbanwere mgbe ọ tụkwasịrị onye ọlụlụ ọhụrụ ntụkwasị obi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ọ na-aga ebe dị anya n'okporo ụzọ adịghị mma ma na-arara ọtụtụ awa aka ilekọta ubi ya. Otu ihe jọgburu onwe ya mere mgbe onye ya na ya na-azụ ahịa gbapụrụ n'isi obodo ahụ akwadoro maka ịzụrụ ngwaahịa. Mgbe ihe ndọghachi azụ a gasịrị, o nwere obere ihe onwunwe—obere wheel maka ibuga ihe ọkụkụ n’ahịa na otu uwe na-acha ọbara ọbara. Ịchekwa nkwado ego site na ụlọ akụ gosipụtara ihe ịma aka n'ihi enweghị nkwekọrịta, na-eme ka ọrụ nke ịchọta ego maka mgbasawanye bụrụ ihe na-achọsi ike. Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị inyom nọ na Uganda, ọ ga-adabere na ego nke onwe ya na itinyeghachi uru n'ime azụmahịa iji kwado uto. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-05|title=First Person: Raising a glass to 'Mama Cheers' {{!}} UN News|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/06/1093392|accessdate=2024-03-31|work=news.un.org|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240916000444/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/06/1093392 &quot;First Person: Raising a glass to 'Mama Cheers' | UN News&quot;]. ''news.un.org''. 2021-06-05&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-03-31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka afọ anọ gachara, Julian Omalla sonye na mmemme ịzụ ahịa UNCTAD nke na-enyere ya aka n'ịhazi na mejuputa atumatu mgbasawanye azụmahịa dị ka nguzobe ihe mgbaru ọsọ, idekọ ndekọ ego, usoro ịzụ ahịa, nhazi ebumnuche, na ịrụ ọrụ dị irè. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2000, Emptec kwadoro ya ọzọ na nkà ịghọ onye ọchụnta ego na-aga nke ọma nke nyeere ya aka ịghọta na a mụrụ ya dị ka onye ọchụnta ego na O nyeere ya aka ịzụlite na mebie atụmatụ uto azụmahịa ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-05|title=Prize winning ugandan woman entrepreneur, Julian Omalla grows juice business improves community|url=https://unctad.org/news/prize-winning-ugandan-woman-entrepreneur-grows-juice-business-improves-community|accessdate=2024-03-03|work=UNCTAD.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/news/prize-winning-ugandan-woman-entrepreneur-grows-juice-business-improves-community &quot;Prize winning ugandan woman entrepreneur, Julian Omalla grows juice business improves community&quot;]. ''UNCTAD.org''. 2021-05-05&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-03-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2016 Omalla kpebiri na ụlọ ọrụ ya agaghịzi azụ ahịa na [[South Sudan]] n'ihi mfu ihe onwunwe ọ kpatara n'ihi ịkwakọrọ ihe na mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=3 Aug 2016|title=Julian Omalla Vows to Shun South Sudan|work=AllAfrica.com; Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu ==
Julian Omalla nwetara ihe nrite pụrụ iche n'oge mbipụta nke asaa UNCTAD's Emptec Women in Business Awards maka nraranye ya inye ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ ike site na ụlọ ọrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Na February 2021, Gọọmenti Uganda nyere ụlọ ọrụ Omalla, Delight Uganda Limited, onyinye $ 4 nde iji wuo ụlọ ọrụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ọhụrụ na ugwu Uganda, yana $6 nde iji zụta akụrụngwa, yana pasent 50 nke ego ụlọ ọrụ ya na-akwụghachi na 10. afọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Ọ nwetakwara mkpakọrịta iji sonye na mmemme mmụta ndị isi nke International Institute for Management Development na Lausanne, [[Switzerland]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>anphe8z4jrab8jfop55vwty562nluk1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isabel Prieto de Landázuri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>54296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638943</id>
      <parentid>192717</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T17:20:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638943</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7043" sha1="mbul2myx4vx3i3w295s0fad5gmbqhmq" xml:space="preserve">
{{Databox}} 

'''Isabel Ángela Prieto González Bango''' (1 Maachị 1833 – 28 Septemba 1876), onye amara aha ya dị ka '''Isabel Prieto de Landázuri''', bụ onye Spain na-ede uri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri, nke e weere dị ka “otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ batara na akwụkwọ edemede Mexico na narị afọ nke 19,” ebe ọ bụ na obodo a bụ ebe o kere ọtụtụ ihe nketa agụmagụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;liberales&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://docplayer.es/23295985-Isabel-prieto-de-landazuri-representa-la.html|title=Ni liberales ni conservadores, el justo medio de Isabel Prieto en 'Los dos son peores'|first=Alicia V.|author=Ramírez de Olivares|journal=Ide@s CONCYTEG|volume=4|pages=105–116|language=Spanish|date=9 February 2009|accessdate=12 August 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRamírez_de_OlivaresRomero_Luna2009&quot;&gt;Ramírez de Olivares, Alicia V.; Romero Luna, Francisco Javier (9 February 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221013141737/https://docplayer.es/23295985-Isabel-prieto-de-landazuri-representa-la.html &quot;Ni liberales ni conservadores, el justo medio de Isabel Prieto en 'Los dos son peores'&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Neither Liberals Nor Conservatives: the True Medium of Isabel Prieto in 'Los dos son peores'&amp;#x5D;. ''Ide@s CONCYTEG'' (in Spanish). '''4''' (44): 105–116&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt; &amp;#x2013; via docplayer.es.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Enwere nghọtahie gbasara ebe ọmụmụ Isabel Prieto de Landázari; ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ na-eche na a mụrụ ya na Alcázar de San Juan, Ciudad Real, Spain, na 1833, ụfọdụ ndị edemede dị ka Spanish Julio Cejador y Frauca [ es ] kpebiri na a mụrụ ya na [[Mézíkọ city|Mexico City]] n'ezie. E nwekwara ebe ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na a mụrụ ya na 1828 n’ókèala Spen. &lt;ref name=&quot;MCN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mcnbiografias.com/app-bio/do/show?key=prieto-de-landazuri-isabel|title=Prieto de Landázuri, Isabel (ca. 1828–1876)|work=MCNbiografias|language=Spanish|accessdate=12 August 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://mcnbiografias.com/app-bio/do/show?key=prieto-de-landazuri-isabel &quot;Prieto de Landázuri, Isabel (ca. 1828–1876)&quot;]. ''MCNbiografias'' (in Spanish)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ada nke Panamanian Sotero Prieto Olasagarre (n'oge ahụ, Panama nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị Spanish ) na onye Spen Isabel González Bango de la Puebla, ọ bụkwa onye kasị ochie n'ime ụmụ iri na otu ha.

Mgbe Prieto dị afọ anọ, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Mexico, bụ́ ebe o tinyere onwe ya n'ịmụ ihe. N'ebe ahụ, ọ mụtara ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị mere ka o nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nsụgharị nke akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama. &lt;ref name=&quot;MCN&quot;/&gt; Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ gara Guadalajara, Jalisco, bụ ebe o dere ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBrdbXye39AC&amp;pg=PA301|title=El parnaso mexicano|chapter=Isabel Prieto de Landázuri: Biografía|first=Vicente|author=Riva Palacio|publisher=[[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]|isbn=9789706841483|language=Spanish|year=2006|accessdate=12 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara na ya na onye edemede France Alfredo Bablot jikọrọ aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''El Federalista'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQ9gyBF23ZgC&amp;pg=PA300|title=Publicaciones periódicas mexicanas del siglo XIX, 1856–1876|first=Martha|author=Celis de la Cruz|publisher=[[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]|isbn=9789703203307|language=Spanish|year=2003|accessdate=12 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1864, tupu ntinye aka French na Mexico, ọ kwagara San Francisco, California. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBrdbXye39AC&amp;pg=PA303|title=El parnaso mexicano|chapter=Isabel Prieto de Landázuri: Biografía|first=Vicente|author=Riva Palacio|publisher=[[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]|isbn=9789706841483|language=Spanish|year=2006|accessdate=12 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu afọ ka e mesịrị, na 1865, ọ laghachiri Mexico wee lụọ nwa nwanne nna ya Pedro Landázuri Diez, &lt;ref name=&quot;liberales&quot;/&gt; onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ama ama nke oge ahụ, ma kwaga na mpaghara Tacubaya na Mexico City.
 
O kere ngụkọta nke ọrụ iri na anọ dị egwu, ọkachasị ''Las dos flores'', ''Los dos son peores'', ''Oro y oropel'', ''La escuela de las cuñadas'', ''Duende y serafín'', ''Abnegación'', ''El Ángel del hogar'', ''Una noche de Carnaval'', ''Soñar despierto'', na ''Un lirio entre zarzas'' .

Na 1874, di ya weere ọnọdụ nke consul Mexico na Hamburg, ya mere Isabel kpaliri ya na nwa ha nwoke Jorge (nwa ha nwanyị Blanca dara ọrịa ma nwụọ na Veracruz mgbe ha na-eche ụgbọ mmiri nke ga-ebuga ha Hamburg; nwa ha nke atọ bụ. A mụrụ na 1875, ozugbo ha nọ na Germany) na mpaghara German.

Ọ nwụrụ na 1876 site na infarction ụbụrụ . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://paginas.matem.unam.mx/cprieto/biografias-familiares-p-t/250-isabel-prieto-de-landazuri-hermana-de-mi-bisabuelo|title=Isabel Prieto de Landázuri (hermana de mi bisabuelo)|first=Carlos|author=Prieto de Castro|publisher=[[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]|language=Spanish|accessdate=12 August 2018|archivedate=13 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013141248/https://paginas.matem.unam.mx/cprieto/biografias-familiares-p-t/250-isabel-prieto-de-landazuri-hermana-de-mi-bisabuelo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

José María Vigil gụrụ okwu nke isiokwu ya bụ &quot;La Sra. doña Isabel Prieto de Landázuri,&quot; ihe omumu ihe omumu na akwukwo nke onye edemede, n'ihu ulo akwukwo Mexico na 1882. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGIxAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA634|title=Boletín de la Biblioteca Nacional, Volumes 1-6|publisher=[[National Library of Mexico]]|language=Spanish|year=1904|accessdate=12 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rMvAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Isabel+Prieto+de+Land%C3%A1zuri%22|title=Memorias de la Academia Mexicana, Volume 2|chapter=La Sra. doña Isabel Prieto de Landázuri|first=José María|author=Vigil|authorlink=José María Vigil|publisher=[[Academia Mexicana de la Lengua]]|pages=140–245|language=Spanish|year=1975|accessdate=12 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vigil n'onwe ya chịkọtara ọrụ uri ya n'akwụkwọ nke Ireneo Paz bipụtara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/3764935|title=Obras poéticas de la Señora Doña Isabel Prieto de Landázuri|first=José María|author=Vigil|authorlink=José María Vigil|editor=Paz|publisher=Imprenta y Litografía de Irineo Paz|language=Spanish|year=1883|accessdate=12 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>mbul2myx4vx3i3w295s0fad5gmbqhmq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Junkanoo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55225</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638963</id>
      <parentid>206759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T04:31:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12392" sha1="eyovz5mlt91olqtk0frml38ni722imq" xml:space="preserve"> {{Databox}} 

'''Junkanoo''' bụ emume bidoro n'oge ịgba ohu nke Africa chattel n'obodo Briten America na-achị . A na-eme ya nke ọma na Bahamas, Jamaica na Belize, yana akụkọ ihe mere eme na North Carolina na Miami, ebe enwere nnukwu obodo ndị West India n'oge oge mgbapụta. N'oge ugbu a, e nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị na arụmọrụ na mkpoputa, ma e nwere ihe ndị na-emekọrịtara ihe nke masquerade (ma ọ bụ ihe nkpuchi), ịgba egwu, ịgba egwú, na ịgba egwú.

N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, a na-eme Junkanoo gburugburu izu ụka Krismas. Emere emume ọdịnala ndị a n'oge ekeresimesi na Jamaica. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2nd Day of Christmas – Jonkonnu|url=https://jis.gov.jm/information/25daysofchristmas/jonkonnu-day-2/|work=Jamaica Information Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Bahamas, a na-akpọ ya Junkanoo na mbụ ma ekwuru na ọ malitere na 1700s ebe a na-eme ya kwa afọ. Na Belize, ebe a na-ewukwa egwu egwu, nsonaazụ asọmpi na-ekpo ọkụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Sloan|date=January 28, 2020|title=Shell Saxon Superstars sweep 2019/2020 Junkanoo season|work=Eyewitness News|url=https://ewnews.com/__trashed-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwekwara ihe ngosi Junkanoo na Miami na June na Key West n'ọnwa Ọktoba, ebe ndị isi ojii nọ n'ime obodo nwere mgbọrọgwụ na Caribbean. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bahamas Junkanoo Revue|url=https://historymiami.org/south-florida-folklife-center/artist-in-residence-programs/bahamas-junkanoo-revue/|accessdate=2023-12-15|work=HistoryMiami Museum|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-12-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215022457/https://historymiami.org/south-florida-folklife-center/artist-in-residence-programs/bahamas-junkanoo-revue/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ==
A na-eche na mmalite ya malitere na Bahamas, mana ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị ọzọ dị na Caribbean na-asụ Bekee na-azọrọ ya. Agbanyeghị, ihe akaebe na-egosi na mmalite Junkanoo na-arụtụ aka na [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]] ma mechaa gbasaa na Caribbean niile dịka narị afọ nke 18.  Ọ bụ ezie na e sitere n'otu ebe, mba dị iche iche ewepụtala ememe nke ọ bụla ma, ka oge na-aga, ọ bịara dịtụ iche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sands|first=Rosita M.|date=1989|title=Junkanoo Past, Present, and Future|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1214745|journal=The Black Perspective in Music|volume=17|issue=1/2|pages=93–108|doi=10.2307/1214745|issn=0090-7790}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Omenala a bụ otu n'ime mmemme ịgba egwu kacha ochie na Jamaica. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2nd Day of Christmas – Jonkonnu|url=https://jis.gov.jm/information/25daysofchristmas/jonkonnu-day-2/|work=Jamaica Information Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye na ịbụ egwu ọdịnala maka ndị Garifuna, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Ericka|author=Hamburg|date=December 23, 2007|title=Free to dance - Belize's liberating Jonkonnu celebration recalls a slavery-era tradition|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|page=3|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-dec-23-tr-junkanoo23-story.html|accessdate=2020-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Gene|author=Scaramuzzo|date=April 28, 1989|title=African-Caribbean Music Takes Off|work=[[The Times-Picayune]]|page=L21|url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Asid/infoweb.newsbank.com&amp;svc_dat=AWNB&amp;req_dat=0F1B56E1B179D300&amp;rft_val_format=info%3Aofi/fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&amp;rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F0FADA1E6F0DF76B4}}&lt;/ref&gt; a na-eme ụdị ịgba egwu a na Bahamas n'ụbọchị nnwere onwe ha na ezumike akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị ọzọ.

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-ahụkwa paradaịs Junkanoo na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]] nke enwere ike ịmaliteghachi na mgbọrọgwụ Jamaica. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lasseter|first=M.E.|date=2014|title=Jonkonnu, Jankunu, Junkanoo, John Canoe: Reorienting North Carolina's Practice in the American Mediterranean|url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/commland/features/essays/johnkonnu-1/|accessdate=2023-09-05|work=Commemorative Landscapes of North Carolina {{!}} Documenting the American South|publisher=University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, omenala ahụ adịchaghị ewu ewu mgbe e kwụsịrị ịgba ohu. Ememe Junkanoo ikpeazụ mara na ndịda United States bụ na Wilmington, North Carolina, na ngwụcha 1880s. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Brockell|first=Gillian|date=26 December 2021|title=Jonkonnu: The holiday when Black revelers could mock their enslavers|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/12/26/jonkonnu-christmas-enslaved/|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-akụ egwu egwu ka a na-akụkwa ịgbà akpụkpọ ewu na [[Ụbọ akwara|mgbịrịgba ehi]] .

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ememme a nwere ike ịmalite ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga mgbe ndị Africa bụ ohu ma ọ bụ ụmụ ha, n'ugbo dị na Jamaica, na-eme ememe ndị a na-enye n'oge Krismas. E ji ịgba egwu, egwu (ịgba egwu), na ejiji mee nke a. Ejiji na ịkụ egwu a na-eji eme ememe na Jamaica na-egosi myirịta siri ike na ịgba egwu nkpuchi nke West Africa.

Omenala a gara n'ihu na mba ndị dị ka Bahamas mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị. Junkanoo malitere n'ebe dị anya site na mmalite dị mfe ruo n'usoro a haziri ahazi nke nwere uwe dị mgbagwoju anya, egwu egwu, na ihe nrite gọọmentị n'ime ụdị dị iche iche.

A na-arụrịta ụka na mmalite okwu ''junkanoo'' . Echiche gụnyere na aha ya bụ dike folk aha ya bụ John Canoe ma ọ bụ na ọ sitere na okwu French ''gens inconnus'' (ndị a na-amaghị ama), dịka ndị na-eme mkpọtụ na-eyi ihe mkpuchi. &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web|title=The Joy of Junkanoo|url=http://www.bahamas.co.uk/about/junkanoo/what-is-junkanoo|work=The Islands of the Bahamas|publisher=The Bahamas Ministry of Tourism and Aviation|accessdate=2020-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Douglas Chambers, bụ prọfesọ mmụta mmụta Afrịka na Mahadum Southern Mississippi, na-atụ aro na enwere ike ịbụ [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] sitere na chi Igbo yam ''[[Njoku Ji]] ,'' na-atụ aka n'ememe n'oge maka emume New Yam. Chambers na-atụkwa aro njikọ na omenala Igbo ''okonko'' masking nke ndịda [[Igboland]], nke na-egosipụta ihe mkpuchi mpi na ihe ndị ọzọ nwere mkpuchi, dị ka ihe mkpuchi junkanoo. &lt;ref name=&quot;doug&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia|isbn=1-57806-706-5|author=Chambers|first=Douglas B.|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|date=March 1, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A chọpụtakwara na mmemme [[Egungun]] Yoruba yitere. &lt;ref name=&quot;Allsop&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Allsop|first=Richard|title=The Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage|year=2003|publisher=University of the West Indies Press|location=Jamaica|isbn=978-976-640-145-0|pages=776|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcari0000unse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, o yikarịrị ka onye Akan si malite n'ihi na mmemme nke [[Ememme Uwe Dị Mma|Fancy Dress Festivals]] / Masquerades bụ n'otu oge ahụ (izu ekeresimesi (December 25–January 1)) na Central na Western Region nke Ghana. Na mgbakwunye, John Canoe bụ onye isi Ahanta dị adị na dike dike Akan nke chịrị Axim, [[Ghana]] tupu 1720, n'otu afọ ahụ e mere ememme John Canoe na Caribbean.  Dị ka ọkà mmụta Jeroen Dewulf si kwuo, okwu ahụ nwere ike ịbụ na ọ nwere akụkụ okpukpe, nke metụtara chi Akan ''Nyankompong'' (na nsụgharị nke taa), bụ onye a maara na isi mmalite Bekee nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ dị ka ''John Company'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Dewulf, Jeroen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dewulf|first=Jeroen|title=Rethinking the Historical Development of Caribbean Performance Culture from an Afro-Iberian Perspective: The Case of Junkanoo|journal=New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids|year=2021|volume=95|issue=3–4|pages=223–253|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/nwig/95/3-4/article-p223_2.xml?language=en&amp;ebody=full%20html-copy1|date=December 2021|doi=10.1163/22134360-bja10012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka Edward Long si kwuo, onye na-agba ohu / onye akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Jamaica na narị afọ nke 18, e mere ememme John Canoe na Jamaica na Caribbean site n'ịbụ ohu Akan kwadoro nwoke a maara dị ka John Canoe. Canoe bụ onye agha jikọrọ ndị Germany ruo mgbe ọ gbakụtara ha azụ maka ndị Ahanta ya, na-akwado ndị Asante, Nzema, Wassa na ndị ọzọ na njikọ aka a na-akpọ Kotoko (aha ọzọ maka steeti Asante), iji weghara mpaghara ahụ n'aka ndị ọchịchị. Ndị Germany na ndị Europe ndị ọzọ. Akụkọ banyere mmeri ya ruru Jamaica, a na-emekwa ya kemgbe Krismas nke 1708 mgbe mbụ o meriri ndị agha Prussian maka Axim. Afọ iri abụọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị agha Fante gbara agbata obi mebiri ebe siri ike ya, nke ndị agha [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|Britain]] nyere aka.

Ahanta na ndị ọzọ Asante Kotoko a dọọrọ n'agha ka  kpọrọ gaa Jamaica dị ka ndị mkpọrọ nke agha. Ememme ahụ n'onwe ya gụnyere motifs sitere na agha ụdị ejiji Akan. Ọtụtụ ihe mkpuchi agha na usoro ịgba egwu nke ndị Ahanta ghọrọ akụkụ nke ememe a n'ụwa nile, karịsịa na Caribbean. Ihe mkpuchi na uwe ndị a na-akpachapụ anya yiri uwe agha Akan nwere mma, nke a na-akpọ &quot;Batakari&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Long&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QLw_AAAAcAAJ&amp;q=edward%20long%20coromantee&amp;pg=PA446|first=Edward|author=Long|title=The History of Jamaica Or, A General Survey of the Antient and Modern State of that Island: With Reflexions on Its Situation, Settlements, Inhabitants, Climate, Products, Commerce, Laws, and Government|year=1774|pages=445–475}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Omenala ama ama ==
Emeela ihe ngosi Junkanoo na fim, dị ka ihe nkiri James Bond ''Thunderball'' (nke a kọwara n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka ememme Mardi Gras -ụdị mpaghara), ''Mgbe anyanwụ dara'', na ''Jaws The Revenge .'' Ọ bụkwa na oge otu ihe omume, ''Calderone's Return (Nkebi nke Abụọ),'' nke usoro telivishọn 1984 ''Miami Vice'', na-ewere ọnọdụ n'àgwàetiti St. Andrews.

Kenny Loggins dere egwu akpọrọ &quot;Junkanoo Holiday (Fallin'-Flyin')&quot; wee gosipụta ya na album 1979 ''Keep The Fire'' . Egwu a na-esochi egwu egwu egwu, &quot; Nke a bụ ya ,&quot; na ọba ahụ. &quot;Nke a bụ ya&quot; nwere njedebe na-agwụ agwụ na-abanye na &quot;Junkanoo Holiday (Fallin'-Flyin')&quot;, na-ahapụ nkwụsị zuru oke n'etiti egwu abụọ ahụ.

Na ihe omume nke iri na atọ nke ihe nkiri telivishọn ''Top Chef: All-Stars'', &quot; Fit for a King &quot;, ndị asọmpi na-agba egwu na Junkanoo parade, mụtara banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, ma zọọ asọmpi ime nri kacha mma maka Eze Junkanoo.

A tụlere n'azụ-Covid laghachi Junkanoo na nkenke n'ofe akụkụ abụọ nke 189 na 190 nke pọdkastị Nicole Byer na Sasheer Zamata, ''Ezigbo Enyi'', na-edekọ njem ha na Bahamas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sasheer Was Scared To Leave Nicole Stranded In the Middle of the Ocean|url=https://www.earwolf.com/episode/sasheer-was-scared-to-leave-nicole-stranded-in-the-middle-of-the-ocean/|work=Earwolf|accessdate=February 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nicole and Sasheer Regale You With the Final Chapter of Their Bahamas Trip|url=https://www.earwolf.com/episode/nicole-and-sasheer-regale-you-with-the-final-chapter-of-their-bahamas-trip/|work=Earwolf|accessdate=February 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Valley_Boy_at_Rush_for_Peace_Freeport_Bahamas_2011.jpg| Rush for Peace (Freeport, Bahamas, 2011)
Faịlụ:Junkanoo_costume.jpg|alt=Junkanoo costume| Ejiji junkanoo
Faịlụ:SaxonsCostume.jpg|alt=Junkanoo costume| Ejiji junkanoo
Faịlụ:Junkanoo_Festival,_Nassau_2.jpg| Junkanoo Festival, Nassau 2005
Faịlụ:Junkanoo2.jpg| Junkanoo musician 2005
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Pịtchy patchy
* John Canoe, 1708 eze Axim, onye nwere ike ịbụ aha a kpọrọ aha omume ahụ

{{Reflist|30em}}

* {{Cite book|author=Bethel|first=Clement|authorlink=E. Clement Bethel|title=Junkanoo: Festival of the Bahamas|publisher=Macmillan Caribbean|year=1992|isbn=0-333-55469-8}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Rommen|first=Timothy|title=Home Sweet Home: Junkanoo as National Discourse in the Bahamas|journal=Black Music Research Journal|volume=19|date=1999|pages=71–92|doi=10.2307/779275}}
*  
*  
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>eyovz5mlt91olqtk0frml38ni722imq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kaisa Pöyry</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>58595</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638965</id>
      <parentid>638171</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:10:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638965</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6219" sha1="rm2adhxyiwan1vs6u2tweedn1e7z9zw" xml:space="preserve">

'''Kaisa Pöyry''' (1818-1892), bụ onye Finland na-ahụ maka ọgwụ mkpá akwụkwọ ma a na-akpọkwa ya onye amoosu ma ọ bụ agadi nwanyị maara ihe. Ọ bi  na Ristina na Savolax, ma a na-ekwu na ọ na-adọta ndị ahịa si n'akụkụ dị ukwuu nke Finland.  A na-akpọkwa Ristiina “Onye na-eche Kaisa Pöyry” n'ihi aha ọma ya.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ ya Katarina Wanqvist na 1818 na ugbo ịnyịnya Sairila n'akụkụ Mikkeli. Nne na nna ya bụ Martti Wanqvist na Christian-born Anna Hokkanen. Pöyry si n'ọnọdụ dị ala ma jiri akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndụ ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ka odibo na Ristina. Ọ mụtara nkà nke ịgwọ ọrịa, nke e kwenyere na ọ sitere n'aka di ya na-eme njem na Lappish. Kaisa mụrụ nwa na 1848 na nwoke a na-eme njem ma n'ihi nke ahụ banye na nsogbu iwu, ebubo nke mmekọahụ nzuzo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kirjoitukset avainsanalla Pöyryn Kaisa|url=https://www.etlehti.fi/blogit/kadonneen-suvun-metsastaja/avainsana/13676/14213|accessdate=2024-06-11|work=ET|language=fi|archivedate=2025-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319142016/https://www.etlehti.fi/blogit/kadonneen-suvun-metsastaja/avainsana/13676/14213}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nweghị kpọmkwem ihe ọmụma ná ndụ Pöyry banyere mgbe ọ malitere ịgba afa na ọgwụ, ma a na-ewere ihe ndị dị otú ahụ n’ógbè ahụ dị ka ihe na-enyo enyo na nke dị ize ndụ n’oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kirjoitukset avainsanalla Pöyryn Kaisa|url=https://www.etlehti.fi/blogit/kadonneen-suvun-metsastaja/avainsana/13676/14213|accessdate=2024-06-11|work=ET|language=fi|archivedate=2024-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529204144/https://www.etlehti.fi/blogit/kadonneen-suvun-metsastaja/avainsana/13676/14213}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''ET'' (in Finnish)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-06-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 17 Septemba 1858, akwụkwọ akụkọ Suometar dere banyere ihe omume ebe a kpọtụrụ aha na otu onye pụtara n'etiti ụlọ ahụ, onye kwuru na ọ maara ihe niile na onye ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ gara ịgwa okwu banyere ọchịchọ ha. Na mgbakwunye na nke a, a rịọrọ ya maka enyemaka maka ihe mberede na ọrịa. Nke a dọtara uche ndị obodo ahụ ma nye iwu ka a kpọọ ya n'ụlọ ikpe nkwa ọlụlụ.Otú ọ dị, Pöyry abịaghị n’ụlọikpe n’ihi otú e si gwọọ ya, ma n’ihi na, n’otu ụbọchị dị nsọ, n’ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke chọọchị Ristina, n’etiti okwuchukwu onye ụkọchukwu, o ji kaadị buru amụma ndị nọ n’akụkụ ya.  Ihe omume a mere ka a kpọta ya n'ụlọ ikpe na Oge Mgbụsị akwụkwọ na 1858. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kirjoitukset avainsanalla Pöyryn Kaisa|url=https://www.etlehti.fi/blogit/kadonneen-suvun-metsastaja/avainsana/13676/14213|accessdate=2024-06-11|work=ET|language=fi|archivedate=2024-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529204144/https://www.etlehti.fi/blogit/kadonneen-suvun-metsastaja/avainsana/13676/14213}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''ET'' (in Finnish)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-06-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Pop art na mysticism gosipụtakwara usoro ọgwụgwọ Pöyry. Ọ na-eme ọgwụgwọ arcane, na-eme emume na ọgwụgwọ zoro ezo site na anya.A na-ekwu na Pöyry na-agụ ọgwụ ndị dị n'ìhè nke onye na-ese siga ma ọ bụ na kichin nke ụlọ, na-eji ha dị ka ihe atụ na njikọ rye, bọta na àkwá.  Ọ bụ ezie na o ji ihe ime mmụọ dị otú ahụ eme ihe, ọ bụghị nanị ịgba ọgwụ ike n’ọrụ ịgwọ ọrịa ya.  O jikwa ọgwụ ndị sitere n'okike na ụzọ ọgwụgwọ ndị mere ka obi sie ya ike na-eme ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''ET'' (in Finnish)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-06-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

A maara Pöyry dị ka obere nwanyị nwere ntutu isi ojii na anya ojii. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 42, ọ lụrụ Hesekiel Hiski Hermanninpoika Torniainen, nwanne nwoke onye na-anya ụgbọ ala si n'obodo Liikala na Ristiina, n'afọ 1860. O kwere omume na Hiski Torniainen nwere njikọ na Pöyry. Mgbe Torniainen nwụsịrị na 1880, Pöyry na nwa ya nwoke kwagara ma soro nwunye nwa ya nwanyị Hedda Helena Väisänen kerịta nkà ọgwụgwọ ya, onye nwekwara ike ịbụ onye ikwu Pöyry. Väisänen gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ anwansi na Ristiina.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kirjoitukset avainsanalla Pöyryn Kaisa|url=https://www.etlehti.fi/blogit/kadonneen-suvun-metsastaja/avainsana/13676/14213|accessdate=2024-06-11|work=ET|language=fi|archivedate=2024-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529204144/https://www.etlehti.fi/blogit/kadonneen-suvun-metsastaja/avainsana/13676/14213}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''ET'' (in Finnish)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-06-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-akpọ otu okporo ámá dị na Ristina aha Kaisa Pöyry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''ET'' (in Finnish)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-06-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Pöyry nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 73, na-arịa &quot;ọrịa nchegbu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''ET'' (in Finnish)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-06-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rm2adhxyiwan1vs6u2tweedn1e7z9zw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tracy Chapman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>74425</id>
    <revision>
      <id>639002</id>
      <parentid>620831</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T10:47:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>87</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Photograph_of_Tracy_Chapman_and_Eric_Clapton_Performing_at_a_White_House_Special_Olympics_Dinner_-_NARA_-_6037507.jpg with [[File:Photograph_of_Tracy_Chapman_and_Eric_Clapton_Performing_at_a_White_House_Special_Olympics_Dinner_-_DPLA_-_95f7de6b7</comment>
      <origin>639002</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36133" sha1="plgnfggr19ue9161l0s1lxevdt8ucrp" xml:space="preserve"> 

Tracy Chapman (amuru May 30, 1964) bu onye America na-ede ukwe. Bob Krasnow bịanyere aka na ya na Elektra Records na 1987. [1] N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ wepụtara album mpụta mbụ ya, Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute na-aga nke ọma nke azụmahịa, bụ nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ndekọ America kwadoro 6 × platinum. Ndekọ a nwetara nhọpụta isii Grammy Award, gụnyere atọ maka Album nke Afọ, na-emeri atọ n'ime ha: Best Artist New, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance maka otu &quot;Ọsọ ọsọ&quot;, na Best Contemporary Folk Album. Na 2025, akara ahụ gụnyere ọba na katalọgụ mba ya.

