Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Aba, Nigeria 0 2187 639006 87195 2026-05-26T13:18:05Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Locator Map Aba-Nigeria.png|thumb|Ebe Aba no na Naigeria]] '''Aba, Nigeria''' bu [[ama ukwu]] nọ na ebe odida anyanwu [[Naigeria|Naijeria]]. Ono n'ime [[Ȯra Abia|Nkeji Ochíchí wų Abia]]. Aba nwèrè oshimiri nke ha kpòrò ''Aba''. Otu oke [[ndi Igbo]], ndi nke ana-kpo ndi ''[[Ngwa]]'' bi n'Aba na nnukwu. Njirimara Aba ǫzǫ bų izų ahia. A na azų ahia ǫfuma n'Aba. Ahia ama ǫfųma dį na ala a bų * Ahia Ariaria - a na ere igbe, akwa ǫhųrų, ihe ųlǫ na ihe ndi ǫzǫ, * Ahia ǫhųrų - a na ere ihe eji esi nni, akwa ochie, * Ahia cemeteri - a na ere ihe nni ebe o dį ukwuu. {{commons|Category:Aba, Nigeria|Abá}} {{ÉdéNtạ}} [[Òtù:Ama ukwu nor na Naigeria]] [[Òtù:Ȯra Abia]] 7c6rs89yodj9lf4zvjho2wjmma9it2z 639007 639006 2026-05-26T13:20:09Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Chinemeremprince moved page [[Abá]] to [[Aba, Nigeria]]: Misspelled title 639006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Locator Map Aba-Nigeria.png|thumb|Ebe Aba no na Naigeria]] '''Aba, Nigeria''' bu [[ama ukwu]] nọ na ebe odida anyanwu [[Naigeria|Naijeria]]. Ono n'ime [[Ȯra Abia|Nkeji Ochíchí wų Abia]]. Aba nwèrè oshimiri nke ha kpòrò ''Aba''. Otu oke [[ndi Igbo]], ndi nke ana-kpo ndi ''[[Ngwa]]'' bi n'Aba na nnukwu. Njirimara Aba ǫzǫ bų izų ahia. A na azų ahia ǫfuma n'Aba. Ahia ama ǫfųma dį na ala a bų * Ahia Ariaria - a na ere igbe, akwa ǫhųrų, ihe ųlǫ na ihe ndi ǫzǫ, * Ahia ǫhųrų - a na ere ihe eji esi nni, akwa ochie, * Ahia cemeteri - a na ere ihe nni ebe o dį ukwuu. {{commons|Category:Aba, Nigeria|Abá}} {{ÉdéNtạ}} [[Òtù:Ama ukwu nor na Naigeria]] [[Òtù:Ȯra Abia]] 7c6rs89yodj9lf4zvjho2wjmma9it2z 639047 639007 2026-05-26T21:53:25Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Locator Map Aba-Nigeria.png|thumb|Ebe Aba no na Naigeria]] {{Audio|Ig-Aba, Nigeria.ogg|Mkpọpụta}}'''Aba, Nigeria''' bu [[ama ukwu]] nọ na ebe odida anyanwu [[Naigeria|Naijeria]]. Ono n'ime [[Ȯra Abia|Nkeji Ochíchí wų Abia]]. Aba nwèrè oshimiri nke ha kpòrò ''Aba''. Otu oke [[ndi Igbo]], ndi nke ana-kpo ndi ''[[Ngwa]]'' bi n'Aba na nnukwu. Njirimara Aba ǫzǫ bų izų ahia. A na azų ahia ǫfuma n'Aba. Ahia ama ǫfųma dį na ala a bų * Ahia Ariaria - a na ere igbe, akwa ǫhųrų, ihe ųlǫ na ihe ndi ǫzǫ, * Ahia ǫhųrų - a na ere ihe eji esi nni, akwa ochie, * Ahia cemeteri - a na ere ihe nni ebe o dį ukwuu. {{commons|Category:Aba, Nigeria|Abá}} {{ÉdéNtạ}} [[Òtù:Ama ukwu nor na Naigeria]] [[Òtù:Ȯra Abia]] osimhqa2dei6e4yyztvuk5cd8ivzs6t 639048 639047 2026-05-26T21:54:52Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Locator Map Aba-Nigeria.png|thumb|Ebe Aba no na Naigeria]] '''Aba, Nigeria''' ''{{Audio|Ig-Aba, Nigeria.ogg|(Mkpọpụta)}}'' bu [[ama ukwu]] nọ na ebe odida anyanwu [[Naigeria|Naijeria]]. Ono n'ime [[Ȯra Abia|Nkeji Ochíchí wų Abia]]. Aba nwèrè oshimiri nke ha kpòrò ''Aba''. Otu oke [[ndi Igbo]], ndi nke ana-kpo ndi ''[[Ngwa]]'' bi n'Aba na nnukwu. Njirimara Aba ǫzǫ bų izų ahia. A na azų ahia ǫfuma n'Aba. Ahia ama ǫfųma dį na ala a bų * Ahia Ariaria - a na ere igbe, akwa ǫhųrų, ihe ųlǫ na ihe ndi ǫzǫ, * Ahia ǫhųrų - a na ere ihe eji esi nni, akwa ochie, * Ahia cemeteri - a na ere ihe nni ebe o dį ukwuu. {{commons|Category:Aba, Nigeria|Abá}} {{ÉdéNtạ}} [[Òtù:Ama ukwu nor na Naigeria]] [[Òtù:Ȯra Abia]] h2awhw2tjigb0d3ydtpl42tkckmqsyw Abakaléké 0 2336 639049 206983 2026-05-26T21:58:38Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639049 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abakaliki''' ''{{Audio|Ig-Abakaliki.ogg|(Mkpọpụta)}}'' bụ isi obodo nke Ebonyi Steeti dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], kilomita irí isii na anọ mi iri anọ n'ebe ndịda ọ bụla nke [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]]. Ndị bi ebe ahụ bụ ndị mba [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]]. Ọ bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ nke ógbè [[Ogoja]] tupu e mepụta steeti ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na 1967. [[Usòrò:Abakaliki_metropolis_with_Azugwu_Hill_in_background_03_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Obodo ukwu Abakeleke na ugwu Azugwu n'azụ atọ (a kụrụ) ]] == Okwu mmalite == Aha Abakeleke pụtara 'Aba Nkaleke' na mbụ ma bụrụ aha obodo dị n'ala Izzi (Nkaleke). == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Abakeleke bụ ebe dị mkpa maka ahia ohu na narị afọ nke iri na asaa. Ahịa ohu gara n'ihu n'ógbè ahụ site na mwakpo [[Aro People|Aro]] na Abakaliki na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu na narị afọ nke 18. [[Usòrò:Old_Abakaliki.png|center|thumb|900x900px|Abakeleke Ochie, ca.1910]] == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == Abakeleke, dị ka ọ dị n'oge gara aga, bụ ebe azụmahịa ugbo gụnyere ngwaahịa ndị dị ka [[Jí|yam]], akpụ, [[Oskàpà|osikapa]], na [[Nmanu nri|mmanụ nkwụ]] na mkpụrụ nkwụ. A makwaara ya maka isi obodo ya, zinc, [[Ńnú|nnu]], na igwu ala nzụ ọcha ma ọ bụ igwu ala.<ref name="eb" /> Ha na-akwado ogige golf na ọtụtụ ụlọ nkwari. E nwekwara ugbo ọkụkọ na nke na-emepụta [[Ákwà|àkwá]] na steeti ahụ.<ref name=eb>{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|p=7}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya == Ọnụọgụ ikpeazụ a maara nke Abakeleke dị puku narị abụọ na iri abụọ na atọ afọ n'afọ 2022. E mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na mpaghara metro ahụ dị puku narị isii na iri isii na abụọ n' afọ 2023). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Abakaliki, Nigeria Metro Area Population 1950-2024|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/206382/abakaliki/population|accessdate=2023-07-02}}</ref> === Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ === Ndị Igbo bi na Abakeleke n'ozuzu ha. Abakeleke bụ ndị bi n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Igbo nke mpaghara Afikpo-Abakeleke. A na-ejikwa Abakeleke na-ezo aka na ndị Abakeleke ochie na-agụnye Ohaukwu-Ishielu-Izzi-Ezza-Ikwo. == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == Oge ọkọchị na Abakaliki na-ekpo ọkụ, na-ekpuchi, ma na-ekpu ọkụ ebe oge mmiri na-ekwo ekpo ọkụ, mmegbu, na ihu igwe. Okpomọkụ anaghị ada n'okpuru ° F iri ise nà asaa ma ọ bụ rịa elu karịa ° F iri iteghete na abụọ n'afọ niile, na-agbanwekarị n'etiti ° F iri isii na ise na ° F iri asatọ na iteghete.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abakaliki Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark|url=https://weatherspark.com/y/58525/Average-Weather-in-Abakaliki-Nigeria-Year-Round|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=weatherspark.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Abakaliki, Ebonyi, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data|url=https://tcktcktck.org/nigeria/ebonyi/abakaliki#:~:text=Abakaliki%20Climate%20Summary&text=The%20district%27s%20yearly%20temperature%20is,%25%20of%20the%20time)%20annually.|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=tcktcktck.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abakaliki Annual Weather Averages|url=https://www.worldweatheronline.com/abakaliki-weather/ebonyi/ng.aspx|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=WorldWeatherOnline.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe owuwu == Abakeleke dị n'ebe ụzọ [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], [[Afikpo]] na [[Ogoja]] jikọtara. Abakeleke nwekwara ụlọ ọgwụ gọọmentị etiti, nke nyere aka nke ukwuu n'ịkwụ ụgwọ maka inye nlekọta ahụike ọha na eze na obodo na steeti.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-25|title=Ebonyi rates highest on drug abuse, says official|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/06/ebonyi-rates-highest-on-drug-abuse-says-official/|accessdate=2021-06-27|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> E nweela nnukwu mmepe na-aga n'ihu n'etiti obodo; ndị a gụnyere iwu okporo ụzọ, ụlọ ahịa na ebe ahịa, àkwà mmiri na-efe efe na-agafe Sahara na njikọ presco na spera-in-deo n'etiti ndị ọzọ. === Mmụta === Isi ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Ebonyi State University dị na mpụga obodo ahụ. == Okpukpe == Ndị Abakeleke dị ka ndị ọzọ nọ n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria bụ ndị Kraịst. Okpukpe ndị ọzọ dị ka omenala, Alakuba, wdg. bụ ndị ụmụ amaala ole na ole na ndị na-abụghị ụmụ amaala si n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mba ahụ na-eme. Roman Katọlik, Presbyterian, Anglican na ozi Pentikọstal ndị ọzọ bụ okwukwe Ndị Kraịst kachasị. Na mkpụrụ ụbọchị nke mbụ nke ọnwa Machị afọ 1973, e mere obodo ahụ isi oche nke Roman katoliki Diocese nke Abakeleke . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Steensel|first=Nico van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slYuAQAAIAAJ&q=1973+Roman+Catholic+Diocese+of+Abakaliki+-wikipedia|title=The Izi: Their History and Customs|date=1996|publisher=Abakaliki Literacy and Translation Committee|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == *   *   * {{Cite book|author=Oriji|first=John N.|title=Political Organization in Nigeria Since the Last Stone Age: A History of the Igbo People|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York, NY|year=2011|isbn=978-0-230-62193-0}} {{Cities in Nigeria}} [[Òtù:Nigerian state capitals]] ilkotnea2ts45g6w3of89sdw6aakpl2 Abiriba 0 6665 639060 186286 2026-05-26T22:54:34Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abiriba''' bụ bụ alaeze Enuda ochie dị na Steeti Abia, na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa, ọ bụkwa mpaghara na-asụ asụsụ Igbo. Mádu jùrù ya nke 40,449, ihë ndi ọchíchí Naigeria si na afọr [[2012]]. [[Òtù:Ȯra Abia]] i6h18n1ks9jaz3ie5j89c8jao0ny19x 639061 639060 2026-05-26T22:56:49Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abiriba''' bụ bụ alaeze Enuda ochie dị na Steeti Abia, na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa, ọ bụkwa mpaghara na-asụ asụsụ Igbo. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere ya na narị afọ nke 14, mmalite nke ndị Abiriba abụghị ihe a na-eche n'echiche dịka mmalite nke ndị Igbo ndị ọzọ si ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa. Ihe akaebe akụkọ ihe mere eme na-akwado eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị Abiriba si n'osimiri cross basin kwaga ma kesaa nna ochie na ndị Arochukwu. Esemokwu na-aga n'ihu n'etiti ezinụlọ asaa n'okpuru Ukpaghiri mere ka ezinụlọ ahụ kwaga Ena wee mechaa gaa Akpa. Agbanyeghị, ọ siri ike ndị Abiriba ibi na Akpa n'ihi ọtụtụ nsogbu na ndị agbata obi. Agbanyeghị, ọnwụ Ukpaghiri mere ka Abiriba na otu ya kwaga Usukpam. N'agbanyeghị na ha nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ha ka nọ n'udo na ndị agbata obi. Ala ndị Abiriba bi na mbụ dị obere, mana ha meriri ụfọdụ ala Nkporo na Oriakwa. A maara Abiriba ma mara ya maka ịkpụ ihe na ịgba ígwè n'ala Igbo niile. Mádu jùrù ya nke 40,449, ihë ndi ọchíchí Naigeria si na afọr [[2012]]. [[Òtù:Ȯra Abia]] 0wh3j11nq9gc22qf3au2z66wgoclmt6 639063 639061 2026-05-26T23:02:35Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abiriba''' ''{{Audio|Ig-Abiriba.ogg|(Mkpọpụta)}}'' bụ bụ alaeze Enuda ochie dị na Steeti Abia, na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa, ọ bụkwa mpaghara na-asụ asụsụ Igbo. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere ya na narị afọ nke 14, mmalite nke ndị Abiriba abụghị ihe a na-eche n'echiche dịka mmalite nke ndị Igbo ndị ọzọ si ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa. Ihe akaebe akụkọ ihe mere eme na-akwado eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị Abiriba si n'osimiri cross basin kwaga ma kesaa nna ochie na ndị Arochukwu. Esemokwu na-aga n'ihu n'etiti ezinụlọ asaa n'okpuru Ukpaghiri mere ka ezinụlọ ahụ kwaga Ena wee mechaa gaa Akpa. Agbanyeghị, ọ siri ike ndị Abiriba ibi na Akpa n'ihi ọtụtụ nsogbu na ndị agbata obi. Agbanyeghị, ọnwụ Ukpaghiri mere ka Abiriba na otu ya kwaga Usukpam. N'agbanyeghị na ha nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ha ka nọ n'udo na ndị agbata obi. Ala ndị Abiriba bi na mbụ dị obere, mana ha meriri ụfọdụ ala Nkporo na Oriakwa. A maara Abiriba ma mara ya maka ịkpụ ihe na ịgba ígwè n'ala Igbo niile. Mádu jùrù ya nke 40,449, ihë ndi ọchíchí Naigeria si na afọr [[2012]]. [[Òtù:Ȯra Abia]] ecsvztvdozo3l0wofx9le98b7ho1j2d 639064 639063 2026-05-26T23:03:44Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abiriba''' ''{{Audio|Ig-Abiribá.ogg|(Mkpọpụta)}}'' bụ bụ alaeze Enuda ochie dị na Steeti Abia, na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa, ọ bụkwa mpaghara na-asụ asụsụ Igbo. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere ya na narị afọ nke 14, mmalite nke ndị Abiriba abụghị ihe a na-eche n'echiche dịka mmalite nke ndị Igbo ndị ọzọ si ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa. Ihe akaebe akụkọ ihe mere eme na-akwado eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị Abiriba si n'osimiri cross basin kwaga ma kesaa nna ochie na ndị Arochukwu. Esemokwu na-aga n'ihu n'etiti ezinụlọ asaa n'okpuru Ukpaghiri mere ka ezinụlọ ahụ kwaga Ena wee mechaa gaa Akpa. Agbanyeghị, ọ siri ike ndị Abiriba ibi na Akpa n'ihi ọtụtụ nsogbu na ndị agbata obi. Agbanyeghị, ọnwụ Ukpaghiri mere ka Abiriba na otu ya kwaga Usukpam. N'agbanyeghị na ha nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ha ka nọ n'udo na ndị agbata obi. Ala ndị Abiriba bi na mbụ dị obere, mana ha meriri ụfọdụ ala Nkporo na Oriakwa. A maara Abiriba ma mara ya maka ịkpụ ihe na ịgba ígwè n'ala Igbo niile. Mádu jùrù ya nke 40,449, ihë ndi ọchíchí Naigeria si na afọr [[2012]]. [[Òtù:Ȯra Abia]] f5y5tcq5g89jzn5ktv5ip6cd6acu98a Abala Ibeme 0 7498 639059 87304 2026-05-26T22:49:59Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abalaa Ibeme''', bụ obodo dị na mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Obingwa na steeti Abia, Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ifeanyi |first=Emmanuel |date=2023-01-19 |title=Abala-Ibeme: A town in need of education gets succour |url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/abala-ibeme-a-town-in-need-of-education-gets-succour/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2023-03-20 |newspaper=[[New Telegraph]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GeoNames.org |url=https://www.geonames.org/2353087/abala.html |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=www.geonames.org}}</ref> otu ihe nke eji mara ndi Abala bu na ha na agbasi mbo ike ichekwa onwe ha na agbanyeghi na ha bill na agbata obi ndi Akwa Ibom ba Abia state ebe enyemaka ndi ochichi na anaghi erute ha aka na oge {{ÉdéNtạ}} 747taofj5mqmfugu8ih0wf1a9tq2cu6 Lil Kesh 0 10230 639013 194271 2026-05-26T15:22:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Sc.png|thumb|Mgbe Lil Kesh nwetara ihe nrite]] {{Infobox musical artist|name=Lil Kesh|death_date=|associated_acts={{flat list| *[[Olamide]] *[[Iyanya]] *[[Phyno]] *[[Davido]] *[[Cynthia Morgan]] *[[Wale (rapper)|Wale]] *[[Patoranking]] *[[Chidinma]] *[[Naira Marley]] *Viktoh *[[Mayorkun]] *[[DJ Xclusive]]}}|label={{flatlist| *[[YBNL Nation|YBNL]] *YAGI}}|years_active=2012&ndash;present|instrument=Vocals|occupation={{hlist|Rapper|singer|songwriter}}|genre={{flat list| *[[Afro pop music|Afropop]] *[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]}}|death_place=|origin=|background=solo_singer|birth_place=[[Bariga]], [[Lagos State]], Nigeria|birth_date={{birth date and age|1995|3|14}}|alias=|birth_name=Keshinro Ololade|caption=|alt=|image_size=|image=Lil Kesh sings.png|website=}} Lil Kesh Nkọwa Ndụ Aha Keshinro Ololade Amụrụ Machị 14, 1995 (afọ 25) Bariga, Legọọsụ Steeti, Naịjirịa Nkenụụdị Afuropọpụ Hipụ họpụ Aka ọrụ Rapa otii egwu odee egwu Ngwa egwu Olu Afọ ọ nọ ọrụ 2012–ugbua Lebeelụ YBNL YAGI Ndị egwu Olamide Iyanya Phyno Davido Cynthia Morgan Wale Patoranking Chidinma Naira Marley Viktoh Mayorkun DJ Xclusive '''Keshinro Ololade''' (amụrụ ya na Machị 14, 1995), onye ama ama dịka '''Lil Kesh''', bụ onye Naịjirịa na-agụ egwu, rapa na onye na-ede egwu. O biliri ka amara ya ama mgbe otichara "Shoki". <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/173847-kiss-daniel-slyde-lil-kesh-others-rule-2015.html|title=Kiss Daniel, Slyde, Lil Kesh others to rule 2015|accessdate=29 October 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.informationng.com/2015/02/must-watch-amber-rose-dances-to-lil-keshs-shoki-at-dbanjs-concert.html|title=MUST WATCH! AMBER ROSE Dances To Lil Kesh’s ‘SHOKI’ At D’banj’s Concert|accessdate=28 October 2015}}</ref> A mụrụ Lil Kesh ma tolite na Bariga, nke dị na [[Ȯra Lagos|Legọọsụ Steeti]] . Oru ya n'egwu malitere na 2012 mgbe ya na ndi otu ibe ya gụrụ rapụ na Bariga. O wepụtara egwu, otu nke mechara wee wuo na mahadum dị na Naịjirịa. Na 2015, a họpụtara ya maka Ọkacha ọhụrụ Aktị na 2015 Naịjirịa Entertainment Awọdụ . Dị ka onye na-edekọ ndekọ na-esonyere YBNL Nation, Lil Kesh eguzobewo ihe ndekọ nke ya YAGI Records (ihe nnọchianya maka "Young And Getting It") ndị na-achịkwa ya bụ "Massive Management". <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pulse.ng/buzz/lil-kesh-olamide-sets-standard-with-new-business-structure-id4966509.html|title=Lil Kesh:Olamide sets standard with new business structure|accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://entertainment.naij.com/1122445-lil-kesh-joins-a-management-company.html|title=Lil Kesh joins a new management company|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> == Nkà Egwu == Ụdị egwu nke Lil Kesh yiri nke Olamide, onye na-akụ egwu ma na-abụ abụ n'asụsụ obodo ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.36ng.com.ng/2015/03/17/why-ybnls-lil-kesh-is-hinted-as-olamides-heir-presumptive/|title=Why YBNL’s Lil Kesh Is Hinted as Olamide’s Heir Presumptive|work=tooXclusive|last=Lala|first=Emmanuel|date=17 March 2015|accessdate=26 November 2020|archivedate=19 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519203933/http://www.36ng.com.ng/2015/03/17/why-ybnls-lil-kesh-is-hinted-as-olamides-heir-presumptive/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/09/i-am-not-doing-hip-hop-for-those-that-understand-english-alone-lil-kesh/|title=I am not doing Hip-Hop for those that understand English alone -Lil Kesh|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]|last=Ajose|first=Kehinde|date=12 September 2015}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, a katọrọ ya maka ikwu okwu rere ure na maka enweghị ike ịchọta nguzozi ziri ezi na egwu abụ ya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://leadership.ng/entertainment/467460/matters-arising-lil-keshs-depreciating-lyrics|title=Matters Arising: Lil Kesh’s Depreciating Lyrics|work=Leadership Newspaper|last=Alawode|first=Abisola|date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Na mkparịtaụka ya na ''Naij'', o kwuru, "ha bụ otu egwu ọ bụghị abọm, ama m ụdị ahịa m na-eduzi abụ m, esi m n'okporo ámá, ama m ihe ndị si n'okporo ámá chọrọ ige ... ha kwesiri ichere maka egwu m nke ana-atubata na njedebe nke afo. Enwere m ezigbo egwu. ” <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.naij.com/551245-use-dirty-words-songs-ybnl-act.html|title=Lil Kesh Explains Why He Embraces Vulgar Lyrics In His Music|work=[[Naij]]|date=16 September 2015}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Lil Kesh bi ugbu a na obodo Lekki . Ọ bụ onye mmụta asụsụ dị iche iche na Mahadum Legọọsụ tupu ọ kwụsị akwụkwọ iji lekwasị anya na egwu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.evatese.com/2015/07/29/10-amazing-things-to-know-about-lil-kesh/|title=10 AMAZING THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT LIL KESH|publisher=Evatese|date=29 July 2015|accessdate=26 November 2020|archivedate=12 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512013141/http://www.evatese.com/2015/07/29/10-amazing-things-to-know-about-lil-kesh/}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Studiyo abọm === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Nkọwa abọm |- | 2016 | ''YAGI'' | * Weputara: Machị 17, 2016 * Label: Mba YBNL * Atsdị: Nbudata dijitalụ |} === Otu ndi ahoro === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha !Abọm |- | rowspan="3" |2014 |"Lyrically" |''Y.A.G.I'' |- |"Shoki" | rowspan="4" |Non-album single |- |"Shoki (Remix)" <span style="font-size:85%; ">(gụnyere Olamide & Davido)</span> |- | rowspan="4" |2015 |"Shoki (Female Version)" <span style="font-size:85%; ">(gụnyere [[Cynthia Morgan]], [[Chidinma]], Eva Alordiah)</span> |- |"Gbese" |- |"Efejoku" | rowspan="3" |''Y.A.G.I'' |- |"Is It Because I Love You?" <span style="font-size:85%; ">(gụnyere [[Patoranking]])</span> |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |"Ibile" |- |"Bend Down Select" | rowspan="4" |Non-album single |- |2018 |"Again O" |- |2018 |"Flenjor"<span style="font-size:85%; ">(gụnyere Duncan Mighty)</span> |- |2019 |"Undertaker"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Audio: Lil Kesh Releases "Undertaker"|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/02/19/audio-lil-kesh-releases-undertaker/|date=19 February 2019}}</ref> |- |2020 |"All The Way"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Audio: Lil Kesh Releases "All The Way"|url=https://www.pulsedigi.com/lil-kesh-all-the-way|date=24 September 2020|accessdate=26 November 2020|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925033625/https://www.pulsedigi.com/lil-kesh-all-the-way}}</ref> |- |} == Onyinye na nhoputa == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Emume onyinye ! Nrite ! Nsonaazụ |- | rowspan="4" | 2015 | Onyinye Ntụrụndụ 2015 Nigeria | Ọhụrụ kachasị mma ile anya |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenet.ng/2015/06/full-list-of-nominees-for-nigerian-entertainment-awards-2015/|title=Full list of nominees for Nigerian Entertainment Awards 2015|work=[[Nigeria Entertainment Today]]|last=Hassan|first=Sanusi|date=12 June 2015|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615131402/http://www.thenet.ng/2015/06/full-list-of-nominees-for-nigerian-entertainment-awards-2015/|archive-date=15 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Onyinye Nhọrọ nke umuaka nke Naijiria | Onyinye Celebrity - Abụ nke Afọ (Shoki) |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|title=2015 Nigerian Teen Choice Awards|url=http://www.ntcawards.org/ntca-2015-nominees/|website=Nigerian Teen Choice Awards|access-date=27 January 2018|accessdate=26 November 2020|archivedate=24 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024120905/https://www.ntcawards.org/ntca-2015-nominees/}}</ref> |- | Obodo Ndị Ntụrụndụ Obodo | Abụ a na-ewu ewu nke Afọ (Shoki) |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Amodeni|first1=Adunni|title=Mercy Aigbe, Don Jazzy, Olamide, Others Win Big At City People Awards 2015|url=https://entertainment.naija.ng/521854-mercy-aigbe-don-jazzy-olamide-and-others-wins-big-at-city-people-awards-2015.html#521854|website=Naija|access-date=27 January 2018|date=18 August 2015}}</ref> |- | Onyinye Egwu Mtv Base | Popular Song nke Afọ (Shoki remix featuring Olamide & Davido ) |{{nom}} |- | 2016 | The Headies 2015 | Na-esote gosiri |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/buzz/headies-2015-profiling-the-nominees-of-the-next-rated-category-id4215641.html|title=Profiling the nominees of the Next Rated category|work=Pulse Nigeria|last=Akan|first=Joey|date=30 September 2015|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref> |} == Nsidee == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ifh2z1np7o1ebzwgx5cf8yi4qfzib1c Marriage bar 0 12864 639088 638248 2026-05-27T00:29:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Mgbochi alụmdi na nwunye bụ omume nke igbochi ọrụ nke ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/news/great-depression-married-women-employment|title=Why Many Married Women Were Banned from Working During the Great Depression}}</ref> Ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ọdịda anyanwụ site na ngwụsị narị afọ nke iri na itoolu ruo n'afọ ndị 1970, omume a na-akpọkarị ka a kwụsị ọrụ nke nwanyị n'alụmdi na nwunye ya, ọkachasị na nkuzi na ọrụ ndị ụkọchukwu.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|title=Labor Economics|first=George J.|author=Borjas|edition=4th|year=2007|location=London|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0073402826}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, a ka na-ewere ụmụnwanyị di ha nwụrụ nwere ụmụ dị ka ndị lụrụ di na nwunye mgbe ụfọdụ, na-egbochi ha ka a ghara ịrụ ọrụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title="Must a woman . . . give it all up when she marries?": The Debate over Employing Married Women as Teachers|url=http://montanawomenshistory.org/must-a-woman-give-it-all-up-when-she-marries-the-debate-over-employing-married-women-as-teachers/|work=Women's History Matters|date=18 December 2014|accessdate=2015-11-04|language=en-US|archivedate=2015-12-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224185141/http://montanawomenshistory.org/must-a-woman-give-it-all-up-when-she-marries-the-debate-over-employing-married-women-as-teachers/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=JSTOR|journal=Saothar|volume=12|pages=47–52|author=O'Leary|first=Eoin|year=1987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/history/scotland_britain_1880_now/employment_women/revision/3/|title=BBC - Standard Grade Bitesize History - Women and work : Revision, Page 3|work=bbc.co.uk|accessdate=8 October 2015}}</ref> Omume ahụ enweghị ihe ziri ezi na akụ na ụba, na itinye ya n'ọrụ siri ike na-akpaghasịkarị ebe ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye dị jụụ n'oge agha, n'ihi mmụba nke ọchịchọ maka ọrụ. Nnyocha nke Claudia Goldin mere iji chọpụta ihe ha na-ekpebi site na iji data ọkwa siri ike site n'afọ 1931 nakwa n'afọ 1940, chọpụta na ha na-ejikọta ya na nkwalite site n'ime, ụgwọ ọrụ dabeere na ọrụ, na omume ndị ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w2747|doi=10.3386/w2747|title=Marriage Bars: Discrimination Against Married Women Workers, 1920's to 1950's|year=1988|author=Goldin|first=Claudia}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1960, a na-ele omume a anya dị ka enweghị nhata n'ọrụ na ịkpa ókè n'ụzọ mmekọahụ, ma kwụsịla ya ma ọ bụ machibido iwu site na iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè. Na [[Netherlands]], ewepụrụ ihe mgbochi alụmdi na nwunye n'afọ 1957, na [[Ireland]] ewepụrụ ya n'afọ 1973.<ref>''The Economics of Imperfect Labor Markets: Second Edition'', by Tito Boeri, Jan van Ours, pp. 105</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168045ae0e|title=Dutch gender and LGBT-equality policy, 2013-16}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/Gender/publication/Netherlands_2015_Review_BPFA_Report_of_the_Netherlands_Government.pdf|title=2015 Review BPFA Report of the Netherlands Government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005144755/http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/Gender/publication/Netherlands_2015_Review_BPFA_Report_of_the_Netherlands_Government.pdf|archivedate=2015-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://martindale.cc.lehigh.edu/sites/martindale.cc.lehigh.edu/files/Patterson.pdf|title=Women of Ireland: Change Toward Social and Political Equality in the 21st Century Irish Republic|first=Rachel A.|author=Patterson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008154655/https://martindale.cc.lehigh.edu/sites/martindale.cc.lehigh.edu/files/Patterson.pdf|archivedate=October 8, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galligan|title="Women and National Identity in the Republic of Ireland".|date=1997|pages=45–53}}</ref> == Mgbanwe == Ọ bụ ezie na "ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye" bụ okwu a na-ejikarị agụnye omume niile na-akpa ókè megide ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di, ọdịiche abụọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị ọrụ n'afọ 1900s. "Ụlọ ọrụ" bụ nhazi nke igbochi ịhọpụta ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di. "Ụlọ mmanya nchekwa" bụ igbochi ịnọgide na-enwe ndị ọrụ lụrụ di na nwunye. Okwu abụọ ahụ na-adaba n'okpuru okwu mkpuchi ka ukwuu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Goldin|first=Claudia|date=October 1988|title=Marriage Bars: Discrimination Against Married Women Workers, 1920s to 1950s|journal=NBER Working Paper No. 2747|doi=10.3386/w2747}}</ref> Iji zere omume yiri ịkpa ókè, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ jiri ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye kpaa ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di dị ka ndị ọrụ mgbakwunye, kama ịbụ ndị na-adịgide adịgide. Nke a bụ ikpe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Lloyds Bank ruo 1949, mgbe ụlọ akụ ahụ kagburu ụlọ ọrụ alụmdi na nwunye ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1901-1950 - Lloyds Banking Group plc|url=https://www.lloydsbankinggroup.com/our-group/our-heritage/timeline/1901-1950/|work=www.lloydsbankinggroup.com}}</ref> Ịhazi ụmụnwanyị dị ka ndị mgbakwunye, kama ndị ọrụ oge niile, nyere ndị ọrụ ohere izere ịkwụ ụmụnwanyị ụgwọ ọnwa na ịkwụsị ụmụnwanyị n'ụzọ dị mfe. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na United Kingdom == Na UK, ọtụtụ ọrụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ alụmdi na nwunye ruo n'afọ ndị 1970, na British Geological Survey ruo n'afọ 1975; Ụlọ ọrụ alụmdi na nwunye machibidoro ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di na nwunye ịbanye n'ọrụ obodo.<ref name="British">{{Cite journal|author=Pennington, Catherine|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/514086/|date=August 1, 2016|journal=GeoBlogy|title=The historic role of women scientists at BGS and a look at what is happening today}}</ref> A kpochapụrụ ya na 1946 maka Home Civil Service na 1973 maka Foreign Service, ruo mgbe ahụ, a chọrọ ka ụmụnwanyị hapụ ọrụ mgbe ha lụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women in the UK Civil Service - History|url=https://www.civilservant.org.uk/women-history.html|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=www.civilservant.org.uk}}</ref> E nwere ihe mgbochi alụmdi na nwunye maka ndị nkụzi E wepụrụ ihe mgbochi alụmdi na nwunye maka ndị nkụzi niile na BBC n'afọ 1944 ma mee ka omume ahụ bụrụ iwu na-akwadoghị site na Iwu Mmekọahụ nke afọ 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - History - Themes - Women - Teaching|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/women_teaching.shtml|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victorian Women Teachers|url=https://www.chardmuseum.co.uk/victorian-classroom|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=Chard Museum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=University|first=London Metropolitan|title=Winning Equal Pay: The value of women's work|url=http://www.unionhistory.info/equalpay/display.php?irn=100273&QueryPage=/equalpay/index.php|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=www.unionhistory.info|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113170443/http://www.unionhistory.info/equalpay/display.php?irn=100273&QueryPage=/equalpay/index.php}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na mba United States == Omume nke mgbochi alụmdi na nwunye bilitere na United States na ngwụsị afọ 1800. A na-ahụkarị ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye na ụlọ ọrụ nkuzi na ndị ụkọchukwu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị zoro ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye ha na mgbalị iji nọgide na-arụ ọrụ ha, iwu akwadoghị ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye ruo n'afọ 1964 mgbe Title VII nke Civil Rights Act nke afọ 1964 machibidoro ịkpa ókè n'ọrụ n'ihi agbụrụ, ụcha, mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ agbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Houseman|first=Susan|title=Anti-discrimination Laws|url=https://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/herman/reports/futurework/conference/staffing/9.7_discrimination.htm|work=United States Department of Labor|accessdate=6 December 2018|authorlink=Susan Houseman|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032301/https://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/herman/reports/futurework/conference/staffing/9.7_discrimination.htm|archivedate=7 September 2018}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na United States, ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye dị jụụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ na oge. N'adịghị ka obodo mepere emepe, ime obodo na-achọkarị ndị nkụzi ka ha wee dị njikere ịnara ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di. Ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye adịchaghị oke njọ n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Mbụ n'ihi na a chọrọ ụmụnwanyị iji nyere aka n'agha. Ná mmalite nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, 87% nke ụlọ akwụkwọ agaghị akwụ ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di na 70% agaghị ejigide nwanyị lụrụ di. Mana n'afọ 1951, ọ bụ naanị 18% nke bọọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere "ụlọ mmanya" na 10% nwere "ụlọ mmanya nchekwa". Ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye na-emetụta ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di na nwunye gụrụ akwụkwọ, ọkachasị ụmụnwanyị ọcha amụrụ. Ọrụ ha bụ nke izi ihe na ọrụ ndị ụkọchukwu. Ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọcha na-arụ ọrụ n'ichepụta ihe, ndị na-eje ozi, na ndị na-eje ozi n'ụlọ anaghị emetụta ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye. Akwụsịghị ịkpa ókè megide ndị nkụzi nwanyị lụrụ di na nwunye na US ruo n'afọ 1964 na ngafe nke Civil Rights Act. == Ihe ziri ezi == Otu isiokwu nke afọ 1946 na The Spectator, magazin British conservative, nyere ihe ole na ole maka nkwado nke ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Marriage Bar » 22 Aug 1946 » The Spectator Archive|url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/23rd-august-1946/2/the-marriage-bar|work=The Spectator Archive|accessdate=2015-11-04}}</ref> Isiokwu ahụ kwuru na di ha na-akwado ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di, ya mere ha adịghị ha mkpa ọrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ọzọkwa, ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye nyere ohere maka ndị na-akwado ha lere anya dị ka "n'ezie" chọrọ ọrụ, dị ka ụmụnwanyị na-alụbeghị di.<ref name=":0" /> Arụmụka ọzọ The Spectator na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị na-alụbeghị di bụ ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ha ma na-agagharị agagharị karịa ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di, ebe ha enweghị ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye nwere njikọ na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba, yana, ọkachasị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Mbụ gasịrị. Ndị ọrụ na-alọghachi chọrọ ọrụ, na mgbe e mesịrị ịda mbà n'obi na 1930s, dugara na mmejuputa ụlọ mmanya alụmdi na nwunye n'ọtụtụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.striking-women.org/module/women-and-work/inter-war-years-1918-1939|title=The inter-war years: 1918-1939 &#124; Striking Women|work=www.striking-women.org}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, a na-ekwukarị na ọdịnala, ọkachasị n'ebe enwere ọdịnala siri ike nke ụmụnwanyị lụrụ di dị ka ndị nlekọta. == Mmetụta nke oge a == Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nweghị njikọ kpọmkwem na ụlọ ọrụ alụmdi na nwunye, ụfọdụ omume ịkpa ókè n'ezie taa na-ewelite nchegbu yiri nke ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị dị ka ụlọ ọrụ alụmdi na nwunye mere na n'afọ 1900s. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, [nkọwa ọzọ dị mkpa] ụfọdụ omume ịkpa ókè megide ụmụnwanyị dị ime dugara na Iwu ịkpa ókè nke afọ ime nke afọ 1978. == Leekwa == * Feminisation nke ebe ọrụ * Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọrụ == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ozi ndị ọzọ == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091002232105/http://www.apsc.gov.au/media/briggs201106.htm Ememe ncheta afọ iri anọ nke ibuli ụlọ ikpe alụmdi na nwunye] - ederede nke okwu Lynelle Briggs n'afọ 2006, gbasara ụlọ ọrụ alụmdi na nwunye na Australian Public Service [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 68kfgdun7cgzghr6prdayakatax3ccq Lotfi Akalay 0 13625 639028 89801 2026-05-26T17:20:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639028 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''ULotfi Akalay''' (1943-2019), onye amụrụ na Tangier, bụ onye nte akụkọ [[Morocco]], onye edemede na onye ọchụnta ego. == Mmalite ndụ == A maara ya nke ọma maka isiokwu ya na ''Al Bayane'', ''La Vie Économique'', ''Charlie Hebdo'' na ''Jeune Afrique'' . O gosikwara mmemme redio na jazz na egwu oge ochie (Radio Mediterranee Internationale). == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1996, o bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya ''Les nuits d ́Azed'' na 1998, Ibn Battouta, Pince des Voyageurs . Akalay gụrụ akụ na ụba na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Paris, soro Royal Air Maroc rụọ ọrụ ma rụọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ njem na Tangier. N'afọ 1990, ọ malitere ide akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin. N'afọ 2006, o bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme ya n'otu akwụkwọ ''Les Nouvelles de Tanger'' .<ref>Pascal Airault, {{Cite web|url=https://archive.fo/fLn5W=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_afrique_dossier.asp?art_cle=LIN23076morleerutan0&dos_id=208|title=Morâleur par nature|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|date=24 July 2006}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Ọ nwụrụ na abalị iri na asatọ na onwa Disemba, na afọ 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medias24.com/deces-de-l-ecrivain-et-chroniqueur-lotfi-akalay-6339.html|title=Décès de l'écrivain et chroniqueur Lotfi Akalay|work=Medias 24|date=18 December 2019|accessdate=28 May 2022|archivedate=23 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223223120/https://www.medias24.com/deces-de-l-ecrivain-et-chroniqueur-lotfi-akalay-6339.html}}</ref> == Ndetu == <references /> {{Authority control}} nadosszkt3aooot011bfra8zna868cj Maverick Ahanmisi 0 15241 639091 207149 2026-05-27T03:02:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Mauerick Frankera Ahanmisi''' (amụrụ na Julaị 17, 1991) amụrụ n'Amerịka bụ onye Filipino-Naijiria bụrụ ọkachamara basketball player maka Converge FiberXers nke Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Joble|first=Rey|date=September 24, 2015|title='PULIDO YUNG LARO NIYA' – Yeng Guiao believes Rain or Shine rookie Maverick Ahanmisi can immediately make a splash|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/pulido-yung-laro-niya-yeng-guiao-believes-rain-or-shine-rookie-maverick-ahanmisi-can-immediately-make-a-splash|publisher=InterAksyon.com|accessdate=October 18, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028201649/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/pulido-yung-laro-niya-yeng-guiao-believes-rain-or-shine-rookie-maverick-ahanmisi-can-immediately-make-a-splash|archivedate=October 28, 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị == Ahanmisi nọrọ otu afọ na Stoneridge Prep na Simi Valley, [[California]], mana ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Golden Valley High School na Santa Clarita, California na 2009. Dị ka onye okenye, ọ na-enweta akara 20.2 n'egwuregwu ọ bụla ma mechaa ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ebute akara na onye na-agba égbè atọ na GVHS. Ọ gbara bọọlụ AAU na Branch West Basketball Academy n'okpuru nkuzi nke Bob Gottlieb.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fuller|first=Marcus|title=Gophers add depth at point guard by signing Maverick Ahanmisi of California|url=http://www.twincities.com/sports/ci_15064108l|work=www.twincities.com|date=May 10, 2010|publisher=Twin Cities Pioneer Press|accessdate=July 3, 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, ọ bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi nke ebumnuche igwu egwu maka Mahadum [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAVERICK AHANMISI|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/recruiting/player-Maverick-Ahanmisi-112686|work=Sports.Yahoo.com|publisher=[[Yahoo! Sports]]|accessdate=July 3, 2015|archivedate=July 5, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705082256/http://sports.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/recruiting/player-Maverick-Ahanmisi-112686}}</ref> == Ọrụ kọleji == Ahanmisi gbara bọọlụ kọleji na Mahadum Minnesota, ụlọ akwụkwọ NCAA Division I, site na 2010-2014, nke ka ukwuu n'ọrụ nchekwa. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama na-eme ihe na bench ma na-eduga otu nke abụọ nke otu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maverick Ahanmisi Bio|url=http://www.gophersports.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/maverick_ahanmisi_741877.html|publisher=University of Minnesota Official Athletic Site|accessdate=July 3, 2015|archivedate=July 5, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705021057/http://www.gophersports.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/maverick_ahanmisi_741877.html}}</ref> O nyeere Golden Gophers aka imeri n'asọmpi National Invitational Tournament n'afọ 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2014 NIT Tournament Championship: Gophers Win The NIT HIGHLIGHTS|url=http://www.thedailygopher.com/2014/4/4/5581858/nit-tournament-championship-2014-highlights-gophers-win-the-nit-minnesota-gopher-basketball|work=TheDailyGopher.com|date=April 4, 2014|publisher=The Daily Gopher|accessdate=July 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Terrado|first=Reuben|title=Fil-Am Maverick Ahanmisi looking to follow footsteps of fellow Big Ten alumnus Stanley Pringle|url=http://www.spin.ph/basketball/news/maverick-ahanmisi-minnesota-cafe-france-pba-d-league-stanley-pringle-|work=Spin.ph|publisher=Spin.ph|accessdate=July 3, 2015}}</ref> Richard Pitino, nwa onye nkuzi Rick Pitino nke Louisville, na-azụ Gophers. == Ọrụ ọkachamara == === Café France Bakers (PBA D-League) === N'afọ 2014, Ahanmisi kpebiri ịhapụ United States mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji ma soro ya rụọ ọrụ basketball na Philippines, site n'ịgba egwu maka Cafe [[France]] Bakers na PBA Developmental League. Na ọrụ mbụ ya na Philippines, o mere ka ọnụnọ ya dị ozugbo, na-enweta akara iri na iri na asatọ na nkeji iri na ise nke mbụ nke mere ka Cafe France nwee mmeri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Giongco|first=Mark|title=Is Fil-Am Maverick Ahanmisi the next Stanley Pringle?|url=http://sports.inquirer.net/166854/is-fil-am-maverick-ahanmisi-the-next-stanley-pringle|work=Inquirer.net|date=October 28, 2014|publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|accessdate=July 3, 2015}}</ref> Na 2015 PBA D-League Foundation Cup eliminations, ọ duziri ndị otu ahụ n'ịgba goolu, na-enweta akara 13.9 n'egwuregwu ọ bụla, ebe ọ na-enyekwa 6.8 rebounds na 4.0 assists kwa ọpụpụ. O nyere aka iduzi Café France na asọmpi PBA-D-League nke mbụ ya site n'ịchịkwa Foundation Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Terrado|first=Reuben|title=Maverick Ahanmisi can be the steal of PBA draft, says Cafe France coach Egay Macaraya|url=http://www.spin.ph/basketball/pba/news/maverick-ahanmisi-pba-draft-cafe-france-egay-macaraya-basketball-dleague|work=Spin.ph|publisher=Spin.ph|accessdate=July 3, 2015}}</ref> === Rain or Shine Elasto Painters === Dabere na ndepụta nke PBA wepụtara na Ọgọọst 10, 2015, Ahanmisi bụ otu n'ime ndị Fil-Foreigners iri na isii tinyere akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ PBA nke afọ 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full list of 2015 PBA Rookie Draft applicants|date=August 10, 2015|url=http://pba.inquirer.net/59824/full-list-of-2015-pba-rookie-draft-applicants|publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|accessdate=August 11, 2015}}</ref> A họpụtara ya dị ka onye nke atọ n'ozuzu site na Rain ma ọ bụ Shine Elasto Painters na 2015 PBA draft. Ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ kachasị elu na Elasto Painters.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ramos|first=Gerry|title=Rain or Shine all in on Maverick Ahanmisi, signs rookie to two-year, max deal|url=http://www.spin.ph/basketball/pba/news/rain-or-shine-seals-confidence-on-maverick-ahanmisi-as-rookie-signed-to-a-two-year-max-deal|publisher=Spin.ph|accessdate=August 28, 2015}}</ref> N'egwuregwu mbụ ya dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ megide Mahindra n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2015, ọ gbara akara iri na otu n'ime akara iri na anọ ya naanị na nkeji nke anọ, mgbe ọ na-eduga Elasto Painters na mmalite nke abụọ na 2015 All-Filipino Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Leongson|first=Randolph|title=Rain or Shine improves to 2–0, routs Mahindra|url=http://pba.inquirer.net/61588/rain-or-shine-improves-to-2-0-routs-mahindra|work=Inquirer.net|date=October 25, 2015|publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|accessdate=October 30, 2015}}</ref> N'oge nnọkọ All-Filipino, ọ nwetara akara 8.3, 4 rebounds, na 2.3 nyere aka n'egwuregwu, mgbe ọ na-ejupụta n'efu nke Paul Lee merụrụ ahụ maka ọtụtụ n'ime asọmpi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ganglani|first=Naveen|title=Jerrick Ahanmisi, brother of Rain or Shine's Maverick, wants to play college ball in Philippines|url=http://www.rappler.com/sports/by-sport/basketball/117334-ahanmisi-brother-wants-college-ball-philippines|work=Rappler|publisher=Rappler|accessdate=January 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Joble|first=Rey|title=Rain or Shine's Mav Ahanmisi says Paul Lee's absence tough to fill {{!}} InterAksyon.com {{!}} Sports5|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/rain-or-shines-mav-ahanmisi-says-paul-lees-absence-tough-to-fill|work=InterAksyon.com|publisher=InterAksyon.com|accessdate=January 19, 2016|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125234351/http://www.interaksyon.com/interaktv/rain-or-shines-mav-ahanmisi-says-paul-lees-absence-tough-to-fill|archivedate=January 25, 2016}}</ref> === Alaska Aces / Converge FiberXers === N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọọst n'afọ 2019, e rere Ahanmisi na Alaska Aces maka Chris Exciminiano na 2019 nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ahanmisi now with Alaska as PBA approves trade with ROS for Exciminiano, draft pick|url=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/pba/maverick-ahanmisi-now-with-alaska-as-pba-approves-trade-for-exciminiano-pick-a795-20190816|accessdate=August 16, 2019}}</ref> Na Jụn 6, 2022, Ahanmisi bịanyere aka na Converge FiberXers, otu ọhụrụ nke weghaara ikike Alaska Aces.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Gerry|author=Ramos|date=June 6, 2022|title=Maverick Ahanmisi, Converge finally agree on contract|url=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/pba/ahanmisi-converge-finally-agree-on-contract-deal-a793-20220606|work=Spin.ph|accessdate=June 6, 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ahanmisi si n'ezinụlọ nwere agbụrụ dị iche iche. Nna ya, Victor Ahanmisi bụ onye Naijiria, ebe nne ya Marissa (née Frankera) bụ onye Filipino, onye si Alcala, Pangasinan.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Osborne|first=Cary|title=An evolution: Golden Valley's Maverick Ahanmisi|url=http://www.signalscv.com/archives/9853/|publisher=SignalSCVSports.com|accessdate=July 3, 2015|archivedate=July 4, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704073519/http://www.signalscv.com/archives/9853/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Bracher|first=Jane|title=Maverick Ahanmisi is following the path of Stanley Pringle|url=http://www.rappler.com/sports/by-sport/basketball/74450-maverick-ahanmisi-following-path-stanley-pringle|work=Rappler.com|publisher=[[Rappler]]|accessdate=July 3, 2015}}</ref> O nwere ụmụnne abụọ, Jerrick na Mylenne. Jerrick na-egwuri egwu ugbu a maka Magnolia Hotshots na PBA. == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6m8a5b9o612ws7al0ag82kra51fstej Mohamed Boumerdassi 0 15363 639104 638278 2026-05-27T09:33:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using Template:Infobox musical artist with unknown parameters|resting_place]] '''Mohamed Boumerdassi''' (Arabic: محمد بومرداسي ), (March 18, 1936, na Ouled Boumerdès December 7, 2010, na Thénia) dị ka nnukwu onye isi nke egwu Bedouin, Malhun na egwu Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/infosoir/121204|title=Cheikh Mohamed Ben Mustapha El-Boumerdassi|work=Djazairess|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2023-04-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408072541/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/infosoir/121204}}</ref> [[Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text]] == Ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Maachị 18, 1936, n'okpuru aha ''Mohamed ben Mustapha al-Boumerdassi'' na obodo Ouled Boumerdès n'ime mpaghara Boumerdés.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/apsfr/97475|title=Inhumation à Boumerdès de Cheikh Mohamed Ben Mustapha El Boumerdassi|work=Djazairess|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2023-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111134626/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/apsfr/97475}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ya na ''Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi'' n'obodo ya bụ ''Ouled Boumerdès'', ebe ọ mụtara kor'an.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/derniere-info/festival-de-la-poesie-populaire-17-08-2004|title=Festival de la poésie populaire &#124; El Watan|date=August 16, 2004|accessdate=June 16, 2022|archivedate=January 11, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111134625/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/derniere-info/festival-de-la-poesie-populaire-17-08-2004}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na ''Sheikh Ben Ahmed al-Boumerdassi'', nke a maara mgbe ahụ maka qasida nke madih nabawi na uri na-eto [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/temps-present/du-theatre-de-la-musique-et-de-la-poesie-17-10-2005|title=Du théâtre, de la musique et de la poésie &#124; El Watan|work=www.elwatan.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2023-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111134627/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/temps-present/du-theatre-de-la-musique-et-de-la-poesie-17-10-2005}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-eso ''Sheikh al-Miliani'', onye họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ ''onye isi nke Bedouin Song'' (machiakha) mgbe ọ chọpụtara olu ya nke ọ masịrị ya nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/cloture-du-1er-festival-de-la-chanson-bedouine-et-de-la-poesie-populaire-14658|title=Clôture du 1er festival de la chanson bédouine et de la poésie populaire: Toute l'actualité sur liberte-algerie.com|work=www.liberte-algerie.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2021-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205202405/https://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/cloture-du-1er-festival-de-la-chanson-bedouine-et-de-la-poesie-populaire-14658}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka abụ ya bụ ''Hammam Alouane'' ma Minista ọendị Algnke eria kwụrụ ya ụtụ n'afọ 2004 maka "ememme mba nke abụ Bedouin na uri a ma ama".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/letemps/49374|title=Inhumation à Boumerdèsde Cheikh El Boumerdassi|work=Djazairess|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2023-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113173928/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/letemps/49374}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na mgbede Tuesday, December 7, 2010, mgbe ọ dị afọ 74 n'ụlọ ya dị na Yahia Boushaki Boulevard na Thénia ma lie ya n'echi ya n'ebe ili ozu Bourouiche n'ebe ugwu nke otu obodo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenia.net/piwigo/picture.php?/573|title=Si-Mohamed Boumerdassi &#124; Thenia.net|work=thenia.net|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2023-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111134634/http://thenia.net/piwigo/picture.php?/573}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị nke ndị enyi nke onye ahụ nwụrụ anwụ, ezinụlọ ya na ndị nnọchi anya ''Ministry'' of Culture na ndị ọchịchị nke Boumerdès Province nọchitere anya, sonyeere Sheikh al-Boumerdassi n'ụlọ ikpeazụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/voixoranie/61453|title=Ils lancent un SOS pour venir en aide à Mohamed Boumerdassi|work=Djazairess|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2023-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111134626/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/voixoranie/61453}}</ref> == Abụ == * ''Hammam Alouane''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicjinni.net/4-UhcHldVz0/Cheikh-Mohamed-el-Boumerdassi-1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.html|title=Cheikh Mohamed el Boumerdassi 1 الشيخ محمد بومرداسي &#124; Music Jinni|work=musicjinni|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2023-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111134636/https://www.musicjinni.net/4-UhcHldVz0/Cheikh-Mohamed-el-Boumerdassi-1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A.html}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị egwu Algeria * Egwú Bedouin * Malhun * Egwú nke Algeria * Omenala nke Algeria * Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * 1- Bedouin song of Cheikh Mohamed el Boumerdassi on YouTube * 2- Bedouin song of Cheikh Mohamed el Boumerdassi on YouTube * 3- Bedouin song of Cheikh Mohamed el Boumerdassi on YouTube * 4- Bedouin song of Cheikh Mohamed el Boumerdassi on YouTube * 5- Bedouin song of Cheikh Mohamed el Boumerdassi on YouTube 0p5eoy9q5u9s4w706qt6j6o6kvtfqix Marco Cianfanelli 0 15638 639055 638233 2026-05-26T22:33:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Marco Cianfanelli''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1970) bụ onye na-ese ihe na South Africa nke na-etinye aka n'ọtụtụ ọrụ metụtara nka, ihe owuwu na oghere ọha.<ref name="Goodman exhibit">{{Cite web|title=Marco Cianfanelli / Absent Fields|author=Dodd, Alex|url=http://www.goodman-gallery.com/exhibitions/115|publisher=Goodman Gallery|accessdate=23 April 2012|archivedate=31 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531224114/http://www.goodman-gallery.com/exhibitions/115}}</ref> Cianfanelli jikọtara ngwa ndị kọmputa mepụtara, nke data na-eduzi na mmadụ, na-egosipụta, mmegharị aka iji mepụta esemokwu n'ọrụ ya. Cianfanelli bụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà South Africa ole na ole nke ọrụ ha na-aga nke ọma n'ihu ọha na n'ụlọ.<ref name="STHP">{{Cite news|author=Dodd|first=Alex|title=Who is Marco Cianfanelli?|url=http://sthp.saha.org.za/memorial/articles/who_is_marco_cianfanelli.htm|accessdate=23 April 2012|work=Sunday Times Heritage Project}}</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na-ese ihe osise ala ma na-aga n'ihu na-echegbu onwe ya banyere oghere mmekọ ịhụnanya na nke a na-ewepụ site na omume nke mmekọ ịhụnanya.<ref name="STHP" /> Ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya nke Cianfanelli na-arụ n'oge na-adịgide adịgide na-ejikọta ya na mgbagwoju anya nke ịhụ South Africa n'anya.<ref name="AT bio" /> Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị a ma ama nke Cianfanelli bụ ihe ngosi nke isi [[Nelson Mandela]] nke dị na ebe e jidere Mandela na Howick, South Africa. [[Usòrò:Nelson_Mandela_Artwork_at_Apartheid_Museum_by_Marco_Cianfanelli.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke Nelson Mandela na Apartheid Museum nke Marco Cianfanelli]] == Ọrụ == === Agụmakwụkwọ === N'afọ 1992, Cianfanelli natara BA / FA (ihe osise) ya na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand .<ref name="AT bio">{{Cite web|author=Ticknor|first=Michelle|title=Marco Cianfanelli|url=http://www.artthrob.co.za/02aug/artbio.html|publisher=ArtThrob|accessdate=23 April 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTicknor">Ticknor, Michelle. [http://www.artthrob.co.za/02aug/artbio.html "Marco Cianfanelli"]. ArtThrob<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> === Ihe ngosi === * 2012 Mahadum Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2011 Nke mbụ Kwa Afọ International Land Art Event/ Plettenberg Bay * 2009 Absent Fields, Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa * 2009 Ihe osise nke oge a na ala / Nirox Foundation; Johannesburg * 2008 Nkwurịta okwu, UNISA Art Gallery, Tswane * 2008 Akara mmepụta, Grahamstown Festival, KZNSA Gallery, The Goethe Institute * 2008 Heptad, The Art Space, Johannesburg * 2007 Spier Contemporary, Stellenbosch, Cape Town * 2007 Positive, Sun City * 2007 Aardklop 10, Potchefstroom * 2006 Mmepe atụmatụ: nloghachi ịmalite, onye na-ese ihe na Aardklop Festival, Potchefstroom * 2005 Mmepe atụmatụ, Gallery Momo, Johannesburg * 2004 Brett Kebble Art Awards, Cape Town * 2003 ABSA Gallery, Johannesburg * 2002 Otu oge ha bụ ndị na-ese ihe, KKNK, Oudtshoorn. * 2001 Anyị hụrụ ndị ahịa anyị n'anya, Embassy Hungary, New York * 2000 Nchịkọta njem nke obodo dị n'ime obodo Rembrandt van Rijn Gallery, Johannesburg * 2000 Hoerikwaggo, South African National Gallery, Cape Town * 2000 SASOL Ntinye aka ọhụrụ a tụgharịrị, Klein Karoo National Arts Festival, Oudtshoorn * 2000 Emotions and Relations, Sandton civic Art Gallery, Johannesburg * 1999 Channel, Association for Visual Arts, Cape Town * 2002 Ngosipụta jikọrọ aka na Stephanus Rademeyer, The Art Space, Johannesburg * 1998 Atlantis, Mark Coetzee Fine Art Cabinet, Cape Town * 1998! Ebe a kapịrị ọnụ, Nieu-Bethesda, Eastern Cape * 1997 Taking Stock, Co-curated na ngosi, Johannesburg Stock Exchange, Johannesburg * 1997 Cyst: Ọrụ na Paint, Good Hope Gallery, The Castle, Cape Town * 1997 Nke 4, Hillbrow Fort, Johannesburg * 1996 Ihe ndekọ, Art Space, Newtown Cultural Precinct, Johannesburg<ref name="Goodman bio" /> === Nchịkọta === * SASOL * ABSA * Ihe mere n'eziokwu * Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie Bloemfontein<ref name="Goodman bio">{{Cite web|title=Gallery News for Marco Cianfanelli|url=http://www.goodman-gallery.com/artists/marcocianfanelli|publisher=Goodman Gallery|accessdate=23 April 2012|archivedate=17 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817103001/https://www.goodman-gallery.com/artists/marcocianfanelli}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. Goodman Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] p9lb95e4ll8jzmu9ygf9u8ps03fr1xo Loubna Abidar 0 16137 639030 108209 2026-05-26T17:26:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639030 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Loubna Abidar 2016.jpg|thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Loubna Abidar''' (a mụrụ n'abalị 20 ọnwa Septemba afọ 1985) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri. A mụrụ Abidar na Marrakech. == Ọrụ == O mere ihe nkiri izizi ya na Much Loved nke Nabil Ayouch duziri. A machibidoro ihe nkiri ahụ na Morocco n'ihi na a na-ewere ya dịka ihe mkparị nye Islam na Morocco. Abidar nwetara iyi egwu ọnwụ n'ihi ngosipụta ya na ihe nkiri ahụ. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2015, a wakporo ya na Casablanca ma ọ hapụrụ mba ahụ gaa France n'oge na-adịghị anya.<ref name="agression">{{Cite web|author=Rebourg, Amandine|url=http://www.metronews.fr/culture/loubna-abidar-star-du-film-much-loved-victime-d-une-violente-agression-au-maroc/mokf!Yah0Q1XlsAYOs/|title=Loubna Abidar, star du film "Much Loved", victime d'une violente agression au Maroc (French)|publisher=[[Metro International]]|date=November 6, 2015|accessdate=24 February 2016|archivedate=5 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105051027/http://www.metronews.fr/culture/loubna-abidar-star-du-film-much-loved-victime-d-une-violente-agression-au-maroc/mokf!Yah0Q1XlsAYOs/}}</ref><ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/2015/11/08/03002-20151108ARTFIG00087--much-loved-loubna-abidar-se-refugie-en-france.php Much Loved : après son agression, Loubna Abidar se réfugie en France (French)], lefigaro.fr, 8 novembre 2015</ref> N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2016, ọ natara nhọpụta maka César Award maka Best Actress maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/global/golden-years-marguerite-dheepan-mustang-lead-cesar-nominations-1201689761/|title='Golden Years,' 'Marguerite,' 'Dheepan,' 'Mustang' Lead Cesar Nominations|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Ụdị ihe nkiri a gbatịrị agbatị gụnyere òtù na-abụghị nke simulated nke Loubna Abidar mere na Carlo Brandt. E kpochapụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ na ụdị DVD nke ihe nkiri ahụ.<ref>https://m.imdb.com/title/tt4685750/trivia/?ref_=tt_ql_trv</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |2015 |''A hụrụ ya n'anya nke ukwuu'' |Noha |Gijón International Film Festival - Best Actress Nominated - César Award for Best Actress<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''Amin'' |Onye na-ere nri mbụ | |- |''Sextape'' |Nne ya | |- |''Obi mpako'' |Farah |Obere ihe nkiri TV |- | rowspan="1" |2019 |''Nwa agbọghọ Dị Ịdị Iche'' |Dounia | |- |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bk85d6ddp13dlo4uorjlbbsbf793tmg Lucy Wangui Kabuu 0 16452 639035 580404 2026-05-26T18:25:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{MedalTableTop|medals={{Medal|Sport|Women's athletics}} {{Medal|Country | {{KEN}} }} {{Medal|Competition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|2006 Melbourne]]|[[Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Women's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]]}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|2006 Melbourne]]|[[Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Women's 5000 metres|5000 m]]}}}} '''Lucy Wangui Kabuu''' (amụrụ na 24 Machị 1984) bụ onye Kenya na-agba ọsọ ogologo oge nke na-ahụ maka ihe omume mita 5000 na 10,000. Ọ nọchitere anya Kenya ugboro abụọ na Summer Olympics, na-emecha n'elu iri nke 10,000m na 2004 na 2008. Ihe kacha mma ya nke 14:33.49 nkeji maka 5000 m na 30:39.96 nkeji maka 10,000 m mere ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị Kenya na-agba ọsọ na ihe omume ahụ. Ọ nọ na Japan maka ọrụ mbụ ya. Na mba ụwa, ọ bụ onye nwetara ọlaọcha na IAAF World Cross Country Championships na 2005 ma bụrụ onye nwetara ọla abụọ dị anya na 2006 Commonwealth Games (ebe ọ bụ onye mmeri 10,000 m na onye nwetara ọla nchara 5000 m). Kemgbe afọ 2011 ọ na-asọ mpi n'okporo ụzọ ma merie na Great North Run na Delhi Half Marathon . O mere marathon mbụ ya na afọ 2012 wee bụrụ nwanyị nke asatọ kachasị ọsọ na oge nke 2:19:34 awa maka ọnọdụ nke abụọ na Dubai Marathon. == Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:IAAF_World_Championships_Moscow_2013_marathon_women_23_AZ_(9483617107).jpg|thumb|Lucy Wangui Kabuu n'oge 2013 World Championships in Athletics na Marathon nke ụmụ nwanyị na Moscow.]] A mụrụ ya na afọ 1984 na Ichamara na mpaghara Mukurweini / Nyeri nke etiti Kenya. A chọpụtara ikike ya maka ịgba ọsọ ogologo oge mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị. John Kanyi, onye na-agba ọsọ n'ógbè ahụ nke bi na Japan, gbara ya ume ịnwale agụmakwụkwọ egwuregwu iji mee ka ọ mụọ ma zụọ n'ebe ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke ọma na asọmpi nhọpụta agụmakwụkwọ ma, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, merie ebe na Aomori Yamada High School.<ref name="Focus"/> Mgbe ọ nọ na Japan, ọ meriri 1500 mita na asọmpi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ma, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na afor 2002, ọ malitere ọzụzụ na Suzuki Track and Field Club.<ref name="Focus">{{Cite news|author=Wokabi|first=James|date=11 August 2008|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/athletes/newsid=46698.html|title=Focus on Athletes – Lucy Wangui KABUU|publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]]|accessdate=27 November 2011}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWokabiMutuota2008">Wokabi, James; Mutuota, Mutwiri (11 August 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026020209/http://iaaf.org/news/athletes/newsid%3D46698.html "Focus on Athletes – Lucy Wangui KABUU"]. [[World Athletics|IAAF]]. Archived from [http://www.iaaf.org/news/athletes/newsid=46698.html the original] on 26 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bịanyere aka na PACE Sports Management ma Ricky Simms na-azụ ya. Wangui setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ nke Kenya maka 10,000m na Septemba na afo 2003. Ọ meriri All-Japan Corporate Half Marathon title na Yamaguchi na March na-esote.<ref name="Focus" /> Ọ bịara nke mbụ na mita 5000 n'afọ 2004 Japanese Athletics Championships, na-asọmpi dị ka onye ọbịa. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọ bụ onye nke abụọ na ule Olympic nke Kenya karịa 10,000 m. Nnukwu ihe ngosi mba ụwa mbụ ya bịara na afọ 2004 Olympics na Athens, ebe ọ mechara nke itoolu na ihe omume mita 10,000.<ref name="SR">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170630112449/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/wa/lucy-wangui-1.html Lucy Wangui]. Sports Reference. Retrieved 27 November 2011.</ref> Ọ gbara ọsọ gafere ebe ahụ na Hyogo Relays zutere ma nwee mmeri atọ n'usoro site na afọ 2005 ruo 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ota|first=Shigenobu|date=25 April 2011|url=https://www.arrs.run/HP_HyogoOT.htm|title=Hyogo Relays|publisher=[[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]]|accessdate=27 November 2011|archivedate=26 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926002429/https://arrs.run/HP_HyogoOT.htm}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nke iri na mita 5000 na afo 2005 World Athletics Final.<ref name="IAAFBio"/> Wangui mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa na ahịhịa n'afọ ahụ na afo 2005 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, ebe ọ nọ n'ọkwa nke ise na ọsọ dị mkpirikpi mere ka ndị otu Kenya bụrụ ndị nke abụọ na Ethiopia na ọkwa ndị otu.<ref name="Focus"/> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2006, ọ meriri asọmpi mita 10,000 nke ụmụ nwanyị na 2006 Commonwealth Games na oge nke nkeji 31, 29.66 sekọnd. O mechikwara nke atọ na mita 5000. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha oge ahụ, ọ bụ onye nke iri na mita 3000 na World Athletics Final.<ref name="IAAFBio">{{Cite web|title=Lucy Wangui|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=27 November 2011|url=http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/biographies/letter=0/athcode=186225/index.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/biographies/letter=0/athcode=186225/index.html "Lucy Wangui"]. IAAF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba, a họpụtara ya maka otu ụmụ nwanyị Kenya na International Chiba Ekiden . Ọ dị nwayọ karịa Maria Konovalova na ụkwụ ikpeazụ, mana ọ nọgidere na-ebute ụzọ Kenya iji merie aha ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nakamura|first=Ken|date=23 November 2006|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kenya-dominate-at-chiba-ekiden|title=Kenya dominate at Chiba Ekiden|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=12 May 2016}}</ref> Oge ndị otu ahụ nke awa 2:13:35 ka e mesịrị kwado dị ka ndekọ Afrịka maka ekiden marathon relay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/records/inout=o/discType=5/disc=EKID/detail.html|title=Ekiden Records|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=27 November 2011|archivedate=3 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103014908/http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/records/inout%3Do/discType%3D5/disc%3DEKID/detail.html}}</ref> Wangui malitere afọ 2008 ya site na mmeri na Chiba International Cross Country .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Larner|first=Brett|date=14 February 2011|url=https://www.arrs.run/HP_ChbXC.htm|title=Chiba International Crosscountry|publisher=[[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]]|accessdate=27 November 2011}}</ref> Na afọ 2008 African Championships in Athletics ọ mechara nke anọ na 10,000 m n'azụ atọ nke ndị Etiopia nke Tirunesh Dibaba duziri. Na ule Olimpik nke mba ọ meriri 10,000m wee bụrụ nke abụọ n'elu 5000m. N'agbanyeghị ọchịchọ ya ịsọ mpi na ihe omume abụọ ahụ, ndị Kenya na-ahọrọ ya họọrọ ya naanị maka 10,000 m, na-ahọpụta [[Vivian Cheruiyot]] maka ebe dị mkpirikpi kama.<ref name="Focus"/> N'oge nke abụọ ọ gara n'egwuregwu Olympic na afọ 2008 Beijing Games, ọ bụ onye nke asaa na 10,000 mita, na-agba ọsọ oge kachasị mma nke 30:39.96 nkeji.<ref name="SR"/> Mgbe ezumike asọmpi na afo 2009 na afọ 2010, n'ihi mmerụ ahụ Achilles tendon mgbe ahụ ime ime, ọ laghachiri n'ọrụ na ụzọ na-agba ọsọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mutuota|first=Mutwiri|date=5 November 2011|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kabuu-continues-her-triumphant-return-ak-xc|title=Kabuu continues her triumphant return – AK XC series, Meet 1|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=12 May 2016}}</ref> O nwere mmeri na Great North Run half marathon na Great Edinburgh Run 10K na onwa Septemba na Ọktoba.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Martin|first=David|date=2 October 2011|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/newsid=62654.html|title=Mathathi clocks course record in Edinburgh 10&nbsp;km|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=2 October 2011}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ọ gara Delhi Half Marathon wee merie na 1:07:04 awa n'ihu onye Kenya ibe ya Sharon Cherop.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Krishnan|first=Ram. Murali|date=27 November 2011|accessdate=12 May 2016|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/in-close-races-desisa-and-kabuu-prevail-in-ne|title=In close races, Desisa and Kabuu prevail in New Delhi Half|publisher=IAAF}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya n'elu ọsọ marathon na ọnwa Jenụwarị na afọ 2012 na Dubai Marathon . N'otu n'ime agbụrụ kachasị ọsọ n'oge ahụ, ọ gwụchara ọsọ ahụ n'ime awa 2:19:34 iji nweta ọnọdụ nke abụọ naanị sekọnd atọ n'azụ onye na-agbachitere Aselefech Mergia.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Butcher|first=Pat|date=27 January 2012|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/abshero-stuns-with-20423-debut-mergia-clocks|title=Abshero stuns with 2:04:23 debut, Mergia clocks 2:19:31 in Dubai|publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]]|accessdate=12 May 2016}}</ref> Nke a bụ otu n'ime oge izizi kachasị ọsọ nke nwanyị ma bụrụ nke asatọ na ndepụta oge niile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=W/all=y/legal=A/disc=MAR/detail.html|title=Marathon All Time|publisher=IAAF|date=27 January 2012|accessdate=4 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224063329/http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout%3Do/age%3Dn/season%3D0/sex%3DW/all%3Dy/legal%3DA/disc%3DMAR/detail.html|archivedate=24 February 2012}}</ref> O weputara nke ise na afo 2012 London Marathon n'ọnwa Eprel, mana ọ hapụrụ na 2012 London Olympics n'ihi na o mechiri na 10,000 m trial race na Prefontaine Classic. Na marathon nke atọ ya n'afọ ahụ, ọ rutere n'elu ikpo okwu site na njedebe nke atọ na 2012 Chicago Marathon.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gugala|first=Jon|date=7 October 2012|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/course-record-for-kebede-baysa-dethrones-shob|title=Course record for Kebede, Baysa dethrones Shobukhova – Chicago Marathon report|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref> O meriri na 2013 Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon na ihe ọhụrụ kachasị mma nke 1:06:09, naanị 19 sekọnd site na ndekọ ụwa nke Mary Keitany.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Williamson|first=Norrie|date=15 February 2013|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kabuu-and-kipsang-triumph-in-high-quality-rac|title=Kabuu and Kipsang triumph in high-quality races at Ras al-Khaimah Half|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref> Kabuu gbara ọsọ nke atọ kachasị ọsọ karịa kilomita 25 iji merie BIG 25 Berlin na Mee, gafee akara ahụ na awa 1:21:37.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/sigei-and-kabuu-clock-2013-world-leading-25km|title=Sigei and Kabuu clock 2013 world-leading 25km times in Berlin|publisher=IAAF|date=5 May 2013|accessdate=6 May 2013}}</ref> A họpụtara ya maka ndị otu marathon nke Kenya na afọ 2013 World Championships in Athletics mana ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke ọma na Moscow, na-emecha nke 24 n'ime awa 2:44:06. Oge ikpeazụ ọ pụtara n'afọ ahụ bụ nke atọ na Delhi Half Marathon.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mulkeen|first=Jon|date=15 December 2013|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/delhi-half-marathon-atsedu-tsegay-florence-ki|title=Tsegay breaks course record at Delhi Half Marathon|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=22 February 2014}}</ref> == Ihe kacha mma n'onwe ya == {| class="wikitable" !Ihe omume !Oge (h:m:s) !Ebe a na-anọ !Ụbọchị |- |3000 mita |8:46.15 |Gateshead, England |2008 |- |5000 mita |14:33.49 |Oslo, Norway |2008 |- |10,000 mita |30:39.96 |Beijing, China |2008 |- |10 kilomita (okporo ụzọ) |31:41 |Glasgow, Scotland |2008 |- |Ọkara marathon |66:09 |Ras Al Khaimah, UAE |2013 |- |Marathon |2:19:34 |Dubai, UAE |2012 |} * <small>Ozi niile sitere na profaịlụ IAAF.</small> == Ihe odide == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Lucy Wangui Kabuu at World Athletics [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8rnnga1bz4l95rgjwfc42ws7uxw3e6e Lagos State Ministry of Finance 0 19764 639004 623670 2026-05-26T12:22:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Ngalaba na-ahụ maka ego na steeti Lagos''' bụ ngalaba nke Gọọmentị nke steeti Lagos, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], nke na-azu ọrụ gbasara ịhazi na itinye n'ọrụ iwu ego nke steeti ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/07/fashola-swears-in-commissioners/|title=Fashola swears in commissioners|work=Vanguard Newspaper|accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/142136-assembly-confirms-gbeleyi-as-lagos-finance-commissioner.html|title=Assembly confirms gbeleyi as lagos finance|work=Premium Times|accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere Ministri nke Ego na Mmepe Akụ na ụba n'ọnwa Eprel nke afọ 1968.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lagos State Ministry of Finance|url=https://finance.lagosstate.gov.ng/|accessdate=2022-03-17|work=Lagos State Ministry of Finance|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319215148/https://finance.lagosstate.gov.ng/}}</ref> E kewapụrụ mmepe akụ na ụba na Ministri nke Ego n'afọ 1995, e guzobekwara Ministri nke Atụmatụ akụ na ụba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lagos State Ministry of Finance|url=https://finance.lagosstate.gov.ng/|accessdate=2022-03-17|work=Lagos State Ministry of Finance|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319215148/https://finance.lagosstate.gov.ng/}}</ref> E kewara Ministri Ego ahụ n'ime ndị nduzi isii: Nchịkwa ndị ọrụ, Atụmatụ, Nnyocha na Statistics, na Finance na Supplies, yana ndị nduzi ọkachamara atọ: Ego ọha na eze, Ọrụ Kọmputa, na nnyocha ego ime.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lagos State Ministry of Finance|url=https://finance.lagosstate.gov.ng/|accessdate=2022-03-14|work=Lagos State Ministry of Finance|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319215148/https://finance.lagosstate.gov.ng/}}</ref> Isi ụlọ ọrụ ego, ụlọ ọrụ Treasury State, na Board of Internal Revenue bụ ụlọ ọrụ atọ mejupụtara Ministry of Finance na mmalite ya. N'afọ 2006, e buliri Board of Internal Revenue, nke a na-ebo ebubo ịnakọta ụtụ isi metụtara Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) maka Gọọmentị Steeti, ma nye ya ọnọdụ ọkara onwe ya iji melite mmepụta ego, nghọta, na ịza ajụjụ. N'afọ 2005, PF/DMO, nke bụbu Ngalaba Ministri, kwalitela ya ka ọ bụrụ ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ, na odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide dị ka onye isi ya. E jikọtara PF/DMO na Office of Finance na 2015 dị ka akụkụ nke nhazi nke gọọmentị ugbu a, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ iwu ya. Onye odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide na-eduzi Ọfịs Ego, nke bụ otu n'ime ogwe aka nke Ministri Ego. Isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Ministry na-eje ozi dị ka aka nhazi ya. == Ọrụ == Ministri ahụ bu ya na-ahụ maka ịmepụta na ịtụle iwu ego, na-enyocha isi mmalite ego niile, na-ahazi ndị ndụmọdụ ego niile, ọ na-ahụkwa maka atụmatụ ego nke Lagos State, ma na-emepụta atụmatụ na mmemme iji nyere ụlọ ọrụ niile na-anakọta ego aka iru ebumnuche ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Responsibilities: Ministry of Finance|url=https://finance.lagosstate.gov.ng/responsibilities/|accessdate=2022-03-14|work=Lagos State Ministry of Finance|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Atụmatụ Akụnụba na Mmefu ego nke Lagos State * Kansụl Ndị Nchịkwa Steeti Lagos == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} emtdlt7b6171v4lwnac788xr3yxi21n List of minimum driving ages 0 20677 639019 595726 2026-05-26T16:32:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639019 wikitext text/x-wiki Afọ kacha nta ịkwọ ụgbọala bụ '''afọ''' kachasị ala ebe mmadụ nwere ike inweta akwụkwọ ikike ịkwọ ụgbọala iji kwado ụgbọala n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro n'okporo ụzọ ọha na eze. Otú ọ dị, nke a afọ na-ekpebi site na ikike ọ bụla ma na-etinyekarị ya na afọ iri na asatọ, mana enwere ike ikwe ka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-amụta ihe banyere n' okporo ụzọ n'oge ọ dị nta n'okpuru nlekọta. Tupu ọ ruo afọ kacha nta maka ikikere ọkwọ ụgbọala ma ọ bụ oge ọ bụla mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a ga-anwale onye chọrọ ikikere ahụ maka ikike ịkwọ ụgbọala na ihe ọmụma nke iwu okporo ụzọ tupu e nye ya ikikere, ọ bụrụhaala na ọ karịrị afọ kacha nta ọkwọ ụgbọala. Mba ndị nwere afọ ịkwọ ụgbọala kachasị ala (iri na asaa na n'okpuru) bụ [[Ostraliya|Australia]], Bahamas, [[Kánada|Canada]], [[Malaysia]], New Zealand, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] (mainland), [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], na [[Zimbabwe]]. N'ebe ụfọdụ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na [[Kánada|Canada]], ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-eto eto dị ka iri na anọ (na nlekọta nne na nna).