N'afọ 1989, o wepụtara album ya nke abụọ, Crossroads, nke nwetara nhọpụta Grammy Award ọzọ maka Album Folk Contemporary kacha mma. Album ya nke atọ, Matters of the Heart, sochiri na 1992. album ya nke anọ, New Beginning, ewepụtara na 1995 ma bụrụkwa ihe ịga nke ọma ọzọ n'ụwa niile. Ndị RIAA kwadoro ya 5 × platinum ma gosipụta egwu bụ &quot;Nye M Otu Ihe&quot;, nke nwetara ya nhọpụta Grammy Award maka Best Rock Song. 

Afọ ise ga-agafe tupu ewepụta album ya nke ise, Akụkọ Akụkọ (2000). Ka mmiri ozuzo na ebe ị bi na-esote na 2002 na 2005, n'otu n'otu. E wepụtara album studio ya na nso nso a, Our Bright Future, na 2008. E wepụtara album nchịkọta, Greatest Hits, na 2015. Na 2023, Chapman ghọrọ onye mbụ na-ese ihe nkiri ojii iji nweta ọnụ ọgụgụ mba nke otu obodo, na iji nweta mmeri nke National Music Association Award for Song of the Year, mgbe Luke Combs kpuchiri egwu ya &quot;Ụgbọala Ọsọ&quot;.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Chapman na Cleveland, Ohio, na nne ya, bụ onye na-egwu egwu ukulele nke mbụ, kpọgara ya akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ.[1] Ndị mụrụ ya gbara alụkwaghịm mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ.[2] Ọ malitere ịmụ egwu na ide abụ mgbe ọ dị obere. Ọ na-ekwu na ihe nkiri Hee Haw nwere ike imetụta ụdị egwu ya.[3] N'obodo ya bụ Cleveland, a kpagburu ya na mmegide ugboro ugboro n'oge ntorobịa ya.[4]

A zụlitere ya dị ka onye Baptist, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Episcopal &lt;ref name=&quot;Ado&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Martin|first=Michel|url=https://www.npr.org/2009/08/20/112056043/without-further-ado-songstress-tracy-chapman-returns?ft=1&amp;f=1003|title=Without Further Ado, Songster Tracy Chapman Returns|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=August 20, 2009|accessdate=July 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma nabata ya na mmemme A Better Chance, nke na-akwado ụmụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọrịtandrị kọleji dị anya site na obodo ha. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Wooster School na [[Kónétíkùt|Connecticut]] wee gaa Mahadum Tufts, na-amụ gbasara ụmụ mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;biog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/biography-by-nigel-williamson-2001/|author=Williamson|first=Nigel|authorlink=Nigel Williamson|title=Tracy Chapman's Biography|work=About-Tracy-Chapman.net|date=March 11, 2008|accessdate=July 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819151933/http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/biography-by-nigel-williamson-2001/|archivedate=August 19, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ambio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|authorlink=Stephen Thomas Erlewine|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/tracy-chapman-mn0000016281#biography|title=Tracy Chapman|work=[[AllMusic|All Music Guide]]|accessdate=January 25, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.spin.com/2019/08/tracy-chapman-self-titled-july-1988-interview/|title=Tracy Chapman: Our 1988 Interview|work=Spin|date=August 18, 2019|accessdate=July 7, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Tufts, ọ na-agba bọọlụ n'ebe ndị dị nso, gụnyere Harvard Square na MBTA Red Line.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2003-02-23|title=Tracy Chapman: On snakes, faith and busking for food|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/tracy-chapman-on-snakes-faith-and-busking-for-food-120277.html|accessdate=2022-06-13|work=The Independent|language=en|archivedate=June 13, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613204530/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/tracy-chapman-on-snakes-faith-and-busking-for-food-120277.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rosenwald|first=Michael S.|title=To Chapman, underground music is pure performance|date=November 26, 2003|url=https://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2003/11/26/to_chapman_underground_music_is_pure_performance/|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|accessdate=2022-06-13|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chapman dekọrọ ihe ngosi nke egwu na ụlọ ọrụ redio Tufts University, WMFO, maka ebumnuche nwebisiinka mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Tufts, iji gbanwere ikike ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ịkpọ egwu ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-best-albums-of-the-eighties-20110418/tracy-chapman-tracy-chapman-19691231|title=100 Best Albums of the Eighties: Tracy Chapman, 'Tracy Chapman'|publisher=Rolling Stone|date=November 16, 1989|accessdate=January 25, 2024|archivedate=July 12, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712062558/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-best-albums-of-the-eighties-20110418/tracy-chapman-tracy-chapman-19691231}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Chapman mere ihe ngosi izizi ya dị ka onye mmeghe maka onye ọsụ ụzọ Egwú ụmụ nwanyị Linda Tillery na Boston's Strand Theatre na Mee 3, 1985. &lt;ref name=&quot;McLaughlin&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=McLaughlin|first=Jeff|date=May 1, 1985|title=Linda Tillery's 'healing music'|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|page=78}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nwa akwụkwọ ọzọ nke Tufts, Brian Koppelman, nụrụ ka ọ na-akpọ egwu ma mee ka nna ya, Charles Koppelman mara ya, na-egosi ya teepu ngosi ọ si na ụlọ ọrụ redio kọleji ya bubata nke nwere abụ &quot;Talkin' 'bout a Revolution&quot;. Charles Koppelman, onye na-elekọta SBK Publishing, bịanyere aka na ya na 1986. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Tufts na 1987, o nyeere ya aka ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta na Elektra Records.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|authorlink=Stephen Thomas Erlewine|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/tracy-chapman-mn0000016281#biography|title=Tracy Chapman|work=[[AllMusic|All Music Guide]]|accessdate=January 25, 2024}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFErlewine&quot;&gt;[[Stephen Thomas Erlewine|Erlewine, Stephen Thomas]]. [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/tracy-chapman-mn0000016281#biography &quot;Tracy Chapman&quot;]. ''[[AllMusic|All Music Guide]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 25,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-best-albums-of-the-eighties-20110418/tracy-chapman-tracy-chapman-19691231|title=100 Best Albums of the Eighties: Tracy Chapman, 'Tracy Chapman'|publisher=Rolling Stone|date=November 16, 1989|accessdate=January 25, 2024|archivedate=July 12, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712062558/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-best-albums-of-the-eighties-20110418/tracy-chapman-tracy-chapman-19691231}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-best-albums-of-the-eighties-20110418/tracy-chapman-tracy-chapman-19691231 &quot;100 Best Albums of the Eighties: Tracy Chapman, 'Tracy Chapman'&quot;]. Rolling Stone. November 16, 1989. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712062558/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-best-albums-of-the-eighties-20110418/tracy-chapman-tracy-chapman-19691231 Archived] from the original on July 12, 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;January 25,&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Tracy-Chapman_1988_by_Zoran_Veselinovic.jpg|thumb|Chapman na Budapest, Hungary, 1988]]
Na Elektra, ọ tọhapụrụ ''Tracy Chapman'' (1988).  A nabatara abọm ahụ nke ọma, &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; ọ malitekwara ịgagharị ma wuo ndị na-akwado ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotpress.com/music/day-1988-tracy-chapman-starts-three-week-run-no-1-eponymous-debut-album-22778696|title=On this day in 1988: Tracy Chapman starts a three-week run at No. 1 with her eponymous debut album|first=Peter|author=Murphy|work=Hotpress|accessdate=April 7, 2020|archivedate=November 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103083257/https://www.hotpress.com/music/day-1988-tracy-chapman-starts-three-week-run-no-1-eponymous-debut-album-22778696}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Fast Car&quot; malitere ịrị elu ya na chaatị US n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ rụchara ya na telivishọn Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert na Wembley Stadium na London na June 1988. N'egwuregwu ahụ, ọ malitere ime obere oge n'ehihie, mana ọ ruru ndị na-ege ntị ka ukwuu mgbe ọ nọ na nkeji ikpeazụ maka Stevie Wonder, onye nwere nsogbu teknụzụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Clayton|first=Richard|date=2016-09-26|title=The Life of a Song: 'Fast Car'|work=[[Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/d6ce495a-81bb-11e6-8e50-8ec15fb462f4|accessdate=2022-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Springer|first=Jacqueline|date=June 12, 2018|title=BBC Radio 4 – Front Row, Tracy Chapman: remembering her remarkable debut 30 years on|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p069w23s|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=BBC|language=en-GB|archivedate=March 21, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321102239/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p069w23s}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ekwu na ọ pụtara na ọ na-eme ka ahịa nke otu na abọm dị ngwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Clayton-Lea|first=Tony|title=Tracy Chapman: 'Being in the public eye is uncomfortable for me'|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/tracy-chapman-being-in-the-public-eye-is-uncomfortable-for-me-1.2433200|accessdate=2022-03-21|work=[[The Irish Times]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Fast Car&quot; ghọrọ No. 6 pop hit na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwxA&quot;&gt;Billboard&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Hot 100 maka izu na-agwụ na August 27, 1988.  Rolling Stone weputara egwu ahụ na ọnụọgụ 167 na ndepụta ha nke 2010 nke &quot;The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time&quot;. &quot;Talkin' 'bout a Revolution&quot;, nke sochiri &quot;Fast Car&quot;, depụtara na No. 75 ma soro ya &quot;Baby Can I Hold You&quot;, nke ruru na No. 48. &lt;ref name=&quot;grammys.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tracy Chapman|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/tracy-chapman/878|accessdate=July 1, 2023|publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]|archivedate=July 5, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705013758/https://www.grammy.com/artists/tracy-chapman/878}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abọm ahụ rere nke ọma, na-aga ọtụtụ platinum  ma merie Grammy Awards atọ, gụnyere nsọpụrụ maka ya dị ka Best New Artist . &lt;ref name=&quot;grammys.com&quot; /&gt; Ka e mesịrị na 1988 ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Amnesty International Human Rights Now! Njem.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

Abọm ya na-esote, Crossroads (1989), enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa karịa nke mbụ ya, mana ọ ka nwetara ọkwa platinum na US. N'afọ 1992, o wepụtara Matters of the Heart .  Abọm ya nke anọ, New Beginning (1995), gosipụtara ihe ịga nke ọma, na-ere ihe karịrị nde ise na US naanị.&lt;ref name=&quot;riaa&quot; /&gt; Abọm ahụ gụnyere egwu egwu &quot;Give Me One Reason&quot;, nke meriri Grammy nke 1997 maka Best Rock Song wee bụrụ egwu ya kachasị nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na US ruo ugbu a, na-arị elu na No. 3 na ''Billboard'' Hot 100, &lt;ref name=&quot;riaa&quot; /&gt; ma na-aga Platinum. E wepụtara abọm ya nke ise, Telling Stories, n'afọ 2000, ma mesịa bụrụ ọla edo.&lt;ref name=&quot;riaa&quot; /&gt; O weputara abọm nke isii ya, Let It Rain, n'afọ 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/oct/18/popandrock.artsfeatures5|title=CD: Tracy Chapman, Let It Rain|date=October 18, 2002|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ American Conservatory Theater nyere ya ọrụ ide egwu maka mmepụta nke Athol Fugard's Blood Knot, egwuregwu banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa, nke emere na mbido afọ 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zack|first=Jessica Werner|title=A Guiding Hopefulness: An Interview with Tracy Chapman on ''Blood Knot''|publisher=American Conservatory Theater|url=https://www.act-sf.org/content/dam/act/education_department/words_on_plays/Blood%20Knot%20Words%20on%20Plays%20(2008).pdf|pages=28–30|accessdate=July 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atlantic Records wepụtara abọm studio ya nke asatọ, Our Bright Future (2008). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dailyvoice.com/connecticut/danbury/neighbors/happy-birthday-to-danburys-tracy-chapman/441215/|title=Happy Birthday To Danbury's Tracy Chapman|date=March 30, 2014|work=Danbury Daily Voice|accessdate=January 12, 2022|archivedate=January 12, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112230358/https://dailyvoice.com/connecticut/danbury/neighbors/happy-birthday-to-danburys-tracy-chapman/441215/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abọm ahụ mere ka a họpụta ya na Grammy maka Best Contemporary Folk Album n'afọ sochirinụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;grammys.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tracy Chapman|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/tracy-chapman/878|accessdate=July 1, 2023|publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]|archivedate=July 5, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705013758/https://www.grammy.com/artists/tracy-chapman/878}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.grammy.com/artists/tracy-chapman/878 &quot;Tracy Chapman&quot;]. [[The Recording Academy]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230705013758/https://www.grammy.com/artists/tracy-chapman/878 Archived] from the original on July 5, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Photograph of Tracy Chapman and Eric Clapton Performing at a White House Special Olympics Dinner - DPLA - 95f7de6b7052d279d6d726552ea0ca25.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Chapman na Eric Clapton n'elu ikpo okwu na White House Special dinner Olympics, December 1998]]
A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu 2014 Sundance Film Festival U.S. Documentary jury. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Tracy-Chapman-Dana-Stevens-Bryan-Singer-Max-Mayer-and-More-Among-2014-Sundance-Film-Festival-Jurors-20140109|title=Tracy Chapman, Dana Stevens, Bryan Singer, Max Mayer and More Among 2014 Sundance Film Festival Jurors|work=[[BroadwayWorld]]|date=January 9, 2014|accessdate=July 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721195529/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Tracy-Chapman-Dana-Stevens-Bryan-Singer-Max-Mayer-and-More-Among-2014-Sundance-Film-Festival-Jurors-20140109|archivedate=July 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ &quot;Stand By Me&quot; nke Ben E. King n'otu n'ime ihe omume ikpeazụ nke ''Late Show na David Letterman'' na Eprel 2015. Egwuregwu ahụ ghọrọ ihe na-ewu ewu ma bụrụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya na akụkọ akụkọ dị iche iche gụnyere ụfọdụ site na ''Billboard'' na The Huffington Post.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Pitney|first=Nico|authorlink=Nico Pitney|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/tracy-chapman-stand-by-me_n_7192080|title=Tracy Chapman Singing 'Stand By Me' Will Break Your Heart|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=June 12, 2015|accessdate=July 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Tracy_Chapman_at_TED_conference_2007_by_jurvetson.jpg|alt=Chapman clapping and smiling|thumb|Chapman na 2007]]
On November 20, 2015, she released ''Greatest Hits'', consisting of 18 tracks including the live version of &quot;Stand by Me&quot;. The album is her first global compilation release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/tracy-chapman-greatest-hits-2015/|title=Tracy Chapman Greatest Hits releases on November 20, 2015|publisher=About Tracy Chapman|date=October 16, 2015|accessdate=July 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721201055/http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/tracy-chapman-greatest-hits-2015/|archivedate=July 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2020)&quot;&gt;better&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;source&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;needed&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2018, ọ gbara onye rapper Nicki Minaj akwụkwọ maka mmebi iwu nwebiisinka, na-ebo ebubo na Minaj debara abụ ya &quot;Baby Enwere m ike ijide gị&quot;.[1] Chapman kwuru na ọ 'gọrọ agọọ ugboro ugboro' ikike ka edoro ya akwụkwọ akụkọ &quot;Baby Can I Jide Gị&quot;. Okwu ikpe ahụ kwuru na Minaj mebiri ikike nwebiisinka ya (a) site n'ịme abụ &quot;Apology&quot; na (b) site n'ikesa ya; ọ rịọrọ ka e nye iwu ka ọ gbochie Minaj ikiri egwu ahụ. Dị ka ikpe ahụ si kwuo, Chapman nwere ikike zuru oke nke egwu ahụ. Na Septemba 2020, onye ọka ikpe mpaghara US Virginia A. Phillips kpebiri ịkwado Minaj na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbụ, na-ekwupụta na ojiji Minaj ji abụ Chapman bụ iji ezi ihe eji ụfọdụ ihe nwebiisinka eme ihe.[2] Otú ọ dị, ọkàikpe ahụ kwuru na a ga-achụpụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke abụọ nke ikpe ahụ. Na Jenụwarị 2021, ebibiri akwụkwọ ikpe ahụ ka Minaj gbara Chapman akwụkwọ maka $450,000.[3]

Na mbido ntuli aka onye isi ala nke United States nke afọ 2020, ọ rụrụ &quot;Talkin' 'bout a Revolution' na ''Late Night na Seth Meyers'', na-agba ndị mmadụ ume ịtụ vootu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-03|title=Tracy Chapman makes rare TV appearance as she urges Americans to vote|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/tracy-chapman-seth-meyers-performance-vote-us-election-b1554908.html|accessdate=2022-04-05|work=The Independent|language=en|archivedate=April 5, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405163147/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/tracy-chapman-seth-meyers-performance-vote-us-election-b1554908.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Luke Combs' version of her song &quot;Fast Car&quot; hit number one on the Country Airplay chart in July 2023, Chapman ghọrọ Black woman mbụ na-enweta a country number one with a solo composition. Na 57th Annual Country Music Association Awards na Nọvemba 2023, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị ojii mbụ weghaara CMA Award, merie Song of the Year maka &quot;Fast Car&quot;, nke mekwara ka ọ bụrụ onye edemede egwu ojii mbụ meriri ihe nrite ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Yahr|first=Emily|date=2023-11-09|title=CMA Awards 2023: Complete list of winners, best and worst moments|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/2023/11/09/cma-awards-2023-best-worst-moments/|accessdate=2023-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cma&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ives|first=Mike|date=2023-11-09|title=35 Years After Its Debut, Tracy Chapman's 'Fast Car' Wins a Song of the Year Award|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/09/arts/music/tracy-chapman-cma-awards-fast-car.html|accessdate=2023-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge 66th Grammy Awards na Febụwarị 4, 2024, ọ sonyeere Combs n'elu ikpo okwu iji bụrụ &quot;Fast Car&quot;.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Flam|first=Charna|date=4 February 2024|title=Tracy Chapman Delivers Rare 'Fast Car' Performance with Luke Combs at 2024 Grammys|url=https://people.com/2024-grammys-luke-combs-and-tracy-chapman-perform-duet-of-fast-car-at-2024-grammy-awards-8558351|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205033248/https://people.com/2024-grammys-luke-combs-and-tracy-chapman-perform-duet-of-fast-car-at-2024-grammy-awards-8558351|archivedate=5 February 2024|accessdate=5 February 2024|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị ọha na eze ==
Chapman na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọha mmadụ. N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2009 na National Public Radio, o kwuru, sị, &quot;M na-abịakwute m site n'ọtụtụ òtù na ọtụtụ ndị na-achọ ka m kwado mgbalị ọrụ ebere ha dị iche iche n'ụzọ ụfọdụ. M na-ele anya na arịrịọ ndị ahụ na m na-agbalị ime ihe m nwere ike ime. Na enwere m ụfọdụ ọdịmma onwe onye, n'ozuzu mmasị na ikike mmadụ. Nkwuwapụta Ụwa Nile nke Human Rights na Amnesty International na-asọpụrụ ndị ọchịchị Africa.[2] N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Nelson Mandela ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. 70th birthday, ihe omume nke welitere ego maka South Africa Anti-Apartheid Movement na ọtụtụ ọrụ ebere ụmụaka. a duet na Luciano Pavarotti's &quot;Baby M Pụrụ ijide Gị n'abalị a&quot;[4] N'afọ 2004, ọ rụrụ ma mee na mmemme AIDS/LifeCycle.

Ọ na-etinye aka na ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị nke Cleveland, na-emepụta vidiyo egwu agụmakwụkwọ na-egosipụta ihe ndị a rụzuru n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa na America. Ọ kwadoro &quot;Crossroads in Black History&quot;, asọmpi edemede maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Cleveland na obodo ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=School Uses Video To Teach Black History|journal=Curriculum Review|year=1990|volume=29|issue=8|pages=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ natara nzere doctorate na Mahadum Saint Xavier dị na Chicago na 1997. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sxu.edu/student-life/events/commencement/previous-honorary-degree-recipients.asp|title=Previous honorary degree recipients|publisher=Saint Xavier University|accessdate=July 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721195528/https://www.sxu.edu/student-life/events/commencement/previous-honorary-degree-recipients.asp|archivedate=July 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2004, e nyere ya nzere doctorate na Fine Arts site n'aka alma mater ya, Mahadum Tufts, na-amata mkpebi ya maka ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Commencement Speaker Announced|url=http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/2004-tracy-chapman-doctor-of-fine-arts/|work=E-News|publisher=Tufts University|date=May 23, 2004|accessdate=July 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721195528/http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/2004-tracy-chapman-doctor-of-fine-arts/|archivedate=July 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2023, ndị isi ala South Africa mara ọkwa na a ga-enye Chapman na ndị ọzọ National Order - The Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo nke &quot;na-amata ndị mba ọzọ a ma ama maka ọbụbụenyi egosiri South Africa. Ya mere, ọ bụ Order of peace, cooperation and active expression of solidarity and support&quot;. E nyere ya Silver &quot;maka enyemaka ya na ọgụ maka nnwere onwe site na Ntinye aka na mgbalị iji tọhapụ Nelson Mandela na ịkwalite mmata banyere mmebi ikike mmadụ n'ememe n'ụwa niile&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Announcement of the 2023 National Order Awards nominated names by Director-General of The Presidency, Phindile Baleni|url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/announcement-2023-national-order-awards-nominated-names-director-general-presidency,-phindile-baleni|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418064745/https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/announcement-2023-national-order-awards-nominated-names-director-general-presidency%2C-phindile-baleni|archivedate=April 18, 2023|date=April 16, 2023|accessdate=April 20, 2023|publisher=Presidency of South Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ememe n'April 28, 2023

Chapman na-emekarị ihe omume ebere dịka Make Poverty History, AmfAR, na AIDS / LifeCycle. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleming&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2008/oct/31/tracy-chapman-women-pop-usa|title=Amy Fleming on Tracy Chapman, the quiet revolutionary|first=Amy|author=Fleming|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=October 31, 2008|accessdate=March 13, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ bụ ezie na Chapman ekwughị n'ihu ọha banyere mmasị mmekọahụ ya, onye edemede Alice Walker kwuru na ya na Chapman nọ na mmekọrịta ịhụnanya n'etiti afọ ndị 1990. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Wajid|first=Sara|authorlink=Sara Wajid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/dec/15/gender.world|title=No retreat|work=[[The Guardian|Guardian]]|date=December 15, 2006|accessdate=July 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brownworth&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brownworth|first=Victoria A.|date=February 15, 2024|title=Tracy Chapman, Valentine's Day and the subversive stories of our lives|url=https://epgn.com/2024/02/15/tracy-chapman-valentines-day-and-the-subversive-stories-of-our-lives/|work=Philadelphia Gay News|accessdate=July 23, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chapman na-enwe nkewa siri ike n'etiti ndụ onwe ya na nke ọrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2002-10-15|title=2002 - Tracy Chapman still introspective?|url=https://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/2002-tracy-chapman-still-introspective/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823000412/http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/2002-tracy-chapman-still-introspective/|archivedate=2009-08-23|accessdate=2024-02-06|work=About Tracy Chapman|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Enwere m ndụ ọha na eze nke bụ ndụ ọrụ m ma enwere m ndụ onwe m&quot;, ka o kwuru. &quot;N'ụzọ ụfọdụ, mkpebi nke idebe ihe abụọ ahụ dị iche na-emetụta ọrụ m na-eme. &quot;  Chapman bi na San Francisco. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/06/arts/music/tracy-chapman-career.html|title=Where Has Tracy Chapman Been? Her Grammys Triumph Has Fans Wondering|work=The New York Times|date=February 6, 2024|first=Ben|author=Sisario|accessdate=March 25, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Nketa ==
A gụrụ otu okporo ámá aha Tracy Chapman na Saint-Jean-d'Heurs, obodo ime obodo nke [[France]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://adresse.data.gouv.fr/carte-base-adresse-nationale?id=63364_jfm4sm#45.809850_3.447200_15.61|title=Rue Tracy Chapman: Saint-Jean-d'Heurs (63364)|work=data.gouv.fr|date=October 8, 2023|accessdate=June 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwapụta ==

=== Abọm studio ===

* ''Tracy Chapman'' (1988) 
* ''Okporo ụzọ'' (1989) 
* ''Ihe Ndị Dị n'Obi'' (1992) 
* ''Mmalite Ọhụrụ'' (1995) 
* ''Akụkọ Akụkọ'' (2000) 
* ''Ka mmiri zoo'' Ka O Suo (2002) 
* ''Ebe Ị Bi'' (2005) 
* Ọdịnihu Anyị Dị Mma (2008) 

== Onyinye na nhọpụta ==

=== Ihe nrite Grammy ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |Ihe nrite Grammy
|-
!Afọ
! style=&quot;width:200px;&quot; |Ọrụ
! style=&quot;width:300px;&quot; |Ihe nrite
! width=&quot;65&quot; |Nsonaazụ
! width=&quot;20&quot; |Nkwupụta
|-
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |1989
|Ya onwe ya
|Onye Ọhụrụ Kasị Mma|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;grammys.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tracy Chapman|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/tracy-chapman/878|accessdate=July 1, 2023|publisher=[[The Recording Academy]]|archivedate=July 5, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705013758/https://www.grammy.com/artists/tracy-chapman/878}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.grammy.com/artists/tracy-chapman/878 &quot;Tracy Chapman&quot;]. [[The Recording Academy]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230705013758/https://www.grammy.com/artists/tracy-chapman/878 Archived] from the original on July 5, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 1,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Tracy Chapman''
|Album nke Afọ|{{Nom}}
|-
|Album Folk nke Oge A Kasị Mma|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&quot;Ụgbọ ala dị ngwa&quot;
|Ihe ndekọ nke Afọ|{{Nom}}
|-
|Abụ nke Afọ|{{Nom}}
|-
|Egwú Pop Pop Kasị Mma nke Ụmụ nwanyị|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |1990
|''Okporo ụzọ''
|Album Folk nke Oge A Kasị Mma|{{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;grammys.com&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |1997
|''Mmalite Ọhụrụ''
|Album Pop Kasị Mma|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;grammys.com&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&quot;Nye m otu ihe kpatara ya&quot;
|Ihe ndekọ nke Afọ|{{Nom}}
|-
|Abụ nke Afọ|{{Nom}}
|-
|Egwú Rock Kasị Mma nke Ụmụ nwanyị|{{Nom}}
|-
|Abụ Rock Kasị Mma|{{Won}}
|-
|2010
|''Ọdịnihu Anyị Na-egbukepụ Egwu''
|Album Folk nke Oge A Kasị Mma|{{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;grammys.com&quot; /&gt;
|}

=== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ndị ọzọ ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ememe
!Ihe nrite
!Ọrụ ndị a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
!Nkwupụta
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |1988
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Ihe nrite egwu Billboard
|Vidio Nwanyị Kasị Mma
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&quot;Ụgbọ ala dị ngwa&quot;|{{Won}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0004207/1988/1|title=Billboard Music Awards – 1988 Awards|publisher=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=December 29, 2021|archivedate=December 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230054017/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0004207/1988/1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |1989
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Onyinye Egwú Soul Train
|Best R&amp;B/Urban Contemporary Album of the Year, Female
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''Tracy Chapman''|{{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0005174/1989/1|title=Soul Train Awards – 1989 Awards|publisher=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=December 29, 2021|archivedate=December 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230054020/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0005174/1989/1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Ihe nrite Egwú Danish
|Album mba ụwa kacha mma|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Onyinye BRIT
|Iwu Kasị Mma nke Mba Nile
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Ya onwe ya|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000122/1989/1|title=Brit Awards – 1989 Awards|publisher=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=December 29, 2021|archivedate=December 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230054019/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000122/1989/1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nwanyị Kasị Mma nke Mba Nile|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Onyinye Edison
|Onye na-agụ egwú / Onye na-ede egwú kacha mma|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |MTV Video Music Awards
|Vidio Nwanyị Kasị Mma
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&quot;Ụgbọ ala dị ngwa&quot;|{{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003172/1989/1|title=MTV Video Music Awards – 1989 Awards|publisher=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=December 29, 2021|archivedate=December 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230054018/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003172/1989/1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Ihe nrite egwu America
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Pop/Rock ọhụrụ kachasị amasị ya
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Ya onwe ya|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0005158/1989/1|title=American Music Awards – 1989 Awards|publisher=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=December 29, 2021|archivedate=December 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230054023/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0005158/1989/1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri Pop/Rock kachasị amasị ya|{{Nom}}
|-
|1993
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Onyinye ECHO
|Nwanyị Kasị Mma nke Mba Nile|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1996
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |MTV Video Music Awards
|Vidio Nwanyị Kasị Mma
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&quot;Nye m otu ihe kpatara ya&quot;|{{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003172/1996/1|title=MTV Video Music Awards – 1996 Awards|publisher=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=December 29, 2021|archivedate=December 30, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230054022/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003172/1996/1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |APRA Music Awards
|Ọrụ Mba Ọzọ A Na-arụkarị|{{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918020340/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/Nominations/Nominations1996.aspx|url=http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/Nominations/Nominations1996.aspx|title=Nominations – 1996|publisher=Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) &amp;#124; Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS)|archivedate=September 18, 2009|accessdate=September 10, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2001
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |California Music Awards
|Nwanyị Na-agụ Egwú
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Ya onwe ya|{{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/2001-california-music-awards/|title=Tracy Chapman @ California Music Awards 2001|publisher=About Tracy Chapman|date=April 26, 2001|accessdate=July 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122122236/http://www.about-tracy-chapman.net/2001-california-music-awards/|archivedate=January 22, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2002
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |IFPI Platinum Europe Music Awards
|Aha abọm
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |''Nchịkọta''|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2006
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Ihe nrite egwu nke Meteor Ireland
|Nwanyị Kasị Mma nke Mba Nile
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Ya onwe ya|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2009
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |SXSWi: Ihe nrite Web
|Egwú Pop
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Ya onwe ya|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2023
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Ihe nrite nke Country Music Association
|Abụ nke Afọ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&quot;Ụgbọ ala dị ngwa&quot;|{{Won}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;cma&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ives|first=Mike|date=2023-11-09|title=35 Years After Its Debut, Tracy Chapman's 'Fast Car' Wins a Song of the Year Award|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/09/arts/music/tracy-chapman-cma-awards-fast-car.html|accessdate=2023-11-09}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFIves2023&quot;&gt;Ives, Mike (November 9, 2023). [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/09/arts/music/tracy-chapman-cma-awards-fast-car.html &quot;35 Years After Its Debut, Tracy Chapman's 'Fast Car' Wins a Song of the Year Award&quot;]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231109134839/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/09/arts/music/tracy-chapman-cma-awards-fast-car.html Archived] from the original on November 9, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 9,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Academy of Country Music Awards
|Abụ nke Afọ|{{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Induction na Onyinye Gala
|Ndị na-ede abụ Hall Of Fame
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Ya onwe ya|{{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* Tracy ChapmannaAllMusic 
* Tracy Chapmandiski naDiscogs 
* Tracy Chapmandiski naMusicBrainz 
{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{succession box|title=[[Grammy Award for Best New Artist]]|years=1989|before=[[Jody Watley]]|after=[[Milli Vanilli]] (Award later revoked)}}
{{succession box|title=[[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]]|years=1989 &lt;br&gt;'''for &quot;[[Fast Car]]&quot; '''|before=[[Whitney Houston]]&lt;br&gt;for &quot;[[I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)]]&quot;|after=[[Bonnie Raitt]] &lt;br&gt;for &quot;[[Nick of Time (album)|Nick of Time]]&quot;}}
{{succession box|title=[[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album]]|years=1989 &lt;br&gt;'''for ''[[Tracy Chapman (album)|Tracy Chapman]]'' '''|before=[[Steve Goodman]] &lt;br&gt;for ''Unfinished Business''|after=[[Indigo Girls]] &lt;br&gt;for ''[[Indigo Girls (album)|Indigo Girls]]''}}
{{succession box|title=[[Grammy Award for Best Rock Song]]|years=1997 &lt;br&gt;'''for &quot;[[Give Me One Reason]]&quot; '''|before=[[Glen Ballard]] and [[Alanis Morissette]] &lt;br&gt;for &quot;[[You Oughta Know]]&quot;|after=[[The Wallflowers]] &lt;br&gt;for &quot;[[One Headlight]]&quot;}}
{{s-end}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>plgnfggr19ue9161l0s1lxevdt8ucrp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ihe mgbu na-enweghị atụ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>74426</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638937</id>
      <parentid>620833</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T13:15:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638937</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1682" sha1="q7qe39uh68y7xffj2kmbd9m9l1azijx" xml:space="preserve">ihe mgbu na-enweghị oke ma ọ bụ ihe mgbu na adabere na nyocha ahụike bụ Ihe ịrịba ama ahụike ebe ihe mgbu doro anya n'ime onye ahụ anaghị adaba na ihe ịrịba anya ndị ọzọ. A chọtara ya n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, gụnyere:

* Ọrịa na-egbu egbu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Goh|first=T.|date=January 2014|title=Early diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis|journal=The British Journal of Surgery|volume=101|issue=1|pages=e119–125|doi=10.1002/bjs.9371|issn=1365-2168|pmid=24338771}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nsogbu nke ịkekọrịta&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Willis|first=R. B.|date=April 1990|title=Treatment of compartment syndrome in children|journal=The Orthopedic Clinics of North America|volume=21|issue=2|pages=401–412|doi=10.1016/S0030-5898(20)31554-6|issn=0030-5898|pmid=2183136}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mesenteric ischemia&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430748/|title=StatPearls|author=Patel|first=Ronak|chapter=Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia|date=2017|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|location=Treasure Island (FL)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọrịa Mueller-Weiss&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mueller-Weiss-syndrome {{!}} The Foot and Ankle Online Journal|url=https://faoj.org/tag/mueller-weiss-syndrome/|accessdate=2022-06-09|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605180314/https://faoj.org/tag/mueller-weiss-syndrome/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe na nchọpụta ahụike nke Malingering ICD-10 Z76.5 dị ka &quot;Ọrịa na-adịghị ka mgbaama&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/Z00-Z99/Z69-Z76/Z76-/Z76.5 2024 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code Z76.5 - Malingerer [conscious simulation]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>q7qe39uh68y7xffj2kmbd9m9l1azijx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iv Paul-Margueritte</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75515</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638945</id>
      <parentid>638125</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T17:55:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638945</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6000" sha1="baagmlt0glwr0gj7qukfgedtlx5b0fj" xml:space="preserve">
 

Ève Paul-Margueritte (5 Febụwarị 1885 - 16 Julaị 1971) bụ onye edemede asụsụ French, onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ mmetụta uche. Mgbe di ya nwụrụ, nwanne ya nwanyị, Lucie Paul-Margueritte, agbaala alụkwaghịm, ha bi ma rụkọọ ọrụ ọnụ, na-ede ma ọ dịkarịa ala akwụkwọ abụọ, na ọtụtụ nsụgharị. Ọ sụgharịrị akwụkwọ Bekee gaa na French nke Alice na Claude Askew, Thomas Hardy, E. Phillips Oppenheim, Garrett P. Serviss, Bram Stoker Lilian Turner, Paul Urquhart, na A. M. Williamson dere. Paul-Margueritte bụ onye natara &quot;Prix Jean-Jacques-Berger&quot;, maka Auteuil et Passy, ​​1947, na &quot;Prix Georges-Dupau&quot;, 1950, site na Académie Française.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Ève Antonie Paul-Margueritte &lt;ref name=&quot;0-myheritage&quot; /&gt; na 5 Febụwarị 1885, na 6th arrondissement nke Paris. &lt;ref name=&quot;1-acte&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Paul Margueritte, nwa nwanne Victor Margueritte.

Na 1919, ọ lụrụ Charles Gaucher (1877-1927).&lt;ref name=&quot;0-myheritage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Charles Joseph GAUCHER, 1877 - 1927|url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/charles_gaucher|work=www.myheritage.com|accessdate=17 January 2022}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.myheritage.com/names/charles_gaucher &quot;Charles Joseph GAUCHER, 1877 - 1927&quot;]. ''www.myheritage.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 January&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2-deuxfreres&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Paul-Margueritte|first=Ève|title=Deux frères, deux soeurs: deux époques littéraires|date=1951|publisher=J. Peyronnet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6FDAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=17 January 2022|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;3-lefigaro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148//bpt6k292214k/f3|title=Le Figaro|accessdate=17 January 2022|date=31 July 1919}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Ève nwụsịrị, Lucie agbaa alụkwaghịm, ụmụnne nwanyị ahụ bikọrọ ọnụ, zụlitere nwa nwoke nke mbụ ahụ ma bie ndụ site n'ihe odide ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;2-mamelouk-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mamelouk|first=Nadia Nadja|title=Anxiety in the Border Zone: Transgressing Boundaries in Leïla: Revue Illustrée de la Femme (Tunis, 1936-1940) and in Leïla: Hebdomadaire Tunisien Indépendant (Tunis, 1940-1941)|date=2008|publisher=University of Virginia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwmsZwEACAAJ|accessdate=16 January 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya na Lucie, Paul-Margueritte sụgharịrị ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Bekee, gụnyere Dracula nke Bram Stoker &lt;ref name=&quot;evewasonlyQ&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Stoker|first=Bram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCRIwgEACAAJ|title=Dracula: l'homme de la nuit|date=1920|publisher=Edition française|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị ọzọ nke Thomas Hardy na Alice Muriel Williamson.

Ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ ahụ bụ ndị otu nri mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị, &quot;Club des belles perdrix&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;4-lesrecetles-1930&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Les recettes des &quot;Belles Perdrix&quot; / recueillies par Gabrielle Reval et Maria Croci|date=1930|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9774320g/f50|accessdate=16 January 2022|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ève Paul-Margueritte nwụrụ na Limeil-Brévannes, na 16 Julaị 1971, &lt;ref name=&quot;1-acte&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Acte de naissance (no. 354)|url=http://canadp-archivesenligne.paris.fr/archives_etat_civil/1860_1902_actes/aec_visu_img.php?registre=V4E_05851&amp;type=AEC&amp;&amp;bdd_en_cours=actes_ec_1883_1892&amp;vue_tranche_debut=AD075EC_V4E_05851_0063&amp;vue_tranche_fin=AD075EC_V4E_05851_0063&amp;ref_histo=2178&amp;cote=V4E%205851|publisher=Archives de Paris (6e)|accessdate=17 January 2022|language=fr|date=1885|archivedate=3 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173203/http://canadp-archivesenligne.paris.fr/archives_etat_civil/1860_1902_actes/aec_visu_img.php?registre=V4E_05851&amp;type=AEC&amp;&amp;bdd_en_cours=actes_ec_1883_1892&amp;vue_tranche_debut=AD075EC_V4E_05851_0063&amp;vue_tranche_fin=AD075EC_V4E_05851_0063&amp;ref_histo=2178&amp;cote=V4E%205851}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt; (in French). Archives de Paris (6e). 1885&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 January&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; ma lie ya, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị, na Cimetière d'Auteuil. &lt;ref name=&quot;5-landrucimetieres&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=cimetière d'AUTEUIL|url=http://www.landrucimetieres.fr/spip/spip.php?article1544|work=www.landrucimetieres.fr|publisher=Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs|accessdate=17 January 2022|date=21 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==

* 1947, Prix Jean-Jacques-Berger, maka ''Auteuil na Passy''&lt;ref name=&quot;7-prixjean&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rapport sur les concours littéraires de l'année 1947|publisher=Académie française|url=http://www.academie-francaise.fr/rapport-sur-les-concours-litteraires-de-lannee-1947|work=francaise.fr|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1950, Prix Georges-Dupau site na Académie Française &lt;ref name=&quot;8-prixgeorges&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rapport sur les concours littéraires de l'année 1950 /|publisher=Académie française|url=http://www.academie-francaise.fr/rapport-sur-les-concours-litteraires-de-lannee-1950|work=francaise.fr|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

=== Akwụkwọ ===
[[Faịlụ:Auteuil_et_Passy_1947_by_Eve_and_Lucie_Paul-Marguerite.jpg|thumb|''Auteuil na Passy'', 1947]]
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

=== Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi ===

* &quot;La Prison blanche&quot; (1917), na Collection Stella, no. 172; pụtara nke mbụ na L'Écho de Paris (1915) 
* &quot;L'Énigmatique Marielle&quot; (1933), na Les Beaux Romans dramatiques, nke 67
* &quot;Coup double&quot; (1941), na Collection Stella, nr. 516
* &quot;Le Secret d'une vendetta&quot; (1941), na Collection Stella, nr. 502

=== Nsụgharị ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}</text>
      <sha1>baagmlt0glwr0gj7qukfgedtlx5b0fj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iyam Friday</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638948</id>
      <parentid>638818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T18:35:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1609" sha1="eqsmmn8k6uzlwmh51wwqoqry46pxmkn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?Lang=0&amp;CTID=55&amp;CPID=72&amp;pStr=Player&amp;PLID=204322&amp;TEID=609 |title=Profile &amp; Statistics at Guardian's Stats Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525140022/http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?Lang=0&amp;CTID=55&amp;CPID=72&amp;pStr=Player&amp;PLID=204322&amp;TEID=609 |archive-date=25 May 2012 |access-date= |accessdate=24 May 2026 |archivedate=25 May 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525140022/http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?Lang=0&amp;CTID=55&amp;CPID=72&amp;pStr=Player&amp;PLID=204322&amp;TEID=609 }}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway&quot;&gt;[https://int.soccerway.com/players/friday-iyam/31913/ I. Friday - Soccerway]&lt;/ref&gt;
 

'''Iyam Friday'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sinitahdet.net/acoulu/pelaajat/iyam_friday/|title=Iyam Friday|work=sinitahdet.net|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407203249/http://www.sinitahdet.net/acoulu/pelaajat/iyam_friday/|archivedate=7 April 2016|language=fi|accessdate=9 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; (amụrụ na 1 Disemba 1989 na [[Kaduna]]) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa, onye na-agba bọọlụ ugbu a na FC Viikingit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.palloliitto.fi/uutiset/miesten-ykkonen/viikingit-kohtaa-lauantaina-fc-hongan|title=Viikingit kohtaa lauantaina FC Hongan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424162025/https://www.palloliitto.fi/uutiset/miesten-ykkonen/viikingit-kohtaa-lauantaina-fc-hongan|archivedate=24 April 2014|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>eqsmmn8k6uzlwmh51wwqoqry46pxmkn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Julia Kristeva</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75894</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638961</id>
      <parentid>638259</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T03:57:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638961</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28178" sha1="4poyj9jvt9kepedeq70shodv1xd3vkz" xml:space="preserve">
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Julia Kristeva''' (a mụrụ dika '''Yuliya Stoyanova Krasteva''', Bulgarian: Юлия Стоянова Кръстева; na 24 June 1941) bụ onye [[Ákọ na Uche|ọkà ihe ọmụma]] Bulgarian-French, onye nkatọ akwụkwọ, semiotician, psychoanalyst, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị, na onye edemede nke biri na France kemgbe etiti afọ 1960. Ọ kụziri na Mahadum Columbia, ma bụrụzi prọfesọ emerita na Mahadum Paris Cité. Dịka onye dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri atọ, gụnyere Powers of Horror, Tales of Love, Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia, Proust and the Sense of Time, na usoro ihe nkiri atọ Female Genius, enyela ya Commander of the Legion of Honor, Commander of the Order of Merit, Holberg International Memorial Prize, Hannah Arendt Prize, na Vision 97 Foundation Prize, nke Havel Foundation nyere.

Kristeva ghọrọ onye nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na nyocha echiche mba ụwa, ọmụmụ ọdịbendị na echiche nkwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị mgbe o bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ''Semeiotikè'', n'afo 1969. Ọrụ ya dị ukwuu gụnyere akwụkwọ na edemede ndị na-ekwu maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ederede, semiotic, na abjection, n'ọhịa nke asụsụ, ozizi na nkatọ akwụkwọ, nyocha uche, akụkọ ndụ na akụkọ ndụ onwe onye, nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala, nka na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka . Ọ bụ onye a ma ama n'echiche nhazi na poststructuralist.

Kristeva bụkwa onye hiwere kọmitii ihe nrite Simone de Beauvoir.[1]

== Ndụ ==
A mụrụ Kristeva na Sliven, Bulgaria site n'aka ndị mụrụ ya bụ́ Ndị Kraịst, ọ bụkwa ada nke onye na-ahụ maka akaụntị na chọọchị. N'akụkụ nne ya, ọ bụ onye Juu dị anya.[1] Kristeva na nwanne ya nwanyị gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Francophone nke ndị nọn Dominican na-achịkwa. Kristeva matara ọrụ Mikhail Bakhtin n'oge a na Bulgaria. Kristeva gara n'ihu gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Sofia, ebe ọ bụ na ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum ahụ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ nyocha nke mere ka o nwee ike ịkwaga France na Disemba 1965, mgbe ọ dị afọ 24.[2] Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na EPHE, na-amụ ihe n'okpuru Lucien Goldmann na Roland Barthes, tinyere ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ.[3][4] Na Ọgọst 2, 1967, Kristeva lụrụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ́ Philippe Sollers, [5] a mụrụ Philippe Joyaux.

Kristeva kụziri na Mahadum Columbia n'isi mbido afọ 1970, ma burukwa onye ọbịa na-akụzi ebe ahụ.[1] O bipụtakwala akwụkwọ n'aha di ya bụ Julia Joyaux.[2][3][4]

== Ọrụ ==
Mgbe ọ sonyeere 'otu Tel Quel' nke Sollers hiwere, Kristeva lekwasịrị anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị asụsụ wee bụrụ onye otu na-arụsi ọrụ ike na otu ahụ. Ọ zụrụ ọzụzụ na psychoanalysis, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta ya na 1979. N'ụzọ ụfọdụ, a pụrụ ịhụ ọrụ ya dị ka ịnwa ịgbanwe ụzọ psychoanalytic na nkatọ poststructuralists. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, echiche ya banyere isiokwu ahụ, na nhazi ya, yiri nke Sigmund Freud na Jacques Lacan. Agbanyeghị, Kristeva jụrụ nghọta ọ bụla gbasara isiokwu ahụ n'echiche nhazi; kama, ọ na-akwado isiokwu mgbe niile &quot;na-arụ ọrụ&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;na-anwale&quot;.[1] N'ụzọ dị otu a, ọ na-enye aka na nkatọ poststructuralists nke ihe owuwu dị mkpa, ebe ọ na-echekwa ozizi nke psychoanalysis. Ọ gara China na 1970s wee dee Banyere Ụmụ Nwanyị China (1977).[2][3][4][5][6][7]

=== &quot;Semiotic&quot; na &quot;ihe nnọchianya&quot; ===
Otu n'ime ihe Kristeva nyere bụ na ihe abụọ mejupụtara ihe nnọchianya na ihe ndị ọzọ, nke ikpeazụ dị iche na ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche na ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche na nke Ferdinand de Saussure hiwere. Dịka Augustine Perumalil si kọwaa, &quot;semiotic&quot; nke Kristeva nwere njikọ chiri anya na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka &quot;oedipal&quot; nke ụmụaka e kwuru okwu ha n'akwụkwọ Freud, Otto Rank, Melanie Klein, British Object Relation psychoanalysis, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka &quot;ogidi enyo&quot; nke Lacan. Ọ bụ mpaghara mmetụta uche, nke ejikọtara na ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke bi na mgbawa na ihe ndị ọzọ dị na asụsụ kama ịkọwa okwu ndị ọzọ.[1] Ọzọkwa, dịka Birgit Schippers si kwuo, ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka &quot;ogidi&quot; bụ ebe e jikọtara ya na egwu, uri, ụda olu, na ihe na-enweghị nhazi na ihe ọ pụtara. O jikọtara ya na &quot;nwanyị&quot;, ma na-anọchite anya ọnọdụ enweghị ọdịiche nke nwa ọhụrụ dị na &quot;ogidi enyo&quot;.[2]

Mgbe ọ banyere n'elu ihe ngosi enyo, nwatakịrị ahụ na-amụta ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti onwe ya na onye ọzọ, wee banye n'ọkwa nke ihe ọdịbendị a na-ekerịta, nke a maara dị ka ihe nnọchianya. N'akwụkwọ ''Ọchịchọ n'Asụsụ'' (1980), Kristeva kọwara ihe nnọchianya dị ka oghere ebe mmepe asụsụ na-eme ka nwa ahụ bụrụ onye &quot;onye na-asụ asụsụ,&quot; ma na-etolite mmetụta nke njirimara dị iche na nke nne. A maara usoro nkewa a dị ka abjection, nke mere na nwatakịrị ga-ajụ ma pụọ n'ebe nne ya nọ iji banye n'ụwa nke asụsụ, omenala, ihe ọ pụtara, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. A na-akpọ mpaghara asụsụ a ihe nnọchianya ma tụnyere semiotic n'ihi na ejikọtara ya na nwoke, iwu, na nhazi. Kristeva si Lacan pụọ n'echiche na ọbụlagodi mgbe ọ banyere n'ihe nnọchianya ahụ, ihe nlereanya ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-agbagharị n'etiti semiotic na ihe nnọchianya. Ya mere, kama irute njirimara edobere, ihe nlereanya ahụ na-adịgide &quot;na usoro&quot;. N'ihi na ụmụaka nwanyị na-anọgide na-amata onwe ha ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ na ihe nlereanya nne, ha nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe njikọ chiri anya na semiotic. Ịmata onye nne a na-aga n'ihu nwere ike ibute ihe Kristeva kpọrọ &quot;melancholia&quot; na ''Black Sun'' (1989), ebe ọ bụ na ụmụ nwanyị na-ajụ ma na-amata onwe ha dịka nne ha.

A tụkwara aro (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Creed, 1993) na mmebi nke ahụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọdịnala ama ama (karịsịa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ihe nkiri slasher) na-apụta n'ihi ihe iyi egwu nke njirimara nke ahụ nne na-eweta: ọ bụ ihe ncheta nke oge ejiri mee ihe n'ọnọdụ enweghị ọdịiche nke semiotic, ebe mmadụ enweghị echiche nke onwe ma ọ bụ njirimara. Mgbe ọ kwusịrị nne ahụ, ndị a na-eme ihe nkiri na-anọgide na-enwe mmasị n'amaghị ama na semiotic, na-achọ ijikọghachi na nne, ebe n'otu oge ahụ na-atụ egwu mfu nke njirimara nke na-eso ya. Ya mere, ihe nkiri Slasher na-enye ụzọ maka ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri iji megharịa usoro nke mwepu site n'ịchụpụ na ibibi ọdịdị nne ahụ n'ụzọ doro anya.

A makwaara Kristeva maka ịnakwere echiche Plato banyere chora, nke pụtara &quot;ebe nne na-azụlite&quot; (Schippers, 2011). Echiche Kristeva banyere chora apụtala n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: dịka ntụaka maka akpanwa, dị ka ihe atụ maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nne na nwa, na dị ka oge dị n'ihu Mirror Stage. N'edemede ya bụ Nne Dịka Giovanni Bellini si kwuo site na Desire in Language (1980), Kristeva kpọrọ chora &quot;njupụta na-abụghị nke a na-egosipụta site na draịva na ọnọdụ ha n'ime mmegharị nke jupụtara na mmegharị dịka e si achịkwa ya.&quot; Ọ gara n'ihu na-atụ aro na ọ bụ ahụ nne na-eme ka chora na mpaghara ihe atụ dị n'etiti: nne nwere ohere ịnweta omenala na ihe ọ pụtara, ma na-emekwa ka njikọ zuru oke na nwa ahụ.

A makwaara Kristeva maka ọrụ ya gbasara echiche nke intertextuality.

=== Anthropology na psychology ===
Kristeva na-arụ ụka na nkà mmụta mmadụ na akparamaagwa, ma ọ bụ njikọ dị n'etiti mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na onye ahụ, anaghị anọchite anya ibe ha, kama ọ na-agbaso otu echiche ahụ: nchwkwa na ịdịgide nke otu mmadụ na nke isiokwu ahụ n'onwe ya. Ọzọkwa, na nyocha ya nke Oedipus, ọ na-ekwu na onye ahụ na-ekwu okwu enweghị ike ịdị ndụ n'onwe ya, kama na ọ &quot;na-eguzo n'ọnụ ụzọ dị nro dị ka a ga-asị na ọ gbachiri n'ihi ókèala na-agaghị ekwe omume&quot; (Ike nke Egwu, p. 85).
[[Faịlụ:Julia-Kristeva-Island-Of-Re-2005.jpg|thumb|Julia Kristeva na 2005]]
N'ịtụnyere ya n'etiti usoro mmụta abụọ ahụ, Kristeva kwuru na ụzọ mmadụ si ewepụ nne dị ka onye a na-eme ihere dị ka ụzọ isi mepụta njirimara, bụ otu ụzọ e si ewulite ọha mmadụ. N'ọtụtụ ebe, omenala na-ewepụ nne na nwanyị, site na nke a na-amalite ịdị.

== Nkwado ikike ụmụ nwaanyị ==
A na-ahụ Kristeva dị ka onye na-akwado echiche ụmụ nwanyị French yana Simone de Beauvoir, Hélène Cixous, na Luce Irigaray.[1][2] Kristeva enweela mmetụta dị egwu na ọmụmụ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị[3][4] na US na UK, yana ịgụ ihe n'ihe osise nke oge a[5][6] ọ bụ ezie na mmekọrịta ya na ndị otu na mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị na France abụrụla ihe arụmụka. Kristeva mere ka a mata ụdị echiche ụmụ nwanyị atọ a ma ama na &quot;Oge Ụmụ nwanyị&quot; na New Maladies of the Soul (1993); ebe ọ na-ajụ ụdị abụọ mbụ, gụnyere nke Beauvoir, a na-ewere ọnọdụ ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ịjụ echiche ụmụ nwanyị kpamkpam. Kristeva tụrụ aro echiche nke ọtụtụ njirimara mmekọahụ megide koodu ejikọtara ọnụ nke &quot;asụsụ nwanyị jikọtara ọnụ&quot;.

=== Nkwupụta nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara ===
Kristeva na-arụ ụka na ndị ọkà mmụta feminist nke Amerịka aghọtahiela ihe odide ya n'ọdịnala ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara. N'uche Kristeva, ọ bụghị naanị ịchọpụta nhazi asụsụ iji chọta ihe zoro ezo ọ pụtara. E kwesịkwara ilele asụsụ site na ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ahụmịhe nke onwe na nke mmekọahụ. Ụzọ a nke ndị na-eme ihe mgbe ha na-ahazi ihe mere eme mere ka otu ọha mmadụ nwee ike ịchọpụta isi iyi nke mmegbu ha na asụsụ ha ji eme ihe. Agbanyeghị, Kristeva kwenyere na ọ dị njọ itinye njirimara otu n'elu njirimara nke onye ọ bụla, nakwa na nkwupụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a nke njirimara mmekọahụ, agbụrụ, na okpukperechi bụ ọchịchị aka ike.[1]

== Onye edemede akụkọ ==
Kristeva edeela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị yiri akụkọ ndị nchọpụta mpu. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na-ejide akụkọ na-enweghị isi ma na-emepụta ọdịdị pụrụ iche, ndị na-agụ ya na-enwetakwa echiche ndị dị n'ọrụ ozizi ya. Ndị dike ya na-ekpughe onwe ha karịsịa site na ngwa uche, na-eme ka ụdị akụkọ ifo ya yie ọrụ [[Fyodor Dostoevsky|Dostoevsky]] mechara. Akụkọ ifo ya, nke gụnyere ''The Old Man and the Wolves'', ''Murder in Byzantium'', na ''Possessions'', ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-abụkarị ihe atụ, na-abịarukwa akụkọ ndụ onwe onye n'ụfọdụ akụkụ, karịsịa na otu n'ime ndị isi akụkọ nke ''Possessions'', Stephanie Delacour - onye nta akụkọ France - onye a pụrụ ịhụ dị ka alter ego Kristeva. ''Igbu ọchụ na Byzantium'' na-emetụta isiokwu sitere na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; ọ kpọrọ ya &quot;ụdị koodu megide- Da Vinci &quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;sutherland&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/ideas/story/0,,1730437,00.html|title=The ideas interview: Julia Kristeva; Why is a great critic ashamed of being fashionable?|first=John|author=Sutherland|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=14 March 2006|accessdate=23 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==
N'ihi &quot;nnyocha ọhụụ ya gbasara ajụjụ ndị dị n'etiti asụsụ, ọdịbendị na edemede&quot;, e nyere Kristeva ihe nrite Holberg International Memorial Prize na 2004. O meriri ihe nrite Hannah Arendt nke 2006 maka echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. E nyekwara ya Commander of the Legion of Honor, Commander of the Order of Merit, na ihe nrite Vaclav Havel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.holbergprisen.no/en/julia-kristeva/french-order|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2017-06-14|archivedate=2020-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002163830/https://holbergprisen.no/en/julia-kristeva/french-order/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Ọktoba 10, afo 2019, o nwetara ''akara ugo mmụta'' doctorate nke Mahadum Católica Portuguese.

== Nnabata agụmakwụkwọ ==
Roman Jakobson kwuru na &quot;Ma ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ma ndị na-ege ntị, ma hà kwenyere ma ha ekwetaghị Julia Kristeva ma ọ bụ ndị na-ekwenyeghị n'okwu ya siri ike, na-enwe mmetụta nke ịbụ olu ya na-efe efe na onyinye ya nke ịjụ ajụjụ 'axioms' a na-ejikarị eme ihe, na onyinye ya nke iwepụ ọtụtụ 'ajụjụ a mara mma' site na akara ajụjụ ọdịnala ha.&quot;

Roland Barthes kwuru na &quot;Julia Kristeva na-agbanwe ebe ihe dị: ọ na-ebibi ajọ mbunobi ikpeazụ mgbe niile, nke i chere na enwere ike ime ka obi sie gị ike, enwere ike iji ya &amp;#x5B;sic&amp;#x5D; nganga; ihe ọ na-ewepụ bụ ihe ekwurula, déja-dit, ya bụ, ihe atụ nke ihe a na-ekwu, ya bụ, nzuzu; ihe ọ na-agbanwe bụ ikike - ikike nke sayensị monologic, nke njikọ.&quot;

Ian Almond katọrọ echiche Kristeva gbasara agbụrụ mmadụ. O kwuru na nkwubi okwu Gayatri Spivak na akwụkwọ Kristeva ''Banyere Ụmụ Nwanyị China'' &quot;bụ nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ [nke] Kristeva na-akwa emo&quot; mgbe o kwuchara &quot;ụzọ dị mkpirikpi, sara mbara, nke na-enweghị isi nke o ji dee ihe dị ka puku afọ abụọ nke omenala ọ na-amaghị&quot;. Almond kwuru na enweghị nghọta dị na okwu Kristeva gbasara ụwa ndị Alakụba na okwu ndị na-anaghị asọpụrụ ya nke o ji akọwa omenala na ndị kwere ekwe ya. Ọ katọrọ mmegide Kristeva nke jikọtara &quot;obodo ndị Alakụba&quot; megide &quot;ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ebe ndụ ka dị mma&quot; site n'igosi na Kristeva anaghị ama maka arụmụka dị mgbagwoju anya na nke dị mgbagwoju anya na-aga n'ihu n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta echiche ụmụ nwanyị n'ụwa ndị Alakụba, nakwa na ọ naghị ezo aka na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ ma e wezụga fatwa Rushdie n'ịkatọ okwukwe ndị Alakụba dum dị ka &quot;mmeghachi omume na mmegbu&quot;.

N'akwụkwọ ''Impostures intellectuelles'' (1997), ndị prọfesọ physics bụ Alan Sokal na Jean Bricmont tinyere otu isiakwụkwọ na ojiji Kristeva maka mgbakọ na mwepụ n'ihe odide mbụ ya. Ha na-arụ ụka na Kristeva egosighi mkpa echiche mgbakọ na mwepụ ọ na-atụle bara na asụsụ na ngalaba ndị ọzọ ọ na-amụ, nakwa na ọ dịghị mkpa dị otú ahụ.

== E boro ebubo na ha na ọchịchị Kọmunist na Bulgaria jikọrọ aka ==
Na 2018, Kọmishọna Dossier nke steeti Bulgaria kwupụtara na Kristeva bụ onye nnọchi anya Kọmitii Nchebe Steeti n'okpuru aha koodu &quot;Sabina&quot;. A na-ekwu na a na-ewe ya n'ọrụ na June 1971, afọ ise tupu mgbe ahụ ọ hapụrụ Bulgaria ịga akwụkwọ na France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 March 2018|title=Julia Kristeva avait été recrutée par les services secrets communistes bulgares|url=https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20180328.OBS4308/julia-kristeva-avait-ete-recrutee-par-les-services-secrets-communistes-bulgares.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054334/https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20180328.OBS4308/julia-kristeva-avait-ete-recrutee-par-les-services-secrets-communistes-bulgares.html|archivedate=29 March 2018|accessdate=29 March 2018|work=Bibliobs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sofia|first=Reuters in|date=March 28, 2018|title=Julia Kristeva was communist secret agent, Bulgaria claims|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/28/julia-kristeva-communist-secret-agent-bulgaria-claims|work=the Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'okpuru Republic of Bulgaria, onye Bulgaria ọ bụla chọrọ ịga mba ọzọ ga-etinye akwụkwọ maka visa ọpụpụ ma nweta nkwado site na Ministri nke Ime Obodo. Usoro a dị ogologo ma sie ike n'ihi na onye ọ bụla rutere n'ọdịda anyanwụ nwere ike ịkpọsa ebe mgbaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/redriviera01ghod|quote=declare political asylum.|title=The Red Riviera: Gender, tourism, and postsocialism on the Black Sea|publisher=Duke University Press|author=Ghodsee|first=Kristen Rogheh|date=November 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kristeva akpọọla ebubo ndị a &quot;ihe jọgburu onwe ya na ụgha&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2018/03/29/julia-kristeva-denies-being-communist-state-security-spy-03-29-2018/|title=Julia Kristeva Denies Being Bulgarian Security Agent|date=March 29, 2018|accessdate=July 14, 2020|archivedate=July 14, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714140040/https://balkaninsight.com/2018/03/29/julia-kristeva-denies-being-communist-state-security-spy-03-29-2018/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 30 Maachị, Kọmishọna Dossier nke steeti malitere ibipụta akwụkwọ niile dị n'ịntanetị na-egosi ọrụ Kristeva dịka onye na-agwa Kọmitii Nchebe Steeti mbụ. Ọ gọnarịrị ebubo ndị ahụ nke ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/01/arts/julia-kristeva-bulgaria-communist-spy.html|title=Bulgaria Says French Thinker Was a Secret Agent. She Calls It a 'Barefaced Lie.'|author=Schuessler|first=Jennifer|date=2018-04-01|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2018-04-02|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neal Ascherson dere, sị: &quot;...okwu gbasara Julia Kristeva n'oge na-adịbeghị anya abụghị ihe dị ukwuu, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ gbarịrị ime ya ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu scandal... Mana eziokwu dị na faịlụ ya abụghị ihe dị mfe. Mgbe ọ biri na Paris na 1965, ndị Bulgarian na-awakpo ya gwara ya na ọ ka nwere ezinụlọ na-adịghị ike n'obodo ha. Ya mere, o kwetara ịga nzukọ oge niile ruo ọtụtụ afọ, nke o yiri ka ọ gwaghị ndị na-elekọta ya ihe ọ bụla karịa asịrị gbasara Aragon, Bataille &amp; Co. site na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Left Bank - ihe ha gaara agụ na ''Le Canard enchaîné'' ... uru ọgụgụ isi nke ngwaahịa ya na akụkọ ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ efu. Ndị nche Bulgarian yiri ka ha maara na a na-egwu ha. Mana echefula: ha nwere ike ime ka onyeisi ha nwee mmasị site n'igosi ya onye ama ama mba ụwa n'akwụkwọ ha...&quot;

== Ihe odide ahọpụtara ==

=== Asụsụ na akwụkwọ ===

* ''Séméiôtiké: recherches pour une sémanalyse,'' Paris, Seuil, 1969 (trans. in ''Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art,'' New York, Columbia University Press, Blackwell, London, 1980)
* ''Le langage, cet inconnu: Une mmalite à la linguistique,'' SGPP, 1969; ọhụrụ ed., kọl. Points, Seuil, 1981 (trans. na 1981 dị ka ''Asụsụ. Amaghị: ihe mmalite n'ime asụsụ asụsụ'', Columbia University Press, Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1989)
* ''La révolution du langage poétique: L'avant-garde à la fin du 19e siècle: Lautréamont et Mallarmé,'' Seuil, Paris, 1974 (abridged trans. nwere naanị ụzọ atọ nke mbụ nke mbipụta French mbụ, ''Revolution in Poetic Language,'' Columbia University Press, New York, 1984)
* ''Polylogue'', Seuil, Paris, 1977 (nsụgharị na ''Ọchịchọ n'asụsụ: Ụzọ Semiotic maka Akwụkwọ na Nka,'' New York, Columbia University Press, Blackwell, London, 1980)
* ''Histoires d'amour'', Denoël, Paris, 1983 (trans. ''Tales of Love,'' Columbia University Press, New York, 1987)
* ''Le temps ezi uche.'' Proust et ''l'expérience littéraire, Gallimard, Paris, 1994 (trans. Time and Sense: Proust'' ''and the experience of books ,'' Columbia University Press, New York, 1996)
* ''Dostoïevski'', Buchet-Chastel, Paris, 2020

=== Nkà ihe ọmụma na nkà ihe ọmụma ===

* ''Pouvoirs de l'horreur. Essai sur l'abjection'' (trans. ''Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection'', Columbia University Press, New York, 1982)
* ''Au mmalite était l'amour. Psychanalyse et foi'', Hachette, Paris, 1985 (trans. ''Na mmalite bụ ịhụnanya. Psychoanalysis and Faith'', Columbia University Press, New York, 1987)
* ''Soleil Noir. Dépression et mélancolie'', Gallimard, Paris, 1987 (trans. ''The Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia,'' Columbia University Press, New York, 1989)
* ''Etrangers à nous-mêmes'', Fayard, Paris, 1988 (''Strangers to Ourselves'', Columbia University Press, New York, 1991)
* ''Lettre ouverte à Harlem Désir'', Rivages, Paris, 1990, (trans. ''Nations without Nationalism'' . Columbia University Press, New York, 1993
* ''Les'' ''Nouvelles maladies de l'âme, Fayard, Paris, 1993 (trans. New Maladies of the Soul.'' Columbia University Press, New York, 1995)
* ''Sens et non sens de la'' ''révolte, Fayard, Paris, 1996 (trans. The Sense of Revolt'', Columbia University Press, 2000)
* ''La Révolte intime'', Fayard, 1997 (trans. ''Intimate Revolt'', Columbia University Press, 2002)
* ''Le'' ''Génie féminin'' : la ''vie, la folie, les mots, Fayard, Paris, 1999–2002 (trans. Genius Female Genius : Life, Madness, Words'', Columbia University Press, New York, 2001–2004):
** 1. ''Hannah Arendt ou l'action comme naissance et comme étrangeté'', vol. 1, Fayard, Paris, 1999
** ''2. Melanie Klein ou le matricide comme douleur et comme créativité: la folie'', vol. 2, Fayard, Paris, 2000
** ''3. Colette ou la oche du monde'', vol. 3, Fayard, Paris, 2002
* ''Vision capitales'', Réunion des musées nationalaux, 1998 (trans. ''The Severed Head: isi obodo ọhụụ,'' Columbia University Press, New York, 2012)

=== Edemede akụkọ ndụ onwe onye ===

* ''Des Chinoises'', mbipụta des Femmes, Paris, 1974 ( ''Banyere ụmụ nwanyị China,'' Marion Boyars, London, 1977
* ''Du mariage considéré comme un des Beaux-Arts'', Fayard, Paris, 2015 (''Marriage as a Fine Art'' (with Philippe Sollers) Columbia University Press, New York 2016
* ''Njem m. Ihe ncheta. Entretien avec Samuel Dock'', Fayard, Paris, 2016 (''Njem Gafere Ókèala na Site na njirimara. Mkparịta ụka ya na Samuel Dock'', na ''Nkà Ihe Ọmụma nke Julia Kristeva'', ed. Sara Beardsworth, Ọbá Akwụkwọ nke Ndị Ọkà Ihe Ọmụma Dị Ndụ, v. 36, Open Cort, Chicago, 2020)

=== Nchịkọta edemede ===

* ''Onye na-agụ akwụkwọ Kristeva'', onye nchịkọta akụkọ Toril Moi, Columbia University Press, New York, 1986
* Akwụkwọ akụkọ ''The Portable Kristeva'', onye edemede Kelly Oliver, Columbia University Press, New York, 1997
* ''Nsogbu nke Isiokwu Ndị Yuropu'', Ndị Akụkọ Ndị Ọzọ, New York, 2000
* ''La Haine na mgbaghara'', onye edemede ya na okwu mmalite nke Pierre-Louis Fort, Fayard, Paris, 2005 (trans. ''Ịkpọasị na mgbaghara'', Columbia University Press, New York, 2010)
* ''Pulsions du temps'', okwu mmalite, mbipụta na ihe ndetu nke David Uhrig, Fayard, Paris, 2013 (trans. ''Passions of Our Time'', ed. with a preview by Lawrence D. Kritzman, Columbia University Press, New York, 2019)

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ===

* ''Les Samouraïs'', Fayard, Paris, 1990 (trans. ''The Samurai: A Novel'', Columbia University Press, New York, 1992)
* ''Le Vieil homme'' ''et les loups, Fayard, Paris, 1991 (trans. The Old'' Man and the Wolves, Columbia University Press, New York, 1994)
* ''Ihe onwunwe'', Fayard, Paris, 1996 (trans. ''Ihe onwunwe: Akwụkwọ akụkọ'', Columbia University Press, New York, 1998)
* ''Meurtre à Byzance'', Fayard, Paris, 2004 (trans. ''Murder in Byzantium'', Columbia University Press, New York, 2006)
* ''Therèse mon amour : récit. Sainte Thérèse d'Avila'', Fayard, 2008 (trans. ''Teresa, onye m hụrụ n'anya. Ndụ E chepụtara echepụta nke Onye Nsọ nke Avila'', Columbia University Press, New York, 2015)
* ''L'Horloge enchantée'', Fayard, Paris, 2015 (trans. ''The Enchanted Clock,'' Columbia University Press, 2017)

== Hụkwa ==
 {{Continental philosophy}}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Feminist theory}}{{The VIZE 97 Prize}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Beardsworth, Sara, ''Nkà Ihe Ọmụma nke Julia Kristeva'', Ọbá Akwụkwọ nke Ndị Ọkà Ihe Ọmụma Dị Ndụ, mpịakọta nke 36, Mahadum Southern Illinois Carbondale, Ụlọikpe Oghe, Chicago, 2020
* Jardine, Alice, ''Nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke iche echiche.'' ''Akụkọ ndụ ọgụgụ isi nke Julia Kristeva'', Bloomsbury, New York, 2020
* Ivantcheva-Merjanska, Irene, ''Ecrire dans la langue de l'autre.'' ''Assia Djebar et Julia Kristeva,'' L'Harmattan, Paris, 2015.
* Kelly Ives, ''Julia Kristeva: nka, ịhụnanya, mwute, nkà ihe ọmụma, semiotics na psychoanalysis'', Crescent Moon, Maidstone, 2013
* Becker-Leckrone, Megan, ''Julia Kristeva na Akwụkwọ Odide'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2005
* Beardsworth, Sara, ''Psychoanalysis na Modernity'', Suny Press, Albany, 2004
* Radden, Jennifer, ''Ọdịdị nke Mwute: Site na Aristotle ruo Kristeva'', Oxford University Press, 2000
* Lechte, John, na Margaroni, Maria, ''Julia Kristeva: Theory Live'', Continuum, 2004
* McAfee, Noëlle, ''Julia Kristeva'', Routledge, London, 2004
* Smith, Anna, ''Julia Kristeva: Akwụkwọ nke Ịpụ na Mbugharị'', St. Martin's Press, New York, 1996.
* Oliver, Kelly, ''Ụkpụrụ Omume, Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị, na Ihe Dị Iche na Ide Ihe Julia Kristeva dere'', Routledge Edition, New York, 1993
* Crownfield, David, ''Ahụ/Ederede na Julia Kristeva: Okpukperechi, Ụmụnwaanyị, na Nnyocha Uche'', Mahadum Steeti nke New York Press, 1992
* Oliver, Kelly, ''Reading Kristeva.'' ''Unraveling the Double-bind'', Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1983

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kristeva, Julia}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

* Official website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170801171230/http://www.holbergprisen.no/julia-kristeva/holbergprisens-symposium-2004-julia-kristeva.html Holberg Prize]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120717131357/http://www.exberliner.com/articles/%22one-needs-to-believe%2C-but-what%27s-more-important-is-to-question-what-we-believe%22/index.html Interview with Julia Kristeva in Exberliner Magazine] Archived 2012-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
* [http://hvolat.com/Kristeva/kristeva.htm Julia Kristeva: A Bibliography] Archived 2019-04-21 at the Wayback Machine by Hélène Volat
* Goodnow, Katherine J.(2015). ''[http://www.berghahnbooks.com/title.php?rowtag=GoodnowKristeva Kristeva in Focus: From Theory to Film Analysis] Archived 2015-03-19 at the Wayback Machine''. Berghahn Books.
{{Reflist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>4poyj9jvt9kepedeq70shodv1xd3vkz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ina Césaire</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75933</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638940</id>
      <parentid>638425</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T15:47:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>638940</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4360" sha1="m17y4l74hdqt42qar5lgtb7uumqnygm" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Ina Césaire''' ( [ina sezɛʁ]; 13 October 1942 - 24 June 2025) bụ onye France na-ede egwuregwu na onye na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ina Césaire, la fille d'Aimé Césaire, est morte à l'âge de 83 ans|date=24 June 2025|url=https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/martinique/fort-france/ina-cesaire-la-faille-d-aimee-cesaire-est-morte-a-l-age-de-83-ans-1598805.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lehman.cuny.edu/ile.en.ile/paroles/cesaire_ina.html|title=Ina Césaire|date=23 November 2002|accessdate=19 May 2026|archivedate=14 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114180707/https://www.lehman.cuny.edu/ile.en.ile/paroles/cesaire_ina.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'isiokwu ya nke afọ 1981 &quot;Littérature orale et contes&quot;,  &quot;ọ na-atụle etu akụkọ Caribbean si bụrụ ezigbo 'revélateur' nke mmụọ [Caribbean] ma kwado na ọrụ nke akụkọ ọdịnala Caribbean bụ ịnọchite anya ọdịbendị&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Césaire|first=Ina|date=1981|title=Littérature orale et contes|journal=L'Historial Antillais, Guadeloupe et Martinique. Des Îles Aux Homes|volume=1|pages=479–490}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vété-Congolo|first=Hanétha|date=June 2007|title=Caribbean Storytales: a Methodology for Resistance|url=https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1131&amp;context=anthurium|journal=[[Anthurium: A Caribbean Studies Journal]]|volume=5|doi=10.33596/anth.93}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{IPA|fr|ina sezɛʁ|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ina sezɛʁ|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ina sezɛʁ|lang}}

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
A mụrụ Ina Césaire na 13 Ọktoba 1942,  dị ka nwa nwanyị nke onye edemede na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ Ọchịchịrị Aimé Césaire. Nne ya, Suzanne Césaire, bụ onye edemede French si Martinique onye ọrụ ya jikọtara ya na òtù Francophone Negritude . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kent|first=Alicia|date=2011|title=Race, Gender, and Comparative Black Modernism: Suzanne Lacascade, Marita Bonner, Suzanne Césaire, Dorothy West (review)|journal=Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers|volume=28|pages=143–145}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Césaire nwụrụ na 24 June 2025, mgbe ọ dị afọ 82. 

== Onye na-ede ihe nkiri ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lee|first=Vanessa|title=Four Caribbean Women Playwrights|date=2021|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-83364-0|isbn=978-3-030-83363-3|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-83364-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ụrụ ndọdị Egwu Nke Césaire Sitere N’Ọkụ Akọkụ ụnụ. “Ọrụ Ihe Nkiri ya Sitere N’Akụkị Sitere N’ike Mmụ́ Nsụ na-Egosi Ị Garaịt N’Ịgbanwe Akụkị zuru oke na ihe nkiri mbù ya, itinye ihe ndì dụ n'akuziri ma ùkù kpàkùkù. Akọcha n'ọrụrụ n'ọzọ, iji melite akịkụ ụfọdụnhẹ n'ime ha ka ha Kwekịọ na ịdụdụ nke Oge a na Egwuregwu Ndọ na-Adịbegh ị Anya.Egwuregwu mbù ya. L&quot;Enfant des passes ou la geste de ti-jean (1987), dụka wụmaatụrụ, bọ mesochi dụ Egwu Nke Nkem Nke Onye Na-akụ akịkọ ifo mere eme ti-jean.

== Ọrụ ==

=== Egwuregwu ===

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* L'Enfant des Passages ma ọ bụ Geste de Ti-Jean. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* La Maison fermée (nke a na-ebipụtabeghị). Okike 1991.
* Rosanie Soleil Paris: Soc. Ndị edemede na ndị na-ede ihe nkiri, 1992. Okike 1992.

=== N'asụsụ Bekee ===

* &quot;Island Memories&quot;. Nsụgharị, Christiane Makward na J. Miller. Egwuregwu nke ụmụ nwanyị French na Francophone. Ann Arbor: Mahadum nke Michigan Press, 1994: 49-74.   
* &quot;Fire's Daughters (Rosanie Soleil) &quot;. Nsụgharị. Judith G. Miller: ''Egwuregwu Asụsụ French Ọhụrụ''. New York: Ubu Repertory Theatre, 1993: 1-53.

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ===

* ''Zonzon Tête Carrée''. Monaco: Ed. du Rocher, 1994  ; Monaco: Alphée/Le Serpent à Plumes, 2004.
* Aimé Césaire, 10 ans déjà, éditions L'Esprit du Temps, 2018  , with Patrick Singaïny

== Ntụle ==

* {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/20/theater/theater-in-review-155493.html|title=Theater in Review|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=D. J. R.|author=Bruckner|date=20 October 1993}}
* Miyasaki, June, &quot;Writing the Landscape of Memory: Ina Cesaire's Memoires d'Isles&quot;, Journal of Caribbean Literatures, 22 June 2009.
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
      <sha1>m17y4l74hdqt42qar5lgtb7uumqnygm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ụdọ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75964</id>
    <redirect title="Ụ̀dọ̀" />
    <revision>
      <id>638944</id>
      <parentid>638746</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T17:41:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EmausBot</username>
        <id>2058</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Fixing double redirect from [[Édēchághị́:Ụ̀dọ̀]] to [[Ụ̀dọ̀]]</comment>
      <origin>638944</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23" sha1="mrfip1pgqaelfq5di9xcs69s9qoz3s4" xml:space="preserve">#KÚFÙ [[Ụ̀dọ̀]]</text>
      <sha1>mrfip1pgqaelfq5di9xcs69s9qoz3s4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Sura Shukurlu</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>75983</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638934</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T12:00:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DolphybBot</username>
        <id>61063</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot)</comment>
      <origin>638934</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="145" sha1="luh5j4wjhixejticwivys5zz2379oor" xml:space="preserve">
{{Nnọọ|username=Sura Shukurlu|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 12:00, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC)}}</text>
      <sha1>luh5j4wjhixejticwivys5zz2379oor</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lydia Davis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75984</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638935</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T12:46:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NiferO</username>
        <id>20385</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353503600|Lydia Davis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27087" sha1="3aj2i5tx71efn3ffr4lvmy227dkwhv3" xml:space="preserve">
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Lydia Davis''' (amụrụ n'ọnwa Julaị 15, afọ 1947) bụ onye America na-ede akụkọ mkpirikpi, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye edemede, na onye ntụgharị site na French na asụsụ ndị ọzọ, onye na'edekarị akụkọ mkpirisi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/13/flash-fiction_n_5481868.html|title=Read 15 Amazing Works Of Fiction In Less Than 30 Minutes|first=Maddie|author=Crum|date=Jun 13, 2014|accessdate=Oct 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lareviewofbooks.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/book-gets-fatter/|title=The Book Gets Fatter: Lydia Davis's &quot;Can't and Won't&quot;|first=Michael|author=LaPointe|work=Los Angeles Review of Books|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=Oct 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Davis emeela ọtụtụ nsụgharị ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ edemede French, gụnyere Swann's Way nke Marcel Proust na Madame Bovary nke Gustave Flaubert.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Davis na Northampton, Massachusetts, n'ọnwa Julia 15, afọ 1947. &lt;ref name=&quot;ILFB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.literaturfestival.com/participants/authors/2001/lydia-davis|title=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin – Lydia Davis|publisher=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin|accessdate=2013-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Robert Gorham Davis, onye nkatọ na prọfesọ nke Bekee, na Hope Hale Davis, onye edemede akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, onye nkuzi, na onye na-ede akụkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CL-Int&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=An Interview with Lydia Davis|author=Knight, Christopher J.|journal=Contemporary Literature|year=1999|volume=40|issue=4|pages=525–551|doi=10.2307/1208793}}&lt;/ref&gt; Davis malitere ịmụ egwu, nke mbụ piano, mgbe ahụ violin, nke bụ ịhụnanya mbụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miller, Michael&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.032c.com/magazine/storytelling-a-strange-impulse-lydia-davis|title=Lydia Davis: Storytelling, a Strange Impulse|author=Miller, Michael|publisher=032c|accessdate=25 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ onye edemede, Davis kwuru, sị, &quot;Ọ ga-abụ na m na-agakarị ịbụ onye edemede, ọ bụ ezie na nke ahụ abụghị ịhụnanya mbụ m. Echere m na ọ ga-abụrịrị na m na-achọkarị ide ihe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke m ma ọ bụ na agaghị m eme ya.&quot;  Site na nke ise ruo nke asatọ, ọ gara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Brearley na New York City.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.032c.com/magazine/storytelling-a-strange-impulse-lydia-davis//|title=Lydia Davis: Storytelling, a Strange Impulse|author=Miller, Michael|publisher=032c|accessdate=25 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na klas nke ise ruo asatọ, ọ gara The Brearley School na New York City. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na The Putney School, gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 1965. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Barnard College, n'oge ahụ ọ na-edekarị abụ uri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miller, Michael&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1974, Davis lụrụ Paul Auster, onye ya na ya mụrụ nwa nwoke aha ya bụ Daniel (1977-2022).&lt;ref name=&quot;CL-Int&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=An Interview with Lydia Davis|author=Knight, Christopher J.|journal=Contemporary Literature|year=1999|volume=40|issue=4|pages=525–551|doi=10.2307/1208793}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Vadukul|first=Alex|date=2022-07-27|title=The Life and Death of Daniel Auster, a Son of Literary Brooklyn|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/style/daniel-auster-life-death.html|accessdate=2023-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Auster na Davis mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm; Davis lụrụ onye na-ese ihe Alan Cote ugbu a,  onye ya na ya nwere nwa nwoke ọzọ, Theo Cote.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ind-Man&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sherwin, Adam|date=2013-05-23|title=World's most concise short story writer Lydia Davis wins Booker International Prize 2013|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/worlds-most-concise-short-story-writer-lydia-davis-wins-booker-international-prize-2013-8627388.html|accessdate=2013-05-23|publisher=Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ prọfesọ emerita na Mahadum dị na Albany, SUNY,  ma bụrụkwa onye edemede pụrụ iche nke Lillian Vernon na Mahadum New York n'afọ 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lydia Davis|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/people/lydia-davis|accessdate=2024-11-29|work=The Poetry Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cwp.as.nyu.edu/object/cwp.announcements.Davis|title=Lydia Davis is Lillian Vernon Distinguished Writer-in-Residence|publisher=New York University|accessdate=2013-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Davis ebipụtala nchịkọta akụkọ isii, gụnyere The Thirteenth Woman and Other Stories (1976) na Break It Down (1986), onye ikpeazụ maka PEN / Hemingway Award. Nchịkọta ya kachasị ọhụrụ bụ Varieties of Disturbance, onye ikpeazụ maka National Book Award nke Farrar, Straus na Giroux bipụtara na 2007, na Can't and Won't (2013). The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis (2009) nwere akụkọ ifo ya niile ruo 2008.

Davis atụgharịwokwa Proust, Flaubert, Blanchot, Foucault, Michel Butor, Michel Leiris, Pierre Jean Jouve na ndị edemede French ndị ọzọ, &lt;ref name=&quot;ILFB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.literaturfestival.com/participants/authors/2001/lydia-davis|title=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin – Lydia Davis|publisher=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin|accessdate=2013-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana onye edemede Belgian Conrad Detrez na onye edemede Dutch A. L. Snijders.

O dere otu akwụkwọ akụkọ, The End of the Story, nke Farrar, Straus na Giroux bipụtara n'afọ 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/max-issue.html?issue=526|title=Thursday, July 13, 2023: Maximum Shelf: Our Strangers|work=www.shelf-awareness.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmeghachi omume na mmetụta ==
A kọwara Davis dị ka &quot;onye ukwu nke ụdị edemede nke ya onwe ya mepụtara&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Teicher|first=Craig Morgan|title=Collected Stories of Lydia Davis|url=http://www.cleveland.com/bookreviews/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/entertainment-1/1255163642224190.xml&amp;coll=2|work=The Plain Dealer|date=October 11, 2009|accessdate=March 20, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụfọdụ n'ime &quot;akụkọ&quot; ya bụ naanị otu ma ọ bụ abụọ ahịrịokwu. Davis jiri ọrụ ndị a tụnyere ụlọ elu n'echiche na nnukwu oghere gbara ha gburugburu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://032c.com/2013/storytelling-a-strange-impulse-lydia-davis/|title=LYDIA DAVIS: Storytelling, a Strange Impulse|author=032c.com|accessdate=17 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ide na Los Angeles Review of Books, Michael LaPointe na-aga n'ihu na-ekwu mgbe &quot;Lydia Davis chepụtara akụkọ ifo, ... ọ bụ onye na-eme ya n'oge a&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;lareviewofbooks.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/book-gets-fatter/|title=The Book Gets Fatter: Lydia Davis's &quot;Can't and Won't&quot;|first=Michael|author=LaPointe|work=Los Angeles Review of Books|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=Oct 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Olu ya pụrụ iche adịtụbeghị mfe ịbanye n'ụdị omenala,&quot; ka Kasia Boddy dere na ''Columbia Companion to the 21st Century Short Story''. Boddy dere, sị: &quot;Ihe atụ Davis na-aga nke ọma mgbe ha na-enyocha nsogbu nke nkwurịta okwu n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, na atụmatụ nke ọ bụla na-eji akọwa okwu na omume nke onye nke ọzọ. &quot;  N'ime ndị edemede nke oge a, ọ bụ naanị Davis, Stuart Dybek, na Alice Fulton na-ekerịta ọdịiche nke ịpụta na The Best American Short Stories na The Best America Poetry series.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Columbia Companion to the Twentieth-Century American Short Story|author=Boddy|first=Kasia|editor=Gelfant|chapter=Lydia Davis (1947– )|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=219–223|doi=10.7312/gelf11098|isbn=9780231504959}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2003, Davis natara MacArthur Fellowship.&lt;ref name=&quot;Believer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.believermag.com/issues/200801/?read=interview_davis|title=Interview with LYDIA DAVIS|publisher=The Believer|accessdate=2013-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences n'afọ 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter D|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterD.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=15 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Davis bụ ọkà okwu pụrụ iche na 2004 &amp;NOW Festival na Mahadum Notre Dame . &lt;ref name=&quot;&amp;Now&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=&amp;Now Program Schedule|url=http://www.nd.edu/~andnow/schedule.html|work=&amp;Now 2004|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=29 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015191925/http://www.nd.edu/~andnow/schedule.html|archivedate=15 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mara ọkwa Davis dị ka onye mmeri nke 2013 Man Booker International Prize na 22 Mee 2013 . &lt;ref name=&quot;2013win&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10074108/Man-Booker-International-Prize-2013-Lydia-Davis-wins.html|title=Man Booker International Prize 2013: Lydia Davis wins|publisher=Telegraph|date=2013-05-22|accessdate=2013-05-22|author=Stock, Jon}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkwuputa ọkwa nke onyinye Davis na weebụsaịtị Man Booker Prize kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka inwe &quot;nkenke na nkenke nke uri.&quot; Onye isi oche ikpe ikpe Christopher Ricks kwuru, sị, &quot;Enwere ịmụrụ anya na akụkọ ya, na nnukwu nlebara anya na-eche echiche. Nlebara anya ka esi aghọta ihe ruo n'okwu ma ọ bụ syllable; ịmụrụ anya maka ebumnobi adịghị ọcha na echiche efu nke onye ọ bụla.&quot;  Davis ritere £ 60,000 dị ka akụkụ nke onyinye ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prize2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/lydia-davis-wins-man-booker-international-prize-2013|title=Lydia Davis wins the Man Booker International Prize 2013|publisher=Man Brooker Prize|date=2013-05-22|accessdate=2013-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826185202/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/lydia-davis-wins-man-booker-international-prize-2013|archivedate=2014-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22625777|title=Man Booker International prize goes to Lydia Davis|date=22 May 2013|accessdate=23 May 2013|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewere ya dịka &quot;otu n'ime ndị isi na akụkọ ifo America taa&quot;.