<ref>{{Cite web|title=About: List of minimum driving ages|url=https://dbpedia.org/page/List_of_minimum_driving_ages|accessdate=2022-10-09|work=dbpedia.org}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ikike na-anabata ikikere ọkwọ ụgbọala nke ikike ọzọ nyere, nke nwere ike ime ka onye na-eto eto nweta ikikere na ikike nke nwere obere afọ ịkwọ ụgbọala ka a na-ekwe ka ọkwọ ụgbọala na ikike nke na-enwekarị afọ ịkwọ ụgbọ ala dị elu. Otu ihe dị ịrịba ama na nke a bụ United States, ebe ọtụtụ steeti machibidoro ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-erughị afọ ọkwọ ụgbọala ha kacha nta, ọbụlagodi na ha nwere ikike ma ọ bụ ikikere nke steeti ọzọ nyere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=21 Should Be the Legal Driving Age around the World - Marketing Advisory Services|url=https://www.marketingadvisoryservices.com/21-should-be-the-legal-driving-age-around-the-world/|accessdate=2022-10-09|work=www.marketingadvisoryservices.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009160835/https://www.marketingadvisoryservices.com/21-should-be-the-legal-driving-age-around-the-world/}}</ref> Afọ kacha nta nwere ike ịdịgasị iche dabere na ụdị ụgbọ ala. Ndepụta a na-ezo aka na afọ ịkwọ ụgbọala kacha nta maka obere ụgbọala (nke na-abụkarị n'okpuru puku atọ na narị ise kilogram nke nnukwu ụgbọala) ma ọ bụ ọgba tum tum, ebe edepụtara. == Afrịka == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Ọnọdụ ! width="130" |Afọ ole ịkwọ ụgbọala kacha nta ! width="300" |Ihe edeturu |- | Algeria | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nesrine|date=2020-03-07|title=Driving In Algeria As A Visitor - Everything You Need To Know|url=https://summerytouch.com/driving-in-algeria/|accessdate=2022-09-23|work=Summery Touch|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923205534/https://summerytouch.com/driving-in-algeria/}}</ref> | |- | Cameroon | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web|title=Driving In {{!}} Driving In Cameroon|url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-cameroon|accessdate=2022-09-23|work=www.drivng.com|archivedate=2022-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923205205/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-cameroon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide to Driving In Cameroon - Drive Safe in Cameroon|url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Cameroon.aspx#:~:text=The%20minimum%20age%20to%20drive,permitted%20when%20driving%20in%20Cameroon.|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- | Egypt | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/egypt.asp|title=Au Pairs from Egypt - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030753/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/egypt.asp}}</ref> |18 (Ụgbọ ala), 16 (Ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè) |- | Eswatini | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref name="google1" /> | |- | Ethiopia | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-Ethiopia.html|title=Driving in Ethiopia|publisher=Adcidl.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017205759/http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-Ethiopia.html}}</ref> | |- | Ghana | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ghana.asp|title=Au Pairs from Ghana - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030719/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ghana.asp}}</ref> | |- | Kenya | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kra.go.ke/roadtransport/roadsdrivinglicenses.html|title=KRA - Driving Licenses|work=www.kra.go.ke|accessdate=2016-08-02|archivedate=2018-07-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701104334/http://www.kra.go.ke/roadtransport/roadsdrivinglicenses.html}}</ref> | |- | Lesotho | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref name="google1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4pGABdauysC&q=Lesotho+Driving+Age&pg=PA615|title=South Africa Lesotho and Swaziland - James Bainbridge - Google Books|date=2010-09-15|isbn=9781742203751|accessdate=2015-02-20|author=Bainbridge|first=James}}</ref> | |- | Libya | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internationaldriversassociation.com/international-drivers-license-libya/|title=Get an international license to drive in Libya|work=International Drivers License - InternationalDriversAssociation|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-01}}</ref> | |- | Mali | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide to Driving In Mali - Drive Safe in Mali - Rhinocarhire.com|url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Mali.aspx|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- | Mauritania | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|title=Посібник з водіння Мавританії|url=https://internationaldriversassociation.com/uk/mauritania-driving-guide/|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=Посібник з водіння Мавританії|language=uk}}</ref> | |- | Mauritius |15 (ụgbọ ala), 17 (ụgbọ ọgba tum tum), 18 (ụgbọala)<ref name="Mauritius police">{{Cite web|url=http://police.govmu.org/English/Pages/App_driving_licence.aspx|title=The Mauritius Police Force - Application for Driving Licence|publisher=[[Mauritius Police Force]]|accessdate=April 26, 2017}}</ref> | |- |'' '' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|title=Driving In {{!}} Driving In Mayotte|url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-mayotte|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.drivng.com|archivedate=2022-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925140241/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-mayotte}}</ref> | |- | Morocco | style="text-align:center;" |17(Motorịnyịnya ígwè) 18(Ụgbọ ala) 21(Trucks)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.economycarhire.com/car-hire-morocco/driving-in-morocco.php|title=Morocco Driving Guide|publisher=Economy Car Hire|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.your-morocco-tour.com/about-morocco|title=About Morocco|publisher=Your-morocco-tour.com|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |- | Mozambique | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide to Driving In Mozambique - Drive Safe in Mozambique|url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Mozambique.aspx#:~:text=You%20have%20to%20be%20at,on%20your%20age%20and%20experience.|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- | Namibia | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/namibia.asp|title=Au Pairs from Namibia - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030820/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/namibia.asp}}</ref> | |- | Niger | style="text-align:center;" |23<ref>{{Cite web|author=Avando Systems Ltd|url=http://www.travcour.com/g_page.php?pageid=689&Pagetitle=Niger|title=Niger visa service UK, London|publisher=Travcour.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2016-01-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131173725/http://www.travcour.com/g_page.php?pageid=689&Pagetitle=Niger}}</ref> | |- | Nigeria | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|author=Team|first=Carmart|date=2022-08-13|title=Driver's License In Nigeria: Requirements And Cost This 2022|url=https://www.carmart.ng/public/blog/drivers-license-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=Carmart auto blog|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925140234/https://www.carmart.ng/public/blog/drivers-license-in-nigeria/}}</ref> | |- | Réunion, France | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minimum Driving Age by Country - Rhinocarhire.com|url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Minimum-Driving-Age-Country.aspx|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> |ị nwere ike inweta akwụkwọ ikike mmụta ma nye gị ikike ịkwọ ụgbọala na nlekọta mgbe ị dị afọ iri na ise. A ga-enye ikike ịkwọ ụgbọala zuru oke mgbe ọ dị afọ 18. |- | Senegal | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|title=Посібник з водіння в Сенегалі|url=https://internationaldriversassociation.com/uk/senegal-driving-guide/|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=Посібник з водіння в Сенегалі|language=uk}}</ref> | |- | South Africa | style="text-align:center;" |17 |Iwu National Road Traffic na-akọwapụta na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala kwesịrị ịbụ afọ iri na asaa iji nweta ikikere iwu maka ụgbọala niile dị n'okpuru 3500 kilogram. Ndị dị afọ iri na ise nwere ike ikwe ka mmadụ nweta ikikere ndị na-amụta ihe, ịkwọ ụgbọala mgbe onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala nwere ikikere nke nwere ikikere ha karịa otu afọ na-elekọta ya. Iji nweta akwụkwọ ikike ịkwọ ụgbọala n'ezie, afọ bụ afọ iri na asatọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/num_act/nrta1996189/|title=National Road Traffic Act, 1996 [No. 93 of 1996&#93; - G 17603|publisher=Saflii.org|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> |- | Tanzania | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.2pass.co.uk/ages3.htm|title=Minimum Driving Ages around the World|work=www.2pass.co.uk|accessdate=2016-08-14}}</ref> | |- | Tunisia | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/tunis/travel-to|title=Travel to Tunis|publisher=Worldtravelguide.net|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |- | Zambia | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zamcom.smetoolkit.org/zambia/en/content/en/2643/Investment-Climate|title=Investment Climate &#124; SME Toolkit Zambia|publisher=Zamcom.smetoolkit.org|accessdate=2015-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220205723/http://zamcom.smetoolkit.org/zambia/en/content/en/2643/Investment-Climate|archivedate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |- | Zimbabwe | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/zimbabwe.asp|title=Au Pairs from Zimbabwe - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030750/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/zimbabwe.asp}}</ref> | |- |} == Amerịka == === Ebe Ugwu America === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Ọnọdụ ! width="130" |Afọ ole ọ kacha nta ịkwọ ụgbọala ! width="300" |Ihe edeturu |- | Canada | style="text-align:center;" |16 nwere mmemme ikikere gụsịrị akwụkwọ (GLP) n'ọtụtụ mpaghara14 nwere GLP na Alberta15<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alberta.ca/class-7-learners-licence.aspx#toc-0|title=Get a Class 7 learner's licence {{!}} Alberta.ca}}</ref><br /><br /><br /><br /> nwere GLP Na Yukon, NWT, na Nunavut<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yukon.ca/en/driving-and-transportation/driver-licensing/get-drivers-licence#find-out-if-youre-eligible|title=Get a driver's licence|date=12 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yd.com/drivers-license-nunavut|title=Drivers License Nunavut &#124; Young Drivers of Canada|accessdate=2020-03-26|archivedate=2020-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326011738/https://www.yd.com/drivers-license-nunavut}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inf.gov.nt.ca/sites/inf/files/resources/basic_manual_1.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2020-03-26|archivedate=2020-02-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229044515/https://www.inf.gov.nt.ca/sites/inf/files/resources/basic_manual_1.pdf}}</ref><br /><br /><br /><br /> | |- | Mexico | style="text-align:left;" |15 (na nlekọta nne na nna), 16 (na nkwekọrịta nne na nna"), 18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.auto-europe.co.uk/go/car-hire/mexico/driving-information/|title=Driving in Mexico|publisher=Auto Europe|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2015-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060619/http://www.auto-europe.co.uk/go/car-hire/mexico/driving-information/}}</ref> | |- | United States | style="text-align:center;" |1416 (maka ikike) 1617 (maka ikike a machibidoro iwu) 1618 (maka ikike na-akparaghị ókè) ''dị iche iche n'etiti steeti''<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> | |} === Central America === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |State ! width="130" |Minimum driving age ! width="300" |Notes |- |{{flag|Costa Rica}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autoeurope.co.uk/driving-information-costa-rica/|work=www.autoeurope.co.uk|accessdate=2020-02-01|title=Driving information Costa Rica &#124; Regulations by Auto Europe}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|El Salvador}} | style="text-align:center;" |15<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide to Driving In El Salvador - Drive Safe in El Salvador|url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-El-Salvador.aspx#:~:text=You%20have%20to%20be%20at,poor%20conditions%20of%20the%20roads.|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 15 with supervision. Unrestricted licence available at 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sertracen.com.sv/index.php/primera-vez|title=Primera Vez}}</ref>You can't driver in Salvador if you are over 75 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide to Driving In El Salvador - Drive Safe in El Salvador|url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-El-Salvador.aspx#:~:text=You%20have%20to%20be%20at,poor%20conditions%20of%20the%20roads.|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Guatemala}} | style="text-align:left;" |16 (with parental approval), 18<ref>{{Cite web|title=Driving information Guatemala {{!}} Safe drive with Auto Europe|url=https://www.autoeurope.co.uk/driving-information-guatemala/|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=Auto Europe UK|language=en-GB}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Honduras}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elheraldo.hn/tegucigalpa/1205802-466/requisitos-para-tramitar-la-licencia-de-conducir-por-primera-vez-en-honduras|title=Requisitos para tramitar la licencia de conducir por primera vez en Honduras|work=Diario El Heraldo|language=es-HN|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Nicaragua}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/north-america/nicaragua/getting-around/|title=Best way to get around in Nicaragua|work=World Travel Guide|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-01}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Panama}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 (with parental approval), 18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.transito.gob.pa/sites/default/files/reglamento_decreto_640.pdf|title=Reglamento de Transito|work=transito.gob.pa|accessdate=2022-10-09|archivedate=2022-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615000038/http://www.transito.gob.pa/sites/default/files/reglamento_decreto_640.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sertracen.com.pa/licencias-de-conducir/requisitos/permiso-juvenil|title=Permiso Juvenil|work=sertracen.com.pa|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022204929/http://www.sertracen.com.pa/licencias-de-conducir/requisitos/permiso-juvenil|archivedate=2018-10-22}}</ref> | |} === South America === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Ọnọdụ ! width="130" |Afọ ole ịkwọ ụgbọala kacha nta ! width="300" |Ihe edeturu |- | Argentina | style="text-align:center;" |17 (na nkwado nne na nna) 18 (na-enweghị) |21 bụ afọ kacha nta ịkwọ ụgbọala, bọs ma ọ bụ ụgbọala mberede. 16 bụ afọ kacha mma ịkwọ ụgbọala (na-enweghị ndị njem). Nkwado nne na nna dị mkpa maka ikike ọ bụla enyere onye ọ bụla na-erubeghị afọ 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/0-4999/818/texact.htm|title=Ley de Tránsito Nº 24.449 - Articles 11 and 17|work=InfoLeg|accessdate=9 May 2017|language=es}}</ref> |- | Bolivia | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/bolivia.asp|title=Au Pairs from Bolivia - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192236/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/bolivia.asp}}</ref> | |- | Brazil | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L9503.htm|title=Official Brazil's Traffic Law|accessdate=2017-10-12}}</ref> |Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ga-enwerịrị ikikere na mbụ na nwamba. 'B' maka ọ dịkarịa ala otu afọ tupu itinye akwụkwọ maka ikikere ọkachamara. Ụdị 'C' na-abụkarị maka ụgbọala na-ebu ibu, 'D' maka bọs na ụgbọala na 'E' maka ụgbọala ndị a na-ejikọta. |- | Chile | style="text-align:center;" |17 (na nkwado nne na nna), 18, 20 (ikike ọrụ)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/chile.asp|title=Au Pairs from Chile - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-02-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131516/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/chile.asp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcn.cl/leyfacil/recurso/licencia-de-conducir|title=Licencia de conducir|date=27 November 2014|publisher=bcn.cl}}</ref> | |- | Colombia | style="text-align:center;" |16, 18 (ikike ọrụ)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/colombia.asp|title=Au Pairs from Colombia - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192614/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/colombia.asp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-265910#:~:text=Desde%20los%2020%20a%C3%B1os.,la%20licencia%20de%20conducci%C3%B3n%3A%201.|title=Lo Que Se Debe Saber Sobre El Pase|date=16 December 1994|publisher=El Tiempo}}</ref> | |- | Ecuador | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ecuador.asp|title=Au Pairs from Ecuador - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192452/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ecuador.asp}}</ref> | |- |'' '' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legislation.gov.fk/view/whole/2019-06-24/fisl-1986-5#:~:text=(a)%20he%20has%20passed%20such,issued%20in%20respect%20of%20motor|title=Road Traffic (Provisional) Regulations Order 1986|accessdate=2021-11-10}}</ref> | |- |'' '' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|title=Driving In {{!}} Driving In French Guiana|url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-french-guiana|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.drivng.com|archivedate=2022-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925145811/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-french-guiana}}</ref> | |- | Guyana | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legalaid.org.gy/node/25|title=Under-18s and the Law|publisher=legalaid.org.gy}}</ref> | |- | Paraguay | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|author=LinkedIn|title=Your Complete Guide to Driving in Paraguay|url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/driving-in-paraguay-5190094|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=TripSavvy|language=en}}</ref> | |- | Peru | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gob.pe/136-obtener-primera-licencia-de-conducir-brevete-condiciones|title=Obtener primera licencia de conducir (brevete)|work=www.gob.pe/|accessdate=2019-12-25}}</ref> | |- | Suriname | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|title=Driving In {{!}} Driving In Suriname|url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-suriname|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.drivng.com|archivedate=2022-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925145811/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-suriname}}</ref> | |- | Uruguay | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/uruguay.asp|title=Au Pairs from Uruguay - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192410/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/uruguay.asp}}</ref> | |- | Venezuela | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/venezuela.asp|title=Au Pairs from Venezuela - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192353/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/venezuela.asp}}</ref> | |} === Caribbean === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |State ! width="130" |Minimum driving age ! width="300" |Notes |- |''{{flag|Anguilla}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.ai/licence.php|title=Government of Anguilla - Residents - Licences & Registrations - Driving Licences & Permits|publisher=Gov.ai|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2019-05-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508200232/http://www.gov.ai/licence.php}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Bahamas}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bahamasailing.com/Boat/stuff.htm|title=Bahamas Information|accessdate=August 25, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502023550/http://www.bahamasailing.com/Boat/stuff.htm|archivedate=May 2, 2006}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Cuba}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.particularcuba.com/hoteles/flexitc.htm|title=Fly and Drive in Cuba - Terms and Conditions|work=www.particularcuba.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715045354/http://www.particularcuba.com/hoteles/flexitc.htm|archivedate=July 15, 2011}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Cayman Islands}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|title=What age is the driving age in GC? - Cayman Islands Forum - Tripadvisor|url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowTopic-g147364-i260-k9167241-What_age_is_the_driving_age_in_GC-Cayman_Islands.html|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.tripadvisor.com|language=en-US}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Dominican Republic}} | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web|title=Driving rules and regulations|url=https://www.justlanded.com/english/Dominican-Republic/Dominican-Republic-Guide/Travel-Leisure/Driving-rules-and-regulations|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=Just Landed|language=en|archivedate=2022-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925145811/https://www.justlanded.com/english/Dominican-Republic/Dominican-Republic-Guide/Travel-Leisure/Driving-rules-and-regulations}}</ref> | |- |''{{flag|Guadeloupe}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|title=English to French International Driver’s License Translation Services - International Driving Authority|url=https://idaoffice.org/travel-guide/en-to-fr/|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=idaoffice.org}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Jamaica}} | style="text-align:center;" |16-17 learners permit or with adult supervision, 18 fully licensed<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-02-11|title=The age to drive - from Jamaica to Britain|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100211/news/news5.html|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=jamaica-gleaner.com|language=en}}</ref> | |- |''{{flag|Martinique}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide to Driving In Martinique - Drive Safe in Martinique|url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Martinique.aspx|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Netherlands Antilles}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|author=Avando Systems Ltd|url=http://www.travcour.com/g_page.php?pageid=697&Pagetitle=Netherlands+Antilles|title=Netherlands Antilles visa service, Netherlands Antilles visa service UK|publisher=Travcour.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2016-01-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131173725/http://www.travcour.com/g_page.php?pageid=697&Pagetitle=Netherlands+Antilles}}</ref> | |- |''{{flag|Puerto Rico}} (American territory)'' | style="text-align:center;" |16 (with learner's permit), 18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youthrights.net/index.php?|title=Puerto_Rico_Driving_Age|accessdate=August 25, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111084416/http://www.youthrights.net/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_Driving_Age|archivedate=January 11, 2006}}</ref> | |- |''{{flag|Saint Barthélemy}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-13|title=Driving on Saint Barthélemy: Tips from Our Community + How to Get Around the Island - SaintBarth.com|url=https://www.saintbarth.com/driving-on-saint-barthelemy-tips-from-our-community-how-to-get-around-the-island/|accessdate=2022-09-25|language=en-US}}</ref> | |- |''{{flag|Saint Martin}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide to Driving In St Maarten - Drive Safe in St Maarten|url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-St-Maarten.aspx|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide to Driving In Trinidad and Tobago - Drive Safe in TT|url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Trinidad-and-Tobago.aspx|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|St. Kitts and Nevis}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 (for permit),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sknird.com/driverlic-DriverLic-SubPage-54-d-60.aspx|title=Inland Revenue Department|work=www.sknird.com|accessdate=2017-05-31|archivedate=2018-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005332/https://www.sknird.com/driverlic-DriverLic-SubPage-54-d-60.aspx}}</ref> 18 (for license)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sknird.com/UserFiles/TaxLib/130325053700.pdf|title=Chapter 15.06 Vehicles and Road Traffic Act|publisher=Government of St. Kitts and Nevis|accessdate=2017-05-31|archivedate=2017-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100403/https://www.sknird.com/UserFiles/TaxLib/130325053700.pdf}}</ref> | |- |''{{flag|US Virgin Islands}} (American territory)'' | style="text-align:center;" |16 (with learner's permit), 18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youthrights.net/index.php?|title=U.S._Virgin_Islands_Driving_Age|accessdate=August 25, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723190111/http://www.youthrights.net/index.php?title=U.S._Virgin_Islands_Driving_Age|archivedate=July 23, 2011}}</ref> | |} == Eshia == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Ọnọdụ ! width="130" |Afọ ole ịkwọ ụgbọala kacha nta ! width="300" |Ihe edeturu |- | Bahrain | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omanforum.com/forums/showthread.php?t=13700|title=Bahraini King's Son Dies in Car Accident|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130131131642/http://www.omanforum.com/forums/showthread.php?t=13700|archivedate=31 January 2013}}</ref> | |- | Iran | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranvisitor.com/index.php?cID=421&pID=1304|title=Driving in Iran &#124; IranVisitor - Travel Guide To Iran|publisher=IranVisitor|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |- | Iraq | style="text-align:center;" |16 maka ọgba tum tum18 maka ụgbọala<br /><br /><br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Driving In {{!}} Driving In Iraq|url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-iraq|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.drivng.com|archivedate=2022-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925141757/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-iraq}}</ref> | |- | Israel | style="text-align:center;" |Afọ iri na isii maka ọgba tum tum afọ iri na isii ọnwa isii na onye nkuzi ịkwọ ụgbọala afọ iri na ise ọnwa itoolu maka ụgbọala nwere ọnwa atọ nke nlekọta nne na nna oge niile na ọnwa atọ ọzọ n'abalị<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://he.mot.gov.il/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48%3Adargotrishauionnehiga&catid=62&Itemid=83&limitstart=4|title=דרגות רישיון נהיגה - דרגה B|publisher=He.mot.gov.il|language=he|accessdate=2015-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029220532/http://he.mot.gov.il/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48%3Adargotrishauionnehiga&catid=62&Itemid=83&limitstart=4|archivedate=2014-10-29}}</ref> | |- | Jordan | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/jordan.asp|title=Au Pairs from Jordan - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005303/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/jordan.asp}}</ref> | |- | Kuwait | style="text-align:center;" |18 maka ndị Kuwait na 21 maka ndị na-abụghị ndị Kuwait<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ewAe5DwteQC&q=Teen+Life+in+the+Middle+East|title=Teen Life in the Middle East - Google Books|date=1976-03-30|isbn=9780313318931|accessdate=2015-02-20|author=Mahdī|first=ʻalī Akbar}}</ref> | |- | Lebanon | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- | Oman | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rop.gov.om/english/dg_traffic_newlicense.asp|title=شرطة عمان السلطانية|work=www.rop.gov.om|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129151540/http://www.rop.gov.om/english/dg_traffic_newlicense.asp|archivedate=November 29, 2010}}</ref> | |- | Qatar | style="text-align:center;" |18 maka obere ụgbọala 21 maka nnukwu ụgbọala<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.qnaol.net/QNAEn/Qatar_Portal/driving_license/Pages/default.aspx|title=وكالة الأنباء القطرية|publisher=Qnaol.net|accessdate=2015-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019154001/http://www.qnaol.net/QNAEn/Qatar_Portal/Driving_License/Pages/default.aspx|archivedate=2013-10-19}}</ref><br /><br /><br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web|title=How To Get A Qatar Driving License|date=18 October 2015|url=https://www.dohaguides.com/how-to-get-qatar-driving-license/#age-requirement|accessdate=2020-12-09}}</ref> | |- | Saudi Arabia | style="text-align:center;" |16 maka ụgbọala 15 maka ikike nwa oge [citation needed] | |- | Syria | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ewAe5DwteQC&q=Driving+Age+Syria|title=Teen Life in the Middle East - Google Books|date=1976-03-30|isbn=9780313318931|accessdate=2015-02-20|author=Mahdī|first=ʻalī Akbar}}</ref> | |- | United Arab Emirates | style="text-align:center;" |17 maka ọgba tum tum 18 maka ụgbọala<ref>{{Cite web|title=Getting a driving licence - The Official Portal of the UAE Government|url=https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/transportation/get-a-driving-licence|accessdate=2020-08-19|work=u.ae|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929180023/https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/transportation/get-a-driving-licence}}</ref> | |- | Yemen | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1151&p=local&a=1|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2010-08-26|archivedate=2020-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210202005/http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1151&p=local&a=1}}</ref> | |} === Ndịda Eshia === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Ọnọdụ ! width="130" |Afọ ole ịkwọ ụgbọala kacha nta ! width="300" |Ihe edeturu |- | Afghanistan | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- | Bangladesh | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brta.gov.bd/activities_driving.php|title=Activities >>> Driving License|accessdate=August 26, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706181116/http://www.brta.gov.bd/activities_driving.php|archivedate=July 6, 2010}}</ref> | |- | India | style="text-align:center;" |18 | Enwere ike itinye akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ ikike ịkwọ ụgbọala nwa oge site na afọ 16. A kagbuola ya ebe ọ bụ na wiilị abụọ n'okpuru 50cc anaghịzi arụ ọrụ. Mgbe ọ gbara afọ iri na asatọ, mmadụ nwere ike inweta akwụkwọ ikike n'ụlọ ọrụ njem mpaghara nke mpaghara ha. |- |   Nepal | style="text-align:center;" |16,18<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/documents/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%a5%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d/|title=नेपाल कानून आयोग – NLC}}</ref> |16 maka ụgbọala nwere ụkwụ abụọ na 18 maka ụgbọala nwere ụgbọala anọ |- | Pakistan | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pak.gov.pk/driving_license.aspx|title=Driver Licensing Information|accessdate=August 26, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710191103/http://www.pak.gov.pk/driving_license.aspx|archivedate=July 10, 2010}}</ref> | |- | Sri Lanka | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.motortraffic.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=83&Itemid=140&lang=en=Travcour.com|title=New Driving License|author=ICTA|publisher=motortraffic.gov.lk|accessdate=2022-10-09|archivedate=2018-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626220503/http://www.motortraffic.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=83&Itemid=140&lang=en=Travcour.com}}</ref> | |- | Maldives | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-maldives|title=Driving in &#124; Driving in Maldives|accessdate=2022-10-09|archivedate=2022-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009191651/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-maldives}}</ref> | |} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Ọnọdụ ! width="130" |Afọ ole ịkwọ ụgbọala kacha nta ! width="300" |Ihe edeturu |- | China | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://josephbosco.com/wow2004/2006/10/china-national-features-driving_07.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106084227/http://josephbosco.com/wow2004/2006/10/china-national-features-driving_07.html|archivedate=2006-11-06|title=Account Suspended|publisher=Josephbosco.com|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |- |'' '' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/licences_and_permits/vehicle_and_driving_licences/how_to_apply_for_a_driving_licence/requirements_for_obtaining_a_driving_licence/index.html|title=Requirements for Obtaining a Driving Licence|publisher=The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Transport Department|accessdate=11 December 2014|archivedate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729125551/http://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/licences_and_permits/vehicle_and_driving_licences/how_to_apply_for_a_driving_licence/requirements_for_obtaining_a_driving_licence/index.html}}</ref> |''Ógbè Nchịkwa Pụrụ Iche nke China'' |- | Japan | style="text-align:center;" |16 (ụgbọ ọgba tum tum n'okpuru 400 cc)18 (ụgbọ ala nkịtị / ọkara na ọgba tum karịa 401 cc)<br /><br /><br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2022.html|title=Driving in Japan|publisher=Japan-guide.com|date=2012-09-30|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |- |'' '' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRGsEvg7NdoQC%26pg%3DPA138%26lpg%3DPA138%26dq%3DDriving+age+Macau%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DyHD3ZJ37DP%26sig%3D8BYyI1X6ymA1xA1qfb3Tiu-onK8%26hl%3Den%26ei%3D2YB2TL2II8WOjAfmsbSaBg%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D6%26ved%3D0CDIQ6AEwBQ|title=Asia & Pacific Review 2003/2004: Economic and Business Report - Kogan Page - Google Books|accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref> |''Ógbè Nchịkwa Pụrụ Iche nke China'' |- | South Korea | style="text-align:center;" |18 maka ụgbọala ndị njem na ọgba tum tum karịrị 125 cc16 maka ọgba tum n'okpuru 125 cc19 maka ikikere azụmahịa<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> | |- |'' '' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.englishintaiwan.com/foreigners/living-in-taiwan/transport-high-speed-rail-taxis-buses|title=Taiwan High Speed Rail, Driving in Taiwan, Learn about Transportation Options, Rules of the Road, Fines|publisher=Englishintaiwan.com|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |} === Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |State ! width="130" |Minimum driving age ! width="300" |Notes |- |{{flag|Brunei}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-Brunei.html|title=DRIVING IN BRUNEI|publisher=adcidl.com|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Myanmar}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|title=Driving In {{!}} Driving In Myanmar|url=https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-myanmar|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.drivng.com|archivedate=2022-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925145810/https://www.drivng.com/l/driving-in-myanmar}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Cambodia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTuUboxIQTsC&pg=PA137|title=Southeast Asia on a Shoestring - Google Books|date=15 September 2010|isbn=9781742203775|accessdate=2015-02-20|author=Williams|first=China}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Indonesia}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balitravelforum.com/archive200711/12192.html|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2010-08-26|archivedate=2020-05-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511150303/https://www.balitravelforum.com/archive200711/12192.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.djpp.depkumham.go.id/inc/buka.php?czozMToiZD0yMDAwKzkmZj11dTIyLTIwMDlidC5odG0manM9MSI7|title=LEMBARAN NEGARA - REPUBLIK INDONESIA|accessdate=December 28, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112145305/http://www.djpp.depkumham.go.id/inc/buka.php?czozMToiZD0yMDAwKzkmZj11dTIyLTIwMDlidC5odG0manM9MSI7|archivedate=November 12, 2012}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Laos}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jm4GBvwaF50C&pg=PA308|title=Laos - Google Books|isbn=9781741045680|accessdate=2015-02-20|author=Burke|first=Andrew|year=2007}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Malaysia}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 (cars), 16 (motorcycles)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://driving-school.com.my/driving-license/how-to-obtain-a-malaysian-driving-license/|title=Driving License In Malaysia For Car & Motorcycle|date=11 April 2009|publisher=driving-school.com.my|accessdate=9 October 2022|archivedate=18 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718114521/http://driving-school.com.my/driving-license/how-to-obtain-a-malaysian-driving-license/}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Philippines}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 (student permit); 17 (non-professional driver's license); 18 (professional driver's license)<ref>{{Cite web|title=License and Permit|url=https://lto.gov.ph/license-and-permit.html|accessdate=2022-07-16|work=lto.gov.ph|archivedate=2022-07-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716060507/https://lto.gov.ph/license-and-permit.html}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Singapore}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/singapore.asp|title=Au Pairs from Singapore - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005749/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/singapore.asp}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Thailand}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 (cars and motorcycles); 15 (motorcycles with 110 cc or smaller engines)<ref>{{Cite web|title=พระราชบัญญัติรถยนต์ พ.ศ.๒๕๒๒ และที่แก้ไขเพิ่มเติม|url=http://web.krisdika.go.th/data/law/law2/%C301/%C301-20-9999-update.pdf|work=Office of the Council of State|publisher=Royal Thai Government|accessdate=2022-10-09|archivedate=2011-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203044221/http://web.krisdika.go.th/data/law/law2/%C301/%C301-20-9999-update.pdf}} (Automobile Act, 1979 and amendments)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/thailand.asp|title=Au Pairs from Thailand - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034714/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/thailand.asp}}</ref> |Other restrictions apply to large or specialised vehicles. |- |{{flag|Vietnam}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 (motorcycles under 50cc), 18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.howtodrivein.com/vietnam.php|title=How to drive in Vietnam|publisher=Howtodrivein.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308165048/http://www.howtodrivein.com/vietnam.php}}</ref> | |} == Europe == [[Usòrò:Driving_age_Europe.svg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Driving_age_Europe.svg/550px-Driving_age_Europe.svg.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|550x550px|'''Afọ ịkwọ ụgbọala kacna Europe'''<br /><br /><br /><br /> :     <br /><br /><br /><br />  <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7800; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Minimum driving age is 17</div>   <br /><br /><br /><br />  <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD800; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Minimum driving age is 16</div>]] === Ikike Ịkwọ ụgbọala na ala ndi Europe === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |State ! width="130" |Minimum driving age ! width="300" |Notes |- |{{flag|Austria}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 for cars<br /><br />15 for mopeds<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-24|title=Driving a Moped|url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2017/mapping-minimum-age-requirements/drive-moped|accessdate=2020-09-06|work=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights|language=en}}</ref> |(Start with 15,5 under L17 attendant driving training |- |{{flag|Belgium}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />16 for mopeds<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.angloinfo.com/belgium/how-to/belgium-transport-driving|title=Driving in Belgium|accessdate=18 September 2016|archivedate=18 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918234134/https://www.angloinfo.com/belgium/how-to/belgium-transport-driving}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Bulgaria}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://smartexpat.com/bulgaria/how-to-guides/transport/driving/driving|title=Driving in Bulgaria {{!}} SmartExpat|work=smartexpat.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-17|archivedate=2018-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717212501/https://smartexpat.com/bulgaria/how-to-guides/transport/driving/driving}}</ref> 16 for mopeds<ref name=":0" /> | |- |{{flag|Croatia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/croatia.asp|title=Au Pairs from Croatia - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030528/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/croatia.asp}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Cyprus}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />15 for mopeds<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zakruta.cz/silnicni-zakon/102/vek/|title=Zákon o silničním provozu, Hlava 3, §83 Věk|language=cs|accessdate=2019-06-28}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Denmark}} | style="text-align:center;" |24 for heavy bus 21 for heavy truck 17 for cars<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ft.dk/samling/20151/lovforslag/L161A/index.htm|title=L 161 A Bill amending the Road Traffic Act|work=Folketinget|language=da|accessdate=2016-10-02}}</ref>15 for mopeds, quads and snowmobiles* |The minimum age for driving a car without supervision is 18. The minimum driving age for heavy truck and heavy bus can go down to 18, if the license is obtained during military service <nowiki>*</nowiki> It is only possible to obtain a license for snowmobiles on Greenland. |- |{{flag|Estonia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars (16 with supervision) (14 for mopeds)<ref name="Liiklusseadus">{{Cite web|url=https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/117032011021#para95|title=Liiklusseadus|work=Riigiteataja|language=et|accessdate=2017-04-11}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.<ref name="Liiklusseadus" /> Unrestricted licence available at 18. |- |{{flag|Finland}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars (17 with exception permit)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exceptions to category B age requirements|url=https://ajokortti-info.fi/en/getting-driving-licence/exceptions-category-b-age-requirements|accessdate=2021-12-28|work=Ajokortti-info|language=en}}</ref><br /><br />15 (mopeds, micro cars, tractors)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Getting a driving licence for a tractor|url=https://ajokortti-info.fi/en/getting-driving-licence/getting-driving-licence-tractor|accessdate=2021-12-28|work=Ajokortti-info|language=en}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|France}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 (15 with supervision)<ref name="service-public.fr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2826|title=Apprentissage anticipé de la conduite à partir de 15 ans {{!}} service-public.fr|work=www.service-public.fr|accessdate=2016-12-28}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 15<ref name="service-public.fr" /> with supervision. Unrestricted licence available at 18<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20140328/plan-to-lower-allow-15-year-olds-to-drive-in-france/amp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234930/https://www.thelocal.fr/20140328/plan-to-lower-allow-15-year-olds-to-drive-in-france/amp|archivedate=2018-06-13|title=Plan to allow 15-year-olds to drive in France - The Local}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Germany}} | style="text-align:center;" |17{{cn|date=September 2022}} | Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18. Licenses for mopeds < 25&nbsp;km/h are available at 15, for scooters < 45&nbsp;km/h and motorcycles under 126ccm at 16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/europe/germany?ta=safetySecurity&pg=2|title=Germany travel advice - GOV.UK|date=2014-10-31|publisher=Fco.gov.uk|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> |- |''{{flag|Gibraltar}}'' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/new/driving-licences|title=Driving licences Gibraltar|accessdate=April 4, 2015|work=gibraltar.gov.gi|author=Smith|first=Andy}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Greece}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|title=Law 4599/2019 ΦΕΚ/40/Α/4-3-2019 Testing the qualifications and conduct of prospective drivers and drivers for the issuance of driving licenses, other provisions for driving licenses and other provisions|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFqnM3eAbJzrXdtvSoClrL8n2mlCsr5UbztIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6qSYtMQEkEHLwnFqmgJSA5WIsluV-nRwO1oKqSe4BlOTSpEWYhszF8P8UqWb_zFijMXDwdRTupoYV0gjSMm4a4XSekv53zioWdJzU_4_GOGN}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision. Unrestricted license is available at 18. |- |{{flag|Hungary}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<br /><br />16 for motorcycles under 125ccm<br /><br />14 for vehicles under 50ccm<ref>{{Cite web|title=Driver’s license|url=https://www.elte.hu/en/about-hungary/drivers-license#:~:text=The%20minimum%20age%20to%20drive,17%20years%20old%20or%20older.|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.elte.hu|language=en}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted license is available at 18. |- |{{flag|Iceland}} | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.althingi.is/lagas/145b/1987050.html|title=50/1987: Umferðarlög &#124; Lög &#124; Alþingi|publisher=Alþingi|accessdate=2016-12-04|language=is}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.island.is/thjonusta/ferdalog-og-samgongur/thu-og-billinn/okunam/|title=Ökunám og -réttindi|publisher=Þjóðskrá Íslands|accessdate=2016-12-04|language=is|archivedate=2016-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220231221/https://www.island.is/thjonusta/ferdalog-og-samgongur/thu-og-billinn/okunam/}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 17. Look |- |{{flag|Ireland}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irelandnow.com/driving.html|title=Ireland Now Driving a Car in Ireland|accessdate=2011-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123183230/http://irelandnow.com/driving.html|archivedate=2010-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.ie/~discover/driving.htm|title=Driving tips for Ireland|publisher=Iol.ie|accessdate=2015-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918074007/http://www.iol.ie/~discover/driving.htm|archivedate=2018-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/travel_and_recreation/motoring_1/driver_licensing/categories_of_motor_vehicles_and_minimum_age_of_drivers_in_ireland.html|title=Categories of motor vehicles and minimum age of drivers|publisher=Citizensinformation.ie|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> |16 for work vehicles, tractors etc. and motorbikes <125cc |- |{{flag|Italy}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poliziadistato.it/articolo/25889/|title=Guida accompagnata: istruzioni per l'uso|publisher=Poliziadistato.it|date=2012-04-20|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | Driving 17 with supervision of a person under 60 years in possession of full B licence (or superior).<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18. |- |{{flag|Latvia}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars(B), trailers(C1, BE, C1E),/>24 motorcycles (A), />21 motorcycles(A2)<br /><br />16 for motorcycles(A1), resting boats<br /><br />14 for mopeds(M)<br /><br />10 for bicycle |16 for cars(B), 21 for motorcycles(A2), trailers(C1, BE, C1E), 16 for motorcycles(A1), 14 for mopeds(M) - if supervised by a person holding a B category licence for at least three years (also known as training driving) |- |{{flag|Liechtenstein}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide to Driving In Liechtenstein - Drive Safe in Liechtenstein|url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Liechtenstein.aspx#:~:text=You%20must%20be%20at%20least,rent%20a%20car%20is%2021.|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Lithuania}} | style="text-align:center;" |14 To 18 (for permit) 18 (for full license) for cars 15 for mopeds<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide to Driving In Lithuania - Drive Safe in Lithuania|url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Lithuania.aspx|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Luxembourg}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 for motorcycles<br /><br />18 for cars<ref>{{Cite web|title=Driver's license and driving rules|url=https://www.justarrived.lu/en/practical-information/driving-rules-luxembourg/|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=JUST ARRIVED, 1er site d'informations pour les étrangers au Luxembourg|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925151955/https://www.justarrived.lu/en/practical-information/driving-rules-luxembourg/}}</ref> |Driving age for low power motorcycles and tractors 16.<br /><br />Driving licence for cars available at 18. |- |{{flag|Malta}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.transport.gov.mt/land-transport/driving|title=TM Portal - General Info on Driving in Malta|publisher=Transport.gov.mt|accessdate=2015-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012185452/http://www.transport.gov.mt/land-transport/driving|archivedate=2018-10-12}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Netherlands}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 for cars<br /><br />16 for mopeds and tractors<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/rijbewijs/vraag-en-antwoord/voor-welke-soorten-bromfietsen-heb-ik-een-bromfietsrijbewijs-brommerrijbewijs-nodig|language=nl|title=What license do I need a moped, scooter, scooter or moped car to drive?|date=28 February 2013|accessdate=15 October 2016}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.<br /><br />Driving lessons available at 16½.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18. |- |{{flag|Norway}} | style="text-align:left;" |18 for cars<br /><br />16 for mopeds and light motorcycles | |- |{{flag|Poland}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />16 for motorcycles up to 125&nbsp;cc<br /><br />14 for mopeds and quads | |- |{{flag|Portugal}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cartas de Condução de Automóveis Ligeiros e Quadriciclos|url=http://www.imt-ip.pt/sites/IMTT/Portugues/Condutores/CartaConducao/AutomoveisLigeiros/Paginas/AutomoveisLigeiros.aspx|accessdate=2021-09-09|work=www.imt-ip.pt|archivedate=2021-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909093428/http://www.imt-ip.pt/sites/IMTT/Portugues/Condutores/CartaConducao/AutomoveisLigeiros/Paginas/AutomoveisLigeiros.aspx}}</ref> 16 for motorcycles<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cartas de Condução de Motociclos|url=http://www.imt-ip.pt/sites/IMTT/Portugues/Condutores/CartaConducao/Motociclos/Paginas/Motociclos.aspx|accessdate=2021-09-09|work=www.imt-ip.pt|archivedate=2021-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909093428/http://www.imt-ip.pt/sites/IMTT/Portugues/Condutores/CartaConducao/Motociclos/Paginas/Motociclos.aspx}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Romania}} | style="text-align:center;" |18<br /><br />16 for motorcycles up to 125&nbsp;cc<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/vehicles/driving-licence/get-driving-licence/romania/index_ro.htm|title=Obtaining a driver's licence in UE-Romania|accessdate=2 January 2019|language=ro}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Slovakia}} | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|title=Driving licence r...|url=https://www.slovensko.sk/en/life-situation/life-situation/_driving-licence-requirements/|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.slovensko.sk}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18. |- |{{flag|Slovenia}} | style="text-align:center;" |16 for cars and motorcycles<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide to Driving In Slovenia - Drive Safe in Slovenia - Rhinocarhire.com|url=https://www.rhinocarhire.com/Drive-Smart-Blog/Drive-Smart-Slovenia.aspx|accessdate=2022-09-25|work=www.rhinocarhire.com}}</ref> |Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18. |- |{{flag|Spain}} | style="text-align:center;" |15 for mopeds and quads<br /><br /> 16 for motorcycles up to 125&nbsp;cc <br /><br /> 18 for general licence<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sede.dgt.gob.es/es/tramites-y-multas/permiso-de-conduccion/obtencion-permiso-licencia-conduccion/clases-permiso-conduccion-edad.shtml|title=Driving age Spain|accessdate=May 10, 2018|language=es}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Sweden}} | style="text-align:center;" |18 for cars<br /><br />15 for mopeds and tractors |Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.<br /><br />Unrestricted licence available at 18.<ref name="transportstyrelsen.se">{{cite web |title=Driving licence – do you know what applies? |publisher=Swedish Transport Agency |url=https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/globalassets/global/publikationer/vag/korkort/tran-092--allt_om_korkort_en_webb.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045003/https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/globalassets/global/publikationer/vag/korkort/tran-092--allt_om_korkort_en_webb.pdf}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Switzerland}} | style="text-align:center;" |Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.<br /><br />14 for mopeds and tractors<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://driving-instructor.fahrlehrervergleich.ch/categories.php|title=Driver's license categories in Switzerland|accessdate=September 6, 2018|archivedate=September 7, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032325/https://driving-instructor.fahrlehrervergleich.ch/categories.php}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|United Kingdom}} | style="text-align:center;" |17 (cars) 16 (mopeds and tractors)(cars if disabled and in receipt of PIP or DLA) 16 (Light Quadricycle)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Motoring/DriverLicensing/WhatCanYouDriveAndYourObligations/DG_4022547|title=Vehicles you can drive - GOV.UK|publisher=Direct.gov.uk|date=2015-01-16|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |} === Ebe ndị ọzọ dị na Europe === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Ọnọdụ ! width="130" |Afọ ole ịkwọ ụgbọala kacha nta ! width="300" |Ihe edeturu |- | Albania | style="text-align:center;" |18 [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | |- | Andorra | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alltravelandorra.com/Andorra/Car_Rental/Driving_Tips.htm#8|title=Driving Tips for Andorra|accessdate=August 25, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409150846/http://www.alltravelandorra.com/Andorra/Car_Rental/Driving_Tips.htm|archivedate=April 9, 2010}}</ref> | |- | Armenia | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rac.co.uk/driving-abroad/armenia/|title=Driving in Armenia|publisher=RAC|date=2013-01-10|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |- | Azerbaijan | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=124827|title=Minimum driving age changed in Azerbaijan|accessdate=August 25, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707141601/http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=124827|archivedate=July 7, 2010}}</ref> | |- | Belarus | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/belarus.pdf|title=Belarus : Touring Tips|publisher=Theaa.com|accessdate=20 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214065937/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/belarus.pdf|archivedate=14 February 2015}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;" |16 - , ọgba tum tum tum (A1); 17 - ọgba tum na-agbagharị n'ike n'ike (A) na ụdị ọgba tum niile na-aga n'ihu, SPMs na bulldozers (C); 18 - ọgbagba tum tum niile (A), ụgbọala ndị nwere obere ụgbọala na ihe ruru bọs ndị njem 8 (B), ụgbọala ndị na-adọkpụ ụgbọala (C), ụdị ọgba ụgbọala niile (B), SPD (M), ụgbọala pụrụ iche (E) na ndị na ndị na DEF 21 trams).<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://etalonline.by/?type=text&regnum=H10800313|format=DOC|title=Закон Республики Беларусь от 5 января 2008 г. № 313-З "О дорожном движении"|publisher=etalonline.by|accessdate=8 February 2017|archivedate=11 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080426/http://etalonline.by/?type=text&regnum=H10800313}}</ref> |- | Bosnia and Herzegovina | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/bosnia-herzegovina.pdf|title=Bosnia Herzegovina : Touring Tips|publisher=Theaa.com|accessdate=20 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214115554/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/bosnia-herzegovina.pdf|archivedate=14 February 2015}}</ref> | |- | Georgia | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sagency.ge/index.php?m=177|title=Driving in Georgia|language=ka|publisher=RAC|accessdate=10 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603051202/http://www.sagency.ge/index.php?m=177|archivedate=3 June 2016}}</ref> | |- |'' '' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.gg/Licencecategories|title=Licence Categories - Guernsey|publisher=Gov.gg|accessdate=2015-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220204210/http://www.gov.gg/Licencecategories|archivedate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |- |'' '' | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iomguide.com/drivingontheisleofman.php|title=Isle of Man Guide - PEOPLE AND LIVING, Driving on the Isle of Man|publisher=Iomguide.com|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |- |'' '' | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.je/Travel/Motoring/DriverLicensing/Pages/VehicleCategories.aspx|title=Driver licence vehicle categories, specifications and age restrictions|publisher=Gov.je|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |- |'' '' | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rks-gov.net/EN/f311/documents/driving-licence|accessdate=2019-11-27|title=Driving Licence - State Portal of the Republic of Kosovo|archivedate=2019-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127201356/https://www.rks-gov.net/EN/f311/documents/driving-licence}}</ref> | |- | Moldova | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/moldova.asp|title=Au Pairs from Moldova - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626054837/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/moldova.asp}}</ref> | |- | Monaco | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/europe/monaco?ta=safetySecurity&pg=2|title=Monaco travel advice - GOV.UK|publisher=Fco.gov.uk|date=2014-10-31|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |- | Montenegro | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/montenegro.pdf|title=Montenegro : Touring Tips|publisher=Theaa.com|accessdate=20 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214060412/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/montenegro.pdf|archivedate=14 February 2015}}</ref> | |- |'' '' | style="text-align:center;" |18 | |- | North Macedonia | style="text-align:center;" |18 (16 na nlekọta nne na nna)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/macedonia.pdf|title=Macedonia : Touring Tips|publisher=Theaa.com|accessdate=20 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214074448/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/macedonia.pdf|archivedate=14 February 2015}}</ref> | |- | Russia | style="text-align:center;" |18 (16 maka ọgba tum tum)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rac.co.uk/driving-abroad/russia/|title=Driving in Russia|publisher=RAC|date=2010-08-06|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |- | San Marino | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/italy-san-marino.pdf|title=Italy and San Marino : Touring Tips|publisher=Theaa.com|accessdate=20 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214114231/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/italy-san-marino.pdf|archivedate=14 February 2015}}</ref> | |- | Serbia | style="text-align:center;" |18 (17 na nlekọta ndị okenye)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/serbia.pdf|title=Serbia : Touring Tips|publisher=Theaa.com|accessdate=20 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315193339/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/serbia.pdf|archivedate=15 March 2016}}</ref> | |- | Turkey | style="text-align:center;" |18 (ụgbọ ala)16 (ụgbọ okporo ígwè na ọgba tum tum)<br /><br /><br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2015/04/20150417-3.htm|title=Turkey Driving Guide|publisher=Economy Car Hire|language=tr|accessdate=2016-09-19}}</ref> | |- | Ukraine | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/ukraine.pdf|title=Ukraine : Touring Tips|publisher=Theaa.com|accessdate=20 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220204813/http://www.theaa.com/motoring_advice/touring_tips/ukraine.pdf|archivedate=20 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ukraine.asp|title=Au Pairs from Ukraine - Culture Quests|publisher=Aupairinamerica.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927044021/https://www.aupairinamerica.com/resources/culture_quests/ukraine.asp}}</ref> | |} == Mba ndị mmiri gbara gburugburu == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="100" |Ọnọdụ ! width="130" |Afọ ole ịkwọ ụgbọala kacha nta ! width="300" |Ihe edeturu |- |''  (ókèala America)'' | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-American-Samoa.html|title=Driving in American Samoa|publisher=Adcidl.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2018-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928092433/http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-American-Samoa.html}}</ref> | |- | Australia | style="text-align:center;" |18 (VIC) 17 (ACT, NSW, SA, WA) 161⁄2 afọ (NT) 16 (QLD)<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qld.gov.au/transport/licensing/getting/young-drivers|title=Young drivers &#124; Getting a licence}}</ref> |Afọ kacha nta iji nweta akwụkwọ ikike ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụ ọgba tum tum nke na-enye ohere ịkwọ ụgbọala n'okpuru nlekọta bụ afọ 15 na ọnwa 9, na ACT.<ref name="Canberra">{{Cite web|author=Canberra|first=Access Canberra; PositionTitle=Manager; SectionName=Access Canberra; CorporateName=Access|title=ACT driver licence information|url=https://www.accesscanberra.act.gov.au/app/answers/detail/a_id/1581/~/act-driver-licence-information|accessdate=2021-02-22|work=www.accesscanberra.act.gov.au|language=en|archivedate=2021-01-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124210219/https://www.accesscanberra.act.gov.au/app/answers/detail/a_id/1581/~/act-driver-licence-information}}</ref> Steeti na mpaghara ndị ọzọ niile chọrọ ka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-amụta ihe dị afọ 16 ma ọ bụ karịa. Ịkwọ ụgbọala na-enweghị onye nlekọta site n'ịga n'ihu na ikikere nwa oge ga-ekwe omume mgbe ọnwa 12 gasịrị, na obere awa a na-elekọta (gụnyere ịkwọ ụgbọala n'abalị) achọrọ n'ụdị akwụkwọ ndekọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Roads and Maritime Services|first=N. S. W.|title=Practical driving experience - learner driver log book|url=https://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roads/licence/driver/learner/logbook/index.html|accessdate=2021-02-22|work=Roads and Maritime Services|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=VicRoads|date=2020-01-20|title=Your learner handbooks|url=https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au:443/licences/your-ls/your-learner-handbooks|accessdate=2021-02-22|work=VicRoads|language=en-au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Learner logbook {{!}} Getting a licence|url=https://www.qld.gov.au/transport/licensing/getting/learner-logbook|accessdate=2021-02-22|work=www.qld.gov.au|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=JO|title=Car (C)|url=https://www.transport.wa.gov.au/licensing/car-c.asp|accessdate=2021-02-22|work=www.transport.wa.gov.au|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=My car licence - Learner's stage (L)|url=https://mylicence.sa.gov.au/my-car-licence/learners-stage|accessdate=2021-02-22|work=mylicence.sa.gov.au|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Getting your Ps|url=https://www.transport.tas.gov.au/licensing/getting_your_car_licence/getting_your_ps|work=Transport Services Tasmania}}</ref><ref name="Canberra" /> Ewezuga nke a bụ Northern Territory, ebe ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-amụta ihe nwere ike ịga n'ihu na ikikere nwa oge mgbe ọnwa 6 gasịrị, na-enweghị mkpa maka ule ịkwọ ụgbọala ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndekọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Government|first=Northern Territory|date=2020-10-06|title=Get your driver licence|url=https://nt.gov.au/driving/driverlicence/getting-an-nt-licence/get-your-driver-licence|accessdate=2021-02-22|work=nt.gov.au|language=en}}</ref> |- | Fiji | style="text-align:center;" |17<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ltafiji.com/registration_licensing.php|title=Land Transport Authority - "Steering Fiji Safely"|publisher=Ltafiji.com|accessdate=2015-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106015321/http://www.ltafiji.com/registration_licensing.php|archivedate=2014-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jasons.com/fiji/transportation-in-fiji|title=Transportation in Fiji - Jasons Fiji|publisher=Jasons.com|accessdate=2015-02-20}}</ref> | |- |''  (ókèala America)'' | style="text-align:center;" |16<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/bystate/gu.html|title=Guam Highway Safety Laws|publisher=Ghsa.org|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2016-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023050737/http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/bystate/gu.html}}</ref> | |- | Marshall Islands | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Marshall+Islands/Do's+and+Don'ts|title=Marshall Islands Travel Tips|accessdate=August 27, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127010248/http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Marshall%2BIslands/Do%27s%2Band%2BDon%27ts|archivedate=January 27, 2007}}</ref> | |- | New Zealand | style="text-align:center;" |16 |Afọ kacha nta iji nweta akwụkwọ ikike onye na-amụ ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụ ọgba tum tum nke na-enye ohere ịkwọ ụgbọala n'okpuru nlekọta bụ 16. Afọ kacha nta iji nweta ikikere zuru oke, na-enweghị nlekọta ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọ bụla, bụ afọ 171⁄2 ma ọ bụrụ na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala emechacha usoro ịkwọ ụgbọala dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nzta.govt.nz/licence/getting/cars/car-licence.html|title=Your car licence|publisher=Nzta.govt.nz|accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref> Enweghị usoro ịkwọ ụgbọala dị elu, afọ kacha nta bụ 18, otu ihe ahụ dị ka akwụkwọ ikike ụgbọ ala dị arọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drivingtests.co.nz/resources/class-2-truck-licence/|title=Class 2 licence|date=21 August 2017|accessdate=1 September 2017}}</ref> |- |'' Northern Mariana Islands (ókèala America)'' | style="text-align:center;" |Afọ iri na ise ọnwa isii<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/bystate/nmi.html|title=Northern Mariana Islands Highway Safety Laws|publisher=Ghsa.org|accessdate=2015-02-20|archivedate=2016-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104175658/http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/bystate/nmi.html}}</ref> | |- | Papua New Guinea | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rta.gov.pg/pdfs/licences&approvals/RTR_LicensingOfDrivers2017.pdf|title=Licensing of Drivers 2017|publisher=rta.gov.pg|accessdate=2022-04-11}}</ref> | |- | Tonga | style="text-align:center;" |18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Tonga/Do's+and+Don'ts|title=Tonga — Travel Tips|publisher=iExplore|accessdate=2015-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307041704/http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Tonga/Do's+and+Don'ts|archivedate=2005-03-07}}</ref> | |} == Lee kwa ==   * Ndị ntorobịa * [[Youth suffrage|Ikike ndị ntorobịa nwere ịtụ vootu]] * [[Youth rights|Ikike ndị ntorobịa]] * Afọ ị ga-azọ ọkwa * Afọ ole a ga-eme ntụli aka == Ebemsidee == t0cry4bwvpfeli9sc174z4iax6a72z1 Maïmouna Sourang Ndir 0 23531 639092 624019 2026-05-27T03:35:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maïmouna Sourang Ndir''' (Amụrụ n'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1952) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Senegal nke jere ozi n'ọkwa dị iche iche nke gọọmentị nakwa ịbụ onye nnọchi anya Senegal na [[France]] site n'afọ 2009 ruo afọ 2012. A mụrụ Ndir n'ụbọchị 3 Ọktoba 1952 na Saint-Louis, Senegal.<ref name="gouv">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jo.gouv.sn/spip.php?article1216|title=DECRET n° 2002-1007 du 7 octobre 2002 portant promotions et nominations dans l'Ordre du Mérite au titre de l'année 2002|language=French|publisher=Official Journal of the Republic of Senegal|date=5 April 2003|accessdate=14 January 2017|archivedate=10 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610014204/http://www.jo.gouv.sn/spip.php?article1216}}</ref> Nne ya bụ onye edemede Fatou Niang Siga. O nwetara nzere masta na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Mahadum Laval na Quebec n'afọ 1996.<ref name="recall">{{Cite web|url=http://www.leral.net/Zoom-sur-Maimouna-Sourang-Ndir-l-ex-ambassadeur-du-Senegal-en-France_a122250.html|language=French|title=Zoom sur Maïmouna Sourang Ndir, l'ex-ambassadeur du Sénégal en France|work=Leral|date=21 August 2014|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="dip">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lalettrediplomatique.fr/detail.php?id=41&idrub=183&idrubprod=|title=S.E.Mme / H.E. Maïmouna Sourang Ndir|year=2010|publisher=Publié dans La Lettre Diplomatique|accessdate=14 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602002526/http://www.lalettrediplomatique.fr/detail.php?id=41&idrub=183&idrubprod=|archivedate=2 June 2016}}</ref> Ndir rụrụ ọrụ n'ime Ministry of Social Development tupu a họpụta ya dị ka Minista n'afọ 2002 na ọchịchị Idrissa Seck mbụ.<ref name="gouv"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2004: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World|first=B.|author=Turner|publisher=Springer|year=2003|isbn=9780230271326|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7djMDQAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panapress.com/Senegalese-Prime-Minister-announces-31-member-cabinet--13-467987-18-lang1-index.html|title=Senegalese Prime Minister announces 31-member cabinet|publisher=Panapress|date=6 November 2002|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista nke Obere na Obere Ụlọ Ọrụ na Microfinance na Minista nke Ebe Obibi na Ahụike Ọha n'okpuru Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panapress.com/Senegal-gets-new-39-member-cabinet--13-545597-17-lang1-index.html|publisher=Panapress|title=Senegal gets new 39-member cabinet|date=22 April 2004|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panapress.com/Senegal-s-new-PM-names-cabinet--13-505876-17-lang1-index.html|publisher=Panapress|title=Senegal's new PM names cabinet|date=20 June 2007|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Senegalese Democratic Party .<ref name="recall"/> N'afọ 2009, Onye isi ala Abdoulaye Wade họpụtara Ndir ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya Senegal na France, [[Monako|Monaco]] na [[Andorra]], nke a na-ahụ dị ka otu n'ime ọrụ kachasị mkpa na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.palais.mc/en/news/h-s-h-prince-albert-ii/meeting/2009/june/remise-des-lettres-de-creance-de-s-e-madame-maimouna-sourang-ndir-ambassadeur-extraordinaire-et-plenipotentiaire-de-la-republique-du-senegal-aupres-de-la-principaute-de-monaco-1476.html|title=Remise des lettres de créance de S.E. Madame Maïmouna SOURANG NDIR, Ambassadeur Extraordinaire et Plénipotentiaire de la République du Sénégal auprès de la Principauté de Monaco|date=23 June 2009|accessdate=14 January 2017|publisher=Palace of the Prince of Monaco}}</ref> Nwanyị mbụ nwere ọkwa a, a katọrọ nhọpụta ya n'ihi enweghị ahụmịhe mmekọrịta mba na mba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rewmi.com/la-france-accepte-avec-peine-le-cv-de-maimouna-sourang-ndir-wade-fait-le-sourd-et-gagne_a13781.html|language=French|title=La France accepte avec peine le cv de Maimouna Sourang Ndir : Wade fait le sourd et gagne|work=Le Quotidien|date=18 November 2008|accessdate=14 January 2017|archivedate=13 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713010757/http://www.rewmi.com/la-france-accepte-avec-peine-le-cv-de-maimouna-sourang-ndir-wade-fait-le-sourd-et-gagne_a13781.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.setal.net/L-Ambassadeur-du-Senegal-en-France-Maimouna-Sourang-Ndir-ecartee-de-l-investiture-du-President-Macky_a1190.html|language=French|title=L'Ambassadeur du Sénégal en France, Maïmouna Sourang Ndir, écartée de l'investiture du Président Macky|date=2 April 2012|accessdate=14 January 2017|first=Bamba|author=Toure|work=Setal net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/ambassade-du-senegal-en-france-pourquoi-ma-mouna-sourang-ndir_n_19643.html|work=Le Monde|language=French|title=AMBASSADE DU SENEGAL EN FRANCE : Pourquoi Maïmouna Sourang Ndir ?|date=18 November 2008|accessdate=14 January 2017|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611111820/http://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/ambassade-du-senegal-en-france-pourquoi-ma-mouna-sourang-ndir_n_19643.html}}</ref> Gọọmentị ọhụrụ kpọrọ ya na Dakar n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2012, ya na ọtụtụ ndị nnọchi anya ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị ọrụ.<ref name="recall"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/ambassade-du-senegal-a-paris-maimouna-sourang-ndir-rentre-au-bercail-ce-lundi_n_65518.html|language=French|date=30 April 2012|accessdate=14 January 2017|publisher=Le Senegal dans le Web|title=Ambassade du Sénégal à Paris : Maimouna Sourang Ndir rentre au bercail, ce lundi|archivedate=16 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116162656/http://www.seneweb.com/news/Politique/ambassade-du-senegal-a-paris-maimouna-sourang-ndir-rentre-au-bercail-ce-lundi_n_65518.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dakaractu.com/Maimouna-Sourang-Ndir-discretement-rappelee-qui-pour-la-remplacer-a-Paris_a18647.html|title=Maïmouna Sourang Ndir discrètement rappelée: qui pour la remplacer à Paris ?|work=Dakaractu|date=12 April 2012|accessdate=14 January 2017}}</ref> == Ebenside == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] d8q0y3kx1r6frb02quw563r3i01ztgc Mmetọ aja 0 26367 639099 595801 2026-05-27T08:38:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Usòrò:Soilcontam.JPG|thumb|Soilcontam.]] Mmetọ aja, ma ọ bụ mmetọala dị ka akụkụ nke '''mmebi ala''' na-esite na ọnụnọ nke kemịkal xenobiotic (nke mmadụ mere) ma ọ bụ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ala. Ọ na-abụkarị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, kemịkal ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ mkpofu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Kemịkal ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (dị ka naphthalene na benzo(a)pyrene), solvents, pesticides, lead, na ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ. Mmetọ na-emetụta ogo mmepụta ihe na ike nke kemịkal. Nchegbu banyere mmetọ ala na-esite n'ihe ize ndụ ahụike, site na mmetụ ihu na ihu na ala emetọ, anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na mmetọ, ma ọ bụ site na mmegọ nke abụọ nke mmiri dị n'ime na n'okpuru ala.<ref>''Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Human Health Evaluation Manual'', Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]], Washington D.C. 20450</ref> Map nke ebe ala emetọ na nhicha ndị na-esi na ya apụta bụ ọrụ na-eri oge ma dị oke ọnụ, ma chọọ nka na geology, hydrology, chemistry, modeling kọmputa, na GIS na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ekele maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke kemịkal ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=George|first=Rebecca|title=Treatment Methods for Contaminated Soils – Translating Science into Practice|url=http://ijear.org/vol4.1/rebecca.pdf|work=International Journal of Education and Applied Research|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archivedate=November 4, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104134629/http://ijear.org/vol4.1/rebecca.pdf}}</ref> Na mpaghara North America na Western Europe, a maara oke ala emetọ nke ọma, ebe ọtụtụ mba dị na mpaghara ndị a nwere usoro iwu iji chọpụta ma dozie nsogbu gburugburu [[Olile anyanwu Amerika|ebe]] obibi a. Mba ndị na-emepe emepe anaghị achịkwa nke ọma n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ n'ime ha enweela nnukwu mmepụta ihe. == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == Mmetọ ala nwere ike ibute site na ihe ndị a (ndepụta na-adịghị agwụ agwụ) : * Microplastics * [[Mmanu mmanu|Mmanụ na-awụfu]] * Mmanụ ala na ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị arọ * Mgbasa na mberede nwere ike ime n'oge ihe omume, wdg. * Mgbọrọ nke tankị nchekwa n'okpuru ala (gụnyere ọkpọkọ eji ebufe ihe dị n'ime) * [[Mmiri ozuzo acid]] * Ọrụ ugbo siri ike * Agrochemicals, dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ, ọgwụ ahịhịa na fatịlaịza * Petrochemicals * Ihe mberede ụlọ ọrụ * Ihe mkpofu okporo ụzọ * Ọrụ owuwu * Ihe osise ndị e sere n'èzí * Mmiri na-emetọ n'elu ala na-abanye n'ime ala * Mgbọ, kemịkal, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka agha * Ihichapụ ihe mkpofu ** Mmanụ na mmanụ a na-atụfu ** Ihe mkpofu nuklia ** Mgbasa nke ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ na ala ** Mmiri nsị ** Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na ebe a na-awụfu ihe n'ụzọ iwu na- ** Ọla coal ** [[Ihe mkpofu eletrọniki]] ** Nkume nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-egbu egbu na-emetọ ya. ** Pb merụrụ ya n'ihi anwụrụ ọkụ ụgbọ ala, Cd, na Zn nke taya mebiri. ** Mmetọ site n'ime ka ikuku na-emetọ ikuku sie ike site n'ịkpọ ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'ala ọkụ. Chemicals ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead, na ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ. Ọrụ ọ bụla nke na-eduga n'ụdị ndị ọzọ nke mmebi ala (erosion, compaction, wdg) nwere ike ime ka mmetụta mmetọ ahụ ka njọ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè na mmezi ala ahụ na-aghọwanye ihe na-agwụ ike. [[Usòrò:Agbogbloshie,_Ghana_2019.