Davis jụrụ ire akwụkwọ ya bụ Our Strangers on [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Meyer|first=Lily|date=2023-09-28|title=Why You Can't Buy Lydia Davis's New Book on Amazon|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/?post_type=article&amp;p=463178|accessdate=2023-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Clark|first=Alex|date=2023-09-30|title='I'm not worried about fame or glory': Lydia Davis, the author who has refused to sell her book on Amazon|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/30/im-not-worried-about-fame-or-glory-lydia-davis-the-author-who-has-refused-to-sell-her-book-on-amazon|accessdate=2023-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Edepụtara mkpokọta ya Akụkọ Anakọtara nke Lydia Davis dị ka otu n'ime &quot;akwụkwọ 100 kacha mma nke narị afọ nke 21st&quot; nke New York Times dere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=The New York Times Book Staff|title=100 Best Books of the 21st Century|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/books/best-books-21st-century.html|work=The New York Times|date=8 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe nrite ===

* 1986 PEN/Hemingway Award finalist, maka Break It Down&lt;ref name=&quot;ILFB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.literaturfestival.com/participants/authors/2001/lydia-davis|title=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin – Lydia Davis|publisher=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin|accessdate=2013-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1988 Whiting Award maka akụkọ ifo &lt;ref name=&quot;CL-Int&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=An Interview with Lydia Davis|author=Knight, Christopher J.|journal=Contemporary Literature|year=1999|volume=40|issue=4|pages=525–551|doi=10.2307/1208793}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;St. Martin,&quot; akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na Grand Street, gụnyere na The Best American Short Stories 1997.
* 1997 Guggenheim Fellowship
* 1998 Lannan Literary Award for Fiction&lt;ref name=&quot;ILFB&quot; /&gt;
* 1999 Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres maka akụkọ ifo na ntụgharị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Believer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.believermag.com/issues/200801/?read=interview_davis|title=Interview with LYDIA DAVIS|publisher=The Believer|accessdate=2013-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Agbalị,&quot; akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na mbụ na ''Hambone'', gụnyere na The Best American Poetry 1999
* &quot;A Mown Lawn,&quot; akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na ''McSweeney''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s, gụnyere na The Best American Poetry 2001
* 2003 MacArthur Fellows Program&lt;ref name=&quot;Believer&quot; /&gt;
* 2007 National Book Award Fiction finalist, maka Varieties of Disturbance: Stories &lt;ref name=&quot;NBA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalbook.org/nba2007_f_davis_interv.html|title=2007 National Book Award Fiction Finalist Interview With Lydia Davis|publisher=National Book Foundation|accessdate=2013-05-23|author=Johnston, Bret Anthony|archivedate=2013-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134222/http://nationalbook.org/nba2007_f_davis_interv.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Ndị ikom,&quot; akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na 32 Poems, gụnyere na The Best American Poetry 2008
* 2013 American Academy of Arts and Letters' Award of Merit Medal &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsandletters.org/press_releases/2013literature.php|title=The American Academy of Arts and Letters Announces 2013 Literature Award Winners and Inaugural E. B. White Award|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Letters|date=2013-03-13|accessdate=2013-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313042256/http://www.artsandletters.org/press_releases/2013literature.php|archivedate=2015-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013 Philolexian Society Award for Distinguished Literary Achievement
* 2013 Man Booker International Prize &lt;ref name=&quot;2013win&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10074108/Man-Booker-International-Prize-2013-Lydia-Davis-wins.html|title=Man Booker International Prize 2013: Lydia Davis wins|publisher=Telegraph|date=2013-05-22|accessdate=2013-05-22|author=Stock, Jon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020 PEN/Malamud Award &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2020 Winner|publisher=The PEN/Faulkner Foundation|url=https://www.penfaulkner.org/pen-malamud-award/2018-winners/|accessdate=2020-08-25|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731195428/https://www.penfaulkner.org/pen-malamud-award/2018-winners/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụgharị asụsụ ahọpụtara ==

* The Thirteenth Woman and Other Stories, Living Hand, 1976&lt;ref name=&quot;ILFB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.literaturfestival.com/participants/authors/2001/lydia-davis|title=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin – Lydia Davis|publisher=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin|accessdate=2013-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Sketches for a Life of Wassilly|publisher=Station Hill Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0-930794-45-3}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Story and Other Stories|publisher=The Figures|year=1983|isbn=978-0-935724-17-2}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Break It Down|publisher=Farrar Straus &amp; Giroux|year=1986|isbn=0-374-11653-9|url=https://archive.org/details/breakitdownstori00davi}}
*  (akwụkwọ akụkọ) {{Cite book|ref=none|title=[[The End of the Story]]|publisher=Farrar Straus &amp; Giroux|year=1995|isbn=978-0-374-14831-7|id={{OL|ia:endofstory00davi}}}}
* {{Cite book|title=Almost No Memory|publisher=Farrar Straus &amp; Giroux|year=1997|isbn=978-0-374-10281-4}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Samuel Johnson Is Indignant|publisher=McSweeney's|year=2001|isbn=978-0-9703355-9-3|url=https://archive.org/details/samueljohnsonisi00davi}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=[[Varieties of Disturbance]]|publisher=Farrar Straus &amp; Giroux|date=May 15, 2007|isbn=978-0-374-28173-1}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Proust, Blanchot, and a Woman in Red|publisher=Center for Writers and Translators|year=2007|isbn=9780955296352}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis|publisher=Farrar, Straus &amp; Giroux|year=2009|isbn=978-0-374-27060-5}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis By Lydia Davis|url=http://www.bookmarksmagazine.com/book-review/collected-stories-lydia-davis/lydia-davis|accessdate=14 January 2023|work=Bookmarks|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905084326/http://www.bookmarksmagazine.com:80/book-review/collected-stories-lydia-davis/lydia-davis|archivedate=5 Sep 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*  (nke e bipụtara na Can't and Won't) {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Cows|publisher=Sarabande Books|year=2011|isbn=9781932511932}}
* ''Lydia Davis: Documenta Series 078''. Hatje Cantz 2012. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9783775729277|&lt;bdi&gt;9783775729277&lt;/bdi&gt;]] &amp;nbsp;
*  (nke ya na [[Eliot Weinberger]] dere) {{Cite book|title=Two American Scenes|publisher=New Directions|isbn=9780811220415}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Can't and Won't: Stories|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2014|isbn=9780374118587}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Essays One|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2019|isbn=9780374148850}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Essays Two|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2021|isbn=9780374148867}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Our Strangers: Stories|publisher=Bookshop Editions|year=2023|isbn=9798987717103}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Leu|first=Chelsea|date=2023-10-04|title=Life Is Boring. Lydia Davis's New Book Makes That Fascinating.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/04/books/review/our-strangers-lydia-davis.html|accessdate=2023-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Athitakis|first=Mark|date=2023-10-04|title=How to skewer life's absurdities while thumbing your nose at Amazon|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2023-10-04/how-to-nail-lifes-verbal-absurdities-while-thumbing-your-nose-at-amazon|accessdate=2023-11-19|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=McAlpin|first=Heller|date=October 3, 2023|title=In 'Our Strangers,' life's less exciting aspects are deemed fascinating|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/03/1200166716/book-review-our-strangers-lydia-davis|work=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''N'ime ahịhịa.'' Yale University Press, 2025. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780300279740|&lt;bdi&gt;9780300279740&lt;/bdi&gt;]] &amp;nbsp;

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ===

* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Pushcart prize: best of the small presses|editor=Bill Henderson|publisher=Pushcart Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-916366-58-2|url=https://archive.org/details/pushcartprizexiv0000unse}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|chapter=St. Martin|title=The Best American Short Stories 1997|editor=E. Annie Proulx, Katrina Kenison|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1997|isbn=978-0-395-79866-9|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_i0f5}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|url=https://archive.org/details/bestamericanpoet0000unse_l6n5|quote=Lydia Davis.|chapter=A Mown Lawn|title=The Best American Poetry 2001|editor=Robert Hass|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7432-0384-5}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIQtFKnRcpcC&amp;q=Lydia%20Davis&amp;pg=PT48|chapter=Men|title=The Best American Poetry 2008|editor=Charles Wright|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7432-9975-6}}

=== Nsụgharị ndị a họọrọ ===

* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=China from the 1911 Revolution to Liberation|url=https://archive.org/details/chinafrom1911rev0000ches/|author=Jean Chesneaux, Françoise Le Barbier, Marie-Claire Bergère|others=Translators Paul Auster and Lydia Davis|publisher=Pantheon Books|year=1977}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Aboard the Aquitaine (Simenon African Trio)|author=Georges Simenon|authorlink=Georges Simenon|others=Translators Paul Auster and Lydia Davis|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|year=1979|isbn=0-15-103955-0|url=https://archive.org/details/africantriotalat00sime}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=French Photography, from Its Origins to the Present|author=Claude Nori|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Pantheon Press|year=1979}}
* Attilio Colombo (1979). ''Foto ndị magburu onwe ha.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Akwụkwọ Pantheon.
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Gaze of Orpheus, and Other Literary Essays|author=Maurice Blanchot|editor=P. Adams Sitney|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Station Hill Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0930794378}}
*  (Davis sụgharịrị okwu iri na itoolu nke Maurice Blanchot, &quot;Joubert et l'espace.&quot;) {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Notebooks of Joseph Joubert|author=Joseph Joubert|editor=Paul Auster|others=Translator Paul Auster|publisher=North Point Press|year=1983|isbn=0865471088}}
* Conrad Detrez (1984). Ahịhịa maka ọkụ. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
* Michel Butor (1986). ''Mmụọ nke Ebe Mediterenian''. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Conrad Detrez (1986). Mpaghara Ọkụ. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Marie Curie: A Life|author=Françoise Giroud|authorlink=Françoise Giroud|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Holmes &amp; Meier|year=1986|isbn=0841909776|url=https://archive.org/details/mariecurielife00giro}}
* Maurice Blanchot (1987). ''Nwoke Ikpeazụ.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Columbia University Press.
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Tocqueville: A Biography|author=André Jardin|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|year=1988|isbn=0374521905}}
* Michel Leiris (1989). ''Mgbukpọ: Mgbukọta Mgbukwu'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Ebe obibi akwụkwọ North Point.
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Desert World|author=Pierre Jean Jouve|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Marlboro Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0810160187|url=https://archive.org/details/desertworld00jouv_0}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Hecate: The Adventure of Catherine Crachat: I|author=Pierre Jean Jouve|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Marlboro Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0810160385}}
* Michel Leiris (1991) The Rules of the Game: Scratches. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Ụlọ Paragon
* Pierre Jean Jouve (1993). ''Helen'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Michel Leiris (1997) ''Iwu nke Egwuregwu: Ihe mkpofu.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Michel Leiris (2017) ''Iwu nke Egwuregwu: Fibrils.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Yale University Press.
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Swann's Way|author=Marcel Proust|editor=Lydia Davis|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-14-243796-4}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=No Tomorrow|author=Vivant Denon|authorlink=Vivant Denon|editor=Peter Brooks|publisher=New York Review of Books|year=2009|isbn=978-1-59017-326-8}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Madame Bovary|author=Gustave Flaubert|editor=Lydia Davis|publisher=Viking Adult|year=2010|isbn=978-0-670-02207-6}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|first=Alfred|author=Ollivant|date=2014|title=Bob, Son of Battle: The Last Gray Dog of Kenmuir|series=New York Review Children's Collection|isbn=9781590177297}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|first=A.L.|author=Snijders|date=2016|title=Grasses and Trees|publisher=AFDH|isbn=9789072603586}}
* Snijders, A.L. (2021). ''Ụgbọ okporo ígwè abalị.'' Ọ bụ Lydia Davis sụgharịrị ya. Ụzọ Ọhụrụ.

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|33em}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Evans, Jonathan, ''The Many Voices of Lydia Davis: Translation, Rewriting, and Intertextuality'', Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016.
*  

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_13607308 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Lydia Davis na Mahadum Columbia. Rare Book &amp; Manuscript Library.]
*  
* &quot;Tụma&quot; na akụkọ anọ ndị ọzọ, Conjunctions, Five Stories, nke Lydia Davis dere Conjunctions - The forum for innovational writing[http://www.conjunctions.com/print/article/lydia-davis-c24 Akụkọ ise, nke Lydia Davis dere Conjunctions - The forum for innovational writing]
*  
*  
*  
*  
* [https://archive.today/20130411230123/http://thecoffinfactory.com/fiction-negative-emotions-by-lydia-davis/ &quot;Negative Emotions&quot;. Coffin Factory (akụkọ dị mkpirikpi)]
* [http://www.believermag.com/issues/200801/?read=interview_davis Ajụjụ ọnụ Believer na Sarah Manguso]
* [http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/article_lydia_davis_samuel_johnson_is_indignant.htm Samuel Johnson Na-ewe iwe - TMO Na-ezute Lydia Davis]
* [http://bombsite.com/issues/60/articles/2086 Ajụjụ ọnụ ''BOMB'' na Francine Prose] E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
* [http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&amp;id=159 ''Nnukwu'' ajụjụ ọnụ na James Yeh]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120130021737/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/04/29/qa_with_lydia_davis/ &quot;Q&amp;A na Lydia Davis&quot;, The Boston Globe, Kate Bolick, Eprel 29, 2007]
* [http://www.nationalbook.org/nba2007_f_davis_interv.html &quot;2007 National Book Award Fiction Finalist Interview With Lydia Davis&quot;, ''National Book Foundation''] E debere  Wayback Machine
* [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/journal/article.html?id=181391 &quot;Ọdịdị bụ Ọdịdị&quot;, Poetry Foundation''Ntọala nke uri'']
* [http://www.webdelsol.com/Literary_Dialogues/interview-wds-davis.htm &quot;Nkwurịta okwu na Lydia Davis&quot;, Web Del Sol''Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Del Sol'']
* Audio-files @ PENNsound gee Lydia Davis ntị na-agụ site na ọrụ ya
* [http://www.literaturfestival.com/bios1_3_6_516.html Onye edemede Page na ''''Internationales Literatufestival Berlin''''] Davis bụ onye ọbịa nke ILB (Internationales Literadufestival Berlin / Germany) na 2001
* [http://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/x/Davis.php &quot;Lydia Davis&quot;, Penn Sound''Ụda Penn'']
* [http://channel.louisiana.dk/video/lydia-davis-reading-goodbye-louise Lydia Davis: Ịgụ 'Goodbye Louise'] Vidio site na Louisiana ChannelỌwa Mmiri Louisiana
* [http://www.whiting.org/awards/winners/lydia-davis#/ Profaịlụ na The Whiting Foundation]
* [https://www.macfound.org/fellows/705/ Ntọala MacArthur]
* [https://www.albany.edu/english/davis_l.php SUNY Albany]
* [https://lannan.org/literary/detail/lydia-davis/fiction-award Ntọala Lannan]
* [http://writing.upenn.edu/wh/people/fellows/davis.html Ndị edemede Kelly House]
* [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/03/17/long-story-short New Yorker - Akụkọ Dị Mkpirikpi]
* [https://us.macmillan.com/author/lydiadavis/ Ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ MacMillan]
* [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/127387/lydia-davis Ụlọ Penguin Random]
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lydia-Davis Encyclopedia Britannica]
* [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/lydia-davis Ntọala nke uri]
{{International Booker Prize}}{{Authority control}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>3aj2i5tx71efn3ffr4lvmy227dkwhv3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ụkwara Nta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75985</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638951</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T19:41:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Goodymeraj</username>
        <id>16207</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356015176|Tuberculosis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638951</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="68495" sha1="mdlld3mnk1v0q6oie7n8kn970r2mr2b" xml:space="preserve">
 {{Infobox medical condition|name=Tuberculosis|image=Tuberculosis-x-ray-1.jpg|alt=Chest X-ray of a person with advanced tuberculosis|caption=[[Chest radiograph|Chest X-ray]] of a person with advanced tuberculosis: Infection in both lungs is marked by white arrowheads, and black arrows mark the formation of a cavity.|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]], [[pulmonology]]|synonyms=Phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, consumption, white death, great white plague|symptoms=[[Chronic cough]], [[fever]], [[hemoptysis|cough with bloody mucus]], weight loss. Latent TB infection is [[asymptomatic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot;/&gt;|onset=|duration=|causes=''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot;/&gt;|risks=[[Immunodeficiency]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot;/&gt;|diagnosis=[[Chest X-ray|CXR]], [[microbial culture]], [[TB skin test]], [[interferon gamma release assay]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot;/&gt;|differential=[[Pneumonia]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[coccidioidomycosis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Ferri FF |title=Ferri's differential diagnosis: a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-323-07699-9|page=Chapter T|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=Screening those at high risk, treatment of those infected, [[vaccination]] with [[bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot;/&gt;|treatment=[[Antibiotic]]s&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot;/&gt;|medication=|frequency=10.7 million new infections per year (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot;/&gt;|deaths=1.23 million per year&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot;/&gt;}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc; color:inherit;&quot; |Ọrịa ụkwara nta
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Aha ndị ọzọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, oriri, ọnwụ ọcha, nnukwu ihe otiti ọcha
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[File:Tuberculosis-x-ray-1.jpg|alt=Chest X-ray of a person with advanced tuberculosis|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |[[Chest radiograph|X-ray nke obi]] nke onye nwere ụkwara nta dị elu: A na-eji isi ụta na-acha ọcha akara ọrịa n'ime akpa ume abụọ ahụ, na ụta ojii na-egosi mmepụta nke oghere.
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical specialty|Ihe pụrụ iche]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Ọrịa na-efe efe]], [[Pulmonology|Ọrịa akpa ume]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Signs and symptoms|Mgbaàmà]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Chronic cough|Ịkụ ụkwara na-adịghị ala ala]], [[Fever|ahụ ọkụ]], ụkwara na ọbara ọbara, ibu ibu. Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ahụ anya [[Asymptomatic|enweghị mgbaàmà]] &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Cause (medicine)|Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta Mycobacterium]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot; /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Risk factor|Ihe ize ndụ]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Immunodeficiency|Enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot; /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Medical diagnosis|Ụzọ nchọpụta]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Chest X-ray|CXR]], microbial culture, TB akpụkpọ ahụ ule, interferon gamma release assay &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot; /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Differential diagnosis|Nnyocha dị iche iche]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ọrịa oyi, [[histoplasmosis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[coccidioidomycosis]] &lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFerri2010&quot;&gt;Ferri FF (2010). ''Ferri's differential diagnosis: a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders'' (2nd&amp;nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. p.&amp;nbsp;Chapter T. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-323-07699-9|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-323-07699-9&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mgbochi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Nyocha ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu, ọgwụgwọ nke ndị butere ọrịa, ịgba [[Vaccination|ọgwụ mgbochi]] ọrịa Calmette-Guérin (BCG) &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot; /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ọgwụgwọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Antibiotic|Ọgwụ mgbochi nje]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot; /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ugboro ole a na-eme
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |10.7 nde ọrịa ọhụrụ kwa afọ (2024) &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot; /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ọnwụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1.23 nde kwa afọ&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot; /&gt;
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Infobox/styles-images.css&quot; /&gt;'''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:IPA/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka &quot;'''ọnwụ ọcha'''&quot;, maọbụ '''oriri''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Chambers-1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&amp;pg=RA1-PA352}}&lt;/ref&gt; dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|nje bacterịa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC-About-TB-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|ụkwara nta dị jụụ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC-About-TB-2025&quot; /&gt; Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-adị jụụ na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot; /&gt; Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|asọ mmiri na-ebu ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ire ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot; /&gt; [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adkinson-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ na-ezi ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC-About-TB-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta dị jụụ anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot; /&gt; Inwe ọrịa a nke dị jụụ nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot; /&gt; E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-Rapid test-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Strategy_2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&amp;pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&amp;pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Strategy_2008&quot; /&gt; Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lawn-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ  ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloom-1994&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&amp;pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ.  &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_Factsheet_2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]
 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

== Akụkọ Mmalite ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Refbegin/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]]
Ọrịa ụkwara nta (&lt;small&gt;RP:&lt;/small&gt;/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buzic-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmata Ya ===
Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;Tubercle (anatomy)&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;156&quot;&gt;tubercles&lt;/a&gt; dị ka ọrịa na 1689, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}}  P. 51:  &quot;The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... &quot;  P. 79:  &quot;It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... &quot;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}}  From p. 20: ''&quot;L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a).  (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption.&quot;'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a).  (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)&lt;/ref&gt; J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha &quot;tuberculosis&quot; (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The word &quot;tuberculosis&quot; first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829.  See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}}
&lt;/ref&gt; John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. 
[[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]]
Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC-History-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya ===
Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloom-1994&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zürcher_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi &quot;oriri&quot;. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n&quot;ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCarthy-2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a &quot;gbakwara  ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka  ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCarthy-2001&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị uru nke &quot;ikuku dị ọcha&quot; na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). &lt;ref name=&quot;McCarthy-2001&quot; /&gt;

Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na  nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka &quot;ọgwụ&quot; maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya &quot;[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]&quot;. &quot;Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&amp;pg=PA233}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na  ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere &quot;usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]&quot;, nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji &quot;zuo ya ike&quot; ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&amp;pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]]
Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). &lt;ref name=&quot;Keshavjee-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). &lt;ref name=&quot;Keshavjee-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012&quot;&gt;Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 &quot;Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;931–&lt;/span&gt;936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya  na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC-Overview-2025a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC-DST-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC_Xpert_20242&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide  isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC-DST-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html &quot;Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing&quot;]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 December&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cegielski-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-Global-2.4-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,&lt;ref name=&quot;Cegielski-2012&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-Global-1.3-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parida2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-Global-1.3-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb &quot;Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB&quot;]. ''World Health Organization''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 June&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-Global-1.3-2024&quot; /&gt;

Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-Global-2.4-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment &quot;Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment&quot;]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 June&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a  na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà ==
[[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]]
[[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]]
E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). &lt;ref name=&quot;Adkinson-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010&quot;&gt;Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&amp;nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&amp;nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-443-06839-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adkinson-2010&quot; /&gt;

Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adkinson-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010&quot;&gt;Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&amp;nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&amp;nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-443-06839-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===
 
Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC-About-TB-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html &quot;About Tuberculosis&quot;]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;14 March&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink&quot; title=&quot;Mantoux test&quot; class=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;275&quot;&gt;tuberculin skin test&lt;/a&gt; nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Price_2024&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọrịa akpa ume ===
Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).&lt;ref name=&quot;Lawn-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLawnZumla2011&quot;&gt;Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). &quot;Tuberculosis&quot;. ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;57–&lt;/span&gt;72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&amp;pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lawn-2011&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Adkinson-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010&quot;&gt;Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&amp;nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&amp;nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-443-06839-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na  ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&amp;pg=PA549|year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.&lt;ref name=&quot;Golden-2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Golden-2005&quot; /&gt; Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta&quot;), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị &quot;ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa&quot;; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adkinson-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010&quot;&gt;Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&amp;nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&amp;nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-443-06839-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.&lt;ref name=&quot;Habermann-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&amp;pg=PA789}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Figueiredo-2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya ==

=== Mycobacteria ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sister project links/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']]
Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .&lt;ref name=&quot;Adkinson-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010&quot;&gt;Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&amp;nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&amp;nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-443-06839-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&amp;pg=PA525|year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike &quot;Gram-positive&quot; ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madison_2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic &amp; Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}&lt;/ref&gt; MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar-2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&amp;pg=PA1968}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka &quot;non-tuberculous mycobacteria&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]
 &lt;div class=&quot;side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-empty-elt&quot;&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;side-box-flex&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;side-box-image&quot;&gt;[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;side-box-text plainlist&quot;&gt;Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;{{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=8515|ICD11={{ICD11|1B10}}-{{ICD11|1B1Z}}|ICD10={{ICD10|A15-A19}}|ICD9={{ICD9|010}}–{{ICD9|018}}|OMIM=607948|MedlinePlus=000077|MedlinePlus_mult={{MedlinePlus2|000624}}|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=2324|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|618}} {{eMedicine2|radio|411}}|MeshID=D014376|Orphanet=3389|Scholia=Q12204}}{{Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases}}

== Ọgwụgwọ ==
{{Diseases of Poverty}}
[[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]]
[[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]]
A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Immunopaedia-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Immunopaedia-2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

== Hụkwa ==

== Ihe Ndị edeturu ==

== Edensibịa ==

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

== Ịgụrụ Gawa ==

* {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}}
* [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)]
* [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO]
* [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s &quot;Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America&quot;], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) 
* Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>mdlld3mnk1v0q6oie7n8kn970r2mr2b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Endurance Idahor</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75986</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638966</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:32:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311666004|Endurance Idahor]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638966</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2024" sha1="944l6upxotcqqxnngl0f615653heeen" xml:space="preserve">
 

Endurance Idahor (4 Ọgọst 1984 - 6 Machị 2010) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara na Naịjirịa nke gbara bọọlụ maka klọb Al-Merreikh nke Sudan. Na ụbọchị isii nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 2010, Idahor dara ada n'oge egwuregwu otu egwuregwu ma mechaa nwụọ mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ ọgwụ.

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 2003, Idahor gbara goolu iri na abụọ na Nigeria Premier League wee kwaga Dolphins FC n'afọ 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/8554296.stm|title=Nigerian footballer Idahor dies during match in Sudan|date=7 March 2010|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|accessdate=7 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2006, Idahor hapụrụ Dolphins wee kwaga klọb Sudanese Al-Merrikh, e zigara ya na klọb Emirati Al Nasr na Jenụwarị n&quot;afọ 2008 maka ọnwa asaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; N'oge ọ laghachiri, ọ ghọrọ onye isi egwuregwu na ndị otu mbụ, na-aghọ onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ ma na-eduga klọb ahụ na nke mbụ ha na CAF Confederation Cup kemgbe afọ 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article34338|title=Nigerian player dies in Sudan during game|work=Sudan Tribune|date=7 March 2010|accessdate=7 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idahor agbaala bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba U-23 nke Naịjirịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt;

Ọ dara n'egwuregwu mgbe ya na onye ọkpụkpọ ọzọ nwụsịrị ma nwụọ n'ụzọ ịga ụlọ ọgwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Double tragedy hits African football - CNN.com|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/football/03/09/football.africa.deaths/index.html|accessdate=2025-05-26|work=www.cnn.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị na-agba bọọlụ nwụrụ mgbe ha na-agba chaa chaa

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?player=16416 Profaịlụ onye ọkpụkpọ]</text>
      <sha1>944l6upxotcqqxnngl0f615653heeen</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638967</id>
      <parentid>638966</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:39:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>638967</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2341" sha1="rm6kwghoizi0m68lrgiczokfa5rftp9" xml:space="preserve">
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mtnfootball.com/live/content.php?Item_ID=27642|title=Nigeria's Endurance Idahor Dies|work=MTNFootball.com|accessdate=7 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172056/http://mtnfootball.com/live/content.php?Item_ID=27642|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Endurance Idahor (4 Ọgọst 1984 - 6 Machị 2010) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara na Naịjirịa nke gbara bọọlụ maka klọb Al-Merreikh nke Sudan. Na ụbọchị isii nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 2010, Idahor dara ada n'oge egwuregwu otu egwuregwu ma mechaa nwụọ mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ ọgwụ.

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 2003, Idahor gbara goolu iri na abụọ na Nigeria Premier League wee kwaga Dolphins FC n'afọ 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/8554296.stm|title=Nigerian footballer Idahor dies during match in Sudan|date=7 March 2010|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|accessdate=7 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2006, Idahor hapụrụ Dolphins wee kwaga klọb Sudanese Al-Merrikh, e zigara ya na klọb Emirati Al Nasr na Jenụwarị n&quot;afọ 2008 maka ọnwa asaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; N'oge ọ laghachiri, ọ ghọrọ onye isi egwuregwu na ndị otu mbụ, na-aghọ onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ ma na-eduga klọb ahụ na nke mbụ ha na CAF Confederation Cup kemgbe afọ 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article34338|title=Nigerian player dies in Sudan during game|work=Sudan Tribune|date=7 March 2010|accessdate=7 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idahor agbaala bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba U-23 nke Naịjirịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt;

Ọ dara n'egwuregwu mgbe ya na onye ọkpụkpọ ọzọ nwụsịrị ma nwụọ n'ụzọ ịga ụlọ ọgwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Double tragedy hits African football - CNN.com|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/football/03/09/football.africa.deaths/index.html|accessdate=2025-05-26|work=www.cnn.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị na-agba bọọlụ nwụrụ mgbe ha na-agba chaa chaa

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?player=16416 Profaịlụ onye ọkpụkpọ]</text>
      <sha1>rm6kwghoizi0m68lrgiczokfa5rftp9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gabriel Melkam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75987</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638968</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:40:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1307392634|Gabriel Melkam]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1905" sha1="8oxn2dgk58kab0w0c0nk34iu3vl3cep" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Gabriel Chukwuwunzo Melkam''' (amụrụ na 13 Machị 1980) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-azụ aka ekpe ma ọ bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu n'etiti.

== Ọrụ klọb ==
N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, a machibidoro Melkam egwuregwu atọ ma rie ya ego ruru RMB 5000 maka omume rụrụ arụ maka igosi na &quot;Onyeikpe niile nke Chinese Super League bụ ndị aghụghọ&quot; n'uwe elu ya mgbe egwuregwu ahụ gasịrị megide Henan Jianye, iji megwara mmejọ dị njọ nke onye ọkaikpe mere n'egwuregwu Xiamen Lanshi megide Shanghai Shenhua.

Melkam gafere na Guangzhou Evergrande na 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sports.sina.com.cn/j/2010-01-15/04104790586.shtml|language=Chinese|date=15 January 2010|publisher=sina.com.cn|accessdate=12 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere China League One mbụ ya maka Guangzhou megide Beijing BIT na 3 Eprel.

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Melkam mechara bụrụ onye nke abụọ na 1999 African Youth Championship na onye nke anọ na 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship. A gụnyere Melkam na ndị otu Naijiria maka [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] qualifier na Zimbabwe na 5 Septemba. Njikọ ahụ gosipụtara nke mbụ nke onye na-agbachitere Hansa Rostock n'oge ahụ bụ Melkam, onye fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịnọ n'otu ebe na 2004 nke Naịjirịa Cup of Nations.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Nwanne Melkam nke obere Innocent Melkam gbara bọọlụ na obere egwuregwu Germany.

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Guangzhou Evergrande'''

* China League One: 2010&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sports.sina.com.cn/b/2010-04-03/17064920443.shtml|title=中甲最新积分榜:恒大稳胜摘联赛桂冠 南京有有降级|work=sports.sina.com.cn|date=3 April 2010|accessdate=6 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Gabriel Melkamna WorldFootball.net
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>8oxn2dgk58kab0w0c0nk34iu3vl3cep</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Samson Emeka Omeruah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75988</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638969</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:42:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345442784|Samson Omeruah]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638969</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4246" sha1="k5v5yfj0s3b5vapenxurnm0mwwg6l41" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = [[Air commodore|Air Commodore]]
| image               = Portrait_photo_of_Samson_Emeka_Omeruah.jpg
| caption             = Portrait photo of Samson Emeka Omeruah
| office              = Military [[Governor of Anambra State]]
| term_start          = August 1985
| term_end            = December 1987
| predecessor         = [[Allison Madueke]]
| successor           = [[Robert Akonobi]]
| birth_name          = Samson Emeka Omeruah
| birth_date          = 14 August 1943
| birth_place         = [[Zaria]], [[Northern Nigeria|Northern Region]], [[British Nigeria]] (now in [[Kaduna State, Nigeria]])
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|2006|12|4|1943|8|14|df=y}}
| death_place         = 
| allegiance          = {{flag|Nigeria}}
| branch              = {{air force|Nigeria}}
| rank                = [[File:Nigeria-AirForce-OF-6.svg|25px]] [[Air Commodore]]
| children            = [[Chioma Omeruah|Chigul]]
}}
'''Samson Emeka Omeruah''' (14 Ọgọst 1943 - 4 Disemba 2006) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụgbọelu nke Ndị Agha Ụgbọelu [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], &lt;ref name=&quot;dead&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200612150551.html|title=Nigeria: Samson Emeka Omeruah|work=Daily Trust|date=15 December 2006|accessdate=11 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka gọvanọ nke Anambra Steeti site na 1985 ruo 1987 na dị ka Minista maka ozi, ndị ntorobịa, egwuregwu na ọdịbendị na Naịjirị n'oge ọchịchị nke ndị ọchịagha [[Muhammadu Buhari]], [[Sani Abacha]] na [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ndubuoke 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ndubuoke|first=Fan|title=Emeka Omeruah: Leader of the golden era|date=3 December 2016|url=https://thesun.ng/emeka-omeruah-leader-of-the-golden-era/|accessdate=4 June 2023|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke otu egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa nke kachasị elu na Naịjirịa, a ka na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onyeisi oche kacha aga nke ọma. Ọ bụkwa minista egwuregwu mgbe otu egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa nke ndị na-agba bọọlụ n'okpuru afọ 17 nke FIFA weghaara iko asọmpi ụwa. Ọ laghachiri n'ọkwa ahụ na 1994, ka oge na-aga ịhụ ka otu egwuregwu mba ahụ meriri iko mba ụwa mbụ ha ma merie ihe nrite ọlaedo Olympic nke 1996. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-akwado ka e mee ka egwuregwu ahụ bụrụ nkeonwe na Naịjirịa ma wepụ ikike gọọmentị steeti.