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|263x263px|Nhazi ihe mkpofu E na Agbogbloshie, Ghana. Nchịkọta na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke ngwongwo arụpụtara na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ, na-apụtakarị na obodo ndị dị na ndịda ụwa ga-edozi ngwongwo. Karịsịa na-enweghị nchebe kwesịrị ekwesị, ọla dị arọ na mmetọ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ala, ma mepụta mmetọ mmiri na [[Mmetọ ikuku|mmetụ ikuku]].]] Ntụnye ash nke a na-eme n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a na-eji eme ụlọ, azụmahịa, na ikpo ọkụ ụlọ ọrụ, yana maka usoro mmepụta ihe dị ka ịgbaze ọla, bụ ihe na-ebutekarị mmetọ n'ebe ndị mepere emepe tupu ihe dị ka afọ 1960. Coal na-emekarị na-etinye isi na zinc n'oge e guzobere ya. , yana ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ ka ọ dị ntakịrị. Mgbe a na-agba ọkụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ọla ndị a na-etinye uche na ntụ (nke bụ isi bụ mercury). ntụ ntụ na slag nwere ike ịnwe ndu zuru oke iji tozuo dị ka "ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ", akọwara na US dị ka nwere ihe karịrị 5 mg/L nke lead enwere ike wepụ site na iji usoro TCLP. Na mgbakwunye na ndu, uyi uyi na-enwekarị mgbanwe ma ọ bụ nnukwu mkpokọta nke polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; eg, benzo (a) anthracene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo (k) fluoranthene, benzo (a) pyrene, indeno (cd) pyrene, phenanthrene, anthracene na ndị ọzọ). A maara PAH ndị a dị ka carcinogens nke mmadụ na mkpokọta anabatara nke ha na ala na-adịkarị gburugburu 1 mg/kg. Enwere ike ịmata ntụ ntụ na slag site na ọnụnọ nke mkpụrụ osisi na-acha ọcha na ala, ala dị iche iche na-acha ntụ ntụ, ma ọ bụ (coal slag) na-afụ ụfụ, mkpụrụ osisi vesicular nwere nha. Mmiri nsị a gwọrọ agwọ, nke a maara na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka biosolids, aghọwo ihe arụmụka dị ka "mkpụrụ osisi". Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ihe na-esite na ọgwụgwọ nsị, ọ na-enwekarị mmetọ dị ka ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọgwụ ahụhụ, na ọla dị arọ karịa ala ndị ọzọ. Na European Union, ntụziaka Urban Waste Water Treatment na-enye ohere ka a na-awụfu nsị n'ala. A na-atụ anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ ga-eji okpukpu abụọ ruo tọn otu narị puku na ịrị asatọ na ise nke ihe siri ike na 2005. Nke a nwere ezigbo ọrụ ugbo n'ihi nitrogen dị elu na phosphate. N'afọ 1990/1991, a na-awụfu 13% mmiri na 0.13% nke ala; Otú ọ dị, a na-atụ anya na nke a ga-arị elu okpukpu ịrị na ise site na 2005. Ndị na-akwado na-ekwu na ọ dị mkpa ịchịkwa nke a ka microorganisms pathogenic ghara ịbanye n'ime mmiri na iji hụ na enweghị nchịkọta nke ọla dị arọ n'elu ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.004|title=Potential risk effect from elevated levels of soil heavy metals on human health in the Niger delta|journal=Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety|volume=85|pages=120–130|year=2012|author=Olawoyin|first=Richard|pmid=22921257}}</ref> === Ọgwụ ahụhụ na ọgwụ ahịhịa === Ọgwụ ahụhụ bụ ihe eji egbu ahụhụ. Ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ike ịbụ kemịkal, ihe na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ (dị ka nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria), antimicrobial, disinfectant ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ eji emegide ihe ọ bụla. Nje ndị na-egbu egbu gụnyere ụmụ ahụhụ, pathogens nke osisi, ahịhịa, mollusks, nnụnụ, anụ na-enye nwa ara, azụ, nematodes (roundworms) na ụmụ mmadụ na-asọ mpi maka nri, na-ebibi ihe onwunwe, na-agbasa ma ọ bụ na-ebute ọrịa ma ọ bụ ihe na-enye nsogbu. Ọ bụ ezie na enwere uru na iji ọgwụ ahụhụ, enwere nsogbu, dị ka nsị nwere ike ịba mmadụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pesticides: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002430.htm|accessdate=2022-04-01|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pesticides|url=https://www.acmt.net/Pesticides.html}}</ref> A na-eji ọgwụ herbicides egbu ahịhịa, ọkachasị n'okporo ụzọ na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ha yiri auxins ma ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ike imebi site na nje bacteria ala. Otú ọ dị, otu ìgwè sitere na trinitrotoluene (2:4 D na 2:4:5 T) nwere dioxin na-adịghị ọcha, nke na-egbu egbu ma na-akpata ọnwụ ọbụna na obere. Ọgwụ ọzọ na-egbu ahịhịa bụ Paraquat. Ọ na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu mana ọ na-emebi ngwa ngwa n'ala n'ihi ọrụ nje bacteria ma ọ naghị egbu anụmanụ ala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paraquat poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001085.htm|accessdate=2022-04-01|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|archivedate=2022-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401190255/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001085.htm}}</ref> A na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe iji kpochapụ ihe oriri na ugbo nke na-emebi ihe ọkụkụ. Ụmụ ahụhụ na-emebi ọ bụghị naanị ihe ọkụkụ guzo ọtọ kamakwa ndị echekwara na n'ebe okpomọkụ a na-eche na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmepụta zuru ezu na-efu n'oge nchekwa nri. Dị ka ọ dị na fungicides, ọgwụ ahụhụ mbụ e ji mee ihe na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu bụ inorganic dịka. Paris Green na ihe ndị ọzọ nke arsenic. A na-ejikwa nicotine eme ihe kemgbe afọ 1690.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tomizawa|first=Motohiro|date=2005|title=Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: mechanisms of selective action|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed|journal=Annual Reviews|volume=45|pages=247–268|doi=10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930|pmid=15822177}}</ref> Ugbu a, e nwere ụzọ abụọ nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na-egbu egbu: 1. Organochlorines gụnyere DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin na BHC. Ha dị ọnụ ala iji mepụta, dị ike ma na-anọgidesi ike. A na-eji DDT mee ihe n'ụzọ buru ibu site na 1930s, na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke tọn 72,000 eji mee ihe na 1970. Mgbe ahụ, ojiji dara ka a na-ahụ mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi. A chọtara ya n'ụwa niile na azụ na nnụnụ ma chọta ya na snow na [[Antarctica|Antarctic]]. Ọ na-agbaze na mmiri ma na-agbaza nke ọma na ọbara. Ọ na-emetụta usoro akwara na endocrine ma na-eme ka mkpokoro àkwá nke nnụnụ ghara inwe calcium na-eme na ha na-agbaji ngwa ngwa. A na-eche na ọ bụ ya kpatara mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ na-eri anụ dị ka ospreys na falcons peregrine na 1950s ha na-agbake ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DDT and Birds|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/DDT_and_Birds.html|accessdate=2022-04-04|work=web.stanford.edu}}</ref> Tinyere mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ site na eriri nri, a maara na ọ na-abanye site na membranes na-agafe agafe, yabụ azụ na-enweta ya site na gills ha. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwere obere mmiri, ọ na-anọkarị n'elu mmiri, yabụ ihe ndị dị ndụ bi n'ebe ahụ na-emetụta ya. DDT a chọtara na azụ nke mejupụtara akụkụ nke usoro nri mmadụ kpatara nchegbu, mana ọkwa a chọtara n'ime imeju, akụrụ na anụ ahụ ụbụrụ erughị 1 ppm na abụba bụ 10 ppm, nke dị n'okpuru ọkwa nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, a machibidoro DDT na UK na United States iji kwụsị ịbawanye ya na usoro nri. Ndị na-emepụta US nọgidere na-ere DDT na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ndị na-enweghị ike ịzụta kemịkal ndị dị oke ọnụ na ndị na-enweghi iwu siri ike na-achịkwa ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OCSPP|date=2014-01-07|title=DDT - A Brief History and Status|url=https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/ddt-brief-history-and-status|accessdate=2022-06-17|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> 2. Organophosphates, dịka parathion, methyl parathion na ihe dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ 40 ndị ọzọ dị na mba ahụ. Parathion bụ ihe na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, methyl-parathion dị obere ma a na-ewere Malathion dị ka ihe dị nchebe n'ozuzu ya n'ihi na ọ nwere obere nsị ma na-agbaji ngwa ngwa na imeju anụ na-enye nwa ara. Ìgwè a na-arụ ọrụ site na igbochi nnyefe akwara dị mma ka a na-egbochi cholinesterase imebi ihe na-ebufe acetylcholine, na-akpata mmegharị ahụ na-enweghị nchịkwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parathion Methyl - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/parathion-methyl|accessdate=2022-06-17|work=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> === Ndị agha === Ikpochapụ mgbọ, na enweghị nlekọta n'imepụta mgbọ nke sitere na ngwa ngwa nke mmepụta, nwere ike imerụ ala ruo ogologo oge. E nwere obere ihe akaebe e bipụtara banyere ụdị mmetọ a n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ihe mgbochi nke gọọmentị nke ọtụtụ mba tinyere na mbipụta nke ihe metụtara agha. Otú ọ dị, gas mustard echekwara n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] emetọla ụfọdụ ebe ruo afọ iri ịse na nnwale nke Anthrax dị ka ngwá agha nwere ike imerụ agwaetiti Gruinard.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/sixty-secret-mustard-gas-sites-uncovered-1335343.html – Six Mustard gas sites uncovered – The Independent]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1457035.stm Britain's Anthrax Island – BBC]</ref> == Ahụike mmadụ == === Ụzọ ekpughere ekpughe === Ala emetọrọ emetọ na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ n'onwe ya site na mmetụ aka na ala ma ọ bụ site na iku ume nke mmetọ ala nke na-agbaze; enwere ike ibute egwu site na mmegide nke mmetụ ala n'ime mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke a na-eji eme ihe mmadụ, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe ndị dị anya site na isi iyi ọ bụla doro anya nke mmetorita n'elu ala. Mmanụ ndị na-egbu egbu nwekwara ike ịga n'ihu n'usoro nri site na osisi ndị bi n'ala nwere nnukwu ọla dị arọ. Nke a na-akpata mmepe nke ọrịa metụtara mmetọ. Ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe ngosi bụ ihe mberede, ihe ngosi nwere ike ime site na:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb4894en|title=Global assessment of soil pollution: Report|date=2021-06-04|publisher=FAO and UNEP|isbn=978-92-5-134469-9|language=en|chapter=Chapter 4: Environmental, health and socio-economic impacts of soil|doi=10.4060/cb4894en}}</ref> * Iri uzuzu ma ọ bụ a aja n'onwe ya * Iri nri ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri a na-akụ n'ala emetọ ma ọ bụ na nri na-emetụta ihe na-emetọ emetọ * Mmetụta akpụkpọ ahụ na uzuzu ma ọ bụ ala * Mmiri si n'ala * Ịekuru uzuzu mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ n'ala ma ọ bụ ebe ikuku na-efe Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ nnyocha na-eme atụmatụ na 90% nke ikpughe bụ site na iri nri na-emetọ emetọ.<ref name=":0"/> === Nsonaazụ ya === Mmetụta ahụike sitere na mmetọ ala dịgasị iche iche dabere na ụdị mmetọ, ụzọ mwakpo, na adịghị ike nke ndị a na-ahụ. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-atụ aro na ọgwụ ahụhụ na ọla dị arọ n'ime ala nwere ike imerụ ahụike obi, gụnyere ọzịza na mgbanwe na elekere dị n'ime ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=European Society of Cardiology|date=7 July 2022|title=Now cardiovascular researchers are worried about soil pollution|url=https://yakhte.com/2022/07/11/now-cardiovascular-researchers-are-worried-about-soil-pollution/|work=Yakhte.com}}</ref> Mmetụta na-adịghị ala ala na chromium, ọtụrụ, na ọla ndị ọzọ, mmanụ, solvents, na ọtụtụ ọgwụ ahụhụ na herbicide nwere ike ibute ọrịa cancer, nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ọmụmụ, ma ọ bụ nwere ike ịkpalite ọnọdụ ahụike ndị ọzọ na-adịghị elu. Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma ọ bụ nke mmadụ mepụtara nke ihe ndị na-apụta n'okike, dị ka nitrate na ammonia jikọtara ya na nsị anụ ụlọ site na ọrụ ugbo, achọpụtakwala dị ka ihe ize ndụ ahụike n'ala na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.<ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/water/owrcCatalog.nsf/065ca07e299b464685256ce50075c11a/383316fae0e9065285256cfd0048e1d2!OpenDocument yosemite.epa.gov]</ref> A maara na ikpughe benzene na-adịghị ala ala na oke zuru oke nwere njikọ na oke leukemia. A maara Mercury na cyclodienes ka ha na-akpata ihe dị elu nke mmebi akụrụ na ụfọdụ ọrịa ndị a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. PCBs na cyclodienes nwere njikọ na nsị imeju. Organophosphates na carbonates nwere ike ịkpata usoro mmeghachi omume na-eduga na mgbochi neuromuscular. Ọtụtụ solvents chlorinated na-akpata mgbanwe imeju, mgbanwe akụrụ, na ịda mbà nke usoro akwara etiti. E nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta ahụike ndị ọzọ dị ka isi ọwụwa, agbọ onunu, ike ọgwụgwụ, iwe anya na akpụkpọ ahụ maka ihe ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu na kemịkal ndị ọzọ. Na dosages zuru oke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mmetọ ala nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ site na ikpughe site na mmetụ aka, iku ume ma ọ bụ iri ihe mmetọ na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke emetọ site na ala. Gọọmentị Scotland enyewo ụlọ ọrụ Institute of Occupational Medicine ọrụ ka ha nyochaa usoro iji nyochaa ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike mmadụ site na ala emetọ. Ebumnuche zuru oke nke ọrụ a bụ ịrụ ọrụ nduzi nke kwesịrị ịba uru nye ndị isi obodo Scotland n'ịtụle ma saịtị na-anọchite anya nnukwu ohere nke nnukwu mmerụ ahụ (SPOSH) na ahụike mmadụ. A na-atụ anya na mmepụta nke ọrụ ahụ ga-abụ akwụkwọ dị mkpirikpi na-enye nduzi dị elu na nyocha ihe ize ndụ ahụike na-ezo aka na nduzi na usoro ndị e bipụtara ugbu a nke a chọpụtara dị ka ndị dị mkpa ma na-enyere aka. Ọrụ ahụ ga-enyocha etu e si mepụta ntuziaka iwu maka ikpebi nnabata nke ihe ize ndụ na ahụike mmadụ ma tụọ aro ụzọ iji nyochaa ihe mejupụtara ihe ize ndụ a na-anabataghị na-agbaso ụkpụrụ maka SPOSH dịka akọwapụtara na iwu na Ntuziaka Iwu Scotland. == Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Sanitation_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Mmiri na ihe mkpofu na-emetọ mpaghara a na-eme ka gburugburu ebe obibi ghara ịdị ọcha]] Ọ bụghị na mberede, mmetọ ala nwere ike inwe nnukwu ihe na-emerụ ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>Michael Hogan, Leda Patmore, Gary Latshaw and Harry Seidman ''[[Computer model|Computer modelng]] of pesticide transport in soil for five instrumented watersheds'', prepared for the U.S. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] Southeast Water laboratory, Athens, Ga. by ESL Inc., Sunnyvale, California (1973)</ref> Enwere mgbanwe kemịkalụ ala siri ike nke nwere ike ịpụta site na ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ kemịkal dị ize ndụ ọbụna na obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị mmetọ. Mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike igosi na mgbanwe nke metabolism nke microorganisms na [[Arthropod|arthropods]] bi na gburugburu ala enyere. Nsonaazụ ya nwere ike ịbụ mkpochapụ nke ụfọdụ n'ime usoro nri bụ isi, nke n'aka nke ya nwere ike inwe nnukwu nsonaazụ maka anụ na-eri anụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ndị na-eri. Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na mmetụta kemịkal na ụdị ndụ dị ala dị obere, ọkwa pyramid dị ala nke usoro nri nwere ike iri kemịkal ndị ọzọ, nke na-abụkarị ihe na-elekwasị anya maka ọkwa ọ bụla na-eri nri. A maara ọtụtụ n'ime mmetụta ndị a nke ọma ugbu a, dị ka njupụta nke ihe DDT na-adịgide adịgide maka ndị na-azụ nnụnụ, na-eduga n'ike ọgwụgwụ nke mkpokoro àkwá, mmụba ọnwụ ụmụ ọkụkọ na njedebe nke ụdị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jayaraj|first=Ravindran|date=December 2016|title=Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment|journal=Interdisciplinary Toxicology|volume=9|issue=3–4|pages=90–100|doi=10.1515/intox-2016-0012|issn=1337-6853|pmid=28652852}}</ref> Mmetụta na-eme na ala ugbo nke nwere ụdị mmetọ ala ụfọdụ. Ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na-agbanwekarị metabolism nke osisi, na-akpatakarị mbelata nke ihe ọkụkụ. Nke a nwere mmetụta nke abụọ na nchekwa ala, ebe ọ bụ na ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị ike enweghị ike ichebe ala ụwa pụọ na mbuze. Ụfọdụ n'ime kemịkal ndị a na-emetọ ihe nwere ogologo oge ọkara ndụ na n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, a na-emepụta kemịkal sitere na mbibi nke mmetọ ala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The chemical nature and properties of soil contaminants|url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb4894en/online/src/html/chapter-02-2.html|accessdate=2022-07-10|year=2021|doi=10.4060/cb4894en|isbn=978-92-5-134469-9|language=en}}</ref> === Mmetụta ndị nwere ike ime site na mmetọ na ọrụ ala === Mmetụta dị arọ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetọ ala nwere ike imetụta ọrụ, ihe mejupụtara ụdị na ọtụtụ microorganisms nke ala, si otú ahụ na-eyi ọrụ ala egwu dị ka cycling nke carbon na nitrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rijk|first=Ingrid J. C.|date=April 2020|title=Carbon and nitrogen cycling in a lead polluted grassland evaluated using stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and microbial, plant and soil parameters|journal=Plant and Soil|language=en|volume=449|issue=1–2|pages=249–266|doi=10.1007/s11104-020-04467-7|issn=0032-079X}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mmetọ ala nwekwara ike ịghọ obere bioavailable site n'oge, na microorganisms na ecosystems nwere ike ime mgbanwe na ọnọdụ gbanwere. Ihe onwunwe ala dị ka pH, ihe dị n'ime ala na ọdịdị dị ezigbo mkpa ma gbanwee njem, bioavailability na nsị nke mmetọ n'ala emetọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801654870|title=Heavy metals in soils|date=2012|publisher=Springer|others=B. J. Alloway|isbn=978-94-007-4470-7|edition=3rd|location=Dordrecht|oclc=801654870}}</ref> Otu ihe mmetọ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egbu egbu n'otu ala mana ọ dịghị emerụ ahụ n'ala ọzọ. Nke a na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị nyocha na usoro ihe ize ndụ nke ala. == Nhọrọ nhicha == Cleanup or environmental remediation is analyzed by environmental scientists who utilize field measurement of soil chemicals and also apply computer models (GIS in Environmental Contamination) for analyzing transport and fate of soil chemicals. Various technologies have been developed for remediation of oil-contaminated soil and sediments <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Agarwal|first=A.|year=2015|title=Remediation technologies for oil-contaminated sediments|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=101|issue=2|pages=483–490|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.010|pmid=26414316}}</ref> There are several principal strategies for remediation: * Gwuo ala ma buru ya gaa n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa site na ụzọ dị njikere maka mmekọrịta mmadụ ma ọ bụ nke dị nro. Usoro a na-emetụtakwa ịdọrọ apịtị nwere nsí. * Mmiri nke ala n'ebe emetọ (nke nwere ihe ize ndụ nke ịmepụta [[mmetọ ikuku]]) * Mgbanwe okpomọkụ site na iwebata okpomọkụ iji bulie okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru ala nke ọma iji mee ka mmetọ kemịkal na-apụ n'ime ala maka iwepụta ikuku. Nkà na ụzụ gụnyere ISTD, ọkụ eletrik (ERH), na ET-DSP. * Bioremediation, nke na-agụnye mgbari nke ụfọdụ kemịkalụ. Usoro eji eme ihe na bioremediation gụnyere ọrụ ugbo ala, biostimulation na bioaugmentating soil biota na microflora dị na ahịa. * Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ma ọ bụ ikuku ala na usoro eletromechanical na-arụ ọrụ, na-ewepụ ihe na-emetọ ihe site na ihe a na-ewepụta. * Njide nke mmetọ ala (dị ka site na ikpuchi ma ọ bụ paving n'ebe). * Phytoremediation, ma ọ bụ iji osisi (dị ka willow) wepụta ọla dị arọ. * Mycoremediation, ma ọ bụ iji fungus mee ka ihe na-emetọ ihe ma na-akwakọta ọla dị arọ. * Mgbanwe nke mmanụ na-emetọ site na microbubbles ikuku na-emebi onwe ya.<ref>A. Agarwal, Y. Zhou, Y. Liu (2016) Remediation of oil contaminated sand with self-collapsing air microbubbles. Environmental Science and Pollution Research DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7601-5</ref> * Mmiri na-agbapụta n'elu mmiri * Interfacial solar evaporation iji wepụta ion metal dị arọ site na ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wu|first=Pan|date=2021-09-05|title=Interfacial solar evaporation driven lead removal from a contaminated soil|journal=EcoMat|volume=3|issue=5|doi=10.1002/eom2.12140|issn=2567-3173}}</ref> == Site na mba == Ụkpụrụ mba dị iche iche maka njupụta nke ụfọdụ mmetọ gụnyere United States EPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals (U.S. PRGs), US EPA Region 3 Risk Based Concentrations (U.s. EPA RBCs) na National Environment Protection Council of [[Ostraliya|Australia]] Guideline on Investigation Levels in Soil and Groundwater. === [[China|People's Republic of China]] === Uto dị ukwuu na nke na-aga n'ihu nke [[China|People's Republic of China]] kemgbe afọ 1970 emeela ka ọnụahịa ala ahụ dị na mmụba nke mmetọ ala. Ministri nke Ecology na Environment kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe iyi egwu nye gburugburu ebe obibi, nchekwa nri na ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide. Dabere na nnwale sayensị, 150 nde mu (100,000 square kilomita) nke ala a na-akọ ugbo na China emetọla, na-eji mmiri emetọ emetọ eme ihe iji gbaa mmiri ọzọ 32.5 nde mu (21,670 square kilomita) na nde mu abụọ ọzọ (1,300 square kilomita) kpuchiri ma ọ bụ mebie ya site na ihe mkpofu siri ike. N'ozuzu, mpaghara ahụ bụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ala a na-akọ ugbo na China, ọ dịkwa n'ógbè ndị mepere emepe. A na-eme atụmatụ na nde tọn iri na abụọ nke ọka na-emetọ site na ọla dị arọ kwa afọ, na-akpata mfu nke ijeri yuan 20 ($ 2.57 ijeri USD).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/724-Facing-up-to-invisible-pollution- |title=Facing up to "invisible pollution" |accessdate=2023-05-16 |archivedate=2019-06-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626093321/https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/724-Facing-up-to-invisible-pollution- }}</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na 19% nke ala ugbo emetọla nke nwere ọla dị arọ na metalloids. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọla ndị a dị arọ n'ime ala amụbaala nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhao|first=Fang-Jie|date=2015-01-20|title=Soil Contamination in China: Current Status and Mitigation Strategies|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es5047099|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|language=en|volume=49|issue=2|pages=750–759|doi=10.1021/es5047099|pmid=25514502|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> === Njikọ Europe === Dabere na data natara site na mba ndị otu, na European Union ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebe ndị a na-eme atụmatụ na ha nwere ike imerụ ahụ karịrị nde 2.5 na ebe ndị a chọpụtara na ha emetụla ihe dị ka puku 342.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|author=Panagos|first=Panos|date=2013|title=Contaminated Sites in Europe: Review of the Current Situation Based on Data Collected through a European Network|journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health|language=en|volume=2013|pages=158764|doi=10.1155/2013/158764|pmid=23843802|issn=1687-9805}}</ref> Ihe mkpofu obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-enye aka na mmetọ ala (38%), na-esote ụlọ ọrụ mmepe / azụmahịa (34%). Mmanụ ala na ọla dị arọ bụ isi ihe na-emetọ ihe na-enye aka na 60% na mmetọ ala. N'ihe gbasara mmefu ego, a na-eme atụmatụ na njikwa nke ebe ndị emetọ ga-efu ihe dị ka ijeri Euro 6 (€) kwa afọ.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> === [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] === Ntuziaka n'ozuzu nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] bụ Ala Guideline Values nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Nri na Mmekọrịta Ime Obodo (DEFRA) na Ngalaba Na'Oké Ala bipụtara. Ndị a bụ ụkpụrụ nyocha nke na-egosi ọkwa dị ala nke ihe. N'elu nke a, enweghị ike ịnwe mmesi obi ike n'ihe gbasara nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke mmerụ ahụ mmadụ. A na-enweta ihe ndị a site na iji Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment Model (CLEA UK). A na-enye ụfọdụ ntinye ntinye dị ka Health Criteria Values, afọ na ojiji ala na CLEA UK iji nweta mmepụta nwere ike. Ntuziaka site na Inter Departmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land (ICRCL) ka DEFRA wepụrụ, maka iji ya dị ka akwụkwọ na-enye iwu iji chọpụta mkpa ọ dị imezi ma ọ bụ nyocha ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.contaminatedland.co.uk/std-guid/icrcl-l.htm|title=www.ContaminatedLAND.co.uk - ICRCL 59/83 Trigger Concentrations|accessdate=2016-05-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009165821/http://www.contaminatedland.co.uk/std-guid/icrcl-l.htm|archivedate=2016-10-09}}</ref> Ihe nlereanya CLEA nke DEFRA na Environment Agency (EA) bipụtara na Machị 2002 setịpụrụ usoro maka nyocha kwesịrị ekwesị nke ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike mmadụ site na ala emetọ, dịka akụkụ IIA nke Iwu Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi 1990 chọrọ. Dị ka akụkụ nke usoro a, e mepụtara ụkpụrụ nduzi ala (SGVs) ugbu a maka mmetọ iri iji mee ihe dị ka "ụkpụrụ ntinye aka".<ref>{{Cite web|title=What are "Soil Guideline Values" and which should I use?|url=https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/soil-horizons/soil-horizons-articles/soil-guideline-values/|accessdate=2022-07-10|work=Manaaki Whenua|language=en-US}}</ref> A gaghị ele ụkpụrụ ndị a anya dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ mana ụkpụrụ ndị dị n'elu nke a ga-atụle nyocha zuru ezu; lee ụkpụrụ Dutch. E mepụtara usoro atọ nke CLEA SGVs maka iji ala eme ihe atọ dị iche iche, ya bụ, * ebe obibi (na na-enweghị osisi) * nkewa * azụmahịa / ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe Ebumnuche ya bụ na SGVs ga-anọchi ụkpụrụ ICRCL mbụ. CLEA SGVs na-emetụta ịtụle ihe ize ndụ na-adịghị ala ala (ogologo oge) na ahụike mmadụ ma ọ naghị emetụta nchebe nke ndị ọrụ ala n'oge owuwu, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịnata dịka mmiri n'okpuru ala, ụlọ, osisi ma ọ bụ usoro okike ndị ọzọ. CLEA SGVs anaghị arụ ọrụ kpọmkwem na saịtị kpuchiri kpamkpam na ihe siri ike, ebe ọ bụ na enweghị ụzọ mmeghe kpọmkwem na ala emetọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LCRM: Stage 1 risk assessment|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/land-contamination-risk-management-lcrm/lcrm-stage-1-risk-assessment|accessdate=2022-07-10|work=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> Ruo ugbu a, e bipụtala iri n'ime iri ise na ise SGV na-emerụ emerụ, maka ndị a: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury inorganic, nickel, selenium ethyl benzene, phenol na toluene. E mepụtala Draft SGVs maka benzene, naphthalene na xylene mana ejidere mbipụta ha. Ebipụtala data Toxicological (Tox) maka nke ọ bụla n'ime mmetọ ndị a yana maka benzo[a] pyrene, benzene, dioxins, furans na dioxin dị ka PCB, naphthalene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane na 1. 1,1,2 tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, tetrachlorethene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethane na xylene. SGVs maka ethyl benzene, phenol na toluene na-adabere na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala (SOM) (nke enwere ike gbakọọ site na mkpokọta organic carbon (TOC) ọdịnaya). Dị ka ihuenyo mbụ, a na-ewere SGVs maka 1% SOM dị ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị === [[Kánada|Canada]] === Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Febụwarị 2021, e nwere ngụkọta nke ebe 2,500 na ebe ndị e metọrọ emetọ na [[Kánada|Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=contenu|first=English name of the content author / Nom en anglais de l'auteur du|date=1994-01-01|title=English title / Titre en anglais|url=https://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/fcsi-rscf/cen-eng.aspx?dataset=prov&sort=name|accessdate=2021-02-19|work=www.tbs-sct.gc.ca}}</ref> Otu ebe a na-emetọ emetọ dị nso na ebe a na'ebe a na-agbaze nickel-copper na Sudbury, Ontario. Nnyocha na-enyocha mmetọ ígwè dị arọ n'akụkụ ebe a na-agbaze ihe na-ekpughe na a chọtara ọkwa dị elu nke nickel na ọla kọpa n'ime ala; uru dị elu dị ka 5,104ppm Ni, na 2,892 ppm Cu n'ime kilomita 1.1 nke ebe a na na-agbapụta ihe. A chọpụtakwara ọla ndị ọzọ n'ime ala; ọla ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere ígwè, cobalt, na ọlaọcha. Ọzọkwa, mgbe a na-enyocha ahịhịa dị iche iche gbara ebe a na-agbaze ihe, o doro anya na ha metụtakwara ya; nsonaazụ na-egosi na osisi ndị ahụ nwere nickel, ọla kọpa na aluminum n'ihi mmetọ ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hutchinson|first=T. C.|date=1974|title=Heavy-metal Pollution in the Sudbury Mining and Smelting Region of Canada, I. Soil and Vegetation Contamination by Nickel, Copper, and Other Metals|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environmental-conservation/article/abs/heavymetal-pollution-in-the-sudbury-mining-and-smelting-region-of-canada-i-soil-and-vegetation-contamination-by-nickel-copper-and-other-metals/F2AB075780381015B120FC8D63DCE353|journal=Environmental Conservation|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=123–132|doi=10.1017/S0376892900004240|issn=1469-4387}}</ref> === [[Ndia|India]] === N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2009, mbipụta nke nsị uranium na Punjab dọtara mgbasa ozi. A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ntụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-efe efe kpatara ya, nke a kọrọ na ọ na-eduga na nkwarụ ọmụmụ siri ike n'ime ụmụaka na mpaghara Faridkot na Bhatinda nke Punjab. Akụkọ akụkọ kwuru na ọkwa uranium karịrị okpukpu iri isii karịa oke nchekwa.<ref name="fa">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Uranium-deforms-kids-in-Faridkot/articleshow/4347313.cms|title=Uranium deforms kids in Faridkot|date=2 April 2009|work=The Times of India|first=Priya|author=Yadav}}</ref><ref name="bc">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7979022.stm|title=Punjab disability 'uranium link'|date=2 April 2009|publisher=BBC News|first=Asit|author=Jolly}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, Gọọmentị India kwupụtara na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na Malwa belt nke Punjab nwere uranium metal nke dị 50% karịa ókè nke United Nations 'World Health Organization (WHO) setịpụrụ.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=85937 Uranium in Ground Water] Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India (2012)</ref> Nnyocha sayensị, dabere na ihe karịrị 1000 samples site na ebe nnwale dị iche iche, enweghị ike ịchọpụta isi iyi na-efe efe na isi iyi ọ bụla sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị ka ebubo mbụ. Nnyocha ahụ kpughekwara na uranium dị n'ime mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke mpaghara Malwa abụghị okpukpu 60 nke oke WHO, mana naanị 50% karịa oke WHO na ebe 3. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu a chọtara na samples dị ala karịa ndị a chọtara n'ụzọ okike na mmiri ala nke a na-eji eme ihe ugbu a maka ebumnuche mmadụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ, dị ka [[Finland]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140228040735/http://dae.nic.in/writereaddata/lsus3346.pdf Atomic Energy Report – Malwa Punjab Uranium Q&A] Lok Sabha, Government of India (2012)</ref> A na-eme nnyocha iji chọpụta ihe okike ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ maka uranium. == Hụkwa == * [[Njikwa mmetọ]] * [[Ụkpụrụ mmetọ ndị Dutch]] * [[Amụma gburugburu ebe obibi na China]] * [[GIS na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi]] * [[Mmetọ mmiri n'ime ala]] * [[Mbibi ebe obibi]] * [[Ndekọ akụkọ gbasara mkpofu ahịhịa]] * [[Mbibi ala]] * [[Mkpoju ala]] * [[Ndepụta teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ unyi siri ike]] * [[Ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe mkpofu]] * [[Mmetọ gburugburu]] * [[Pestide drift]] * [[plasticulture]] * [[Ihe dị ndụ na-eri plastik]] * [[Mwezigharị saịtị ndị mmetọ na ciment]] * [[Triangle nke ọnwụ (Italy)]] * [[Mmetọ mmiri]] == Edensibia == <references responsive="0"></references> * Panagos, P., Van Liedekerke, M., Yigini, Y., Montanarella, L. (2013) [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2013/158764/ Ebe ndị] merụrụ ahụ na Europe: Nyocha nke Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a dabere na Data anakọtara site na European Network. Journal of Environmental and Public Health In Press. doi:10.1155/2013/158764 == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200812102235/http://www.eugris.info/ Portal maka njikwa ala na mmiri na Europe] Ntinye ozi onwe onye nke European Commission kwadoro maka isiokwu metụtara ala na mmiri, gụnyere ala emetọ, ala na njikwa mmiri. * [http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library/themes/contamination/ European Soil Portal]: Mmetụta ala Na ọkwa EU, nsogbu nke ebe ndị emetọ (mmetọ mpaghara) na ala emetọ (mmetọ diffuse) ka: European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC) tụlere. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190626093321/https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/724-Facing-up-to-invisible-pollution- Isiokwu banyere mmetọ ala na China] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190407163616/http://www.hydrology.nl/iahpublications/70-arsenic-in-groundwater.html Arsenic na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala] Akwụkwọ banyere arsenic na ማይ dị n'ime ala site na IAH's Netherlands Chapter na Netherlands Hydrological Society [[Òtù:Mmetọ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] posmd82qejx4c5xbabp47pwjgpvv4fs Mmetọ ala 0 26746 639100 638714 2026-05-27T08:38:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639100 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Soilcontam.JPG|thumb|Mmetọ ala]]   Mmetọ àjà ala mmetọ ala, ma ọ bụ mmetọ mbara ala dị ka akụkụ nke '''mmebi ala''' na-esite na ọnụnọ nke kemịikalu xenobiotic (nke mmadụ mere) ma ọ bụ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ala. Ọ na-abụkarị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, kemịkalu ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ mkpofu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Chemicals ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ nke akpọrọ na bekee petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (dị ka naphthalene na benzo(a)pyrene), solvents, pesticides, lead, na ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ. Mmetọ na-emetụta ogo mmepụta ihe na ike nke kemikalu. Nchegbu banyere mmetọ ala na-esite n'ihe ize ndụ ahụike, site na mmetụ ihu na ihu na ala emetọ, anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na mmetọ, ma ọ bụ site na mmegọ nke abụọ nke mmiri dị n'ime na n'okpuru ala.<ref>''Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Human Health Evaluation Manual'', Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]], Washington D.C. 20450</ref> Map nke ebe ala emetọ na nhicha ndị na-esi na ya apụta bụ ọrụ na-eri oge ma dị oke ọnụ, ma chọọ nka na geology, hydrology, chemistry, modeling kọmputa, na GIS na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ekele maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke kemịkal ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=George|first=Rebecca|title=Treatment Methods for Contaminated Soils – Translating Science into Practice|url=http://ijear.org/vol4.1/rebecca.pdf|work=International Journal of Education and Applied Research|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archivedate=November 4, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104134629/http://ijear.org/vol4.1/rebecca.pdf}}</ref> Na ugwu Amerịka na Western Europe, a maara oke ala emetọ nke ọma, ebe ọtụtụ mba dị na mpaghara ndị a nwere usoro iwu iji chọpụta ma dozie nsogbu gburugburu [[Olile anyanwu Amerika|ebe]] obibi a. Mba ndị na-emepe emepe anaghị achịkwa nke ọma n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ n'ime ha enweela nnukwu mmepụta ihe. == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == Mmetọ ala nwere ike ịpụta site na ihe ndị a (ndepụta na-adịghị agwụ agwụ) : * Microplastics * [[Mmanu mmanu|Mmanụ na-awụfu]] * Mmanụ ala na ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị arọ * Mgbasa na mberede nwere ike ime n'oge ihe omume, wdg. * Mgbọrọ nke tankị nchekwa n'okpuru ala (gụnyere ọkpọkọ eji ebufe ihe dị n'ime) * [[Mmiri ozuzo acid]] * Ọrụ ugbo siri ike * Agrochemicals, dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ, ọgwụ ahịhịa na fatịlaịza * Petrochemicals * Ihe mberede ụlọ ọrụ * Ihe mkpofu okporo ụzọ * Ọrụ owuwu * Ihe osise ndị e sere n'èzí * Mmiri na-emetọ n'elu ala na-abanye n'ime ala * Mgbọ, kemịkal, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka agha * Ihichapụ ihe mkpofu ** Mmanụ na mmanụ a na-atụfu ** Ihe mkpofu nuklia ** Mgbasa nke ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ na ala ** Mmiri nsị ** Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na ebe a na-awụfu ihe n'ụzọ iwu na- ** Ọla coal ** Ihe mkpofu eletrọniki ** Nkume nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-egbu egbu na-emetọ ya. ** Pb merụrụ ya n'ihi anwụrụ ọkụ ụgbọ ala, Cd, na Zn nke taya mebiri. ** Mmetọ site n'ime ka ikuku na-emetọ ikuku sie ike site n'ịkpọ ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'ala ọkụ. kemikalu ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ nke akpọrọ ndịa; petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead, na ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ. Ọrụ ọ bụla nke na-eduga n'ụdị ndị ọzọ nke [[mmebi ala]] (idie mmiri; compaction, wdg) nwere ike ime ka mmetụta mmetọ ahụ ka njọ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè na mmezi ala ahụ na-aghọwanye ihe na-agwụ ike. [[Usòrò:Agbogbloshie,_Ghana_2019.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|263x263px|Nhazi ihe mkpofu E na Agbogbloshie, Ghana. Nchịkọta na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke ngwongwo arụpụtara na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ, na-apụtakarị na obodo ndị dị na ndịda ụwa ga-edozi ngwongwo. Karịsịa na-enweghị nchebe kwesịrị ekwesị, ọla dị arọ na mmetọ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ala, ma mepụta mmetọ mmiri na [[Mmetọ ikuku|mmetụ ikuku]].]] Ntinye nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ntụ coal eji eme ihe maka ebe obibi, azụmahịa, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, yana maka usoro mmepụta ihe dị ka ịgbaze ore, bụ isi iyi a na-ahụkarị nke mmetọ n'ógbè ndị mepụtara tupu ihe dị ka afọ 1960. Coal na-ejikọta lead na zinc n'oge ọ na-emepụta, yana ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ ruo n'ókè dị ala. Mgbe a na-ere coal ọkụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ọla ndị a na-etinye n'ime ntụ (ihe dị iche bụ mercury). Ọkụ coal na slag nwere ike ịnwe ihe zuru ezu iji ruo eruo dị ka "ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ", akọwapụtara na US dị ka ihe karịrị ise mg / L nke ihe a na-ewepụta site na iji usoro TCLP. Na mgbakwunye na ọta, ntụ coal na-enwekarị ọnụ ọgụgụ dịgasị iche iche ma dị ịrịba ama nke polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; dị ka, benzo(a)anthracene, benzoin(b)fluoranthene, benzoinink, benzon(a)pyrene, indeno(cd)pyrène, phenanthrene, anthracene, na ndị ọzọ). A maara PAHs ndị a dị ka ihe na-akpata ọrịa kansa n'ahụ mmadụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mma nke ha n'ime ala na-adịkarị gburugburu otú mg / kg. Enwere ike ịmata ntụ na ụrọ coal site na ọnụnọ nke mkpụrụ na-acha ọcha n'ime ala, ala na-acha ntụ ntụ, ma ọ bụ (ụrọ coal) bubble, mkpụrụ osisi vesicular pebble-sized grains. Mmiri nsị a gwọrọ agwọ, nke a maara na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka biosolids, aghọwo ihe arụmụka dị ka "mkpụrụ osisi". Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ihe na-esite na ọgwụgwọ nsị, ọ na-enwekarị mmetọ dị ka ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọgwụ ahụhụ, na ọla dị arọ karịa ala ndị ọzọ. Na European Union, ntụziaka Urban Waste Water Treatment na-enye ohere ka a na-awụfu nsị n'ala. A na-atụ anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ ga-eji okpukpu abụọ ruo tọn otu nde narị asatọ na ise nke ihe siri ike na afọ 2005. Nke a nwere ezigbo ọrụ ugbo n'ihi nitrogen dị elu na phosphate. N'afọ 1990/1991, a na-awụfu pasenti iri na atọ mmiri na pasenti efu pom iri na atọ nke ala; Otú ọ dị, a na-atụ anya na nke a ga-arị elu okpukpu iri na ise site na afọ 2005. Ndị na-akwado [onye?] na-ekwu na ọ dị mkpa ịchịkwa nke a ka microorganisms pathogenic ghara ịbanye n'ime mmiri na iji hụ na enweghị nchịkọta nke ọla dị arọ n'elu ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.004|title=Potential risk effect from elevated levels of soil heavy metals on human health in the Niger delta|journal=Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety|volume=85|pages=120–130|year=2012|author=Olawoyin|first=Richard|pmid=22921257}}</ref> === Ọgwụ ahụhụ na ọgwụ ahịhịa === A na-eji ọgwụ herbicides egbu ahịhịa, ọkachasị n'okporo ụzọ na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ha yiri auxins ma ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ike imebi site na nje bacteria ala. Otú ọ dị, otu ìgwè sitere na trinitrotoluene (2:4 D na 2:4:5 T) nwere dioxin na-adịghị ọcha, nke na-egbu egbu ma na-akpata ọnwụ ọbụna na obere. Ọgwụ ọzọ na-egbu ahịhịa bụ Paraquat. Ọ na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu mana ọ na-emebi ngwa ngwa n'ala n'ihi ọrụ nje bacteria ma ọ naghị egbu anụmanụ ala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paraquat poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001085.htm|accessdate=2022-04-01|work=medlineplus.gov|language=en|archivedate=2022-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401190255/https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001085.htm}}</ref> A na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe iji kpochapụ ihe oriri na ugbo nke na-emebi ihe ọkụkụ. Ụmụ ahụhụ na-emebi ọ bụghị naanị ihe ọkụkụ guzo ọtọ kamakwa ndị echekwara na n'ebe okpomọkụ a na-eche na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmepụta zuru ezu na-efu n'oge nchekwa nri. Dị ka ọ dị na fungicides, ọgwụ ahụhụ mbụ e ji mee ihe na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu bụ inorganic di ka. Paris Green na ihe ndị ọzọ nke arsenic. A na-ejikwa nicotine eme ihe kemgbe afọ 1690.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tomizawa|first=Motohiro|date=2005|title=Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: mechanisms of selective action|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed|journal=Annual Reviews|volume=45|pages=247–268|doi=10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930|pmid=15822177}}</ref> Ugbu a, e nwere ìgwè abụọ bụ isi nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na-egbu egbu. 1. Organochlorines gụnyere DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin na BHC. Ha dị ọnụ ala iji mepụta, dị ike ma na-anọgidesi ike. A na-eji DDT mee ihe n'ụzọ buru ibu site na afọ 1930s, na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke tọn nde asaa na abụọ eji mee ihe na afọ 1970. Mgbe ahụ, ojiji dara ka a na-ahụ mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi. A chọtara ya n'ụwa niile na azụ na nnụnụ ma chọta ya na snow na [[Antarctica|Antarctic]]. Ọ na-agbaze na mmiri ma na-agbaza nke ọma na ọbara. Ọ na-emetụta usoro akwara na endocrine ma na-eme ka mkpokoro àkwá nke nnụnụ ghara inwe calcium na-eme na ha na-agbaji ngwa ngwa. A na-eche na ọ bụ ya kpatara mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ na-eri anụ dị ka ospreys na falcons peregrine na afọ 1950s ha na-agbake ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DDT and Birds|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/DDT_and_Birds.html|accessdate=2022-04-04|work=web.stanford.edu}}</ref> Tinyere mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ site na eriri nri, a maara na ọ na-abanye site na membranes na-agafe agafe, yabụ azụ na-enweta ya site na gills ha. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwere obere mmiri, ọ na-anọkarị n'elu mmiri, yabụ ihe ndị dị ndụ bi n'ebe ahụ na-emetụta ya. DDT a chọtara na azụ nke mejupụtara akụkụ nke usoro nri mmadụ kpatara nchegbu, mana ọkwa a chọtara n'ime imeju, akụrụ na anụ ahụ ụbụrụ erughị otu ppm na abụba bụ iri ppm, nke dị n'okpuru ọkwa nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, a machibidoro DDT na UK na United Steeti iji kwụsị ịbawanye ya na usoro nri. Ndị na-emepụta US nọgidere na-ere DDT na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ndị na-enweghị ike ịzụta kemikalu ndị dị oke ọnụ na ndị na-enweghi iwu siri ike na-achịkwa ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OCSPP|date=2014-01-07|title=DDT - A Brief History and Status|url=https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/ddt-brief-history-and-status|accessdate=2022-06-17|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> 2. Organophosphates, dị ka parathion, methyl parathion na ihe dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ iri anọ ndị ọzọ dị na mba ahụ. Parathion bụ ihe na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, methyl-parathion dị obere ma a na-ewere Malathion dị ka ihe dị nchebe n'ozuzu ya n'ihi na ọ nwere obere nsị ma na-agbaji ngwa ngwa na imeju anụ na-enye nwa ara. Ìgwè a na-arụ ọrụ site na igbochi nnyefe akwara dị mma ka a na-egbochi cholinesterase imebi ihe na-ebufe acetylcholine, na-akpata mmegharị ahụ na-enweghị nchịkwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parathion Methyl - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/parathion-methyl|accessdate=2022-06-17|work=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> === Ndị agha === Ikpochapụ mgbọ, na enweghị nlekọta n'imepụta mgbọ nke sitere na ngwa ngwa nke mmepụta, nwere ike imerụ ala ruo ogologo oge. E nwere obere ihe akaebe e bipụtara banyere ụdị mmetọ a n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ihe mgbochi nke gọọmentị nke ọtụtụ mba tinyere na mbipụta nke ihe metụtara agha. Otú ọ dị, gas mustard echekwara n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] emetọla ụfọdụ ebe ruo afọ iri ise na nnwale nke Anthrax dị ka ngwá agha nwere ike imerụ agwaetiti Gruinard dum.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/sixty-secret-mustard-gas-sites-uncovered-1335343.html – Six Mustard gas sites uncovered – The Independent]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1457035.stm Britain's Anthrax Island – BBC]</ref> == Ahụike mmadụ == === Ụzọ ndị mmadụ si ekpughe ihe === Ala mmetọ ma ọ bụ nke mbara emetọ emeto na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ n'onwe ya site na mmetụ aka na ala ma ọ bụ site na iku ume nke mmetọ ala nke na-agbaze; enwere ike ibute egwu site na mmegide nke mmetụ ala n'ime mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke a na-eji eme ihe mmadụ, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe ndị dị anya site na isi iyi ọ bụla doro anya nke mmetorita n'elu ala. Mmanụ ndị na-egbu egbu nwekwara ike ịga n'ihu n'usoro nri site na osisi ndị bi n'ala nwere nnukwu ọla dị arọ. Nke a na-akpata mmepe nke ọrịa metụtara mmetọ. Ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe ngosi bụ ihe mberede, ihe ngosi nwere ike ime site na:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb4894en|title=Global assessment of soil pollution: Report|date=2021-06-04|publisher=FAO and UNEP|isbn=978-92-5-134469-9|language=en|chapter=Chapter 4: Environmental, health and socio-economic impacts of soil|doi=10.4060/cb4894en}}</ref> * Iri uzuzu ma ọ bụ ala n'onwe ya * Iri nri ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri a na-akụ n'ala emetọ ma ọ bụ na nri na-emetụta ihe na-emetọ emetọ * Mmetụta akpụkpọ ahụ na uzuzu ma ọ bụ ala * Mmiri si n'ala * Ịekuru uzuzu mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ n'ala ma ọ bụ ebe ikuku na-efe Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ nnyocha na-eme atụmatụ na pasenti iri itoolu nke ikpughe bụ site na iri nri na-emetọ emetọ.<ref name=":0"/> === Nsonaazụ ya === Mmetụta ahụike sitere na mmetọ ala dịgasị iche iche dabere na ụdị mmetọ, ụzọ mwakpo, na adịghị ike nke ndị a na-ahụ. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-atụ aro na ọgwụ ahụhụ na ọla dị arọ n'ime ala nwere ike imerụ ahụike obi, gụnyere ọzịza na mgbanwe na elekere dị n'ime ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=European Society of Cardiology|date=7 July 2022|title=Now cardiovascular researchers are worried about soil pollution|url=https://yakhte.com/2022/07/11/now-cardiovascular-researchers-are-worried-about-soil-pollution/|work=Yakhte.com}}</ref> Mmetụta na-adịghị ala ala na chromium, ọtụrụ, na ọla ndị ọzọ, mmanụ, solvents, na ọtụtụ ọgwụ ahụhụ na herbicide nwere ike ibute ọrịa cancer, nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ọmụmụ, ma ọ bụ nwere ike ịkpalite ọnọdụ ahụike ndị ọzọ na-adịghị elu. Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma ọ bụ nke mmadụ mepụtara nke ihe ndị na-apụta n'okike, dị ka nitrate na ammonia jikọtara ya na nsị anụ ụlọ site na ọrụ ugbo, achọpụtakwala dị ka ihe ize ndụ ahụike n'ala na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.<ref>[http://yosemite.epa.gov/water/owrcCatalog.nsf/065ca07e299b464685256ce50075c11a/383316fae0e9065285256cfd0048e1d2!OpenDocument yosemite.epa.gov]</ref> A maara na ikpughe benzene na-adịghị ala ala na oke zuru oke nwere njikọ na oke leukemia. A maara Mercury na cyclodienes ka ha na-akpata ihe dị elu nke mmebi akụrụ na ụfọdụ ọrịa ndị a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. PCBs na cyclodienes nwere njikọ na nsị imeju. Organophosphates na carbonates nwere ike ịkpata usoro mmeghachi omume na-eduga na mgbochi neuromuscular. Ọtụtụ solvents chlorinated na-akpata mgbanwe imeju, mgbanwe akụrụ, na ịda mbà nke usoro akwara etiti. E nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta ahụike ndị ọzọ dị ka isi ọwụwa, agbọ onunu, ike ọgwụgwụ, iwe anya na akpụkpọ ahụ maka ihe ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu na kemịkal ndị ọzọ. Na dosages zuru oke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mmetọ ala nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ site na ikpughe site na mmetụ aka, iku ume ma ọ bụ iri ihe mmetọ na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke mmeto site na ala. Gọọmentị Scotland enyewo ụlọ ọrụ Institute of Occupational Medicine ọrụ ka ha nyochaa usoro iji nyochaa ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike mmadụ site na ala emetọ. Ebumnuche zuru oke nke ọrụ a bụ ịrụ ọrụ nduzi nke kwesịrị [[Iba|ịba]] uru nye ndị isi obodo Scotland n'ịtụle ma saịtị na-anọchite anya nnukwu ohere nke nnukwu mmerụ ahụ (SPOSH) na ahụike mmadụ. A na-atụ anya na mmepụta nke ọrụ ahụ ga-abụ akwụkwọ dị mkpirikpi na-enye nduzi dị elu na nyocha ihe ize ndụ ahụike na-ezo aka na nduzi na usoro ndị e bipụtara ugbu a nke a chọpụtara dị ka ndị dị mkpa ma na-enyere aka. Ọrụ ahụ ga-enyocha etu e si mepụta ntuziaka iwu maka ikpebi nnabata nke ihe ize ndụ na ahụike mmadụ ma tụọ aro ụzọ iji nyochaa ihe mejupụtara ihe ize ndụ a na-anabataghị na-agbaso ụkpụrụ maka SPOSH dịka akọwapụtara na iwu na Ntuziaka Iwu Scotland. == Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Sanitation_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Mmiri na ihe mkpofu na-emetọ mpaghara a na-eme ka gburugburu ebe obibi ghara ịdị ọcha]] Ọ bụghị na mberede, mmetọ ala nwere ike inwe nnukwu ihe na-emerụ ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>Michael Hogan, Leda Patmore, Gary Latshaw and Harry Seidman ''[[Computer model|Computer modelng]] of pesticide transport in soil for five instrumented watersheds'', prepared for the U.S. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] Southeast Water laboratory, Athens, Ga. by ESL Inc., Sunnyvale, California (1973)</ref> Enwere mgbanwe kemịkalụ ala siri ike nke nwere ike ịpụta site na ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ kemịkal dị ize ndụ ọbụna na obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị mmetọ. Mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike igosi na mgbanwe nke metabolism nke microorganisms na [[Arthropod|arthropods]] bi na gburugburu ala enyere. Nsonaazụ ya nwere ike ịbụ mkpochapụ nke ụfọdụ n'ime usoro nri bụ isi, nke n'aka nke ya nwere ike inwe nnukwu nsonaazụ maka anụ na-eri anụ ma ọ bụ ụdị ndị na-eri. Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na mmetụta kemikalu na ụdị ndụ dị ala dị obere, ọkwa pyramid dị ala nke usoro nri nwere ike iri kemịkal ndị ọzọ, nke na-abụkarị ihe na-elekwasị anya maka ọkwa ọ bụla na-eri nri. A maara ọtụtụ n'ime mmetụta ndị a nke ọma ugbu a, dị ka njupụta nke ihe DDT na-adịgide adịgide maka ndị na-azụ nnụnụ, na-eduga n'ike ọgwụgwụ nke mkpokoro àkwá, mmụba ọnwụ ụmụ ọkụkọ na njedebe nke ụdị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jayaraj|first=Ravindran|date=December 2016|title=Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment|journal=Interdisciplinary Toxicology|volume=9|issue=3–4|pages=90–100|doi=10.1515/intox-2016-0012|issn=1337-6853|pmid=28652852}}</ref> Mmetụta na-eme na ala ugbo nke nwere ụdị mmetọ ala ụfọdụ. Ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na-agbanwekarị metabolism nke osisi, na-akpatakarị mbelata nke ihe ọkụkụ. Nke a nwere mmetụta nke abụọ na nchekwa ala, ebe ọ bụ na ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị ike enweghị ike ichebe ala ụwa pụọ na mbuze. Ụfọdụ n'ime kemikalu ndị a na-emetọ ihe nwere ogologo oge ọkara ndụ na n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, a na-emepụta kemikalu sitere na mbibi nke mmetọ ala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The chemical nature and properties of soil contaminants|url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb4894en/online/src/html/chapter-02-2.html|accessdate=2022-07-10|year=2021|doi=10.4060/cb4894en|isbn=978-92-5-134469-9|language=en}}</ref> === Mmetụta ndị nwere ike ime site na mmetọ na ọrụ ala === Mmetụta dị arọ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetọ ala nwere ike imetụta ọrụ, ihe mejupụtara ụdị na ọtụtụ nke akpọrọ microorganisms nke ala, si otú ahụ na-eyi ọrụ ala egwu dị ka cycling nke carbon na nitrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rijk|first=Ingrid J. C.|date=April 2020|title=Carbon and nitrogen cycling in a lead polluted grassland evaluated using stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and microbial, plant and soil parameters|journal=Plant and Soil|language=en|volume=449|issue=1–2|pages=249–266|doi=10.1007/s11104-020-04467-7|issn=0032-079X}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mmetọ ala nwekwara ike ịghọ obere bioavailable site n'oge, na microorganisms na ecosystems nwere ike ime mgbanwe na ọnọdụ gbanwere. Ihe onwunwe ala dị ka pH, ihe dị n'ime ala na ọdịdị dị ezigbo mkpa ma gbanwee njem, bioavailability na nsị nke mmetọ n'ala emetọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801654870|title=Heavy metals in soils|date=2012|publisher=Springer|others=B. J. Alloway|isbn=978-94-007-4470-7|edition=3rd|location=Dordrecht|oclc=801654870}}</ref> Otu ihe mmetọ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egbu egbu n'otu ala mana ọ dịghị emerụ ahụ n'ala ọzọ. Nke a na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị nyocha na usoro ihe ize ndụ nke ala. == Nhọrọ nhicha == Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na-enyocha nhicha ma ọ bụ mgbazi gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ndị na-eji nyocha nke kemikalu ala ma na-etinye ụdị kọmputa (GIS na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi) maka nyochaa njem na ọdịnihu nke kemịl ala.<ref>S.K. Gupta, C.T. Kincaid, P.R. Mayer, C.A. Newbill and C.R. Cole, "A multidimensional finite element code for the analysis of coupled fluid, energy and solute transport", [[Battelle Memorial Institute|Battelle]] Pacific Northwest Laboratory PNL-2939, EPA contract 68-03-3116 (1982)</ref> E mepụtara teknụzụ dị iche iche maka idozi ala na ala na-emetọ mmanụ. E nwere ọtụtụ atụmatụ isi maka idozi:<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Agarwal|first=A.|year=2015|title=Remediation technologies for oil-contaminated sediments|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=101|issue=2|pages=483–490|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.010|pmid=26414316}}</ref> * Gwuo ala ma buru ya gaa n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa site na ụzọ dị njikere maka mmekọrịta mmadụ ma ọ bụ nke dị nro. Usoro a na-emetụtakwa ịdọrọ apịtị nwere nsí. * Mmiri nke ala n'ebe emetọ (nke nwere ihe ize ndụ nke ịmepụta [[mmetọ ikuku]]) * Mgbanwe okpomọkụ site na iwebata okpomọkụ iji bulie okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru ala nke ọma iji mee ka mmetọ kemịkal na-apụ n'ime ala maka iwepụta ikuku. Nkà na ụzụ gụnyere ISTD, ọkụ eletrik (ERH), na ET-DSP. * Bioremediation, nke na-agụnye mgbari nke ụfọdụ kemịkalụ. Usoro eji eme ihe na bioremediation gụnyere ọrụ ugbo ala, biostimulation na bioaugmentating soil biota na microflora dị na ahịa. * Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ma ọ bụ ikuku ala na usoro eletromechanical na-arụ ọrụ, na-ewepụ ihe na-emetọ ihe site na ihe a na-ewepụta. * Njide nke mmetọ ala (dị ka site na ikpuchi ma ọ bụ paving n'ebe). * Phytoremediation, ma ọ bụ iji osisi (dị ka willow) wepụta ọla dị arọ. * Mycoremediation, ma ọ bụ iji fungus mee ka ihe na-emetọ ihe ma na-akwakọta ọla dị arọ. * Mgbanwe nke mmanụ na-emetọ site na microbubbles ikuku na-emebi onwe ya.<ref>A. Agarwal, Y. Zhou, Y. Liu (2016) Remediation of oil contaminated sand with self-collapsing air microbubbles. Environmental Science and Pollution Research DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7601-5</ref> * Mmiri na-agbapụta n'elu mmiri * Interfacial solar evaporation iji wepụta ion metal dị arọ site na ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wu|first=Pan|date=2021-09-05|title=Interfacial solar evaporation driven lead removal from a contaminated soil|journal=EcoMat|volume=3|issue=5|doi=10.1002/eom2.12140|issn=2567-3173}}</ref> == Site na mba == Ụkpụrụ mba dị iche iche maka njupụta nke ụfọdụ mmetọ gụnyere ndị akpọrọ United States EPA Region itoolu Preliminary Remediation Goals (U.S. PRGs), US EPA Region 3 Risk Based Concentrations (U.s. EPA RBCs) na National Environment Protection Council of [[Ostraliya|Australia]] Guideline on Investigation Levels in Soil and Groundwater. === [[China|People's Republic of China]] === Uto dị ukwuu na nke na-aga n'ihu nke [[China|People's Republic of China]] kemgbe afọ 1970 emeela ka ọnụahịa ala ahụ dị na mmụba nke mmetọ ala. Ministri nke Ecology na Environment kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe iyi egwu nye gburugburu ebe obibi, nchekwa nri na ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide. Dabere na nnwale sayensị, nde otu narị na iri ise mu (otu nde narị skwer kilomita) nke ala a na-akọ ugbo na China emetọla, na-eji mmiri emetọ emetọ eme ihe iji gbaa mmiri ọzọ iri atọ na abụọ pom ise nde mu (nde abụọ na otu narị isii na iri ase skwer kilomita) na nde mu abụọ ọzọ (otu nde narị atọ Skwer kilomita) kpuchiri ma ọ bụ mebie ya site na ihe mkpofu siri ike. N'ozuzu, mpaghara ahụ bụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ala a na-akọ ugbo na China, ọ dịkwa n'ógbè ndị mepere emepe. A na-eme atụmatụ na nde tọn iri na abụọ nke ọka na-emetọ site na ọla dị arọ kwa afọ, na-akpata mfu nke ijeri yuan iri abụọ ($ 2.57 ijeri USD).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/724-Facing-up-to-invisible-pollution- |title=Facing up to "invisible pollution" |accessdate=2023-05-29 |archivedate=2019-06-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626093321/https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/724-Facing-up-to-invisible-pollution- }}</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na pasenti iri na itoolu nke ala ugbo emetọla nke nwere ọla dị arọ na metalloids. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọla ndị a dị arọ n'ime ala amụbaala nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhao|first=Fang-Jie|date=2015-01-20|title=Soil Contamination in China: Current Status and Mitigation Strategies|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es5047099|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|language=en|volume=49|issue=2|pages=750–759|doi=10.1021/es5047099|pmid=25514502|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> === Njikọ Europe === Dabere na data natara site na mba ndị otu, na European Union ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebe ndị a na-eme atụmatụ na ha nwere ike imerụ ahụ karịrị nde abụọ pom ise na ebe ndị a chọpụtara na ha emetụla ihe dị ka puku narị ato iri anọ na abụọ.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|author=Panagos|first=Panos|date=2013|title=Contaminated Sites in Europe: Review of the Current Situation Based on Data Collected through a European Network|journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health|language=en|volume=2013|pages=158764|doi=10.1155/2013/158764|pmid=23843802|issn=1687-9805}}</ref> Ihe mkpofu obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-enye aka na mmetọ ala (pasenti iri atọ na asatọ), na-esote ụlọ ọrụ mmepe / azụmahịa (pasenti iri ato na anọ ). Mmanụ ala na ọla dị arọ bụ isi ihe na-emetọ ihe na-enye aka na pasenti iri isii na mmetọ ala. N'ihe gbasara mmefu ego, a na-eme atụmatụ na njikwa nke ebe ndị emetọ ga-efu ihe dị ka ijeri Euro isii (€) kwa afọ.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> === [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] === Ntuziaka n'ozuzu nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] bụ Ala Guideline Values nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Nri na Mmekọrịta Ime Obodo (DEFRA) na Ngalaba Na'Oké Ala bipụtara. Ndị a bụ ụkpụrụ nyocha nke na-egosi ọkwa dị ala nke ihe. N'elu nke a, enweghị ike ịnwe mmesi obi ike n'ihe gbasara nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke mmerụ ahụ mmadụ. A na-enweta ihe ndị a site na iji Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment Model (CLEA UK). A na-enye ụfọdụ ntinye ntinye dị ka Health Criteria Values, afọ na ojiji ala na CLEA UK iji nweta mmepụta nwere ike [citation needed]. Ntuziaka site na ndị akpọrọ Inter Departmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land (ICRCL) ka DEFRA wepụrụ, maka iji ya dị ka akwụkwọ na-enye iwu iji chọpụta mkpa ọ dị imezi ma ọ bụ nyocha ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.contaminatedland.co.uk/std-guid/icrcl-l.htm|title=www.ContaminatedLAND.co.uk - ICRCL 59/83 Trigger Concentrations|accessdate=2016-05-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009165821/http://www.contaminatedland.co.uk/std-guid/icrcl-l.htm|archivedate=2016-10-09}}</ref> Ihe nlereanya CLEA nke DEFRA na Environment Agency (EA) bipụtara n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2002 setịpụrụ usoro maka nyocha kwesịrị ekwesị nke ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike mmadụ site na ala emetọ, dị ka akụkụ IIA nke Iwu Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi 1990 chọrọ. Dị ka akụkụ nke usoro a, e mepụtara ụkpụrụ nduzi ala (SGVs) ugbu a maka mmetọ iri iji mee ihe dị ka "ụkpụrụ ntinye aka".<ref>{{Cite web|title=What are "Soil Guideline Values" and which should I use?|url=https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/soil-horizons/soil-horizons-articles/soil-guideline-values/|accessdate=2022-07-10|work=Manaaki Whenua|language=en-US}}</ref> A gaghị ele ụkpụrụ ndị a anya dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ mana ụkpụrụ ndị dị n'elu nke a ga-atụle nyocha zuru ezu; lee ụkpụrụ Dutch. E mepụtara usoro atọ nke CLEA SGVs maka iji ala eme ihe atọ dị iche iche, ya bụ, * ebe obibi (na-enweghị osisi) * nkewa * azụmahịa / ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe Ebumnuche ya bụ na SGVs ga-anọchi ụkpụrụ ICRCL mbụ. CLEA SGVs na-emetụta ịtụle ihe ize ndụ na-adịghị ala ala (ogologo oge) na ahụike mmadụ ma ọ naghị emetụta nchebe nke ndị ọrụ ala n'oge owuwu, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịnata dịka mmiri n'okpuru ala, ụlọ, osisi ma ọ bụ usoro okike ndị ọzọ. CLEA SGVs anaghị arụ ọrụ kpọmkwem na saịtị kpuchiri kpamkpam na ihe siri ike, ebe ọ bụ na enweghị ụzọ mmeghe kpọmkwem na ala emetọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LCRM: Stage 1 risk assessment|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/land-contamination-risk-management-lcrm/lcrm-stage-1-risk-assessment|accessdate=2022-07-10|work=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e bipụtara iri mbụ n'ime iri ise na ise na-emetọ SGVs, maka ihe ndị a: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, inorganic mercury, nickel, selenium ethyl benzene, phenol na toluene. E mepụtara atụmatụ SGVs maka benzene, naphthalene na xylene mana mbipụta ha na-echere. E bipụtara data toxicological (Tox) maka nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a nakwa maka benzo[a]pyrene, benzene, dioxins, furans na PCBs dị ka dioxin, naphthalene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane na 1,1,1,2 tetrachloethane, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, tetrachlene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethene, trichloroene na xylene. SGVs maka ethyl benzene, phenol na toluene na-adabere na ihe dị n'ime ala (SOM) (nke enwere ike ịgbakọ site na ngụkọta carbon (TOC) ọdịnaya). Dị ka ihuenyo mbụ, a na-ewere SGVs maka 1% SOM dị ka kwesịrị ekwesị. [citation needed] === [[Kánada|Canada]] === Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2021, e nwere ngụkọta nke ebe nde abụọ narị ise na ebe ndị e metọrọ emetọ na [[Kánada|Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=contenu|first=English name of the content author / Nom en anglais de l'auteur du|date=1994-01-01|title=English title / Titre en anglais|url=https://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/fcsi-rscf/cen-eng.aspx?dataset=prov&sort=name|accessdate=2021-02-19|work=www.tbs-sct.gc.ca}}</ref> Otu ebe a na-emetọ emetọ dị nso na ebe a na'ebe a na-agbaze nickel-copper na Sudbury, Ontario. Nnyocha na-enyocha mmetọ ígwè dị arọ n'akụkụ ebe a na-agbaze ihe na-ekpughe na a chọtara ọkwa dị elu nke nickel na ọla kọpa n'ime ala; uru dị elu dị ka nde ise otu narị na anọ ppm,Ni, na nde abụọ narị asatọ iri itoolu na abụọ ppm Cu n'ime kilomita otu pom otu nke ebe a na na-agbapụta ihe. A chọpụtakwara ọla ndị ọzọ n'ime ala; ọla ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere ígwè, cobalt, na ọlaọcha. Ọzọkwa, mgbe a na-enyocha ahịhịa dị iche iche gbara ebe a na-agbaze ihe, o doro anya na ha metụtakwara ya; nsonaazụ na-egosi na osisi ndị ahụ nwere nickel, ọla kọpa na aluminum n'ihi mmetọ ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hutchinson|first=T. C.|date=1974|title=Heavy-metal Pollution in the Sudbury Mining and Smelting Region of Canada, I. Soil and Vegetation Contamination by Nickel, Copper, and Other Metals|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environmental-conservation/article/abs/heavymetal-pollution-in-the-sudbury-mining-and-smelting-region-of-canada-i-soil-and-vegetation-contamination-by-nickel-copper-and-other-metals/F2AB075780381015B120FC8D63DCE353|journal=Environmental Conservation|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=123–132|doi=10.1017/S0376892900004240|issn=1469-4387}}</ref> === [[Ndia|India]] === N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2009, mbipụta nke nsị uranium na Punjab dọtara mgbasa ozi. A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ntụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-efe efe kpatara ya, nke a kọrọ na ọ na-eduga na nkwarụ ọmụmụ siri ike n'ime ụmụaka na mpaghara Faridkot na Bhatinda nke Punjab. Akụkọ akụkọ kwuru na ọkwa uranium karịrị okpukpu iri isii karịa oke nchekwa.<ref name="fa">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Uranium-deforms-kids-in-Faridkot/articleshow/4347313.cms|title=Uranium deforms kids in Faridkot|date=2 April 2009|work=The Times of India|first=Priya|author=Yadav}}</ref><ref name="bc">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7979022.stm|title=Punjab disability 'uranium link'|date=2 April 2009|publisher=BBC News|first=Asit|author=Jolly}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, Gọọmentị India kwupụtara na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na Malwa belt nke Punjab nwere uranium metal nke dị 50% karịa ókè nke United Nations 'World Health Organization (WHO) setịpụrụ.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=85937 Uranium in Ground Water] Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India (2012)</ref> Nnyocha sayensị, dabere na ihe karịrị otu nde nlereanya site na ebe nnwale dị iche iche, enweghị ike ịchọpụta isi iyi na-efe efe na isi iyi ọ bụla sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị ka ebubo mbụ. Nnyocha ahụ kpughekwara na uranium dị n'ime mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke mpaghara Malwa abụghị okpukpu 60 nke oke WHO, mana naanị pasenti iri ise karịa oke ndị akpọrọ WHO na ebe atọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu a chọtara na nlereanya dị ala karịa ndị a chọtara n'ụzọ okike na mmiri ala nke a na-eji eme ihe ugbu a maka ebumnuche mmadụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ, dị ka [[Finland]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140228040735/http://dae.nic.in/writereaddata/lsus3346.pdf Atomic Energy Report – Malwa Punjab Uranium Q&A] Lok Sabha, Government of India (2012)</ref> A na-eme nnyocha iji chọpụta ihe okike ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ maka uranium. == Hụkwa ==   == Ndemsibia == <references responsive="0"></references> * Panagos, P., Van Liedekerke, M., Yigini, Y., Montanarella, L. (2013) [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2013/158764/ Ebe ndị] merụrụ ahụ na Europe: Nyocha nke Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a dabere na Data anakọtara site na European Network. Journal of Environmental and Public Health In Press. doi:10.1155/2013/158764 == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200812102235/http://www.eugris.info/ Portal maka njikwa ala na mmiri na Europe] Ntinye ozi onwe onye nke European Commission kwadoro maka isiokwu metụtara ala na mmiri, gụnyere ala emetọ, ala na njikwa mmiri. * [http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library/themes/contamination/ European Soil Portal]: Mmetụta ala Na ọkwa EU, nsogbu nke ebe ndị emetọ (mmetọ mpaghara) na ala emetọ (mmetọ diffuse) ka: European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC) tụlere. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190626093321/https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/724-Facing-up-to-invisible-pollution- Isiokwu banyere mmetọ ala na China] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190407163616/http://www.hydrology.nl/iahpublications/70-arsenic-in-groundwater.html Arsenic na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala] Akwụkwọ banyere arsenic na ማይ dị n'ime ala site na IAH's Netherlands Chapter na Netherlands Hydrological Society ixix7o8ev4t7bfrhn132wreb10oqblv Odeakwụkwọ nke European Parliament 0 27332 639093 114118 2026-05-27T05:03:08Z CommonsDelinker 87 Removing [[:c:File:Konrad_Adenauer_building,_July_2014.jpg|Konrad_Adenauer_building,_July_2014.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Konrad Adenauer building, July 2014.jpg|]]. 639093 wikitext text/x-wiki       {| class="infobox" |+ class="infobox-title" id="4" style="font-size: 125%;" |Secretariat of the European Parliament | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Europarl_logo.svg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef" |Agency overview |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Formed | class="infobox-data" |1958<span class="noprint">&#x3B;&#x20;65&nbsp;years ago</span><span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1958</span>)</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Jurisdiction | class="infobox-data" |[[European Parliament]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Headquarters | class="infobox-data" |Konrad Adenauer building, [[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg]], Luxembourg |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Agency executive | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * [[Alessandro Chiocchetti]], odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke European Parliament </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/organisation-and-rules/secretariat www.europa.eu]</span> |} Secretariat nke European Parliament bụ òtù nchịkwa nke European Parliament nke '''odeakwụkwọ''' ukwu na-eduzi. Ọ dị na mpaghara Kirchberg nke Luxembourg City na gburugburu Brussels-Luxembourg Station na Brussels ma were ndị ọrụ 4000 n'ọrụ. == Odeakwụkwọ ukwu == Ọ bụ Bureau of the Parliament na-ahọpụta odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke European Parliament. Ọfịs ahụ na-ahụ maka nchịkwa na inyere onye isi ala, ndị omeiwu na ndị omeiwu aka. Ọ na-emekwa ihe omume azụmaahịa kwa ụbọchị ma na-akwadebe akụkọ ndị bụ isi maka atụmatụ mmefu ego. Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu ga-abịanye aka, ya na onye isi ala, n'omume niile nke ndị omeiwu na kansụl nabatara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/expert/staticDisplay.do?id=54&pageRank=2&language=EN|title=Parliament: Secretariat|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2014-01-17}}</ref> Ndị odeakwụkwọ ukwu ruo ugbu a bụ; * [[:nl:Frits_de_Nerée_tot_Babberich|Frits de Nerée tot Babberich]] (1958–1963) * Hans Nord (1963–1979) * Hans Joachim Opitz (1979–1986) * Enrico Vinci (1986–1997) * [[Julian Priestley]] (1997–2007) * Harald Rømer (2007–2009) * [[Klaus Welle]] (2009–2022) * Alessandro Chiocchetti (2023-present) == Ọrụ Iwu == Ọrụ iwu nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na-adụ ndị otu na ndị otu ọdụ n'ihe gbasara iwu Europe, na-enyere aka n'ịdepụta iwu na ịnọchite anya Nzukọ Ndị Isi na Ụlọikpe. == Ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ == [[Usòrò:The_Secretary-General_European_Parliament.jpg|thumb|Odeakwụkwọ ukwu Klaus Welle na 2022]] [[Usòrò:20180907_Paul-Henri_Spaak_building.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ Paul-Henri Spaak na Brussels]] === Onye isi ala === '''Directorate-General''' for the Presidency ('''DG PRES''') na-ahazi nnọkọ zuru ezu na maka ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere usoro, akwụkwọ ozi, ndebanye aha, ebe nchekwa na nchekwa.<ref>Europarl [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/expert/staticDisplay.do?id=54&pageRank=3&language=EN Directorate-General for the Presidency] June 2009</ref> === Iwu Obodo === '''Directorate-General for Internal Policies''' ('''DG IPOL''') na-ahụ maka inyere ọrụ nke kọmitii ndị omeiwu na ndị isi oche ha aka yana ịhazi mmekọrịta na imekọ ihe ọnụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na ndị omeiwu mba.<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/expert/staticDisplay.do?id=54&pageRank=4&language=EN Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union] June 2009</ref> DG na-enyekwa ndị otu na kọmitii ozi ọkachamara na nyocha. Nke a bụ ọrụ nke Ngalaba Iwu ndị na-emepụta ọmụmụ ihe, mgbe a rịọrọ ha, na isiokwu maka ndị otu. Otu ngalaba iwu a kapịrị ọnụ bụ '''STOA''' ngalaba nyocha nke Science and Technology Options nke na-adụ kọmitii na ndị otu ọdụ na isiokwu ndị dị otú ahụ. === Iwu Mba Ọzọ === '''Directorate-General''' for External Policies ('''DG''' EXPO) na-ahụ maka inyere ndị nnọchi anya, kọmitii na ndị isi oche ha aka n'ọrụ yana ịhazi mmekọrịta na imekọ ihe ọnụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, ndị omeiwu mba na ndị mba ọzọ. Ọ bụkwa ọkara nke odeakwụkwọ nke ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly, Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly. DG na-ahazi ma nleta ndị nnọchiteanya na steeti ndị na-abụghị EU na nleta ndị omeiwu site na ndị nnọchite anya steeti.<ref>European Parliament news service [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=EN&type=IM-PRESS&reference=20080429IPR27904 MEPs in Afghanistan condemn attack on Kabul parade], April 29, 2008</ref><ref>Europarl website [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/expert/staticDisplay.do?id=54&pageRank=5&language=EN Directorate-General for External Policies], April 2008</ref> DG na-enyekwa ndị otu na kọmitii ozi ọkachamara na nyocha na isiokwu ndị metụtara mba ndị ọzọ. Nke a bụ ọrụ nke Ngalaba Iwu nke na-emepụta ọmụmụ, mgbe a rịọrọ ya, na isiokwu maka ndị otu. A na-ebipụta ọmụmụ ihe ndị a, nke ndị omeiwu Europe na-emepụta ma ọ bụ maka ha, na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Europarl.<ref>Europarl [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/activities/committees/studies.do?language=EN Policy Departments. Search for studies]</ref> === Ọrụ Nnyocha nke Ndị omeiwu Europe ===   European Parliamentary Research Service ('''DG EPRS''') bụ ngalaba nyocha na ụlọ '''ọrụ''' na-eche echiche nke European Parliament. Ebumnuche ya bụ inyere ndị otu European Parliament aka n'ọrụ ha site n'inye ha nyocha onwe ha, nke ziri ezi na nke nwere ikike, na nyocha na, okwu iwu metụtara European Union. Emere ya iji mụbaa ikike nke ndị otu na kọmitii EP iji nyochaa ma lekọta European Commission na ndị isi EU ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/en/20150201PVL00031/European-Parliamentary-Research-Service|title=European Parliamentary Research Service|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2017-08-24}}</ref> === Nkwurịta okwu === '''Directorate-General for Communication''' ('''DG COMM''') na-ahụ maka ozi ọha na eze na mgbasa ozi. Ndị ọrụ ya gụnyere ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ndị omeiwu (nke bụ Jaume Duch Guillot ugbu a), ọrụ mgbasa ozi na netwọk nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ọha na eze gafee steeti ndị otu. Ọ na-ejikwa ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Europarl.<ref>[http://europarl.europa.eu Europarl.europa.eu]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/expert/staticDisplay.do?id=54&pageRank=6&language=EN|title=Directorate-General for Communication|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2014-01-17}}</ref> === Ndị ọrụ === '''Directorate-General''' for Personnel (DG PERS) na-ahụ maka ndị ọrụ nke '''DG''' ndị ọzọ, gụnyere inye ndị ọrụ ohere maka ọzụzụ ọrụ. === Ihe owuwu na nhazi === [[Usòrò:CantinesEUbrussel.jpg|thumb|"Igbe mbugharị" nke European Parliament, nke a na-akpọ "cantines", dị njikere ka e si na Brussels buru ya gaa Strasbourg ebe a ga-enwe nnọkọ zuru ezu. Kwa ọnwa, EP na-agagharị na azụ iji mezuo ọrụ EU iji nwee nzukọ na France.]] '''Directorate-General for Infrastructure and Logistics''' ('''DG INLO''') na-elekọta ụlọ nke European Parliament (gbasa na Strasbourg, Brussels na Luxembourg) na ọfịs na ngwá ọrụ ndị otu ya. === Nsụgharị === '''Directorate-General for Translation''' ('''DG TRAD''') bụ ọrụ maka ntụgharị ederede nke akwụkwọ ndị omeiwu. === Nkọwa na Nzukọ === '''Directorate-General for Logistics and Interpretation for Conferences''' ('''DG LINC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europarl.europa.eu/the-secretary-general/fr/organisation/directorates-general|title=Directions générales &#124; le Secrétaire-Général &#124; Parlement européen}}</ref>''') na-elekọta ụlọ nzukọ na ntụgharị maka nzukọ niile nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ haziri. === Ego === Directorate-General for Finance (DG FINS) na-ahụ maka mmefu ego na ego nke ndị omeiwu. Ịkwadebe na ịlele mmefu ego na nlekota mmejuputa ya. Ọ bụkwa ọrụ maka ndekọ ego na ọrụ akụ na ụba yana ego ndị MEP. === Ihe ọhụrụ na nkwado teknụzụ === '''DG Innovation''' and Technological Support ('''DG ITEC''') nwere The Directorate for Information Technologies (DIT), etiti ITC nkwado na kọmpụta na netwọk center na Directorate for Publishing and Distribution nke na-ahụ maka mbipụta nke ihe ndị omeiwu dị ka akwụkwọ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ gọọmentị. === Nchebe === '''Directorate-General''' for Security ('''DG SAFE''') na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka ọrụ ndị omeiwu dị mfe, ka ọ na-enye ndị mmadụ nchebe zuru oke, akụ na ozi ma nwee Directorate A: Proximity and Assistance Security and Safety (PASS), Directorate B: Fire, First aid and Prevention and Directorate C: Strategy and Resources. == Ndị ọrụ == : ''Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2017'' {| class="wikitable" !Ọfịs !Ebe a na-ede akwụkwọ !Aha ya !Ebe e si nweta ya |- |Ọfịs odeakwụkwọ ukwu |Odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke European Parliament |Klaus Welle |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/expert/staticDisplay.do?id=54&pageRank=2&language=EN|title=Secretariat|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2014-01-17}}</ref> |- |Ọrụ Iwu |Onye ọka iwu nke European Parliament |Freddy Drexler |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/expert/staticDisplay.do?id=54&pageRank=13&language=EN|title=Secretariat|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2014-01-17}}</ref> |- |Directorate-General maka Onye isi ala |Onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke European Parliament Director-General |Markus Winkler |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/the-secretary-general/en/organisation/directorate-general-for-the-presidency|title=Directorate-General for the Presidency|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2017-08-24}}</ref> |- |Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union |Onye isi nchịkwa |Riccardo Ribera nke Alcalà |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/expert/staticDisplay.do?id=54&pageRank=4&language=EN|title=Secretariat|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2014-01-17}}</ref> |- |Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union |Onye isi nchịkwa |Luis Marco Aguiriano Nalda |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/expert/staticDisplay.do?id=54&pageRank=5&language=EN|title=Secretariat|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2014-01-17}}</ref> |- |Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services |Onye isi nchịkwa |Anthony Teasdale |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/the-secretary-general/en/organisation/directorate-general-for-parliamentary-research-services|title=Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2017-08-24}}</ref> |- |Directorate-General for Communication |Onye isi nchịkwa |Jaume Duch Guillot |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/the-secretary-general/en/organisation/directorate-general-for-communication|title=Directorate-General for Communication|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2017-08-24}}</ref> |- |Directorate-General maka ndị ọrụ |Onye isi nchịkwa (na-eme ihe nkiri) |Kristian Knudsen |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/the-secretary-general/en/organisation/directorate-general-for-personnel|title=Directorate-General for Personnel|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2017-08-24}}</ref> |- |Directorate-General for Infrastructure and Logistics |Onye isi nchịkwa |Leena Maria Linnus |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/the-secretary-general/en/organisation/directorate-general-for-infrastructure-and-logistics|title=Directorate-General for Infrastructure and Logistics|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2017-08-24}}</ref> |- |Directorate-General for Translation |Onye isi nchịkwa |Valter Mavrič |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/the-secretary-general/en/organisation/directorate-general-for-translation|title=Directorate-General for Translation|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2017-08-24}}</ref> |- |Directorate-General maka Nkọwa na Nzukọ |Onye isi nchịkwa |Agnieszka Walter-Drop |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/expert/staticDisplay.do?id=54&pageRank=10&language=EN|title=Secretariat|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2014-01-17}}</ref> |- |Directorate-General maka ego |Onye isi nchịkwa |Didier Klethi |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/the-secretary-general/en/organisation/directorate-general-for-finance|title=Directorate-General for Finance|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2017-08-24}}</ref> |- |Directorate-General for Innovation and Technological Support |Onye isi nchịkwa |Walter Petrucci (onye na-eme ihe nkiri) |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/expert/staticDisplay.do?id=54&pageRank=12&language=EN|title=Secretariat|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2014-01-17}}</ref> |- |Directorate-General maka Nchebe |Onye isi nchịkwa |Elio Carozza |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/the-secretary-general/en/organisation/directorate-general-for-security|title=Directorate-General for Security|publisher=Europarl.europa.eu|date=|accessdate=2017-08-24}}</ref> |} == Hụkwa == * Directorates-General (nke Commission) * Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Europe na Luxembourg * Ụlọ ọrụ nke European Union * Ebe ụlọ ọrụ European Union dị == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/expert/staticDisplay.do?language=EN&id=54 Odeakwụkwọ nke European Parliament] * Subcommittee on Security and Defence Minutes Meeting of 6 March 2008 Page 5, Ndepụta nke DGs. {{Europarl}}  [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mneh7ptwjrrwsa2zfqcpm2xl6yu9ies Mgbasa Ozi Mgbasa Osisi 0 28890 639094 364702 2026-05-27T05:10:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639094 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Plant for the planet - Kuala Gula - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa Ozi Mgbasa Osisi]] '''Mgbasa ozi''' Trillion Tree bụ ọrụ nke na-ezube ịkụ otu puku ijeri osisi n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=One trillion trees - uniting the world to save forests and climate|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/one-trillion-trees-world-economic-forum-launches-plan-to-help-nature-and-the-climate/|accessdate=8 October 2020|work=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref> Ọ na-achọ iweghachite osisi ndị dị n'ụwa ma lụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ dị ka ihe ngwọta sitere na okike. A malitere ọrụ ahụ na PlantAhead 2018 na Monaco site na Plant-for-the-Planet.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 March 2018|title=Trillion Trees campaign launched in Monaco by Felix Finkbeiner with support from Prince Albert|url=https://monacoreporter.com/2018/03/14/trillion-trees-campaign-launched-in-monaco-by-felix-finkbeiner-with-support-from-prince-albert/|accessdate=5 December 2020|work=Monaco Reporter|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2018|title=Plant Ahead: the Trillion Tree 'revolution' to save the Planet starts from the Principality of Monaco|url=https://www.hellomonaco.com/news/latest-news/plant-ahead-the-trillion-tree-revolution-to-save-the-planet-starts-from-the-principality-of-monaco/|accessdate=5 December 2020|work=HelloMonaco|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 November 2018|title=Felix Finkbeiner is trying for the trillion|url=https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/30964/felix-finkbeiner-is-trying-for-the-trillion/|accessdate=5 December 2020|work=Landscape News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=28 October 2018|title=Rooting for Our Planet|url=https://www.esri.com/about/newsroom/arcnews/rooting-for-our-planet/|accessdate=5 December 2020|work=Esri|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2018, e bipụtara ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị ahụ iji debanye aha, nyochaa, ma nye onyinye osisi maka ọrụ mgbake ọhịa gburugburu ụwa.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Hub|first=IISD's SDG Knowledge|title=Plant-for-the-Planet App Supports Trillion Tree Campaign {{!}} News {{!}} SDG Knowledge Hub {{!}} IISD|url=https://sdg.iisd.org:443/news/plant-for-the-planet-app-supports-trillion-tree-campaign/|accessdate=5 December 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi a bụ ihe na-aga n'ihu na ọrụ nke Mgbasa Ozi Billion Tree, nke Wangari Maathai, onye guzobere Green Belt Movement na Africa na 1977. {{As of|2021|05|30}}, 164 restoration projects participate in the campaign and 13.96 billion (1.396% of the goal) trees have been planted worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://trilliontreecampaign.org/|accessdate=30 May 2021|work=Trillion Tree Campaign – Together let's plant a Trillion Trees!|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Mgbasa Ozi Banyere Otu ijeri Osisi === Green Belt Movement malitere ọrụ ya n'Africa n'afọ 1977, wee kụọ ihe karịrị nde osisi iri atọ.<ref>Simon N Gosling (2012) — [https://books.google.com/books?id=NiuS8g5cnxMC Sustainability: The Geography Perspective], 13th page of chapter 6, [[University of Nottingham]] January 2013, — accessed 25 January 2020</ref> Mgbasa ozi Billion Tree sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke onye nwetara ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize Wangari Maathai, onye guzobere Green Belt Movement. Mgbe onye isi na United States gwara Maathai na ụlọ ọrụ ha na-eme atụmatụ ịkụ otu nde osisi, nzaghachi ya bụ: "Nke ahụ dị ukwuu, mana ihe anyị chọrọ n'ezie bụ ịkụ otu ijeri osisi. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/|title=The Green Belt Movement|work=www.greenbeltmovement.org|accessdate=2023-08-14|archivedate=2019-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922064433/http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/}}</ref> Ndị United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) malitere ọrụ a na 2006 n'okpuru nkwado nke Prince Albert II nke Monaco na World Agroforestry Center-ICRAF dị ka nzaghachi nye ihe ịma aka nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, yana n'ọtụtụ buru ibu nke nkwado. ihe ịma aka sitere na mmiri na-efunahụ ihe dị iche iche, [emezughị nkwenye] wee mezuo ebumnuche mbụ nke ịkụ otu ijeri osisi na 2007. Osisi ijeri, nke a na-akpọkarị olive olive, ka a kụrụ na Etiopia na Nọvemba 2007. Na 2008, ebumnobi mkpọsa ahụ. e buliri ya ruo ijeri osisi asaa, ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke karịrị ọnwa atọ tupu ebumnobi ya n’ọgbakọ mgbanwe ihu igwe e nwere na Copenhagen, Denmark, na December 2009.. Osisi nke ijeri abụọ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ dị ka akụkụ nke United Nation's World Food Programme agroforestry initiative. E merezi ka ebumnuche mkpọsa ahụ ruo ijeri osisi asaa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNEP Billion Tree Campaign Hands Over to the Young People of the Plant-for-the-Planet Foundation|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=2661&ArticleID=8978&l=en|accessdate=2023-08-14|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064717/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=2661&ArticleID=8978&l=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2009, UNEP kwadoro ọrụ n'ụwa niile site na mkpọsa "Twitter for Trees". UNEP kwere nkwa ịkụ otu osisi iji tinye nri n'ime mkpọsa Billion Tree maka onye ọ bụla na-eso ụzọ sonyeere site na 5 Mee 2009 ruo World Environment Day na 5 June 2009. Mgbasa ozi ahụ gara nke ọma, na mmadụ 10,300 na-esote peeji nke World Environment Day. Òtù World Organization of the Scout Movement kụrụkwa osisi n'okpuru mkpọsa ahụ, n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na iwu ya ịmụ na ichebe okike n'ọtụtụ mba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Your Planet Needs You! Unite to Combat Climate Change on World Environment Day|url=http://www.scout.org/en/information_events/media_centre/press_room/press_releases/steve_broke_the_record/news/your_planet_needs_you|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130822143524/http://www.scout.org/en/information_events/media_centre/press_room/press_releases/steve_broke_the_record/news/your_planet_needs_you|archivedate=22 August 2013}}</ref> Ọrụ udo nke United Nations sonyekwara na mkpọsa ahụ ma kụọ osisi n'ime ọrụ ha na East Timor, Ivory Coast, Darfur, Lebanon, Haiti, Congo, na Liberia, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tree Planting Campaign Hits Four Billion Mark|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=589&ArticleID=6200&l=en|accessdate=2023-08-14|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060115/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=589&ArticleID=6200&l=en}}</ref> === Mgbe mkpọsa ahụ gasịrị === Felix Finkbeiner gwara United Nations okwu n'okwu imeghe International Year of Forest 2011, na-ekwu, sị: "Ugbu a bụ oge anyị ga-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ. Anyị na-ejikọta ndị agha anyị, ndị agadi na ndị ntorobịa, ndị ọgaranya na ndị ogbenye; na ọnụ, anyị nwere ike ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ. trillion osisi. Anyị nwere ike ịmalite Mgbasa Ozi Osisi Trillion." N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2011, mgbe a kụrụ ihe karịrị ijeri osisi iri na abụọ, UNEP nyefere n'aka ndị ntorobịa anaghị akwụ ụgwọ maka Plant-for-the-Planet Foundation (otu òtù nke na-ekere òkè na Billion Tree). Mgbasa ozi kemgbe 2007), dabere na Tutzing, Germany. Oge aga n'ihu kemgbe, yana ndị nnọchi anya ndị ntorobịa 40,000 na-agbasa ozi ahụ n'ihe karịrị mba 100.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121113090623/http://www.unep.org/NewsCentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2661 UNEP. (7 December 2011). "UNEP Billion Tree Campaign Hands Over to the Young People of the Plant-for-the-Planet Foundation."] Accessed: 26 September 2013.</ref> N'afọ 2015, onye nchọpụta Tom Crowther chọpụtara na ihe dị ka puku osisi atọ dị n'ụwa ma mesịa mee atụmatụ na ịkụ puku osisi abụọ ọzọ ga-egbochi afọ iri nke ikuku CO2 sitere n'aka mmadụ.<ref>(Crowther, Glick, Covey ''et al'') "..approximately 3.04 trillion...", (Ehrenberg, using Crowther, Glick, Covey ''et al''): " roughly 3 trillion trees on Earth"</ref><ref>"1.2 trillion trees": Crowther, in, Tutton; "10 years of": Crowther, in report of Gabbatiss, sourced from e360 journal; "anthropogenic": Crowther in e360: </ref> N'afọ 2017, Billion Tree Tsunami nke Pakistan weghachiri 350,000 hekta nke oké ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/forests/201708/pakistan%E2%80%99s-billion-tree-tsunami-restores-350000-hectares-forests-and-degraded-land-surpass-bonn-challenge-commitment|title=Pakistan's Billion Tree Tsunami restores 350,000 hectares of forests and degraded land to surpass Bonn Challenge commitment|date=11 August 2017|work=IUCN}}</ref> Na 9 Machị 2018, a bịanyere aka na nkwupụta osisi Trillion na Grimaldi Forum na Monaco. Ndị bịanyere aka na ya gụnyere Prince Albert II nke Monaco, Gyalwang Drukpa, Patricia Espinosa na njikọ aka na WWF, WCS, na BirdLife International. NNa Septemba 2019, ewepụtara ngwa Plant-for-the-Planet n'okpuru ikikere isi mmalite. O nyere ndị ọrụ ohere ịdebanye aha osisi ndị a kụrụ akụ ma ọ bụ ịkụ osisi site n'inye onyinye dị iche iche na-akụ osisi gburugburu ụwa. Ntọala ahụ anaghị ewere ọrụ ọ bụla maka onyinye e mere site na mkpọsa ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://plant-for-the-planet.org/|title=Plant-for-the-Planet|work=plant-for-the-planet.org|accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref> === Otu puku ijeri osisi === Nzukọ akụ na ụba ụwa nke 2020, nke emere na Davos, kwuputara imepụta usoro atụmatụ atụmatụ otu Trillion Tree maka gọọmentị, azụmaahịa, na ọha mmadụ iji nye nkwado UN Iri na Mweghachi Ecosystem (2020-2030), nke UNEP na FAO duziri. Onye so na Forum Donald Trump, onye isi ala United States n'oge ahụ, kwuputara na gọọmentị US ga-agba mbọ na atụmatụ a. == Ụkpụrụ Ndị Dị na ya == * Mbelata nke mmanụ ala na-esi ísì ụtọ * Idebe usoro okike dị ugbu a * Mweghachi ga-abụrịrị ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi<ref>{{Cite news|author=Letters|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/feb/21/backing-the-trillion-tree-campaign-to-combat-climate-crisis|title=Backing the trillion tree campaign to combat climate crisis {{!}} Letter|date=21 February 2020|work=The Guardian|accessdate=20 March 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Site na mba == === China ===   N'afọ 2011-2022, China weghachiri oke ọhịa karịrị nde hectare 70 (700,000 km2). Mba ahụ kwadoro ịkụ na ichekwa osisi ijeri 70 n'afọ 2030 dịka akụkụ nke Mgbasa Ozi Osisi Trillion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=China will aim to plant and conserve 70 billion trees by 2030 as part of the global tree movement|url=https://www.weforum.org/press/2022/05/china-will-aim-to-plant-and-conserve-70-billion-trees-by-2030-as-part-of-the-global-tree-movement/|work=World Economic Forum|accessdate=3 June 2022}}</ref> === US ===   United States ekwela nkwa ịkụ, ito, na iweghachi ihe dị ka ijeri osisi 51 n'afọ 2030. Ugbu a, oke ọhịa dị na mba ahụ na-amịkọrọ 15% nke ikuku carbon ya. Nke a nwere ike ịrị elu ruo 27% site n'ịkwalite oke ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to the U.S. trillion trees community|url=https://us.1t.org/|work=1t org US|publisher=World Economic Forum|accessdate=24 June 2022}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ecosia == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * Ian Horswill - [https://news.theceomagazine.com/environment/ethiopia-plants-353-million-trees-12-hours/ Ethiopia] na-akụ 353 nde osisi n'ime awa 12, nke CEO Magazine bipụtara na July 30, 2019 * Project Drawdown (lee kwa: Drawdown (ikuku)) == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [https://a.plant-for-the-planet.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Plant-for-the-Planet] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130929161034/http://www.plant-for-the-planet.org/en/node/367 Plant-for-the-Planet Foundation. (7 Disemba 2011). "UNEP Aka N'elu Otu ijeri Mgbasa Ozi"] * [https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/22679378/tree-planting-forest-restoration-climate-solutions "Ihe ijuanya na-akụda ịkụ ọtụtụ puku osisi. " site na Benji Jones, Vox, 22 Sep 2021] {{Forestry}} 8r7chfaoelcr1dy3eyuioqp5o5n7uoc Marcelin Bossou 0 37832 639052 153126 2026-05-26T22:27:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639052 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Marcelin Bossou</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline">Bossou-Hunkali Akakpo Massinou</div><br /><span style="display:none"> </span> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1984-05-03</span>)</span> Mee 3, 1984 (afọ 39) <br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Lomé]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data category" |Ndị Togo, ndị Benin |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọrụ (s) | class="infobox-data role" |Onye nduzi ihe nkiri, onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri, Onye na-ede ihe nkiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Afọ ndị ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |2010-dị ugbu a |} '''Marcelin Bossou''' (amụrụ na 3 Mee 1984) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri Togolese, onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri, na onye na-ede ihe nkiri. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Bossou na Lomé, Togo na 1984. <ref name="africine">{{Cite web|title=Marcelin Bossou|url=http://africine.org/personne/marcelin-bossou/31294|work=Africine|accessdate=23 November 2020|language=French}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Marcellin Bossou|url=https://www.style-evidence.com/pages/showcases/marcellin-bossou/|work=Style Evidence|accessdate=23 November 2020|language=French|archivedate=4 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304025855/https://www.style-evidence.com/pages/showcases/marcellin-bossou/}}</ref> bụ nwa nne na nna Benin. Nna Bossou bụ onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri. Bossou gụrụ Telecommunications na Ivory Coast ma nweta Higher Technician Certificate. <ref name="courrier">{{Cite web|title=CinéAfriqua86 : Marcelin Bossou parle du cinéma togolais|url=https://blog.courrierinternational.com/l-afrique-en-films/2014/03/14/cineafriqua86-marcelin-bossou-parle-du-cinema-togolais/|work=Courrier International|accessdate=23 November 2020|language=French|date=14 March 2014}}</ref> rụrụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn nke onwe ya Radio Télévision Delta Santé dị ka onye na-ahụ maka teknụzụ ma mesịa bụrụ onye nduzi. N'afọ 2008, ọ debanyere aha na Ecole Supérieure des Arts Visuels (ESAV) na Marrakech, Morocco mgbe ọ natasịrị agụmakwụkwọ. Bossou duziri ihe nkiri mkpirikpi mbụ ya, La Bourse ou la vie na L'inconnu na 2010. <ref name="courrier"/> Ọ natara ikikere ya na Film Studies, Directing option, n'afọ 2012. Ihe nkiri ngụsị akwụkwọ nke Bossou, Nuit de Noces, batara n'ọtụtụ mmemme ihe nkiri dịka Mediterranean Short Film Festival nke Tangier, African Film Festival nke Luxor, na African Film Festival of Poitiers. Nuit <ref name="africine"/> Noces nwetara Grand Prix na Atakpamé Short Film Festival na Togo na ihe nrite pụrụ iche René Monory na Panafrican Film and Television Festival nke Ouagadougou . [1] <ref>{{Cite web|author=Combey|first=Sylvio|title=Togo : Marcellin Bossou et les jeunes de l’AI parlent de droits sexuels|url=https://www.africardv.com/societe/togo-marcellin-bossou-et-les-jeunes-de-lai-parlent-de-droits-sexuels/|work=Africa RDV|accessdate=23 November 2020|date=20 May 2013|archivedate=3 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203223344/https://www.africardv.com/societe/togo-marcellin-bossou-et-les-jeunes-de-lai-parlent-de-droits-sexuels/}}</ref> na-enyocha ibu arọ ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu mgbe ha lụrụ di na nwunye, gụnyere igosi na ha bụ ndị na-amaghị nwoke. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Bossou duziri L'anniversaire . <ref name="courrier"/> O guzobere ụlọ ọrụ audiovisual Marbos Productions na Lomé na 2015. Ebumnuche <ref>{{Cite web|title=Marbos Productions|url=http://africultures.com/structures/?no=13345|work=Africultures|accessdate=23 November 2020|language=French}}</ref> bụ inye nkwado maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri Togolese na-eto eto iji mee ihe nkiri mbụ ha. N'afọ 2015, o duziri Les deux frères. Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara ihe nrite maka foto kachasị mma <ref name="africine"/> mmemme Clap Ivoire. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Martelot|first=Helene|title=Deux films Togolais récompensés au Bénin|url=https://www.africardv.com/culture/deux-films-togolais-recompenses-au-benin/|work=Africa RDV|accessdate=23 November 2020|date=23 January 2019|archivedate=12 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812050633/https://www.africardv.com/culture/deux-films-togolais-recompenses-au-benin/}}</ref>'afọ 2019, Bossou mepụtara ihe nkiri La vie ''Ndụ Daniel'' nke Gilbert Bararmna duziri na Femme Ebène nke Rachel Kpizing duziri. Bossou <ref>{{Cite web|title=Marcelin BOSSOU|url=http://www.scenarioaulongcourt.com/Marcelin-BOSSOU|work=Festival international de Valence|accessdate=23 November 2020|language=French|archivedate=30 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130074054/http://www.scenarioaulongcourt.com/Marcelin-BOSSOU}}</ref>-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na ihe nkiri mbụ ya, Broken Drums, nke a ga-ewepụta na 2021. <ref name="courrier"/> na-akụzi nyocha ihe nkiri, edemede na usoro na Higher School of Cinematography (ESEC) na Lomé . [1] == Ihe nkiri == * 2010: Ahịa ma ọ bụ Ndụ ''Ahịa Ka Ndụ'' * 2010: ''Onye a na-amaghị'' * 2012: ''N'abalị agbamakwụkwọ'' * 2012: ''Ụbọchị ọmụmụ'' * 2015: ''Ụmụnne abụọ ahụ'' * 2017: ''Brigitte'' * 2017: ''Ezinụlọ dị iche iche'' * 2019: Ịgbà Ndị A Na-akụ ''Ịgbà Ndị A Na-akụ Akụ'' * 2019: ''Ndụ Daniel'' * 2019: ''Nwanyị ebony'' == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == ikikere ya na Film Studies, Directing option, n'afọ 2012. Ihe nkiri ngụsị akwụkwọ nke Bossou, Nuit de Noces, batara n'ọtụtụ * [https://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=548460.html Profaịlụ Allocine] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] sle8w273fyferocmvjk71fhwnjn5o6u Kụụụmụatị Montjane 0 39057 639042 515306 2026-05-26T20:30:18Z Aboubacarkhoraa 16380 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:KM US Open 2017.jpg]] → [[File:Kgothatso Montjane KM US Open 2017.jpg]] 639042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Kgothatso Montjane''' (amuru 3 June 1986) bu onye egwu tenis oche nkwaghari na South Africa. N'afọ 2018, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị South Africa ojii mbụ meriri na Wimbledon . == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Montjane na Seshego na mpụta nke Polokwane, Limpopo nwere nsogbu ọmụmụ nke metụtara aka ya na ụkwụ ya na ụkwụ nke ọzọ ka ebipụrụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 12. <ref name="stampa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2016/09/10/sport/kgothatso-montjane-latleta-sudafricana-che-sogna-di-fare-la-storia-del-tennis-in-carrozzina-NujG879WFSOUze5mQAWq2H/pagina.html|title=Kgothatso Montjane, l'atleta sudafricana che sogna di fare la storia del tennis in carrozzina|work=lastampa.it|publisher=[[La Stampa]]|date=September 10, 2013|accessdate=September 14, 2016|language=Italian}}</ref> == Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Kgothatso Montjane KM US Open 2017.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Montjane na 2017 US Open]] Montjane bụ onye ejedebe tenis oche nkwagharị na-aga nke ọma nke etinyere na 10 ịgba na ọkwa ITF . Ọkwa ya ọgụ elu bụ 5 n'ụwa na 2005. [1] Akpọrọ ya aha egwuregwu nwere ikike nke South Africa ugboro, na 2005, 2011 na 2015. [2] Montjane nwere aha otu 29 ma merie dịka oche nkwa nke Belgian Mepee na Swiss Open. [1] [3] Ọ na-enwekwa ihe ịga nke ọma na abụọ, ebe ọ meri, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, Belgian Open na 2015 yana Jordanne Whiley . [4] Na 2013 na 2014, o sonye na 3 nke 4 Grand Slam, Australian Open, Roland Garros na US Open, ebe o nwere ike iru arọ iri na ise na ọkara na otu na ọkara n'ime ike abụọ nke abụ.ọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ausopen.com/en_AU/players/overview/wwc000034.html|title=Kgothatso Montjane Player Profile Australien Open|work=ausopen.com|accessdate=September 14, 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị otu South Africa na 2008, 2012 na 2016 Summer Paralympics, mana enweghị ike nweta nrite. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://afkinsider.com/132583/lucas-sithole-remains-south-africas-last-tennis-hope-at-paralympics/|title=Lucas Sithole Remains South Africa's Last Tennis Hope At Paralympics|work=afkinsider.com|accessdate=September 14, 2013|archivedate=September 24, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924023458/http://afkinsider.com/132583/lucas-sithole-remains-south-africas-last-tennis-hope-at-paralympics/}}</ref> <ref name="stampa"/> E wezụga ịbụ onye Paralympian, ọ bụ onye so na iko mba ụwa nke 2009 na 2011 maka South Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africastyledaily.com/sports/2013/07/08/kgothatso-montjane-wheelchair-tennis-star-defeats-odds-and-makes-history/|title=Kgothatso Montjane|work=africastyledaily.com|date=July 8, 2013|accessdate=July 14, 2013|archivedate=September 3, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903105453/http://africastyledaily.com/sports/2013/07/08/kgothatso-montjane-wheelchair-tennis-star-defeats-odds-and-makes-history/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/news/sport/sports-awards-nominess-091115.htm|title=South Africa's sports awards nominees are announced|work=southafrica.info|accessdate=September 14, 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/matlou-named-sportswoman-year|title=Matlou named Sportswoman of the Year|work=sanews.gov.za|publisher=Official government News Agency|accessdate=September 14, 2013}}</ref> Na 2018, o jisiri ike ruo eruo maka edi Wimbledon prestigious, ekiri South Africa mbụ mere ya. N'otu apụ ahụ, ọ zọkwara na US Open wee bụrụ onye ike tennis mbụ n'oche nkwa n'Africa ruru eru maka Grand Slam anọ n'otu awụ ahụ.. <ref name="espn">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/page/wheelchair-0906/2018-us-open-kgothatso-montjane-found-wheelchair-tennis-opened-whole-new-world-us-open|title=Kgothatso Montjane found wheelchair tennis and it opened up a whole new world|work=espn.com|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=March 9, 2019}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Kgothatso Montjane at the International Tennis Federation * Kgothatso Montjane at the International Paralympic Committee * [http://kgothatsomontjane.com Personal webpage] {{French Open Wheelchair tennis women's doubles champions}}{{US Open Wheelchair tennis women's doubles champions}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ijnjclxzfko42z6xeqmop0cr7g12j6d Luchia Yishak 0 39439 639032 155962 2026-05-26T18:02:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{MedalTableTop}} {{MedalSport|Women's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{ETH}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[All-Africa Games]]}} {{MedalSilver|[[1991 All-Africa Games|1991 Cairo]]|[[Athletics at the 1991 All-Africa Games|3000 m]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[1992 African Championships in Athletics|1992 Belle Vue Maurel]]|10,000 m}} {{MedalSilver|[[1990 African Championships in Athletics|1990 Cairo]]|3000 m}} {{MedalBronze|[[1989 African Championships in Athletics|1989 Lagos]]|3000 m}} {{MedalBottom}}'''Luchia Yishak''' (amuru 8 Eprel 1973 na [[Eritrea]] ) <ref name="SR">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418082841/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/yi/luchia-yishak-1.html Luchia Yishak]. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2011-03-13.</ref> bu onye [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] agbaburu uzo di anya . Ọ gbara ọsọ maka Etiopia na Olympic Summer na 1992 na 1996. Ọ bịara bụrụ onye ama mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, na-emeri ihe nrite n'egwu egwu n'ahọọmpị udo Afrịka n'ike na egwuregwu Africa niile wee ruo na'azọmpị 10,000 nke ikpeazụ na egwuregwu egwuregwu nke 1991, wee gụchaa nke iri. O nwere usoro mmeri dị elu na sekit obodo, gụchara nke anọ na nche 1990 na 1991 World Cross Country, wee nweta nrite otu egwuregwu mba ụwa atọ (1990–92). O mere mpụta mbụ n' Sir Olympic na 1992 Barcelona Olympic . Ụbọchị mba ụwa ya n'ịhụ mgbe nke a edidi ya na-esote na ese ụwa nke 1995 na 1996 Summer Olympics ka a kụpụrụ ya na ɔkwan . O ụmụ anụmanụ Etiopia aka iru n'ọkwa na 1996 IAAF World Road Relay Championship, mana mpụta nke afọ ahụ bụ nke ikpeazụ ya na ọkwa mba ụwa ka ọrụ onye gbara afọ 26 bịara na njedebe ngwa ngwa. == Ọrụ == Ọganihu izizi mbụ ya bịara n'asọmpị asọmpi Afrịka n'afọ 1989, ebe ọ nwetara nrite ọla nchara 3000 mita . Ọ kwalitere ọkwa iji nweta ihe nrite ọla ọcha na mmemme na asọmpi egwuregwu 1990 nke Africa n'azụ [[Derartu Tulu]] . <ref name="African">[http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/afc.htm African Championships]. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2011-03-13.</ref> Luchia bịarutere nso nturu ugo onye ọ bụla na IAAF World Cross Country Championship na 1990 na 1991, gụchara nke anọ wee nweta nrite ọla ọcha nke otu n'oge abụọ ahụ. O mere egwu izizi ya zuru ụwa ọnụ na asọmpi egwuregwu ụwa nke 1991, ebe ọ gụchara nke iri na asọmpi 10,000 ikpeazụ. N'ọnwa na-eso ya, ọ nọchitere Etiopia na 1991 All-Africa Games ma bụrụ onye gbara ọsọ na 3000.&nbsp;m n'azụ [[Susan Sirma]] . <ref>[http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/afg.htm All Africa Games]. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2011-03-13.</ref> Luchia rụrụ nke ọma na sekit na-agba ọsọ nke mba na njedebe 1991 ruo mmalite 1992, na-enweta mmeri na Cross Zornotza, Cross de San Sebastián, Cinque Mulini na Almond Blossom Cross Country . <ref>[https://www.arrs.run/HP_CqMXC.htm Cinque Mulini]. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians|ARRS]] (2010-02-03). Retrieved on 2011-03-13.</ref> <ref>Civai, Franco (2009-03-09). [https://web.archive.org/web/20251204015955/https://www.arrs.run/HP_AlmondXC.htm Amendoeiras em Flor (Almond Blossom) 10 km and 6 km]. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]]. Retrieved on 2011-03-13.</ref> <ref>Gasparovic, Juraj (2011-01-10). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191214195051/https://www.arrs.run/HP_ZornotzaXC.htm Cross Zornotza]. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]]. Retrieved on 2011-03-13.</ref> <ref name="XCSS">[https://www.arrs.run/HP_SSbXC.htm Cross de San Sebastián]. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]] (2010-02-03). Retrieved on 2011-03-13.</ref> Ihe ngosi ndị a nyere aka n'ọkwa nke atọ na usoro IAAF World Cross Challenge maka oge ahụ. <ref>[http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/xc.htm IAAF World Cross Challenge]. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2011-03-13.</ref> A họpụtara ya maka asọmpi mba ụwa nke mba ụwa na 1992 IAAF ma ọ nọrọ n'ọkwa nke iri dugara ụmụ nwanyị Etiopia na nrite ọla n'asọmpi otu. Na egwu mgbe awụ ahụ ማያ, ọ meri 10,000 m bronze n'azụ Derartu Tulu na Lydia Cheromei na 1992 egwuregwu egwuregwu Africa . [1] N'ihi ya, a mgbaàmà Luchia ka ọ mee egwuregwu Olympic mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afụ iri na , na-agba ọsọ na 10,000. m na 1992 Barcelona Olympic. ọkọ, ọ gara n'ihu anụ oke nke mmemme ahụ. [2] Ya na Fita Bayisa ozi ndị mbụ Etiopia mbụ Mamo Wolde meri na Cross Internacional Juan Muguerza na January 1993. [3] Na Cross de San Sebastián, Etiopia duo weghaara utu aha nwoke na nwanyi, na-emeghachi ihe ihe ha nke afo. gara aga. [4] N'agbanyeghị ọrụ ya, ọ dabaraghị na otu mba maka nche mba ụwa. .Ọpụpụ isi ya bịara bịara na 1995 World Championships in Athletics, n'agbanyeghị na ọ ịgafe 5000. m qualifiers. [1] Ọmá mweghachi dị ike n'ụdị na 1996 ka ọ meri aha mba mbụ ya na 5000. m, [2] na-ekwe onwe ya ụzọ ochie na otu egwuregwu Olympic usoro na a. O debekwara ọrụ kacha mma nke ndị 15:22.53 maka mmemme n'oge ahụ. Otú ọ dị, onye dị afụ 23 ụzọ ndị ka ọ ga-egosi na ɔkwa ụwa, na-ahụ nke iri na atọ na 5000 ya. ụdị na 1996 Summer Olympics na Atlanta <ref name="SR"/> Ọ gbara ụkwụ arịlịka nke otu ndị na-agbaji ndekọ asọmpi na 1996 IAAF World Road Relay Championship, nke o meriri n'oge elekere 2:16:04, n'akụkụ otu ụmụ nwanyị Etiopia nke Genet Gebregiorgis, [[Berhane Adere]], [[Ayelech Worku]], [[Gete Wami]] na [[Getenesh Urge]] . == Ndekọ asọmpi == {|{{AchievementTable}} |- |1989 |[[1989 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Lagos]], Nigeria |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |3000 metres |- |rowspan=3|1990 |rowspan=2|[[1990 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Aix-les-Bains]], France |4th |Long race |- |bgcolor=silver|2nd |Team race |- |[[1990 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Cairo]], Egypt |bgcolor=silver|2nd |3000 metres |- |rowspan=4|1991 |rowspan=2|[[1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Antwerp]], Belgium |4th |Long race |- |bgcolor=silver|2nd |Team race |- |[[1991 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Tokyo]], Japan |10th |[[1991 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]] |- |[[Athletics at the 1991 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] |[[Cairo]], Egypt |bgcolor=silver|2nd |3000 m |- |rowspan=4|1992 |rowspan=2|[[1992 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Boston]], United States |10th |Long race |- |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |Team race |- |[[1992 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Belle Vue Maurel]], Mauritius |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |10,000 m |- |[[Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Barcelona]], Spain |37th (heats) |[[Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]] |- |1995 |[[1995 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Gothenburg]], Sweden |25th (heats) |[[1995 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 5000 metres|5000 m]] |- |rowspan=2|1996 |[[1996 IAAF World Road Relay Championships|World Road Relay Championships]] |[[Copenhagen]], Denmark |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[Ekiden]] |- |[[Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Atlanta]], United States |39th (heats) |[[Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's 5000 metres|5000 m]] |- |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Luchia Yishak at World Athletics [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rhcluj6dumcp4d7eq3cio6wkohn9o2m Modupe Irele 0 39795 639102 624267 2026-05-27T09:24:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|website=}} {{Databox}}'''Modupe Enitan Irele''' bụ onye nnọchiteanya [[Ndị Naijiria|Naijiria]] na onye nnọchiteanya Naijiria ugbu a na France, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Principal Officers|url=https://www.nigeriafrance.com/the-chancery/|work=nigeriafrance.com|accessdate=2024-03-28|archivedate=2020-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606220248/https://www.nigeriafrance.com/the-chancery/}}</ref> na-aghọ nwanyị mbụ na-arụ ọrụ ahụ kemgbe ndị ọrụ diplomatic họpụtara onye nnọchiteanya mbụ ya na 1966. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chronicle of Ambassadors|url=https://www.nigeriafrance.com/chronicle-of-ambassadors/|accessdate=2024-03-28|archivedate=2020-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606220329/https://www.nigeriafrance.com/chronicle-of-ambassadors/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=First Nigerian female envoy to France presents letter of credence|url=https://punchng.com/first-nigerian-female-envoy-to-france-presents-letter-of-credence/|work=First Nigerian female envoy to France presents letter of credence|publisher=Punch Ng|accessdate=8 June 2020}}</ref> [[Muhammadu Buhari|Onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari]] họpụtara ya na 20 October 2016, wee nye President Macron nzere ya na 18 Disemba 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|title=First Nigerian female envoy to France presents letter of credence|url=https://punchng.com/first-nigerian-female-envoy-to-france-presents-letter-of-credence/|work=First Nigerian female envoy to France presents letter of credence|publisher=Punch Ng|accessdate=8 June 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Modupe Irele na [[Naijiria]], wee nweta akara ugo mmụta bachelor ya na [[Asụsụ Bekee|bekee]] na obere nwa n'asụsụ [[Asụsụ French|French]] site na mahadum nke Ibadan . Ọ gara n'ihu nweta Master's n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Modupe nwetara akara ugo mmụta Master nke abụọ na agụmakwụkwọ site na Mahadum University Dublin . Na 1996, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate na Mahadum Penn State na-elekwasị anya na mmụta n'ịntanetị na ọzụzụ onye nkuzi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Modupe (Dupe) Irele|url=https://ed.psu.edu/lps/adult-education/faculty/modupe-dupe-irele|work=Penn State College of Education|accessdate=8 June 2020|archivedate=6 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606220914/https://ed.psu.edu/lps/adult-education/faculty/modupe-dupe-irele}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Portrait on the Wall: Ambassador Irele|url=http://peacockplume.fr/lifestyle/portrait-wall-ambassador-irele|work=The Portrait on the Wall: Ambassador Irele|publisher=Peacock Plume|accessdate=2024-03-28|archivedate=2020-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606220918/http://peacockplume.fr/lifestyle/portrait-wall-ambassador-irele}}</ref> Irele malitere ọrụ ya na ụlọ akụ, nọrọ afọ 15 dị ka onye na-azụ ahịa ụlọ akụ, tupu ọ banye na ndụmọdụ agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ na-eme usoro ndụmọdụ nkuzi nke ya na Nigeria, Isi Ngwọta Ọmụmụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Advisory Board Members|url=http://www.roboglobal.org/advisory-board-members/|work=Roboglobal|accessdate=2024-03-28|archivedate=2024-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126213312/http://www.roboglobal.org/advisory-board-members/}}</ref> wee jee ozi na ngalaba ngalaba na mmụta na sistemu arụmọrụ na Ngalaba Mmụta Mahadum Penn State . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Modupe (Dupe) Irele|url=https://ed.psu.edu/lps/adult-education/faculty/modupe-dupe-irele|work=Penn State College of Education|accessdate=8 June 2020|archivedate=6 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606220914/https://ed.psu.edu/lps/adult-education/faculty/modupe-dupe-irele}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3z2901rk3cgsfdtmoidt5rjnplyulah Mafuta (ụgbọ mmiri) 0 40781 639041 515456 2026-05-26T20:03:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639041 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image|Ship image=DeBeers ship Peace in Africa Dec 2006.jpg|Ship caption=''Peace in Africa'' during the 2006 refitting on the Tyne.}} {{Infobox ship career|Hide header=|Ship name=*''Dock Express 20'' (1983–2006) *''Peace in Africa'' (2006–2013) *''Mafuta'' (2013-)<ref name="tussen">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190620075350/http://www.tussenhoekenstad.nl/dockwise.html Dockwise]. Tussen Hoek en Stad. Retrieved 2011-08-30</ref>|Ship owner=*[[Dock Express Shipping]] (1983–1994) *[[Dockwise]] (1994–2006) *[[De Beers|De Beers Marine]] (2006–2012) *Debmarine Namibia (2012-)<ref name="tussen" />|Ship operator=|Ship registry=*{{flag|Netherlands Antilles}} (1983–2005)<ref name="uscg" /> *{{flag|South Africa}} (2005–2012) *{{flag|Namibia}} (2012-)|Ship route=|Ship ordered=|Ship builder=[[Verolme Shipyard Heusden]], [[Netherlands]]<ref name="dehoop">[http://www.dehoop.net/ship.php?shipnumber=NB994 NB994 Dock Express 20] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004023446/http://www.dehoop.net/ship.php?shipnumber=NB994 |date=4 October 2011 }}. Shipyard De Hoop. Retrieved 2011-08-30</ref>|Ship original cost=|Ship yard number=994<ref name="dehoop" />|Ship way number=|Ship laid down=1982<ref name="phsvanommeren" />|Ship launched=12 November 1982<ref name="phsvanommeren" />|Ship completed=May 1983<ref name="phsvanommeren" />|Ship christened=|Ship acquired=|Ship maiden voyage=|Ship in service=|Ship out of service=|Ship identification=*{{IMO Number|8125064}} *{{MMSI Number|659389000}} *[[Call sign]]: V5DX<ref name="equ">{{csr|register=E|id=8125064|shipname=Peace in Africa|accessdate=2011-08-30}}</ref>|Ship fate=|Ship status=In service<ref name="equ" />|Ship notes=}} {{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=|Header caption=(as built)<ref name="dehoop" />}} |- | Type: | [[Heavy lift ship]] {{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=yes|Ship class=|Ship tonnage=*{{GT|14,793}}<ref name="marinelink" /> *{{NetT|4,437}}<ref name="uscg">{{csr|register=PSIX|id=270429|shipname=Dock Express 20|accessdate=2013-05-20}}</ref> *{{DWT|14,617}}|Ship displacement=|Ship length=*[[Length overall|LOA]] {{convert|169.52|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} *[[Length between perpendiculars|LPP]] {{convert|126.50|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}|Ship beam={{convert|24.20|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}|Ship height=|Ship draught={{convert|8.9|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}|Ship draft=|Ship depth={{convert|15|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}|Ship decks=|Ship deck clearance=|Ship ramps=|Ship ice class=|Ship sail plan=}} |- | Main engines: | 2&nbsp;×&nbsp;[[Stork B.V.|Stork-Werkspoor]] 6TM410<ref name="phsvanommeren">[http://phsvanommeren.web-log.nl/phsvanommeren/2005/06/dock_express_20.html DOCK EXPRESS 20] ([https://archive.today/20070812061307/http://phsvanommeren.web-log.nl/phsvanommeren/2005/06/dock_express_20.html Google Cache]). 10 June 2005.</ref> (2&nbsp;×&nbsp;3,128&nbsp;kW<ref name="seastatealarm">[http://www.docstoc.com/docs/86949647/Geen-diatitel Sea State Alarm trial on cable ship Dock Express 20]. Breeman Engineering and Services bv. Retrieved 2011-08-30</ref>) |- | Auxiliary engines: | 2&nbsp;×&nbsp;600&nbsp;kW {{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=yes|Ship power=|Ship propulsion=*2 × [[Controllable pitch propeller|CPP]] *625&nbsp;kW [[bow thruster]]|Ship speed={{convert|16|kn|abbr=on}}|Ship capacity={{convert|2576|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} cargo deck|Ship crew=24|Ship notes=}} {{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=|Header caption=(1993)<ref name="itu">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111007080959/http://www.catr.cn/radar/itut/201007/P020100707635326663874.pdf General features of optical fibre submarine cable systems] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007080959/http://www.catr.cn/radar/itut/201007/P020100707635326663874.pdf |date=7 October 2011 }}. ITU-T Recommendation G.971, 04/2000. Retrieved 2011-08-30</ref>}} |- | Type: | [[Cable ship]] {{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=yes|Ship class=|Ship tonnage=|Ship displacement=21,731 tons|Ship length=|Ship beam=|Ship height=|Ship draught={{convert|8.79|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}|Ship draft=|Ship depth=|Ship decks=|Ship deck clearance=|Ship ramps=|Ship ice class=|Ship sail plan=|Ship power=|Ship propulsion=[[Azimuth thruster]]s (3&nbsp;×&nbsp;1,325&nbsp;kW)<ref name="seastatealarm" />|Ship speed={{convert|12.5|kn}}|Ship range={{convert|20500|nmi}}|Ship capacity=10,000 tons of cable, 100 repeaters|Ship crew=85<ref name="seacoastonline" />|Ship notes=}} {{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=|Header caption=(2007)<ref name="equ" />}} |- | Type: | [[Dredger]] {{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=yes|Ship class=|Ship tonnage=*{{GT|15,854}} *{{DWT|7,935}}|Ship displacement=|Ship length=|Ship beam=|Ship height=|Ship draught=|Ship draft=|Ship depth=|Ship decks=|Ship deck clearance=|Ship ramps=|Ship ice class=|Ship sail plan=|Ship power=|Ship propulsion=|Ship speed=|Ship capacity=|Ship crew=68<ref name = "marineinsight" >{{cite web | url=http://www.marineinsight.com/marine/types-of-ships-marine/mining-ship-mv-peace-in-africa-the-diamond-hunter/ | title=Mining Ship MV Peace in Africa : The Diamond Hunter | publisher=Marine Insight | date=4 August 2011 | accessdate=29 August 2011 | author=Sharda}}</ref>|Ship notes=}} |} [[Usòrò:DeBeers ship Peace in Africa Dec 2006.jpg|thumb]] Mafuta bụ ụgbọ mmiri na-egwu diamond nke De Beers nwere ma na-arụ ya n'oru oké osimiri àmà South Africa.  [1] Ewubere na 1983 dị ka Dock Express 20 maka Mbupu Dock Express (mgbe e mesịrị Dockwise ), ụgbọ mmiri na- ebe nchekwa, semisubmersible, multirole, na-ebuli arọ ka agbanwere ka ọ akwa eriri USB nwere ike n'ụwa.  .  na 1993. [2] N'afọ 2005, De Beers ndị ọrịa ya, wee chebe gaa n'okpo mmiri nke na-egwupụta diamond site n'aka A&P Tyne n'ime ụnwanyị iri na otu.  Aha, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, bụ́ Udo n'Africa, nwere ike ịpụtawo na ọ na-enye ihe ọzọ na-ahụ diamond igwe .  [3] [4] Na 2013, ka n'okpuru ikike nke De Beers Marine Namibia, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ikike aha ya na MV Mafuta Mgbe ahụ, a na-akpọ Dock Express 20, e debere ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na 1982 na Netherlands na Verolme Shipyard Heusden, ma-achị ya n'afọ na-esote.  Na mbụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ebuli ibu, ogologo ya dị 169.52 m (556.2 ft) .  mmiri mmiri ahụ nwere oghere (ahụ) nke 24.20 m (79.4 ft) .  Ogologo ya site n'elu keel ruo na isi oche, nke a na-akpọ omimi a kpụrụ akpụ, dị 15 nke m (49 ft)<ref name="1969conv">{{Cite web|title=International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969|work=International Conventions|publisher=Admiralty and Maritime Law Guide|date=23 June 1969|url=http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/conven/tonnage1969.html|accessdate=2011-09-01}}</ref>  Dock Express 20 tọrọ site na Stork-Werkspoor 6TM410 okpukpu anọ, ọkara-ọsọ, injin mmanụ diesel nke 3,128 kW (4,195 hp) otu.  Igwe njin ọ nwere nwere ike na -ebufe ihe ike ijikwa onwe ya.  Isi ihe a na-ebuli elu nwere ike ibulọ ụgbọ mmiri na 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) .  Maka ọdịdị ụgbọ mmiri mmiri, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ahụ ụgbọ ala 625 kW ụta .  Na mgbakwunye, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwere 600-kilowatt (800 hp) ndị na-ihe ihe inyeaka iji nye ọkụ eletrik ụgbọ mmiri.  Mgbe a tụ nwere ike Dock Express 20 ka Mgbe ọ ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ siri siri ike, ejiri 1,325 kilowatts (1,777 rụpụtara ya. azimuth thrusters ije ozi ka isi ihe na-akpali ya.</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Ewubere Dock Express 20 ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ndị ụgbọ mmiri 24, mana ọnụọgụgụ nke okpukpu atọ na ntụgharị 1993. N'afọ 2007, a tụpụtara ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ụzọ ka onye ọrụ dị ka dredger, na- , nnukwu nnukwute ruo 15,854  , na tonnage nwụrụ anwụ na ton 7,935 ogologo /link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mmalite === Ewubere ''Dock Express 20'' maka ojiji na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ dịpụrụ adịpụ. <ref name="shipspotting2005">{{Cite web|url=http://www.shipspotting.com/modules/myalbum/photo-44806-Dock+Express+20|title=Dock Express 20 – IMO 8125064|publisher=Shipspotting.com|year=2011|accessdate=30 August 2011}}</ref> Dock Express 20 na-egosi aka na imiri ụgbọ mmiri Terminator ihe dị ka 20 nkemi (32 km) n'ụbọchị oke osimiri California na 27 January ahụ 1992. Mgbe injin ahụ, oké osimiri kwagidere ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'otu n'ime ụgbọ mmiri ahụ.  ahụ na-ebupụta ibu dị arọ, na-akpata zuru ezu nke imikpu ụgbọ ahụ n'ime akara iri abụọ na ise.  Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbapụrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri nke ndụ, ụgbọ mmiri ọzọ bukwa ya. <ref name="terminator">US Coast Guard Marine Casualty investigation MC93011836 and Marine Violation investigation MV92003258.</ref> === Igwe oyi akwa === ''Dock Express 20'' na-ese na kaadị akwụkwọ ozi Russia nke na-echeta eriri ụgbọ mmiri dị n'etiti Denmark na Russia. Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ tọgbọrọ 1,200 km (750 mi) eriri si Copenhagen ruo Kingiseppe, nke na-ejikọ site na microwave gaa Moscow na St. Petersburg. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://atlantic-cable.com/stamps/Other/index1.htm|title=History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications from the first submarine cable of 1850 to the worldwide fibre optic network Cable Stamps – ANZCAN, SCOTICECAN, Bermuda-Tortola, Denmark-Russia, Isle of Man-UK|publisher=History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications from the first submarine cable of 1850 to the worldwide fibre optic network|year=2005|accessdate=30 August 2011|author=Glover, Bill}}</ref> === Ngwuputa diamond === N'ihe dị ka afọ 2011, Udo dị n'Africa na-arụ ọrụ n'oge oké osimiri Namaqualand na ngwuputa diamond n'okpuru mmiri.  [1] Ikikere Ngwuputa Ngwuputa ML3, dịka ụdị 2007 siri kwuo, ihe dịka 5 km n'ụdị mmiri nke Kleinzee, na-agba ọsọ n'ebe ugwu ruo Alexander Bay, Northern Cape, ma gbatịa oke osimiri maka 17–32 km  .  Tupu 2007, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ikike Atlantic 1 dị na Namibia, nke nwere diamond dị elu <ref name="capebusiness">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbn.co.za/viewg.php?id=1621|title=Debmarines sea diamonds success|publisher=Cape Business News|date=August 2007|accessdate=31 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928124406/http://www.cbn.co.za/viewg.php?id=1621|archivedate=28 September 2011}}</ref> <ref name="mineweb">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mineweb.net/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page37?oid=19899&sn=Detail|title=De Beers launches its first South African marine diamond mining vessel|publisher=Mineweb.com|date=21 April 2007|accessdate=29 August 2011|author=Kruger, Tessa|archivedate=28 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928044039/http://www.mineweb.net/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page37?oid=19899&sn=Detail}}</ref>Akụrụngwa a na-adokpụ n'Ọo mmiri Peace na Africa 240-ton crawler, nke akọwara dị ka "nnukwu ngwá ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ n'okpuru mmiri" nke ejiri eriri rọba dị 655-mm mmiri ya na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ,  yana "egwu ọrụ mgbake diamond" nke Bateman Engineering wuru.  .  [1] [2] Dreji ahụ nwere ikike mmịpụta ihe dị ka 10,000 m 3 mmiri na gravel kwa elekere, na-ebute ihe dị ka tɔn 250 nke a ga-hazi maka ola diamond.  [3] ima a na-atụ anya ya bụ ihe dịka diamond 60 kwa elekere, ma ọ bụ ihe dị ka carats 240,000 kwa afọ. ''Udo n'Africa'' bụ ụgbọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu edebanyere aha na South Africa, ma na-arụ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu, oge elekere, dịka nke 2007. Atụmatụ ọrụ ngwuputa ya ga-adịru afọ iri na itoolu. <ref name="capebusiness"/> Dị ka nke 2006, De Beers Marine Namibia na-arụ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ise, gụnyere ''Udo na Africa.'' <ref name="miningweekly">{{Cite web|url=http://www.miningweekly.com/article/new-mining-vessel-boasts-latest-technology-2007-05-04|title=New mining vessel boasts latest technology|publisher=Creamer Media's Mining Weekly.com|date=4 May 2007|accessdate=29 August 2011|author=Creamer Media Reporter|archivedate=23 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023182045/http://www.miningweekly.com/article/new-mining-vessel-boasts-latest-technology-2007-05-04}}</ref> ''Udo n'Africa na mmemme 2009 nke usoro ihe nkiri nke Discovery Channel bụ ike ụgbọ mmiri.''</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Na 2013, ka n'okpuru ikike nke De Beers Marine Namibia, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbanwere aha ya na MV ''Mafuta'' . </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == AhaNjikọ mpụga == * [http://www.ubergizmo.com/2008/12/diamond-mining-ship-aka-peace-in-africa/ Ubergizmo njem njem ileta ''Udo na Africa''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200928151533/https://press.discovery.com/asia-pacific/dsc/programs/mighty-ships/ Mighty Ships episode on ''Peace in Africa'', Discovery Channel] * [http://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/shipdetails.aspx?MMSI=659389000/ Ụgbọ mmiri] </link>< [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]] /link> {{Anglo American plc}} [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n8z1w2hhum1d4xu2ruws2dw3vwwklzz Mmekọrịta nke Cord 0 41115 639098 179701 2026-05-27T08:27:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639098 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cord-of-Saint-Joseph.jpg|thumb|Mmekọrịta nke Cord]] <ref name="Heckmann"/> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Francis|first=D.O.|title=The Rosary Magazine, Volume 19|date=1901|publisher=Rosary Press|language=en}}</ref>Confraternities of the Cord bị mkpaọ dị nị na ọrịka Roman Catholic nke ọ otu ha na-eyi ọngọ, eriri, ma ọ bụ cincture iji sụọ onye nọ nke ha ịịọọọ na ebe n'uche some amara ma ọ bụ ihuọ kọi iche nke Enwere m olileanya ịnweta saịtị na beguru nke centi == ndabere == Na nke mbụ, nướiềm na-ọọọọọọc na-eyi cincture dịi ka ihe cincture ama ọọọọọ n'obi. Ịkwado ụdọ ma ọ bụ cincture iji sọpụrụ onye senti sitere n'oge ochie. Okwu mbụ banyere ya bụ na ndụ nke Saint Monica onye natara eriri n’ọhụụ sitere n’aka Nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke, bụ́ onye mesiri ya obi ike na ọ ga-eji n’okpuru nchebe ya pụrụ iche ndị nile yi ya na nsọpụrụ ya. <ref name="Heckmann"/>N'oge e megharịghị anya, ọ ọ ọ ọ obi na-eyi cinctures iji sòoò Ṅaa, nọ ọ ihe ọ ọ e hiwere nkeọ.  N'oge ozo, akpụkpọ cinctures nke Virgin Mary, nke Saint Francis, nke Paola, na nke Saint Philomena. Confraternities nwere mmalite ha na mmalite Middle Ages, ma tolite ngwa ngwa site na njedebe nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ site na ịrị elu nke iwu okpukpe . Isi ihe na ọrụ nke confraternities bụ, karịa ihe niile, omume nke nsọpụrụ Chineke na ọrụ ebere. Enwere confraternities dị iche iche nke Cord, nke ndị otu ya na-eyi ụdọ dị ka akara dị ka ndị òtù ndị ọzọ na-eyi scapular. <ref name="Hilgers">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14120a.htm Hilgers, Joseph, ''Sodality'', in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 17 Aug. 2014]</ref> Enwere archconfraternities atọ na otu confraternity nke ndị otu ha na-eyi eriri ma ọ bụ cincture. <ref name="Heckmann">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04357a.htm Heckmann, Ferdinand. ''Confraternities of the Cord'' in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 17 Aug. 2014]</ref> Ebumnuche bụ isi nke confraternities bụ ikpe ekpere, nsọpụrụ ofufe na ọrụ ebere. <ref>[https://catholicherald.co.uk/how-to-join-a-confraternity-of-the-cord/ ''How to… Join a Confraternity of the Cord'' in ''Catholic Herald'', December 12, 2019]</ref> == Archconfraternity of Our Lady of Consolation == Nke kacha ochie na nke kacha eme ememe n'ime njikọ ndị a nke Cord bụ eleghị anya Archconfraternity of Our Lady of Consolation, nke a na-akpọkwa Archconfraternity of Cincture of Saint Monica, Saint Augustine na Saint Nicholas nke Tolentino. <ref name="Hilgers"/> Ndị agha Augustinian kwalitere ofufe a. == Archconfraternity nke Cord nke Saint Francis == Mgbe mgbanwe ahụ gasịrị, Francis nke Assisi nwere ihe nzuzo nzuzo, [1] na ihe nzuzo, [1] na ihe nzuzo, [1] na ihe nzuzo.  Ọ dị ka onye Nna ihe mere eme Francis bụ Luke Wadding si gọe, Saint Dominic natara không site na Saint Francis mgbe ọ gbanwere eriri ha na akara nke enyi.  Site n'dutuna tutu gaa n'ihu, Dominic na-eyikatu ya under the quality of n'ihi nraranye nye onye tanadu ibe ya.<ref name="manual">[[iarchive:ManualCordOfSFrancis/page/n15/mode/2up|''Manual of the Archconfraternity of the Cord of St. Francis'', London. Burns & Oates. 1878, p.]]{{PD-notice}}</ref> <ref name="shr">[https://newspapers.bc.edu/?a=d&d=BOSTONSH19020315-01.2.28&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- ''Concerning the Religious Use of Girdles'' in ''The Sacred Heart Review'', Volume 27, Number 11, 15 March 1902]</ref> <ref name="Heckmann"/>N'ime oke ehi of Ex supernae dispositionis nke 1585, Pope Sixtus V, onye Franciscan, [1] wulitere Archconfraternity nke Cord nke Saint Francis iji shọọ tại kọstī, na Basilica nke St.  Francis bụ onye Assisi, ma ọ bara ọgaranya na ọtụtụ indulgences.  ma nyekwa onye ozi izugbe nke Order of Friars Minor Conventual ike iwulite confraternities nke khondas Saint Francis nime kelu nke usoro na nke ịgọm ha na archconfraternity na Assisi.  Pope Sixtus, na ehi nke Divinae caritatis, nyekwara ohere ọhụrụ nye archconfraternity nke Minister General of the Friars Minor ikwe ka njikọ nke Saint Francis nke Assisi nọrọ n'ụka, ma nwee ike ime ya.  .  Pope Paul V, n'ime oke ehi of Cum certas na Nuper archiconfraternitati kagburu ihu ọ ime Đồng ruo tên a nakweere archconfraternity ma mee ka ọ baa malite site n'ịhịnanya new and nke zuru oke.  Pope Clement X, Dudum felicis na 1673 kwadoro ya . <ref name="Heckmann"/>Pope Benedict XIII nyere Sacrosancti apostolatus nke 1724, nke kwere ka ndị conventual wulite confraternities nke Saint Francis na ndị na-abụghị ndị France. == Archconfraternity nke Cord nke Saint Joseph == Archconfraternity nke Cord nke Saint Joseph dabere na Ụka San Rocco. <ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=_rw-AAAAYAAJ&dq=San+Rocco%2C+Rome&pg=RA2-PA43 ''Ecclesiastical Diary, Ordo and Note-book for the Special Use of the Reverend Clergy in the United States'', Benziger Brothers, 1908, p. 51]</ref> A ga-achịkọta ihe dị iche iche nke Cord nke Saint Joseph na archconfraternity na Ụka St. Roch dị na Rome iji nweta ihu ọma na ime mmụọ ya. <ref name="books.google.com" /> <ref>[[iarchive:cihm_53672/page/n9/mode/2up|''Miraculous efficacy of the cord of St. Joseph'', Montreal, E. Senécal, 1870]]</ref>Ọgwụgwọ nke ndị nọn Augustinian na Antwerp na 1657 abụghị ọrịa ọjọọ, ma ọ bụ nsọpụrụ nke Saint Joseph, n’ihi na ọ bụ ihe dị mma ime.  Ọ dị ka ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ dị na Europe, na narị afọ nke 19, Chọọchị Saint Roch dị na Rome na Saint Nicolas na Verona.  Pope Pius IX kwadoro na 1859 ngọzi nke Saint Joseph == Universal Archconfraternity nke Saint Philomena == <ref name="UASP">{{Cite web|title=Membership|url=http://philomenafamily.org/?page_id=62|publisher=Universal Archconfraternity of Saint Philomena|accessdate=17 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217034657/http://philomenafamily.org/?page_id=62|archivedate=17 February 2015}}</ref>The Universal Archconfraternity of Saint Philomena bụ ozi nke ndị na-etinye aka na ndụ a "dị ka ihe omimi nke Kraịst, ihe nzuzo nke Saint Philomena", m na-agụ akwụkwọ, na m na-arịọ ndị ntorobịa na-abịa na ndụ nke Ndị Kraịst. <ref name="UASP"/>A must ibuga aha mû debanyere aha na seite Confraternity of Saint Philomena and Sanctuary nke Saint Philomena, ka e wee "debanye aha na lakn n'ozuzu nke Universal Archconfraternity of Saint Philomena. == Confraternity nke eriri nke Saint Thomas (Angelic Warfare Confraternity) == <ref name="Robinson">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dominicanajournal.org/wp-content/files/old-journal-archive/vol26/no1/dominicanav26n1angelicwarfare.pdf |title=Matthias Robinson OP, ''The Angelic Warfare'' in ''Dominicana'' |accessdate=2024-04-08 |archivedate=2023-03-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322214859/https://www.dominicanajournal.org/wp-content/files/old-journal-archive/vol26/no1/dominicanav26n1angelicwarfare.pdf }}</ref>Ọrụ Saint Thomas Aquinas dabere na eziokwu nke ọrụ nke Mmụọ Nsọ, na ọnwụnwa nke ndị na-atụ egwu ya, anaghị atụ egwu ya.  A ka na-esche khondas a n'ụka dị na Chieri, Italy.  N'oge na-nọnọ anya mgbe onye-ọọ nwooa, ọtụtụ n'ime anyị ndị ntụkwasị obi malitere eriri a ịhụ Saint Thomas, ka anyị wee nweta amara nke saịtị ahụ n'arọọ. <ref name="Robinson"/> Ewebere Confraternity of the Cord of Saint Thomas na Catholic University of Leuven site na Belgium Dominican friar Franciscus Deurweerers na 1649, anyị etinyela otu ndị prọfesọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ngalaba nkà mmụta okpukpe (gụnyere Thomas Aquinas as ) na ọtụtụ ndị kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi.  Mgbe ahụ, ọ gbasara Maastricht, Vienna, na ọtụtụ obodo ndị ọzọ na Europe.  Na narị afọ nke 17, mgbe ọha na eze na mahadum dị iche, ụfọdụ n'ime ha asọpụrụghị Saint Thomas. . <ref>[http://www.angelicwarfareconfraternity.org/history/ "History", Angelic Warfare Confraternity, Dominican Friars, Province of St. Joseph]</ref>Pope Innocent X kwadoro mmekọrịta ọhụrụ na saịtị ahụ na March 22, 1652. Ndị chọrọ ịbịanye aka na ya, yyiri eriri na eriri iri na ise ma ọ bụ ihe nrite nke .  Otu na-ọọ, kwa dịi, Ekele Mary iri na ise, iji shọọa ihe omisi nke rosary .  Agụnyeghị ọrụ ikpeazụ n'okpuru mmehie.  [1] Ka a nabata ya na saka a, onye Dominican priest ọ ọ ọ ọ ọ ọ ọ ike ime emume ịu.  Ụkọchukwu ọ ọọọ ike ime emume ọu site n'ikike onye isi ọọc tîi confraternity.  Indulgences n'ịsọpụrụ mmekọrịta nke Pope Benedict XIII, Pretiosus na 1727, na njikọ nke Indulgences. == Hụkwa == [[Òtù:Aha]] ilrvzju7irp26ws9tfmgzryagqivzlb Moges Taye 0 43735 639103 164322 2026-05-27T09:27:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Moges Taye''' (amuru Disemba 12, 1973, na Showa ) bu onye oso ogologo si [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] . Ọganihu ya bịara na Marathon Rome City na 1996, nke o meriri n'oge 2:12:03. Ọ nọchitere anya Etiopia na marathon na 1997 World Championships in Athletics, mana ọ kwụsịrị ịgba ọsọ ahụ. Na 1997 Istanbul Marathon ọ meriri na oge ndekọ nke 2: 13: 37 - oge na-adịghị mma maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri. N'ịga n'ihu na nke a, Taye ga-aga n'ihu na-agbachitere aha ya n'afọ abụọ na-esote na-aghọ nanị nwoke meriri n'ọsọ ahụ ugboro atọ. <ref>[http://marathoninfo.free.fr/historique/istanbul.htm Istanbul Marathon winners]. Marathon Info. Retrieved on 2010-10-28.</ref> Na 1998 ọ meriri Tiberias Marathon na oge ndekọ nke 2:12:51, na-eti akara [[Kevin Shaw (athlete)|Kevin Shaw]] gara aga ihe karịrị otu nkeji. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121105012714/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-4995179.html Article: Ethiopia's Moges Taye sets new record in Tiberias Marathon ]. ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'' (1998-01-08). Retrieved on 2010-04-30.</ref> Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, ọ meriri mbipụta 1998 nke Marathon Vienna . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240608122134/https://www.arrs.run/MaraRank/ATM_Mara1998.htm World Marathon Rankings for 1998]. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]]. Retrieved on 2010-04-30.</ref> Ọ meriri Marathon Venice na 2001. N'ịbụ onye na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè n'okporo ụzọ mba ụwa nke abụọ, ọ gbara ọsọ na 2003 World Championships na Athletics na marathon mana ọ kwụsịrị ịgba ọsọ ahụ. Ọ meriri mbipụta 2004 nke Marathon Nagano na [[Japan]] . == Mmezu == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{ETH}} |- |1996 |[[Rome City Marathon]] |[[Rome, Italy]] |bgcolor="gold" | 1st |Marathon |2:12:03 |- |1997 |[[1997 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Athens, Greece]] |&mdash; |Marathon |[[1997 World Championships in Athletics – Men's Marathon|DNF]] |- |1998 |[[Vienna Marathon]] |[[Vienna, Austria]] |bgcolor="gold" | 1st |Marathon |2:10:08 |- |2000 |[[Rome City Marathon]] |[[Rome, Italy]] |4th |Marathon |2:09:49 |- |2001 |[[Venice Marathon]] |[[Venice, Italy]] |bgcolor="gold" | 1st |Marathon |2:11:59 |- |2003 |[[2003 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Paris, France]] |&mdash; |Marathon |[[2003 World Championships in Athletics – Men's Marathon|DNF]] |- |2004 |[[Nagano Olympic Commemorative Marathon|Nagano Marathon]] |[[Nagano, Nagano|Nagano, Japan]] |bgcolor="gold" | 1st |Marathon |2:13:09 |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Moges Taye at World Athletics * [http://marathoninfo.free.fr/athletes/ethiopie/taye_moges.htm Profile] from MarathonFree {{Footer Rome Marathon Champions Men}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ol156jrne1ips74e45ujx6l3gz4s1gv Mahlet Melese 0 43848 639045 164559 2026-05-26T20:38:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mahlet Melese''' (amụrụ 20 Mee 1990) bụ nwanyị Etiopia na-agba ọsọ ogologo oge. Ọ bụ onye nrite ọla ọcha mita 3000 n'asọmpị ndị ntorobịa ụwa n'egwuregwu 2007, ebe ọ gbara ọsọ kacha mma nke nkeji 8:56.98 iji tinye n'azụ [[Mercy Cherono]] . <ref>[https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-u18-championships/news/girls-3000m-final Girls 3000m Final]. IAAF (2007-07-11). Retrieved 2018-04-24.</ref> Ọ bụ onye mmeri mba Etiopia n'ebe dị anya n'afọ ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa. <ref>Negash, Elshadai (2007-05-07). [https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/defar-inspired-melese-harbours-big-ambitions Defar-inspired Melese harbours big ambitions in Ostrava ]. IAAF. Retrieved 2018-04-24.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240427054254/https://more.arrs.run/runner/9244 Mehlet Melese]. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]]. Retrieved 2018-04-24.</ref>Melese gbara ihe ụmụaka maịl abụọ na aha Van Damme na mpụta mbụ IAAF Golden League ya na 2007, wee tinye nke iri na 2007 IAAF World Athletics Final . [1] Mgbe nke a nwa, ọ tụụrụ gaa na-agba ọsọ n'okporo ụzọ wee malite n'ọsọ Europe na 2009. Ọ bịara nke atọ na Amatrice-Configno na nke anọ na Corribianco . O wepụrụ ezumike site na iwepụta wee pụtaghachi na 2011 na mpụta mbụ marathon na Toulouse, na-edekọ 2:44:43 awa maka ebe ise. Ọmeri Marathon Luxembourg 2012 wee bụrụ onye gbara ọsọ n'afọ na-esote. Ọ na-agba ọsọ ndụ kacha mma nke 2:37:23 awa na 2013 Münster Marathon, ma nke a bụ naanị maka nke anọ. Ọ gara United States n'afọ 2014 wee merie nsogbu 10K na ọkara marathon na Atlantic City, yana tinye nke abụọ na Marathon Richmond . == Asọmpi mba ụwa == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- |rowspan=2|2007 |[[2007 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]] |[[Ostrava]], Czech Republic |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2007 World Youth Championships in Athletics – Girls' 3000 metres|3000 m]] |8:56.98 |- |[[2007 IAAF World Athletics Final|World Athletics Final]] |[[Stuttgart]], Germany |10th |[[2007 IAAF World Athletics Final – Results|3000 m]] |9:25.74 |- |} == Aha obodo == * Asọmpi egwuregwu Etiopia ** 3000 m: 2007 == Edensibia == iwepụta wee pụtaghachi na 2011 na mpụta{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Mahlet Melese at World Athletics [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kv13xvsy1u1pcf5y198mu8pcoacelgg Lishan Yegezu 0 43933 639016 164842 2026-05-26T16:17:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Lishan Yegezu Fanta''' (amụrụ 6 Ọktoba 1985) bụ onye Etiopia na-agba ọsọ ogologo oge bụ ọkachamara na ọkara marathon . Ọ gụchara nke iri na atọ na 2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championship . O si otú a nyere ndị Etiopia aka inweta ihe nrite ọla edo na asọmpi otu. Oge kacha mma ya bụ elekere 1:01:42, nwetara n'August 2005 na [[Addis Ababa]] , == Njikọ mpụga == * Lishan Yegezu at World Athletics * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240429040935/https://more.arrs.run/runner/26063 Profile] at ARRS [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kf8z76je71i6jk2amwocg4pmgodz47z Massinissa Askeur 0 44454 639089 166091 2026-05-27T02:26:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639089 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Massinissa Askeur''' (amụrụ na Jenụwarị ụbọchị anọ, na afọ otu puku narị itoolu iri asatọ na asaa) bụ onye Algeria na-ese ihe na Onye na-emepụta ejiji nke sitere na Berber. Ọ bụ onye natara onyinye Ọdọm Ọlaedo nke 2023 maka nka anya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mastrillo|first=Orlando|title=Un leone d'oro a Marchirolo, premiato l'artista Massinissa Askeur|url=https://www.varesenews.it/2023/04/un-leone-doro-a-marchirolo-premiato-lartista-massinissa-askeur/1596262/|work=VareseNews|language=it|date=22 April 2023}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == Ọrụ Askeur sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ọdịbendị na Omenala Mediterenian na-egosi oge gara aga na ugbu a. Ọ na-ejikọkwa ya na mmalite Berber, na-eji nka ihe atụ n'ọrụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fashion week de Milan : Le styliste algérien Massinissa Askeur fait sensation|url=https://lalgerieaujourdhui.dz/fashion-week-de-milan-le-styliste-algerien-massinissa-askeur-fait-sensation/|work=L'Algérie Aujourd'hui|language=fr-FR|date=18 January 2023}}</ref> Ya na Gianni Tolentino rụkọtara ọrụ na Milan Fashion Week. Tolentino tinyere ihe osise nke onye na-ese ihe Askeur n'ime uwe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Cirillo|first=Vincenzo|title=Milano Fashion Week "La collaborazione tra l'artista simbolista Massinissa Askeur e lo stilista Gianni Tolentino - "Origines"|url=https://www.aobmagazine.it/2023/03/10/milano-fashion-week-la-collaborazione-tra-lartista-simbolista-massinissa-askeur-e-lo-stilista-gianni-tolentino-origines/|work=AOB Magazine|language=it-IT|date=10 March 2023}}</ref> == Onyinye na mmata == N'afọ 2017, Askeur mepụtara nchịkọta elekere Napoleon ya, nke nwetara nkwado site na Consulate nke Algeria na Milan.<ref name="NO">{{Cite web|title=Massinissa Askeur: "L’arte come strumento d’espressione per lasciare traccia ai posteri e superare le divisioni tra gli uo|url=https://www.corrieredelleconomia.it/2022/06/14/massinissa-askeur-larte-come-strumento-despressione-per-lasciare-traccia-ai-posteri-e-superare-le-divisioni-tra-gli-uomini/|work=Corriere dell'Economia|language=it-IT|date=14 June 2022}}</ref> A họpụtara ya dị ka onye nketa Joan Miró na Mahadum nke Paul Valery n'oge emume ihe nkiri Cannes ikpeazụ, Mondadori gụnyere ya na akwụkwọ afọ nke nka nke oge a, "Oméka iri abụo na abụo," na-akpọ Askeur n'etiti ndị narị ise kachasị emetụta ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a n'ụwa. E gosipụtakwara ọrụ ya na Venice Biennale na Carrousel du Louvre . <ref>{{Cite web|title=L'artiste algérien Massinissa Askeur distingué en Italie|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/apsfr/554784|work=Djazairess|accessdate=2024-05-13|archivedate=2023-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708033412/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/apsfr/554784}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Trophée du Lion d’Or en Italie pour Massinissa|url=https://maghrebactu.com/lartiste-algerien-massinissa-askeur-decroche-le-trophee-du-lion-dor-en-italie/|work=Maghrebactu|language=fr-FR|date=30 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=L'artiste algérien Massinissa Askeur distingué en Italie|url=https://www.aps.dz/culture/154784-l-artiste-algerien-massinissa-askeur-distingue-en-italie|work=APS}}</ref> == Ebe m si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dc5n8i2fnzy4x8xxhglppi7h6isxxo8 Lina Geoushy 0 44504 639014 195766 2026-05-26T15:45:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639014 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lina Geoushy''' (لينا جيوشي; amụrụ n'afọ 1990) bụ onye Egypt na-ese foto na onye na-ese ihe. Ọrụ pụrụ ya nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ya na-enyocha na mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwoke na nwanyị, na [[Nkwado ụmụ nwanyị|inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike]]. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mouhandes|first=Dina|date=2021-08-26|title=Lina Geoushy|url=https://photoworks.org.uk/lina-geoushy/|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=Photoworks|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọrụ ya bụ nzaghachi nye òtù MeToo nke Ijipt.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Abel-Hirsch|first=Hannah|title=Lina Geoushy: "I wanted our voices to be heard, but also made visible" - 1854 Photography|url=https://www.1854.photography/2022/08/lina-geoushy-i-wanted-our-voices-to-be-heard-but-also-made-visible/|accessdate=2023-07-08|work=www.1854.photography|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mmụta == Geoushy gụsịrị akwụkwọ MA Photojournalism & Documentary Photography na Mahadum nke Arts, London. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na London College of Communication na Elephant &amp;amp; Castle ma gụsịrị na mpaghara ọwụwa ndọrọ ọchịchị akwụkwọ na mmalite afọ 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 November 2021|title=MA Photojournalism and Documentary Photography students featured in Photoworks Graduate Issue|url=https://www.arts.ac.uk/colleges/london-college-of-communication/stories/ma-photojournalism-and-documentary-photography-students-featured-in-photoworks-graduate-issue}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ Business, Communications, na Psychology na Mahadum America dị na Cairo, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nsọpụrụ, ma nweta nzere bachelọ ya na 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lina Geoushy CV|url=https://www.tintera.art/lina-geoushy-cv|work=TINTERA photographic art consultancy|accessdate=2024-05-13|archivedate=2023-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106171619/https://www.tintera.art/lina-geoushy-cv}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ ya gụnyere Shame Less: A Protest Against Sexual Violence, <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.creativereview.co.uk/lina-geoushy-photojournalism-photographer/|title=Lina Geoushy: Recovery and Power|first=Emily|author=Gosling|date=January 11, 2022|work=Creative Review}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://linageoushy.com/Shame-Less|title=Shame Less مش عيب — Lina Geoushy Photography|work=linageoushy.com}}</ref> Breadwinners, <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://phmuseum.com/news/questioning-patriarchy-in-egypt|title=Questioning Patriarchy In Egypt|work=phmuseum.com}}</ref> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://rps.org/news/groups/documentary/2020/january/the-decisive-moment-january-2020/|title=The Decisive Moment - January 2020|work=rps.org}}</ref> Cleopatras Scoring Change, na Trailblazers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://linageoushy.com/Breadwinners-1|title=Breadwinners — Lina Geoushy Photography|work=linageoushy.com}}</ref> Ihe nrite ya gụnyere na mpaghara 2022 Female In focus Award site na The ''British Journal of Photography,'' 2022 Foam Talent, na 2019 Documentary Photographer of The Year site na The Royal Photographic Society.