Ewezuga nke a, ọ kwadoro usoro War Against Indiscipline (WAI) nke ọchịchị Buhari n'etiti Jenụwarị 1983 na Ọgọst 1985. Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst raara onwe ya nye nke okwukwe Metọdist ma nweta PhD na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]] na mgbakwunye na nzere na Mahadum Punjab, India na Mahadum Auburn na United States.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Omeruah si Nnono Oboro na [[Ikwuano]] Local Government Area nke Abia State. Nwanne ya nwoke Paul Omeruah bụbu onye nchịkwa agha nke Kogi State.

Omeruah nwere ụmụ anọ na nke abụọ n'ime ndị a bụ Chioma Omeruah a.k.a. [[Chioma Omeruah|Chigul]] onye bụ ọkà mmụta asụsụ na onye na-eme ihe ọchị n'agbanyeghị na nna ya siri ọnwụ na ọ na-ewere iwu dị ka ọrụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://uunista.com/watch-chigurl-talks-chasing-dreams-tedxeuston/|title=Watch Chigurl talk about chasing dreams|date=1 December 2014|publisher=Uunista|accessdate=21 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011060721/http://uunista.com/watch-chigurl-talks-chasing-dreams-tedxeuston/|archivedate=11 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ nwụrụ na London mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa nwa oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;dead&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200612150551.html|title=Nigeria: Samson Emeka Omeruah|work=Daily Trust|date=15 December 2006|accessdate=11 November 2024}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://allafrica.com/stories/200612150551.html &quot;Nigeria: Samson Emeka Omeruah&quot;]. ''Daily Trust''. 15 December 2006&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 November&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{AnambraStateGovernors}}{{Nigeria Babangida Governors}}</text>
      <sha1>k5v5yfj0s3b5vapenxurnm0mwwg6l41</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638970</id>
      <parentid>638969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:42:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>638970</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4074" sha1="dx9vc80ewm1i68ddrfnhl0xphu9isqf" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = [[Air commodore|Air Commodore]]
| image               = Portrait_photo_of_Samson_Emeka_Omeruah.jpg
| caption             = Portrait photo of Samson Emeka Omeruah
| office              = Military [[Governor of Anambra State]]
| term_start          = August 1985
| term_end            = December 1987
| predecessor         = [[Allison Madueke]]
| successor           = [[Robert Akonobi]]
| birth_name          = Samson Emeka Omeruah
| birth_date          = 14 August 1943
| birth_place         = [[Zaria]], [[Northern Nigeria|Northern Region]], [[British Nigeria]] (now in [[Kaduna State, Nigeria]])
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|2006|12|4|1943|8|14|df=y}}
| death_place         = 
| allegiance          = {{flag|Nigeria}}
| branch              = {{air force|Nigeria}}
| rank                = [[File:Nigeria-AirForce-OF-6.svg|25px]] [[Air Commodore]]
| children            = [[Chioma Omeruah|Chigul]]
}}
'''Samson Emeka Omeruah''' (14 Ọgọst 1943 - 4 Disemba 2006) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụgbọelu nke Ndị Agha Ụgbọelu [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], &lt;ref name=&quot;dead&quot; /&gt; ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka gọvanọ nke Anambra Steeti site na 1985 ruo 1987 na dị ka Minista maka ozi, ndị ntorobịa, egwuregwu na ọdịbendị na Naịjirị n'oge ọchịchị nke ndị ọchịagha [[Muhammadu Buhari]], [[Sani Abacha]] na [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ndubuoke 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ndubuoke|first=Fan|title=Emeka Omeruah: Leader of the golden era|date=3 December 2016|url=https://thesun.ng/emeka-omeruah-leader-of-the-golden-era/|accessdate=4 June 2023|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke otu egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa nke kachasị elu na Naịjirịa, a ka na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onyeisi oche kacha aga nke ọma. Ọ bụkwa minista egwuregwu mgbe otu egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa nke ndị na-agba bọọlụ n'okpuru afọ 17 nke FIFA weghaara iko asọmpi ụwa. Ọ laghachiri n'ọkwa ahụ na 1994, ka oge na-aga ịhụ ka otu egwuregwu mba ahụ meriri iko mba ụwa mbụ ha ma merie ihe nrite ọlaedo Olympic nke 1996. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-akwado ka e mee ka egwuregwu ahụ bụrụ nkeonwe na Naịjirịa ma wepụ ikike gọọmentị steeti.

Ewezuga nke a, ọ kwadoro usoro War Against Indiscipline (WAI) nke ọchịchị Buhari n'etiti Jenụwarị 1983 na Ọgọst 1985. Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst raara onwe ya nye nke okwukwe Metọdist ma nweta PhD na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]] na mgbakwunye na nzere na Mahadum Punjab, India na Mahadum Auburn na United States.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Omeruah si Nnono Oboro na [[Ikwuano]] Local Government Area nke Abia State. Nwanne ya nwoke Paul Omeruah bụbu onye nchịkwa agha nke Kogi State.

Omeruah nwere ụmụ anọ na nke abụọ n'ime ndị a bụ Chioma Omeruah a.k.a. [[Chioma Omeruah|Chigul]] onye bụ ọkà mmụta asụsụ na onye na-eme ihe ọchị n'agbanyeghị na nna ya siri ọnwụ na ọ na-ewere iwu dị ka ọrụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://uunista.com/watch-chigurl-talks-chasing-dreams-tedxeuston/|title=Watch Chigurl talk about chasing dreams|date=1 December 2014|publisher=Uunista|accessdate=21 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011060721/http://uunista.com/watch-chigurl-talks-chasing-dreams-tedxeuston/|archivedate=11 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ nwụrụ na London mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa nwa oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;dead&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200612150551.html|title=Nigeria: Samson Emeka Omeruah|work=Daily Trust|date=15 December 2006|accessdate=11 November 2024}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://allafrica.com/stories/200612150551.html &quot;Nigeria: Samson Emeka Omeruah&quot;]. ''Daily Trust''. 15 December 2006&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11 November&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{AnambraStateGovernors}}{{Nigeria Babangida Governors}}</text>
      <sha1>dx9vc80ewm1i68ddrfnhl0xphu9isqf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Christopher Kanu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75989</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638971</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:44:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325462528|Christopher Kanu]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638971</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1262" sha1="i84z2n7sf8by0cdcnrnsepxkx8365zc" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Christopher Ogbonna Kanu''' (listenⓘ) (amụrụ na 4 Disemba 1979) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba dịka onye na-azụ azụ aka nri.

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
In 2000 Kanu made his international debut for [[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria]] in a World Cup qualifier against Eritrea. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Christopher Kanu bụ nwanne nwoke nke onye bụbu onye na-agba bọọlụ na Ajax, Portsmouth na Arsenal bụ Nwankwo Kanu. . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11685/2288531/fry-plays-down-kanu-links|title=Fry plays down Kanu links|author=Fudge|first=Simon|work=Sky Sports|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tinyere nke ahụ, ọ bụ nwanne nwoke nke onye ọkpọ egwuregwu Oghab bụ Anderson &quot;Anders&quot; Gabolalmo Kanu na Henry Isaac.

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Christopher Kanuna Soccerbase
* Christopher Kanuna WorldFootball.net
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>i84z2n7sf8by0cdcnrnsepxkx8365zc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638972</id>
      <parentid>638971</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:45:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>638972</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1558" sha1="dei75ncam4h1jeoknks3cmwmx71ry93" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref&gt;{{Worldfootball.net|christopher-kanu|new_id=pe60869}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

'''Christopher Ogbonna Kanu''' (listenⓘ) (amụrụ na 4 Disemba 1979) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba dịka onye na-azụ azụ aka nri.

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
In 2000 Kanu made his international debut for [[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria]] in a World Cup qualifier against Eritrea. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Christopher Kanu bụ nwanne nwoke nke onye bụbu onye na-agba bọọlụ na Ajax, Portsmouth na Arsenal bụ Nwankwo Kanu. . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11685/2288531/fry-plays-down-kanu-links|title=Fry plays down Kanu links|author=Fudge|first=Simon|work=Sky Sports|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tinyere nke ahụ, ọ bụ nwanne nwoke nke onye ọkpọ egwuregwu Oghab bụ Anderson &quot;Anders&quot; Gabolalmo Kanu na Henry Isaac.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.waldhof-online.de/newsarchiv/2002/0702.htm Wenczel und Nwosu zum SVW?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820133056/http://www.waldhof-online.de/newsarchiv/2002/0702.htm |date=20 August 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Christopher Kanuna Soccerbase
* Christopher Kanuna WorldFootball.net
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>dei75ncam4h1jeoknks3cmwmx71ry93</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manasseh Ishiaku</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75990</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638973</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:46:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354531779|Manasseh Ishiaku]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638973</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1946" sha1="mzlul8p2fqzw4s4jiw0qem257kaeuwe" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Manasseh Ishiaku''' (amụrụ na 9 Jenụwarị 1983) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba dịka onye na-aga n'ihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2011-12/vereinslos-0/32523/spieler_manasseh-ishiaku.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921134440/http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2011-12/vereinslos-0/32523/spieler_manasseh-ishiaku.html|archivedate=21 September 2011|title=Ishiaku, Manasseh|publisher=[[kicker (sports magazine)|kicker]]|language=German|date=|accessdate=20 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ nọ na La Louvière, o nyeere ha aka imeri na 2002-03 Belgian Cup, na-agba bọọlụ ugboro abụọ na nke ikpeazụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/la-louvire-wint-beker-van-belgi|title=La Louvière wint Beker van België|publisher=vi.nl|date=1 June 2003|accessdate=14 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afọ anọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, o nyere goolu mmeri na ngwụcha nke otu asọmpi ahụ, nke oge a maka Club Brugge..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/bruges-standard-en-2007-ishiaku-sauvait-la-saison-du-club-9237229|title=Bruges-Standard : En 2007, Ishiaku sauvait la saison du Club|work=rtbf.be|language=fr|accessdate=20 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Louvière'''

* Iko Belgium: 2002-032002–03

'''Klọb Brugge'''

* Belgian Super Cup: 2005&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://fr.besoccer.com/match/club-brugge/kfc-germinal-beerschot/200665785/compos|title=Supercoupe de Belgique. Fin|work=besoccer.com|language=fr|accessdate=20 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iko Belgium: 2006-072006–07

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Manasseh Ishiakuna WorldFootball.net
* Manasseh Ishiakunafussballdaten.de  (n'asụsụ German) 
* Manasseh Ishiakuna National-Football-Teams.com
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>mzlul8p2fqzw4s4jiw0qem257kaeuwe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Osa Guobadia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75991</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638974</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:48:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256770024|Osa Guobadia]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638974</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1469" sha1="o5d7nvqawwxtev1ftxx65z9lgh81p3d" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Osa Guobadia''' (amụrụ na 1 June 1987), nke a maara nke ọma site na aha njirimara ya bụ '''Ice-Cream''', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Osa Guobadia Returns From Suspension:: All Nigeria Soccer - The Complete Nigerian Football Portal|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=13589|accessdate=2021-06-25|work=www.allnigeriasoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba n'ebe ọ bụla gafere n'ihu.

== Ọrụ ==
Mgbe ọ gbasịrị bọọlụ na SV Pasching na Bundesliga nke Austria, Guobadia nwere obere oge na klọb ndị ọzọ dị na Austria, dịka FC Wels, SC Schwanenstadt na ASV St. Marienkirchen.

N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2008, ọ kwagara Macedonia, wee banye aka na otu egwuregwu Macedonia First League nke FK Makedonija Gjorče Petrov. Mgbe oge abụọ gachara, ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa, ọ na-egwuri egwu otu afọ na Kaduna United F.C. na Nigeria Premier League, tupu ọ laghachi Macedonia oge a, ya na otu egwuregwu ọzọ dị elu, FK Vardar..

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''FK Makedonija GP'''

* Njikọ Mbụ nke Masedonia: 2008-092008–09

'''FK Vardar'''

* Njikọ Mbụ nke Masedonia: 2011-122011–12

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Osa Guobadiana WorldFootball.net
* [http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=57&amp;CPID=120&amp;TEID=1403&amp;PLID=198441&amp;pStr=Player Profaịlụ na Guardian's Stats Centre]
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>o5d7nvqawwxtev1ftxx65z9lgh81p3d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chucks Nwoko</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75992</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638975</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:49:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298565886|Chucks Nwoko]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638975</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1534" sha1="trtpb5hsitn1kd0npdqmmpqu3cclnvx" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Afraik Kaejtan &quot;Chucks&quot; Nwoko''' (amụrụ na 21 Nọvemba 1978) bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba na ọkwa ọkachamara na nke mba ụwa dị ka onye na-eme egwuregwu n'etiti. A mụrụ ya na Naijiria, ọ nọchitere anya otu mba Malta. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na-erubeghị afọ iri na itoolu nke otu Malta First Division Balzan Youths.

== Ọrụ ịgba egwu ==
A mụrụ Nwoko na Lagos, Naịjirịa, wee malite ọrụ ya na 1995 na Julius Berger. Ọ sonyeere otu egwuregwu Maltese bụ Birkirkara na ngwụcha afọ ahụ, mgbe ọ gbasịrị bọọlụ na CSKA Sofia na Bulgaria na 2001, ọ gbakwara bọọlụ maka Marsaxlokk, Sliema Wanderers na Qormi, lara ezumike nka na 2009.

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Mgbe ọ lụchara onye mba Malta - ya mere na-eru eru igwu egwu maka Otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Malta, Nwoko mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa na 1998. O mere ngụkọta nke 46 mba ụwa, na-agba otu goolu, ruo 2003.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Nwa ya nwoke Kyrian bụkwa onye na-agba bọọlụ, ọ na-egwuri egwu dị ka onye na-eme egwuregwu na onye na-aga n'ihu maka otu mba Malta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vallettafc.net/news/new-valletta-fc-signing|title=New Valletta FC signing|first=Valletta|author=FC|work=Valletta FC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.maltafootball.com/players/chucksnwoko.html Chucks Nwoko na MaltaFootball.com]
* Chucks Nwokona Soccerbase
* Chucks Nwokona National-Football-Teams.com
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>trtpb5hsitn1kd0npdqmmpqu3cclnvx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oladipupo Martins</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75993</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638976</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:50:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340793807|Oladipupo Martins]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638976</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1873" sha1="js6lg1evc2dsutrq5ffkzd0lg4bxr8g" xml:space="preserve">
'''Oladipupo Olarotimi Martins''' (12 Eprel 1983 - 9 Ọgọst 2011) bụ [[Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] na-agba bọọlụ nke ikpeazụ gbara bọọlụ dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu na Mahadum Ado Ekiti, otu na-abụghị ọkachamara.

Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ihe a na-enyo enyo na ọ nwere nkụchi obi n'ụlọ ọgwụ Dorel Specialist, Ajah, Lagos na Mọnde, 8 Ọgọst 2011, mgbe a nabatara ya na ọ na-eme mkpesa maka ihe mgbu obi n'ụbọchị gara aga. Ọ dị afọ 28..

== Ọrụ ==
Martins malitere ọrụ ya na Yuropu na otu egwuregwu Reggiana nke Itali tupu ọ dọta uche Inter Milan ngwa ngwa, bụ́ ndị o bịanyere aka na ha na 2001. N'adịghị ka nwanne ya nwoke, Martins emeghị nke ọma na Inter, a tọhapụrụ ya na njedebe nke oge 2001–02. Ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa mana n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ laghachiri Yuropu, oge a maka nnwale ya na otu egwuregwu Serbia FK Partizan. Ọrụ siri ike ya nwetara ụgwọ ọrụ, na 2003 ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọkachamara. Ohere ya na Partizan pere mpe, ọtụtụ ohere ya igwu egwu mechara bụrụ maka satịlaịtị FK Teleoptik.. N'afọ 2004, a tọhapụrụ ya na nkwekọrịta ya wee laghachi [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] ọzọ, n'oge a maka ogologo oge tupu ya emesịa banye n'òtù [[:de:Innsbrucker AC|Innsbrucker AC]] nke [[Austria|Austrian]] n'oge maka oge 2007-08 mgbe oge nnwale gasịrị  wee sonye na Mahadum Ado Ekiti na Febụwarị 2009.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Martins bụ nwanne nwoke nke onye Naijiria na-eme egwuregwu mba ụwa bụ [[Obafemi Martins]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtnfootball.com/live/content.php?Item_ID=1648|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2009-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218105517/http://www.mtnfootball.com/live/content.php?Item_ID=1648|archivedate=2007-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>js6lg1evc2dsutrq5ffkzd0lg4bxr8g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638977</id>
      <parentid>638976</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:54:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>638977</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2615" sha1="43vjw5cdfi5bmqo4nwq1oimbh6wlued" xml:space="preserve">
'''Oladipupo Olarotimi Martins''' (12 Eprel 1983 - 9 Ọgọst 2011) bụ [[Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] na-agba bọọlụ nke ikpeazụ gbara bọọlụ dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu na Mahadum Ado Ekiti, otu na-abụghị ọkachamara.

Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ihe a na-enyo enyo na ọ nwere nkụchi obi n'ụlọ ọgwụ Dorel Specialist, Ajah, Lagos na Mọnde, 8 Ọgọst 2011, mgbe a nabatara ya na ọ na-eme mkpesa maka ihe mgbu obi n'ụbọchị gara aga. Ọ dị afọ 28..&lt;ref&gt;Socqer.com. [http://socqer.com/questions/839/how-did-nigerias-obafemi-martins-brother-die/# How did Nigeria's Obafemi Martins' Brother Die?] Retrieved 10, August, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Vanguard. [http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/08/martins%E2%80%99-brother-dies-of-heart-problem/ Martins Brother Dies of Heart Problem] Retrieved 10, August, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Martins malitere ọrụ ya na Yuropu na otu egwuregwu Reggiana nke Itali tupu ọ dọta uche Inter Milan ngwa ngwa, bụ́ ndị o bịanyere aka na ha na 2001. N'adịghị ka nwanne ya nwoke, Martins emeghị nke ọma na Inter, a tọhapụrụ ya na njedebe nke oge 2001–02. Ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa mana n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ laghachiri Yuropu, oge a maka nnwale ya na otu egwuregwu Serbia FK Partizan. Ọrụ siri ike ya nwetara ụgwọ ọrụ, na 2003 ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọkachamara. Ohere ya na Partizan pere mpe, ọtụtụ ohere ya igwu egwu mechara bụrụ maka satịlaịtị FK Teleoptik..&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sportowy365.net/pilka-nozna/gracze/oladipupo-martins/ Sportowy365]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. N'afọ 2004, a tọhapụrụ ya na nkwekọrịta ya wee laghachi [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] ọzọ, n'oge a maka ogologo oge tupu ya emesịa banye n'òtù [[:de:Innsbrucker AC|Innsbrucker AC]] nke [[Austria|Austrian]] n'oge maka oge 2007-08 mgbe oge nnwale gasịrị  wee sonye na Mahadum Ado Ekiti na Febụwarị 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;ph&quot;&gt;[http://www.playerhistory.com/player/91912 Oladipupo Martins] on [[Playerhistory.com]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306070317/https://playerhistory.com/player/91912 |date=2016-03-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Martins bụ nwanne nwoke nke onye Naijiria na-eme egwuregwu mba ụwa bụ [[Obafemi Martins]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtnfootball.com/live/content.php?Item_ID=1648|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2009-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218105517/http://www.mtnfootball.com/live/content.php?Item_ID=1648|archivedate=2007-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>43vjw5cdfi5bmqo4nwq1oimbh6wlued</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Raphael Edereho</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75994</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638978</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:55:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312898322|Raphael Edereho]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638978</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1620" sha1="g4v97brdxpgs6wi0fb23njsx0pxbv8u" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Raphael Edyr''' HR (amụrụ na Machị 21, 1983, na Delta State, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]) bụ onye egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] Naịjirị lara ezumike nká.

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Edereho malitere ọrụ ya na klọb Al Sarha FC nke Saudi Arabia na 2000. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ laghachiri n'ala nna ya, Naịjirịa, wee kpọọ maka Ebiedafe FC, wee gaa na klọb ọzọ nke Naịjirịa, AS Racine FC na 2002. Na 2004, Edereho kwagara na Yuropu mbụ ya wee gaa na KF Prishtina na-egwuri egwu na Football Superleague nke Kosovo. Njikọ Veikkausliiga nke Finland bụ ebe ọ na-aga ebe ọzọ ebe ọ gbara bọọlụ maka RoPS Rovaniemi, Tervarit Oulu na KuPS Kuopio ebe o nwere mmasị nke ukwuu ịkwaga na nnukwu ndị Iran Persepolis FC na 2006. Na Nọvemba 2006, achọpụtakwara na KuPS Kuopio enwetaghị ego mbufe maka Edereho site na Persepolis. FIFA na-enyocha ọnọdụ ahụ wee kpebie na Persepolis ga-akwụrịrị ụgwọ mbufe ahụ. N'afọ 2011, ọ kwagara na OPS.  N'afọ 2012-13 ọ gbara bọọlụ na Najaf FC, n'afọ 2013-14 na Duhok SC, n'ọnwa 2014 na Naft Maysan, na n'afọ 2014-15 na Masafi Al-Shamal, niile na Iraqi Premier League.

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Edyre nọchitere anya Naijiria na ọkwa U17.

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312151710/http://www.kups.fi/magazine/7-2005/7.php KuPS Magazine Isiokwu (Finnish)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312151744/http://www.kups.fi/2005/ajankohtaista.php?we_objectID=1555 Edere na Persepolis FC (Finnish)]
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>g4v97brdxpgs6wi0fb23njsx0pxbv8u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638979</id>
      <parentid>638978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T05:58:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>638979</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2027" sha1="aabl0r9ubfsmcuaysv4saf22np9ymav" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Raphael Edyr''' HR (amụrụ na Machị 21, 1983, na Delta State, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]) bụ onye egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] Naịjirị lara ezumike nká.

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Edereho malitere ọrụ ya na klọb Al Sarha FC nke Saudi Arabia na 2000. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ laghachiri n'ala nna ya, Naịjirịa, wee kpọọ maka Ebiedafe FC, wee gaa na klọb ọzọ nke Naịjirịa, AS Racine FC na 2002. Na 2004, Edereho kwagara na Yuropu mbụ ya wee gaa na KF Prishtina na-egwuri egwu na Football Superleague nke Kosovo. Njikọ Veikkausliiga nke Finland bụ ebe ọ na-aga ebe ọzọ ebe ọ gbara bọọlụ maka RoPS Rovaniemi, Tervarit Oulu na KuPS Kuopio ebe o nwere mmasị nke ukwuu ịkwaga na nnukwu ndị Iran Persepolis FC na 2006. Na Nọvemba 2006, achọpụtakwara na KuPS Kuopio enwetaghị ego mbufe maka Edereho site na Persepolis. FIFA na-enyocha ọnọdụ ahụ wee kpebie na Persepolis ga-akwụrịrị ụgwọ mbufe ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mtv3.fi/urheilu/futis/uutiset.shtml/arkistot/futis/2008/03/618558 MTV3 Internet Jalkapallo Futis Veikkausliiga Mestarien liiga Valioliiga Serie A La Liga Bundesliiga&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, ọ kwagara na OPS.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ops.fi/uutiset/46/2011/805 Edereho Ops 2011]&lt;/ref&gt;  N'afọ 2012-13 ọ gbara bọọlụ na Najaf FC, n'afọ 2013-14 na Duhok SC, n'ọnwa 2014 na Naft Maysan, na n'afọ 2014-15 na Masafi Al-Shamal, niile na Iraqi Premier League.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rsssf.org/players/foreign-iraqleague.html Foreign Players in the Iraqi Premier League] at [[RSSSF]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Edyre nọchitere anya Naijiria na ọkwa U17.

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312151710/http://www.kups.fi/magazine/7-2005/7.php KuPS Magazine Isiokwu (Finnish)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312151744/http://www.kups.fi/2005/ajankohtaista.php?we_objectID=1555 Edere na Persepolis FC (Finnish)]
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>aabl0r9ubfsmcuaysv4saf22np9ymav</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dosu Joseph</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75995</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638980</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T06:00:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344793421|Joseph Dosu]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638980</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2534" sha1="j8zc4lg3ygp12t3i3l0baf7bzru0gh5" xml:space="preserve">
 {{MedalTop}}
{{MedalCountry|{{NGA}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Football]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]]|[[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Team Competition]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}'''Joseph Dosu''' (amụrụ na 19 June 1973) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba dịka Onye na-edebe goolu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=17 February 2022|title=Peller Cup: Dosu Joseph woos young talents with Europe trials|url=https://punchng.com/peller-cup-dosu-joseph-woos-young-talents-with-europe-trials/|accessdate=6 April 2023|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dosu Joseph backs Dessers to be given another Nigeria opportunity {{!}} Goal.com Nigeria|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/dosu-joseph-backs-dessers-to-be-given-another-nigeria-opportunity/blt1f90ca9a50940d57|accessdate=6 April 2023|work=www.goal.com|language=en-NG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Dosu nyeere Julius Berger aka imeri iko FA nke Naịjirịa na Nọvemba 1996, site n'idebe akara ya n'asọmpi ikpeazụ megide Katsina United. Ọrụ ya kwụsịrị ozugbo mgbe ihe mberede ụgbọala dị njọ mere na Lagos na 1997, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara inwe ike ime ka ọ daa mbà.

Mgbe 1996 Olympics gasịrị, Dosu bịanyere aka na Serie A club Reggiana. O nweghị mmetụta na [[Italy|Ịtali]] ma manye ya ịla ezumike nká mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na atọ, n'ihi ihe mberede ụgbọala na-akwụsị ọrụ ya.

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Ọ bụ naanị onye ọkpụkpọ nọ n'ụlọ a gụnyere na ndị otu egwuregwu Olympic nke Naijiria na 1996, ebe n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ onye na-enweghị ahụmahụ n'ime ndị na-edebe goolu atọ ahụ mechara bụrụ onye na-edebe ihe mbụ nke otu ahụ. Mgbe o nwetasịrị Gold na Super Eagles na 1996 Olympic, ọ gara n'ihu na-egwu egwuregwu mba atọ ọzọ maka Naịjirịa.  N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1996 FIFA World Cup qualifiers megide Burkina Faso, nke Super Eagles meriri 2-0 na Lagos. Egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Morocco na Disemba 1996, ebe ọ nọgidere na-enweghị akwụkwọ ọzọ, na FIFA World Cup qualifier megide Kenya na Jenụwarị 1997. Egwuregwu ahụ megide Kenya nke gwụrụ na 1-1 draw, bụ egwuregwu ikpeazụ ya maka Naịjirịa.

== Ọrụ nkuzi ==
Ọ malitere ọrụ nkuzi ya n'afọ 2009 dị ka onye isi nchịkwa site na Westerlo Football Academy nke dị na Lagos.

== Ihe edeturu ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>j8zc4lg3ygp12t3i3l0baf7bzru0gh5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638981</id>
      <parentid>638980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T06:03:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>638981</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3508" sha1="8n9q6zb8szqmued0z3rn2t7i1tx2qow" xml:space="preserve">
 {{MedalTop}}
{{MedalCountry|{{NGA}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Football]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]]|[[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Team Competition]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}'''Joseph Dosu''' (amụrụ na 19 June 1973) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba dịka Onye na-edebe goolu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=17 February 2022|title=Peller Cup: Dosu Joseph woos young talents with Europe trials|url=https://punchng.com/peller-cup-dosu-joseph-woos-young-talents-with-europe-trials/|accessdate=6 April 2023|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dosu Joseph backs Dessers to be given another Nigeria opportunity {{!}} Goal.com Nigeria|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/dosu-joseph-backs-dessers-to-be-given-another-nigeria-opportunity/blt1f90ca9a50940d57|accessdate=6 April 2023|work=www.goal.com|language=en-NG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Dosu nyeere Julius Berger aka imeri iko FA nke Naịjirịa na Nọvemba 1996, site n'idebe akara ya n'asọmpi ikpeazụ megide Katsina United. Ọrụ ya kwụsịrị ozugbo mgbe ihe mberede ụgbọala dị njọ mere na Lagos na 1997, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara inwe ike ime ka ọ daa mbà.

Mgbe 1996 Olympics gasịrị, Dosu bịanyere aka na Serie A club Reggiana. O nweghị mmetụta na [[Italy|Ịtali]] ma manye ya ịla ezumike nká mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na atọ, n'ihi ihe mberede ụgbọala na-akwụsị ọrụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.punchng.com/sports/i-was-determined-not-to-be-a-liability-to-my-family-joseph-dosu/ I was determined not to be a liability to my family – Joseph Dosu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704203852/http://www.punchng.com/sports/i-was-determined-not-to-be-a-liability-to-my-family-joseph-dosu/ |date=4 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Ọ bụ naanị onye ọkpụkpọ nọ n'ụlọ a gụnyere na ndị otu egwuregwu Olympic nke Naijiria na 1996, ebe n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ onye na-enweghị ahụmahụ n'ime ndị na-edebe goolu atọ ahụ mechara bụrụ onye na-edebe ihe mbụ nke otu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/sports/2008/july/30/sports-30-07-2008-001.htm Dream Team 'll pull surprises – Dosu]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe o nwetasịrị Gold na Super Eagles na 1996 Olympic, ọ gara n'ihu na-egwu egwuregwu mba atọ ọzọ maka Naịjirịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{NFT player|id=14760}}&lt;/ref&gt;  N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1996 FIFA World Cup qualifiers megide Burkina Faso, nke Super Eagles meriri 2-0 na Lagos. Egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Morocco na Disemba 1996, ebe ọ nọgidere na-enweghị akwụkwọ ọzọ, na FIFA World Cup qualifier megide Kenya na Jenụwarị 1997. Egwuregwu ahụ megide Kenya nke gwụrụ na 1-1 draw, bụ egwuregwu ikpeazụ ya maka Naịjirịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{FIFA player|156905}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ nkuzi ==
Ọ malitere ọrụ nkuzi ya n'afọ 2009 dị ka onye isi nchịkwa site na Westerlo Football Academy nke dị na Lagos.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/nigeria/news/2011/oct/26-academy-team-shock-dream-team.html Dream Team ace Ayo Saka against match winner Hafiz Aremu Wednesday] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071657/http://mtnfootball.com/africa/nigeria/news/2011/oct/26-academy-team-shock-dream-team.html |date=4 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ihe edeturu ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>8n9q6zb8szqmued0z3rn2t7i1tx2qow</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Élise Fischer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75996</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638982</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T06:16:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292681253|Élise Fischer]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638982</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6092" sha1="lue8b8jphdz826meuxi2zejc6ewag9w" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Élise Fischer''' (13 Julaị 1948 - 25 Disemba 2023) bụ onye edemede, onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede akụkọ si Lorraine, onye France..