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2022/aug/03/female-in-focus-photography-awards-2022-in-pictures|title=Female in Focus photography award 2022 – in pictures|work=The Guardian|date=August 3, 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bjp-online.com/awards/female-in-focus/winners2022/|title=Winners &#124; Female in Focus Photography Awards &#124; 1854 Media|work=1854 Photography}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.foam.org/online-exhibitions/undefined/online-exhibitions/talent-digital-2022|title=Foam Talent 2022 &#124; Digital Exhibition - Foam: All about photography|work=www.foam.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rps.org/news/journal/life-after-the-documentary-photographer-of-the-year-award/|title=Life after the Documentary Photographer of the Year award|work=rps.org|accessdate=2024-05-13|archivedate=2023-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106171619/https://rps.org/news/journal/life-after-the-documentary-photographer-of-the-year-award/}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Geoushy malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ọrụ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị Ijipt na mpaghara okpomọkụ ọdịda elu na ọgbọ mmụta nnọchite anya foto na Beyn Collective nke L'Art Rue kwadoro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allaroundculture.com/showcase/being-a-woman-on-egyptian-womanhoods-and-photographic-representation/|title="Being a Woman" On Egyptian Womanhoods and Photographic Representation - All-Around Culture &#124; All-Around Culture|date=July 11, 2021|work=allaroundculture.com|accessdate=May 13, 2024|archivedate=April 16, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416202309/https://allaroundculture.com/showcase/being-a-woman-on-egyptian-womanhoods-and-photographic-representation/}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, o nwere ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya na Landskrona Foto nke Monica Allende haziri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.landskronafoto.org/en/lina-geoushy/|title=Lina Geoushy- Shame Less مش عيب: A Protest Against Sexual Violence|work=Landskrona Foto|accessdate=2024-05-13|archivedate=2024-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529144657/https://www.landskronafoto.org/en/lina-geoushy/}}</ref> * 2022: Female In Focus Series Winner, ''British Journal of Photography'' <ref name="auto1"/> * 2022: FOAM Talent <ref name="auto3"/> * 2022: OD Photo Prize (Judge's Pick) site n'aka onye na-ahụ maka Autograph, Bindi Vora, Open Doors Gallery <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opendoors.gallery/od-photo-prize-2022-winner-announced|title=OD Photo Prize 2022 &#124; Winner Announced|first=Tom|author=Page|date=September 26, 2022}}</ref> * 2022: Carte Blanche Finalist, Paris Photo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parisphoto.com/en-gb/carte-blanche-students/finalists-carte-blanche-students-2022/geoushy-lina.html|title=GEOUSHY Lina|work=www.parisphoto.com}}</ref> * 2021: Photography+ The Graduate Issue 2021, Photoworks<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://photoworks.org.uk/lina-geoushy/|title=Lina Geoushy|date=August 26, 2021|work=Photoworks}}</ref> * 2021: Against All Odds Grantee, Malala Fund X British Journal of Photography 1854 Media <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malala.org/newsroom/malala-fund-and-1854-wrap-against-all-odds-photography-project|title=Malala Fund and 1854 wrap "Against All Odds" photography project &#124; Malala Fund|work=malala.org}}</ref> * 2021: International Photography Exhibition 163, The Royal Photographic Society <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rps.org/news/journal/2021/december/ipe-163-five-exhibitors-to-watch/|title=IPE 163: Five of the best|work=rps.org}}</ref> * 2021: Onye mmeri nke Portrait Series 2021 (2nd Place), Lens Culture <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lensculture.com/2021-lensculture-portrait-award-winners|title=WINNERS—LensCulture Portrait Awards 2021|work=LensCulture}}</ref> * 2020: GUP New Talent <ref>[https://www.gupnew.com/lina Stories - Lina Geoushy]</ref> * 2019: Onye na-ese foto nke Afọ, The Royal Photographic Society' <ref name="auto4"/> * 2019: Onye mmeri AAFxPHmuseum Prize, PHmuseum <ref name="auto2"/> * 2019: Onye mmeri nke AOP Awards <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aop.org/awards/student-awards-2019|title=Student Awards 2019|work=www.the-aop.org}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 536g0cf377ah353csz647805mjfdc3c LeRoy Clarke 0 45815 639010 204272 2026-05-26T13:54:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639010 wikitext text/x-wiki LeRoy Clarke (7 Nọvemba 1938 - 27 Julaị 2021) [1] bụ onye na-ese ihe na-ahụ anya, onye na-ede uri, onye nkuzi / onye na-amụ, onye ọkà ihe na Onye ndu Orisha, [  2] onye banyere na Belmont, Port of Spain, Trinidad na Tobago . Onye na-ese ihe na-anya onwe ya, [1] ọ gara na 1967 ibi na New York, ebe n'afọ sochirinụ o usoro usoro a na-akpọ "Iberibe nke nsọ nsọ" na Studio Museum na Harlem, [2  ] [3] na-aga.  ka ọ bụrụ onye mbụ na-ese ihe na-ebi ebe ahụ, n'etiti 1972 na 1974. [4] E sere ihe ọrụ ya n'elu ihe ngosi n'ime ọtụtụ awụ, sị Douens (1973–76), Ịsọpụrụ  LeRoy Clarke na ọnwụ 80th ya na ebe nchekwa nke nne ya Ellen Clarke (2018), na nso a Anya Hayti… Cries… N'ebe niile, na 2021 <ref name="Newsday">{{Cite web|url=https://newsday.co.tt/2021/07/27/artist-leroy-clarke-dies/|title=Artist LeRoy Clarke dies|first=Paula|author=Lindo|work=[[Trinidad and Tobago Newsday]]|date=27 July 2021|accessdate=30 July 2021}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-ede uri, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ise: ''Taste of Endless Fruit'' (1972); ''Douens'' (1976), ''Eyeing De Word – Love Poem for Ettylene'' (2004), ''De Distance Is Here, The El Tucuche Epic 1984–2007'' (2007), na ''Nzuzo Ahụhụ nke nnụnụ miri emi n'ime m, chọrọ ife efe'' (2008). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tt.loopnews.com/content/master-artist-leroy-clarke-has-died|title=Master Artist LeRoy Clarke has died|work=Loop News|first=Laura|author=Dowrich-Phillips|date=27 July 2021|accessdate=28 July 2021|archivedate=27 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727151023/https://tt.loopnews.com/content/master-artist-leroy-clarke-has-died}}</ref>N'ime ọtụtụ ihe nrite ndị o mgba bụ nzere doctorate site na Mahadum Trinidad na Tobago . Clarke nwụrụ na 27 Julaị 2021, dị afọ 82. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.co.tt/news/tributes-pour-in-on-death-of-leroy-clarke-6.2.1362656.bf236b9d3f|title=Tributes pour in on death of LeRoy Clarke|work=[[Trinidad & Tobago Guardian]]|date=27 July 2021}}</ref> == Mbipụta == * 1970: ''Pọtụfoliyo: Iberibe nke Mmụọ'' (eserese) * 1972: ''uto nke mkpụrụ osisi na-adịghị agwụ agwụ'' (abụ) * 1976: ''Douens'' (abụ). Mbipụta nke abụọ 1981 * 2003: ''LeRoy Clarke: Nke anụ ahụ na nnu na ikuku na ugbu a'' . Port nke Spain, Trinidad na Tobago: National Museum na Art Gallery nke Trinidad na Tobago,  * 2004: ''Eyeing de Word – Love Poem for Ettylene'' . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/976-8054-58-1|976-8054-58-1]] (mkpuchi);  (mkpuchi siri ike) * 2007: ''De anya dị ebe a - El Tucuche Epic 1984-2007'' . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-976-8054-70-8|978-976-8054-70-8]] (mkpuchi siri ike);  (mkpuchi dị nro) * 2008: ''Ahụhụ nzuzo nke nnụnụ miri emi n'ime m, na-achọ ife efe: mkpokọta ihe osise'' . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-976-8054-74-6|978-976-8054-74-6]] (mkpuchi siri ike);  (mkpuchi dị nro) * 2010: ''Olu nke Coal na-ese anwụrụ'' . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-976-8054-85-2|978-976-8054-85-2]] (mkpuchi siri ike);  (mkpuchi dị nro) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210728071344/https://www.leroyclarke.com/ Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị] ofmp6a6o3efio9ifzqmhh9jkwdt4ted Mohammed Elshamy 0 45995 639105 516899 2026-05-27T10:01:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|title=<!-- Formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office= may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as "Office" (e.g. public office or appointments) -->|alma_mater=|URL={{URL|https://www.elshamy.me/}}}} {{Databox}}'''Mohammed Elshamy''' (amuru Eprel 12, 1994) bu onye odeakụkọ foto Egypt nke dabere na Lagos na New York. <ref>Jonathan Krohn,{{Cite web|url=https://www.theailybeast.com/al-jazeera-journo-abdullah-el-shamy-goes-on-hunger-strike-in-egyptian-jail|title=Al Jazeera Journo Abdullah El-Shamy Goes On Hunger Strike In Egyptian Jail|publisher=thedailybeast.com|date=12 July 2017|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/anadolu-agency-photojournalist-wins-prestigious-award/447862|title=Al Anadolu Agency photojournalist wins prestigious award|publisher=aa.com.tr|date=18 October 2015|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Elshamy nwere nzere bachelọ nke Arts na Mahadum Cairo na Mahadum New York (2014). O mekwara mmemme asambodo na Documentary Practice and Visual Journalism na International Center of Photography na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/elshamyme|title=Mohammed Elshamy - Photojournalist and Business Student|publisher=linkedin.com|date=|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Elshamy malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-azụ ọzụzụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Egypt kwa ụbọchị Al-Masry Al-Youm tupu ọ banye na Anadolu Agency nke dabeere na New York. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magnumfoundation.tumblr.com/post/100773073086/mohammed-elshamy-embracing-multimedia-after-human|title=Mohammed Elshamy Embracing Multimedia After Human Rights Fellowship|publisher=magnumfoundation.tumblr.com|date=|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> O kpuchiela ihe omume ama ama dị ka nzukọ Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu, Ntuli aka, ngagharị iwe Muslim na ihe omume ndị ọzọ. Ọ dekọtara esemokwu okporo ụzọ ndị Ijipt na ọchịchị ndị Ijipt n'afọ 2013 mgbe ọ nọ n'Ijipt. <ref>Sheera Frenkel,{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/sheerafrenkel/how-to-get-arrested-in-egypt-work-as-a-journalist#.ct07W0Q7x|title=How To Get Arrested In Egypt: Work As A Journalist|publisher=buzzfeednews.com|date=29 January 2014|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>Shadi Rahimi,{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/iw/originals/2014/03/jazeera-journalist-egypt-elshamy-fahmy-greste.html|title=Media crackdown more severe for Egyptian journalists|publisher=al-monitor.com|date=|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> Ọ kpuchikwara ntiwapụ nke ọrịa Ebola na [[Sierra Leone]] na [[Liberia]] . <ref>Amanda L. Chan,{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mohammed-elshamy-ebola-sierra-leone_n_5965460|title=What It's Like To Be An Ebola Survivor|publisher=huffpost.com|date=6 December 2017|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>Eline Gordts,{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ebola-photos_n_5967682|title=Gut-Wrenching Images Show The Brutal Reality Of The Ebola Outbreak In Liberia|publisher=huffpost.com|date=10 October 2014|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>Eline Gordts,{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ebola-not-over_n_7019072?slideshow=true#gallery/355219/0|title=The Fight Against Ebola Is Making Incredible Progress, But It’s Not Over Yet|publisher=huffpost.com|date=6 December 2017|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> Ọ kpuchikwara nnupụisi ndị agha na [[South Sudan]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paddle8.com/work/mohammed-elshamy/106351-untitled|title=Mohammed Elshamy Untitled, 2014|publisher=paddle8.com|date=|accessdate=25 February 2020|archivedate=28 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228103153/https://paddle8.com/work/mohammed-elshamy/106351-untitled}}</ref> Ọ depụtakwara ihe ndị Boko Haram mere na [[Ógbè Ebe Ugwu, Naịjirịa|Northern Nigeria]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://muslimnews.co.uk/news/campaign-on-terror/nigeria-56-dead-in-bloody-boko-haram-attack/|title=Nigeria: 56 dead in bloody Boko Haram attack|publisher=muslimnews.co.uk|date=1 September 2015|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/12/22/boko-haram-violenceforces1millionchildrenfromschool.html|title=Boko Haram violence forces 1 million children from school|publisher=america.aljazeera.com|date=22 December 2015|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> Ọ dekọkwara mkpọmkpọ ebe [[Makoko]] na-ese n'elu mmiri, nke na-anabata ọtụtụ puku mmadụ na Lagos. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/pg/photo-gallery/nigeria-floating-slum|title=Nigeria Floating Slum|publisher=aa.com.tr|date=|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/multimedia/photo-gallery/2014/5/photos-life-insidetheveniceofafricanigeriasfloatingslum.html|title=Photos: Life inside the ‘Venice of Africa,’ Nigeria’s floating slum|publisher=america.aljazeera.com|date=8 May 2014|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> O kpuchikwara nsogbu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Europe na nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Darfur, [[Sudan]] na 2015 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/sudan-darfurians-choose-to-keep-multi-state-system-/560175|title=Sudan: Darfurians choose to keep multi-state system|publisher=aa.com.tr|date=24 April 2016|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Time Magazine, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timelightbox.tumblr.com/post/85238584837/photo-mohammed-elshamy-anadolu-agencygetty|title=STIME’s Best Pictures of the Week|publisher=timelightbox.tumblr.com|date=|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>Mikko Takkunen,{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/3807642/pjl-march-2014-part-1/|title=Features and Essays|publisher=time.com|date=10 March 2014|accessdate=25 February 2020|archivedate=20 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920002825/https://time.com/3807642/pjl-march-2014-part-1/}}</ref> The Guardian, <ref>Patrick Kingsley,{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/29/egypt-to-charge-20-al-jazeera-journalists-damaging-countrys-reputation|title=Egypt to charge al-Jazeera journalists with damaging country's reputation|publisher=theguardian.com|date=29 January 2014|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> Al Jazeera, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201412291803-0024455|title=Sentenced|publisher=aljazeera.com|date=29 December 2014|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> Amnesty. USA, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/nigeria-bring-back-our-girls/|title=Bring Back Our Girls|publisher=amnestyusa.org|date=|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == * 2011 - Anatara ihe nrite ndị nta akụkọ Egypt, mgbe ọ dị afọ 17. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpj.org/2019/03/egyptian-photojournalist-free.php|title=This week in press freedom: Egyptian photojournalist free after over 5 years in prison|publisher=cpj.org|date=8 March 2019|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> * 2014 - Ahọpụtara maka Mmekọrịta Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Magnum Foundation na Mahadum New York . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.comptonfoundation.org/magnum-foundation-announces-2014-emergency-fund-grantees-human-rights-fellows/|title=Magnum Foundation announces 2014 Emergency Fund Grantees & Human Rights Fellows|publisher=comptonfoundation.org|date=26 March 2014|accessdate=25 February 2020|archivedate=28 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228103150/https://www.comptonfoundation.org/magnum-foundation-announces-2014-emergency-fund-grantees-human-rights-fellows/}}</ref> <ref>Phil Bicker,{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/3808087/magnum-emergency-fund-grantees/|title=TIME Exclusive: Magnum Emergency Fund Announces 2014 Grantees|publisher=time.com|date=26 March 2014|accessdate=25 February 2020|archivedate=29 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829110715/https://time.com/3808087/magnum-emergency-fund-grantees/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Magnum Foundation == Ntụaka == depụtakwara ihe ndị Boko Haram mere na Northern Nigeria . Ọ dekọkwara mkpọmkpọ ebe Makoko na-ese n'elu mmiri, nke na-anabata ọtụtụ puku mmadụ na Lagos{{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dxk92ug76uwj1f4t0rsjiw1i54j3t24 Leon Quincy Jackson 0 47302 639011 595714 2026-05-26T14:28:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639011 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Leon Quincy Jackson''' (January 9, 1926, <ref name="AAA">{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203493120-41/leon-quincy-jackson-1926–1995-dreck-spurlock-wilson|title=African American Architects|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780203493120|editor=Wilson|edition=First|doi=10.4324/9780203493120|accessdate=17 May 2021}}</ref> ma ọ bụ 1927–July 21, 1995), <ref name="docomomo">{{Cite web|title=L. Quincy Jackson - Architect|url=https://www.docomomo-us.org/designer/l-quincy-jackson|accessdate=17 May 2021|work=Docomomo-us.org}}</ref> bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na prọfesọ America. A maara ya maka atụmatụ ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ ya. A na-eche na ọ bụ onye mbụ na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ojii na Oklahoma, n'agbanyeghị na ọ chere ịkpa ókè ma ọ nweghị ike ịga ule ikike steeti. Aha ụlọ ọrụ ya bụ '''L. Quincy Jackson & Associates''' . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YJUAAAAMAAJ|title=Directory, African American Architects|date=1995|publisher=Center for the Study of the Practice of Architecture, College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning, [[University of Cincinnati]]|pages=57|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Leon Quincy Jackson na Jenụwarị 9 na 1926 ma ọ bụ 1927 na Wewoka, [[Oklahoma]] . <ref name="AAA"/> <ref name="docomomo"/> Nne ya Roxie Ann Jackson zụlitere ya, onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na nna nkuchi ya Lonnie Galimore, onye na-ere ọgwụ. <ref name="AAA" /> <ref>{{Cite news|date=1978-01-21|title=Roxie Gallimore|pages=23|work=[[The Daily Oklahoman]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/117191881/roxie-gallimore/|accessdate=2023-01-25}}</ref> Nne ya bụ Seminole ọkara ma nwee nnukwu ugbo nwere oke mmanụ yana ntakịrị mmanụ derrick na-arụ ọrụ. <ref name="AAA" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Wilberforce na Iowa State University . <ref name=":2" /> Jackson nwetara nzere BA na architecture (1950) site na Kansas State University ; wee nweta akara ugo mmụta MS (1954) na nhazi site na Mahadum Oklahoma (OU). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=July 7, 2016|title=Pagoda of Medicine|url=https://www.historicnashvilleinc.org/nashville-9/pagoda-of-medicine/|accessdate=2023-01-25|work=Historic Nashville, Inc.|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125012845/https://www.historicnashvilleinc.org/nashville-9/pagoda-of-medicine/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2022-02-09|title=Black History Month Feature: L. Quincy Jackson|url=https://gibbs.oucreate.com/architecture/black-history-month-feature-l-quincy-jackson/|accessdate=2023-01-25|work=Christopher C. Gibbs College of Architecture, [[University of Oklahoma]]|language=en|archivedate=2023-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125012846/https://gibbs.oucreate.com/architecture/black-history-month-feature-l-quincy-jackson/}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=1954-09-11|title=Receives Masters in Architecture|pages=1|work=[[The Black Dispatch]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/117191275/receives-masters-in-architecture/|accessdate=2023-01-25}}</ref> Jackson bụ nwa akwụkwọ Bruce Goff . <ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ ojii nke atọ nwetara nzere masta na nhazi n'aka OU. <ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1950, Jackson bụ onye mbụ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|America-American]] na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ imepe ụlọ ọrụ na steeti Oklahoma. <ref name="docomomo"/> O nwere ihe mgbochi n'ịme ule ikikere steeti Oklahoma n'ihi agbụrụ ya. <ref name="docomomo" /> Tupu ọ nweta akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu, Jackson kuziri injinia ụlọ na Mahadum Prairie View A&amp;amp;M . <ref name=":2"/> Na 1954, Haile Selassie, Emperor nke Etiopia, gara Oklahoma State University–Stillwater na Stillwater, Oklahoma na Jackson gara mmemme ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|date=1954-06-26|title=They Touched The Hem of His Garment|pages=1|work=The Black Dispatch|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/117190934/they-touched-the-hem-of-his-garment/|accessdate=2023-01-25}}</ref> Na 1954, Jackson kwagara Nashville. <ref name=":1"/> Ọ kụziiri na Tennessee State University (TSU) site na 1954 ruo ?. <ref name=":1" /> Jackson guzobela mmemme injinịa ụkpụrụ ụlọ na TSU. <ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ mmetụta na ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Bob Wesley. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=August 23, 2013|title=Historical structure destroyed in early morning fire|url=https://kfor.com/news/historical-structure-destroyed-in-early-morning-fire/|work=KFOR|accessdate=June 7, 2024|archivedate=April 6, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406033336/https://kfor.com/news/historical-structure-destroyed-in-early-morning-fire/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elRFEAAAQBAJ|title=Lift Every Voice: A Celebration of Black Lives|date=2022-04-26|publisher=Hearst Home & Hearst Home Kids|isbn=978-1-950785-61-2|pages=99|language=en}}</ref> Site na 1966 ruo 1975, Jackson bụ onye otu American Institute of Architects (AIA). <ref>{{Cite web|title=L[eon] Quincy Jackson architect|url=https://www.archinform.net/arch/206836.htm|work=Archinform.net}}</ref> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Jackson nwụrụ na Julaị 21, 1995, ma e liri ya n'ebe e liri Greenwood dị na Nashville. <ref name=":0"/> Ọkụ ma ọ bụ kwatuo ụfọdụ ụlọ ya mana ndị ọzọ ka guzoro. <ref name=":0" /> Nwa ya nwoke, Leon Jackson (1969–2016) zụkwara ọzụzụ dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwalite egwu eletrọnịkị na Nashville, Tennessee . <ref name="NashvilleScene">{{Cite news|author=Maloney|first=Sean L|date=29 November 2016|title=Leon Jackson, 1969-2016: Local Electronic Music Community Remembers a Pioneer|publisher=Nashville Scene|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/music/features/article/20845309/leon-jackson-19692016-nashvilles-electronic-music-community-remembers-a-pioneer|accessdate=17 May 2021}}</ref> == Ndepụta ụlọ == * Ụlọ Jackson, 2026 Northeast Grand Boulevard ( c. 1950s ), Edwards Heights Historic District, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; ụlọ mbụ ya <ref name=":2"/> * Pagoda of Medicine (1963), onye bụbu ogige ụlọ ọgwụ Riverside Adventist (ugbu a Churchka Seventh-Day Adventist Church), 707 Youngs Lane, Nashville, Tennessee; ugbu a ebibiri <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Meyer|first=Holly|title=Historic Nashville lists nine threatened properties|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/davidson%20/2015/09/22/historic-nashville-reveals-list-threatened-properties/72585062/|accessdate=2023-01-25|work=The Tennessean|language=en-US}}</ref> * First Baptist Church, Capitol Hill (1972 remodel), Nashville, Tennessee == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n85c4z9fyrtmhir66snnnjeuanq09on Mark Shaw (onye na-ese foto) 0 48531 639087 632324 2026-05-27T00:18:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639087 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Mark Shaw''' (June 25, 1921 - Jenụwarị 26, 1969) bụ onye ejiji America na onye na-ese foto ama ama na 1950s na 1960s. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka magazin ''Life'' site na 1952 ruo 1968, n'oge nke mbipụta 27 nke ''Ndụ'' bu foto mkpuchi nke Shaw. <ref name="shawweb">{{Cite web|url=http://markshawphoto.com/markshaw_biography.htm|title=Mark Shaw Biography|publisher=Mark Shaw Photographic Archive|accessdate=2010-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917051209/http://markshawphoto.com/markshaw_biography.htm|archivedate=2013-09-17}}</ref> Ọrụ Shaw pụtakwara na <nowiki><i id="mwDg">Esquire</i></nowiki>, ''Harper's Bazaar'', <nowiki><i id="mwEg">Mademoiselle</i></nowiki>, na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="shawweb" /> <ref name="PhAnn63">{{Cite journal|year=1962|title=Mark Shaw|journal=Photography Annual, 1963 Edition|pages=42, 190–193}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka foto ya nke John F. Kennedy, nwunye ya Jacqueline Kennedy, na ụmụ ha, Caroline na John F. Kennedy, Jr. Na 1964, e bipụtara ọtụtụ n'ime ihe oyiyi ndị a n'akwụkwọ ''The John F. Kennedys: A. Album ezinụlọ'', nke ghọrọ onye na-ere ahịa kacha mma. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Shaw '''Mark Schlossman''' na ndị nne na nna na-arụ ọrụ nke ihe nketa [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|Eastern Europe]] na New York City wee tolite na Lower East Side . Nne ya Rebecca (ma ọ bụ Reva) Silverstein (nakwa Kanzer) (1895-1960) bụ onye na-akwa akwa nke Russia na Polish; nna ya Joseph Charles Schlossman bụ onye ọrụ na/ma ọ bụ onye na-ere ahịa nke agbụrụ Austrian. Ha gbara alụkwaghịm mgbe Mak ka bụ nwata. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ gara Mahadum New York, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ mmepụta ihe, <ref name="PhAnn63"/> na Pratt Institute, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nkà na ụzụ ma eleghị anya na-ekpughekwa foto. <ref name="Audrey">{{Cite book|title=Charmed by Audrey: Life on the Set of Sabrina|author=Shaw|first=Mark|date=2009-04-14|publisher=Insight Editions|location=San Rafael, CA|isbn=978-1-933784-87-8|pages=9–19}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, Shaw malitere ọrụ foto ọkachamara ya na New York City, na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ foto na ''Harper's Bazaar'', bụ ebe ọ bịara n'okpuru nduzi na onye nduzi nke onye nduzi nkà Alexey Brodovitch . <ref name="PhAnn63"/> Site na 1946 ruo 1948, Shaw mere foto ejiji maka ''Harper's Bazaar'' wee malite inweta ndị ahịa mgbasa ozi. Na 1949, Shaw lụrụ Geraldine "Geri" Trotta, bụ onye ọkachamara ejiji na onye edemede njem maka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gụnyere <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Mademoiselle</i></nowiki> . Di na nwunye ahụ zụtara nkume brownstone n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke etiti Manhattan. Shaw guzobere ụlọ ọrụ foto ya n'ụlọ a na-ebu ibu n'azụ ụlọ ha. <ref name="Audrey"/> Malite na 1951, Shaw nyere ihe oyiyi ejiji na ''Mademoiselle'' . N'afọ 1952, Shaw ghọrọ onye na-ese foto na-akwụghị ụgwọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ''ndụ'' ma na-ahọrọ freelancing n'oge ọrụ ya niile ka o wee nwee ike ijide ikike nke ọrụ ya niile - ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ọ nwere ike nweta ọbụna na ihe oyiyi ya kachasị ama. <ref name="Audrey"/> Njikọ Trotta gbasakwuru ohere Mark na-enweta ndị ama ama na ndị ọha na eze, ọrụ ya gara n'ihu. Freelancing on over 100 assignments for ''Life'', Shaw na-ese foto ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndị ọzọ na-eme ememme, ebe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ foto ugboro ugboro na ụlọ ọrụ ejiji. Ọ bụ onye na-ese foto mbụ gosipụtara mkpokọta ejiji Paris azụ azụ na agba. <ref name="Audrey" /> Na 1953, eleghị anya n'ihi ahụmahụ ejiji ya, e kenyere Shaw ka ọ na-ese foto na-eto eto Audrey Hepburn n'oge ihe nkiri nke Paramount's <nowiki><i id="mwWg">Sabrina</i></nowiki> . Evasive na mbụ, Hepburn nwere ntụsara ahụ na ọnụnọ Shaw n'ime izu abụọ ma nye ya ohere ịdekọ ọtụtụ oge na nzuzo. <ref>{{Cite book|title=How LIFE Gets the Story|author=Rayfield|first=Stanley|year=1955|publisher=Doubleday|location=Garden City, N.Y.}}</ref> Nke a na-emepụta ụfọdụ n'ime ihe oyiyi ya kacha mara amara, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị mma emesịa furu efu ruo ọtụtụ afọ. <ref name="Audrey"/> ''Ndụ'' bipụtara ọtụtụ n'ime foto ndị a na mbipụta December 7, 1953, nke bukwara mkpuchi Shaw nke Hepburn. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị 1950s, ọrụ Shaw na-erute n'ọkwa ya. N'ime ndị ama ama ndị o sere foto bụ Brigitte Bardot, Cary Grant, Danny Kaye, Grace Kelly, Nico, Pablo Picasso, Yves St. Laurent, Elizabeth Taylor, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="shawweb"/> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 1957 Shaw gosipụtara onye mmebe ejiji Coco Chanel, onye na-eme ihe nkiri Jeanne Moreau, na ihe nlereanya Suzy Parker n'oge otu oge ịse na ụlọ Chanel's Paris na ụlọ ejiji. ''Ndụ'' bipụtara ọtụtụ foto ndị a na akụkọ na Chanel nke pụtara na mbipụta nke August 19, 1957 (nke bụkwa ụbọchị ọmụmụ Chanel). Na 1959, ''ndụ'' họọrọ Shaw ka ọ na-ese foto Jacqueline Kennedy mgbe di ya, Senator John F. Kennedy, na-agba ọsọ maka onyeisi oche. Ọrụ a bụ mmalite nke mmekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide na-arụ ọrụ na ọbụbụenyi onwe onye na ndị Kennedys nke ga-emecha mee ka Shaw dị ka Kennedys' de facto "onye na-ese foto ezinụlọ". Ọ gara leta ha na White House na Hyannisport ; n'oge a, o wepụtara foto ya ndị a ma ama, na-egosi di na nwunye ahụ na ụmụ ha na ma ndị ọchịchị na nke nkịtị. Na 1964, Shaw bipụtara nchịkọta ihe oyiyi ndị a n'akwụkwọ ya ''bụ John F. Kennedys: A Family Album'', bụ nke nwere ihe ịga nke ọma. <ref name="shawweb"/> <ref name="Audrey"/> <ref name="Album">{{Cite book|title=The John F. Kennedys: A Family Album|author=Shaw|first=Mark|year=2000|publisher=Rizzoli|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8478-2273-7|pages=7–13, 154}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Na 1960, Shaw na nwunye mbụ ya Geri Trotta gbara alụkwaghịm. <ref name="Audrey"/> Ya na onye na-agụ egwú Pat Suzuki lụrụ na Maachị 28, 1960. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cIxKAAAAIBAJ&pg=3180,2787766&dq=mark+shaw+photographer&hl=en|title=Pat Suzuki Weds Photographer|date=March 29, 1960|work=The Press-Courier|page=3|accessdate=March 10, 2013}}</ref> Ha mụrụ nwa nwoke, David, afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ma gbaa alụkwaghịm na February 1965. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PfpEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7222,4568702&dq=mark+shaw+pat+suzuki+david&hl=en|title=Pat Enjoys Being a Girl But Not Singing The Song|date=January 28, 1964|work=The Evening Independent|pages=5–B|accessdate=March 10, 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Lm9IAAAAIBAJ&pg=7238,1877549&dq=mark+shaw+pat+suzuki+divorce&hl=en|title=Pat Suzuki, Mark Shaw Divorced|date=February 15, 1965|work=The Milwaukee Sentinel|page=15|accessdate=March 10, 2013}}</ref> == Ihe nketa == Mgbe Shaw nwụsịrị, ala ya, gụnyere nnukwu ọrụ foto ya, nyefere ndị nwunye ya mbụ. Na 1994, nwa Shaw David Shaw na nwunye ya Juliet Cuming weghaara njikwa ihe nketa foto Mark Shaw wee zụta òkè Geri Trotta nke mkpokọta ahụ. Na 1999, ha guzobere Mark Shaw Photographic Archive, na East Dummerston, Vermont, nke bụ ugbu a naanị onye nwe iwu nke ihe oyiyi Mark Shaw. <ref name="Audrey"/> Tupu ịmalite Archive, David Shaw nwere ọrụ dị ka ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri vidio egwu, na Juliet Cuming na-eduzi vidiyo egwu (gụnyere White Zombie's " Thunder Kiss '65 "). Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. Di na nwunye ahụ na-arụkwa ọrụ na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ, [http://earthsweethome.com Earth Sweet Home], nke na-akwalite ụlọ na usoro nhazi na-adịgide adịgide . Ebe nchekwa ahụ n'onwe ya ka edobere n'ụdị ahịhịa ahịhịa nke ha wuru onwe ha na-agbaso ụkpụrụ na-adigide. A na-eji ikuku na ike anyanwụ na-arụ ụlọ ahụ. <ref name="shawweb"/> Na December 2005, ọnwa ole na ole mgbe Geri Trotta nwụsịrị, ihe ndị na-adịghị mma nke ogologo oge na-efu site na mpịakọta 60 nke ihe nkiri Mark Shaw gbagburu na 1953 ọrụ Audrey Hepburn na ebe obibi Trotta. E bipụtara nhọrọ ndị a na-achọpụtaghachi na 2009 n'akwụkwọ ''Charmed by Audrey: Life on the Set of Sabrina'' . <ref name="Audrey"/> == Na-arụ ọrụ == === Foto ndị ama ama === * ''Jackie na Caroline n'akụkụ osimiri'', Hyannis Port, 1959. [http://www.monroegallery.com/photographers/detail/id/1191 Foto, ndetu na Monroe Gallery] * ''JFK Ije ije na dunes'', Hyannis Port, 1959. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090818225037/http://www.monroegallery.com/detail.cfm?ID=342 Foto, ndetu na Monroe Gallery] * ''Audrey Walking Away'', Beverly Hills, 1953. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090818225200/http://www.monroegallery.com/detail.cfm?ID=952 Foto, ndetu na Monroe Gallery] * ''Audrey n'okpuru igwe nkụ ntutu'', Paramount Back Lot, 1953. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090818225145/http://www.monroegallery.com/detail.cfm?ID=949 Foto, ndetu na Monroe Gallery] * ''Coco dị na Divan'', Paris, 1957. [http://www.svenskamobler.com/itemdetails.php?id=345322 Foto, ndetu na Andrew Wilder Gallery] * ''Vanity Fair Butterfly Robe Arm Out'', New York, c. 1955. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192647/http://www.svenskamobler.com/itemdetails.php?id=324295 Foto, ndetu na Andrew Wilder Gallery] * ''Vanity Fair Sheer Gown'', New York, c. 1955. [http://www.svenskamobler.com/itemdetails.php?id=99045 Foto, ndetu na Andrew Wilder Gallery] * ''Uwe ọcha nke nwere pearl'', Paris, 1954. [http://www.svenskamobler.com/itemdetails.php?id=371212 Foto, ndetu na Andrew Wilder Gallery] * ''Henrietta Tiarks, onye Dutchess nke Bedford'', Palais Royale, Paris, 1959. [http://www.svenskamobler.com/itemdetails.php?id=129480 Foto, ndetu na Andrew Wilder Gallery] * ''The John F. Kennedys: A Ezinụlọ Album'', Farrar, Straus, 1964. * ''Onye Ozi Udo: Nleta nke Pope Paul VI na United States n’ihe gbasara Udo'', Ụlọ Atọ n’Ime Otu, 1965. (Onye nchịkọta akụkọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ foto.) * ''The Catch na oriri'', Weybright na Talley, 1969. (Onye na-ese foto; ederede Joie McGrail na Bill McGrail dere. Akwụkwọ esi nri anụ ọhịa.) * ''The John F. Kennedys: A Ezinụlọ Album'', Rizzoli, 2003. . (Mbipụta gbasaara, gụnyere onyonyo ọhụrụ.) * ''Audrey mara mma: Ndụ na Set nke Sabrina'', Palace Press, 2009. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-933784-87-8|978-1-933784-87-8]] . (Nke Juliet Cuming na David Taylor dere.) * ''Dior Glamour: 1952-1962'', Rizzoli, 2010. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0847841851|978-0847841851]] . (Onye na-ese foto; ederede nke Natasha Fraser-Cavassoni) == Ihe nrite == * Art Directors Club Awards na 1950, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, na 65 gụnyere ihe nrite ọla edo abụọ. * 1957 Art Directors Club - Award of Distinctive Merit, Editorial Art (Magazine Covers) (maka mkpuchi ''ndụ'' nke Rosalind Russell, Nọvemba 12, 1956) <ref>{{Cite book|title=36th Art Directors Annual - 1957|editor=Robert C. Atherton|year=1957|publisher=Farrar, Straus, Cudahy|location=New York}}</ref> * 1957 Art Directors Club - Award of Distinctive Merit, Editorial Art (Na-abụghị akụkọ ifo - Agba abụọ) <ref>{{Cite book|title=36th Art Directors Annual - 1957|editor=Robert C. Atherton|year=1957|publisher=Farrar, Straus, Cudahy|location=New York}}</ref> * American Television Commercial Festival ( Clio ) ihe nrite: Television/Cinema, Best, 1964: "Night Ride" mgbasa ozi maka Breck Shampoo (Onye nduzi, Igwefoto), ụlọ ọrụ Young &amp;amp; Rubicam, New York. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clioawards.com/archive/|title=CLIO Awards - CLIO Archive|year=2013|work=Archive entry 14381|publisher=Clio Awards|accessdate=23 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813191004/http://www.clioawards.com/archive/|archivedate=13 August 2013}}</ref> * American Television Commercial Festival (Clio) award: Television/Cinema, Best, 1964: "Ford agbanweela" mgbasa ozi maka [[Ụlọ ọrụ Moto Ford|Ford Motor Company]] (Onye nduzi), J. Walter Thompson agency, New York. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clioawards.com/archive/|title=CLIO Awards - CLIO Archive|year=2013|work=Archive entry 14370|publisher=Clio Awards|accessdate=23 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813191004/http://www.clioawards.com/archive/|archivedate=13 August 2013}}</ref> * American Television Commercial Festival (Clio) award: Television/Cinema, Best, 1967: "Okwu na Akwụkwọ" mgbasa ozi maka IBM typewriter (Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta), ụlọ ọrụ Benton &amp;amp; Bowles, New York. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clioawards.com/archive/|title=CLIO Awards - CLIO Archive|year=2013|work=Archive entry 14067|publisher=Clio Awards|accessdate=23 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813191004/http://www.clioawards.com/archive/|archivedate=13 August 2013}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://markshawphoto.com Saịtị gọọmentị] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120911134522/http://andrewwildergallery.com/ Andrew Wilder Gallery - Mark Shaw Foto] (Eji, onye ama ama na eserese ezinụlọ Kennedy site na Shaw) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101028194933/http://www.monroegallery.com/display.cfm?id=64 Monroe Gallery of Photography: Kennedy ezinụlọ na ihe onyonyo ama ama nke Shaw] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120301195830/http://www.mptvimages.com/cgi-bin/imageFolio.cgi?search=mark%20shaw&img=832&cat=Licensed/Non-Restricted&bool=and mptvimages.com - Kọntaktị na-enye ikike na mmekọrịta maka onyonyo Mark Shaw] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g8lg1fenqhiiqz9rs7ds9hm7ln628oo Monica Sorelle 0 48749 639106 197937 2026-05-27T10:58:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Monica Sorelle}} {{Databox}}'''Monica Sorelle''' bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Haiti-American na onye na-ese ihe nkiri dabere na Miami. Ọrụ ya na-enyocha omenala na echiche South Florida na Caribbean, na-egosikwa ihe nkiri ya n'ọtụtụ mmemme ihe nkiri mba ụwa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Monica Sorelle – Caribbean Cultural Institute|url=https://cci.pamm.org/en/monica-sorelle/|accessdate=2024-04-16|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gibbs|first=Adrienne|title='Mountains' Director Monica Sorelle On Displacement, Imagery And Miami's Little Haiti|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adriennegibbs/2023/10/04/mountains-director-monica-sorelle-on-displacement-imagery-and-miamis-little-haiti/|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Monica Sorelle mụrụ ndị nne na nna Haiti na Miami wee tolite na mpaghara North Miami . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Rosa|first=Amanda|date=March 14, 2024|title=Miami-made film about gentrification in Little Haiti is making a splash at festivals|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/movies-news-reviews/article286647630.html|accessdate=April 16, 2024|work=The Miami Herald}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Little Haiti fights off development in Monica Sorelle's first feature film|url=https://www.wlrn.org/podcast/sundial/2023-10-16/monica-sorelle-little-haiti-mountains-film-south-florida|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=WLRN|language=en}}</ref> Sorelle malitere ịkụzi ihe nkiri na 16, wee nweta otu Associate of Arts na Miami Dade College na Bachelor of Fine Arts in Film si na Mahadum Central Florida na 2012. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Busto|first=Carolina del|title=Monica Sorelle Shines a Light on Gentrification in Her Film Mountains|url=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/monica-sorelles-mountains-screens-at-miami-film-festival-2024-19396819|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=Miami New Times|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Slater|first=Shane|date=2023-06-26|title=Interview: Director Monica Sorelle on Crafting 'Mountains' and Exploring Gentrification in Little Haiti|url=https://awardsradar.com/2023/06/26/interview-director-monica-sorelle-on-crafting-mountains-and-exploring-gentrification-in-little-haiti/|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=Awards Radar|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Sorelle mepụtara ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi nke enyerela n'ememe ndị dị ka Berlinale, [[Emume ihe nkiri BlackStar|BlackStar Film Festival]] na Miami Film Festival, ma nweta ya site na Criterion Channel na Indiana University Black Film Center & Archive. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Monica Sorelle|url=https://www.filmindependent.org/nominee/monica-sorelle/|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=Film Independent|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522053806/https://www.filmindependent.org/nominee/monica-sorelle/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu nke atọ Horizon, mkpokọta dabere na Miami. <ref name="Markowitz">{{Cite web|author=Markowitz|first=Douglas|title=Third Horizon Film Festival Returns With Lineup of Ambitious Caribbean Cinema|url=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/miami-third-horizon-film-festival-lineup-19524604|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=Miami New Times|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMarkowitz">Markowitz, Douglas. [https://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/miami-third-horizon-film-festival-lineup-19524604 "Third Horizon Film Festival Returns With Lineup of Ambitious Caribbean Cinema"]. ''Miami New Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Enyere ya onyinye mmekọ Artist sitere na Caribbean Cultural Institute na Pérez Art Museum Miami na 2021. <ref name=":2"/> Na 2023, egosiri ọrụ vidiyo ya na PAMM TV, ọrụ nkwanye vidiyo nke Pérez Art Miami Miami maka nka vidiyo. <ref name="Markowitz"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rosa|first=Amanda|date=September 12, 2023|title=Move over Netflix. This Miami art museum is launching its own streaming service|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/visual-arts/article279113519.html|accessdate=April 16, 2024|work=The Miami Herald}}</ref> Sorelle bụ 2023 Artists in Residence in Everglades (AIRIE) Fellow na nnata nke South Florida Cultural Consortium Fellowship. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Monica Sorelle, AIRIE 2023 Fellow|url=https://www.airie.org/fellow/monica-sorelle|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=Artists in Residence in Everglades|language=en-US}}</ref> === ''Ugwu (2023)'' === Sorelle na-edekọ ma na-eduzi ''Ugwu'', ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke nkeji 95 na-ekwu banyere mmetụta nke gentrification na imegharị obodo mepere emepe na mpaghara Little Haiti dị na Miami, Florida, site na oghere nke onye ọrụ mbibi obodo aha ya bụ Xavier (nke Atibon Nazaire gosipụtara), nwunye ya Esperance (Sheila Anozier), na nwa ha nwoke Junior (Chris Renois). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-09|title=MONICA SORELLE ON TF23 U.S. NARRATIVE SELECTION 'MOUNTAINS', MIAMI'S GENTRIFICATION, & FIGHTING FOR THE SLICE OF THE AMERICAN PIE|url=https://tribecafilm.com/news/monica-sorrelle-on-tf23-us-narrative-selection-mountains-miamis-gentrification-and-fighting-for-the-slice-of-the-american-pie|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=Tribeca}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Complex|first=Valerie|date=2023-10-23|title=Fusion Entertainment Signs Trio Behind Tribeca Breakout Film 'Mountains'|url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/fusion-entertainment-signs-monica-sorelle-robert-colom-and-chris-renois-1235580660/|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=AFI FEST 2023 {{!}} MOUNTAINS|url=https://fest.afi.com/movies/mountains/|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=AFI FEST|language=en}}</ref> ''Ugwu'' nwere ihe ngosi ụwa ya na Tribeca Film Festival <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mountains {{!}} 2023 Tribeca Festival|url=https://tribecafilm.com/films/mountains-2023|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=Tribeca}}</ref> na New York, ebe ọ natara aha ndị Jury Pụrụ Iche na asọmpi United States. Enyere ''ugwu'' site na mmemme ihe nkiri bụ isi na ihe ngosi juried dị ka Toronto International Film Festival, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hammond|first=Pete|date=2023-09-16|title='Mountains' Review: Touching Story Of Haitian Family In Miami Is Impressive Directorial Debut For Monica Sorelle – Toronto Film Festival|url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/mountains-review-haitian-family-in-miami-impressive-directorial-debut-monica-sorelle-toronto-film-festival-1235548643/|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> Nhọrọ Official; Ememme Ihe nkiri New Orleans 2023, Onye mmeri nke onyinye ndị na-ege ntị; Ememe ihe nkiri Charlotte 2023, Onye mmeri nke onyinye Jury; Ememme Nkiri New Hampshire 2023, Onye mmeri nke Grand Jury Award; Ememme Nkiri Indie Memphis 2023, Onye mmeri nke njirimara akụkọ kacha mma; na [[Emume ihe nkiri BlackStar|BlackStar Film Festival]] 2023, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mountains|url=https://www.blackstarfest.org/festival/films/mountains/|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=BlackStar|language=en|archivedate=2024-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902113451/https://www.blackstarfest.org/festival/films/mountains/}}</ref> Onye mmeri nke Audience Award and Nominee for Jury Award. Na 2024, Monica Sorelle bụ onye nnata nke onye ga-ekiri ihe nrite site na ihe nkiri Independent Spirit Awards . <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Thomas|first=Carly|date=2024-01-07|title=Monica Sorelle, Monique Walton, Set Hernandez Win Independent Spirit Emerging Filmmaker Awards|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/independent-spirit-2024-emerging-filmmaker-awards-winners-1235781024/|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Film Independent Honors 2024 Spirit Awards Winners at 39th Annual Ceremony|url=https://www.filmindependent.org/press-releases/film-independent-honors-2024-spirit-awards-winners-at-39th-annual-ceremony/|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=Film Independent|language=en-US}}</ref> E nyekwara ''ugwu'' ugwu stampụ ReFrame sitere na ReFrame na 2024. E gosipụtara ''ugwu'' na obodo Sorelle's Miami dị ka akụkụ nke Miami Film Festival 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Miami Film Festival 2024|url=https://miamifilmfestival2024.eventive.org/films/65e00a0bff80d00049344efc|accessdate=2024-04-16|work=miamifilmfestival2024.eventive.org}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Onye nduzi ! Onye edemede ! Onye nrụpụta ! Ihe ndetu |- | 2019 | ''T'' |{{No}}|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- | 2021 | ''Ị nwere ike ịlọta mgbe niile'' |{{No}}|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- | 2023 | ''Ugwu'' |{{Yes}}|{{Yes}}|{{No}} | Mpụta mbụ ndekọ aha njirimara; [[Robert Colom|Robert Colom dere]] |} == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gencu3rgc5jy5ynygm36q4bo8cxum2c Lou-Ann Joly 0 49917 639029 179705 2026-05-26T17:23:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639029 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:Stade de reims 1515326 (lou-ann).jpg|thumb|Lou-Ann Joly]] '''Lou-Ann Joly''' (amụrụ 14 Eprel 2002) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ France gbagoro RB Leipzig . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diesachsen.de/en/sports/frenchwoman-lou-ann-joly-joins-rb-leipzig-2937921|title=Frenchwoman Lou-Ann Joly joins RB Leipzig|work=www.diesachsen.de}}</ref> Joly gbaburu egwu maka Stade Reims . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kicker.ch/nach-13-jahren-reims-joly-verstaerkt-leipzig-1034703/artikel|title=Nach 13 Jahren Reims: Joly verstärkt Leipzig|work=[[kicker]]|accessdate=2024-07-24|archivedate=2024-07-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722232901/https://www.kicker.ch/nach-13-jahren-reims-joly-verstaerkt-leipzig-1034703/artikel}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stade-de-reims.com/lou-ann-joly-remoise-jusquen-2024/|title=Lou-Ann Joly, Rémoise jusqu'en 2024 &#124; Stade de Reims|work=www.stade-de-reims.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lunion.fr/id410077/article/2022-09-21/football-division-1-feminine-lou-ann-joly-prolonge-jusquen-2024-au-stade-de|title=Football - Division 1 féminine. Lou-Ann Joly prolonge jusqu’en 2024 au Stade de Reims|date=September 21, 2022|work=www.lunion.fr}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Joly nọchitere anya [[France]] na ọkwa ntorobịa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lunion.fr/id311734/article/2021-11-11/football-stade-de-reims-lou-ann-joly-selectionnee-en-equipe-de-france-u20|title=Football - Stade de Reims. Lou-Ann Joly sélectionnée en équipe de France U20|date=November 11, 2021|work=www.lunion.fr}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hwubuvwhxiyz3xugozph3ji157iwdvd Mikaella Moshe 0 50216 639095 180611 2026-05-27T06:38:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639095 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Roy Dror and Mikaella Moshe.png|thumb|Mikaella Moshe]] '''Mikaella Moshe''' (מיכאלה משה; sụkwara '''Michaela Moshe''' ; amuru 4 Disemba 2003) bu [[Ịgba ụta|onye ogbata]] Olympic nke Israel. <ref name="euro">[https://www.eurosport.com/olympics/athletes/profile/moshe-mikaella-1937691/ "Mikaella Moshe,"] ''EuroSport''.</ref> Onye bụbu onye na-eme egwuregwu ịgba egwu, ọ malitere ịgba ụta na 2022. Ọ nọchitere anya Israel na 2024 Paris Olympics na mmemme ịgba ụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na Les Invalides . == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Moshe na Ramat Gan, Israel . Ọ bi na Ramat HaSharon dị n’Izrel. <ref>[https://www-ynet-co-il.translate.goog/sport/paris2024/article/hkxi6rvua?_x_tr_sl=iw&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc&_x_tr_hist=true "For the first time ever: two Israeli archers will participate in the Olympic Games,"] ''Ynet'', 25 June 2024.</ref> <ref name="euro"/> == Ọrụ gymnastics Rhythmic == Ewebata ya na egwuregwu mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, Moshe zụrụ ọzụzụ afọ 15 ka onye na-eme egwuregwu mgbatị ahụ a ma ama, ma bụrụ onye ọzọ na ndị otu egwuregwu mgbatị ahụ nke European European Championship. <ref name="four">Stan Ifergan (2 July 2024). [https://www-ynet-co-il.translate.goog/sport/paris2024/article/skyugflv0?_x_tr_sl=iw&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc&_x_tr_hist=true "The artistic gymnast who became the first Israeli archer in the Olympics,"] ''Ynet''.</ref> <ref>Gila Isaacson (7 March 2024). [https://www.jfeed.com/sports/sg1njg "From Gymnast to Olympic Archer: Michaela Moshe's Incredible Journey to Paris 2024,"] ''JFeed''.</ref> <ref name="pr"/> <ref name="rank"/> Ọ bịara na 14th na 2021 Irina Deleanu Rhythmic Gymnastics Cup, na 23 Mee 2021, na-asọ mpi maka Maccabi Petach Tikva, na n'otu afọ ahụ ọ batara na nke ise na 2021 Israel Rhythmic Gymnastics Championship. <ref name="dav">[https://www-davar1-co-il.translate.goog/483378/?_x_tr_sl=iw&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc "From gymnast to archer: Michaela Moshe is aiming for the Olympics,"] ''Davar''.</ref> <ref>[https://rhythmicgymnasticsnews.tumblr.com/post/652003099701035008/irina-deleanu-cup-2021-results "Irina Deleanu Cup 2021 Results,"] ''Rhythmic Gymnastics News''.</ref> <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=0ahUF2JBOsM&ab_channel=danmares "Mikaella Moshe ISR Maccabi Petah Tikva Ribbon Irina Deleanu Cup,"] Dan Mares, 22 May 2021 (''video'').</ref> == Ọrụ ịgba ụta == Moshe malitere [[ịgba ụta]] na ngwụcha 2022, ihe na-erughị afọ abụọ tupu Egwuregwu Olympic Paris 2024. <ref name="rank"/> <ref name="pr"/> Ogo ụwa ya na June 2023 bụ 597. <ref name="world"/> <ref>[https://www-ice-co-il.translate.goog/sport_news/news/article/1017868?_x_tr_sl=iw&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc "Israeli pride: Debut of an Israeli archer at the Olympics,"] ice, 25 June 2024.</ref> Na February 2024, Moshe batara na 8th na 2024 European Indoor Archery Championship na Varaždin, Croatia. <ref name="world"/> Na Mee 2024, ọ bịara na 9th na 2024 European Archery Championship na Essen, Germany. <ref name="world" /> Dịka nke Julaị 2024, Moshe nọ n'ọkwa 38th n'ụwa; Ọkwa ya kachasị elu n'ụwa bụ 34th, na Mee 2024. <ref name="world">[https://extranet.worldarchery.sport/biographies/PrintBiography.php?WaId=46668 "MIKAELLA MOSHE,"] World Archery.</ref> <ref>[https://www.eurosport.com/olympics/sport/archery/event/women-individual/match/arw070630/ "M. AMAISTROAIE vs M. MOSHE,"] ''EuroSport''.</ref> Ọ bụ Richard Priestman na-azụ ya, onye Britain bụbu onye mgba ụta Olympic na onye nchịkwa ịgba ụta ugbu a. <ref name="pr">George Priestman (25 July 2024). [https://www.liverpoolworld.uk/sport/olympics/olympics-2024-maghull-israel-national-team-archery-4715023 "Olympics 2024: How a man from Maghull became coach of the Israeli national team,"] ''Liverpool World''.</ref> Ọ na-azụ ọzụzụ n'Izrel awa asatọ kwa ụbọchị, ụbọchị isii n'izu, na okpomọkụ n'oge ọnwa okpomọkụ nke dị n'agbata 35 and 45 Celsius C (95 na 113 °F), na ụgbọ oloko na Wingate Institute . <ref name="dav"/> <ref name="pr" /> <ref>Oren Aharoni (18 June 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240726000834/https://www-israelhayom-co-il.translate.goog/sport/other-sports/article/14287657?_x_tr_sl=iw&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc&_x_tr_hist=true "Arrows to the target: Michaela Moshe aims for the Olympics, by any means,"] ''Israel HaYom''.</ref> Ọ na-asọ mpi maka Maccabi Tel Aviv . <ref name="four"/> Moshe nọchitere anya Israel na 2024 Paris Olympics na mmemme ịgba ụta nke ụmụ nwanyị n'otu n'otu n'ime ubi Les Invalides, na mgbe ọ dị afọ 20 bụ nwanyị mbụ Israel agba ụta n'egwuregwu Olympic n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Israel. <ref>Esi Mamman and Redad Jabara (25 July 2024). [https://www-one-co-il.translate.goog/Article/468574.html?_x_tr_sl=iw&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc "With an Israeli record: Michaela Moshe finished in 18th place,"] ''One''.</ref> <ref name="alg">Shiryn Ghermezian (25 July 2024). [https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/07/25/israeli-archer-sets-new-national-record-paris-olympic-games/ "Israeli Archer Sets New National Record at Paris Olympic Games,"] ''Algemeiner''.</ref> <ref name="pr"/> Na 25 Julaị 2024, na-asọ mpi n'ọkwa n'ọkwa n'asọmpị ịgba ụta nke ụmụ nwanyị n'otu n'otu na 2024 Paris Olympic, ọ nwetara isi 660 wee bịa na 18th n'ime ndị asọmpi 64, na-agbapụ akụ 72 n'ebe dị anya nke mita 70 (ụkwụ 230). . <ref name="rank">Amy Spiro (25 July 2024). [https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israeli-archer-mikaella-moshe-finishes-ranking-round-in-18th-position/ "Israeli archer Mikaella Moshe finishes Olympic ranking round in 18th position,"] ''The Times of Israel''.</ref> <ref name="alg" /> <ref>Nadav Zanzifar (25 July 2024). [https://www-ynet-co-il.translate.goog/sport/article/bkdulc1tc?_x_tr_sl=iw&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc&_x_tr_hist=true "Just before the archery competition: Michaela Moshe received threats on her life on social networks,"] ''Ynet''.</ref> Site na akara ahụ, o debere ndekọ ọhụrụ nke Israel, mebie ndekọ Israel gara aga nke 642, nke o debere na March 2024. <ref name="alg" /> Ọ gbara aka n'ubu ya gbawara agbawa, bụ́ nke ọ na-ezube ịwa ahụ mgbe emechara asọmpi Olympic nke Paris. <ref>Essie Maman (25 July 2024). [https://www-one-co-il.translate.goog/Article/468606.html?_x_tr_sl=iw&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc "After she surprised everyone: Who are Michaela Moshe?; With a shoulder injury, the Israeli archer set a new personal and national record with a great performance, all this after she started her career as a gymnast,"] ''One''.</ref> Ọ gbara asọmpi na 30 Julaị 2024 na agba knockout nke mbụ wee tụfuo Mădălina Amăistroaie nke Romania, onye gbara asọmpi Tokyo 2020 ma bụrụ onye 47th n'ụwa. <ref name="rank"/> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240727050523/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/olympic-archery-invalides-opens-little-134734762.html "Olympic archery at Invalides opens with a little history,"] ''Yahoo'', 25 July 2024</ref> <ref>[https://www-sport5-co-il.translate.goog/articles.aspx?FolderID=8662&docID=478389&_x_tr_sl=iw&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc "Paris 2024: Michaela Moshe finished the qualifiers in 18th place,"] ''Sport5'', 25 July 2024.</ref> == Ntụaka == [{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1d8lx2z069jbpgz2tagdh6q6ocumvwv M. Elaine Toms 0 52477 639040 595738 2026-05-26T19:19:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639040 wikitext text/x-wiki    Marian Elaine Toms (Mee 17, 1917 - June 25, 2019) [1] bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị America mụrụ na Laboratory Naval Research nke United States mara maka nnwale ya na fotodisintegration nke ọla yana maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke mmeghachi omume Photonuclear.. == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mini Toms na Seoul, n'oge ahụ bụ nke Korea nke ndị Japan ji .  [1] Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ atọ nke JU Selwyn Toms, onye ozi Presbyterian sitere na South Australia onye ya na-enye Ella Burt Toms ntọala na Korea ọzụzụ na 1908. Ezin LED Toms la ike na US na 1923. [1] Toms  akwụkwọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Wilson, obere ụlọ akwụkwọ Presbyterian dị na Pennsylvania, [1] ebe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 1939. {{R|wilson}} N'oge Agha nke ịhụ, ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche na ebili mmiri .  [1] Ụbọchị ya na WAVES egwu bụ isi na Smith College, na ọkụ ihe radar na Mahadum Harvard, tupu ọ na-arụ ọrụ ruo mgbe 1946. N'afọ ahụ ọ kwagara na United States Navy Reserve wee na-enye onye na United States.  State Naval Research Laboratory, [1] na-arụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Betatron nke Ngalaba nke Nuklia nke Ngalaba Nucleonics.. {{R|wilson}} Mgbe ọ na-aga n'ihu dị ka onye mgbaàmà na Naval Research Laboratory, ọ la ihie na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Pennsylvania, bụ ebe ọ akara ugo ojiji nna ukwu na 1947. [1][2] Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ  ya na physics ụlọ ka na-edobe nkewa, [1] mana ntọala ya mepere emepe ọtụtụ ọrụ na fotodisintegration.  Ọ ntọala afọ 32 na nchekwa ndị agha mmiri, site na 1943 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nka na 1975 na Laboratory Research Naval dị ka onye isi. {{R|tribute|cromwell}} Ọ nwụrụ na June 25, 2019 na Cromwell, Connecticut . {{R|tribute}} == Nkwenye == Na 1965, a nlele Toms aha onye otu nke American Physical Society {{R|faps}} N'afọ 2016, obodo Cromwell, Connecticut họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ "vet nke afọ" ha. {{R|cromwell}} == Ntụaka == <ref name=wilson>{{citation|url=http://exhibits.wilson.edu/exhibits/show/alumnae-in-military-and-politi/alumnae-in-military--1920-s-19|title=Alumnae in military: 1920s–1930s|publisher=Wilson College (Pennsylvania)|accessdate=2021-01-05|archive-date=2026-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106160444/https://exhibits.wilson.edu/exhibits/show/alumnae-in-military-and-politi/alumnae-in-military--1920-s-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=tribute>{{citation|url=https://www.heritagechattanooga.com/tributes/Marian-Toms|title=Marian Elaine Toms, May 17, 1917 – June 25, 2019 (age 102)|publisher=Heritage Funeral Home, Chattanooga}}</ref> <ref name=cromwell>{{citation|url=https://www.middletownpress.com/news/article/Cromwell-Vet-of-Year-a-woman-who-11772722.php|newspaper=The Middletown Press|title=Cromwell Vet of Year a woman who 'trailblazed' over course of 32-year career: 99-year-old retired commander's 32 years of service included secret nuclear research|date=June 20, 2016|access-date=January 30, 2026|archive-date=August 31, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831043410/https://www.middletownpress.com/news/article/Cromwell-Vet-of-Year-a-woman-who-11772722.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=faps>{{citation|url=https://aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?year=1965|title=Fellows nominated in 1965|work=APS Fellows archive|publisher=American Physical Society|accessdate=2021-01-05}}</ref> 1v9nixxx26e9pih0rqek1lerevbe4vn Nri ndị Cape Verde 0 55357 639101 627895 2026-05-27T09:19:05Z CommonsDelinker 87 Replacing 03092007.jpg with [[File:Grogue,_uma_bebida_de_Cabo_Verde_03092007.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: old name is not meaningful). 639101 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Faịlụ:Cachupa_2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| ''Cachupa'', nri mba Cape Verde]] [[Faịlụ:LocationCapeVerde.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Ebe Cape Verde]] [[Faịlụ:Chamuças_en_Afrique_portugaise.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| ''Chamuças'']] [[Faịlụ:São_Filipe-Plat_de_poulet.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Ọkụkọ e ghere eghe na tomato, na-ewu ewu n'agwaetiti Fogo]] [[Faịlụ:Grogue, uma bebida de Cabo Verde 03092007.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|333x333px| ''Grogue'', onye Capeverdean gg]] [[Faịlụ:Cuscus,_mel_i_quejo_di_terra.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Couscous na molasses na ewu cheese]] '''Nri Cape Verde''' bụ nri West Africa nke Portuguese, Southern na Western Europe na West Africa na-emetụta nke ukwuu. [[Cape Verde]] bụ obodo [[Portugal]] site na ọchịchị ya ruo 1975. <ref>{{Cite book|author=King|first=Russell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPiaOiPH5OYC|title=The Mediterranean Passage: Migration and New Cultural Encounters in Southern Europe.|publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]]|year=2001|isbn=0-85323-646-1}}</ref> N'ihi na agwaetiti dị n'ime [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|oke osimiri Atlantic]], azụ dị ezigbo mkpa na nri Cape Verdean. == Nchịkọta == Otu n'ime akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke omenala Cape Verdean bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ mmanya ''grogue'', rọm siri ike nke sitere na okpete siri ike nke dị n'àgwàetiti Santo Antao na Santiago . A na-eme ihe ọṅụṅụ na obodo ndị dị ka Paul na Santo Antao na Cidade Velha na Santiago na-eji ''trapiche'' . Ọdịiche dị n'ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ bụ ''ponche'' (punch) nke a na-eji mmiri ara ehi gbajuru agbarụ ma ọ bụ molasses okpete na-atọ ụtọ. N'ihi ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na-eri ''grogue'', ọtụtụ ndị egwu Cape Verde na-achọ mkpali na-eri ya. <ref name="Flood2010">{{Cite book|author=Flood|first=Callie|title=Cape Verde (Other Places Travel Guide)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYbU5GtygL4C&pg=PA35|date=July 2010|publisher=Other Places Publishing|isbn=978-0-9822619-2-7}}</ref> Ọka na agwa bụ isi nri nke Cape Verdean nri. <ref name="Almeida" /> Ndị na-ewu ewu bụ osikapa, poteto e ghere eghe, akpu na akwụkwọ nri dị ka karọt, kale, skwọsh, azụ na anụ dị ka tuna, sawfish, lobster, ọkụkọ, anụ ezi esiri esi na akwa. Otu ihe nketa nke ndị Portuguese n'àgwàetiti ndị ahụ bụ olive na mmanya Alentejo nke a ka na-ebubata. <ref name="Ham2009">{{Cite book|author=Ham|first=Anthony|title=West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HapewBo3c0C&pg=PA233|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-821-6}}</ref> A na-ewere ''[[Cachupa]]'', stew, dị ka nri mba Cape Verde nke gụnyere ọka a gwakọtara agwakọta, eyịm, banana green, manioc, poteto dị ụtọ, skwọsh na ji. Bọọlụ Manioc bụ otu n'ime ihe a na-ahụkarị na Cape Verde. Nri mmiri na-agụnye ''bafa'' na ''búzio cabra'', nke sitere na conch bubonia ( ''Persististrombus latus'' ). Na Disemba 2002, gọọmentị Cape Verdean amachibidoro igbu nduru site n'iwu, site na itinye aka na [[Nkwekọrịta Banyere Ụdị Dị iche iche|Convention on Biological Diversity]] na 1995 ea Convenção sobre Comercio Internacional de Espécies de Fauna e Flora Selvagem Ameaçadas de Extinção (CITES). <ref> {{Cite web|url=http://ww1.rtp.pt/noticias/index.php?article=348687&visual=26&rss=0|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229203625/http://ww1.rtp.pt/noticias/index.php?article=348687&visual=26&rss=0|archivedate=2012-02-29|title=Cabo Verde: Tartarugas marinhas ameaçadas de extinção em menos de dez anos - RTP Notícias|publisher=ww1.rtp.pt|accessdate=2008-07-07}} </ref> Nri a na-ewubu na Santiago Island nke aha ya bụ turtle steak ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-apụ n'anya. Strela bụ biya Cape Verde kacha ewu ewu. Mmepụta ya malitere na 2006; ọ nọchiri biya Portuguese gụnyere Super Bock na Sagres (na 2009). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://noticias.sapo.cv/info/artigo/1032287.html|title=Cabo Verde: Cerveja Strela ultrapassou Sagres e quer passar Superbock|language=pt|date=27 November 2009|accessdate=10 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022221653/http://noticias.sapo.cv/info/artigo/1032287.html|archivedate=22 October 2013}}</ref> == Nri == * Manel Antone stew{{clarify|date=March 2021}}—beef stew * Antonense shrimp stew (''conserva de camarão'')—found in Santo Antão * Antonense pork stew (''conserva de carne de porco'')—found in Santo Antão * ''Arroz de cabidela de marisco а dadal''—the rice seafood dish of the island of São Vicente * ''Bafa''—a snack made of seafood or meat, prepared quickly, as an entrée or as a main dish, usually accompanied by beer, wine, grogue, in a festive manner. * <nowiki><i id="mwaQ">Bafa</i></nowiki>—a dish with squid, fries and rice * Bibi-style shrimp dish (''caldo de camarão а moda da mama Bibi''—seafood dish mainly originated in Chã das Pedras southwest of Ribeira Grande on the island of Santo Antão * ''Búzio cabra''—seafood made out of the Bubonian conch (''Persististrombus latus''), a sea snail * ''[[Cachupa]]''—corn/maize dish, the national dish of Cape Verde, varieties include ''cachupa frita'', ''cachupa guisada'' or ''cachupa refogada'', meaning "fried ''cachupa''" and two styles, ''cachupa rica'' tends to have more ingredients than the simpler, ''cachupa pobre''.<ref name="Almeida">{{Cite web|url=http://www.umassd.edu/specialprograms/caboverde/cachupa.html|title=Cachupa di Cabo Verde|author=Raymond Almeida|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Dartmouth|UMassD]]|accessdate=2017-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205234921/http://www.umassd.edu/specialprograms/caboverde/cachupa.html|archivedate=2006-12-05}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRaymond_Almeida">Raymond Almeida. . [[University of Massachusetts Dartmouth|UMassD]]. Archived from [http://www.umassd.edu/specialprograms/caboverde/cachupa.html the original] on 2006-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> * ''Cabrito''—young goat * ''Caldo de peixe'' or "Calderado"—a fish dish (usually ''cavala'', mackerel) with potato, pumpkin, carrots, vegetables, served with rice, tomato puree, corn puree * ''Carne guizada''—beef stew * ''[[Samosa|Chamuças]]''—Capeverdean ''[[Samosa|samosas]]'' dish, a dish originated from the Indian subcontinent * [[Couscous]]—one of the most popular in Cape Verde, the Capeverdean style features a sweet bean-flour and sugar mixture steamed into a cake or bun, commonly eaten with butter and/or drank with coffee during breakfast meals. * ''Frango assado''—grilled chicken * Fried moray eel * ''Feijoada'' (a la Cape Verde)—hearty bean stew * Goat cheese with papaya jam * ''Frango assado com tomates''—a dish popular on the island of Fogo * ''Ervilhas assadas''—a dish popular on the island of Fogo * ''Grogue'' or Capeverdean grog—alcoholic (nowadays also non-alcoholic) beverage, popular on the islands of Santo Antão and Santiago<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grogueofficial.com/|title=Grogue Official|publisher=Grogue Official|accessdate=13 October 2016}}</ref> * ''Guisado de percebes'' (barnacle stew)—dish of the island of São Vicente * Lobster stew—Lobster steamed and served with a sauce of choice. * ''Lagosta suada''—lobster cooked on red sauce. * ''Lapas''—mussels, stewed limpets and peppers. * Morreia eel—fried in oil, and often served as a ''bafa'' * ''Legumes cozidos''—cooked vegetables * ''Modje de Sao Nicolau''—beef stew * ''Percebes''—sea fingers or gooseneck barnacles, steamed in a large pot, eaten by cracking off the end and peeling the skin to reveal the meat, similar in texture to squid. * ''Cracas''—barnacle served still clinging to the rock with a slice of lemon and a long thin implement used for hooking out the meat from the shell. * ''Polvo''—octopus * Shrimp in garlic wine (''camarão em vinha de alhos'') * Turtle steak (<nowiki><i id="mwtQ">bife de tartaruga</i></nowiki>)—no longer available, once popular on the island of Santiago * <nowiki><i id="mwuA">Xerém</i></nowiki>—a corn dish served with soup. == Ihe ọṅụṅụ == * Strela - biya * Ọtụtụ mmanya dị iche iche sitere na Chã das Caldeiras gụnyere Santa Luzia na Brava == Desserts == * ''Bolinhos de mandioca com mel'' — bọọlụ manioc mmanụ aṅụ * ''[[Filhoses]]'' - nke a na-akpọkwa "Fdjoss", bọọlụ banana e ghere eghe na ntụ ọka na shuga == Hụkwa ==   * [[Ndepụta nri ndị Afrịka|Ndepụta nri ndị Africa]] * Nri West African == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} mj6mpoxqlmex5eyu9fl87ygvi8t70z6 Laila Soueif 0 55571 639005 394069 2026-05-26T12:38:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Laila Soueif|image=Mona Seif and her mother Laila Soueif.jpg|image_size=|caption=Soueif with her daughter [[Mona Seif]]|alt=|birth_name=|birth_date={{birth year and age|1956}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=Egyptian|education=|alma_mater=[[Cairo University]]|occupation=human and women's rights activist, and mathematician|title=Professor of mathematics, Cairo University|years_active=|spouse=[[Ahmed Seif El-Islam]] (died 2014)|partner=|children=[[Alaa Abd El-Fattah]]<br> [[Mona Seif]]<br> [[Sanaa Seif]]|parents=|relatives=[[Ahdaf Soueif]] (sister)|website=}} '''Laila Soueif''' (amuru 1956) bu onye Ijipt nke na-akwado ikike mmadu na umu nwanyi, onye okacha mara mathematiki na prọfesọ na Mahadum Cairo. Al Jazeera akpọọla ya "onye mgbagha Ijipt". <ref name="aljazeera.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/03/201131512328730636.html|title=An Egyptian revolutionary|author=|date=|work=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=12 November 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke onye ọrụ ibe ya Ahmed Seif El-Islam, na ụmụ ha atọ bụ ndị ama ama: Alaa Abd El-Fattah, Sanaa Seif, and Mona Seif. Nwanne ya nwanyị bụ onye edemede Ahdaf Soueif. == Oge ọ malitere == [[Faịlụ:Dr_Laila_Soueif_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Laila Soueif]] A mụrụ Soueif n'afọ 1956, nwa nwanyị nke ndị prọfesọ mahadum.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/tag/laila-soueif|title=Laila Soueif Archives - ASHARQ AL-AWSAT English Archive|first=Asharq|author=Al-awsat|date=|work=ASHARQ AL-AWSAT English Archive|accessdate=12 November 2017|archivedate=12 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112074440/https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/tag/laila-soueif}}</ref> Ọ gara ngagharị iwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ ya na 1972 na Tahrir Square nke Cairo, mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ iri na isii.<ref name="auto" /> Mgbe awa abụọ gachara, ndị mụrụ ya chọtara ya ma kpọbata ya n'ụlọ, "Site na nke ahụ, amụta m na ọ dị mfe imegide steeti karịa imegide ndị mụrụ m".<ref name="auto" /> Soueif gụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Cairo n'etiti afọ ndị 1970. <ref name="auto"/> == Ọrụ == Soueif bụ prọfesọ nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Cairo . <ref name="dailynewsegypt.com">{{Cite web|url=https://dailynewsegypt.com/2014/11/19/activists-mona-laila-seif-end-hunger-strike/|title=Loading site please wait...|author=|date=|work=dailynewsegypt.com|accessdate=12 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera.com"/> Soueif bụ onye guzobere 9 March Prọfesọ' Movement for Universities Independence . <ref name="dailynewsegypt.com"/> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014, Soueif na nwa ya nwanyị Mona Seif kwụsịrị ezumike agụụ ụbọchị 76, na-eme ngagharị iwe megide ịtụ nwa ya nwoke Alaa Abd El-Fattah mkpọrọ, mana El-Fittah na nwanne ya nwanyị Sanaa Seif ka nọ na ezumike agụụ. <ref name="dailynewsegypt.com"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Soueif zutere di ya n'ọdịnihu, Ahmed Seif El-Islam, mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Cairo n'etiti afọ ndị 1970, ebe ọ bụ "onye ndú nke otu ụmụ akwụkwọ Kọmunist na-akpọ maka mgbanwe".<ref name="auto"/> Ọ ghọrọ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na onye ọka iwu, ha lụrụ di na nwunye ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2014. Ha bụ nne na nna nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe Alaa Abd El-Fattah, Sanaa Seif na Mona Seif . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/family-of-jailed-egypt-activists-on-hunger-strike/|title=Family of jailed Egypt activists on hunger strike|author=|date=|work=timesofisrael.com|accessdate=12 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera.com"/> Nwanne ya nwanyị bụ onye edemede Ahdaf Soueif . <ref name="Anderson2017">{{Cite book|author=Scott Anderson|title=Fractured Lands: How the Arab World Came Apart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymOwDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT48|accessdate=12 November 2017|date=4 May 2017|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1-5098-5272-7}}</ref> == Ntụaka == == Njikọ mpụga == *  O'Connor, John J.; Roberts na Edmund F., "Laila Soueif", Mac Tutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qmd6i8499qjhpa4d6eb7g8q925sng97 Linor Abargil 0 56792 639015 580504 2026-05-26T16:04:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639015 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:Linor (cropped).jpg|thumb|Linor Abargil,Israeli model and beauty pageant titleholder]] '''Linor Abargil''' (Hibru: לינור אברג'יל, a ma-asụpe.mgbe ụfọdụ dịka ''Linor Aberjil''; amụrụ na Febụwarị 17, 1980) bụ onye ọka iwu Israel, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye a na-ekiri ekiri na eze nwanyị mara mma nke meriri Miss World 1998, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Linor cruises to Miss World title|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/222809.stm|accessdate=July 12, 2010|date=November 27, 1998}}</ref> obere oge ka e dinachara ya n'ike. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ ghọwo onye nkwado a maara n'ụwa dum n'ịlụ ọgụ megide mmekọahụ n'ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S23/96/38A08/index.xml?section=announcements|title=Take Back the Night features former Miss World Linor Abargil|accessdate=July 12, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923040359/http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S23/96/38A08/index.xml?section=announcements|archivedate=September 23, 2010}}</ref> Onye bu ya ụzọ bụ Miss World 1997, Diana Hayden kpuwere ya okpueze. == Akụkọ ndụ Ya == A mụrụ Abargil na Netanya, [[Israel]], nwa mbụ nke Aliza na Jackie Abargil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linor's Story|url=http://www.bravemissworld.com/linors-story|work=Brave Miss World|accessdate=7 May 2014}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ya bụ ndị Moroccan-Jewish. N'afọ 1996, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi Look bịanyeere ya aka, wee gaa n'ihu merie echichi "Nchọpụta nke Afọ Ahu" na asọmpi ihe ngosi nke afọ 1997. N'afọ 1998, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, e chiri ya okpueze Miss Israel, wee gaa n'ihu na asọmpi Miss World na [[Seychelles]]. Naanị izu asaa tupu asọmpi ahụ eruo, Uri Shlomo Nur, onye na-ahụ maka njem si Milan, dinara Abargil dị afọ iri na asatọ n'ike ma maa ya mma.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Alex|author=Kasriel|date=May 21, 2009|title=How Miss World made rapist pay|publisher=Jewish Chronicle Online|url=http://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-features/how-miss-world-made-rapist-pay|accessdate=July 12, 2010}}</ref> E zigara Abargil Nur site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ya na-emepụta ihe n'Itali maka enyemaka ịgbanwe ụgbọ elu ga-ebu ya laghachi Israel. Nur gwara Abargil na ọ ga-adị mfe ịbanye n'ụgbọelu site na Rom, ma kwuo na ọ ga-ebuga ya ebe ahụ n'ụgbọala ya. N'ụzọ, ọ gbabaziri n'okporo ụzọ ruru unyi dịpụrụ adịpụ, ebe o ji mma yie Abargil egwu, kee ya n'oche azụ, ma dinaa ya n'ike, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ malitere ịpịa ya mma ma jiri eriri chọọ ikwụgbu ya. Dịka o doziri ya anya na na o bu n'obi igbu ya, Abargil jisiri ike gbapụ site n'ịmesi Nur obi ike na nke a "abụghị ya n'ezie" nakwa na ọ gaghị agwa onye ọ bụla. Otú ọ dị, ozugbo ọ rutere n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Rome, ọ kpọrọ nne ya ka ọ gwa ya ihe merenụ, wee zute nwanyị so ya gaa nyocha ahụike ma kọọrọ ndị uwe ojii ndina n'ike ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọchịchị Ịtali tọhapụrụ Nur ozugbo, wee jụ ikpe ya ikpe. Abargil gara n'ihu merie echichi Miss World, laghachi n'ụlọ Israel izute ịma ya nke ọma na nlebara anya ọha na eze, nke ọ kọrọ na o mere ka o siere ya ike ịnagide nsogbu ọ na-aga n'ihu, ma mee ka o siere ya ike ịrụ ọrụ ya dị ka Miss World.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://xnet.ynet.co.il/laisha/articles/0,14961,L-3107090,00.html|title=מיס עולם לינור אברג'יל: "האנס לא יישאר כאן. יעשו לו את המוות"|work=xnet|language=he|accessdate=2020-02-24}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwere nkụda mmụọ n'ihi na ndị ọchịchị Ịtali jụrụ ịga n'ihu n'okwu ahụ, Abargil kọọrọ ndị ọchịchị Israel banyere ndina n'ike ahụ, bụ ndị nyere ikike ijide Nur wee malite usoro mbufe okwu ahụ. N'ihi nkwụsịtụ mgbasa ozi na ikpe ahụ na Israel, Nur amaghị banyere ebubo ndị a na-ebo ya. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Israel ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị ileta ezinụlọ ya, e jidere ya n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu. E kpere ya ikpe maka ndina n'ike, na ịtọrọ mmadụ, ma maa ya ikpe site n'enyemaka nke Ihe akaebe DNA a chọtara n'ụgbọala ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=172350|title=ביהמ"ש הרשיע את נור שלמה במעשי אונס וסדום בלינור אברג'יל|date=1999-10-07|work=Globes|language=he|accessdate=2020-02-24|author=ועתי"ם|first=שירות גלובס}}</ref> A mara Nur ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri na isii.<ref name="TTO-20081221">{{Cite news|date=December 21, 2008|accessdate=July 12, 2010|title=Ex-Miss World to make graphic film of her rape|first=John|author=Follain|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5375388.ece|publisher=The Times Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pageant.com/news/archive/news1999.html|title=Pageant News Bureau (PNB) – Pageant News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329015513/http://www.pageant.com/news/archive/news1999.html|archivedate=2007-03-29}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bịara maka nnwere onwe, Abargil guzobere mkpọsa megide ntọhapụ ya, ọ mechara nọzuo oge mkpọrọ ya niile. Ka ọ na-erule n'oge a, ọ ghọworị onye a ma ama na-eme ngagharị iwe, na-akpọ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ ka ha soro ihe nlereanya ya ma kọọrọ ndị uwe ojii mwakpo ha niile. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://LinorDocumentary.com|title=The Linor Documentary Project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225030610/http://www.linordocumentary.com/|archivedate=December 25, 2008|accessdate=December 22, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-features/how-miss-world-made-rapist-pay|title=How Miss World made rapist pay &#124; the Jewish Chronicle|accessdate=2010-07-12|archivedate=2010-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904035747/http://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-features/how-miss-world-made-rapist-pay}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị mmeri Miss World, Abargil gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye a na-ekiri ekiri na Israel nakwa na mba ụwa, wee debanye aha ịmụ ihe nkiri na Beit Zvi School for the Performing Arts. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ pụtara n'ọtụtụ egwuregwu na usoro telivishọn. Otú ọ dị, n'etiti mkpebi ya ịghọ onye Juu Ọtọdọks na 2009, nke kwụsịrị ime ihe ngosi ya, nakwa mkpebi ya ịlụso ime ihe ike mmekọahụ ọgụ, Abargil kpebiri ụzọ ọhụrụ, wee kpebie ịmụ iwu na Netanya Academic College . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4383002,00.html|title=קבלו את עורכת הדין - לינור אברג'יל|author=ארזואן|first=שי|date=2013-05-22|work=ynet|language=he|accessdate=2020-02-24}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu ịrụrụ onye ọka iwu Tel Aviv District ọrụ. === Miss World Obi Siri Ike === N'afọ 2008, Abargil malitere ime ihe nkiri nke dabeere na ndina n'ike edinara ya nakwa ya ịbụ onye ngaghari iwe, a kpọrọ Brave Miss World . N'ịbụ nke Cecilia Peck duziri, ihe nkiri ahụ sochiri Abargil ka ọ na-agagharị n'ụwa niile na-akụzi ihe ma na-ezute ụmụ nwanyị ma na-agba ha ume ikwu maka ahụmịhe ha na ime ihe ike mmekọahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-beauty-who-faced-the-beast/|title=The beauty who faced the beast|author=Kamin|first=Debra|work=Timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-24}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ na-egosikwa mgbalị ya iji dozie ihe ike ọ gabigara, mmekọrịta ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya, nnakwere ya nke okpukpe ndị Juu Ọtọdọks (nke mere na ọ naghịzi arụ ọrụ dị ka onye a na-ekiri ekiri), mkpọsa ya iji mee ka Nur nọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, mkpebi ya ịmụ iwu na ịrụ ọrụ na Ọfịs Onye Ọkaiwu District ahụ, nakwa ntọhapụ nke abụ o dere banyere mgbaghara n'etiti nne na nwa ya nwanyị mgbe e dinasịrị nwa ya nwanyị n'ike. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4479072,00.html|title="מיס עולם האמיצה": תודה לך, דמות מופת|date=2014-01-21|work=ynet|language=he|accessdate=2020-02-24}}</ref> N'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè na ihe nkiri ahụ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, ndị nne, ndị agadi nwanyị, na ọtụtụ ndị ama ama dị ka Joan Collins na Fran Drescher, ndị kọrọ akụkọ nke ha banyere mwakpo mmekọahụ n'ike.<ref name=":0" /> Na ngwụcha ihe nkiri ahụ, Abargil laghachiri nzọụkwụ ya na Ịtali, site na tupu na mgbe ndina n'ike ahụ gasịrị, na-ezute ndị nyeere ya aka, dị ka dọkịta ome nnyocha, ma na-eche ndị na-eme ihe ngosi ihu bụ ndị ọ maara na ọ bụ ha mà ụma ziga ya na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọzọ n'ihe ize ndụ site n'aka ndị a ma ama na-eme mmekọahụ n'ike. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-agbasokwa ndụ onwe onye Abargil, alụmdi na nwunye ya, ọmụmụ ụmụ abụọ mbụ ya, na njem ime mmụọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> Brave Miss World gosiri nke mbụ ya na telivishọn Israel na 2013, bịa na nyocha dị mma na nnabata ọha na eze, a na-egosikwa ya n'ọtụtụ mmemme ihe nkiri na United States na Europe n'afọ 2013 na 2014. A họpụtara ihe nkiri ahụ maka Primetime Emmy maka Outstanding Documentary Film . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2013/2/19/brave_miss_world_raped_before_winning|title="Brave Miss World": Raped Before Winning '98 Title, Linor Abargil Campaigns Against Sexual Violence|publisher=Democracy Now|date=2013-02-19}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.democracynow.org/2013/2/19/brave_miss_world_raped_before_winning ""Brave Miss World": Raped Before Winning '98 Title, Linor Abargil Campaigns Against Sexual Violence"]. Democracy Now. 2013-02-19.</cite></ref> === Aha ejiji LYA === N'afọ 2017, Abargil ya na enyi ya, onye ọchụnta ego Yafit Attias, malitere akara ejiji iji gboo mkpa ejiji kwesiri ekwesị nke ụmụ nwanyị okpukpe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fashion.walla.co.il/item/3051268|title="עם גבולות, ללא ויתורים": לינור אברג'יל משיקה מותג אופנה בעיצובה|date=2017-03-23|work=Fashion.walla.co.il|language=he-IL|accessdate=2020-02-24}}</ref> Ha kpọrọ akara ahụ LYA, ngwakọta nke mkpụrụedemede mbido aha ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://xnet.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4942771,00.html|title=בבית ובארון של לינור אברג'יל: "היום אני יודעת שאין סטייל בעולם הדתי"|author=איתי יעקב|date=9 April 2017|work=Xnet.ynet.co.il|language=he|accessdate=2020-02-24}}</ref> === Okwu ya na nnọkọ pụrụ iche nke UN === Na Disemba 2023, Linor kwuru okwu na ihe omume pụrụ iche na United Nations, na-elekwasị anya na ime mmekọahụ n'ike nke Hamas n'oge mwakpo ntụnanya na Israel. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Rape as a Weapon of War: Jewish Women Call on UN to Confront Hamas' Sexual Violence|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-05/ty-article/.premium/israeli-and-jewish-women-implore-a-reticent-un-to-confront-hamas-sexual-violence/0000018c-369b-dc03-a9ec-3efbfcb90000|accessdate=2023-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Botbol|first=Amelie|date=5 December 2023|title=Israel-led UN special session condemns world silence on Hamas using rape as weapon of war|work=[[Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-led-un-special-session-condemns-world-silence-on-hamas-using-rape-as-weapon-of-war/}}</ref> Linor katọrọ òtù ụmụ nwanyị mba ụwa n'ụzọ siri ike maka ịgbachi nkịtị ha na mwakpo mmekọahụ n'ike nke n'ụbọchị nke asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba, na-ekwusi ike na ọ dị mkpa ịkwalite olu ndị o metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 December 2023|title=Hamas sexual violence against Israeli women revealed at UN: ‘Girls without any clothes on, without tops, without underwear’|url=https://allisrael.com/hamas-sexual-violence-against-israeli-women-revealed-at-un-girls-without-any-clothes-on-without-tops-without-underwear|accessdate=12 December 2023|work=All Israel News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Abargil lụrụ onye [[Lithunia|Lithuania na-egwu egwuregwu boolu nkata bụ]] Šarūnas Jasikevičius n'ememe e mere na nsonso Barcelona, na July 2006. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forward.com/news/israel/444/israel-e2-80-99s-celebrity-wedding/|title=Israel's Celebrity Wedding|work=Forward.com|accessdate=12 November 2021}}</ref> Ha gbara alụkwaghịm na 2008.<ref name="TTO-20081221" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24831223-2703,00.html|title=Former Miss World to shoot 'inspirational' documentary about her rape|accessdate=2009-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804092807/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24831223-2703,00.html|archivedate=2009-08-04}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, Abargil lụrụ onye njikwa Oron Calfon, ma nabata okpukpe ndị Juu Ọtọdọks. N'afọ 2012, ọ mụrụ ejima (nwa nwoke na nwa nwanyị), n'afọ 2013, ọ mụrụ nwa nwanyị. Ọ mụrụ nwa nwanyị ọzọ na Septemba 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/694687|title=תמונות ראשו: לינור אברג'יל והבייבי|work=Israelhayom.co.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ishim.co.il/p.php?s=%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%9C|title=לינור אברג'יל|work=Ishim.co.il|accessdate=2025-03-08|archivedate=2022-05-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504152300/https://www.ishim.co.il/p.php?s=%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%9C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.israelhayom.co.il/article/148079|title=After ten years, I felt I was ready|work=Israelhayom.co.il|accessdate=12 November 2021}}</ref> Abargil nwetara akara ugo mmụta n'iwu site na Netanya Academic College, e wee nabata ya na Israel Bar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4383002,00.html|title=קבלו את עורכת הדין - לינור אברג'יל|first=שי|author=ארזואן|date=22 May 2013|work=Ynet.co.il}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} * VideonaYouTube {{s-start}} {{s-ach}} {{s-bef|before={{flagicon|India}} [[Diana Hayden]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Miss World]]|years=[[Miss World 1998|1998]]}} {{s-aft|after={{flagicon|India}} [[Yukta Mookhey]]}} {{s-bef|before={{flagicon|TUR}} Çağla Şikel}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Miss_World_Continental_Queen_of_Beauty#1990-2004|Miss World Europe]]|years=[[Miss World 1998#Continental Queens|1998]]}} {{s-aft|after={{flagicon|ISR}} Jenny Chervoney}} {{s-end}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oxt558f6aubgjdh85shrh04gnxgd0i8 Louisa Frederica Adela Schafer 0 57143 639031 580534 2026-05-26T17:34:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639031 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Louisa_Frederica_Adela_Schafer.jpg|thumb|Louisa Frederica Adela Schafer]] Louisa Frederica Adela Schafer (amụrụ 11 February 1865) bụ onye na-asụ Bekee Esperanto, onye na-abụ abụ, onye ntụgharị na onye nkuzi asụsụ.. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Schafer na London n'afọ 1865. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Louisa Frederica Adela Schafer|url=https://hymnary.org/person/Schafer_LFA|accessdate=2025-02-18|work=Hymnary, [[Calvin University]]|language=en|archivedate=2025-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119105435/https://hymnary.org/person/Schafer_LFA}}</ref> Esperanto bụ asụsụ nwere ike inyere gị aka. A họpụtara ya na ọgbakọ London Esperanto, [1] ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke obere akwụkwọ akụkọ The British Esperantist site na 1904, [1] bụkwa onye so na saịtị English Lingva Komitato (Kọmitii asụsụ) na 1907..<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Tonkin|first=Humphrey|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kpIREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&dq=Louisa+Schafer+esperanto&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmgeLrn86LAxWkUkEAHROONCQQ6AF6BAgJEAM|title=Memoru ĉi praulojn: Eseoj pri Esperanto-literaturo|date=2020|publisher=Mondial|isbn=978-1-59569-415-7|pages=84|language=eo}}</ref> Schafer nyere ndị otu nọ na London nkuzi nkuzi na Esperanto, gụnyere Finsbury City Teachers Association na 1905. [1] Ọ gara ọtụtụ ọgbakọ ọgbakọ Esperanto World, gụnyere nke mbụ na Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, na 1905..   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Lingva_Komitato_1907.jpg|thumb|307x307px|''Lingva Komitato'' na 1907, Schafer bụ nwanyị ahụ nọ ọdụ n'ala aka ekpe na ndị ọzọ e sere na foto gụnyere Louis de Beaufront, Joseph Jamin, Rosa Junck na [[L. L. Zamenhof]]]] Schafer sụgharịrị abụ ndị ụwa na ukwe okpukpe (dị ka "Olee otú aha Jizọs si dị ụtọ") site na Bekee gaa na Esperanto n'okpuru aha "Ad. Ŝefer". <ref name=":0" /> O dekwara abụ "Antauen!" na Esperanto. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=o0QOAAAAYAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA100-IA3&dq=%22schafer%22+esperanto&ots=Isjdw0DvL4&sig=KkwD7dViURBB_UQUeI2a1cAZbhM#v=onepage&q=%22schafer%22%20&f=false|title=British Esperantist|date=1905|publisher=British Esperanto Association|location=London|pages=12, 50, 102|language=eo}}</ref> O bipụtara nchịkọta nke egwu Esperanto na nsụgharị lyric na 1905 na British Esperanto Association. Mgbe a sụgharịchara egwuregwu William Shakespeare Hamlet n’asụsụ Esperanto, Schafer kwuru na okwu iri itoolu na ise nke nsụgharị ahụ adịghị n’ime Universala Vortaro (Universal Dictionary), nke L. L. Zamenhof bipụtara na 1894..<ref name=":2" /> N'ime egwuregwu The Bear, nke Vasily Deviation sụgharịrị maka Ụlọ ihe nkiri Britain nke 8 na Kraków na 1912, Schafer rụrụ ọrụ Elena Ivanovna Popova, nwanyị di ya nwụrụ..   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A maghị afọ ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":0" /> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * ''Tekstaro nke bonkonataj britaj kantoj'' kompilita nke Ad. ''Kọmputa nke Ad. ''Ŝefer (Okwu nke abụ ndị Britain a ma ama nke Adela Schafer chịkọtara), London: British Esperanto Association (1905) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} czr37t5zinigpzcd2ctx1h8gaolfjlv Miss Ghana 0 59885 639097 631262 2026-05-27T07:41:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639097 wikitext text/x-wiki   Miss Ghana bụ nwa amaala Asọmpi ịma mma na Ghana. == Ndị nwere aha == === Miss World Ghana === {{Plainlist|* {{Color box|gold|border=silver}} : Declared as Winner * {{Color box|#FFFF66|border=silver}} : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification * {{Color box|#FFFF99|border=silver}} : Ended as one of the finalists or semifinalists * {{Color box|#FADADD|border=silver}} : Ended as special awards winner}} :: ''Ghana malitere na Miss World 1959 na Star Nyaniba Annan. Otú ọ dị, e nweela mmadụ abụọ (1990 na 1991) bụ ndị nọchitere anya Ghana na Miss World mana ha abụghị ndị nwe aha Miss Ghana. E nwekwara ọtụtụ afọ na Ghana ezughi onye nnọchi anya na Miss World n'agbanyeghị na e nwere onye nwe ya.'' {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 92%; text-align:center" ! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" width="60" |Afọ ! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" width="250" |Nwaanyị Ghana ! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" width="250" |Miss World Ghana ! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" width="250" |Ebe ọ nọ na Miss World ! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" width="230" |Onyinye Pụrụ Iche |- |1957 |Monica Amekoafia| colspan=3 {{n/a|Did not compete}} |- |1958 |Janet Boateng| colspan=3 {{n/a|Did not compete}} |- |1959 |Star Nyaniba Annan |Star Nyaniba Annan |Enweghị ebe | |- |1960 |Obi iru ala Kwamena| colspan=3 {{n/a|Did not compete}} |- |1967 |Araba Martha Vroom | style="background:#FFFF99;" |Araba Martha Vroom | style="background:#FFFF99;" |'''Top 15''' | style="background:#FFFF99;" | |- |1968 |Lovell Rosebud Wordie |Lovell Rosebud Wordie |Enweghị ebe | |- |1986 |Magdalene Adjabeng| colspan=3 {{n/a|Did not compete}} |- |1987 |Augustina Henaku| colspan=3 {{n/a|Did not compete}} |- |1988 |Dzidzo Abra Amoa |Dzidzo Abra Amoa |Enweghị ebe | |- |1989 |Afua Amoah Bonsu |Afua Amoah Bonsu |Enweghị ebe | |- |1990 |Bridgitte Dzorgbenuku<ref>{{Cite web|title=My life is not limited to Miss Ghana - Brigitte Dzogbenuku|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/my-life-is-not-limited-to-miss-ghana-brigitte-dzogbenuku.html|accessdate=2021-01-10|work=Graphic Online|date=11 September 2020|language=en-gb}}</ref> |Dela Tamakole |Enweghị ebe | |- |1991| {{n/a|No pageant}} |Jamilla Haruna Danzuru |Enweghị ebe | |- |1994 |Matilda Aku Alomatu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Past Winners {{!}} Miss Ghana|url=https://missghana.com.gh/past-winners/|accessdate=2024-12-18|language=en-US}}</ref> |Matilda Aku Alomatu |Enweghị ebe | |- |1995 |Manuela Medie | style="background:#FADADD;" |Manuela Medie | style="background:#FADADD;" |Enweghị ebe | align="left" style="background:#FADADD;" | * '''Uwe Onye Nwe Ihe Ụwa''' |- |1996 |Shiela Azuntaba |Shiela Azuntaba |Enweghị ebe | |- |1997 |Benita Sena Golomeke |Benita Sena Golomeke |Enweghị ebe | |- |1998 |Efia Owusu Marfo |Efia Owusu Marfo |Enweghị ebe | |- |1999 |Mariam Sugru Bugri |Mariam Sugri Bugri |Enweghị ebe | |- |2000 |Nne Ewurafua Hawkson<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Miss-Ghana-2000-At-Miss-World-12218|title=Miss Ghana 2000 At Miss World|work=ghanaweb.com|date=30 November 2001|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref> |Nne Ewurafua Hawkson |Enweghị ebe | |- |2001 |Selasi Kwawu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Miss-Ghana-2001-Selasi-Kwanu-20489?gallery=1|title=Miss Ghana 2001: Selasi Kwanu|work=ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref> |Selasi Kwanu |Enweghị ebe | |- |2002 |Shaida Buari<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Miss-Ghana-2002-Shaida-Buari-27419|title=Miss Ghana 2002: Shaida Buari|work=ghanaweb.com|date=30 November 2001|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref> |Shaida Buari |Enweghị ebe | |- |2003 |Serena Naa Dei Ashi-Roye <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=230|title=Serena Naa Ashie-Roye, Miss Ghana 2003|work=ghanaweb.com|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref>| colspan=3 {{n/a|Did not compete}} |- |2004 |Inna Mariam Patty<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Miss-Ghana-2004-Inna-Mariam-Patty-67122|title=Miss Ghana 2004: Inna Mariam Patty|work=ghanaweb.com|date=30 November 2001|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref> |Serena Naa Dei Ashi-Roye |Enweghị ebe | |- |2005 |Lamisi Mbillah <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Lamisi-Mbillah-is-Miss-Ghana-2005-85458|title=Lamisi Mbillah is Miss Ghana 2005|work=ghanaweb.com|date=30 November 2001|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref> |Inna Mariam Patty |Enweghị ebe | |- |2006 |Irene aha ya bụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Irene-Dwomoh-is-Miss-Ghana-2006-108174|title=Irene Dwomoh is Miss Ghana 2006|work=ghanaweb.com|date=30 November 2001|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref> | style="background:#FFFF99;" |Lamisi Mbillah | style="background:#FFFF99;" |'''Top 17''' | style="background:#FFFF99;" | |- |2007 |Frances Takyi-Mensah | style="background:#FFFF99;" |Irene aha ya bụ | style="background:#FFFF99;" |'''Ndị kasị elu 16''' | align="left" style="background:#FFFF99;" | * '''Ịma Mma Maka Ebumnuche''' |- |2008 |Mawusi Apea<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/7726/mawuse-is-miss-ghana-2008.html|title=Mawuse Is Miss Ghana 2008|work=Modern Ghana|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref> | style="background:#FADADD;" |Frances Takyi-Mensah | style="background:#FADADD;" |Enweghị ebe | align="left" style="background:#FADADD;" | * '''Nkà Kasị Mma''' |- |2009 |Mimi Areme<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanadot.com/news.ghanadot.audrey.092809d.html|title=Mimi Areme is Miss Ghana 2009|work=ghanadot.com|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref> |Apea Mawusi |Enweghị ebe | |- |2010 |Stephanie Karikari <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Stephanie-is-Miss-Ghana-2010-196387|title=Archived copy|accessdate=29 January 2020|archivedate=20 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920040109/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Stephanie-is-Miss-Ghana-2010-196387}}</ref> |Mimi Areme |Enweghị ebe | |- |2011| {{n/a|No pageant}} |Stephanie Karikari |Enweghị ebe | |- |2012 |Carranzar Shooter<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/11/11/naa-okailey-wins-miss-ghana-2012/|title=Naa Okailey Wins Miss Ghana 2012|date=2012-11-11|work=GhanaCelebrities.Com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-29|archivedate=2020-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129154241/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/11/11/naa-okailey-wins-miss-ghana-2012/}}</ref>| colspan=3 {{n/a|Did not compete}} |- |2013 |Gusepinna Baafi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Baafi-Guiseppine-is-Miss-Ghana-2013-280083|title=Baafi Guiseppine is Miss Ghana 2013|work=ghanaweb.com|date=21 July 2013|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref> | style="background:#FFFF66;" |Carranzar Shooter | style="background:#FFFF66;" |'''Onye nke abụọ''' | style="background:#FFFF66;" | |- |2014| {{n/a|No pageant}} | style="background:#FFFF99;" |Nadia Naa Densua Ntanu | style="background:#FFFF99;" |'''Ndị kasị elu 26''' | style="background:#FFFF99;" | |- |2015 |Antoinette Kemavor<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/winner-antoinette-delali-kemavor-crowned-miss-ghana-2015/7ghn9g6|title=Antoinette Delali Kemavor crowned Miss Ghana 2015|date=2015-11-08|work=pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref>| colspan=3 {{n/a|Did not compete}} |- |2016| {{n/a|No pageant}} | style="background:#FFFF99;" |Antoinette Kemavor | style="background:#FFFF99;" |'''Top 20''' | style="background:#FFFF99;" | |- |2017 |Margaret Mwintuur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kasapafmonline.com/2017/10/miss-ghana-2017-margaret-dery-crowned-diamond-jubilee-queen/|title=Miss Ghana 2017: Margaret Dery crowned Diamond Jubilee Queen|author=Acquah|first=Edward|date=2017-10-08|work=Kasapa102.5FM|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref> |Afua Asieduwaa Akrofi |Enweghị ebe | |- |2018 |Margaret Derry<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/October-1st/photos-nana-ama-benson-crowned-miss-ghana2018.php|title=Photos: Nana Ama Benson crowned Miss Ghana 2018|work=myjoyonline.com|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref> |Nana Ama Benson |Enweghị ebe | |- |2019 |[[Rebecca Kwabi|Rebecca Nana Adwoa Kwabi]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/July-7th/rebecca-nana-adwoa-kwabi-wins-miss-ghana-2019.php|title=Rebecca Nana Adwoa Kwabi wins Miss Ghana 2019|work=myjoyonline.com|accessdate=2020-01-29|archivedate=2020-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129161427/http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/July-7th/rebecca-nana-adwoa-kwabi-wins-miss-ghana-2019.php}}</ref> |Rebecca Nana Adwoa Kwabi |Enweghị ebe | |-| colspan=5 {{n/a|Due to the impact of [[COVID-19 pandemic]], no pageant between 2020 and 2021}} |- |2022 |Monique Mawulawe Agbedekpui |Monique Mawulawe Agbedekpui |Enweghị ebe | |- |2023 |Miriam Xorlasi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Miriam Xorlasi Tordzeagbo wins Miss Ghana 2022 Contest|date=15 August 2022|url=https://coverghana.com.gh/miriam-xorlasi-tordzeagbo-wins-miss-ghana-2022-contest/}}</ref> |Miriam Xorlasi | | |- |2024| colspan=5 {{n/a|No competition held}} |- |2025 |TBA |TBA |TBA |TBA |- |} === Miss Supranational Ghana === {{Plainlist|* {{Color box|gold|border=silver}} : Declared as Winner * {{Color box|#FFFF66|border=silver}} : Ended as runner-up or top 5/6 qualification * {{Color box|#FFFF99|border=silver}} : Ended as one of the finalists or semifinalists * {{Color box|#FADADD|border=silver}} : Ended as special awards winner}} :: ''Mgbe ụfọdụ, mgbe onye mmeri erughị eru (n'ihi afọ ndụ) maka asọmpi ọ bụla, a na-eziga onye nke abụọ.'' {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" width="60" |Afọ ! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" width="150" |Ógbè ! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" width="250" |Miss Supranational Ghana ! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" width="250" |Ntinye na Miss Supranational ! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" width="250" |Onyinye Pụrụ Iche ! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;" width="250" |Ihe edeturu |- |2024 |Accra |Abigail Fanna Kabirou |TBA | |- |2023 |Somanya |Helen Demey Matey<ref>{{Cite web|title=HELEN DEMEY MATEY: 2023 MISS SUPRANATIONAL GHANA|url=https://oreime.com/2023/03/19/helen-demey-matey-2023-miss-supranational-ghana/|accessdate=5 April 2023|work=oreime.com|date=19 March 2023|archivedate=13 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513000539/https://oreime.com/2023/03/19/helen-demey-matey-2023-miss-supranational-ghana/}}</ref> |Enweghị ebe | | |- |2022 |Akwatia |Boakye nwere onyinye |Enweghị ebe | | |- |2021 |Accra |Verónica Sarfo Adu Nti<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-supranational/ghanas-veronica-adu-nti-to-represent-at-miss-supranational-2020/articleshow/77996366.cms|title=Ghana's Veronica Adu Nti to represent at Miss Supranational 2020|work=[[Times of India]]|date=8 September 2020|accessdate=27 March 2025|archivedate=9 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709040216/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-supranational/ghanas-veronica-adu-nti-to-represent-at-miss-supranational-2020/articleshow/77996366.cms}}</ref> |Enweghị ebe | | |- |2015 |Accra |Charlee Esi Bekoe Berbicks |Enweghị ebe | | |- |2013 |Accra |Gety Baffoa |Enweghị ebe | | |- |} == Hụkwa == * [[Miss Universe Ghana]] == Ihe odide == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> nvxx0ln6e58wdkp6b59sr1jfl9c9jf5 Mouna Hachim 0 60452 639108 516908 2026-05-27T11:48:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639108 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Mouna Hachim'''[a] (amụrụ na n’ubochi 24 n’onwa Ọktoba nke afo 1967) bụ onye edemede na onye nta akụkọ obodo Morocco. O bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ ndị na-abụghị akụkọ ifo. O meezikwala ihe nkiri. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Mouna Hachim na obodo Casablanca, n’ubochi 24 n’onwa Ọktoba nke oge afo 1967. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Hassan II Casablanca, ebe ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta na akwụkwọ edemede asusu French (faculty of letters and human sciences di na Aïn Chock) ya na diplọma nke ọmụmụ miri emi na akwụkwọ ntụnyere (faculty of letters and Human sciences Ben M'Sick-Sidi Othmane). Akwụkwọ edemede bachelor ya lekwasịrị anya na nnọchite anya ndị Alakụba na Song of Roland na akwụkwọ edemede DEA ya na nkwanye ùgwù asusu French na Middle Ages na ndị troubadours anọ mbụ nke Langue d'oc.<ref name="4:frwp" /><ref name="5:frwp" /> == Ọrụ == Kemgbe oge afọ 1992, Hachim arụwo ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ mba Morocco, ma, kemgbe oge afọ 2008, <ref name="6:frwp">{{Cite web|title="par Mouna Hachim" site=www.leconomiste.com - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=%22par+Mouna+Hachim%22+site%3Dwww.leconomiste.com#hl=fr&sclient=psy-ab&q=%22par+Mouna+Hachim%22+site%3Awww.leconomiste.com&oq=%22par+Mouna+Hachim%22+site:www.leconomiste.com&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=serp.3...263890.264402.0.264839.2.2.0.0.0.0.346.462.0j1j0j1.2.0...0.0.wcWhVymYgbw&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&fp=3a2a3dd226369564&biw=1024&bih=456|work=www.google.com|accessdate=16 September 2023}}</ref> edeela na L'Économiste, <ref name="5:frwp">{{Cite news|author=Airault|first=Pascal|title=Rencontres casaouies|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/56782/archives-thematique/rencontres-casaouies/|accessdate=16 September 2023|work=JeuneAfrique.com|publisher=[[Jeune Afrique]]|date=31 March 2008|language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAiraultFélix2008">Airault, Pascal; Félix, Julien (31 March 2008). [https://www.jeuneafrique.com/56782/archives-thematique/rencontres-casaouies/ "Rencontres casaouies"]. ''JeuneAfrique.com'' (in French). [[Jeune Afrique]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> na ngalaba, "Ihe ndekọ nke ụnyaahụ na taa". [3] Site n’oge afo 2007 ruo afo 2009, ọ kwadoro kọlụm kwa ụbọchị na ''Redio Atlantic'', "Ihe nzuzo nke aha ezinaụlọ".<ref name="4:frwp" /> N’onwa Jenụwarị nke oge afo 2004, o bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ n'onwe ya, Les Enfants de la Chaouia, <ref name="7:frwp">{{Cite web|author=MDIDECH|first=JAOUAD|title=Autoédition, l'aventure hasardeuse|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavieeco.com%2Fnews%2Fculture%2Fautoedition-l-aventure-hasardeuse-6704.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=lavieeco.com|publisher=[[La Vie Éco]]|accessdate=16 September 2023|language=fr}}</ref> akụkọ Edinaụlọ nke gafere ọgbọ atọ, nke a na-ahụ dịka microcosm nke ọha mmadụ mba Morocco na-enwe ọgba aghara zuru oke kemgbe mmalite narị afọ nke iri na abuo. N'oge afọ 2007, o bipụtara akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ n'onwe ya, {{Lang|fr|Dictionnaire des noms de famille du Maroc}} (Dictionary of Family Names of Morocco), mbipụta e degharịrị ma gbasaa nke Éditions Le Fennec bipụtara n’oge afo 2012.<ref name="8:frwp">{{Cite web|author=Fatiha A|title=Marocaines - Mouna HACHIM et l'écriture : une " relation passionnelle…".|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lalati.ma%2Ffr%2Fmarocaines%2Fmouna-hachim-et-l%25E2%2580%2599ecriture-%25C2%25AB-relation-passionnelle%25E2%2580%25A6%25C2%25BB-3584#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=lalati.ma|accessdate=17 September 2023|language=fr|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> N'oge afọ 2011, ya na afọ atọ n'usoro, ọ bụ onye otu ndị ọka ikpe maka onyinye La Mamounia, <ref name="moroccoworldnews">{{Cite news|author=El Ouafi|first=Ismail|title=La Mamounia Literary Award Nominates 8 Candidates for its 5th Edition|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2014/08/137024/la-mamounia-literary-award-nominates-8-candidates-for-its-5th-edition|accessdate=17 September 2023|date=21 August 2014|language=en}}</ref> nke na-akwụ ndị edemede Moroccan na-asụ French ụgwọ. N'ọnwa Julaị nke oge afọ 2014, dabere na nyocha ya, Hachim gosipụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihe omume anọ na ọwa TV Medi1, n'okpuru aha "La Route des Origines", <ref name="lemondefeminin">{{Cite news|title=Mouna Hachim|url=https://www.lemondefeminin.com/mouna-hachim1/|accessdate=17 September 2023|work=Le Monde féminin|date=18 November 2021|language=fr-FR}}</ref> nke gosipụtara njem site na akụkọ ihe mere mere eme nke obodo Morocco nke dabeere na aha ebe na aha agbụrụ na ezinaụlọ. N'oge afọ 2015, o sonyere n'ọrụ nchịkọta nke La Croisée des chemins bipụtara n'okpuru aha Ce qui nous somme: réflexions marocaines après les événements des 7 au 11 janvier nke afo 2015 à Paris après la Charlie Hebdo shooting of 7 January 2015 na Republican marches of 11 January 2015 in Paris. <ref name="asma">{{Cite web|title="CE QUI NOUS SOMME": LES INTELLECTUELS MAROCAINS RÉAGISSENT|url=http://www.asma-lamrabet.com/articles/nouvelle-parution-ce-qui-nous-somme-ouvrage-collectif-la-croisee-des-chemins/|work=www.asma-lamrabet.com|accessdate=17 September 2023|language=fr}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel n’oge afo 2016, o bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'okpuru aha Chroniques insolites de notre histoire: Maroc, des origines à 1907 (Najah al Jadida, 2016), <ref name="Chroniques2016">{{Cite book|author=Hachim|first=Mouna|title=Chroniques insolites de notre histoire: Maroc, des origines à 1907|date=2016|publisher=Najah al Jadida|isbn=978-9954-37-184-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qngVvgAACAAJ|accessdate=17 September 2023|language=fr}}</ref> nke na-agụgharị ya site na akụkọ ndi otu gọọmentị na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ; Éditions Érick Bonnier bipụtara ya na obodo France n'okpuru isiokwu l'{{Lang|fr|l’Histoire inattendue du Maroc}} . <ref name="marocdiplomatique">{{Cite news|author=Mekkaoui|first=Souad|title=Mouna Hachim déterre "l'Histoire inattendue du Maroc"|url=https://maroc-diplomatique.net/mouna-hachim-deterre-lhistoire-inattendue-du-maroc/|accessdate=17 September 2023|work=Maroc Diplomatique|date=24 September 2018|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ya na otu onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, o bipụtara n’onwa Septemba nke afo 2019, akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'etiti mba Europe na obodo Morocco, dabere na ihe omume na ihe odide n'ezie, nke akpọrọ {{Lang|fr|Les manuscrits perdus}} (The Lost Manuscripts). <ref name="cle">{{Cite news|author=Ajmi|first=Faten|title=" Les manuscrits perdus " — Arabe|url=https://cle.ens-lyon.fr/arabe/litterature/contemporaine/mouna-hachim-les-manuscrits-perdus|accessdate=17 September 2023|work=cle.ens-lyon.fr|date=27 November 2019|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ laghachiri n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ọzọ n'ụzọ ịhụnanya na akwụkwọ akụkọ {{Lang|fr|Ben Toumert ou Les derniers jours des Voilés}} (La Croisée des Chemins, Casablanca, 2021), ihe ngosi banyere ọdịda nke usoro ndị eze Almoravid site n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="lavieeco2023">{{Cite news|title=Mouna Hachim présente son dernier ouvrage "Ben Toumert ou les derniers jours des voilés" - La Vie éco|url=https://www.lavieeco.com/influences/culture/mouna-hachim-presente-son-dernier-ouvrage-ben-toumert-ou-les-derniers-jours-des-voiles/|accessdate=17 September 2023|work=lavieeco.com/|date=10 July 2023|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ di ma nwekwazie ụmụ abụọ. == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * ''Ụmụ Chaouia'' (2004)   * Dictionnaire des noms de famille du Maroc (2007)   * Dictionnaire des noms de famille du Maroc (2011)   * ''Akụkọ ihe mere eme anyị - Morocco, site na mmalite ruo 1907) '' (2016)   * Akụkọ a na-atụghị anya ya nke Morocco (2018)   * ''Ihe odide ndị furu efu'' (2019)   * ''Ben Toumert ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke Voilés'' (2021)   * ''Casablanca, akwụkwọ ojii nke obodo ọcha Broché'' (2023)   == Ihe nkiri == === Usoro ihe omume === * La route des origines, n'akụkụ anọ, Médi 1 TV<ref name="hypotheses">{{Cite web|title=طريق الأصل – رحلة تاريخية مع الباحثة المغربية منى هاشم|url=http://iqbal.hypotheses.org/3668|work=Iqbal إقبال|accessdate=17 September 2023|language=fr-FR|date=25 May 2016}}</ref> * ''Ndị Morocco n'akụkọ ihe mere eme'' (ep.20), مغاربة في التاريخ, Le360<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dossier. Marocains dans l’Histoire|url=https://fr.le360.ma/dossier/dossier-marocains-dans-lhistoire_D4DHRVKHSFEKFK2KUBQTPKT2EY/|accessdate=2024-04-28|work=Le 360 Français|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === * Aziz Daki, nke a na-eme ka anyị nwee obi ụtọ, Taa Morocco, Casablanca, 6 Febụwarị 2004 * Aziz Daki, La Chaouia ma ọ bụ ụzọ e si ede ihe Taa Morocco, Casablanca, 6 Febụwarị 2004 * Loubna Bernichi, Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Mouna Hachim, onye dere Les Enfants de la Chaouia: Casablanca et son arrière-pays, Maroc Hebdo, Casablanca, No. 592, 13-19 February 2004 * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Z.Z., Ụmụ Chaouia nke Mouna Hachim: Otu obere ihe ịtụnanya, na ''Emarrakech'', 15 Eprel 2004 * Driss Ksikes, 意 Akụkọ banyere nwa agbọghọ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ, Telquel, Casablanca * Nadia Belkhayat, "Okwu okwu nke aha ezinụlọ": chọta mmalite gị, L'Economiste, Casablanca, No. 2458, 6 February 2007 * Literature: Mouna Hachem, a cemetery as another ːa, ''Al-Ahram Hebdo'', Cairo, 9 July 2008 * Muuna Hachim: Nwa nwanyị Chaouia, na Pascal Airault Julien Félix, Encontres casaouies: Cinéaste, musicien, écrivaine ma ọ bụ plasticien, ha bụ ndị si ma ọ bụ ụmụaka nkuchi si n'isi obodo akụ na ụba nke Morocco... Na ọrụ ha na-adabere na ya. Muune Afrique, Paris, 31 August 2008 * Muuna Hachim, Femmes du Maroc, Casablanca, 29 Disemba 2011 (ajụjụ ọnụ) == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/136585/politique/mouna-hachim-l-histoire-marocaine-est-celle-de-tous-les-m-langes/ "Mouna Hachim: akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Morocco bụ nke ngwakọta niile" ], Jeune Afrique, Paris, August 12, 2013 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160425224946/http://www.lesiteinfo.com/mouna-hachim-elle-nous-dit-tout-sur-son-nouveau-livre/ "Mouna Hachim, ọ na-agwa anyị ihe niile gbasara akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ya"] 23 Eprel 2016 * [https://ledesk.ma/grandangle/une-histoire-curieuse-et-insolite-du-maroc/ "Akụkọ na-adọrọ mmasị na nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke Morocco"], Casablanca, 24/4/2016 * [https://www.atlasinfo.fr/Presentation-a-Paris-du-livre-Histoire-inattendue-du-Maroc-de-Mouna-Hachim_a94227.html Nkwupụta na Paris nke akwụkwọ ahụ, Akụkọ ihe mere eme a na-atụghị anya ya nke Morocco site na Mouna Hachim] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250530185038/https://maroc-diplomatique.net/mouna-hachim-deterre-lhistoire-inattendue-du-maroc/ Mouna Hachim na-egwupụta akụkọ ihe mere eme a na-atụghị anya ya nke Morocco ] * [https://www.letemps.ch/culture/maroc-antique-une-mondialisation-lheure "Morocco oge ochie, ijikọ ụwa ọnụ tupu oge eruo"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240718100634/https://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/histoire-inattendue-maroc-nouveau-livre-de-mouna-hachem "Iwepụ arụmụka ọha na eze banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Morocco"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210918234700/https://www.radioorient.com/podcasts/histoire-inattendue-du-maroc-de-mouna-hachim-23019 "Akụkọ a na-atụghị anya ya Morocco nke Mouna Hachim"], La Bibliothèque de Radio Orient * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-B50AiLyQ8 "Morocco: akụkọ zuru oke!" ] * [https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/questions-dislam/pour-une-nouvelle-lecture-de-lislamisation-de-lafrique-du-nord "N'ihi ọgụgụ ọhụrụ nke Islamisation nke North Africa"], Ajụjụ Islam, ihe ngosi Ghaleb Bencheikh, 18 Nọvemba 2018 * [https://telquel.ma/2021/04/09/mouna-hachim-raconte-la-chute-des-almoravides-vue-par-des-femmes_1717667 "Mouna Hachim na-akọ banyere ọdịda nke ndị Almoravid, nke ụmụ nwanyị hụrụ"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240229190115/https://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/mouna-hachim-ben-toumert-derniers-jours-voiles "Nkwurịta okwu ya na Mouna Hachim, onye dere "Ben Toumert, ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke ihe mkpuchi"] * [https://2m.ma/fr/news/parution-ben-toumart-ou-les-derniers-jours-des-voiles-le-nouveau-ne-de-mouna-hachim-interview-20210322/ "Ọpụpụ: "Ben Toumert, ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke Voilés", nwa ọhụrụ nke Mouna Hachim] (Interview) * [https://lobservateur.info/article/21060/Culture/ben-toumert-ou-les-derniers-jours-des-voiles-le-nouveau-roman-epique-de-mouna-hachim <nowiki>"[[ Ben Toumert ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke ihe mkpuchi]] [[[[[[[[[]]]]]]]] akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhụrụ nke Mouna Hachim</nowiki> ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211207183950/https://femmesdumaroc.com/actualite/mouna-hachim-invitee-de-la-1ere-conference-les-bancs-du-savoir-49852 Mouna Hachim bụ onye ọbịa pụrụ iche nke Association Les Impériales n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na asatọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2019, ebe o nwere nzukọ n'okpuru isiokwu a bụ "Purical Identities" maka ịgụgharị akụkọ ihe mere eme. ] {{authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pot7h1ynl0h81gjew5000971gsbk7az Morravey 0 73396 639107 597273 2026-05-27T11:23:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639107 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Daniella Ibinabo Daniel''' (/ˌɪbɪˈnɑːboʊ/ ee-bih-NAH-boh; (amụrụ na 13 Machị 2004),A maara ya nke ọma dịka Morravey, ọ bụkwa onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-ede abụ na Naịjirịa. A maara ya nke ọma maka egwu Davido nke afọ 2023 bụ "In the Garden," nke so na ndị kacha elu na TurnTable Top 100. O sonyeere Sony Music Africa iji wepụta egwu mbụ ya bụ Ravi n'otu afọ ahụ, nke ruru n'ọkwa iri atọ na atọ na chaatị TurnTable Top 50.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Michelle Ejiro|date=November 30, 2023|title=Morravey's Journey To Long-Lasting Fame Is Just Beginning|url=https://themoveee.com/ravi-avouches-morraveys-versatility/|accessdate=October 2, 2024}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Daniella Ibinabo Daniel na Machị 13, 2004, na Port Harcourt, Rivers State . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dom Alonge|title=49th Exclusive: Meet DMW's Diamond, Morravey|url=https://the49thstreet.com/49th-exclusive-meet-dmws-diamond-morravey/|work=The49thstreet|accessdate=October 2, 2024|date=November 8, 2023}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụnne ise na nwa nwanyị mbụ nke nne na nna ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ferdinand Ekechukwu|title=12 Fun Facts To Know About Morravey|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/05/06/meet-daniella-daniel-aka-morravey/|work=[[This Day]]|accessdate=October 2, 2024|date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> Site na nwata, Daniella malitere ịrụ ọrụ na mmemme obodo, ukwe ụka, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ.   == Ọrụ == === 2020-2023: Mmalite ọrụ na ''RAVI'' === Morravey malitere ọrụ egwu ya na 2020 site na itinye mkpuchi egwu na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. N'afọ 2023, mgbe ọ na-eme ihe mkpuchi, otu enyi ya dekọrọ ya na nzuzo ma tinye vidiyo ahụ izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị n'amaghị ya. N'amaghị Morravey, vidiyo ahụ gbasara. Onye na-agụ egwu Naijiria bụ Davido chọpụtara nkà ya site na vidiyo ahụ ma mesịa nye ya nkwekọrịta ndekọ na [[Davido Music Worldwide|DMW]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adeayo Adebiyi|title=Davido signs Morravey to DMW|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davido-signs-two-new-artists-to-dmw/ctxg90m|work=Pulse Nigeria|accessdate=1 October 2024|date=March 29, 2023|archivedate=30 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330004905/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/davido-signs-two-new-artists-to-dmw/ctxg90m}}</ref> Na Machị 31, 2023, Davido wepụtara abọm studio ya nke anọ, Timeless, nke gosipụtara Morravey na egwu "In the Garden".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Aisha Salaudeen|title=Afrobeats superstar Davido drops new album 'Timeless'|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/31/africa/davido-timeless-album-release-spc-intl/index.html|publisher=CNN|accessdate=1 October 2024|date=March 31, 2023|archivedate=April 7, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407110524/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/31/africa/davido-timeless-album-release-spc-intl/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Daniel|first=Wisdom|title=Davido drops another masterpiece titled 'In The Garden' Featuring Morravey|url=https://xclusiveloaded.ng/music/davido-in-the-garden-ft-morravey-5/|work=Xclusive Loaded|accessdate=October 1, 2024|date=June 12, 2023|archivedate=September 12, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912151403/https://xclusiveloaded.ng/music/davido-in-the-garden-ft-morravey-5/}}</ref> Njikọ a jere ozi dị ka egwu izizi nke Morravey ma nye aka n'ịbawanye ya n'ọkwa, na-amalite na nọmba 83 na chaatị TurnTable Top 100.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chukwuebuka|first=Mgbemena|title=5 Times Davido Blew An Artist With A Feature|url=https://digimillennials.com/music/5-times-davido-blew-an-artist-with-a-feature/|work=Digimillennials|accessdate=October 1, 2024|date=June 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Uzoma|first=Ihejirika|title=TurnTable Top 100: Davido's 'Timeless' Rules The Charts This Week|url=https://thenativemag.com/turntable-top-100-davido/|work=The Native|accessdate=October 27, 2024|date=April 11, 2023}}</ref> Mgbe ya na Davido rụkọchara ọrụ nke ọma, Morravey mere "Feel" na "In the Garden" na Glitch Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=BN|first=B|title=Morravey Delivers Thrilling Performance on Glitch sessions|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2023/05/morravey-on-glitch-sessions/|work=[[BellaNaija]]|accessdate=October 2, 2024|date=May 24, 2023}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 2, 2023, o wepụtara egwu mbụ ya a na-akpọ "EP", RAVI, nke gosipụtara Davido. Adeayo Adebiyi nke Pulse Nigeria toro EP ahụ dị ka "okwu doro anya nke ebumnuche ebe egwu ahụ na-ekwu maka onwe ya," na-egosi ya 7/10 ma na-egosipụta njikere ya ịbanye na isi obodo EP ahụ dị na chaatị Albums Apple Music na mba dị iche iche, na-arị elu na Nọmba 4 na Naịjirịa, Nọmba 6 na Cameroon, Nọmba 97 na UK, na Nọmba 33 na TurnTable Top 50. Na Nọvemba 7, a kpọrọ ya Apple Music's Latest Act. O mechara wepụta vidiyo egwu gọọmentị maka "Magician", egwu pụtara ìhè site na EP mbụ ya, RAVI..<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Video: Morravey ft. Davido - Magician|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2023/12/morravey-ft-davido-magician/|accessdate=October 2, 2024|date=December 15, 202}}</ref> === 2024-dị ugbu a === Na Mee 2024, ọ wepụtara vidiyo egwu maka "Condo".<ref>{{Cite web|author=BN|title=Morravey Heats Up the Screen with "Condo" Music Video|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/05/morravey-condo-music-video/|accessdate=October 2, 2024|date=May 15, 2024}}</ref> Nke a sochiri remix "What is Love", nke gosipụtara DJY Wagner Musiq, wepụtara na Septemba 5, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|author=A.M|title=What Is Love (Remix) – Song by Djy Wagner Musiq & Morravey|url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/what-is-love-remix/1767273574|work=NotJustOk|accessdate=October 2, 2024|date=September 5, 2024}}</ref> Na Septemba 27, Morravey wepụrụ egwu ya "Ifineme" site na Entertainment West Africa Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morravey delivers a passionate Ode to love in new Single "Ifineme"|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/10/morravey-drops-ifineme-lyric-video/|work=BellaNaija|accessdate=October 2, 2024|date=September 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kevin Jasper|title=Morravey releases double "Ifineme" and "Upstandin"|url=https://naijavibes.com/musics/morravey-releases-double-ifineme-and-upstandin/198219/|work=Naija Vibes|accessdate=October 2, 2024|date=September 27, 2024}}</ref> N'iwepụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ihe ịga nke ọma, a kpọrọ ya otu n'ime Afrobeats Fresh Picks nke ''Billboard'' na Septemba 30, n'akụkụ ndị omenkà ama ama [[Oxlade (singer)|Oxlade]], [[Fireboy DML]], na Mofe. == Nkọwapụta == === EPs === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke egwuregwu ndị gbatịrị agbatị, na nkọwa ndị a họọrọ ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Nkọwa |- ! scope="row" |''RAVI''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Osafo Daniel|title=Morravey Releases Debut EP "RAVI"|url=https://groove-africa.com/morravey-releases-debut-ep-ravi/|work=Groove Africa|accessdate=October 2, 2024|date=November 3, 2023}}</ref> | * A tọhapụrụ ya: 2 Nọvemba 2023 * Akara: Sony Music AfricaEgwú Sony Africa * Ụdị: Nbudata dijitalụ |} === Ndị na-alụbeghị di === ==== Dị ka onye na-ese ihe ==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke ndị na-egwu egwu dị ka onye na-eduzi egwu, na afọ a tọhapụrụ na abọm egosiri ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="row" |"Gịnị bụ Ịhụnanya" | rowspan="5" |2023 | rowspan="5" |''RAVI'' |- ! scope="row" |"Ebuli elu ọzọ"<ref>{{Cite web|author=Daniel Wisdom|title=Morravey releases new song tagged "High Again"|url=https://xclusiveloaded.ng/music/morravey-high-again|work=XCL|accessdate=October 2, 2024|date=November 3, 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Condo"<ref>{{Cite web|author=Wts|title=MORRAVEY UNVEILS VISUALS FOR HIT SINGLE "CONDO"|url=https://wetalksound.co/blog/music/morravey-set-to-unveil-highly-anticipated-visuals-for-hit-single-condo|work=We Talk Sound|accessdate=October 2, 2024|date=May 15, 2024}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Nwa m" |- ! scope="row" |"Onye majik" (ya na [[Davido]]) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nath Slade|title=Morravey Ft. Davido – Magician|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2023/11/02/morravey-ft-davido-magician/|work=[[Legit.ng]]|accessdate=October 2, 2024|date=November 2, 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Ifineme" | rowspan="2" |2024| rowspan="4" {{Non-album singles}} |- |- ! scope="row" |"N'elu" |} ==== Dị ka onye na-ese ihe ==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke ndị na-egwu egwu dị ka onye na-ese ihe, na afọ a tọhapụrụ na album egosiri ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="row" |"N'ogige" |2023 |''Oge na-adịghị'' |} == Njem == === Nkwado === * [[Timeless North America Tour|Njem Na-enweghị Oge na North America]] == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] ang6ux1vqkyfol1f56kl5vstmjvi99l Malaya 0 73777 639046 598149 2026-05-26T21:19:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639046 wikitext text/x-wiki    Mkpụrụedemede Malayanma bụ usoro ide ihe e ji ede ihe n'ógbè Thiruvananthapuram nke Kerala. E ji ya dee asụsụ Malayalam. Malayanma so n'otu ezinụlọ edemede ahụ dịka Kolezhuthu na Vattezhuthu.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chintha.com/keralam/malayalam/vattezhuthu-kolezhuthu-malayanma.html|title=Old Scripts of Malayalam|accessdate=2009-10-15|archivedate=2009-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719101426/http://www.chintha.com/keralam/malayalam/vattezhuthu-kolezhuthu-malayanma.html}}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120229032011/http://c-radhakrishnan.info/alphabet.htm Grantha, Vattezhuthu, Kolezhuthu, Malayanma, Devanagiri, Brahmi and Tamil alphabets</ref> == Unicode == A gbakwunyere ya na unicode, ọ nweghị aro. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} geekp00f9tu4gbjhj4bfupl5tujg7h2 Maurille de Sombreuil 0 75186 639090 631768 2026-05-27T03:00:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639090 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Maurille de Sombreuil''', nke a na-akpọkwa Marie-Maurille de Sombrauil maọbụ '''Mademoiselle de Sombreuil''' (n'afọ 1767 ruo abali nke mkpụrụ Ụbọchị iri na ise nke Mee n'afọ 1823), bụ onye France na nwa nwanyị nke Charles François de Virot de Sombreuil. Dị ka akụkọ ifo si kwuo, ọ zọpụtara ndụ nna ya n'oge ọnwa September Massacres n' afọ 1792 site na ịṅụ iko ọbara. === Oge ọ malitere === A mụrụ Maurille de Sombreuil n'oge ọkọchị n'afọ 1767 na {{Lang|fr|Château de Leychoisier|italic=unset}} na Bonnac-la-Côte . [1][a] E mere ya baptizim dị ka Jeanne-Jacques-Marie-Anne-Françoise na mkpụrụ Ụbọchị iri na anọ n' ọnwa Febụwarị 1768.[1][2] Otú ọ dị, ezinụlọ ya họọrọ ịkpọ ya Maurille, n'aha nna nna ya.[2] Nna ya Charles François de Virot de Sombreuil bụ ọchịagha n'okpuru Louis nke Iri na Isii na gọvanọ nke {{Lang|fr|[[Les Invalides]]|italic=unset}} na onye nke asaa arrondissement nke Paris,[3][4] nne ya bụ Marie-Magdeleine des Flottes de Leychoisier.[5] O nwere ụmụnne nwoke abụọ: Stanislas de Virot de Sombreuil (amụrụ 1768) na Charles Eugène (amụrụ 1770). [6][3] [[Faịlụ:Château_de_Leychoisier,_Bonnac-la-Côte.jpg|alt=Old photograph of Château de Leychoisier, Bonnac-la-Côte|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ebe a mụrụ Maurille de Sombreuil: Château de Leychoisier, Bonnac-la-Côte]] === Onye dike nke iko ọbara === N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1792, e jidere nna Maurille de Sombreuil bụ Charles François de Virot maka isonye na nchekwa nke Tuileries Palace ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ nke Abbey. N'ịtụ egwu maka ahụike nke nna ya meworo agadi, ọ rịọrọ ma nye ya ikike ka a tụọ ya mkpọrọ. Otu akwụkwọ na-ekwu na Jean-Paul Marat dere na arịrịọ ya: "Kpọtụrụ onye aristocratic a na nna ya aristocratical". Maurille de Sombreuil na nna ya nọgidere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ de l'Abbaye ruo mgbe n' ọnwa Septemba ogbugbu mmadụ malitere na mkpụrụ Ụbọchị nke abụọ n' ọnwa Septemba na ìgwè mmadụ malitere ijide ndị mkpọrọ ma gbuo ha.Mgbe a kpọtara nna Sombreuil ka a maa ya ikpe, ọ tụbara onwe ya n'ụkwụ ìgwè mmadụ ahụ ma rịọ ha ka ha chebe ya.Otu akụkọ na-ekwu na, n'oge ọ batara, a ga-ebufe nna ya n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ La Force, ebe onye ọzọ na-ekwu ete ọ gbochiri nna ya pụọ na mma agha ìgwè mmadụ ma merụọ ahụ n'oge ọgụ ahụ. [[Faịlụ:Épisode_des_massacres_de_septembre_1792_(cropped).jpg|alt=Engraving of Maurille de Sombreuil being compelled to drink a glass of blood.|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe osise nke Maurille de Sombreuil na-amanye ịṅụ iko ọbara.]] Dịka akụkọ ifo si kwuo, ìgwè mmadụ ahụ kwetara ịhapụ nna ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ṅụọ iko ọbara. Ozigbo ọ ṅụrụ iko ahụ, ìgwè mmadụ ahụ tiri mkpu ma tụfuo ngwá agha ha.Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a kpọrọ ya "{{Lang|fr|l'héroïne au verre de sang}}" ma ọ bụ "onye dike nke iko ọbara", na akụkọ ifo ya kpaliri ndị na-ese ihe na ndị edemede, gụnyere Jacques Delille na Victor Hugo. Otú ọ dị, dịka otu akụkọ na-ekwu, Sombreuil kwuru na akụkọ banyere iko ọbara ahụ bụ ikwubiga okwu ókè.Kama ịṅụ iko ọbara, a gwara ya ka ọ ṅụọ iko mmanya "maka ahụike nke mba ahụ" n'etiti ogige nke ọbara jupụtara na ogbugbu ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na nna Sombreuil lanarịrị ogbugbu n' onwa Septemba n' afọ 1792, e gburu ya na nwanne ya nwoke Stanislas, n'afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị na mkpụrụ Ụbọchị nke iri na asaá n'ọnwa Juun 1794. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, Maurille de Sombreuil nwere ọrịa epileptic seizures, na, dị ka Vigée Le Brun si kwuo, na-agbọ agbọ mgbe ọ hụrụ ihe na-acha ọbara ọbara. === Ịgba ọsọ ndụ na ọnwụ === Maurille de Sombreuil biri na London ma mesịa na Germany na di ya, Count Charles de Villelume.Sombreuil na di ya mechara laghachi France, ọ nwụkwara na mkpụrụ Ụbọchị nke iri na ise n'ọnwa Mee 1823 na Avignon.N'afọ 1851, e bugara obi ya na {{Lang|fr|[[Musée de l'Armée]]|italic=unset}} na Les Invalides, ebe ọ ka na-egosi ya n'ime ite olili ozu. == Ihe Nketa == === Ihe osise === Akụkọ Maurille de Sombreuil akpaliwo ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe, gụnyere Walter William Ouless. === Abụ uri === * Victor Hugo dere "La Mort de Mademoiselle de Sombreuil" na ''Odes na Ballades'' ya. * Gabriel-Marie Legouvé raara otu ahịrịokwu nye Sombreuil na {{Lang|fr|[[s:fr:Le Mérite des femmes|Le Mérite des femmes]]}}. == Ihe edeturu == {{notelist|refs={{efn|name=birth|Her exact birth date is unknown, and her baptism was recorded on 14 February 1768.{{sfn|Duchemin|1925|p=5}}{{sfn|Christophe|1965|p=26}} A historian from Limousin, M. Louis Guibert, estimated that she was born around October or November 1767 for several reasons, including the fact that her younger brother was born on 23 September 1768.{{sfn|Duchemin|1925|p=5}} Paul-Victor Duchemin noted in his biography of Sombreuil that this estimate was reasonable.{{sfn|Duchemin|1925|p=5}}}}}} == Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ == {{Reflist|20rem}} == Edensibịa == * {{Cite web|title=''Scene from the French Revolution'', Walter William Ouless (1848–1933), Sheffield Museums|author=Art UK|authorlink=Art UK|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/scene-from-the-french-revolution-72041|work=artuk.org|accessdate=3 April 2026|archivedate=22 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822234545/https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/scene-from-the-french-revolution-72041}} * {{Cite web|title=Notice de personne : Sombreuil, Maurille de (1768-1823)|url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17014869g|author=Bibliothèque nationale de France|authorlink=BnF|work=catalogue.bnf.fr|language=fr|date=12 December 2015|accessdate=2 April 2026}} * {{Cite book|title=Mademoiselle de Sombreuil : héroïne de la Révolution française|first=Robert|author=Christophe|publisher=Plon|location=France|date=1965|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GN47AAAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite journal|title=Mademoiselle de Sombreuil ou Sombreuil|journal=Journal des roses : Rosa inter flores : Publication mensuelle spéciale|year=1910|language=fr|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k934624q/f21.item.r=sombreuil}} * {{Cite book|title=Mademoiselle de Sombreuil : l'héroïne au verre de sang (1767-1823)|first=Paul-Victor|author=Duchemin|publisher=Perrin|location=France|date=1925|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXwZAAAAIAAJ}} * {{Cite news|title=Maurille de Sombreuil|date=17 April 1965|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/04/17/maurille-de-sombreuil_2182278_1819218.html|work=[[Le Monde]]|accessdate=1 April 2026|language=fr}} * {{Cite book|title=Tales of Female Heroism|author=MacDonald|first=Flora|url=https://archive.org/details/talesoffemaleher00lond/page/172/mode/2up|date=1846|pages=172–173|location=London|publisher=James Burns}} * {{Cite web|author=Musée de l'Armée|authorlink=Musée de l'Armée|title=Les femmes à travers les collections du musée de l'Armée : Urne funéraire de Maurille de Sombreuil|url=https://www.musee-armee.fr/collections/explorer-les-collections/portofolios/les-femmes-a-travers-les-collections-du-musee-de-larmee.html|accessdate=1 April 2026|work=www.musee-armee.fr|language=fr}} * {{Cite book|title=The Female Revolutionary Plutarch: Containing Biographical, Historical, and Revolutionary Sketches, Characters, and Anecdotes|author=Stewarton|first=Lewis Goldsmith|chapter=The Countess De Villalume, The Filial Heroine|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFgzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA397|date=1806|pages=397–413}} * {{Cite book|title=Histoire de la révolution française|author=Thiers|first=Adolphe|authorlink=Adolphe Thiers|url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelar01thie/page/334/mode/2up?q=%22bois+du+sang+des+aristocrates%22|date=1844|pages=333–334}} *   * {{Cite book|title=A Book of Golden Deeds|first=Charlotte M.|author=Yonge|authorlink=Charlotte Mary Yonge|chapter=The Second of September|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/6489/pg6489-images.html}} 1eahrv4vres2nxycss4nmdllxjp8xpg Mikel Agu 0 75228 639096 632065 2026-05-27T06:51:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639096 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mikel Ndubusi Agu''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Obefelix-Mikel Ndubusi Agu.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 27 Mee 1993) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka onye na-agbachitere etiti ma ọ bụ onye na-anọ n'azụ etiti. == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ mmalite === Mikel Agu malitere ọrụ ya na ndị otu Megapp FC na Naịjirịa. O sonyere na 2009 Copa Coca-Cola, ebe a họpụtara ya dị ka onye egwuregwu kachasị mma nke asọmpi ahụ, na-adọta mmasị nke ndị scouts.<ref name="AguScouted">{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/mikel-agu-joins-club-brugge-on-loan/|title=Agu Scouted|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=31 August 2015}}</ref> Mgbe asọmpi ahụ gasịrị, Agu sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ntorobịa nke Porto. ==== Porto ==== Agu bụ onye mbụ a kpọrọ bịa n’ụlọ akwụkwọ egwuregwu ndị ntorobịa nke Porto U-19, ebe ọ na-eme ọzụzụ na ndị otu mbụ ma na-apụta mgbe ụfọdụ n’oche ndị dochie egwuregwu. Mmepe ya mere ka ọ kpọọ oge abụọ na Porto B tupu o nweta ohere ịbanye n’otu mbụ. Agu mere egwuregwu mbụ ya megide Gil Vicente FC n’ime mmeri 2–1, mgbe ọ bịara dochie Josué Pesqueira. Site n’ime nke a, ọ ghọrọ onye Naịjirịa mbụ kpọrọ egwuregwu maka klọb ahụ. N’ihi ezigbo arụmọrụ ya na FC Porto B, onye njikwa otu ahụ n’oge ahụ, Paulo Fonseca, kpọrọ ya bịa n’otu mbụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, e zigara ya n’ọrụ mgbazinye ka o nweta ahụmịhe n’ịkpọ egwuregwu na ọkwa mbụ. N'ịchọ ohere ịgba bọọlụ na Porto, e zigara Agu n'òtù Porto B, bụ ndị ya na ha gbara bọọlụ 69 n'agbata afọ 2012 na 2016. Ọ pụtara ihe karịrị ugboro iri atọ na nke ọ bụla n'ime oge 2012-13 na 20-2014. ==== Ịgbazinye ego ==== Na mbido oge 2015/2016, mgbe ọ pụtara otu ugboro na Porto B, ọ gara ịgbazinye na Klọb Brugge na Belgian Jupiler league.<ref name="AguScouted"/> Ọ pụtara naanị ugboro abụọ na league ka Brugge mechiri oge ahụ dị ka ndị mmeri league. Agu laghachiri n’ọrụ mgbazinye na ligi Portugal maka oge egwuregwu 2016–17, oge nke ghọrọ nnukwu oge mmepe n’ọrụ ya. O mere egwuregwu ligi iri abụọ na asaa, malite egwuregwu iri abụọ na ise; ma kpọọ egwuregwu iri atọ na anọ n’asọmpi niile maka Vitória de Setúbal. O nyere aka ka otu ahụ ruo ọkara ikpeazụ nke Taça da Liga. Ọganihu dị ukwuu o gosipụtara n’egwuregwu ya mere ka a malite ịhụ ya dịka nnukwu onye egwuregwu n’onwe ya. Ndị otu mba ya hụkwara arụmọrụ ya, nke mere ka a kpọọ ya n’otu mba na afọ 2017. N’ihi nke a, e kpebiri na a ga-akpọghachi ya n’otu mbụ nke Porto mgbe oge egwuregwu ahụ gachara. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2017, Agu sonyeere otu ndị Turkey bụ Bursaspor na nkwekọrịta mgbazinye ego ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/official-mikel-agu-joins-bursaspor-on-loan/a1nd7ft72vlm19a7i5sur4yvm|title=OFFICIAL: Nigeria's Mikel Agu joins Bursaspor on loan|work=Goal.com|accessdate=15 December 2021}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ na mkpọsa 2018-19 na mgbazinye na Vitória de Setúbal tupu ọ hapụ Porto kpamkpam na 2019. === Mmeri nke Guimarães === Na 18 Julaị 2019, Agu bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na Vitória de Guimarães. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vitoriasc.pt/pt/news/index/view/mikel-agu-assina-contrato-ate-2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719094555/https://vitoriasc.pt/pt/news/index/view/mikel-agu-assina-contrato-ate-2022|title=Mikel Agu assina contrato até 2022|publisher=Vitória SC|language=pt|date=18 July 2019|archivedate=19 July 2019|accessdate=16 January 2022}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gosipụtara obere oge n'ime afọ abụọ mbụ ya, e kewapụrụ ya na ndị otu ahụ tupu oge 2021-22, wee kwụsị nkwekọrịta ya na Jenụwarị 15, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vitoriasc.pt/2022/01/15/mikel-agu-termina-ligacao-ao-vitoria-sc/|title=Mikel Agu termina ligação ao Vitória SC|publisher=Vitória SC|language=pt|date=15 January 2022|accessdate=16 January 2022|archivedate=15 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115121506/https://vitoriasc.pt/2022/01/15/mikel-agu-termina-ligacao-ao-vitoria-sc/}}</ref> === Fuenlabrada === Na 15 Jenụwarị 2022, awa ole na ole ka ọ hapụsịrị Vitória, Agu kwagara Spain wee bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta nwa oge na CF Fuenlabrada na Segunda División.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cffuenlabrada.es/noticia/el-fuenla-ficha-a-mikel-agu|title=El Fuenla ficha a Mikel Agu|publisher=CF Fuenlabrada|language=es|date=15 January 2022|accessdate=16 January 2022}}</ref> === Shonan Bellmare === Na Septemba 2022, ọ bịanyere aka na ndị Japan Shonan Bellmare . Ọ hapụrụ na June 2023 ebe ọ gbara bọọlụ otu ugboro.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-28|title=【平塚市】湘南ベルマーレはミケル アグ選手の退団を発表 {{!}} 湘南人|url=https://shonanjin.com/news/hiratsukacity-soccer-leaving/|accessdate=2023-07-02|work=湘南人 {{!}} 湘南エリアの最新ニュース・グルメ・イベント穴場情報満載！|language=ja|archivedate=2023-07-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702124556/https://shonanjin.com/news/hiratsukacity-soccer-leaving/}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] họpụtara ya maka ndị otu 35 ha maka 2016 Summer Olympics. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36623763|title=Kelechi Iheanacho included in Nigeria's Olympics squad|date=24 June 2016|accessdate=25 June 2016|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Agu mere nke mbụ ya na Naijiria na mmeri enyi na enyi 3-0 megide Togo na 1 June 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/nigeria-vs-togo/teams/371810|title=Internationals (Sky Sports)|work=SkySports}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya n'ime [[Nigeria national football team|ndị otu]] iri atọ nke Naijiria maka iko mba ụwa nke afọ 2018 na Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - Final 23-man listsm|work=Goal.com|accessdate=15 December 2021}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ banyeghị na 23 ikpeazụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44346451|title=Iwobi named in Nigeria World Cup squad|work=Bbc.co.uk|date=3 June 2018}}</ref> == Ụdị egwuregwu == Enwere ike iji ụdị egwuregwu Agu tụnyere onye bụbu onye egwuregwu Chelsea bụ [[John Obi Mikel]]. Ọ natara aha njirimara "Mikel" site n'aka ndị na-akwado ya na Benin City, ebe ọ tolitere, n'ihi myirịta na mmegharị na egwuregwu n'ozuzu.<ref name="AguScouted"/> O nwere njikwa dị mma ma gosipụta ezigbo ọsọ, na-agbakwunye nke a na ọhụụ iji kpọọ bọọlụ ogologo site n'azụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, o gosipụtara ikike ịchịkwa ọsọ nke egwuregwu ahụ. N'ịgbachitere onwe ya, ọ na-egosi atụmanya dị mma ma ọ naghị agba ọsọ n'ime ihe ndị ọ na-eme, na-etinye onwe ya n'ihu anọ n'azụ. == Nsọpụrụ == === Klọb === ; Klọb Brugge * Belgian Pro League: 2015-162015–16 * Iko Belgium: Onye nke abụọ 2015-162015–16 === Onye ọ bụla === * Egwuregwu MVP Coca-Cola Cup, 2009 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s6em1umvxk2kzsu186ogllb0kxecqgg Margery Chuba-Okadigbo 0 75397 639062 632515 2026-05-26T22:59:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639062 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Margery Chuba-Okadigbo''' bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria na onye bụbu onye omeiwu nke Federal Republic of Nigeria n'oge [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] na-eduzi ọchịchị, nwunye nke [[Chuba Okadigbo]] nwụrụ anwụ onye a họpụtara dịka onyeisi oche nke bọọdụ na njikwa nke Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited site n'aka onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari|Mohammadu Buhari]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Why President Buhari Appointed Margery Okadigbo As NNPC Chairperson --Femi Adesina {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/01/14/why-president-buhari-appointed-margery-okadigbo-nnpc-chairperson-femi-adesina|accessdate=2023-03-02|work=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news|author=Soonest|first=Nathaniel|date=January 5, 2022|title=Buhari Appoints Senator Margret Okadigbo As New Chairman of NNPC Board|work=[[Channels TV (Niger)|channels]]|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/01/05/buhari-appoints-senator-margret-okadigbo-as-new-chairman-of-nnpc-board/|accessdate=March 2, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Oyero|first=Kayode|date=January 14, 2022|title=Why Buhari appointed Okadigbo's widow NNPC board chairman-Aide|url=https://punchng.com/why-buhari-appointed-okadigbos-widow-nnpc-board-chairman-aide/|accessdate=March 2, 2023|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Di Margery nwụrụ na Septemba 25, 2003, n'ihi nsogbu iku ume, na Mee 29, 2018, nwa nwoke, Obiajulu Jideofor Okadigbo nwụnahụrụ ya n'ọrịa oyi. Ọkpara Margery bụ Fero Okadigbo nwụrụ na Mee 21, 2021, n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala. Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] site na nkwupụta nke onye ndụmọdụ ya pụrụ iche na mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi, Femi Adesina nwere ọmịiko n'ebe ezinụlọ ahụ nọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senator (Mrs) Margery Chuba-Okadigbo Archives|url=https://dnbstories.com/tag/senator-mrs-margery-chuba-okadigbo|accessdate=2023-03-02|work=DNB Stories Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmụta == Margery gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Naịjirịa Nsukka n'afọ 1981 ma kpọọ ya ka ọ bụrụ ọkàiwu n'afọ 1982. Iji nweta nzere masta ya, ọ gara Mahadum George Washington, US ebe ọ bụ ọkachamara na Iwu na Nkwurịta Okwu Mba Nile. O nwetakwara asambodo ọkachamara na Mahadum Harvard, Mahadum Georgetown, na Mahadim nke Chicago's Booth Business School . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Margery Chuba-Okadigbo – World Gas Conference (WGC2022)|url=https://www.wgc2022.org/speakers/margery-chuba-okadigbo/|accessdate=2023-03-02|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127050558/https://www.wgc2022.org/speakers/margery-chuba-okadigbo/}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Margery nọchitere anya Anambra North senatorial District dị ka onye omebe iwu Federal Republic of Nigeria site na 2011 ruo 2015. Ọ nọrọ afọ abụọ na ịgba akwụkwọ ka emechara ntuli aka; Ndị ọzọ na-asọ mpi na People's Democratic Party, PDP bụ Joy Emodi na [[Stella Oduah]]. Margery meriri, enwe tinye ya n'ọkwa dị ka onye omeiwu na Julaị 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ujumadu|first=Vincent|date=October 30, 2014|title=Senate: The girly battle in Anambra North|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/senate-girly-battle-anambra-north/|accessdate=March 2, 2023|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=December 16, 2011|title=Okadigbo's wife declared winner of anambra north senatorial dist|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/3152-okadigbo_s_wife_declared_winner_of_anambra_north_senatorial_dist.html|accessdate=2023-03-02|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Dị ka osote onye isi oche nke kọmitii ahụike, Margery rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike site na nhazigharị na ịkwado iwu National Health Bill 2004. Ọ gbakwara mbọ maka mbọ dị iche iche iji kwalite usoro ahụike na Nigeria. Margery bụkwa onye so na kọmitii Sineti na-ahụ maka ntinyeghachi ego na mmemme nkwado (SURE-P). O lekwasịrị anya n'ụzọ dabara adaba itinyeghachi ego enyemaka mmanụ na akụrụngwa dị oke mkpa na mmemme net nchekwa ọha A na-ahụ nhọpụta Margery na bọọdụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke NNPC dị ka onye nọchiri [[Ifeanyi Ararume]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Anikwe|first=Ogbuagu|date=2022-01-05|title=Margery Okadigbo replaces Ararume as NNPC Board Chair|url=https://enugumetro.com/margery-okadigbo-replaces-ararume-as-nnpc-board-chair/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129034847/https://enugumetro.com/margery-okadigbo-replaces-ararume-as-nnpc-board-chair/|archivedate=January 29, 2022|accessdate=2023-03-02|work=Enugu Metro|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Margery hibere otu Chuba Okadigbo Foundation iji hụ na ihe nketa di ya nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide ruo ọgbọ niile nke ndị Naijiria. Ntọala a na-enyekarị scholarships, na-enyere ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ aka na ụlọ ọrụ kredit, na-anata ụgwọ ụlọ ọgwụ nke ndị ọrịa dara ogbenye, na-enwetakwa ọrụ ọ bụghị naanị maka ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum kamakwa maka ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Margery Okadigbo: Keeping the legacy alive|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/margery-okadigbo-keeping-the-legacy-alive/|accessdate=2023-03-02|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] kgrlx7tq3vreywhhx6lh6ccb760j7lm Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet 0 75525 639067 632817 2026-05-26T23:35:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639067 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet''', A mụrụ ya na 30 Juun 1930 na De Foucauld (French Algeria, nke bụzi Rechaiga, Algeria, ma nwụọ na 24 Eprel 2023 na Digne-les-Bains, ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ nke onye nyocha Alexandra David-Néel site na 1959 ruo 1969. Aha ya bụ "Tortue" (Tortue) site n'aka onye nke ikpeazụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ya ruo afọ iri ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya. O dere akụkọ ndụ nke afọ iri ikpeazụ nke ndụ Alexandra David-Néel. O dezikwara ihe odide Alexandra, gụnyere ozi sara mbara ya na di ya site na 1904 ruo 1940 (na mpịakọta abụọ). == Akụkọ ndụ == Ọ jụrụ '''Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet''' na 30 June 1930 na De Foucauld ([[Algeria]]" id="mwEQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="French Algeria">French Algeria, ugbu a Rechaiga, Algeria<ref name="Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet" /><ref name="francetvinfo_2761958" />. Ọ tolitere na Rechaïga, Algeria, ebe ezinụlọ ya biri kemgbe ọgbọ anọ.<ref name="Jean Chalon" /> Nna ya, onye bụbu onye agha, bụ onye ọrụ gọọmentị. A zụlitere Marie-Madeleine n'ezinụlọ ndị Katọlik siri ike, mana ọ na-arọ nrọ naanị ịgagharị. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na itoolu, mgbe ọ nọsịrị ntorobịa ya niile na Algérois, Marie-Madeleine bịara soro nwanne ya nwanyị, onye nwere họtel, nọrọ na Aix-en-Provence.<ref name="Jean Chalon">{{Cite book|author=Chalon|first=Jean|title=Le lumineux destin d'Alexandra David-Néel|publisher=Librairie académique Perrin, Paris|series=|year=1985|isbn=9782262088750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-7vDwAAQBAJ|language=fr|accessdate=23 April 2024}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChalon1985">Chalon, Jean (1985). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_-7vDwAAQBAJ ''Le lumineux destin d'Alexandra David-Néel''] (in French). Librairie académique Perrin, Paris. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9782262088750|<bdi>9782262088750</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]] , p.452.</ref> Ọ bụ n'oge ọnụnọ a ka o zutere Alexandra David-Néel n'amaghị ama, onye nọ n'Aix ma na-achọ odeakwụkwọ. A malitere were Marie-Madeleine n'ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ nkeonwe ruo ọnwa atọ, mana ọ nọgidere na-ejere onye nchọpụta ahụ ozi ruo afọ iri ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya na Digne-les-Bains <ref name="Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet"/> Ebe ọ ketara ikike ibi na Samten Dzong (n'asụsụ Tibetan: "Ebe Nkwado nke Ntụgharị uche"), ụlọ Alexandra David-Néel, o nyere aka na mbipụta nke ọrụ onye nchọpụta ahụ dere na Digne-les-Bains (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 8 Septemba 1969 <ref>{{Cite web|title="Samten Dzong", maison d'Alexandra David-Néel à Digne-les-Bains|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.gouv.fr%2FRegions%2FDrac-Provence-Alpes-Cote-d-Azur%2FPolitique-et-actions-culturelles%2FLe-label-Maison-des-illustres%2FSamten-Dzong-maison-d-Alexandra-David-Neel-a-Digne-les-Bains#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|language=fr|accessdate=23 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1977, o guzobere Alexandra David-Néel Association . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexandra David Néel ( Official Website)|url=http://www.alexandra-david-neel.com|language=fr|accessdate=23 April 2024}}.</ref> Nke a bụ òtù na-abụghị maka uru n'okpuru iwu France, nke mepụtara ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie site n'ime ka nchịkọta ya baa ọgaranya.<ref name="Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet"/> N'ịbụ onye obodo Digne-les-Bains were n'ọrụ, Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet lekọtara ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ ruo 1995, na-ahazi nnabata kwa ụbọchị nke ndị njem nleta na ndị isi France na ndị mba ọzọ na ndị nsụgharị ha, gụnyere ndị ọbịa Tibet dị ka Dalai Lama nke iri na anọ na 1982 na 1986, <ref>{{Cite web|title=La maison Alexandra David-Neel à Digne-les-Bains|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livre.alpes-haute-provence.fr%2Falexandra-david-neel-digne-les-bains%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|language=fr|accessdate=23 April 2024}}.</ref> ndị otu ndị Tibet, ndị na-eti egwu, ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe (ndị na-ese osisi) na ndị mọnk bịara ime sanddala nke a na-egosi na ebe ngosi ihe n'oge ahụ<ref name="Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet">{{Cite web|title=Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Falexandra-david-neel.com%2F100Accueil9MMP.60.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|accessdate=30 March 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Falexandra-david-neel.com%2F100Accueil9MMP.60.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url "Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Marion Dapsance|title=La Forteresse de la méditation. Ethnographie de la Fondation Alexandra David-Neel.|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2.php/attachment.pdf?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.gouv.fr%2FMedia%2FThematiques%2FConnaissance-des-patrimoines%2FFiles%2FAllocations-de-formation-et-de-recherche%2FArchives-des-Allocations-Formation-recherche-du-Patrimoine-ethnologique%2FAllocataires-2014%2FLa-Forteresse-de-la-meditation-une-maison-des-illustres_-DAPSANCE-Marion|language=fr|accessdate=23 April 2024}}.</ref> Marie-Madeleine chịkọtara ma bipụta Lettres à son mari (Akwụkwọ ozi nye di ya) na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ Alexandra David- dere mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. N'afọ 1973, o bipụtara akụkọ ndụ, Dix ans avec Alexandra David-Néel, na-ebufe ikike nwebisiinka na njikọ ahụ. <ref name="Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet"/> Akwụkwọ ahụ, nke e dere n'ime izu atọ, bụ nke Plon bipụtara ma merie Prix des Journalistes (The Journalists' Prize) ma depụta ya maka Prix Vérité. E bipụtara mbipụta ọhụrụ na 2005, na ederede ise ọzọ agbakwunyere na 2003 mgbe Nymphenburger Verlag bipụtara nsụgharị German. [de]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fgrandbiv.cluster006.ovh.net%2Fjoomla15%2Ffestival-2011%2Finvites-2011%2Fmarie-madeleine-peyronnet#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|language=fr|accessdate=23 April 2024}}.</ref> [[Joëlle Désiré-Marchand]] dere ma bipụta akụkọ ndụ Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet na 2018, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Désiré-Marchand|language=fr|first=Joëlle|year=2009|title=Alexandra David-Néel, Vie et voyages: Itinéraires géographiques et spirituels|publisher=Arthaud|isbn=9782081273870}}</ref> onye bipụtarala akụkọ ndụ Alexandra David-Néel na 2009.[10] Ọ nwụrụ na 24 Eprel 2023 na Digne-les-Bains . <ref name="Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet"/> <ref name="francetvinfo_2761958">{{Cite web|title=Décès de Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet, secrétaire particulière d'Alexandra David-Néel, à Digne-les-Bains (Death of Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet, Alexandra David-Néel's private secretary).