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Élise Fischer na Champigneulles, Meurthe-et-Moselle na 13 Julaị 1948, ada nke nna Lorraine na nne si Alsace.

N'afọ 1984 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ maka utu aha abụọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Ndị Kraịst, France catholique  na Panorama [fr], kamakwa maka Radio Notre-Dame [fr]. O mechara mepụta ma kwado mmemme edemede Au fil des pages na [[RCF (radio)|RCF]].

Fischer na otu Bayard Presse rụrụ ọrụ site na 1992. N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, e dere ọtụtụ edemede gbasara ikike ụmụaka. Na 2007, ọ laghachiri Lorraine wee biri ebe ahụ.

Fischer nwụrụ na 25 Disemba 2023, mgbe ọ dị afọ 75. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=L'autrice lorraine Elise Fischer est décédée|url=https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/culture-loisirs/l-autrice-lorraine-elise-fischer-est-decedee-6451347|accessdate=25 December 2023|publisher=France Bleu|date=25 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

* 1988: ''Ụmụaka nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ'', Fayard
* 1989: ''Ọkụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata'', Fayard
* 1998: La Colère de Mouche, mbipụta Mazarine
* 2000: Mazarine, nke a na-akparaghị ókè
* 2000: ''Mkpụrụ osisi apụl ga-abụ nke a ma ama n'afọ a'', Mazarine
* 2001: ''Ndị eze nwanyị atọ maka otu okpueze'', Presses de la CitéỤlọ obibi akwụkwọ nke obodo ahụ
* 2002: ''Ịhụnanya Ikpeazụ nke Ọgọstọs'', Fayard
* 2003: Les Alliances de cristal, Presses de la Cité
* 2003: Otu ''Obere square silk'', Fayard
* 2004: Mysterious Manon, Presses de la Cité
* 2005: Nous, les derniers mineurs: l'épopée des Gueules noires, hors collection (na mmekorita ya na Camille Oster) 
* 2005: Le Soleil des mineurs, Presses de la Cité
* 2006: L'Enfant perdu des Philippines, Collection Sud Lointain, Presses de la Cité
* 2006: ''Ụgbala maara'', Presses de la Cité
* 2007: ''Kpọọ m Jeanne'', Fayard
* 2007: Le Roman de la Place Stanislas, Place Stanisles mbipụta
* 2008: ''Lorraine n'etiti ''. ''Njem n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ala'', Place Stanislas Éditions
* 2008: Nkwupụta nke Adrian the Colporteur, Presses de la Cité
* 2008: Ọchịchị dị n'ezie, Fayard
* 2009: ''Mgbe m toro'', Fayard
* 2009: Le Secret du Pressoir, Presses de la Cité
* 2010: Sous les mirabelliers, Presses de la Cité
* 2010: ''Agbamakwụkwọ nke Marie-Victoire'', Calmann-Lévy
* 2010: Le Rêve de la Grenouille, Presses de la Cité
* 2011: Anya mmiri na olile anya na Geneviève Senger, Presses de la Cité
* 2012: Les Amours de la Grenouille, Presses de la cité
* 2013: Au danger de la vérité, Presses de la Cité
* 2013: M ga-egwuri egwu maka anyị, Calmann-Lévy
* 2014: Nwanne nwanyị nke Russia, Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ nke obodo
* 2014: Villa Sourire, Calmann-Lévy
* 2015: Ọdịnihu dị ịtụnanya nke Marie, Calmann-Lévy
* 2016: ''Ogige Petronille'', Calmann-Lévy
* 2016: On the Fil, Presses de la Cité

=== Akwụkwọ maka ndị ntorobịa ===

* 2008: Ogbugbu na Village du Livre, Oxalide.
* 2012: Madeleine na nri ikpeazụ nke Eze Stanislas, ihe osise Amélie Dufour, Feuilles de mint, nchịkọta tii aux histoires
* 2013: Ọ bụrụ na a kọọrọ m bergamot: sun, ihe osise Jude Leppo, Le Verger des Hespérides

=== Na mmekorita ===

* 1991: Pour les enfants du monde, ọrụ n'okpuru nduzi nke prọfesọ Alexandre Minkowski, Éditions n°1/UNICEF/MPLEM
* 2003: L'Appel de Lunéville: Pour la Résurrection du Versailles lorrain, ọrụ n'okpuru nduzi nke François Moulin na Michel Vagner, mbipụta nke Est Républicain/La Nuée Bleue 
* 2007: ''Okwu ndị edemede - La Lorraine -'' Foto Pascal Bodez, ọrụ mkpokọta na nkwado nke Conseil Régional de Lorraine, Serge Domini, onye nchịkọta akụkọ
* 2009: Les plus belles Saint-Nicolas en Lorraine, n'okpuru nduzi nke Marie-Hélène Colin, Place Stanislas éditions
* 2009: Les plus beaux Noëls d'Alsace, n'okpuru nduzi nke Michel Loetscher, Place Stanislas éditions
* 2010: Si Champigneulles m'était conté, parwork duziri site na 11th-grade scholl of Champigneullas, Le Verger des Hespérides éditions

[[Faịlụ:Elise_Fischer_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_octobre_2014.jpg|thumb|Fischer na 2014]]

== Ihe ndị e ji mara ya ==

* 2001: Akwụkwọ ọla edo nke obodo Nancy maka L'Inaccomplie''Ihe Ndị Na-erughị''
* 2004: Ihe nrite nke Association Le printemps du Livre lorrain maka Mystérieuse Manon''Manon Dị Iche Iche''
* 2005: Ihe nrite nke ndị ndụmọdụ ukwu nke mpaghara Lorraine maka Le soleil des Mineurs''Anyanwụ Ndị Na-egwupụta Ihe''
* 2005: Ihe nrite Victor Hugo maka Le soleil des Mineurs''Anyanwụ Ndị Na-egwupụta Ihe''
* 2007: Nkwupụta pụrụ iche nke ihe nrite nke ndị edemede kwere ekwe maka ''Kpọọ m Jeanne''
* 2010: Ihe nrite Prouvé nke Nancy maka Mgbe m ga-adị ukwuu''Mgbe m toro''

== Akwụkwọ ==

* Michel Caffier, ''Dictionnaire des littératures de Lorraine'', Serpenoise, 2003, p. 383  

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category|Élise Fischer}}

* [http://www.babelio.com/auteur/Elise-Fischer/21882 Élise Fischer] na Babelio
* [http://calmann-levy.fr/auteurs/elise-fischer/ Élise Fischer] na Calmann-Lévy
* [http://www.ecrivosges.com/auteurs/bio_bibli.php?id=3934&amp;id_bio=2994&amp;Id_Pseudo=0&amp;operateur=one&amp;recherche=fischer&amp;biosearch=Bio Rịba ama na saịtị ÉcriVosges]
* [https://www.imaginales.fr/elise-fischer/ Élise Fischer] na Imaginales
* [http://salon-litteraire.linternaute.com/fr/interviews/content/1937679-interview-elise-fischer-l-etrange-destin-de-marie-l-histoire-de-celle-qui-sauva-celui-qui-l-avait-sa &lt;nowiki&gt;Ajụjụ ọnụ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
* [http://www.pressesdelacite.com/auteur/elise-fischer Élise Fischer] na Presses de la Cité
* [http://www.ricochet-jeunes.org/auteurs/recherche/10528-elise-fischer Élise Fischer] na Ricochet-Jeunes
{{Authority control}} 
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
      <sha1>lue8b8jphdz826meuxi2zejc6ewag9w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anne Fontaine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638983</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T06:19:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310028018|Anne Fontaine]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638983</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14086" sha1="fxor1a9ljh333natbb6836mni0o6bjo" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Anne Fontaine''' (onye amụrụ '''Anne-Fontaine Sibertin-Blanc'''; 15 Julaị 1959) bụ Onye nduzi ihe nkiri Luxembourg, Onye edemede, na onye bụbu onye na-eme ihe nkiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anne Fontaine|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/anne-fontaine/3030468706/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=TVGuide.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Colman|first=David|date=2013-09-13|title=Upon Reflection, Anne Fontaine's Feminine Touch|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/fashion/upon-reflection-anne-fontaines-feminine-touch.html|accessdate=2023-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Anne-Fontaine Sibertin-Blanc na Luxembourg, nwanne onye ome ihe nkiri Jean-Chrétien Sibertin-Blanc, ọ gara biri na Lisbon mgbe ọ dị obere.,  ebe nna ya, Antoine Sibertin -Blanc, bụ prọfesọ egwu na onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na katidral. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, ọ kwagara Paris ma soro Joseph Russillo zụọ ịgba egwú  mgbe ọ na-aga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya, gụnyere nkà ihe ọmụma. ka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'agụmakwụkwọ ya, gụnyere nkà ihe ọmụma. Di ya bụ Philippe Carcassonne, onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri, ha nwekwara nwa nwoke e ji aka ya kpọchie, Tienne, onye a mụrụ na Cambodia.

Mgbe ọ ka na-agba egwú, Robert Hossein họọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ Esmeralda na mmepụta ihe nkiri nke 1980 nke The Hunchback of Notre-Dame  N'oge a, amalitere iji aha Anne Fontaine eme ihe. Ọ gara n'ihu na-eme ihe nkiri ma bụrụ onye a ma ama maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri ọchị dịka Si ma gueule vous plaît... (1981) na P.R.O.F.S. (1985). Ohere ịbụ osote onye nduzi bịara na mbipụta nke Louis-Ferdinand Céline's Journey to the End of the Night na Renaud-Barrault theatre nke afọ 1986.

Ọrụ mbụ Fontaine dị ka onye nduzi naanị ya, Les Histoires d'amour finissent mal... ''n'ozuzu'' (Love Affairs Usually End Badly), meriri Prix Jean Vigo nke afọ 1993. N'afọ 1995, ya na nwanne ya nwoke rụkọrọ ọrụ na ihe nkiri ''Augustine'' . Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, o dere ma duzie ihe ịga nke ọma Dry Cleaning (Nettoyage à Sec). Ọ meriri ihe nrite Best Screenplay na 1997 Venice Film Festival ma a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe dị ịrịba ama n'ụzọ Fontaine si ghọọ &quot;onye dị mkpa na ihe nkiri French nke oge a&quot;.

N'afọ 1999, onye Augustin (Jean-Chrétien Sibertin-Blanc) pụtara ọzọ na ihe nkiri Fontaine bụ Augustin, King of Kung-Fu . A tọhapụrụ How I Killed My Father na 2001, na ''Nathalie...'' sochiri na 2003. A kọwara ihe nkiri nke afọ 2005, Entre ses mains n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali: &quot;ihe na-akpata obi&quot; dịka Fontaine n'onwe ya si kwuo. E wepụtara ihe nkiri nke atọ nke Augustin, Nouvelle chance (nke a makwaara dị ka ''Oh La La'') na 2006. Mgbe ahụ bịara The Girl From Monaco na 2008 na Coco Before Chanel, ihe nkiri ndụ ya nke Coco Chanel, na 2009.

A naghị akọwa ọrụ Fontaine n'ụzọ dị mfe, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ &quot;ihe nkiri uche&quot;. Ọ gwara akwụkwọ akụkọ UK, &quot;Ana m agbalị ịrụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ndị m na-adịghị ahụ anya, n'ụdị Freudian: ịjụ, 'Gịnị bụ ihe gbasara onwe ha ha ha ha na-amaghị?' Enwere m mmasị na irony nke akara aka, mgbe ihe na-abanye n'ime ihe. Akụkọ m niile nwere ihe obi ọjọọ na ha. &quot;

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ maara na mmegharị nke &quot;ihe nkiri ụmụ nwanyị&quot; rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe megidere usoro Hollywood oge ochie, Fontaine achọghị ịghọta nke a. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Eve-Laure Moros na 1998, o kwuru, sị: &quot;Ọ bụrụ na ndị mmadụ ekwuo na 'Nettoyage a sec' bụ ihe nkiri ụmụ nwanyị, ọ tụrụ m n'anya nke ukwuu, amaghị m ihe nke ahụ pụtara... Echere m na ịbụ onye na-eme fim, n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ, ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka mmadụ ghara inwe mmekọahụ. Ya bụ, ị na-aghọ ihe dị iche, mgbe ị na-eduzi ihe nkiri --- n'oge ịse ihe nkiri ahụ, ị ​​bụghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ị bụ n'ezie ihe dị iche ma nwee mgbagwoju anya.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ritterbusch|first=Rachel|year=2008|title=Anne Fontaine and Contemporary Women's Cinema in France.|journal=Rocky Mountain Review|volume=62|pages=68–81}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==
'''Ihe nkiri'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
! width=&quot;65&quot; |Onye nduzi
! width=&quot;65&quot; |Onye edemede
!Ihe edeturu
!Ihe mgbochi.
|-
|1993
|''Akụkọ ịhụnanya na-emebi emebi. n'ozuzu''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|1995
|''Augustine''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1997
|''A ga-eweghachi@mour''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|Akụkụ: Tapin nke mgbede''Ihe nkiri nke mgbede''
|
|-
|''Ịsacha Mmiri''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1999-03-26|title=Hidden Desires Unfold in Mesmerizing 'Dry Cleaning'|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-mar-26-ca-21071-story.html|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stratton|first=David|date=1997-10-19|title=Dry Cleaning|url=https://variety.com/1997/film/reviews/dry-cleaning-1200451451/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Variety|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1999
|''Augustine, Eze nke Kung-Fu''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2001
|''Otu M si gbuo Nna m''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=O'Hehir|first=Andrew|date=2002-08-31|title=&quot;How I Killed My Father&quot;|url=https://www.salon.com/2002/08/30/i_killed_father/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Salon|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2003
|''Nathalie...''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gates|first=Anita|date=2006-04-14|title=French Star Power and Sex in Anne Fontaine's 'Nathalie'|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/movies/french-star-power-and-sex-in-anne-fontaines-nathalie.html|accessdate=2023-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Elley|first=Derek|date=2003-10-01|title=Nathalie . . .|url=https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/nathalie-1200538904/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Variety|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2005
|''N'aka ya''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2006
|''Oh La La!''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2008
|''Nwa agbọghọ si Monaco''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Elley|first=Derek|date=2008-08-14|title=The Girl From Monaco|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/reviews/the-girl-from-monaco-1200507761/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Variety|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
|''Akị bekee tupu Chanel''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=September 23|first=Lisa Schwarzbaum Updated|title=Coco Before Chanel|url=https://ew.com/article/2009/09/23/coco-chanel/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=EW.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Morris|first=Wesley|date=2009-10-02|title=Coco Before Chanel|work=Boston.com|url=http://archive.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2009/10/02/coco_has_fashion_but_lacks_real_passion/|accessdate=2023-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2011
|''Nrọ Kasị njọ m''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2013
|''Nne Abụọ''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Wise|first=Damon|date=2013-01-21|title=Sundance film festival 2013: Two Mothers – first look review|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jan/21/sundance-film-festival-2013-two-mothers|accessdate=2023-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ebiri|first=Bilge|title=Ebiri on Adore: Two Hot Mothers, Two Hot Sons, Sexy Time|url=https://www.vulture.com/2013/09/movie-review-adore.html|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Vulture|date=6 September 2013|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=A. O.|date=2013-09-05|title=A Valentine for One, a Mother's Day Card for Another|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/06/movies/adore-gives-young-lovers-to-robin-wright-and-naomi-watts.html|accessdate=2023-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|''Gemma Bovery''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Williams|first=Joe|title=Flaubert gets a meta-movie makeover in 'Gemma Bovery'|url=https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/movies/reviews/flaubert-gets-a-meta-movie-makeover-in-gemma-bovery/article_b7dc1ba6-f1ea-52e3-be75-87b841bf8d2c.html|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=STLtoday.com|date=9 July 2015|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Aka ha Dị Aka Ike''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Chang|first=Justin|date=2016-01-31|title=Film Review: 'The Innocents'|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/agnus-dei-review-sundance-1201693312/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Variety|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bradshaw|first=Peter|date=2016-11-10|title=The Innocents review – a fervent drama about a wartime tragedy|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/nov/10/the-innocents-review-anne-fontaine-rape-nuns|accessdate=2023-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Holden|first=Stephen|date=2016-06-30|title=Review: In 'The Innocents,' Not Even Nuns Are Spared War Horrors|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/01/movies/review-in-the-innocents-not-even-nuns-are-spared-war-horrors.html|accessdate=2023-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-06-30|title=Review: 'The Innocents' strikingly tells of what befell a convent victimized during WWII|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-innocents-review-20160627-snap-story.html|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2017
|''Ịmepụta Marvin ọzọ''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lodge|first=Guy|date=2017-09-03|title=Venice Film Review: 'Reinventing Marvin'|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/reinventing-marvin-review-1202545874/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Variety|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|''Ọcha Dị ka Snow''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kennedy|first=Lisa|date=2021-08-12|title='White as Snow' Review: The Fairest of Them All|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/12/movies/white-as-snow-review.html|accessdate=2023-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2020
|''Mgbanwe abalị''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2021
|''Ndị isi ala''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2024
|''Bolero''| {{yes}}| {{yes}}
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bol:variety&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/global/coco-before-chanel-anne-fontaine-bolero-1235890253/|title='Coco Before Chanel' Director Anne Fontaine Celebrates Premiere of 'Boléro,' Teases New Project About Popular Music (EXCLUSIVE)|author=Marta Balaga|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=29 January 2024|accessdate=27 February 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
'''Ọrụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
!Ihe edeturu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1980
|''Ihe Omimi nke Paris''
|Sara
|Obere ihe nkiri TV
|-
|''Ụmụnne nne dị nro''
|Justine
|
|-
|1981
|''Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ka m kwuo ya.''
|Isabelle
|
|-
|1982
|''Igwefoto nke mbụ''
|Alba
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|1984
|''Dọkịta Dị Iche Ike Cornelius''
|Andrée de Maubreuil
|Obere ihe nkiri TV
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1985
|''N'etiti nwamba na anụ ọhịa wolf''
|Carole Lambert
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|''P.R.O.F.S.''
|Marite
|
|-
|1986
|''Nnukwu họtel''
|Marite
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|1987
|''Ụmụaka na White Whale''
|Claudine
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|1988
|''Map e bipụtara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ''
|Pauline
|Obere ihe nkiri TV
|-
|1986–1990
|''Usoro ihe nkiri pink''
|Mathilde / Oriakụ Orlova
|Ihe nkiri TV
|-
|1999
|''Enweghị ihe ihere''
|Nathalie
|
|}

== Onyinye na nhọpụta ==
'''Ihe nrite BAFTA'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ụdị
!Aha ya
!Nsonaazụ
|-
|2009
|Ihe nkiri kacha mma Ọ bụghị n'asụsụ Bekee
|''Akị bekee tupu Chanel''| {{Nom}}
|}
'''Ihe nrite nke Caesar'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ụdị
!Aha ya
!Nsonaazụ
|-
|1998
|Ihe nkiri kachasị mma ma ọ bụ Adaptation
|''Ịsacha Mmiri''| {{Nom}}
|-
|2006
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ntinye Akaebe Kasị Mma
|''N'aka ya''| {{Nom}}
|-
|2010
|''Akị bekee tupu Chanel''| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
|Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Ndị Aka ha Dị Aka Ike''| {{Nom}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kacha mma| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe nkiri kachasị mma| {{Nom}}
|}
'''Emume ihe nkiri Venice'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ụdị
!Aha ya
!Nsonaazụ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1997
|Osella ọlaedo
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ịsacha Mmiri''| {{Won}}
|-
|Ọdụm Ọlaedo| {{Nom}}
|}
'''Onyinye Ìhè'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ụdị
!Aha ya
!Nsonaazụ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2009
|Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Akị bekee tupu Chanel''| {{Nom}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kacha mma| {{Nom}}
|}
'''Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ihe nrite
!Ụdị
!Aha ya
!Nsonaazụ
|-
|1993
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe nrite Jean Vigo
|''Akụkọ ịhụnanya na-emebi emebi. n'ozuzu&lt;br /&gt;''| {{Won}}
|-
|1995
|Emume ihe nkiri nke Cannes
|Otu Ihe Na-ele Anya
|''Augustine''| {{Nom}}
|-
|2001
|Emume ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke Locarno
|Agụ owuru
|''Otu M si gbuo Nna m''| {{Nom}}
|-
|2005
|Emume ihe nkiri San Sebastián
|Akpụkpọ Ọlaedo
|''N'aka ya''| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2009
|Ihe nrite ndị nkatọ na-ahọrọ
|Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma nke Asụsụ Mba Ọzọ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Akị bekee tupu Chanel''| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ihe nkiri Europe
|Ihe nrite Lux| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2016
|Obodo nke Ìhè, Obodo nke Ndị Mmụọ Ozi
|Ihe nrite nke ndị na-ege ntị
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Ndị Aka ha Dị Aka Ike''| {{Won}}
|-
|Emume ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke Norway
|Ihe nrite Andreas| {{Won}}
|-
|Emume ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke Provincetown
|Ihe nrite ndị na-ege ntị maka Akụkọ Kasị Mma| {{Won}}
|-
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị nduzi ihe nkiri na telivishọn nwanyị
* Ndepụta ihe nkiri metụtara LGBT nke ụmụ nwanyị duziri

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commons category|Anne Fontaine}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
      <sha1>fxor1a9ljh333natbb6836mni0o6bjo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hélène Frappat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75998</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638984</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T06:21:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334002528|Hélène Frappat]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5746" sha1="j572klzsh778h6ocl2ct52d53hi93r0" xml:space="preserve">'''Hélène Frappat''' (2 Septemba 1969 na Paris) bụ onye edemede French, onye ntụgharị na onye nkatọ nke ihe nkiri.
[[Faịlụ:Hélène_Frappat_(2018).jpg|thumb|Foto nke Hélène Frappat]]

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ nke École Normale Supérieure (klas 1989), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.archicubes.ens.fr/lannuaire#annuaire_chercher?identite=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+Frappat.|title=L'Annuaire &amp;#124; a-Ulm}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere nchịkọta nke nkà ihe ọmụma na akwụkwọ ozi PhD. Ọ bụ ya dere ọtụtụ nsụgharị, gụnyere The Origins of Totalitarianism nke Hannah Arendt dere, Études sur la personnalité autoritaire nke Theodor W. Adorno dere, Amitié nke Samson Raphaelson dere). Na France Culture, o mepụtara magazin sinima kwa ọnwa &quot;Rien à voir&quot;, site na 2004 ruo 2009, tinyere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri.

Ọ bụ ya dere akwụkwọ akụkọ itoolu nke Éditions Allia na Actes Sud bipụtara. Ọ na-asụgharị akwụkwọ akụkọ Ann Patchett yana nke Laura Lippman kemgbe afọ 2019.. 

N'afọ 2016, o sonyere na Assises Internationales du Roman na Lyon . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|language=fr|title=Les jeunes romanciers philosophes|url=http://www.villagillet.net/portail/air/details/article/phenomene-de-generation-les-jeunes-romanciers-philosophes/|year=2016|accessdate=15 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611053016/http://www.villagillet.net/portail/air/details/article/phenomene-de-generation-les-jeunes-romanciers-philosophes/|archivedate=11 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwụkwọ akụkọ ikpeazụ ya, Trois femmes disparaissent, dabeere na ndụ Tippi Hedren, nwa ya nwanyị Melanie Griffith na nwa nwa ya nwanyị Dakota Johnson. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ enwetala otuto dị egwu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Trois femmes disparaissent {{!}} Actes Sud|url=https://www.actes-sud.fr/catalogue/litterature/trois-femmes-disparaissent|accessdate=2023-02-19|work=www.actes-sud.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma IRCAM na-emezi ya ugbu a.

== Akwụkwọ ==

; Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* 2004: ''Sous réserve'', Paris, Éditions Allia, 124 p.  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/sous-reserve_809417.html|title=Kant dans un jeu de piste|author=Baptiste Liger (Lire), 1 September 2004|date=September 2004|accessdate=15 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2007: '' L'Agent de liaison'', Paris, Éditions Allia, 142 p.  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.telerama.fr/livres/l-agent-de-liaison,20451.php|title=L'Agent de liaison. Roman – Hélène Frappat|author=Erwan Desplanques, Télérama n° 3013 – 13 October 2007|accessdate=15 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: ''Par effraction'', Paris, Éditions Allia, 128 p.  

: - Ihe nrite Wepler-Foundation La Poste - Mention Spéciale, 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.prix-litteraires.net/prix/144,prix-wepler-fondation-la-poste-mention-speciale.html|title=Prix Wepler-Fondation La Poste – Mention Spéciale|accessdate=15 January 2017|archivedate=5 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205050221/http://www.prix-litteraires.net/prix/144,prix-wepler-fondation-la-poste-mention-speciale.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2011:  ''Inverno'', Arles, France, Éditions Actes Sud, series &quot;Un endroit où aller&quot;, 140 p.  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.telerama.fr/livres/inverno,72103.php|title=Inverno. Hélène Frappat|author=Christine Ferniot, Télérama n° 3215 – 27 August 2011|date=27 August 2011|accessdate=15 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; then Actes Sud, series &quot;Babel&quot;, 2016  ''Lady Hunt'', Arles, France, Éditions Actes Sud, series &quot;Domaine français&quot;, 2013, 320 p.  , then Actes Sud, series &quot;Babel&quot;, 2016  .

: - Nhọrọ Prix Mauvais genres 2013.
: - Nhọrọ Franz-Hessel-Preis 2014.

* 2014: ''N'oublie pas de respirer'', Arles, France, Éditions Actes Sud, series &quot;Essence&quot;, 64 p.  

: - Nhọrọ Franz-Hessel-Preis 2015.
: - Nhọrọ Ihe nrite nke ụmụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ndị mmụta nke Île de France

* 2019: ''Osimiri Ikpeazụ'', Ọrụ Ndịda
* 2021: ''Ugwu Fuji adịghị'', Actes Sud
* 2023: Ụmụ nwanyị atọ na-apụ n'anya, Actes Sud

:
; Ihe odide

* 2000: ''La Violence'', Paris, Flammarion, series &quot;Corpus&quot;, 251 p.  
* 2001: ''Jacques Rivette, secret compris'', Paris, Cahiers du cinéma, 255 p.  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lesinrocks.com/cine/cinema-article/t/30011/date/2001-11-30/article/jacques-rivette-secret-compris-jacques-rozier-le-funambule/|title=Jacques Rivette, secret compris|accessdate=15 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lalibre.be/culture/divers/article/22409/dans-le-secret-de-jacques-rivette.html|title=Dans le secret de Jacques Rivette|author=Jean-François Pluijgers|date=17 May 2001|accessdate=15 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008: ''Roberto Rossellini'', Paris, Cahiers du cinéma, 94 p.  
* ''Trois films fantômes de Jacques Rivette'', Paris, Cahiers du cinéma, 2002, 110 p.  .

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.franceinter.fr/personnes/helene-frappat Hélène Frappat] na France Inter
* [https://www.franceculture.fr/personne/helene-frappat Hélène Frappat] na France Culture
* [http://www.actes-sud.fr/contributeurs/frappat-helene-0 Hélène Frappat] na Ọrụ Ndịda
* [http://www.babelio.com/auteur/Helene-Frappat/5253 Hélène Frappat] na Babelio
* [http://www.m-e-l.fr/,ec,539 Hélène Frappat] na MEL
* Hélène Frappat isiokwu banyere Les Inrockuptibles''Ihe Ndị Na-enweghị Nkwekọrịta''
* Nkwurịta okwu Hélène Frappat Gburugburu Jacques Rivette na YouTube
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEstgd2VCvQ Hélène Frappat: ''Ọ bụ nwanyị na-abanye n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè...''] na YouTube
{{Authority control}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>j572klzsh778h6ocl2ct52d53hi93r0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fred de Gresac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75999</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638985</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T06:23:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1265012179|Fred de Gresac]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638985</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2871" sha1="spu360ayyrgzlcly4vzf2y6wo07sbcf" xml:space="preserve">
[[Faịlụ:Btv1b8596902k-p009-1352.jpg|thumb|Fred de Gresac nke Jean Reutlinger]]
'''Fred de Gresac''' (nwụrụ na Febụwarị 20, 1943), A mụrụ ya Frédérique Rosine de Grésac, ọ bụkwa onye France na-ede akwụkwọ, na-ede egwuregwu, na onye na-ede ihe nkiri. Ọ bụ nwunye onye na-abụ abụ opera bụ́ Victor Maurel.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Frédérique Rosine de Grésac na Lamalou-les-Bains, na ndịda France. (Ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya na isi mmalite, site na 1866 ruo 1879.) O jiri aha ahụ bụ &quot;Fred de Gresac&quot; mee ihe n'ụzọ ọkachamara n'ihi na, dịka ọ kọwara onye nta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ, &quot;Echere m na ọha na eze na-enwe mmasị n'egwuregwu ya nke ụmụ nwoke dere.&quot;&quot; 

== Ọrụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Hell_Harbor_poster_2.jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi ihe nkiri maka Hell Harbor (1930), na-ekwu na Fred de Gresac bụ onye edemede nke ihe nkiri a gbanwere]]
N'afọ 1917, onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri bụ Alan Dale dere na &quot;Onye edemede egwuregwu nwanyị kachasị mma m hụtụrụla bụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na 'Fred de Gresac'.  O dere ihe karịrị egwuregwu na ihe nkiri 100, gụnyere The Marriage of Kitty (1903-1904), La Passerelle (Orange Blossoms) (1904, a kpọlitere ya n'afọ 1922 dịka egwu na 1947; ya na Victor Herbert), The Enchantress (1911-1912, ya na Harry B. Smith, The Wedding (1911-1914, Harry B.&lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwpw=&quot;&quot;&gt;Flo-Flo' Comes to the Tremont\&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwjw\&quot;&gt;Boston Daily Globe&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (April 22, 1919): 5.&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-6&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Fred_de_Gresac#cite_note-6 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;5&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; Banyere egwu egwu ''''Flo-Flo'''', ọ kọwara na 1919, &quot;E nwere ọdachi zuru ezu n'èzí ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ. Ya mere, emeela m Flo-Fro - ana m akpọ ya cocktail ime mmụọ m - maka America. &quot;

Ihe nkiri ndị de Gresac dere gụnyere The Marriage of Kitty (1915, ugbu a furu efu), The Kiss of Hate (1916, ugbu a furu furu efu),The Great Secret (1917, ugbu a furu ohi), The Eternal Temptress (1917), La Bohème (1926), The Son of the Sheik (1926), Afraid to Love (1927), ''Camille'' (1926), Breakfast at Sunrise (1927), She Goes to War (1929), na Hell Harbor (1930).

N'afọ 1909, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi nka nke Little Theatre na New York, na-enye &quot;Elaborate and Costly Amusement in a Luxurious Setting for the Elect&quot;.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Fred de Gresac lụrụ onye na-agụ egwu opera Victor Maurel. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1923. Fred de Gresac nwụrụ na Los Angeles na 1943, ma eleghị anya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ. A na-edebe akwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Stanford . 

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>spu360ayyrgzlcly4vzf2y6wo07sbcf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638986</id>
      <parentid>638985</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T06:28:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>638986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4367" sha1="0jqnokr7qqmbte73dygq5mocykev1y4" xml:space="preserve">
[[Faịlụ:Btv1b8596902k-p009-1352.jpg|thumb|Fred de Gresac nke Jean Reutlinger]]
'''Fred de Gresac''' (nwụrụ na Febụwarị 20, 1943), A mụrụ ya Frédérique Rosine de Grésac, ọ bụkwa onye France na-ede akwụkwọ, na-ede egwuregwu, na onye na-ede ihe nkiri. Ọ bụ nwunye onye na-abụ abụ opera bụ́ Victor Maurel.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Frédérique Rosine de Grésac na Lamalou-les-Bains, na ndịda France. (Ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya na isi mmalite, site na 1866 ruo 1879.) O jiri aha ahụ bụ &quot;Fred de Gresac&quot; mee ihe n'ụzọ ọkachamara n'ihi na, dịka ọ kọwara onye nta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ, &quot;Echere m na ọha na eze na-enwe mmasị n'egwuregwu ya nke ụmụ nwoke dere.&quot;&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16306675/fred_de_gresac_1912/ &quot;Woman Playwright Says Public Prefers Men's Work&quot;] ''Indianapolis Star'' (January 21, 1912): 36. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Hell_Harbor_poster_2.jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi ihe nkiri maka Hell Harbor (1930), na-ekwu na Fred de Gresac bụ onye edemede nke ihe nkiri a gbanwere]]
N'afọ 1917, onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri bụ Alan Dale dere na &quot;Onye edemede egwuregwu nwanyị kachasị mma m hụtụrụla bụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na 'Fred de Gresac'.&lt;ref&gt;Alan Dale, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ApVJAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=Gresac&amp;pg=PA7 &quot;Women Playwrights: Their Contribution has Enriched the Stage&quot;] ''The Delineator'' (February 1917): 7.&lt;/ref&gt;  O dere ihe karịrị egwuregwu na ihe nkiri 100, gụnyere The Marriage of Kitty (1903-1904), La Passerelle (Orange Blossoms) (1904, a kpọlitere ya n'afọ 1922 dịka egwu na 1947; ya na Victor Herbert), The Enchantress (1911-1912, ya na Harry B. Smith, The Wedding (1911-1914, Harry B.&lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwpw=&quot;&quot;&gt;Flo-Flo' Comes to the Tremont\&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwjw\&quot;&gt;Boston Daily Globe&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (April 22, 1919): 5.&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-6&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Fred_de_Gresac#cite_note-6 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;5&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; Banyere egwu egwu ''''Flo-Flo'''', ọ kọwara na 1919, &quot;E nwere ọdachi zuru ezu n'èzí ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ. Ya mere, emeela m Flo-Fro - ana m akpọ ya cocktail ime mmụọ m - maka America. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=m8U2AQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Fred+de+Gresac ''Orange Blossoms: A Comedy with Music in Three Acts''] (HARMS Inc. 1922).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=MCw5AQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Fred+de+Gresac ''The Wedding Trip: An Opera Bouffe in Three Acts''] (Remick 1911).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.proquest.com/news/docview/97172420/54FE0E41843948A0PQ/7 &quot;'The Wedding Trip' Has Pretty Music&quot;] ''New York Times'' (December 26, 1911): 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.proquest.com/news/docview/503708472/54FE0E41843948A0PQ/1 &quot;'Flo-Flo' Comes to the Tremont&quot;] ''Boston Daily Globe'' (April 22, 1919): 5.&lt;/ref&gt;.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16307577/fred_de_gresac_1919/ &quot;Flo Flo Opens at Grand Tomorrow&quot;] ''San Antonio Evening News'' (November 22, 1919): 8. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nkiri ndị de Gresac dere gụnyere The Marriage of Kitty (1915, ugbu a furu efu), The Kiss of Hate (1916, ugbu a furu furu efu),The Great Secret (1917, ugbu a furu ohi), The Eternal Temptress (1917), La Bohème (1926), The Son of the Sheik (1926), Afraid to Love (1927), ''Camille'' (1926), Breakfast at Sunrise (1927), She Goes to War (1929), na Hell Harbor (1930).

N'afọ 1909, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi nka nke Little Theatre na New York, na-enye &quot;Elaborate and Costly Amusement in a Luxurious Setting for the Elect&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=f_JNAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Gresac&amp;pg=PA3 &quot;The 'Little Theatre'&quot;] ''New York Dramatic Mirror'' (July 10, 1909): 3.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Fred de Gresac lụrụ onye na-agụ egwu opera Victor Maurel. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1923. Fred de Gresac nwụrụ na Los Angeles na 1943, ma eleghị anya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ. A na-edebe akwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Stanford . &lt;ref&gt;[https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/6972214 Mme. Fred de Gresac papers, ca. 1900-1945], Stanford University Libraries.&lt;/ref&gt;


== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>0jqnokr7qqmbte73dygq5mocykev1y4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anne Fulda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>76000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638987</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T06:30:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334289607|Anne Fulda]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638987</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1087" sha1="fyn7r3xrqt669x1fteuz6u6sntvf52q" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Anne Fulda''' (amụrụ na 10 Mee 1963) bụ onye nta akụkọ French na-arụ ọrụ maka Le ''Figaro'' na ngalaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kemgbe afọ 1992. Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mba Frans, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka nri nke ndị Frans. O dere akwụkwọ gbasara Jacques Chirac na 1997. A na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwanyị nke onye bụbu Onye isi ala France Nicolas Sarkozy site na 2005 ruo 2006.

== Akwụkwọ ==

* ''Onye isi ala gbara ya gburugburu'' (1997) - Grasset   
* François Baroin, onye na-eme ihe n'ụzọ dị nro (2012) - Paris, Lattès
* ''Foto ụmụ nwanyị'' (2016) - Paris, Plon
* ''Emmanuel Macron, nwa okorobịa zuru oke'' (2017) - Plon
* My Most Most Most Most Loved Monsters (2020) - mbipụta nke Observatory

== Isiokwu ==

* [http://www.lefigaro.fr/reportage/20070511.FIG000000061_les_vacances_de_m_le_president.html Oge ezumike nke Maazị Onye isi ala]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
      <sha1>fyn7r3xrqt669x1fteuz6u6sntvf52q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638988</id>
      <parentid>638987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T06:33:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chinemeremprince</username>
        <id>13026</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>638988</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1556" sha1="af531z22amo51ynvy6bb5rherhrabau" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Anne Fulda''' (amụrụ na 10 Mee 1963) bụ onye nta akụkọ French na-arụ ọrụ maka Le ''Figaro'' na ngalaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kemgbe afọ 1992.&lt;ref&gt;[https://backstage.rtlgroup.com/public/htm/en/Dailynews_FS.aspx?id=dailynews_580241D668224CB2ACF4505A859A041B&amp;newsdate=12012011 Backstage, the RTL group intranet. People: Anne Fulda], ''RTL'', January 12, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mba Frans, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka nri nke ndị Frans. O dere akwụkwọ gbasara Jacques Chirac na 1997.&lt;ref&gt;''Un président très entouré'' (1997) - Grasset {{ISBN|2-246-52531-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwanyị nke onye bụbu Onye isi ala France Nicolas Sarkozy site na 2005 ruo 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Libération, French National Daily Newspaper, Paris - October 18th, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Le Matin&quot;, Swiss National Daily Newspaper, Lausanne, October 5th, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ==

* ''Onye isi ala gbara ya gburugburu'' (1997) - Grasset   
* François Baroin, onye na-eme ihe n'ụzọ dị nro (2012) - Paris, Lattès
* ''Foto ụmụ nwanyị'' (2016) - Paris, Plon
* ''Emmanuel Macron, nwa okorobịa zuru oke'' (2017) - Plon
* My Most Most Most Most Loved Monsters (2020) - mbipụta nke Observatory

== Isiokwu ==

* [http://www.lefigaro.fr/reportage/20070511.FIG000000061_les_vacances_de_m_le_president.html Oge ezumike nke Maazị Onye isi ala]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
      <sha1>af531z22amo51ynvy6bb5rherhrabau</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kumba Jaiteh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>76001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638992</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T08:11:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sayvhior</username>
        <id>13464</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355541629|Kumba Jaiteh]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638992</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3184" sha1="0l4ethr8gaste5wta2zvhqxowy1wkab" xml:space="preserve">
'''Kumba Jaiteh''' (amụrụ ya n'oge afọ 1988 maọbụ n'oge afọ 1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;saja&quot; /&gt; bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba [[The Gambia|Gambia]]. Ọ bụ onye a họpụtara na Nzukọ nke ise nke Gambia, site n’oge afọ 2017 ruo oge afọ 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hon. Ya Kumba Jaiteh|url=https://assembly.gm/members/ya-kumba-jaiteh-5th|work=National Assembly of The Gambia|accessdate=21 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe a họpụtara ya, ọ bụ nwaanyị kachasị nta a họpụtara na ndị omeiwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;saja&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Saja|title=Meet the country's youngest nominated female NAM|url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1810-meet-the-country-s-youngest-nominated-female-nam#|work=What's On Gambia - Gambian Celebrity gossip,  nightlife, entertainment news, culture &amp; lifestyle|date=12 April 2017|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whats On Gambia gụnyere ya na ndepụta nke &quot;Top 20 most influential young Gambnians in the New Gambia&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Top 20 most influential young Gambians in the New Gambia|url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/exclusive/2028-top-20-most-influential-young-gambians-in-the-new-gambia#|accessdate=21 May 2026|work=Whats On Gambia|date=11 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụkwazi onye ọka iwu ruru eru, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Anglia Ruskin na obodo England na Gambia . &lt;ref name=&quot;saja&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Saja|title=Meet the country's youngest nominated female NAM|url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1810-meet-the-country-s-youngest-nominated-female-nam#|work=What's On Gambia - Gambian Celebrity gossip,  nightlife, entertainment news, culture &amp; lifestyle|date=12 April 2017|language=en-gb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSaja2017&quot;&gt;Saja (12 April 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170615143108/http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1810-meet-the-country-s-youngest-nominated-female-nam# &quot;Meet the country's youngest nominated female NAM&quot;]. ''What's On Gambia - Gambian Celebrity gossip,  nightlife, entertainment news, culture &amp; lifestyle''. Archived from [http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1810-meet-the-country-s-youngest-nominated-female-nam# the original] on 15 June 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N’ọnwa Jenụwarị nke oge afọ 2020, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Gambia kpebiri na onye isi ala Adama Barrow mere ihe n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị mgbe ọ kwụsịrị ịbụ onye otu nzukọ mba n’ọnwa Febụwarị nke oge afọ 2019 mgbe ọ katọrọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;gassama&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gassama|first=Foday|title=Gambia: President Nominates Foday Gassama to Replace Ya Kumba Jaiteh|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201903070195.html|accessdate=21 May 2026|work=allAfrica.com|date=5 March 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bah&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bah|first=Omar|title=Ya Kumba Wins Against Barrow|url=https://standard.gm/ya-kumba-wins-against-barrow/|accessdate=21 May 2026|work=The Standard Newspaper|date=29 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}} 


[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>0l4ethr8gaste5wta2zvhqxowy1wkab</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638993</id>
      <parentid>638992</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T08:12:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sayvhior</username>
        <id>13464</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>638993</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2856" sha1="jm0wcw4bhkq4ao1j8tynp6znjqi1v58" xml:space="preserve">
'''Kumba Jaiteh''' (amụrụ ya n'oge afọ 1988 maọbụ n'oge afọ 1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;saja&quot; /&gt; bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba [[The Gambia|Gambia]]. Ọ bụ onye a họpụtara na Nzukọ nke ise nke Gambia, site n’oge afọ 2017 ruo oge afọ 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hon. Ya Kumba Jaiteh|url=https://assembly.gm/members/ya-kumba-jaiteh-5th|work=National Assembly of The Gambia|accessdate=21 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe a họpụtara ya, ọ bụ nwaanyị kachasị nta a họpụtara na ndị omeiwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;saja&quot; /&gt; Whats On Gambia gụnyere ya na ndepụta nke &quot;Top 20 most influential young Gambnians in the New Gambia&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Top 20 most influential young Gambians in the New Gambia|url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/exclusive/2028-top-20-most-influential-young-gambians-in-the-new-gambia#|accessdate=21 May 2026|work=Whats On Gambia|date=11 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụkwazi onye ọka iwu ruru eru, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Anglia Ruskin na obodo England na Gambia . &lt;ref name=&quot;saja&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Saja|title=Meet the country's youngest nominated female NAM|url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1810-meet-the-country-s-youngest-nominated-female-nam#|work=What's On Gambia - Gambian Celebrity gossip,  nightlife, entertainment news, culture &amp; lifestyle|date=12 April 2017|language=en-gb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSaja2017&quot;&gt;Saja (12 April 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170615143108/http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1810-meet-the-country-s-youngest-nominated-female-nam# &quot;Meet the country's youngest nominated female NAM&quot;]. ''What's On Gambia - Gambian Celebrity gossip,  nightlife, entertainment news, culture &amp; lifestyle''. Archived from [http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1810-meet-the-country-s-youngest-nominated-female-nam# the original] on 15 June 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N’ọnwa Jenụwarị nke oge afọ 2020, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Gambia kpebiri na onye isi ala Adama Barrow mere ihe n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị mgbe ọ kwụsịrị ịbụ onye otu nzukọ mba n’ọnwa Febụwarị nke oge afọ 2019 mgbe ọ katọrọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;gassama&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gassama|first=Foday|title=Gambia: President Nominates Foday Gassama to Replace Ya Kumba Jaiteh|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201903070195.html|accessdate=21 May 2026|work=allAfrica.com|date=5 March 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bah&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bah|first=Omar|title=Ya Kumba Wins Against Barrow|url=https://standard.gm/ya-kumba-wins-against-barrow/|accessdate=21 May 2026|work=The Standard Newspaper|date=29 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}} 


[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>jm0wcw4bhkq4ao1j8tynp6znjqi1v58</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638994</id>
      <parentid>638993</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T08:13:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sayvhior</username>
        <id>13464</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>638994</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2867" sha1="gzvahz638cm1xjx94ndmeatqvupl4fh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Kumba Jaiteh''' (amụrụ ya n'oge afọ 1988 maọbụ n'oge afọ 1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;saja&quot; /&gt; bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba [[The Gambia|Gambia]]. Ọ bụ onye a họpụtara na Nzukọ nke ise nke Gambia, site n’oge afọ 2017 ruo oge afọ 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hon. Ya Kumba Jaiteh|url=https://assembly.gm/members/ya-kumba-jaiteh-5th|work=National Assembly of The Gambia|accessdate=21 May 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe a họpụtara ya, ọ bụ nwaanyị kachasị nta a họpụtara na ndị omeiwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;saja&quot; /&gt; Whats On Gambia gụnyere ya na ndepụta nke &quot;Top 20 most influential young Gambnians in the New Gambia&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Top 20 most influential young Gambians in the New Gambia|url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/exclusive/2028-top-20-most-influential-young-gambians-in-the-new-gambia#|accessdate=21 May 2026|work=Whats On Gambia|date=11 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụkwazi onye ọka iwu ruru eru, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Anglia Ruskin na obodo England na Gambia . &lt;ref name=&quot;saja&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Saja|title=Meet the country's youngest nominated female NAM|url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1810-meet-the-country-s-youngest-nominated-female-nam#|work=What's On Gambia - Gambian Celebrity gossip,  nightlife, entertainment news, culture &amp; lifestyle|date=12 April 2017|language=en-gb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSaja2017&quot;&gt;Saja (12 April 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170615143108/http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1810-meet-the-country-s-youngest-nominated-female-nam# &quot;Meet the country's youngest nominated female NAM&quot;]. ''What's On Gambia - Gambian Celebrity gossip,  nightlife, entertainment news, culture &amp; lifestyle''. Archived from [http://www.whatson-gambia.com/news/headline-news/1810-meet-the-country-s-youngest-nominated-female-nam# the original] on 15 June 2017.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N’ọnwa Jenụwarị nke oge afọ 2020, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Gambia kpebiri na onye isi ala Adama Barrow mere ihe n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị mgbe ọ kwụsịrị ịbụ onye otu nzukọ mba n’ọnwa Febụwarị nke oge afọ 2019 mgbe ọ katọrọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;gassama&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gassama|first=Foday|title=Gambia: President Nominates Foday Gassama to Replace Ya Kumba Jaiteh|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201903070195.html|accessdate=21 May 2026|work=allAfrica.com|date=5 March 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bah&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bah|first=Omar|title=Ya Kumba Wins Against Barrow|url=https://standard.gm/ya-kumba-wins-against-barrow/|accessdate=21 May 2026|work=The Standard Newspaper|date=29 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}} 


[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>gzvahz638cm1xjx94ndmeatqvupl4fh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hedwig Jaenichen-Woermann</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>76002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>638996</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T08:28:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sayvhior</username>
        <id>13464</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355520960|Hedwig Jaenichen-Woermann]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>638996</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3264" sha1="lvjjyyzpebkigsn2q9di5ko8dqifhk4" xml:space="preserve">
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Hedwig Jaenichen-Woermann''' (1879-1960) bụ onye mba Germany na-ese ihe.

A mụrụ Jaenichen-Woermann n’ọnwa Nọvemba nke ụbọchi 1 n’oge afọ 1879 na mba Hamburg, Germany.&lt;ref name=&quot;RKD Research&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hedwig Woermann|url=https://research.rkd.nl/nl/detail/https%3A%2F%2Fdata.rkd.nl%2Fartists%2F234285|work=RKD Research|accessdate=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; O bu ụzọ soro onye na-ese ihe Fritz Mackensen mụọ ihe. Ọ kwagara obodo Paris, France ka ya na Antoine Bourdelle mụọ ihe. N’oge afọ 1903 ọ kwagara obodo Rome, Ịtali, ebe ọ zutere ma lụọ onye na-ese ihe ibe ya bụ Hanns Jaenichen (1873-1945). Di na nwunye ahụ laghachiri mba Germany n’oge afọ 1909 na mbido Agha Ụwa Mbụ, mesịa biri na mpaghara ndị na-ese ihe na Ahrenshoop. Ọ bụ onye otu Verein der Berliner Künstlerinnen . &lt;ref name=&quot;Hamburger Frauenbiografien&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hedwig Woermann, verh. Jaenichen {{!}} Biografien-Datenbank: Frauen aus Hamburg|url=https://hamburg-frauenbiografien.de/item/4233--hedwig-woermann-verh-jaenichen|work=Hamburger Frauenbiografien|accessdate=21 May 2026|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaenichen-Woermann gara ọtụtụ ebe n'Africa, Eshia na South America, laghachi Germany ọzọ tupu [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Niedersächsische Personen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jaenichen-Woermann, Hedwig|url=https://personen.niedersaechsische-bibliographie.de/person/1043261656/|work=Niedersächsische Personen|accessdate=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di na nwunye ahụ nwara igbu onwe ha n’oge afọ 1945 n'ihi egwu ha na ndị agha Soviet wakporo mba Germany. Hanns nwụrụ mana Hedwig lanarịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamburger Frauenbiografien&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hedwig Woermann, verh. Jaenichen {{!}} Biografien-Datenbank: Frauen aus Hamburg|url=https://hamburg-frauenbiografien.de/item/4233--hedwig-woermann-verh-jaenichen|work=Hamburger Frauenbiografien|accessdate=21 May 2026|language=de}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://hamburg-frauenbiografien.de/item/4233--hedwig-woermann-verh-jaenichen &quot;Hedwig Woermann, verh. Jaenichen | Biografien-Datenbank: Frauen aus Hamburg&quot;]. ''Hamburger Frauenbiografien'' (in German)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 May&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaenichen-Woermann nwụrụ n’ọnwa Disemba nke ụbọchi 22 n’oge afọ 1960 na Wustrow, Germany. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kalliope-Verbund&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jaenichen-Woermann, Hedwig (1879-1960)|url=https://kalliope-verbund.info/gnd/117059153|work=Kalliope-Verbund|accessdate=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* [https://galerie-der-panther.de/hedwig-woermann/ Das Leben der Hedwig Woermann - Ihe odide, Foto, Werke] (Ndụ Hedwig Woerman - Ihe odide.
* [https://www.woermannhaus.de/woermann/woermann.html Hedwig Woermann Eine Künstlerin auf dem Fischland] (Hedwig Woerminn: Onye na-ese ihe na Fischland) 
{{Authority control}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>lvjjyyzpebkigsn2q9di5ko8dqifhk4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638997</id>
      <parentid>638996</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T08:29:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sayvhior</username>
        <id>13464</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>638997</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2597" sha1="d51tebay3rx2dliw27f1k80inerxgjh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
'''Hedwig Jaenichen-Woermann''' (1879-1960) bụ onye mba Germany na-ese ihe.

A mụrụ Jaenichen-Woermann n’ọnwa Nọvemba nke ụbọchi 1 n’oge afọ 1879 na mba Hamburg, Germany.&lt;ref name=&quot;RKD Research&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hedwig Woermann|url=https://research.rkd.nl/nl/detail/https%3A%2F%2Fdata.rkd.nl%2Fartists%2F234285|work=RKD Research|accessdate=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; O bu ụzọ soro onye na-ese ihe Fritz Mackensen mụọ ihe. Ọ kwagara obodo Paris, France ka ya na Antoine Bourdelle mụọ ihe. N’oge afọ 1903 ọ kwagara obodo Rome, Ịtali, ebe ọ zutere ma lụọ onye na-ese ihe ibe ya bụ Hanns Jaenichen (1873-1945). Di na nwunye ahụ laghachiri mba Germany n’oge afọ 1909 na mbido Agha Ụwa Mbụ, mesịa biri na mpaghara ndị na-ese ihe na Ahrenshoop. Ọ bụ onye otu Verein der Berliner Künstlerinnen . &lt;ref name=&quot;Hamburger Frauenbiografien&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hedwig Woermann, verh. Jaenichen {{!}} Biografien-Datenbank: Frauen aus Hamburg|url=https://hamburg-frauenbiografien.de/item/4233--hedwig-woermann-verh-jaenichen|work=Hamburger Frauenbiografien|accessdate=21 May 2026|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaenichen-Woermann gara ọtụtụ ebe n'Africa, Eshia na South America, laghachi Germany ọzọ tupu [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Niedersächsische Personen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jaenichen-Woermann, Hedwig|url=https://personen.niedersaechsische-bibliographie.de/person/1043261656/|work=Niedersächsische Personen|accessdate=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di na nwunye ahụ nwara igbu onwe ha n’oge afọ 1945 n'ihi egwu ha na ndị agha Soviet wakporo mba Germany. Hanns nwụrụ mana Hedwig lanarịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamburger Frauenbiografien&quot; /&gt;

Jaenichen-Woermann nwụrụ n’ọnwa Disemba nke ụbọchi 22 n’oge afọ 1960 na Wustrow, Germany. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kalliope-Verbund&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jaenichen-Woermann, Hedwig (1879-1960)|url=https://kalliope-verbund.info/gnd/117059153|work=Kalliope-Verbund|accessdate=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* [https://galerie-der-panther.de/hedwig-woermann/ Das Leben der Hedwig Woermann - Ihe odide, Foto, Werke] (Ndụ Hedwig Woerman - Ihe odide.
* [https://www.woermannhaus.de/woermann/woermann.html Hedwig Woermann Eine Künstlerin auf dem Fischland] (Hedwig Woerminn: Onye na-ese ihe na Fischland) 
{{Authority control}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>d51tebay3rx2dliw27f1k80inerxgjh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>638998</id>
      <parentid>638997</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T08:33:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sayvhior</username>
        <id>13464</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>638998</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2597" sha1="f7b0b6u8bqiwyeomdjb6jrim9mod6kz" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
{{Databox}}
'''Hedwig Jaenichen-Woermann''' (1879-1960) bụ onye mba Germany na-ese ihe.

A mụrụ Jaenichen-Woermann n’ọnwa Nọvemba nke ụbọchi 1 n’oge afọ 1879 na mba Hamburg, Germany.&lt;ref name=&quot;RKD Research&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hedwig Woermann|url=https://research.rkd.nl/nl/detail/https%3A%2F%2Fdata.rkd.nl%2Fartists%2F234285|work=RKD Research|accessdate=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; O bu ụzọ soro onye na-ese ihe Fritz Mackensen mụọ ihe. Ọ kwagara obodo Paris, France ka ya na Antoine Bourdelle mụọ ihe. N’oge afọ 1903 ọ kwagara obodo Rome, Ịtali, ebe ọ zutere ma lụọ onye na-ese ihe ibe ya bụ Hanns Jaenichen (1873-1945). Di na nwunye ahụ laghachiri mba Germany n’oge afọ 1909 na mbido Agha Ụwa Mbụ, mesịa biri na mpaghara ndị na-ese ihe na Ahrenshoop. Ọ bụ onye otu Verein der Berliner Künstlerinnen . &lt;ref name=&quot;Hamburger Frauenbiografien&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hedwig Woermann, verh. Jaenichen {{!}} Biografien-Datenbank: Frauen aus Hamburg|url=https://hamburg-frauenbiografien.de/item/4233--hedwig-woermann-verh-jaenichen|work=Hamburger Frauenbiografien|accessdate=21 May 2026|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaenichen-Woermann gara ọtụtụ ebe n'Africa, Eshia na South America, laghachi Germany ọzọ tupu [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Niedersächsische Personen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jaenichen-Woermann, Hedwig|url=https://personen.niedersaechsische-bibliographie.de/person/1043261656/|work=Niedersächsische Personen|accessdate=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di na nwunye ahụ nwara igbu onwe ha n’oge afọ 1945 n'ihi egwu ha na ndị agha Soviet wakporo mba Germany. Hanns nwụrụ mana Hedwig lanarịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamburger Frauenbiografien&quot; /&gt;

Jaenichen-Woermann nwụrụ n’ọnwa Disemba nke ụbọchi 22 n’oge afọ 1960 na Wustrow, Germany. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kalliope-Verbund&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jaenichen-Woermann, Hedwig (1879-1960)|url=https://kalliope-verbund.info/gnd/117059153|work=Kalliope-Verbund|accessdate=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* [https://galerie-der-panther.de/hedwig-woermann/ Das Leben der Hedwig Woermann - Ihe odide, Foto, Werke] (Ndụ Hedwig Woerman - Ihe odide.
* [https://www.woermannhaus.de/woermann/woermann.html Hedwig Woermann Eine Künstlerin auf dem Fischland] (Hedwig Woerminn: Onye na-ese ihe na Fischland) 
{{Authority control}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>f7b0b6u8bqiwyeomdjb6jrim9mod6kz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>639000</id>
      <parentid>638998</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-26T08:37:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sayvhior</username>
        <id>13464</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Njikọ mpụga */</comment>
      <origin>639000</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2643" sha1="g3ibjfj1mhqi5jxj5nzmdjdz0bxg80z" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
{{Databox}}
'''Hedwig Jaenichen-Woermann''' (1879-1960) bụ onye mba Germany na-ese ihe.

A mụrụ Jaenichen-Woermann n’ọnwa Nọvemba nke ụbọchi 1 n’oge afọ 1879 na mba Hamburg, Germany.&lt;ref name=&quot;RKD Research&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hedwig Woermann|url=https://research.rkd.nl/nl/detail/https%3A%2F%2Fdata.rkd.nl%2Fartists%2F234285|work=RKD Research|accessdate=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; O bu ụzọ soro onye na-ese ihe Fritz Mackensen mụọ ihe. Ọ kwagara obodo Paris, France ka ya na Antoine Bourdelle mụọ ihe. N’oge afọ 1903 ọ kwagara obodo Rome, Ịtali, ebe ọ zutere ma lụọ onye na-ese ihe ibe ya bụ Hanns Jaenichen (1873-1945). Di na nwunye ahụ laghachiri mba Germany n’oge afọ 1909 na mbido Agha Ụwa Mbụ, mesịa biri na mpaghara ndị na-ese ihe na Ahrenshoop. Ọ bụ onye otu Verein der Berliner Künstlerinnen . &lt;ref name=&quot;Hamburger Frauenbiografien&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hedwig Woermann, verh. Jaenichen {{!}} Biografien-Datenbank: Frauen aus Hamburg|url=https://hamburg-frauenbiografien.de/item/4233--hedwig-woermann-verh-jaenichen|work=Hamburger Frauenbiografien|accessdate=21 May 2026|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaenichen-Woermann gara ọtụtụ ebe n'Africa, Eshia na South America, laghachi Germany ọzọ tupu [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Niedersächsische Personen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jaenichen-Woermann, Hedwig|url=https://personen.niedersaechsische-bibliographie.de/person/1043261656/|work=Niedersächsische Personen|accessdate=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di na nwunye ahụ nwara igbu onwe ha n’oge afọ 1945 n'ihi egwu ha na ndị agha Soviet wakporo mba Germany. Hanns nwụrụ mana Hedwig lanarịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamburger Frauenbiografien&quot; /&gt;

Jaenichen-Woermann nwụrụ n’ọnwa Disemba nke ụbọchi 22 n’oge afọ 1960 na Wustrow, Germany. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kalliope-Verbund&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jaenichen-Woermann, Hedwig (1879-1960)|url=https://kalliope-verbund.info/gnd/117059153|work=Kalliope-Verbund|accessdate=21 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons cat inline|Hedwig Jaenichen-Woermann}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* [https://galerie-der-panther.de/hedwig-woermann/ Das Leben der Hedwig Woermann - Ihe odide, Foto, Werke] (Ndụ Hedwig Woerman - Ihe odide.
* [https://www.woermannhaus.de/woermann/woermann.html Hedwig Woermann Eine Künstlerin auf dem Fischland] (Hedwig Woerminn: Onye na-ese ihe na Fischland) 
{{Authority control}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>g3ibjfj1mhqi5jxj5nzmdjdz0bxg80z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>