|url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/provence-alpes-cote-d-azur/alpes-de-haute-provence/digne-les-bains/le-deces-de-marie-madeleine-peyronnet-secretaire-particuliere-d-alexandra-david-neel-a-digne-les-bains-2761958.html|accessdate=23 April 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/provence-alpes-cote-d-azur/alpes-de-haute-provence/digne-les-bains/le-deces-de-marie-madeleine-peyronnet-secretaire-particuliere-d-alexandra-david-neel-a-digne-les-bains-2761958.html "Décès de Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet, secrétaire particulière d'Alexandra David-Néel, à Digne-les-Bains (Death of Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet, Alexandra David-Néel's private secretary)"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == A na-akpọ ya "Tortue" == [[Faịlụ:Carte-de-visite-Marie-Madeleine-Peyronnet.jpg|alt=Carte de visite signée de Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet.|thumb|230x230px|Kaadị nleta nke nwere Tortoise, nke Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet bịanyere aka.]] Alexandra David-Néel nyere Marie-Madeleine aha njirimara ''"''"Turtle"''" (Tortoise) '' mgbe ihe omume nkịtị gasịrị. Ka ọ na-aga na steepụ, ọ hụrụ ihe a tụgharịrị n'ime bọl n'ụkwụ ya, nke o chere na ọ bụ mbe. Mgbe ha kpọsịrị Marie-Madeleine ka ọ gwa ya ka ọ wepụ ya ma lekọta ya, ha chọpụtara ọnụ, na-achị ọchị, ọdịdị nke ihe ahụ. Site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, Alexandra kpọrọ ya "Tortue", nke mbụ n'ihi ntụrụndụ, mgbe ahụ n'ihi omume.<ref name="Jean Chalon"/> == Onyinye == [[Faịlụ:Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Chevalier_ribbon.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|110x110px]] Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Chevalier (Knight), (1996).{{Clear}} == Ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:Dédicace-Marie-Madeleine-Peyronnet.jpg|thumb|230x230px|Nraranye. , mbinye aka na stampụ nke Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet]] === Akụkọ ndụ === * , (A na-ebipụta ya na dijitalụ).{{Cite book|language=fr|title=Dix ans avec Alexandra David-Néel|editor=[[Plon (publisher)|Plon]]|year=1973|pages=256|publisher=(Plon) réédition numérique FeniXX|isbn=9782259288828|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQHqDwAAQBAJ|accessdate=23 April 2024}} === Ihe na-atọ ọchị === Anne-Marie Peyronnet sonyere n'ide edemede ahụ. * , e bipụtara abọm atọ ikpeazụ na 2017, 2018 na 2020. E nwere mbipụta dijitalụ.{{Cite book|language=fr|author=Campoy|first=Frédéric ([[cartoonist]])|title=Une vie avec Alexandra David-Néel, 4 albums, pp. 96, 96, 80, 96|year=2016|editor=[[Bamboo Édition]]|isbn=}} === Ọrụ A. David-Néel mgbe ọ nwụsịrị nke Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet dezigharịrị === N'agbata afọ 1970 na afọ 2018, e bipụtara ọrụ iri abụọ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'okpuru ọrụ nke M-M. Peyronnet Ndị a bụ naanị ole na ole n'ime ha: <ref>See the full list on the official Maison d'Alexandra David-Néel website: {{Cite web|language=fr|title=A. David-Néel : Biographie|url=https://www.alexandra-david-neel.fr/bibliographie/|accessdate=23 April 2024|archivedate=23 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423015858/https://www.alexandra-david-neel.fr/bibliographie/}}</ref> * {{Cite book|language=fr|author=Alexandra David-Néel|title=Journal de voyage : Lettres à son mari, 1904-1917. Vol. 1|editor=[[Plon (publisher)|Plon]]|year=1975|pages=445|isbn=9782259002806|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx1OzQEACAAJ|accessdate=23 April 2024}} * {{Cite book|language=fr|author=Alexandra David-Néel|title=Journal de voyage : Lettres à son mari, 1918-1940. Vol. 2|editor=Plon|year=1976|pages=359|isbn=2259015247}} * (Akwụkwọ a na-achịkọta aha ise e bipụtarala n'oge ndụ Alex. David-Néel, gụnyere: Au pays des brigands gentilshommes, Voyage d'une Parisienne à Lhassa, Sous des nuées d'orage, À l'ouest barbare de la grande Chine, Le vieux Tibet face à la Chine nouvelle. A họọrọ akwụkwọ agbakwunyere na set).{{Cite book|language=fr|author=Alexandra David-Néel|title=Grand Tibet et vaste Chine, récits et aventures|editor=Plon|year=1994|pages=|isbn=}} <br /> * Nke a bụ nhọrọ nke ederede ndị M-M chịkọtara ma gosipụta. Peyronnet na onye nta akụkọ / onye nchịkọta akụkọ French Marc de Smedt.{{Cite book|language=fr|author=Alexandra David-Néel|title=Voyages et aventures de l'esprit|editor=[[Albin Michel]]|year=1994|pages=|isbn=}} * , jikọtara akwụkwọ abụọ e bipụtara iche na 1951 na 1958.{{Cite book|language=fr|author=Alexandra David-Néel|title=Ashtavakra Gita & Avadhuta Gita|editor=[[Éditions du Rocher]]|year=1979|pages=149|isbn=2-268-016-90-0}} === Okwu mbido === * , okwu mmalite nke [[André Velter]] na Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet.{{Cite book|language=fr|author=[[Priscilla Telmon]]|title=Himalayas, sur les pas d'Alexandra David-Néel|editor=[[Actes Sud]]|year=2010|pages=210|publisher=Actes Sud|isbn=978-2742793419}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * , akụkụ e hotara: peeji nke 452.{{Cite book|author=[[Jean Chalon|Chalon Jean]]|title=Le lumineux destin d'Alexandra David-Néel|publisher=Librairie académique Perrin, Paris|series=|year=1986|pages=557|isbn=2-266-14357-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-7vDwAAQBAJ|language=fr|accessdate=23 April 2024}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Rose des sables et lion des neiges, La vie singulière de Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet, odeakwụkwọ Alexandra David-Néel (n'asụsụ French). Paris: Nights uhie. peeji nke 240. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2913112629</nowiki>.{{Cite book|author=[[Désiré-Marchand, Joelle]]|language=fr|title=Rose des sables et lion des neiges, La vie singulière de Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet, secrétaire d'Alexandra David-Néel|location=Paris|pages=240|date=2018|publisher=Les Nuits rouges|isbn=978-2913112629}} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|language=fr|title=Official website of the Alexandra David-Néel Association|url=http://www.alexandra-david-neel.com/|accessdate=23 April 2024}} * {{Cite web|language=fr|title=Official Alexandra David-Néel website maintained by the Alexandra David-Néel Association|url=http://www.alexandra-david-neel.fr/|accessdate=23 April 2024}} * {{Cite web|language=fr|title=Je ne suis qu'un trait d'union entre elle et vous, interview with M-M.Peyronnet on 10 December 2012|url=http://stefmartin.over-blog.com/article--je-ne-suis-qu-un-trait-d-union-entre-elle-est-vous--38623795.html|accessdate=23 April 2024|archivedate=10 December 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121210052228/http://stefmartin.over-blog.com/article--je-ne-suis-qu-un-trait-d-union-entre-elle-est-vous--38623795.html}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6fp5qe7p8myqxxklfu3vq6ne18hzp1c Event:Igbo Wikisource Cleanup Project 1728 75730 639033 638200 2026-05-26T18:07:18Z Lebron jay 12508 /* Contest Results */ 639033 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} [[File:Wikisource Cleanup Flyer.png|thumb|Flyer for the Wikisource Cleanup event in the Igbo Community]] =='''Igbo Wikisource Cleanup Project'''== The Igbo Wikisource Cleanup Project is an initiative focused on improving the quality, organization, and accessibility of texts on Igbo Wikisource ahead of the Wiki Loves Proofreading campaign. The project will bring together experienced editors to identify and fix formatting issues, remove duplicate pages, improve proofreading quality, and properly organize texts across the platform. Through collaborative cleanup activities and quality-focused contributions, the project aims to strengthen the overall structure and readability of Igbo Wikisource while encouraging effective participation, collaboration, and sustainable content maintenance within the Igbo Wikimedia community. == Project timeline == *Project Launch/Physical event - ''' Saturday, 16th May, 2026 **Time - ''' 5:00 PM UTC+1([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774692000 Check your local time zone]) *Contest start date - ''' Saturday, 16th May 2028 **Time - ''' 11:00AM ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774692000 Check your local time zone]) *Contest end date - ''' Saturday, 30th, May 2026 **Time - ''' 12:00AM UTC+1 ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776466800 Check your local time zone]) ==Project launch details== The launch of this campaign will take a virtual form. *Virtual meeting link: https://us06web.zoom.us/j/87224917910?pwd=J0daM9eUuIf1N3qTl8NYGlRdMnqLk7.1 == Facilitators == # [[User:Lebron jay|Lebron jay]] - Project Lead/Trainer # [[User:Timzy D'Great|Timzy D'Great]] - Co-Lead == Expectations == At the end of this project, the following should be achieved: # Recruit new members into the Igbo Wikimedians User Group # Delete duplicate pages, and books # Proofread pages in the Igbo Wikisource ==To do List== The list below contains index pages that needs to be worked on: # [https://wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Igbo_Book_of_Enoch.djvu Index:Igbo Book of Enoch.djvu] # [https://wikisource.org/wiki/Index:English,_Igbo_and_French_Dictionary_by_The_Fathers_of_the_Holy_Ghost.djvu Index:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu] # [https://wikisource.org/wiki/Index:The_Story_of_Ahikar,_the_Grand_Vizier_of_Assyria_-_Igbo.djvu Index:The Story of Ahikar, the Grand Vizier of Assyria - Igbo.djvu] # [https://wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Nkwuputa_uwa_nile_banyere_ikike_mmadu_nwegasiri.djvu Index:Nkwuputa uwa nile banyere ikike mmadu nwegasiri.djvu] ==Contest Prizes== 1st Prize - ₦25,000<br> 2nd Prize - ₦20,000<br> 3rd Prize - ₦15,000 All prizes will be disbursed as shopping vouchers == Outcome == == Gallery == {| align=center style="font-family:Optima, Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:auto;" <gallery> ????? </gallery> [[Òtù:Mmemme]] [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] 9e7y4dohift1nk31h6q3rz9uzmudmwy 639034 639033 2026-05-26T18:08:44Z Lebron jay 12508 /* Contest Prizes */ 639034 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} [[File:Wikisource Cleanup Flyer.png|thumb|Flyer for the Wikisource Cleanup event in the Igbo Community]] =='''Igbo Wikisource Cleanup Project'''== The Igbo Wikisource Cleanup Project is an initiative focused on improving the quality, organization, and accessibility of texts on Igbo Wikisource ahead of the Wiki Loves Proofreading campaign. The project will bring together experienced editors to identify and fix formatting issues, remove duplicate pages, improve proofreading quality, and properly organize texts across the platform. Through collaborative cleanup activities and quality-focused contributions, the project aims to strengthen the overall structure and readability of Igbo Wikisource while encouraging effective participation, collaboration, and sustainable content maintenance within the Igbo Wikimedia community. == Project timeline == *Project Launch/Physical event - ''' Saturday, 16th May, 2026 **Time - ''' 5:00 PM UTC+1([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774692000 Check your local time zone]) *Contest start date - ''' Saturday, 16th May 2028 **Time - ''' 11:00AM ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774692000 Check your local time zone]) *Contest end date - ''' Saturday, 30th, May 2026 **Time - ''' 12:00AM UTC+1 ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776466800 Check your local time zone]) ==Project launch details== The launch of this campaign will take a virtual form. *Virtual meeting link: https://us06web.zoom.us/j/87224917910?pwd=J0daM9eUuIf1N3qTl8NYGlRdMnqLk7.1 == Facilitators == # [[User:Lebron jay|Lebron jay]] - Project Lead/Trainer # [[User:Timzy D'Great|Timzy D'Great]] - Co-Lead == Expectations == At the end of this project, the following should be achieved: # Recruit new members into the Igbo Wikimedians User Group # Delete duplicate pages, and books # Proofread pages in the Igbo Wikisource ==To do List== The list below contains index pages that needs to be worked on: # [https://wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Igbo_Book_of_Enoch.djvu Index:Igbo Book of Enoch.djvu] # [https://wikisource.org/wiki/Index:English,_Igbo_and_French_Dictionary_by_The_Fathers_of_the_Holy_Ghost.djvu Index:English, Igbo and French Dictionary by The Fathers of the Holy Ghost.djvu] # [https://wikisource.org/wiki/Index:The_Story_of_Ahikar,_the_Grand_Vizier_of_Assyria_-_Igbo.djvu Index:The Story of Ahikar, the Grand Vizier of Assyria - Igbo.djvu] # [https://wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Nkwuputa_uwa_nile_banyere_ikike_mmadu_nwegasiri.djvu Index:Nkwuputa uwa nile banyere ikike mmadu nwegasiri.djvu] == Outcome == == Gallery == {| align=center style="font-family:Optima, Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:auto;" <gallery> ????? </gallery> [[Òtù:Mmemme]] [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] 9bsdesrtbs74jovrargs1vh52zma8y9 Lesbian feminism 0 75948 639012 638579 2026-05-26T14:44:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639012 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} [[Faịlụ:Replica_of_a_Minoan_double_axe_(Lavrys)_at_Athens_War_Museum_on_November_22,_2022.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|308x308px|Kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1970, a na-eji labrys eme ihe dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ike na afọ ojuju nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị.]] [[Faịlụ:Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|210x210px|Flaglọ nsọpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke. A labrys superposed on the black triangle, seted on a lavender-purple background.<br />]] [[Faịlụ:Lesbian_Pride_double-Venus_canton_rainbow_flag.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|210x210px|Flaglọ ọkọlọtọ Lesbian nke nwere akara Venus abụọ (na biology na botany, akara Venus na-anọchite anya nwanyị <ref name="Stearn1961">{{Cite journal|author=Stearn|first=William T.|authorlink=William T. Stearn|date=May 1962|title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|url=https://iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1964/male_fem.pdf|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|volume=11|issue=4|pages=109–113|doi=10.2307/1217734|issn=0040-0262}}</ref>) ]] ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị bụ usoro ọdịbendị na Echiche nke na-agba ụmụnwaanyị ume ka ha lekwasị mgbalị ha, nlebara anya ha, mmekọrịta ha, na omume ha anya n’ebe ụmụnwaanyị ibe ha nọ karịa ụmụ nwoke, ma na-akwadokarị mmekọrịta ịhụnanya n’etiti ụmụnwaanyị dịka nsonaazụ ezi uche dị na ya nke ọgụ maka ikike ụmụnwaanyị..<ref name="Rich_Compulsory">{{Cite book|author=Rich|first=Adrienne|title=Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Selected Prose 1979-1985|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/bloodbreadpoetry00adri|date=1986|chapter=Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (1980)|publisher=[[W.W. Norton & Company]]|isbn=978-0-393-31162-4}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-enwe mmetụta kachasị na 1970s na mmalite 1980s, karịsịa na North America na Western Europe, mana ọ malitere na ngwụcha 1960s ma pụta n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke New Left, ndị na-enweghị afọ ojuju na New Left, na Campaign for Homosexual Equality, sexism n'ime usoro nnwere onwe nwoke na nwanyị, na homophobia n'ime ndị inyom a ma ama n'oge ahụ.<ref name="Faderman377–391">{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lillian|title=Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present|date=1981|edition=1st|chapter=The Rise of Lesbian-Feminism|pages=377–391|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]]|location=New York|isbn=0-68803733X}}</ref><ref name="Schneider2017">{{Cite book|editor=McCammon|date=2017|title=The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Women's Social Movement Activism|pages=89–108|chapter=The Turn toward Socialist, Radical, and Lesbian Feminisms|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.4|isbn=978-0190204204}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=DuBois|first=Ellen|title=Feminism Old Wave and New Wave|url=http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Old_and_New_Wave-Feminism.html|work=The Feminist eZine|publisher=Lilith Press Magazine|accessdate=28 May 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307005901/http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Old_and_New_Wave-Feminism.html|archivedate=7 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=DuBois|first=Ellen|title=Feminism Old Wave and New Wave (1971)|url=https://www.cwluherstory.org/classic-feminist-writings-articles/feminism-old-wave-and-new-wave|work=[[Chicago Women's Liberation Union]]|date=September 22, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709094729/https://www.cwluherstory.org/classic-feminist-writings-articles/feminism-old-wave-and-new-wave|archivedate=9 July 2025}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n’ime ndị na-akwado mmekọrịta nwanyị na nwanyị bụ n’eziokwu ụmụanyị sonyere n’ọrụ nnwere onwe ndị nwoke na nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ, ndị ike gwụrụ n’ihi mmegbu na ilekwasị anya n’ebe ndị nwoke ahụ nọ n’ime obodo ha. Ha bụkwa ụmụanyị nọ n’òtù mmegharị ụmụanyị n’ozuzu ya, ndị ike gwụrụ n’ihi ịkpọasị mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na nwanyị nke dị n’ime ya..<ref name="Schneider2017" /><ref name="Schneider2017" /> Ụfọdụ ndị isi na-eche echiche na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe gụnyere Charlotte Bunch, Rita Mae Brown, Adrienne Rich, [[Audre Lorde]], Marilyn Frye, Mary Daly, Sheila Jeffreys, [[Barbara Smith]], Pat Parker, Margaret Sloan-Hunter, Cheryl Clarke, Gloria E. Anzaldúa, Cherríe Moraga, Monique Wittig, na Sara Ahmed (ọ bụ ezie na abụọ ikpeazụ na-ejikọkarị na mpụta nke echiche nwoke na nwanyị). Dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Sheila Jeffreys kwuru, "Lesbian femism pụtara n'ihi mmepe abụọ: ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ n'anya n'ime Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịmepụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, na ụmụ nwanyị na Gay Liberation Front hapụrụ iji sonyere ụmụnne ha nwanyị".<ref name="Jeffreys19">{{Cite book|author=Jeffreys|first=Sheila|title=Unpacking Queer Politics: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective|date=2003|edition=1st|publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]]|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0745628370|url=https://archive.org/details/unpackingqueerpo00jeff/page/19}}</ref> Dị ka Judy Rebick, onye Canada na-ede akụkọ na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị bụ ma bụrụ mgbe niile "obi nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị", ebe nsogbu ha "na-adịghị ahụ anya" n'otu òtù ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rebick|first=Judy|title=Feminism in a neo-liberal age|url=http://www.international.activism.uts.edu.au/conferences/rebick/discussion.html|work=Research Initiative on International Activism|publisher=[[University of Technology Sydney]]|accessdate=March 23, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526131609/http://www.international.activism.uts.edu.au/conferences/rebick/discussion.html|archivedate=May 26, 2005}}</ref> Ụdị feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta sitere n’etiti ndị nwere agba pụtara dịka nzaghachi megide echiche feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta nke na-etinyeghị nsogbu nke… klas na agbụrụ dị ka isi iyi nke mmegbu yana nwoke na nwanyị. == Echiche ndị dị mkpa == Feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta, dịka feminism, ọmụmụ gbasara ndị nwanyị na nwoke nwere mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke, na echiche queer, bụ nke e ji echiche nke ịrụ ụka na ime mgbanwe mara. N’otu oge ahụ, otu n’ime isiokwu dị mkpa nke feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta bụ nyocha nke…nke ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị bụ nyocha nke nwoke na nwanyị dị ka ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name="Rich_Compulsory"/> Ihe odide ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ iji mebie nwoke na nwanyị na, dabere na nke a, iji nyochaa "mgbọrọgwụ" nke nwoke na nwanyị n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka nna ochie, akụrụngwa, na ọchịchị ala ọzọ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ nwanyị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a. <ref name="Rich_Compulsory" /> Sheila Jeffreys na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị dị ka ndị nwere isiokwu asaa dị mkpa: * Mmetụta na ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị nwere n'ebe ibe ha nọ * Òtù Ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha * Obodo na echiche * Echiche na ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị bụ maka ''nhọrọ'' na ''nguzogide'' * Echiche na nke onwe bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchịnke onwe ya bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị * Ịjụ usoro ndị isi obodoỌchịchị ọha na eze * Nkatọ nke ịdị elu nwoke <ref name="Jeffreys19"/> Onye na-enyocha akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị Bonnie Zimmerman na-enyocha ugboro ugboro asụsụ ndị odee sitere n’ime mmegharị ahụ ji eme ihe, na-adakarị n’akụkọ ndụ onwe ha na iji akaebe onwe onye. Dị ka Zimmerman siri kwuo, ederede ndị feminist lesbiyan na-adịkarị n’usoro na-abụghị nke kwụ ọtọ, juputara n’abụ uri ma ọbụna bụrụ ndị siri ike nghọta..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zimmerman|first=Bonnie|date=Autumn 1981|title=What Has Never Been: An Overview of Lesbian Feminist Literary Criticism|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=7|issue=3|pages=451–475|doi=10.2307/3177760}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara na-arụ ụka maka [[intersectionality]], ọkachasị crossings nke okike, okike, klas, na agbụrụ, na-ekwusi ike na ọtụtụ nnyocha na data gbasara mmekọahụ bụ ndị ọcha cis ụmụ nwoke.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cerezo|first=Alison|date=2020-03-19|title=Identity as Resistance: Identity Formation at the Intersection of Race, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation|journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly|volume=44|issue=1|pages=67–83|doi=10.1177/0361684319875977|issn=0361-6843|pmid=32194296}}</ref> === Biology, nhọrọ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya === Dị ka akọwapụtara n'elu, ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na ụdị nguzogide maka ụlọ ọrụ "nke mmadụ mere". Cheryl Clarke dere na edemede ya New Notes on Lesbianism: <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Days of Good Looks: The Prose and Poetry of Cheryl Clarke|author=Cheryl|first=Clarke|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7867-1675-3}}</ref><blockquote>Ana m akpọ onwe m "ndị inyom na-edina nwanyị" n'ihi na omenala a na-emegbu, na-agbachi nkịtị, ma na-ebibi ndị inyom na nwanyị, ọbụnadị ndị inyom le nwanyị na-edeghị onwe ha "ndị na-edine nwanyị". Ana m akpọ "ndị nwanyị na-adina nwanyị" na-edinni nwanyị" n" n’ihi na achọrọ m ka ndị lesbian ojii ndị ọzọ hụ m ma mata m. A na m akpọ onwe m “lesbian” n’ihi na anaghị m anabata ma ọ bụ soro usoro mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nke e guzobere n’ụzọ na-emegbu ma na-achịkwa ndị ọzọ.ị.</blockquote>Otú ọ dị, dị ka A Dictionary of Gender Studies si kwuo, ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke ndị kwenyere na ha 'amụrụ n'ụzọ ahụ' weere onwe ha dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ ndị kwenyere ete ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na nwanyị bụ nhọrọ dabere na nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị nọ na-eji okwu ahụ bụ 'ndina nwanyị' ma ghara ịnwale ma ọ bụ na-ekwu okwu megide mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na-enwe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Gender Studies|author=Griffin|first=Gabriele|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=9780191834837}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwu na "ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ahụ n'anya," nke na-ebelata ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị dị ka nhọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji jụ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, na-eleghara ọdịdị onwe onye nke ụmụ nwanyị anya dị ka ngosipụta nke mmasị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ma na-ehichapụ ahụmịhe nke ụmụ nwanyị na ndị mmekọ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Being a lesbian is not a political choice|url=https://thequeerness.com/2016/01/30/being-a-lesbian-is-not-a-political-choice/|date=2016-01-30|accessdate=2024-10-12|work=The Queerness|author=Stephanie Farnsworth}}</ref>   Nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ ụdị nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị na-edina nwanyị na-ele nkewa anya dị ka atụmatụ nwa oge na dị ka omume ndụ niile, mana ọ ka ukwuu nke ikpeazụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hess|first=Katharine|title=Feminismo Primero: Un Ensayo Sobre Separatismo Lesbiano / Feminism First: An Essay on Lesbian Separatism|date=1980|publisher=Tsunami Press|location=Seattle, Washington|url=http://feminist-reprise.org/docs/feminism_first_english.pdf}}</ref> N'ime ụmụ nwanyị nkewa, a na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ usoro dị mkpa nke na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye ume ha n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọzọ, na-emepụta ohere ọhụrụ na mkparịta ụka banyere mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị, ma na-egbochi mmekọrịta ha na ụmụ nwoke. Nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'afọ ndị 1970, ebe ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe obi abụọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọha mmadụ ma ọ bụ ọbụna òtù na-ahụ maka ikike nwoke na nwoke nwere ihe ọ bụla ha ga-enye ha. N'afọ 1970, ụmụ nwanyị asaa, gụnyere Del Martin, zutere North Conference of Homophile [nke pụtara nwoke idina nwoke] Organizations banyere mkpa nke òtù na-ahụ maka ikike nwoke idina nwanyị n'ime ya. Ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ mere mkpebi na-akwado nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, mana Martin chere na ha emeghị ihe zuru ezu wee dee "Ọ bụrụ na nke ahụ bụ ihe niile dị adị", edemede nwere mmetụta nke 1970 nke ọ katọrọ òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ikike nwoke idina nwoke dị ka ndị na-akpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1971, The Furies Collective guzobere otu ụmụ nwanyị iri na abụọ, ndị dị afọ iri na asatọ ruo iri abụọ na asatọ, ndị inyom niile, ndị inyomi niile, ndị ọcha niile, na ụmụ atọ n'etiti ha. Ha na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ụlọ na uwe, na-ebikọ ọnụ, na-ejikọ ụfọdụ ego ha, ma na-ehi ụra na matarasị n'otu ala.<ref name="Clendinen2001" /> Ha malitekwara ụlọ akwụkwọ iji kụziere ụmụ nwanyị ụgbọ ala na ịrụzi ụlọ ka ha wee ghara ịdabere na ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="Clendinen2001" /> Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị site na Jenụwarị 1972 ruo June 1973; obodo ahụ n'onwe ya kwụsịrị na 1972. Charlotte Bunch, onye otu mbụ nke "The Furies", lere ụmụ nwanyị nkewa anya dị ka atụmatụ, oge "nzọụkwụ mbụ", ma ọ bụ mwepụ nwa oge site na ọrụ ndị isi iji mezuo ebumnuche ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ melite uto onwe onye. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ, dị ka onye edemede Lambda Award Elana Dykewomon, ahọrọla nkewa dị ka omume ndụ. Nke a bụ akụkụ nke echiche buru ibu Bunch kọwara n’akwụkwọ ''Learning from Lesbian Separatism'', na “n’ime ọha mmadụ ebe nwoke bụ onye kachasị elu (male-supremacist society), mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị (heterosexuality) bụ ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị,” ma omume nke ịkewapụ onwe (separatism) bụ ụzọ isi gbapụ n’aka ọchịchị ya." ma tụọ aro na "ọ bụrụhaala na ụmụ nwanyị ka na-erite uru site na nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, na-enweta ihe ùgwù na nchekwa ya, ha ga-arara ụmụnne nwanyị ha nye, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị Lesbian ndị na-anabataghị uru ndị ahụ".<ref name="Bunch 1972, pp.8-9" /> Nke a bụ akụkụ nke echiche buru ibu nke Bunch kwupụtara na Learning from Lesbian Separatism, na "n'ime ọha mmadụ na-akwado nwoke, nwoke na nwanyị bụ usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị" na omume nke nkewa bụ ụzọ isi gbanahụ ọchịchị ya. Maka The Furies, lesbianism bụ naanị ụzọ na-eduga na nnwere onwe site na ịdị elu nwoke ma a na-ahụ ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa mmasị mmekọahụ.<ref name="Hewitt2010">{{Cite book|editor=Hewitt|title=No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism|date=2010|pages=221–245|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-0813547244}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1988, Lesbian Ethics: Towards a New Value, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma lesbian Sarah Lucia Hoagland na-ezo aka na ikike nkewa nke lesbian nwere ịgba ndị lesbian ume ịzụlite ụkpụrụ omume obodo dị mma dabere na ụkpụrụ ndị a na-ekerịta. Hoagland na-akọwa ọdịiche (nke onye edemede Lesbian Separatist na onye na-amụ ban’etiti ''omenala obere ndị lesbian (lesbian subculture)'' na ''obodo ndị lesbian (lesbian community)''; ịbụ onye so na subculture na-akọwa ya “n’ụzọ na-adịghị mma, nke omenala mpụga na-emegide na-akọwa,” ebe ịbụ onye so na obodo na-adabere na “ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ omume anyị kwenyere na anyị nwere ike mezuo ebe a.”. Bette Tallen kwenyere na nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị, n'adịghị ka ụfọdụ òtù ndị ọzọ na-ekewapụ onwe ha, "ọ bụghị maka nguzobe nke steeti nwere onwe ya, ọ bụ maka mmepe nke njirimara onwe onye na ịmepụta obodo ụmụ nwanyị siri ike". Mgbalị ndị e mere iji mepụta ọdịbendị ndị inyom na-ebipụta akwụkwọ gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị, nke guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị, ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ nke ụmụ nwanyị mepụtara na maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọtụtụ ndị lesbian na ndị na-akwado lesbian separatism nwere nnukwu mmetụta na mmegharị <nowiki><i>women in print</i></nowiki>, gụnyere Bunch.June Arnold, Barbara Grier, [[Barbara Smith]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adams|first=Kate|title=Built Out of Books: Lesbian Energy and Feminist Ideology in Alternative Publishing|journal=Journal of Homosexuality|date=1998|volume=34|issue=3–4|pages=113–141|doi=10.1300/J082v34n03_07|pmid=9505228}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Harker|first=Jaime|title=The Lesbian South: Southern Feminists, the Women in Print Movement, and the Queer Literary Canon.|date=2018|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=9781469643359}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=Trysh|title=The Women in Print Movement: History and Implications.|journal=Book History|date=2008|volume=11|issue=1|pages=275–300|doi=10.1353/bh.0.0001}}</ref> Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị Lillian Faderman na-akọwa mkpali nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị nke mepụtara ọdịbendị na ihe ọdịbendị dị ka "na-enye ịhụnanya n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ka ukwuu" na ọdịbendị sara mbara.<ref name="Faderman_Oddp220">{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lillian|title=Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America|date=1991|edition=1st|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=0231074883}}</ref> Faderman kwekwaara na ndị inyom na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ nkewa mere ya iji "eweta echiche ha banyere iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, ịzụlite ndị nọ ná mkpa, mkpebi onwe onye na nha nhata nke ọrụ na ụgwọ ọrụ n'akụkụ niile nke iwu ụlọ ọrụ na akụ na ụba".<ref name="Faderman_Oddp220" /> Omume nke nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye echiche ndị metụtara Ịhụ mba n'anya na Ụfọdụ ndị na-akpọ onwe ha ndị nkewa ndị nwanyị na-ahụ nwanyị ibe ha n’anya (Lesbian separatists) na-ejikọtakwa onwe ha na omume nke ikpere arụsị Dianic.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120212231957/http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~religion/newifo/religions/paganism/index/goddess/essay.shtml Empowering the Goddess Within] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212231957/http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~religion/newifo/religions/paganism/index/goddess/essay.shtml|date=2012-02-12}}'', by Jessica Alton</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20141026140651/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1754 Goddesses and Witches: Liberation and Countercultural Feminism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026140651/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1754|date=2014-10-26}}'', by Rosemary Ruether</ref> ala ụmụ nwanyị bụ obodo ndị inyom bu n'obi nke ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha na-emepụta, na-ebi, ma na-elekọta. <ref name="Kershaw">{{Cite news|author=Kershaw|first=Sarah|title=My Sister's Keeper|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/01/fashion/01womyn.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 30, 2009|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref> <ref name="lesbian_intentional">{{Cite web|author=Ellison|first=Kate|title=Lesbian Intentional Community: "Yer not from around here, are ya?"|url=https://www.ic.org/wiki/lesbian-intentional-community-yer-around-ya/|work=[[Fellowship for Intentional Community]]|date=September 30, 2013|accessdate=21 December 2018|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141448/https://www.ic.org/wiki/lesbian-intentional-community-yer-around-ya/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Cheney|title=Lesbian Land|date=1985|publisher=Word Weavers|edition=1st|isbn=978-0961560508}}</ref> N'ebe ọzọ, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ka nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma nyochaa akụkọ ifo gbara ya gburugburu. edemede Marilyn Frye (1978) Notes on Separatism and Power bụ otu n'ime ihe atụ ndị dị otú ahụ. Ọ na-ekwu na nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ atụmatụ ụmụ nwanyị niile na-eme, n'oge ụfọdụ, ma na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị (otu nwere ike ịkọwa ebe mgbaba ụmụ nwanyị, oke ntuli aka ma ọ bụ mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị). Ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ naanị mgbe ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ya, n'onwe ha ''dị ka'' nkewa site na ụmụ nwoke, ka a na-emeso ya na esemokwu (ma ọ bụ dịka ọ na-atụ aro hysteria). N'aka nke ọzọ, nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke (otu nwere ike ịkpọ aha klọb ụmụ nwoke, òtù ndị ọrụ, otu egwuregwu, ndị agha na, karịa, ọnọdụ mkpebi n'ozuzu) bụ ihe dị mma. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ndị inyom ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ewepụta echiche nke "ịpụ iche" site na ụmụ nwoke, na-arụ ụka ma na-etinye ego n'ihe ndị dị ka ebe nsọ ụmụ nwanyị na ìgwè ndị na-eme ka a mara, kamakwa na-enyocha omume kwa ụbọchị nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịlaghachi ma ọ bụ na-eme onwe ha n'ebe ụmụ nwoke nọ. Margaret Sloan-Hunter jiri nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị tụnyere nkewa nke ndị isi ojii. N'akwụkwọ ya bụ Making Separatist Connections: The Issue is Woman Identification o kwuru, sị: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.feminist-reprise.org/docs/Sloan-Hunter.htm|title=Making Separatist Connections|work=www.feminist-reprise.org|accessdate=2016-03-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221212357/http://www.feminist-reprise.org/docs/Sloan-Hunter.htm|archivedate=21 February 2025}}</ref><blockquote>Ọ bụrụ na nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị adaa ọ ga-abụ n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị dị n'otu nke na anyị ga-egosipụta njirimara nwanyị n'ebe ọ bụla anyị na-aga. Mana ebe ọ bụ na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị dị ogologo karịa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, o yiri ka anyị ga-anabata nkewa ugbu a, ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'ụzọ uche, maka ahụike na ịma. Nke a bụ mgbanwe, ọ bụghị mkpọsa mmekọrịta ọha na eze, anyị ga-anọgide na-echeta onwe anyị.</blockquote>Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe obi abụọ banyere nkewa. N'ihi nke a, otu ndị isi ojii na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, Combahee River Collective, kwuru na nkewa abụghị usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị irè maka ha. === Nwanyị a maara dị ka nwanyị === Ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ịkọwa ntọala nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'otu oge, ọ ga-abụ na Mee 1970, mgbe Ndị Radicalbians, otu ụmụ nwanyị na'ahụ maka ụmụ nwoke iri abụọ, gụnyere onye edemede Rita Mae Brown, weghaara ''Nzukọ nke Abụọ iji jikọta ụmụ nwanyị'', nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị na New York City. <ref name="NYC-Historic">{{Cite web|title=Lavender Menace Action at Second Congress to Unite Women|url=https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/lavender-menace-action-at-second-congress-to-unite-women/|work=[[NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project]]|publisher=Fund for the City of New York|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref> <ref name="1969NYPL">{{Cite web|title=Radicalesbians|url=http://web-static.nypl.org/exhibitions/1969/radicalesbians.html|work=1969: The Year of Gay Liberation|publisher=[[New York Public Library]]|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="LOC">{{Cite web|title=2nd Congress to Unite Women : weekend of May 1st thru 3rd at 333 W. 17 St.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2015648409/|work=[[Library of Congress]]|date=1970|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref> N'enweghị oku, ha kwụ n'ahịrị n'elu ikpo okwu na-eyi T-shirts kwekọrọ ekwekọ nke e dere okwu "Lavender Menace", ma chọọ ka igwe okwu gụọ akwụkwọ ha n'olu dara ụda, "The Woman-Identified Woman", nke setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke mmegharị ha. <ref name="NYC-Historic" /> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Jay|first=Karla|title=Tales of the Lavender Menace: A Memoir of Liberation|date=1999|pages=142–144|chapter=The Lavender Menace|publisher=[[Basic Books]]|isbn=0-465-08364-1}}</ref> Ka oge na-aga, Adrienne Rich tinyere echiche a na edemede ya "Mkpa Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence", Nke a bụ ebe ọ na-akọwa echiche ahụ na ọchịchị nna (patriarchy) na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị lekwasị anya n’ebe ụmụ nwoke nọ ma ọ bụ bụrụ “ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-adabere n’ịmata ụmụ nwoke.” Ịghọ ụmụ nwanyị na-elekwasị anya n’ebe ụmụ nwanyị ibe ha nọ, ya bụ, ịgbanwe uche na ike site n’ebe ụmụ nwoke nọ gaa n’ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ, bụ ụzọ isi gbochie mmegbu ọchịchị nna.. "<ref name="Rich_Compulsory"/> N'adịghị ka nkwenkwe ụfọdụ a ma ama banyere "nwoke na-ịkpọ mmadụ asị", echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị anaghị akwado echiche nke nwoke. Ndị na-akwado ya dị ka Sheila Jeffreys (2003:13) ekwuola na "ụdị nwoke niile nwere nsogbu". Nke a bụ otu n'ime ebe ndị isi ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe dị iche na echiche nwoke na nwanyị, ikekwe nke kachasị mma nke Jack Halberstam chịkọtara na "Ọ bụrụ na Sheila Jeffreys adịghị, Camille Paglia gaara echepụta ya" <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jul/02/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety|title=The ugly side of beauty|author=Bindel, Julie|date=July 2, 2005|publisher=The Guardian, UK}}, Retrieved 2013-05-29.</ref> === Omenala Womyn === "Womyn" tinyere "wimmin" na "womin" bụ okwu ndị jikọtara aka n'ime òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị iji mee ka ha dị iche na ụmụ nwoke na asụsụ "phallogocentric". A. A na-ahụ okwu “ụmụ nwanyị” dịka ihe sitere n’aka ụmụ nwoke, ma n’ikpeazụ ọ na-anọchi anya ụdị mmegbu a na-etinye n’ahụ ụmụ nwanyị. Okwu ọhụrụ malitere ịpụta n’ozuzu, ụfọdụ n’ime ha na-ekwu maka ihe efuola ma ọ bụ ihe a na-ekwughị okwu banyere ya. Ndị agha Amazon, chi nwanyị oge ochie - ọkachasị ndị Gris - mgbe ụfọdụ akụkụ nke ahụ nwanyị ma na-ezobe mgbe niile n'ụwa okike. A na-ekwukarị na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ ga-aga n'ihu, ọ nweghị ihe ọmụma banyere mgbọrọgwụ ya, ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị iji nweta. N'ihi ya, a na-ekwusi ike na ịmara ihe na ịkpụpụta ọdịbendị ọhụrụ (nke nwere ike ịbụ) "[[Gynocentrism|gynocentric]]".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Newton|first=Esther|date=1984|title=The Mythic Mannish Lesbian: Radclyffe Hall and the New Woman|journal=Signs|doi=10.1086/494087|volume=9|issue=4|pages=557–575}}</ref> N'afọ 1974, e guzobere Salsa Soul Sisters na New York City dị ka nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị, nke ghọtara mmegbu atọ nke okike, agbụrụ, na ọkwa, karịa naanị okike, dị ka omenala "womyn".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Salsa Soul Sisters|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/lgbtq/salsa-soul-sisters|work=[[National Museum of African American History and Culture]]|date=June 16, 2022|accessdate=June 8, 2025}}</ref> == Ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị == [[Faịlụ:Marche_des_fiertés_rouen_20190504_-_drapeau_lesbien.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Ngagharị mpako nwoke na nwanyị, Rouen, France (2019) ]] Dị ka echiche dị oke egwu, a na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-alụ nwanyị nke ọma na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụkarị na echiche nke nwoke na nwanyị. O doro anya na a na-ekwu na ndị inyom bụ ndị ikpe mara maka homophobia na ọdịda ya ijikọta mmekọahụ dị ka ụdị dị mkpa nke nyocha gbasara okike na mmeso ya banyere ụmụ nwanyị dịka nsogbu dị iche.<ref name="Bitch">{{Cite web|url=https://bitchmedia.org/article/everything-about-feminism-you-wanted-to-know-but-were-afraid-to-ask|title=Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Feminism But Were Afraid to Ask {{!}} Bitch Media|work=Bitch Media|date=11 October 2008|accessdate=2016-03-24|archivedate=2016-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406050832/https://bitchmedia.org/article/everything-about-feminism-you-wanted-to-know-but-were-afraid-to-ask}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.colorado.edu/UCB/StudentAffairs/WomensResourceCenter/evokejournal/currentissue/submissions/words/nolan_bouchillon_difference.html|title=Evoke Journal|author=Bouchillon|first=Nolan|date=2007|work=University of Colorado|accessdate=March 24, 2016}}</ref> N'ihe banyere nke a, akwụkwọ edemede Adrienne Rich nke afọ 1980 "Mkpa Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence" bụ ihe na-akụzi ihe na otu n'ime ihe ịrịba ama na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Bitch" /> === Mmetụta n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị === ==== National Organization for Women (USA) ==== Ndị nwanyị na-ahụ nwanyị ibe ha n’anya (Lesbians) arụsiwo ọrụ ike n’ime mmegharị feminist bụ isi na America. Oge mbụ e webatara nsogbu na nchegbu ndị lesbian n’ime…e National Organization for Women (NOW) bụ na 1969, mgbe Ivy Bottini, nwa nwanyị na-emeghe nke bụ onye isi oche nke New York chapter nke NOW, nwere nzukọ ọha na eze akpọrọ "Is Lesbianism a Feminist Issue?". Otú ọ dị, onye isi ala NOW Betty Friedan megidere ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè na mmegharị ahụ. N'afọ 1969, o kwuru na ọ na-eto eto na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị n'anya dị ka "ihe iyi egwu nke ndị na-eme ihe ike" ma chụpụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Rita Mae Brown, na 1970, ọ kwadoro ịchụpụ ụmụ nwanyị n"anya, gụnyere Ivy Bottini, na isi nke New York nke NOW. Na nzaghachi, n'uhuruchi mbụ, mgbe narị anọ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị gbakọtara n'ụlọ nzukọ na 1970 Congress to Unite Women, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị iri abụọ na-eyi T-shirts nke na-agụ "Lavender Menace" bịara n'ihu ụlọ ahụ wee chee ndị na-ege ntị ihu. Otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ahụ gụrụ nkwupụta nke otu ahụ, The Woman-Identified Woman, nkwupụta mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="google2" /> Ìgwè ahụ, bụ ndị mechara kpọọ onwe ha "Radicalesbians", so na ndị mbụ na-ama heterosexism nke ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ na ịkọwa ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ dị mma. N'afọ 1971, NOW weputara mkpebi nke kwupụtara "ikike nwanyị nwere n'onwe ya gụnyere ikike ịkọwa ma gosipụta mmekọahụ nke ya na ịhọrọ ụzọ ndụ nke ya", yana mkpebi nzukọ na-ekwu na ịmanye ndị nne nwanyị ka ha nọrọ n'alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ ibi ndụ nzuzo na mgbalị iji mee ka ụmụ ha bụrụ ihe na-ezighị ezi. N'afọ ahụ, NOW kpebikwara inye nkwado iwu na nke omume n'okwu nnwale metụtara ikike nlekọta ụmụaka nke ndị nne nwanyị.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> N'afọ 1973, e guzobere NOW Task Force on Sexuality and Lesbianism.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> N'afọ 1967, Del Martin na Phyllis Lyon bụ di na nwunye mbụ sonyeere NOW.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pioneers Del Martin (1921–2008) and Phyllis Lyon (1924–2020)|url=https://instituteforpr.org/del-martin-1921-2008-and-phyllis-lyon-1924-2020/|work=[[Institute for Public Relations]]|date=June 1, 2023|accessdate=2025-06-29}}</ref> Martin bụ nwanyị mbụ a na-ahụ anya nke nzukọ ahụ họpụtara.<ref name="ABOUTMARTIN">{{Cite web|author=Belge|first=Kathy|url=http://lesbianlife.about.com/cs/herstory/p/DelMartin.htm|title=Del Martin|work=[[About.com]]|accessdate=2007-02-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213073920/http://lesbianlife.about.com/cs/herstory/p/DelMartin.htm|archivedate=2007-02-13}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, Old Lesbians Organizing for Change (OLOC) wepụtara "Anti-Sexism Statement" nke na-ekwu: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oloc.org/antiSexism_Feminism.php|title=OLOC's Anti-Sexism Statement|accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref> === Mmetụta n'ime ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị === N'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1977, Nzukọ Ndị inyom nke mba ahụ wepụtara [http://www.lindagriffith.com/IWY%20PlanofAction.html Atụmatụ Ọrụ Mba], nke kwuru n'akụkụ ụfọdụ: <blockquote>Nzukọ omebe iwu, steeti, na ndị omebe iwu obodo kwesịrị itinye iwu iji wepụ ịkpa ókè na ndabere nke mmekọahụ na mmasị ịhụnanya na mpaghara gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị naanị, ọrụ, ụlọ, ebe obibi ọha na eze, ụgwọ, ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze. Ndị omeiwu steeti kwesịrị imezigharị iwu ntaramahụhụ ha ma ọ bụ kagbuo iwu steeti nke na-egbochi omume mmekọahụ onwe onye n'etiti ndị okenye kwenyere. Ndị omeiwu steeti kwesịrị itinye iwu nke ga-amachibido ịtụle mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ mmetụta ịhụnanya dị ka ihe na mkpebi ikpe ọ bụla gbasara nlekọta ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ikike ileta. Kama nke ahụ, a ga-enyocha ikpe nlekọta ụmụaka naanị na uru nke onye bụ nne na nna ka mma, n'agbanyeghị mmekọahụ na mmetụta ịhụnanya nke onye ahụ.</blockquote>Onye America na-ese foto bụ Deborah Bright mepụtara usoro a na-akpọ Dream Girls nke na-ama njirimara nwoke na nwanyị aka nke Ụlọ ọrụ Hollywood na 1980s họọrọ ịgbasa. Mpụta nke echiche nwoke na nwanyị na 1990s wuru n'elu ụkpụrụ ụfọdụ nke ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị, gụnyere nkatọ nke nwoke na nwanyị, nghọta nke okike dịka akọwapụtara n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site na nwoke na nwanyị. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a na-etinye echiche nwoke na nwanyị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-emegide ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị na-akatọkarị BDSM, njirimara na mmekọrịta, ndị transgender na ndị transsexual, ihe na-akpali agụụ Mmekọahụ, na ịgba akwụna, echiche nke nwoke na nwanyị na-anabata ha. Ndị na-akụzi echiche nwoke na nwanyị na-anabata Mgbanwe nwoke na nwanyị ma mesịa katọọ ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-enwe nghọta dị mkpa banyere okike nke na-emegide ebumnuche ha kwuru. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-akatọ echiche nwoke na nwanyị dị ka nke na-emetụta ụmụ nwoke na ntụrụndụ nke ndị na-ahụkarị maka nnwere onwe nwoke na-emetụ n'ahụ nke ndị na'ahụ maka ụmụ nwoke na mbụ chọrọ ebe mgbaba. Ndị na-akụzi echiche nwoke na nwanyị agbaghawo site n'ikwu na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-akwanyere echiche nwoke na nwaanyị bụ ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ọtụtụ (gụnyere Judith Butler, Jack Halberstam, na Gayle Rubin) bụ, ma ọ bụ n'otu oge a chọpụtara na ha bụ ndị na - nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jagose|first=Annamarie|date=1996|title=Queer Theory: An Introduction|location=New York, NY|publisher=New York University Press}}</ref> Barry (2002) na-atụ aro na ịhọrọ n'etiti njikọ ndị a nwere ike (ndị inyom na-edina nwanyị na / ma ọ bụ echiche nwoke na nwanyị) mmadụ ga-aza ma ọ bụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ bụ ihe "dị mkpa na njirimara onwe onye" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epdf.tips/beginning-theory-an-introduction-to-literary-and-cultural-theoryfea4da5066aae1ce40d2a8b0b9fda54337638.html|title=Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory - PDF Free Download|work=epdf.tips|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-07}}</ref> === Echiche banyere njirimara na mmekọrịta butch/femme === Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ekwuola na butch-femme bụ ihe na-emegharị mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị, ebe ndị ọzọ na-akọwa ihe na-ekwu na, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emetụta usoro mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke, butch-fem n'otu oge na-agbagha ya.<ref name="Sullivan2003">{{Cite book|author=Sullivan|first=Nikki|title=Critical Introduction to Queer Theory|year=2003|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0748615971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eB6meILZ4toC&q=Sheila+Jeffries+butch+femme+heterosexual|accessdate=October 16, 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ butch-femme bụ ụzọ bụ isi iji mata ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke ma na-atụle mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị na 1940s, 1950s, na 1960s, echiche ụmụ nwanyị na nwanyị agbanweela ọrụ ndị a ka ọ bụrụ "mgbagwoju anya nke njirimara ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="Smith1989NWSA">{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Elizabeth|year=1989|title=Butches, Femmes, And Feminists: The Politics Of Lesbian Sexuality|journal=NWSA Journal|volume=1|issue=3}}</ref> A na-anọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-edina nwanyị n'ihu ọha n'agbanyeghị na ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọcha, ma na-ewepụkarị ma na-ekewapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-edine nwanyị. N'ime obodo ndị a a na-ewepụghị, ọrụ butch-femme nọgidere na-eto ma na-eto n'afọ ndị 1970.<ref name="FadermanOdd_pg210">{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lilian|title=Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America|date=1991|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York, New York|oclc=22906565|isbn=978-0231074889|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpBdCl-I_oUC&q=odd+girls+and+twilight+lovers|accessdate=October 16, 2020}} p.210</ref> N'agbanyeghị nkatọ sitere n'aka ma ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị, ọrụ butch na femme pụtara ọzọ na 1980s na 1990s, mana ọ bụghịzi naanị ndị na-arụ ọrụ.<ref name="Faderman1992JHS">{{Cite journal|author=Faderman|first=Lillian|title=The Return of Butch and Femme: A Phenomenon in Lesbian Sexuality of the 1980s and 1990s|year=1992|journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality|volume=2|issue=4|pages=578–596|issn=1043-4070}}</ref> N'ihi na ọ na-elekwasị anya n'ịha nhata na mmekọrịta mmekọahụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ nwanyị na-emegide ụdị ọ bụla nke BDSM nke na-agụnye ịkwalite echiche nwoke na nwanyị. Echiche a mara aka na ngwụcha afọ 1970, <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Loue|title=Encyclopedia of Women's Health|date=2004|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|location=New York|isbn=0-306-48073-5}}</ref> ọkachasị site n'aka otu Samois, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na San Francisco nke lekwasịrị anya na BDSM. Ndị otu Samois chere n'ụzọ siri ike na ụzọ ha si eme BDSM dakọtara kpamkpam na ụmụ nwanyị, ma kwenyere na ụdị mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị nke Women Against Violence na Pornography na Media kwadoro bụ nke na-agbaso omenala na nke puritan.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Rubin|first=Gayle|title=Samois|url=http://www.leatherarchives.org/resources/issue21.pdf|work=Leather Times|date=Spring 2004|pages=3–7|accessdate=August 6, 2009}}</ref><templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> == Ihe idea == ; Ihe ndị ọzọ == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] l17yb9nwdbq3arrqg59yawfmnc2d5gw Lydia Davis 0 75984 639039 638935 2026-05-26T18:51:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 639039 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Lydia Davis''' (amụrụ n'ọnwa Julaị 15, afọ 1947) bụ onye America na-ede akụkọ mkpirikpi, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye edemede, na onye ntụgharị site na French na asụsụ ndị ọzọ, onye na'edekarị akụkọ mkpirisi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/13/flash-fiction_n_5481868.html|title=Read 15 Amazing Works Of Fiction In Less Than 30 Minutes|first=Maddie|author=Crum|date=Jun 13, 2014|accessdate=Oct 21, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="lareviewofbooks.org">{{Cite web|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/book-gets-fatter/|title=The Book Gets Fatter: Lydia Davis's "Can't and Won't"|first=Michael|author=LaPointe|work=Los Angeles Review of Books|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=Oct 21, 2019}}</ref> Davis emeela ọtụtụ nsụgharị ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ edemede French, gụnyere Swann's Way nke Marcel Proust na Madame Bovary nke Gustave Flaubert. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Davis na Northampton, Massachusetts, n'ọnwa Julia 15, afọ 1947. <ref name="ILFB"/> Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Robert Gorham Davis, onye nkatọ na prọfesọ nke Bekee, na Hope Hale Davis, onye edemede akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, onye nkuzi, na onye na-ede akụkọ.<ref name="CL-Int">{{Cite journal|title=An Interview with Lydia Davis|author=Knight, Christopher J.|journal=Contemporary Literature|year=1999|volume=40|issue=4|pages=525–551|doi=10.2307/1208793}}</ref> Davis malitere ịmụ egwu, nke mbụ piano, mgbe ahụ violin, nke bụ ịhụnanya mbụ ya.<ref name="Miller, Michael">{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.032c.com/magazine/storytelling-a-strange-impulse-lydia-davis|title=Lydia Davis: Storytelling, a Strange Impulse|author=Miller, Michael|publisher=032c|accessdate=25 April 2026}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye edemede, Davis kwuru, sị, "Ọ ga-abụ na m na-agakarị ịbụ onye edemede, ọ bụ ezie na nke ahụ abụghị ịhụnanya mbụ m. Echere m na ọ ga-abụrịrị na m na-achọkarị ide ihe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke m ma ọ bụ na agaghị m eme ya." Site na nke ise ruo nke asatọ, ọ gara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Brearley na New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.032c.com/magazine/storytelling-a-strange-impulse-lydia-davis//|title=Lydia Davis: Storytelling, a Strange Impulse|author=Miller, Michael|publisher=032c|accessdate=25 April 2026}}</ref> Site na klas nke ise ruo asatọ, ọ gara The Brearley School na New York City. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na The Putney School, gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 1965. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Barnard College, n'oge ahụ ọ na-edekarị abụ uri.<ref name="Miller, Michael" /> N'afọ 1974, Davis lụrụ Paul Auster, onye ya na ya mụrụ nwa nwoke aha ya bụ Daniel (1977-2022).<ref name="CL-Int"/><ref>{{Cite news|author=Vadukul|first=Alex|date=2022-07-27|title=The Life and Death of Daniel Auster, a Son of Literary Brooklyn|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/style/daniel-auster-life-death.html|accessdate=2023-01-11}}</ref> Auster na Davis mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm; Davis lụrụ onye na-ese ihe Alan Cote ugbu a, onye ya na ya nwere nwa nwoke ọzọ, Theo Cote.<ref name="Ind-Man">{{Cite news|author=Sherwin, Adam|date=2013-05-23|title=World's most concise short story writer Lydia Davis wins Booker International Prize 2013|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/worlds-most-concise-short-story-writer-lydia-davis-wins-booker-international-prize-2013-8627388.html|accessdate=2013-05-23|publisher=Independent}}</ref> Ọ bụ prọfesọ emerita na Mahadum dị na Albany, SUNY, ma bụrụkwa onye edemede pụrụ iche nke Lillian Vernon na Mahadum New York n'afọ 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lydia Davis|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/people/lydia-davis|accessdate=2024-11-29|work=The Poetry Foundation}}</ref><ref name="NYU">{{Cite web|url=http://cwp.as.nyu.edu/object/cwp.announcements.Davis|title=Lydia Davis is Lillian Vernon Distinguished Writer-in-Residence|publisher=New York University|accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Davis ebipụtala nchịkọta akụkọ isii, gụnyere The Thirteenth Woman and Other Stories (1976) na Break It Down (1986), onye ikpeazụ maka PEN / Hemingway Award. Nchịkọta ya kachasị ọhụrụ bụ Varieties of Disturbance, onye ikpeazụ maka National Book Award nke Farrar, Straus na Giroux bipụtara na 2007, na Can't and Won't (2013). The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis (2009) nwere akụkọ ifo ya niile ruo 2008. Davis atụgharịwokwa Proust, Flaubert, Blanchot, Foucault, Michel Butor, Michel Leiris, Pierre Jean Jouve na ndị edemede French ndị ọzọ, <ref name="ILFB"/> yana onye edemede Belgian Conrad Detrez na onye edemede Dutch A. L. Snijders. O dere otu akwụkwọ akụkọ, The End of the Story, nke Farrar, Straus na Giroux bipụtara n'afọ 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/max-issue.html?issue=526|title=Thursday, July 13, 2023: Maximum Shelf: Our Strangers|work=www.shelf-awareness.com}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume na mmetụta == A kọwara Davis dị ka "onye ukwu nke ụdị edemede nke ya onwe ya mepụtara". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Teicher|first=Craig Morgan|title=Collected Stories of Lydia Davis|url=http://www.cleveland.com/bookreviews/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/entertainment-1/1255163642224190.xml&coll=2|work=The Plain Dealer|date=October 11, 2009|accessdate=March 20, 2020}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime "akụkọ" ya bụ naanị otu ma ọ bụ abụọ ahịrịokwu. Davis jiri ọrụ ndị a tụnyere ụlọ elu n'echiche na nnukwu oghere gbara ha gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://032c.com/2013/storytelling-a-strange-impulse-lydia-davis/|title=LYDIA DAVIS: Storytelling, a Strange Impulse|author=032c.com|accessdate=17 July 2014}}</ref> N'ide na Los Angeles Review of Books, Michael LaPointe na-aga n'ihu na-ekwu mgbe "Lydia Davis chepụtara akụkọ ifo, ... ọ bụ onye na-eme ya n'oge a".<ref name="lareviewofbooks.org"/> "Olu ya pụrụ iche adịtụbeghị mfe ịbanye n'ụdị omenala," ka Kasia Boddy dere na ''Columbia Companion to the 21st Century Short Story''. Boddy dere, sị: "Ihe atụ Davis na-aga nke ọma mgbe ha na-enyocha nsogbu nke nkwurịta okwu n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, na atụmatụ nke ọ bụla na-eji akọwa okwu na omume nke onye nke ọzọ. " N'ime ndị edemede nke oge a, ọ bụ naanị Davis, Stuart Dybek, na Alice Fulton na-ekerịta ọdịiche nke ịpụta na The Best American Short Stories na The Best America Poetry series.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Columbia Companion to the Twentieth-Century American Short Story|author=Boddy|first=Kasia|editor=Gelfant|chapter=Lydia Davis (1947– )|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=219–223|doi=10.7312/gelf11098|isbn=9780231504959}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2003, Davis natara MacArthur Fellowship.<ref name="Believer">{{Cite web|url=http://www.believermag.com/issues/200801/?read=interview_davis|title=Interview with LYDIA DAVIS|publisher=The Believer|accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences n'afọ 2005. <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter D|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterD.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> Davis bụ ọkà okwu pụrụ iche na 2004 &NOW Festival na Mahadum Notre Dame . <ref name="&Now">{{Cite web|title=&Now Program Schedule|url=http://www.nd.edu/~andnow/schedule.html|work=&Now 2004|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=29 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015191925/http://www.nd.edu/~andnow/schedule.html|archivedate=15 October 2012}}</ref> A mara ọkwa Davis dị ka onye mmeri nke 2013 Man Booker International Prize na 22 Mee 2013 . <ref name="2013win">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10074108/Man-Booker-International-Prize-2013-Lydia-Davis-wins.html|title=Man Booker International Prize 2013: Lydia Davis wins|publisher=Telegraph|date=2013-05-22|accessdate=2013-05-22|author=Stock, Jon}}</ref> Nkwuputa ọkwa nke onyinye Davis na weebụsaịtị Man Booker Prize kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka inwe "nkenke na nkenke nke uri." Onye isi oche ikpe ikpe Christopher Ricks kwuru, sị, "Enwere ịmụrụ anya na akụkọ ya, na nnukwu nlebara anya na-eche echiche. Nlebara anya ka esi aghọta ihe ruo n'okwu ma ọ bụ syllable; ịmụrụ anya maka ebumnobi adịghị ọcha na echiche efu nke onye ọ bụla." Davis ritere £ 60,000 dị ka akụkụ nke onyinye ahụ.<ref name="Prize2013">{{Cite web|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/lydia-davis-wins-man-booker-international-prize-2013|title=Lydia Davis wins the Man Booker International Prize 2013|publisher=Man Brooker Prize|date=2013-05-22|accessdate=2013-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826185202/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/lydia-davis-wins-man-booker-international-prize-2013|archivedate=2014-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22625777|title=Man Booker International prize goes to Lydia Davis|date=22 May 2013|accessdate=23 May 2013|work=BBC News}}</ref> A na-ewere ya dịka "otu n'ime ndị isi na akụkọ ifo America taa". Davis jụrụ ire akwụkwọ ya bụ Our Strangers on [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Meyer|first=Lily|date=2023-09-28|title=Why You Can't Buy Lydia Davis's New Book on Amazon|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/?post_type=article&p=463178|accessdate=2023-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Clark|first=Alex|date=2023-09-30|title='I'm not worried about fame or glory': Lydia Davis, the author who has refused to sell her book on Amazon|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/30/im-not-worried-about-fame-or-glory-lydia-davis-the-author-who-has-refused-to-sell-her-book-on-amazon|accessdate=2023-11-19}}</ref> Edepụtara mkpokọta ya Akụkọ Anakọtara nke Lydia Davis dị ka otu n'ime "akwụkwọ 100 kacha mma nke narị afọ nke 21st" nke New York Times dere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=The New York Times Book Staff|title=100 Best Books of the 21st Century|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/books/best-books-21st-century.html|work=The New York Times|date=8 July 2024}}</ref> === Ihe nrite === * 1986 PEN/Hemingway Award finalist, maka Break It Down<ref name="ILFB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.literaturfestival.com/participants/authors/2001/lydia-davis|title=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin – Lydia Davis|publisher=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin|accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref> * 1988 Whiting Award maka akụkọ ifo <ref name="CL-Int"/> * "St. Martin," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na Grand Street, gụnyere na The Best American Short Stories 1997. * 1997 Guggenheim Fellowship * 1998 Lannan Literary Award for Fiction<ref name="ILFB" /> * 1999 Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres maka akụkọ ifo na ntụgharị.<ref name="Believer"/> * "Agbalị," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na mbụ na ''Hambone'', gụnyere na The Best American Poetry 1999 * "A Mown Lawn," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na ''McSweeney''<nowiki/>'s, gụnyere na The Best American Poetry 2001 * 2003 MacArthur Fellows Program<ref name="Believer" /> * 2007 National Book Award Fiction finalist, maka Varieties of Disturbance: Stories <ref name="NBA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalbook.org/nba2007_f_davis_interv.html|title=2007 National Book Award Fiction Finalist Interview With Lydia Davis|publisher=National Book Foundation|accessdate=2013-05-23|author=Johnston, Bret Anthony|archivedate=2013-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134222/http://nationalbook.org/nba2007_f_davis_interv.html}}</ref> * "Ndị ikom," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na 32 Poems, gụnyere na The Best American Poetry 2008 * 2013 American Academy of Arts and Letters' Award of Merit Medal <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsandletters.org/press_releases/2013literature.php|title=The American Academy of Arts and Letters Announces 2013 Literature Award Winners and Inaugural E. B. White Award|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Letters|date=2013-03-13|accessdate=2013-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313042256/http://www.artsandletters.org/press_releases/2013literature.php|archivedate=2015-03-13}}</ref> * 2013 Philolexian Society Award for Distinguished Literary Achievement * 2013 Man Booker International Prize <ref name="2013win"/> * 2020 PEN/Malamud Award <ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Winner|publisher=The PEN/Faulkner Foundation|url=https://www.penfaulkner.org/pen-malamud-award/2018-winners/|accessdate=2020-08-25|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731195428/https://www.penfaulkner.org/pen-malamud-award/2018-winners/}}</ref> == Ntụgharị asụsụ ahọpụtara == * The Thirteenth Woman and Other Stories, Living Hand, 1976<ref name="ILFB"/> * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Sketches for a Life of Wassilly|publisher=Station Hill Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0-930794-45-3}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Story and Other Stories|publisher=The Figures|year=1983|isbn=978-0-935724-17-2}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Break It Down|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|year=1986|isbn=0-374-11653-9|url=https://archive.org/details/breakitdownstori00davi}} * (akwụkwọ akụkọ) {{Cite book|ref=none|title=[[The End of the Story]]|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|year=1995|isbn=978-0-374-14831-7|id={{OL|ia:endofstory00davi}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Almost No Memory|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|year=1997|isbn=978-0-374-10281-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Samuel Johnson Is Indignant|publisher=McSweeney's|year=2001|isbn=978-0-9703355-9-3|url=https://archive.org/details/samueljohnsonisi00davi}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=[[Varieties of Disturbance]]|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|date=May 15, 2007|isbn=978-0-374-28173-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Proust, Blanchot, and a Woman in Red|publisher=Center for Writers and Translators|year=2007|isbn=9780955296352}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis|publisher=Farrar, Straus & Giroux|year=2009|isbn=978-0-374-27060-5}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis By Lydia Davis|url=http://www.bookmarksmagazine.com/book-review/collected-stories-lydia-davis/lydia-davis|accessdate=14 January 2023|work=Bookmarks|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905084326/http://www.bookmarksmagazine.com:80/book-review/collected-stories-lydia-davis/lydia-davis|archivedate=5 Sep 2015}}</ref> * (nke e bipụtara na Can't and Won't) {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Cows|publisher=Sarabande Books|year=2011|isbn=9781932511932}} * ''Lydia Davis: Documenta Series 078''. Hatje Cantz 2012. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9783775729277|<bdi>9783775729277</bdi>]] &nbsp; * (nke ya na [[Eliot Weinberger]] dere) {{Cite book|title=Two American Scenes|publisher=New Directions|isbn=9780811220415}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Can't and Won't: Stories|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2014|isbn=9780374118587}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Essays One|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2019|isbn=9780374148850}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Essays Two|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2021|isbn=9780374148867}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Our Strangers: Stories|publisher=Bookshop Editions|year=2023|isbn=9798987717103}}<ref>{{Cite news|author=Leu|first=Chelsea|date=2023-10-04|title=Life Is Boring. Lydia Davis's New Book Makes That Fascinating.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/04/books/review/our-strangers-lydia-davis.html|accessdate=2023-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Athitakis|first=Mark|date=2023-10-04|title=How to skewer life's absurdities while thumbing your nose at Amazon|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2023-10-04/how-to-nail-lifes-verbal-absurdities-while-thumbing-your-nose-at-amazon|accessdate=2023-11-19|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=McAlpin|first=Heller|date=October 3, 2023|title=In 'Our Strangers,' life's less exciting aspects are deemed fascinating|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/03/1200166716/book-review-our-strangers-lydia-davis|work=NPR}}</ref> * ''N'ime ahịhịa.'' Yale University Press, 2025. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780300279740|<bdi>9780300279740</bdi>]] &nbsp; === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme === * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Pushcart prize: best of the small presses|editor=Bill Henderson|publisher=Pushcart Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-916366-58-2|url=https://archive.org/details/pushcartprizexiv0000unse}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|chapter=St. Martin|title=The Best American Short Stories 1997|editor=E. Annie Proulx, Katrina Kenison|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1997|isbn=978-0-395-79866-9|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_i0f5}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|url=https://archive.org/details/bestamericanpoet0000unse_l6n5|quote=Lydia Davis.|chapter=A Mown Lawn|title=The Best American Poetry 2001|editor=Robert Hass|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7432-0384-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIQtFKnRcpcC&q=Lydia%20Davis&pg=PT48|chapter=Men|title=The Best American Poetry 2008|editor=Charles Wright|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7432-9975-6}} === Nsụgharị ndị a họọrọ === * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=China from the 1911 Revolution to Liberation|url=https://archive.org/details/chinafrom1911rev0000ches/|author=Jean Chesneaux, Françoise Le Barbier, Marie-Claire Bergère|others=Translators Paul Auster and Lydia Davis|publisher=Pantheon Books|year=1977}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Aboard the Aquitaine (Simenon African Trio)|author=Georges Simenon|authorlink=Georges Simenon|others=Translators Paul Auster and Lydia Davis|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|year=1979|isbn=0-15-103955-0|url=https://archive.org/details/africantriotalat00sime}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=French Photography, from Its Origins to the Present|author=Claude Nori|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Pantheon Press|year=1979}} * Attilio Colombo (1979). ''Foto ndị magburu onwe ha.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Akwụkwọ Pantheon. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Gaze of Orpheus, and Other Literary Essays|author=Maurice Blanchot|editor=P. Adams Sitney|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Station Hill Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0930794378}} * (Davis sụgharịrị okwu iri na itoolu nke Maurice Blanchot, "Joubert et l'espace.") {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Notebooks of Joseph Joubert|author=Joseph Joubert|editor=Paul Auster|others=Translator Paul Auster|publisher=North Point Press|year=1983|isbn=0865471088}} * Conrad Detrez (1984). Ahịhịa maka ọkụ. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich * Michel Butor (1986). ''Mmụọ nke Ebe Mediterenian''. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Conrad Detrez (1986). Mpaghara Ọkụ. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Marie Curie: A Life|author=Françoise Giroud|authorlink=Françoise Giroud|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Holmes & Meier|year=1986|isbn=0841909776|url=https://archive.org/details/mariecurielife00giro}} * Maurice Blanchot (1987). ''Nwoke Ikpeazụ.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Columbia University Press. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Tocqueville: A Biography|author=André Jardin|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|year=1988|isbn=0374521905}} * Michel Leiris (1989). ''Mgbukpọ: Mgbukọta Mgbukwu'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Ebe obibi akwụkwọ North Point. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Desert World|author=Pierre Jean Jouve|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Marlboro Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0810160187|url=https://archive.org/details/desertworld00jouv_0}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Hecate: The Adventure of Catherine Crachat: I|author=Pierre Jean Jouve|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Marlboro Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0810160385}} * Michel Leiris (1991) The Rules of the Game: Scratches. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Ụlọ Paragon * Pierre Jean Jouve (1993). ''Helen'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Michel Leiris (1997) ''Iwu nke Egwuregwu: Ihe mkpofu.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Johns Hopkins University Press. * Michel Leiris (2017) ''Iwu nke Egwuregwu: Fibrils.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Yale University Press. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Swann's Way|author=Marcel Proust|editor=Lydia Davis|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-14-243796-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=No Tomorrow|author=Vivant Denon|authorlink=Vivant Denon|editor=Peter Brooks|publisher=New York Review of Books|year=2009|isbn=978-1-59017-326-8}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Madame Bovary|author=Gustave Flaubert|editor=Lydia Davis|publisher=Viking Adult|year=2010|isbn=978-0-670-02207-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|first=Alfred|author=Ollivant|date=2014|title=Bob, Son of Battle: The Last Gray Dog of Kenmuir|series=New York Review Children's Collection|isbn=9781590177297}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|first=A.L.|author=Snijders|date=2016|title=Grasses and Trees|publisher=AFDH|isbn=9789072603586}} * Snijders, A.L. (2021). ''Ụgbọ okporo ígwè abalị.'' Ọ bụ Lydia Davis sụgharịrị ya. Ụzọ Ọhụrụ. == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|33em}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Evans, Jonathan, ''The Many Voices of Lydia Davis: Translation, Rewriting, and Intertextuality'', Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016. *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_13607308 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Lydia Davis na Mahadum Columbia. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] *   * "Tụma" na akụkọ anọ ndị ọzọ, Conjunctions, Five Stories, nke Lydia Davis dere Conjunctions - The forum for innovational writing[http://www.conjunctions.com/print/article/lydia-davis-c24 Akụkọ ise, nke Lydia Davis dere Conjunctions - The forum for innovational writing] *   *   *   *   * [https://archive.today/20130411230123/http://thecoffinfactory.com/fiction-negative-emotions-by-lydia-davis/ "Negative Emotions". Coffin Factory (akụkọ dị mkpirikpi)] * [http://www.believermag.com/issues/200801/?read=interview_davis Ajụjụ ọnụ Believer na Sarah Manguso] * [http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/article_lydia_davis_samuel_johnson_is_indignant.htm Samuel Johnson Na-ewe iwe - TMO Na-ezute Lydia Davis] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110209115019/http://bombsite.com/issues/60/articles/2086 Ajụjụ ọnụ ''BOMB'' na Francine Prose] E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&id=159 ''Nnukwu'' ajụjụ ọnụ na James Yeh] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120130021737/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/04/29/qa_with_lydia_davis/ "Q&A na Lydia Davis", The Boston Globe, Kate Bolick, Eprel 29, 2007] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134222/http://nationalbook.org/nba2007_f_davis_interv.html "2007 National Book Award Fiction Finalist Interview With Lydia Davis", ''National Book Foundation''] E debere Wayback Machine * [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/journal/article.html?id=181391 "Ọdịdị bụ Ọdịdị", Poetry Foundation''Ntọala nke uri''] * [http://www.webdelsol.com/Literary_Dialogues/interview-wds-davis.htm "Nkwurịta okwu na Lydia Davis", Web Del Sol''Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Del Sol''] * Audio-files @ PENNsound gee Lydia Davis ntị na-agụ site na ọrụ ya * [http://www.literaturfestival.com/bios1_3_6_516.html Onye edemede Page na ''''Internationales Literatufestival Berlin''''] Davis bụ onye ọbịa nke ILB (Internationales Literadufestival Berlin / Germany) na 2001 * [http://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/x/Davis.php "Lydia Davis", Penn Sound''Ụda Penn''] * [http://channel.louisiana.dk/video/lydia-davis-reading-goodbye-louise Lydia Davis: Ịgụ 'Goodbye Louise'] Vidio site na Louisiana ChannelỌwa Mmiri Louisiana * [http://www.whiting.org/awards/winners/lydia-davis#/ Profaịlụ na The Whiting Foundation] * [https://www.macfound.org/fellows/705/ Ntọala MacArthur] * [https://www.albany.edu/english/davis_l.php SUNY Albany] * [https://lannan.org/literary/detail/lydia-davis/fiction-award Ntọala Lannan] * [http://writing.upenn.edu/wh/people/fellows/davis.html Ndị edemede Kelly House] * [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/03/17/long-story-short New Yorker - Akụkọ Dị Mkpirikpi] * [https://us.macmillan.com/author/lydiadavis/ Ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ MacMillan] * [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/127387/lydia-davis Ụlọ Penguin Random] * [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lydia-Davis Encyclopedia Britannica] * [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/lydia-davis Ntọala nke uri] {{International Booker Prize}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ppp6utntj7gy1cel8jiftcch3gpcr58 Ụkwara Nta 0 75985 639017 638951 2026-05-26T16:30:02Z Goodymeraj 16207 639017 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|nje bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|ụkwara nta dị jụụ]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-adị jụụ na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|asọ mmiri na-ebu ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ire ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ na-ezi ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta dị jụụ anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke dị jụụ nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012">Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine"]</span>. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].</cite></ref> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html "Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing"]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb "Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB"]. ''World Health Organization''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment "Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment"]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html "About Tuberculosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Mantoux test" class="cx-link" data-linkid="275">tuberculin skin test</a> nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024" /> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnZumla2011">Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div>{{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=8515|ICD11={{ICD11|1B10}}-{{ICD11|1B1Z}}|ICD10={{ICD10|A15-A19}}|ICD9={{ICD9|010}}–{{ICD9|018}}|OMIM=607948|MedlinePlus=000077|MedlinePlus_mult={{MedlinePlus2|000624}}|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=2324|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|618}} {{eMedicine2|radio|411}}|MeshID=D014376|Orphanet=3389|Scholia=Q12204}}{{Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases}} == Ọgwụgwọ == {{Diseases of Poverty}} [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] c1vm6u0u19k8nfaonspyskyin1lrx8a 639018 639017 2026-05-26T16:31:06Z Goodymeraj 16207 639018 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|nje bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-adị jụụ na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|asọ mmiri na-ebu ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ire ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ na-ezi ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta dị jụụ anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke dị jụụ nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012">Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine"]</span>. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].</cite></ref> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html "Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing"]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb "Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB"]. ''World Health Organization''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment "Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment"]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html "About Tuberculosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Mantoux test" class="cx-link" data-linkid="275">tuberculin skin test</a> nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024" /> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnZumla2011">Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div>{{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=8515|ICD11={{ICD11|1B10}}-{{ICD11|1B1Z}}|ICD10={{ICD10|A15-A19}}|ICD9={{ICD9|010}}–{{ICD9|018}}|OMIM=607948|MedlinePlus=000077|MedlinePlus_mult={{MedlinePlus2|000624}}|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=2324|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|618}} {{eMedicine2|radio|411}}|MeshID=D014376|Orphanet=3389|Scholia=Q12204}}{{Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases}} == Ọgwụgwọ == {{Diseases of Poverty}} [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o7b92fevr323ak6uzmpb48uavi7ujns 639020 639018 2026-05-26T16:34:34Z Goodymeraj 16207 639020 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|nje bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-ezo ezo na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|asọ mmiri na-ebu ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ na-ezi ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke zoro ezo nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọ kacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012">Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine"]</span>. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].</cite></ref> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html "Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing"]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb "Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB"]. ''World Health Organization''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment "Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment"]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html "About Tuberculosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Mantoux test" class="cx-link" data-linkid="275">tuberculin skin test</a> nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024" /> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnZumla2011">Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div>{{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=8515|ICD11={{ICD11|1B10}}-{{ICD11|1B1Z}}|ICD10={{ICD10|A15-A19}}|ICD9={{ICD9|010}}–{{ICD9|018}}|OMIM=607948|MedlinePlus=000077|MedlinePlus_mult={{MedlinePlus2|000624}}|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=2324|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|618}} {{eMedicine2|radio|411}}|MeshID=D014376|Orphanet=3389|Scholia=Q12204}}{{Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases}} == Ọgwụgwọ == {{Diseases of Poverty}} [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] k3okxeuavayqt5ag8zfg3pybs7f469x 639021 639020 2026-05-26T16:38:20Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Akụkọ Mmalite */ 639021 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|nje bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-ezo ezo na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|asọ mmiri na-ebu ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ na-ezi ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke zoro ezo nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọ kacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012">Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine"]</span>. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].</cite></ref> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html "Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing"]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb "Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB"]. ''World Health Organization''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment "Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment"]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html "About Tuberculosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Mantoux test" class="cx-link" data-linkid="275">tuberculin skin test</a> nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024" /> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnZumla2011">Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div>{{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=8515|ICD11={{ICD11|1B10}}-{{ICD11|1B1Z}}|ICD10={{ICD10|A15-A19}}|ICD9={{ICD9|010}}–{{ICD9|018}}|OMIM=607948|MedlinePlus=000077|MedlinePlus_mult={{MedlinePlus2|000624}}|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=2324|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|618}} {{eMedicine2|radio|411}}|MeshID=D014376|Orphanet=3389|Scholia=Q12204}}{{Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases}} == Ọgwụgwọ == {{Diseases of Poverty}} [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 40x614oeyc7uaonslmsxefcpleditiu 639022 639021 2026-05-26T16:38:49Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Edensibịa */ 639022 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|nje bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-ezo ezo na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|asọ mmiri na-ebu ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ na-ezi ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke zoro ezo nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọ kacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012">Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine"]</span>. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].</cite></ref> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html "Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing"]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb "Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB"]. ''World Health Organization''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment "Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment"]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html "About Tuberculosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Mantoux test" class="cx-link" data-linkid="275">tuberculin skin test</a> nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024" /> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnZumla2011">Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div>{{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=8515|ICD11={{ICD11|1B10}}-{{ICD11|1B1Z}}|ICD10={{ICD10|A15-A19}}|ICD9={{ICD9|010}}–{{ICD9|018}}|OMIM=607948|MedlinePlus=000077|MedlinePlus_mult={{MedlinePlus2|000624}}|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=2324|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|618}} {{eMedicine2|radio|411}}|MeshID=D014376|Orphanet=3389|Scholia=Q12204}}{{Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases}} == Ọgwụgwọ == {{Diseases of Poverty}} [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6ngh98uix7qupj01nuc26m8p9j6u51j 639023 639022 2026-05-26T16:39:26Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Ọgwụgwọ */ 639023 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|nje bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-ezo ezo na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|asọ mmiri na-ebu ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ na-ezi ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke zoro ezo nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọ kacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012">Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine"]</span>. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].</cite></ref> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html "Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing"]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb "Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB"]. ''World Health Organization''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment "Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment"]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html "About Tuberculosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Mantoux test" class="cx-link" data-linkid="275">tuberculin skin test</a> nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024" /> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnZumla2011">Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div>{{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=8515|ICD11={{ICD11|1B10}}-{{ICD11|1B1Z}}|ICD10={{ICD10|A15-A19}}|ICD9={{ICD9|010}}–{{ICD9|018}}|OMIM=607948|MedlinePlus=000077|MedlinePlus_mult={{MedlinePlus2|000624}}|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=2324|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|618}} {{eMedicine2|radio|411}}|MeshID=D014376|Orphanet=3389|Scholia=Q12204}}{{Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases}} == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hmt1060ehe021nde4b2o5b6k8nfbfd2 639024 639023 2026-05-26T16:41:46Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Mycobacteria */ 639024 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|nje bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-ezo ezo na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|asọ mmiri na-ebu ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ na-ezi ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke zoro ezo nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọ kacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012">Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine"]</span>. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].</cite></ref> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html "Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing"]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb "Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB"]. ''World Health Organization''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment "Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment"]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html "About Tuberculosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Mantoux test" class="cx-link" data-linkid="275">tuberculin skin test</a> nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024" /> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnZumla2011">Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 24l38z1i5fm2d5xpoe5qi5bn5dgmuwv 639025 639024 2026-05-26T16:42:33Z Goodymeraj 16207 Wepu mgbanwe [[Special:Diff/639024|639024]] nke [[Special:Contributions/Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] ([[User talk:Goodymeraj|talk]]) 639025 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|nje bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-ezo ezo na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|asọ mmiri na-ebu ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ na-ezi ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke zoro ezo nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọ kacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012">Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine"]</span>. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].</cite></ref> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html "Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing"]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb "Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB"]. ''World Health Organization''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment "Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment"]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html "About Tuberculosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Mantoux test" class="cx-link" data-linkid="275">tuberculin skin test</a> nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024" /> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnZumla2011">Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === <templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div>{{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=8515|ICD11={{ICD11|1B10}}-{{ICD11|1B1Z}}|ICD10={{ICD10|A15-A19}}|ICD9={{ICD9|010}}–{{ICD9|018}}|OMIM=607948|MedlinePlus=000077|MedlinePlus_mult={{MedlinePlus2|000624}}|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=2324|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|618}} {{eMedicine2|radio|411}}|MeshID=D014376|Orphanet=3389|Scholia=Q12204}}{{Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases}} == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hmt1060ehe021nde4b2o5b6k8nfbfd2 639026 639025 2026-05-26T16:43:26Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Mycobacteria */ 639026 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|nje bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-ezo ezo na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|asọ mmiri na-ebu ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ na-ezi ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke zoro ezo nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọ kacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012">Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine"]</span>. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].</cite></ref> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html "Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing"]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb "Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB"]. ''World Health Organization''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment "Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment"]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html "About Tuberculosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Mantoux test" class="cx-link" data-linkid="275">tuberculin skin test</a> nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024" /> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnZumla2011">Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div>{{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=8515|ICD11={{ICD11|1B10}}-{{ICD11|1B1Z}}|ICD10={{ICD10|A15-A19}}|ICD9={{ICD9|010}}–{{ICD9|018}}|OMIM=607948|MedlinePlus=000077|MedlinePlus_mult={{MedlinePlus2|000624}}|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=2324|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|emerg|618}} {{eMedicine2|radio|411}}|MeshID=D014376|Orphanet=3389|Scholia=Q12204}}{{Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases}} == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] l8fky3e7o5pmrye4dsdkjpeawa9usxz 639027 639026 2026-05-26T16:44:19Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Mycobacteria */ 639027 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|nje bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-ezo ezo na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|asọ mmiri na-ebu ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ na-ezi ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke zoro ezo nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọ kacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012">Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine"]</span>. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].</cite></ref> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html "Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing"]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb "Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB"]. ''World Health Organization''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment "Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment"]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html "About Tuberculosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Mantoux test" class="cx-link" data-linkid="275">tuberculin skin test</a> nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024" /> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnZumla2011">Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 24l38z1i5fm2d5xpoe5qi5bn5dgmuwv 639036 639027 2026-05-26T18:40:14Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo */ 639036 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|nje bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-ezo ezo na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|asọ mmiri na-ebu ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ na-ezi ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke zoro ezo nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọ kacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012">Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine"]</span>. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].</cite></ref> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html "Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing"]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb "Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB"]. ''World Health Organization''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment "Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment"]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html "About Tuberculosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024" /> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnZumla2011">Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 48pn5d208zfh9uye8tjlqjfhyffcvn6 639037 639036 2026-05-26T18:41:17Z Goodymeraj 16207 639037 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|nje bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-ezo ezo na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|asọ mmiri na-ebu ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ na-eze uzere.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke zoro ezo nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọ kacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012">Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine"]</span>. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].</cite></ref> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html "Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing"]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb "Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB"]. ''World Health Organization''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment "Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment"]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html "About Tuberculosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024" /> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnZumla2011">Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bzz3640y2yn3byla123kbd74nzyhij9 639038 639037 2026-05-26T18:43:16Z Goodymeraj 16207 639038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|nje bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-ezo ezo na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|asọ mmiri na-ebu ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ [[:en:Sneeze|ize uzere]].<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke zoro ezo nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọ kacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012">Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine"]</span>. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].</cite></ref> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html "Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing"]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb "Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB"]. ''World Health Organization''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment "Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment"]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html "About Tuberculosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024" /> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnZumla2011">Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8ltmyfwg570ga3lcgu0xn6sw7s6ojuz Abá 0 76003 639008 2026-05-26T13:20:09Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Chinemeremprince moved page [[Abá]] to [[Aba, Nigeria]]: Misspelled title 639008 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[Aba, Nigeria]] calq024wa2uj6sbgmqlt0nywne96nom Abacha 0 76004 639009 2026-05-26T13:44:48Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345208448|Abacha]]" 639009 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|6.143207|6.956945}} '''Abacha''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Chinwoke 01-Abacha.wav|Listen}} bụ obodo dị na Anambra Steeti na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] . Ọ bụ otu n'ime obodo iri dị na Idemili North ma dị n'ime Anambra Central Senatorial Zone. Ndị bi ebe ahụ bụ ndị [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]], obodo ahụ na Abatete, Nimo, [[Oraukwu, Anambra|Oraukwu]], na Eziowelle nwere ókèala. == Ebe na ala == Abacha bụ obodo dị na mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Naịjirịa, n'ime mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Idemili North nke steeti Anambra. Ọ na-eketa ókèala ya na obodo Abatete, Nimo, Oraukwu, na Eziowelle, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime obodo iri dị na Idemili North. Abacha na-adakwa na mpaghara ndị omeiwu etiti Anambra. Ndị bi n'obodo ahụ bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Igbo, bụ ndị si n'agbụrụ Igbo buru ibu nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa. === Nkewa ọchịchị === Abacha nwere obodo nta ise a ma ama: # [[Umudike|Umudisi]] # Umuazu # Umuokpolonwu # Umuekpeli # Ugwuma Obodo Umuokpolonwu kewara n'ime obere obodo abụọ: Umunneora na Umuaribo. == Ịdu == E chiri Chief Nwabunwanne Godwin Odiegwu okpueze.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-08-25|title=Another Anambra community disowns suspended Monarch over Abuja trip|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/08/another-anambra-community-disowns-suspended-monarch-over-abuja-trip/|accessdate=2021-11-29|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-01|title=Anambra community boils over plot to appoint acting Igwe|url=https://guardian.ng/news/anambra-community-boils-over-plot-to-appoint-acting-igwe/|accessdate=2021-11-29|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ezedioramma Ikendim Abachaleku III, Igwe (Eze) nke Abacha na Jenụwarị 9, 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abacha Development Union In North America Honours New Traditional Ruler Igwe Odiegwu, Traditional Prime Minister Omofia|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2021/04/20/abacha-development-union-in-north-america-honours-new-traditional-ruler-igwe-odiegwu-traditional-prime-minister-omofia/|accessdate=2021-11-29|work=Heartbeat Of The East|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129215028/https://www.absradiotv.com/2021/04/20/abacha-development-union-in-north-america-honours-new-traditional-ruler-igwe-odiegwu-traditional-prime-minister-omofia/}}</ref> mgbe Ọchịchị [[Willie Obiano]] chụpụrụ onye bu ya ụzọ, Igwe Godwin Chuba Mbakwe, ọ bụ ezie na okwu ahụ ka nọ n'ụlọ ikpe nke ikike iji chọpụta iwu ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ nke ihe Ọchịchị willie Obiano mere n'oge ahụ; Ndi Anambra kwuru na ọ bụ Gọvanọ kachasị njọ mgbe Chinw Mbadinuju gasịrị, na 2020 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 6a128948gkt1idef61damxo7d4m7qf8 Rozsika Parker 0 76005 639043 2026-05-26T20:34:31Z Mirah50 16972 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343419088|Rozsika Parker]]" 639043 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rozsika Parker''' (27 Disemba 1945 - 5 Nọvemba 2010) bụ onye Britain na-agwọ ọrịa uche, ọkammụta akụkọ nka mere eme, odee na onye na-akwado nha ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|author=Petrie|first=Ruthie|title=Rozsika Parker obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/21/rozsika-parker-obituary|work=The Guardian|date=21 November 2010|accessdate=23 December 2017}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Parker na London ma ọ nọrọ afọ ndị mbụ ya na Oxford, ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Wychwood . <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|author=Petrie|first=Ruthie|title=Rozsika Parker obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/21/rozsika-parker-obituary|work=The Guardian|date=21 November 2010|accessdate=23 December 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPetrie2010">Petrie, Ruthie (21 November 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/21/rozsika-parker-obituary "Rozsika Parker obituary"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> N'agbata afọ 1966 ruo1969, Parker gụrụ maka nzere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka Europe na Courtauld Institute dị na London. N'afọ 1972, ọ sonyeere akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị na-akwadọ nha ụmụ nwanyị, Spare Rib. Ya na Griselda Pollock wee gaa n'ihu iguzobe otu ndị na-akwadọ nha ụmụ nwanyị, The Feminist Art History Collective . <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|author=Petrie|first=Ruthie|title=Rozsika Parker obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/21/rozsika-parker-obituary|work=The Guardian|date=21 November 2010|accessdate=23 December 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPetrie2010">Petrie, Ruthie (21 November 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/21/rozsika-parker-obituary "Rozsika Parker obituary"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1980, Parker na onye nyocha Jungian bụ Andrew Samuels mụrụ ụmụ abụọ, otu nwa nwoke na otu nwa nwanyị.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|author=Petrie|first=Ruthie|title=Rozsika Parker obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/21/rozsika-parker-obituary|work=The Guardian|date=21 November 2010|accessdate=23 December 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPetrie2010">Petrie, Ruthie (21 November 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/21/rozsika-parker-obituary "Rozsika Parker obituary"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Parker nwụrụ na 2010 mgbe ọ dị afọ 64 n'ihi ọrịa kansa.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|author=Petrie|first=Ruthie|title=Rozsika Parker obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/21/rozsika-parker-obituary|work=The Guardian|date=21 November 2010|accessdate=23 December 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPetrie2010">Petrie, Ruthie (21 November 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/21/rozsika-parker-obituary "Rozsika Parker obituary"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe Nketa == N'afọ 2013, British Journal of Psychotherapy hiwere ihe nrite Rozsika Parker Essay Prize . <ref name="bjp">{{Cite web|title=Rozsika Parker Prize|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1752-0118/homepage/roziska_parker_prize.htm|work=British Journal of Psychotherapy|publisher=Wiley Online Library|accessdate=23 December 2017|doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1752-0118}}</ref> Arụmụka Parker na ịkpa ákwà bụ ụzọ isi kụziere ụmụ nwanyị ihe nakwa ngwá ọgụ maka iguzogide nyere aka ịmepụta nkà eriri kọmputa dịka Anastasia Salter kwuru na edemede ya, Re:traced Threads: Generating Feminist Textile Art with Tracery . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Salter|first=Anastasia|date=3 May 2020|title=Electronic Book Review|doi=10.7273/dped-gd56|url=https://doi.org/10.7273/dped-gd56}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * Old Mistresses: Women, Art and Ideology, na Griselda Pollock (1981) * ''The Subversive Stitch: Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine (1984) '' * Framing Feminism: Art and the Women's Movement1970-1985 (1987) * The Subversive Stitch:Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine (1989) * ''Torn in Two: Experience of Maternal Ambivalence'' (1995) * ''Mother Love,Mother Hate: The Power of Maternal Ambivalence'' (1996) * ''The Anxious Gardener (2006) '' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Melissa Benn, "Deep mother alienation", ''The Guardian'', October 28, 2006 * [http://ayearofpositivethinking.com/2010/11/22/in-memoriam-rozsika-parker-feminist-art-historian-and-activist/ "In Memoriam: Rozsika Parker, Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye na-eme ngagharị iwe"] * Ajụjụ ọnụ Griselda Pollock banyere Rosie Parker, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00w7f8k ''Okwu Ikpeazụ''], BBC Radio 4, 3 Disemba 2012. [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] t9abu8tcfgkuf7233c3mz03x14pzvny 639044 639043 2026-05-26T20:36:16Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 639044 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rozsika Parker''' (27 Disemba 1945 - 5 Nọvemba 2010) bụ onye Britain na-agwọ ọrịa uche, ọkammụta akụkọ nka mere eme, odee na onye na-akwado nha ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|author=Petrie|first=Ruthie|title=Rozsika Parker obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/21/rozsika-parker-obituary|work=The Guardian|date=21 November 2010|accessdate=23 December 2017}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Parker na London ma ọ nọrọ afọ ndị mbụ ya na Oxford, ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Wychwood . <ref name="Guardian" /> N'agbata afọ 1966 ruo1969, Parker gụrụ maka nzere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka Europe na Courtauld Institute dị na London. N'afọ 1972, ọ sonyeere akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị na-akwadọ nha ụmụ nwanyị, Spare Rib. Ya na Griselda Pollock wee gaa n'ihu iguzobe otu ndị na-akwadọ nha ụmụ nwanyị, The Feminist Art History Collective . <ref name="Guardian" /> N'afọ 1980, Parker na onye nyocha Jungian bụ Andrew Samuels mụrụ ụmụ abụọ, otu nwa nwoke na otu nwa nwanyị.<ref name="Guardian" /> Parker nwụrụ na 2010 mgbe ọ dị afọ 64 n'ihi ọrịa kansa.<ref name="Guardian" /> == Ihe Nketa == N'afọ 2013, British Journal of Psychotherapy hiwere ihe nrite Rozsika Parker Essay Prize . <ref name="bjp">{{Cite web|title=Rozsika Parker Prize|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1752-0118/homepage/roziska_parker_prize.htm|work=British Journal of Psychotherapy|publisher=Wiley Online Library|accessdate=23 December 2017|doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1752-0118}}</ref> Arụmụka Parker na ịkpa ákwà bụ ụzọ isi kụziere ụmụ nwanyị ihe nakwa ngwá ọgụ maka iguzogide nyere aka ịmepụta nkà eriri kọmputa dịka Anastasia Salter kwuru na edemede ya, Re:traced Threads: Generating Feminist Textile Art with Tracery . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Salter|first=Anastasia|date=3 May 2020|title=Electronic Book Review|doi=10.7273/dped-gd56|url=https://doi.org/10.7273/dped-gd56}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * Old Mistresses: Women, Art and Ideology, na Griselda Pollock (1981) * ''The Subversive Stitch: Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine (1984) '' * Framing Feminism: Art and the Women's Movement1970-1985 (1987) * The Subversive Stitch:Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine (1989) * ''Torn in Two: Experience of Maternal Ambivalence'' (1995) * ''Mother Love,Mother Hate: The Power of Maternal Ambivalence'' (1996) * ''The Anxious Gardener (2006) '' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Melissa Benn, "Deep mother alienation", ''The Guardian'', October 28, 2006 * [http://ayearofpositivethinking.com/2010/11/22/in-memoriam-rozsika-parker-feminist-art-historian-and-activist/ "In Memoriam: Rozsika Parker, Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye na-eme ngagharị iwe"] * Ajụjụ ọnụ Griselda Pollock banyere Rosie Parker, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00w7f8k ''Okwu Ikpeazụ''], BBC Radio 4, 3 Disemba 2012. [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 8pv9emsmlzlj9brjxrgx4mjg8lcm0fg 639072 639044 2026-05-26T23:59:36Z Mirah50 16972 639072 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rozsika Parker''' (27 Disemba 1945 - 5 Nọvemba 2010) bụ onye Britain na-agwọ ọrịa uche, ọkammụta akụkọ nka mere eme, odee na onye na-akwado nha ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|author=Petrie|first=Ruthie|title=Rozsika Parker obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/21/rozsika-parker-obituary|work=The Guardian|date=21 November 2010|accessdate=23 December 2017}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Parker na London ma ọ nọrọ afọ ndị mbụ ya na Oxford, ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Wychwood . <ref name="Guardian" /> N'agbata afọ 1966 ruo1969, Parker gụrụ maka nzere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka Europe na Courtauld Institute dị na London. N'afọ 1972, ọ sonyeere akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị na-akwadọ nha ụmụ nwanyị, Spare Rib. Ya na Griselda Pollock wee gaa n'ihu iguzobe otu ndị na-akwadọ nha ụmụ nwanyị, The Feminist Art History Collective . <ref name="Guardian" /> N'afọ 1980, Parker na onye nyocha Jungian bụ Andrew Samuels mụrụ ụmụ abụọ, otu nwa nwoke na otu nwa nwanyị.<ref name="Guardian" /> Parker nwụrụ na 2010 mgbe ọ dị afọ 64 n'ihi ọrịa kansa.<ref name="Guardian" /> == Ihe Nketa == N'afọ 2013, British Journal of Psychotherapy hiwere ihe nrite Rozsika Parker Essay Prize . <ref name="bjp">{{Cite web|title=Rozsika Parker Prize|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1752-0118/homepage/roziska_parker_prize.htm|work=British Journal of Psychotherapy|publisher=Wiley Online Library|accessdate=23 December 2017|doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1752-0118}}</ref> Arụmụka Parker na ịkpa ákwà bụ ụzọ isi kụziere ụmụ nwanyị ihe nakwa ngwá ọgụ maka iguzogide nyere aka ịmepụta nkà eriri kọmputa dịka Anastasia Salter kwuru na edemede ya, Re:traced Threads: Generating Feminist Textile Art with Tracery . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Salter|first=Anastasia|date=3 May 2020|title=Electronic Book Review|doi=10.7273/dped-gd56|url=https://doi.org/10.7273/dped-gd56}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * Old Mistresses: Women, Art and Ideology, na Griselda Pollock (1981) * ''The Subversive Stitch: Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine (1984) '' * Framing Feminism: Art and the Women's Movement1970-1985 (1987) * The Subversive Stitch:Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine (1989) * ''Torn in Two: Experience of Maternal Ambivalence'' (1995) * ''Mother Love,Mother Hate: The Power of Maternal Ambivalence'' (1996) * ''The Anxious Gardener (2006) '' ==Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Melissa Benn, "Deep mother alienation", ''The Guardian'', October 28, 2006 * [http://ayearofpositivethinking.com/2010/11/22/in-memoriam-rozsika-parker-feminist-art-historian-and-activist/ "In Memoriam: Rozsika Parker, Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye na-eme ngagharị iwe"] * Ajụjụ ọnụ Griselda Pollock banyere Rosie Parker, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00w7f8k ''Okwu Ikpeazụ''], BBC Radio 4, 3 Disemba 2012. [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] ib2b7rq2kao3w6jgu2uaj2r95eoyy36 Abagana 0 76006 639050 2026-05-26T22:10:54Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335800435|Abagana]]" 639050 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Abagana</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Faịlụ:Nigeria_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Abagana is located in Nigeria]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:78.17%;left:38.331%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Abagana]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Abagana</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ebe dị na Naijiria</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Nhazi: 6°11′N 6°59′E / 6.183°N 6.983°E / 6.-183; 6.983<span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abagana&params=6_11_N_6_59_E_region:NG_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°11′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°59′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.183°N 6.983°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.183; 6.983</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]][[Faịlụ:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|25x25px]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Ora no na ime Naijiria|Ọnọdụ]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Anambra Steeti|Steeti Anambra]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gọọmentị<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Igwe&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Igwe Patrick Mbamalu Okeke |} '''Abagana''' bụ obodo dị na Naijiria . Ọ bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ [[Njikoka]] Local Government Area Anambra State ma dị ihe dị ka kilomita 20 site na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] n'okporo ụzọ [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]]-[[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] Trunk A nke kewara obodo ahụ n'ime ọkara abụọ. Obodo Abagana nwere ala dị ihe dịka square kilomita 9.2 ma obodo Abba, Ukpo, na Enugu Agidi dị n'ebe ugwu, obodo Nimo Owelle na Eziowelle dị na ndịda, obodo Enugwu Ukwu dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, obodo Umunnachi na Ifitedunu dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọchịchị ọdịnala na-anakwere utu aha eze nke Igwe Abagana. Onye na-achị ọdịnala ugbu a bụ Eze Ukwu, Igwe Patrick Mbamalu Okeke.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2018/12/31/abagana-monarch-igwe-okeke-celebrates-ofala-and-igu-aro-festivals/|title=Abagana Monarch Igwe Okeke Celebrates Ofala And Igu – Aro Festivals|author=Valentine|first=Mbadugh|date=January 2012|work=Anambra Broadcasting Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Igwe Patrick Mbamalu Okeke|url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/igwe-patrick-mbamalu-okeke/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-01|title=Igwe Patrick Okeke of Abagana 2018 Ofala Festival|url=https://www.odogwublog.com/igwe-patrick-okeke-of-abagana-2018-ofala-festival/|accessdate=2024-08-12|work=Odogwu Blog|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Rapheal|date=2022-10-24|title=Development, peace in focus as Abagana inaugurates town union leaders|url=https://thesun.ng/development-peace-in-focus-as-abagana-inaugurates-town-union-leaders/|accessdate=2024-08-12|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Enweghị ihe ndekọ zuru oke nke mmalite Abagana. E nwere n'ụzọ bụ isi nsụgharị atọ nke mmalite Abagana ka anyị nwere ike ịnakọta ma site na raconteurs anyị na ndekọ ole na ole dịnụ. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Igbo mbụ kwuru na Abagana, Nimo Owelle, Eziowelle, na Abba bụ ndị ikwu. Dịka nsụgharị a si kwuo, otu nwoke aha ya bụ Owelle si n'ala Igbo a na-amaghị ama kwaga, ya na nwunye ya, Oma, wee biri n'ebe dị n'etiti Nimo Owelle na Eziowelle na mpaghara Onitsha ochie. Nwoke a mụrụ ụmụ nwoke atọ na otu nwa nwanyị: Nimo (a makwaara dịka Nimo Owelle: n'ime obodo/ókèala Owelle), Ezi (a makwaara dịka Eziowelle: ụzọ na-aga n'ụlọ Owelle) Abagana na Abba. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na obodo ndị a nwere otu ebe etiti ebe ha na-efe ofufe ma na-eme emume oriri nke ụmụnne nna ochie nke a na-akpọ "Uta Nwanne na Nwanne" yiri ka ọ na-akwado nkwupụta a nke agbụrụ nna ochie. Nkọwa ọzọ nke mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Abagana kwuru na nna "Abagana" onye e nyere aha ya dị ka 'Obum' sitere n'ebe a na-amaghị ama wee biri n'ebe ama ugbu a dị ka "Nkwo Abagana". Dị ka Late Chief Nwankwo Okakpu, onye ndú obodo na onye na-elekọta ọdịbendị ndị mmadụ, si kwuo, nwoke a mụrụ ụmụ itoolu aha ha bụ: Ogidi, Okpala, Chime, Okwui, Ene, Dejili, Akpuche, Ajilija, na Uru-Ochu. Akụkọ ahụ dị n'elu yiri ka ọ kwenyere na okwu a ma ama, Abagana Ebo teghete, ya bụ Abagana nke agbụrụ itoolu, nke doro anya na ọ kpochapụrụ echiche mbụ nke "Abagana Ebo n' ese, ya bụ, Abagana nke ezinụlọ ise. Ikekwe akụkọ a nabatara nke ọma banyere mmalite Abagana bụ na nwoke a na-akpọ "Agana-Diese" tọrọ ntọala Abagana. Ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị na-akọ akụkọ anyị maara kpọmkwem ebe nwoke a si kwaga, mana echiche na nkwenye a ma ama bụ na ndị mmadụ chụpụrụ nwoke a maka ime ihe arụ ma n'ihi nke a ọ gbapụrụ n'obodo ya wee biri n'ebe a maara taa dị ka "Nkwo-Abagana". Dị ka isi mmalite anyị si kwuo, ndị na-akwado ọdịnala nke otu narị afọ, gụnyere Late Chief Ejiofor Amamchukwu (Chime Abagana), Chief Okoye Ogbantu, na Chief Okeke Ezechi; nwoke a lụrụ di ma mụọ ụmụ isii, ụmụ nwoke ise na otu nwanyị, ya bụ, Okpala, Diese, Akpuche, Uruochu, Ajilija, na Obum - naanị nwanyị. Dị ka isi mmalite ndị a si kwuo, ụmụ ise a nke Agana-Diese bụ ndị mbụ bi n'ebe a na-akpọ "Abagana" ugbu a, nke a bụ ma eleghị anya ihe mere anyị ji nwee "Abagana Ebo-n' ese, ya bụ, Abagana nke agbụrụ ise. Ka ọ na-agbaso mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme a, e guzobere ugwu ime mmụọ n'ebe ndị nna nna Agana-Dise biri ma weghachite ụmụ ya. Ọ dị ugbu a na Nkwo-Abagana Square ma taa ka ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị n'otu yana idebe nke ndị mmadụ na-Abana dị ka ihe ncheta nke ọdịnala. Isi mmalite anyị nwekwara ya na ka oge na-aga, "Okpala" onye bụ onye ọrụ ugbo bara ọgaranya n'oge ahụ nọ na nnukwu mkpa enyemaka mmadụ ma maka ọrụ ugbo ya ma maka nchebe anụ ahụ nke nnukwu mmiri ya na-agbasawanye ngwa ngwa. Na mbido, ọ were onye ọrụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ iji rụọ ọrụ ahụ, mana ka oge na-aga, ọ zutere otu nnukwu onye na-achụ nta a na-akpọ "Dunu" onye si Umunachi na njem ịchụ nta ma tinye aka na ọrụ ya ma mesịa mee ya "Dunu", onye njikwa ndị ọrụ ya. A chịkọtara na Okpala mechara nwee mmasị dị ukwuu na nnukwu onye na-achụ nta a nke mere na o nyere ya ala iji wuo ụlọ nke ya ma kwe ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ugbo n'efu n'ala ndị dị gburugburu ebe obibi ya maka ebumnuche nke onwe ya. N'ihi ihe ndị dị n'elu, dịka a gwara anyị, nwoke a a na-akpọ "Dunu" chọtara ezi ihe mere o ji biri ma mesịa lụọ nwunye si n'obodo Uru-Okpala ma mụọ Kabi, Okpalachi, na Dilekwo. Ụmụ nwoke atọ a, dị ka akwụkwọ anyị si kwuo, mejupụtara ugbu a ndị isi atọ dị taa n'obodo Umudunu, Abagana. Ọ dị mkpa ịkọwa na ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ sonyeere Dunu, ọkachasị ndị si Awkuzu na obodo ndị ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu, ka a hapụ ha ka ha na Dunu biri n'otu ebe ahụ, mana oge ụfọdụ ka e mesịrị gbasasịa ma pụọ ma ọ bụ na Diaspora ma ọ bụ laghachi n'ụlọ nna ha, mana ihe fọdụrụ na-agbasa ma jikọta ya na ndị ikwu Dunu. O kwesịkwara ịkọwa na n'ihi ihe isi ike ụmụ Dunu nwere n'inweta ndị nwunye site na obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu, Dunu doziri nsogbu a site n'ịmepụta akụkụ ime mmụọ a na-akpọ "Iti Ofo na Ala" nke mere ka otu akụkụ nke ụmụ ya nwee ike ịlụ onwe ha, nke a gara n'ihu ruo taa. Orofia bụ obodo nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na Abagana taa n'ihe gbasara ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na oke ala mgbe Umudunu gasịrị. Dịka ọ dị na Umudunu, onye hiwere ya bụ onye si mba ọzọ a na-akpọ "Chime" ("Chima" n'ụfọdụ asụsụ). Dabere na akụkọ ọzọ nke isi mmalite anyị, Chime a bụ nnukwu onye agha, onye njem, na onye ọchịchị nke si "[[Ohafia]]" dị nso na [[Arochukwu]] na steeti Abia na-achọ ndị ohu na ngwaahịa. Ụfọdụ ndị okenye na-ekwu na Chime si Arochukwu mana ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eso ụzọ ya si Ohafia na gburugburu ya. Isi iyi anyị kwuru na nwoke a tọrọ ntọala "Orofia" n'obodo ndị ọzọ dị ka Nimo, [[Enugwu-Ukwu]], Eziowelle, Alor, [[Umudioka]], Ogbunike, [[Ogidi, Anambra|Ogidi]], Ukpo, Oraukwu, na ndị ọzọ n'oge ọtụtụ njem na njem ya, mana n'ikpeazụ ya na ndị agha ya nwere ọgaranya biri na Abagana ma guzobe "obodo Orofia Abagana". Chime mechara lụọ Akpu Abagana ma mesịa gafee Osimiri Niger na ezinụlọ ya na ndị na-eso ụzọ ya, ma n'oge njem ahụ, o guzobere Onicha Ugbo, Onicha Olona, Issele Ukwu, Issele Azagba, Issele Mkpitime, Obior, Onicha Mmiri, nke niile bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ Ezechima na Igboland. Echiche nke isi mmalite anyị na ndị zaghachirinụ kwenyere na aha "Abagana" sitere na ọdịnala a na-ekwu na nna guzobere Abagana bụ "Agana-Diese". Na mbụ, ndị mmadụ kpọrọ onwe ha "Ebe-Agana" nke pụtara obí Agana. Ka e mesịrị, n'oge tupu oge ọchịchị, ndị agbata obi ya kpọrọ ha 'Mba-Agana' nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị na anaghị ekwe ka ndị bịara abịa si n'ala ahụ gafee. Nke a ga-abụrịrị n'ihi ọdịdị agha ya. N'oge ahụ, ndị nwe ala ga-esi [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] pụọ site na Awkuzu, Nando, Mgbakwu wee gaa [[Óká|Awka]] ebe ha biri. Ịgafe Abagana gaara adị mfe ma dị mkpụmkpụ maka ha, mana egwu Abagana bụ mmalite nke amamihe nye ha. N'ezie, ọ bụ ndị Europe, bụ ndị chere na o siri ike ịkpọpụta "Mba-Agana" gbanwere aha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ "Abagana" maka ịkpọpụta dị mfe dịka ha mere n'ebe ndị ọzọ dị ka Nawfia, Nawgu, Onitsha, Awkuzu wdg. == Ndị na-eche nche na Abagana == Na Machị 31, 1968, ndị agha Biafra meriri n'agha ha kachasị ukwuu site n'ịtụ agha ma bibie otu ndị agha Naịjirịa nwere ụgbọala 96 site na iji bọmbụ e ji aka rụọ nke a na-akpọ Ogbunigwe ma ọ bụ bọmbụ bọket. Mmeri Abagana mere ka ndị agha Naịjirịa merie Jeneraal Yakubu Gowon chụpụ Kọnịl Murtala Mohammed dịka onye isi ndị agha (GCO) nke ngalaba Onitsha.. == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n4bct3nbu5dnsveg265yj1f3ke2di7s 639051 639050 2026-05-26T22:20:58Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639051 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Abagana</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Faịlụ:Nigeria_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Abagana is located in Nigeria]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:78.17%;left:38.331%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Abagana]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Abagana</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ebe dị na Naijiria</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Nhazi: 6°11′N 6°59′E / 6.183°N 6.983°E / 6.-183; 6.983<span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abagana&params=6_11_N_6_59_E_region:NG_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°11′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°59′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.183°N 6.983°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.183; 6.983</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]][[Faịlụ:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|25x25px]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Ora no na ime Naijiria|Ọnọdụ]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Anambra Steeti|Steeti Anambra]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gọọmentị<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Igwe&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Igwe Patrick Mbamalu Okeke |} '''Abagana''' ''{{Audio|Ig-Abagana.ogg|(Mkpọpụta)}}'' bụ obodo dị na Naijiria . Ọ bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ [[Njikoka]] Local Government Area Anambra State ma dị ihe dị ka kilomita 20 site na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] n'okporo ụzọ [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]]-[[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] Trunk A nke kewara obodo ahụ n'ime ọkara abụọ. Obodo Abagana nwere ala dị ihe dịka square kilomita 9.2 ma obodo Abba, Ukpo, na Enugu Agidi dị n'ebe ugwu, obodo Nimo Owelle na Eziowelle dị na ndịda, obodo Enugwu Ukwu dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, obodo Umunnachi na Ifitedunu dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọchịchị ọdịnala na-anakwere utu aha eze nke Igwe Abagana. Onye na-achị ọdịnala ugbu a bụ Eze Ukwu, Igwe Patrick Mbamalu Okeke.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2018/12/31/abagana-monarch-igwe-okeke-celebrates-ofala-and-igu-aro-festivals/|title=Abagana Monarch Igwe Okeke Celebrates Ofala And Igu – Aro Festivals|author=Valentine|first=Mbadugh|date=January 2012|work=Anambra Broadcasting Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Igwe Patrick Mbamalu Okeke|url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/igwe-patrick-mbamalu-okeke/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-01|title=Igwe Patrick Okeke of Abagana 2018 Ofala Festival|url=https://www.odogwublog.com/igwe-patrick-okeke-of-abagana-2018-ofala-festival/|accessdate=2024-08-12|work=Odogwu Blog|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Rapheal|date=2022-10-24|title=Development, peace in focus as Abagana inaugurates town union leaders|url=https://thesun.ng/development-peace-in-focus-as-abagana-inaugurates-town-union-leaders/|accessdate=2024-08-12|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Enweghị ihe ndekọ zuru oke nke mmalite Abagana. E nwere n'ụzọ bụ isi nsụgharị atọ nke mmalite Abagana ka anyị nwere ike ịnakọta ma site na raconteurs anyị na ndekọ ole na ole dịnụ. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Igbo mbụ kwuru na Abagana, Nimo Owelle, Eziowelle, na Abba bụ ndị ikwu. Dịka nsụgharị a si kwuo, otu nwoke aha ya bụ Owelle si n'ala Igbo a na-amaghị ama kwaga, ya na nwunye ya, Oma, wee biri n'ebe dị n'etiti Nimo Owelle na Eziowelle na mpaghara Onitsha ochie. Nwoke a mụrụ ụmụ nwoke atọ na otu nwa nwanyị: Nimo (a makwaara dịka Nimo Owelle: n'ime obodo/ókèala Owelle), Ezi (a makwaara dịka Eziowelle: ụzọ na-aga n'ụlọ Owelle) Abagana na Abba. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na obodo ndị a nwere otu ebe etiti ebe ha na-efe ofufe ma na-eme emume oriri nke ụmụnne nna ochie nke a na-akpọ "Uta Nwanne na Nwanne" yiri ka ọ na-akwado nkwupụta a nke agbụrụ nna ochie. Nkọwa ọzọ nke mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Abagana kwuru na nna "Abagana" onye e nyere aha ya dị ka 'Obum' sitere n'ebe a na-amaghị ama wee biri n'ebe ama ugbu a dị ka "Nkwo Abagana". Dị ka Late Chief Nwankwo Okakpu, onye ndú obodo na onye na-elekọta ọdịbendị ndị mmadụ, si kwuo, nwoke a mụrụ ụmụ itoolu aha ha bụ: Ogidi, Okpala, Chime, Okwui, Ene, Dejili, Akpuche, Ajilija, na Uru-Ochu. Akụkọ ahụ dị n'elu yiri ka ọ kwenyere na okwu a ma ama, Abagana Ebo teghete, ya bụ Abagana nke agbụrụ itoolu, nke doro anya na ọ kpochapụrụ echiche mbụ nke "Abagana Ebo n' ese, ya bụ, Abagana nke ezinụlọ ise. Ikekwe akụkọ a nabatara nke ọma banyere mmalite Abagana bụ na nwoke a na-akpọ "Agana-Diese" tọrọ ntọala Abagana. Ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị na-akọ akụkọ anyị maara kpọmkwem ebe nwoke a si kwaga, mana echiche na nkwenye a ma ama bụ na ndị mmadụ chụpụrụ nwoke a maka ime ihe arụ ma n'ihi nke a ọ gbapụrụ n'obodo ya wee biri n'ebe a maara taa dị ka "Nkwo-Abagana". Dị ka isi mmalite anyị si kwuo, ndị na-akwado ọdịnala nke otu narị afọ, gụnyere Late Chief Ejiofor Amamchukwu (Chime Abagana), Chief Okoye Ogbantu, na Chief Okeke Ezechi; nwoke a lụrụ di ma mụọ ụmụ isii, ụmụ nwoke ise na otu nwanyị, ya bụ, Okpala, Diese, Akpuche, Uruochu, Ajilija, na Obum - naanị nwanyị. Dị ka isi mmalite ndị a si kwuo, ụmụ ise a nke Agana-Diese bụ ndị mbụ bi n'ebe a na-akpọ "Abagana" ugbu a, nke a bụ ma eleghị anya ihe mere anyị ji nwee "Abagana Ebo-n' ese, ya bụ, Abagana nke agbụrụ ise. Ka ọ na-agbaso mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme a, e guzobere ugwu ime mmụọ n'ebe ndị nna nna Agana-Dise biri ma weghachite ụmụ ya. Ọ dị ugbu a na Nkwo-Abagana Square ma taa ka ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị n'otu yana idebe nke ndị mmadụ na-Abana dị ka ihe ncheta nke ọdịnala. Isi mmalite anyị nwekwara ya na ka oge na-aga, "Okpala" onye bụ onye ọrụ ugbo bara ọgaranya n'oge ahụ nọ na nnukwu mkpa enyemaka mmadụ ma maka ọrụ ugbo ya ma maka nchebe anụ ahụ nke nnukwu mmiri ya na-agbasawanye ngwa ngwa. Na mbido, ọ were onye ọrụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ iji rụọ ọrụ ahụ, mana ka oge na-aga, ọ zutere otu nnukwu onye na-achụ nta a na-akpọ "Dunu" onye si Umunachi na njem ịchụ nta ma tinye aka na ọrụ ya ma mesịa mee ya "Dunu", onye njikwa ndị ọrụ ya. A chịkọtara na Okpala mechara nwee mmasị dị ukwuu na nnukwu onye na-achụ nta a nke mere na o nyere ya ala iji wuo ụlọ nke ya ma kwe ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ugbo n'efu n'ala ndị dị gburugburu ebe obibi ya maka ebumnuche nke onwe ya. N'ihi ihe ndị dị n'elu, dịka a gwara anyị, nwoke a a na-akpọ "Dunu" chọtara ezi ihe mere o ji biri ma mesịa lụọ nwunye si n'obodo Uru-Okpala ma mụọ Kabi, Okpalachi, na Dilekwo. Ụmụ nwoke atọ a, dị ka akwụkwọ anyị si kwuo, mejupụtara ugbu a ndị isi atọ dị taa n'obodo Umudunu, Abagana. Ọ dị mkpa ịkọwa na ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ sonyeere Dunu, ọkachasị ndị si Awkuzu na obodo ndị ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu, ka a hapụ ha ka ha na Dunu biri n'otu ebe ahụ, mana oge ụfọdụ ka e mesịrị gbasasịa ma pụọ ma ọ bụ na Diaspora ma ọ bụ laghachi n'ụlọ nna ha, mana ihe fọdụrụ na-agbasa ma jikọta ya na ndị ikwu Dunu. O kwesịkwara ịkọwa na n'ihi ihe isi ike ụmụ Dunu nwere n'inweta ndị nwunye site na obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu, Dunu doziri nsogbu a site n'ịmepụta akụkụ ime mmụọ a na-akpọ "Iti Ofo na Ala" nke mere ka otu akụkụ nke ụmụ ya nwee ike ịlụ onwe ha, nke a gara n'ihu ruo taa. Orofia bụ obodo nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na Abagana taa n'ihe gbasara ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na oke ala mgbe Umudunu gasịrị. Dịka ọ dị na Umudunu, onye hiwere ya bụ onye si mba ọzọ a na-akpọ "Chime" ("Chima" n'ụfọdụ asụsụ). Dabere na akụkọ ọzọ nke isi mmalite anyị, Chime a bụ nnukwu onye agha, onye njem, na onye ọchịchị nke si "[[Ohafia]]" dị nso na [[Arochukwu]] na steeti Abia na-achọ ndị ohu na ngwaahịa. Ụfọdụ ndị okenye na-ekwu na Chime si Arochukwu mana ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eso ụzọ ya si Ohafia na gburugburu ya. Isi iyi anyị kwuru na nwoke a tọrọ ntọala "Orofia" n'obodo ndị ọzọ dị ka Nimo, [[Enugwu-Ukwu]], Eziowelle, Alor, [[Umudioka]], Ogbunike, [[Ogidi, Anambra|Ogidi]], Ukpo, Oraukwu, na ndị ọzọ n'oge ọtụtụ njem na njem ya, mana n'ikpeazụ ya na ndị agha ya nwere ọgaranya biri na Abagana ma guzobe "obodo Orofia Abagana". Chime mechara lụọ Akpu Abagana ma mesịa gafee Osimiri Niger na ezinụlọ ya na ndị na-eso ụzọ ya, ma n'oge njem ahụ, o guzobere Onicha Ugbo, Onicha Olona, Issele Ukwu, Issele Azagba, Issele Mkpitime, Obior, Onicha Mmiri, nke niile bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ Ezechima na Igboland. Echiche nke isi mmalite anyị na ndị zaghachirinụ kwenyere na aha "Abagana" sitere na ọdịnala a na-ekwu na nna guzobere Abagana bụ "Agana-Diese". Na mbụ, ndị mmadụ kpọrọ onwe ha "Ebe-Agana" nke pụtara obí Agana. Ka e mesịrị, n'oge tupu oge ọchịchị, ndị agbata obi ya kpọrọ ha 'Mba-Agana' nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị na anaghị ekwe ka ndị bịara abịa si n'ala ahụ gafee. Nke a ga-abụrịrị n'ihi ọdịdị agha ya. N'oge ahụ, ndị nwe ala ga-esi [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] pụọ site na Awkuzu, Nando, Mgbakwu wee gaa [[Óká|Awka]] ebe ha biri. Ịgafe Abagana gaara adị mfe ma dị mkpụmkpụ maka ha, mana egwu Abagana bụ mmalite nke amamihe nye ha. N'ezie, ọ bụ ndị Europe, bụ ndị chere na o siri ike ịkpọpụta "Mba-Agana" gbanwere aha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ "Abagana" maka ịkpọpụta dị mfe dịka ha mere n'ebe ndị ọzọ dị ka Nawfia, Nawgu, Onitsha, Awkuzu wdg. == Ndị na-eche nche na Abagana == Na Machị 31, 1968, ndị agha Biafra meriri n'agha ha kachasị ukwuu site n'ịtụ agha ma bibie otu ndị agha Naịjirịa nwere ụgbọala 96 site na iji bọmbụ e ji aka rụọ nke a na-akpọ Ogbunigwe ma ọ bụ bọmbụ bọket. Mmeri Abagana mere ka ndị agha Naịjirịa merie Jeneraal Yakubu Gowon chụpụ Kọnịl Murtala Mohammed dịka onye isi ndị agha (GCO) nke ngalaba Onitsha.. == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tu1kj4ail9xuu9d76v032wsuhti07g9 Abazu-Akabo 0 76007 639053 2026-05-26T22:28:16Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352203690|Abazu-Akabo]]" 639053 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Abazu</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">Obodo Na-achị Onwe Ya</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Aha njirimara: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Mpako nke Ikeduru</div>  |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Faịlụ:Nigeria_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Abazu is located in Nigeria]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:84.411%;left:39.189%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Abazu]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Abazu</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Nhazi: 5°33′32.12′′N 7°5′40.53′′E / 5.5589222°N 7.0945917°E / 5. 5589222; 7.0945717<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abazu-Akabo&params=5_33_32.12_N_7_5_40.53_E_type:city_region:NG-IM <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°33′32.12″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°5′40.53″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.5589222°N 7.0945917°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">5.5589222; 7.0945917</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Faịlụ:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Ora no na ime Naijiria|Ọnọdụ]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Steeti Imo]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Usoro ego na ego | class="infobox-data" |Naira - NGN |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |asụsụ | class="infobox-data" |[[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Asụsụ Igbo]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Isi ụlọ ọrụ / Obodo Obodo | class="infobox-data" |Amaudara |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gọọmentị<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Eze&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Oliver Njoku (Abazuma nke Abụọ) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Time zone|Oge]] | class="infobox-data" |UTC+1 (WAT) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Postcode | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">461102</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |http://abazuikeduru.brinkster.net |} '''Abazu''' bụ obodo nwere onwe ya na Mpaghara Ọchịchị Ikeduru nke Steeti Imo, Naịjirịa. Ọ nwere obodo atọ bụ isi na ọtụtụ ezinụlọ na ebo dị iche iche. Obodo ndị mejupụtara Abazu bụ Umunnemoche, Ebem na Azu, na Ekpere na Oroka. Obodo Village nke Abazu dị na Amaudara. == Ebe na Ọdịdị Ala == Abazu bụ obodo nwere onwe ya na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa. Abazu dị n'okporo ụzọ awara awara Owerri - Okigwe. O nwere latitude nke 5.558922 na longitude nke 7.094592. O nwere ókèala ya na Akabo, Uzoagba, na Amatta. == Edensibia == <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ikeduru.gov.ng/|title=Home|work=ikeduru.gov.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abazuikeduru.brinkster.net/|title=Abazu. Homepage|accessdate=2013-10-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019123116/http://abazuikeduru.brinkster.net/|archivedate=2013-10-19}}</ref>{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 5mewo72dro00y2qodhlfv1vsrkb7t74 639054 639053 2026-05-26T22:29:43Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639054 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Abazu</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">Obodo Na-achị Onwe Ya</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Aha njirimara: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Mpako nke Ikeduru</div>  |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Faịlụ:Nigeria_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Abazu is located in Nigeria]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:84.411%;left:39.189%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Abazu]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Abazu</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Nhazi: 5°33′32.12′′N 7°5′40.53′′E / 5.5589222°N 7.0945917°E / 5. 5589222; 7.0945717<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abazu-Akabo&params=5_33_32.12_N_7_5_40.53_E_type:city_region:NG-IM <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°33′32.12″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°5′40.53″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.5589222°N 7.0945917°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">5.5589222; 7.0945917</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Faịlụ:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Ora no na ime Naijiria|Ọnọdụ]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Steeti Imo]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Usoro ego na ego | class="infobox-data" |Naira - NGN |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |asụsụ | class="infobox-data" |[[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Asụsụ Igbo]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Isi ụlọ ọrụ / Obodo Obodo | class="infobox-data" |Amaudara |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gọọmentị<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Eze&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Oliver Njoku (Abazuma nke Abụọ) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Time zone|Oge]] | class="infobox-data" |UTC+1 (WAT) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Postcode | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">461102</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |http://abazuikeduru.brinkster.net |} '''Abazu''' ''{{Audio|Ig-Abazu-Akabo.ogg|(Mkpọpụta)}}'' bụ obodo nwere onwe ya na Mpaghara Ọchịchị Ikeduru nke Steeti Imo, Naịjirịa. Ọ nwere obodo atọ bụ isi na ọtụtụ ezinụlọ na ebo dị iche iche. Obodo ndị mejupụtara Abazu bụ Umunnemoche, Ebem na Azu, na Ekpere na Oroka. Obodo Village nke Abazu dị na Amaudara. == Ebe na Ọdịdị Ala == Abazu bụ obodo nwere onwe ya na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa. Abazu dị n'okporo ụzọ awara awara Owerri - Okigwe. O nwere latitude nke 5.558922 na longitude nke 7.094592. O nwere ókèala ya na Akabo, Uzoagba, na Amatta. == Edensibia == <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ikeduru.gov.ng/|title=Home|work=ikeduru.gov.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abazuikeduru.brinkster.net/|title=Abazu. Homepage|accessdate=2013-10-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019123116/http://abazuikeduru.brinkster.net/|archivedate=2013-10-19}}</ref>{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] p6qnsig03fl4jb9hs4vpz0u9iiu5g41 Abayi Okoroato 0 76008 639056 2026-05-26T22:38:26Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319761140|Abayi Okoroato]]" 639056 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abayi Umu-okoroato''' bụ obodo dị na [[Obi Ngwa|Obingwa]] mpaghara gọọmentị nke Abia Steeti, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nigeriazipcodes.com/4131/list-of-towns-and-villages-in-obioma-ngwa-lga//|title=List Of Towns and Villages in Obioma Ngwa LGA|work=Nigeria Zip Codes|accessdate=2020-10-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.medianigeria.com/list-of-towns-and-villages-in-obi-ngwa-abia-state/|title=List Of Towns and Villages in Obingwa Abia State|work=Median Nigeria|accessdate=2020-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/abia-state-local-government-areas-towns/|title=Abia State Local Government Area's Towns|work=Nigerian Infopedia|accessdate=2020-10-22}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Abayi Okoroato bi na Obingwa, Abia State, South-east geopolitical zone nke Nigeria. * Umu-Alioha * Umu-Onyeike * Umu-Uje * Umu-Imegwu * Umu-Atali * Umu-Naocha * Umu- Diji * Umu-Nwagbaghioso A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na Abayi Okoroato dị 56,426 ugbu a. Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ bụ ndị si na mpaghara Ngwa nke agbụrụ Igbo. A na-asụkarị olu Ngwa nke Asụsụ Igbo n'ógbè ahụ ebe a na-asụkarị okpukpe Ndị Kraịst n'ógbè ahụ. Ememme ndị a ma ama nke a na-eme na Obingwa LGA gụnyere emume New Yam. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == Azụmaahịa bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akụ na ụba nke Abayi Okoroato na mpaghara na-anabata ahịa dịka ahịa Ahia Eke ebe a na-azụta ma na-ere ọtụtụ ngwaahịa. Ọrụ ugbo bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ akụ na ụba nke ndị Abayi Okoroato na-eme na ihe ọkụkụ dịka yam, cassava, cocoyam, na akwụkwọ nri a na-akụ n'ụba n'ime mpaghara ahụ. Mmepụta mmanụ nkwụ bụ otu n'ime isi ihe na-akpata ego nye ndị Abayi Okoroato. E wezụga ubi nkwụ nkeonwe, osisi nkwụ niile bụ nke obodo ahụ, a na-erekwa ha nye ndị si mba ọzọ ma ọ bụ ndị obodo iji nweta ego maka Obodo ahụ. == Chọọchị ndị a ma ama == The dominant churches in Abayi Okoroato are mostly the orthodox churches, including, Seventh-Day Adventist church (S.D.A). United Evangelical Church (U.E.C). Church of Christ (C.o.C). Apostolic Christian Church (A.C.C)  == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] iz09vmx8rh7d809ht0b7rphm5wqofi9 639057 639056 2026-05-26T22:39:30Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639057 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://firstone.com.ng/abayi-okoroato-get-new-chairman/|title=Abayi Okoroato gets new Chairman|newspaper=FirstOne NG|access-date=2020-11-04}}</ref> '''Abayi Umu-okoroato''' bụ obodo dị na [[Obi Ngwa|Obingwa]] mpaghara gọọmentị nke Abia Steeti, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nigeriazipcodes.com/4131/list-of-towns-and-villages-in-obioma-ngwa-lga//|title=List Of Towns and Villages in Obioma Ngwa LGA|work=Nigeria Zip Codes|accessdate=2020-10-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.medianigeria.com/list-of-towns-and-villages-in-obi-ngwa-abia-state/|title=List Of Towns and Villages in Obingwa Abia State|work=Median Nigeria|accessdate=2020-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/abia-state-local-government-areas-towns/|title=Abia State Local Government Area's Towns|work=Nigerian Infopedia|accessdate=2020-10-22}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Abayi Okoroato bi na Obingwa, Abia State, South-east geopolitical zone nke Nigeria. * Umu-Alioha * Umu-Onyeike * Umu-Uje * Umu-Imegwu * Umu-Atali * Umu-Naocha * Umu- Diji * Umu-Nwagbaghioso A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na Abayi Okoroato dị 56,426 ugbu a. Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ bụ ndị si na mpaghara Ngwa nke agbụrụ Igbo. A na-asụkarị olu Ngwa nke Asụsụ Igbo n'ógbè ahụ ebe a na-asụkarị okpukpe Ndị Kraịst n'ógbè ahụ. Ememme ndị a ma ama nke a na-eme na Obingwa LGA gụnyere emume New Yam. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == Azụmaahịa bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akụ na ụba nke Abayi Okoroato na mpaghara na-anabata ahịa dịka ahịa Ahia Eke ebe a na-azụta ma na-ere ọtụtụ ngwaahịa. Ọrụ ugbo bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ akụ na ụba nke ndị Abayi Okoroato na-eme na ihe ọkụkụ dịka yam, cassava, cocoyam, na akwụkwọ nri a na-akụ n'ụba n'ime mpaghara ahụ. Mmepụta mmanụ nkwụ bụ otu n'ime isi ihe na-akpata ego nye ndị Abayi Okoroato. E wezụga ubi nkwụ nkeonwe, osisi nkwụ niile bụ nke obodo ahụ, a na-erekwa ha nye ndị si mba ọzọ ma ọ bụ ndị obodo iji nweta ego maka Obodo ahụ. == Chọọchị ndị a ma ama == The dominant churches in Abayi Okoroato are mostly the orthodox churches, including, Seventh-Day Adventist church (S.D.A). United Evangelical Church (U.E.C). Church of Christ (C.o.C). Apostolic Christian Church (A.C.C)  == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] s1eqn6fd66ajmojx5xm4d63mlv9b4zi 639058 639057 2026-05-26T22:42:47Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639058 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://firstone.com.ng/abayi-okoroato-get-new-chairman/|title=Abayi Okoroato gets new Chairman|newspaper=FirstOne NG|access-date=2020-11-04}}</ref> '''Abayi Umu-okoroato''' ''{{Audio|Ig-Abayi Okoroato.ogg|(Mkpọpụta)}}'' bụ obodo dị na [[Obi Ngwa|Obingwa]] mpaghara gọọmentị nke Abia Steeti, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nigeriazipcodes.com/4131/list-of-towns-and-villages-in-obioma-ngwa-lga//|title=List Of Towns and Villages in Obioma Ngwa LGA|work=Nigeria Zip Codes|accessdate=2020-10-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.medianigeria.com/list-of-towns-and-villages-in-obi-ngwa-abia-state/|title=List Of Towns and Villages in Obingwa Abia State|work=Median Nigeria|accessdate=2020-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/abia-state-local-government-areas-towns/|title=Abia State Local Government Area's Towns|work=Nigerian Infopedia|accessdate=2020-10-22}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Abayi Okoroato bi na Obingwa, Abia State, South-east geopolitical zone nke Nigeria. * Umu-Alioha * Umu-Onyeike * Umu-Uje * Umu-Imegwu * Umu-Atali * Umu-Naocha * Umu- Diji * Umu-Nwagbaghioso A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na Abayi Okoroato dị 56,426 ugbu a. Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ bụ ndị si na mpaghara Ngwa nke agbụrụ Igbo. A na-asụkarị olu Ngwa nke Asụsụ Igbo n'ógbè ahụ ebe a na-asụkarị okpukpe Ndị Kraịst n'ógbè ahụ. Ememme ndị a ma ama nke a na-eme na Obingwa LGA gụnyere emume New Yam. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == Azụmaahịa bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akụ na ụba nke Abayi Okoroato na mpaghara na-anabata ahịa dịka ahịa Ahia Eke ebe a na-azụta ma na-ere ọtụtụ ngwaahịa. Ọrụ ugbo bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ akụ na ụba nke ndị Abayi Okoroato na-eme na ihe ọkụkụ dịka yam, cassava, cocoyam, na akwụkwọ nri a na-akụ n'ụba n'ime mpaghara ahụ. Mmepụta mmanụ nkwụ bụ otu n'ime isi ihe na-akpata ego nye ndị Abayi Okoroato. E wezụga ubi nkwụ nkeonwe, osisi nkwụ niile bụ nke obodo ahụ, a na-erekwa ha nye ndị si mba ọzọ ma ọ bụ ndị obodo iji nweta ego maka Obodo ahụ. == Chọọchị ndị a ma ama == The dominant churches in Abayi Okoroato are mostly the orthodox churches, including, Seventh-Day Adventist church (S.D.A). United Evangelical Church (U.E.C). Church of Christ (C.o.C). Apostolic Christian Church (A.C.C)  == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] c3tuensunvnsxftsdc9gz85dpjfa2gg Agu Amede 0 76009 639065 2026-05-26T23:10:11Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356265210|Agu Amede]]" 639065 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Agu Amede''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enugustate.gov.ng/about-enugustate/|title=Enugu State Government<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=2016-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923073743/http://www.enugustate.gov.ng/about-enugustate/|archivedate=2016-09-23}}</ref> bụ obodo dị na Naịjirịa. Ndị bi na ya bụ ndị obodo Eha Amufu, na mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Isi-uzo nke Steeti Enugu. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 63fnw64sf7ho607r6gthfiyrrqswvf0 639066 639065 2026-05-26T23:12:22Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639066 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Agu Amede''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enugustate.gov.ng/about-enugustate/|title=Enugu State Government<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=2016-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923073743/http://www.enugustate.gov.ng/about-enugustate/|archivedate=2016-09-23}}</ref>''{{Audio|Ig-Agu Amede.ogg|(Mkpọpụta)}}'' bụ obodo dị na Naịjirịa. Ndị bi na ya bụ ndị obodo Eha Amufu, na mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Isi-uzo nke Steeti Enugu. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] s63b8vs10k1c7vsh122n4n0cf0eoiaw Gloria Feman Orenstein 0 76010 639068 2026-05-26T23:52:59Z Mirah50 16972 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343075305|Gloria Feman Orenstein]]" 639068 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Gloria Feman Orenstein''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1938 na Brooklyn <ref name="Veteran Feminists of America">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vfa.us/Gloria%20Orenstein.htm|title=GLORIA ORENSTEIN|publisher=Veteran Feminists of America, Inc.|accessdate=25 March 2017}}</ref>) bụ onye na-enyocha nka ụmụ nwanyị, onye ọsụ ụzọ n' ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị nke Surrealism na ọkà mmụta nke ecofeminism na nka. <ref name="LC">{{Cite web|url=https://lccn.loc.gov/n88160132|title=Orenstein, Gloria Feman|work=Library of Congress Authorities|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=25 March 2017}}</ref> A na-ewere akwụkwọ Orenstein bụ Reweaving the World dị ka ihe odide ecofeminist nke nwere "ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke US ecofeminism dị ka ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị". <ref name="Ecofeminist Natures">{{Cite book|author=Sturgeon|first=Noel|title=Ecofeminist Natures: Race, Gender, Feminist Theory and Political Action|date=1997|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=9780415912495|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhBZCwAAQBAJ&q=gloria+orenstein%27s+reweaving&pg=PT208|accessdate=22 December 2017}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Orenstein nwetara B.A. na Romance Languages and Literature na Mahadum Brandeis na 1959 na M.A. n'asụsụ Slavic na Literature na Radcliffe Graduate School nke Mahadum Harvard na 1961. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mba ofesi na 1957 na 1958 ma gụcha ihe ọmụmụ na Sorbonne, Mahadum Paris na Ecole du Louvre. Orenstein malitere ọrụ nkuzi ya na 1963, mgbe ọ nabatara ọkwa nkuzi French nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Lexington, MA. Ọ laghachiri na Mahadum New York iji gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya, wee gụchame Ph.D. na Comparative Literature na 1971. <ref name="Gale Biography">{{Cite journal|title=Gloria Feman Orenstein|journal=[[Contemporary Authors Online]]|date=2010|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/H1000074919/GPS?sid=wikipedia|accessdate=13 March 2019}}</ref> Site na 1975 ruo 1981 ọ nọ na ngalaba nke Mahadum Rutgers ebe ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke Women's Studies Program site na 1976 ruo 1978. <ref name="Inventory to the Gloria Orenstein Collection on Women Artists">{{Cite news|author=Carey|first=Catherine|title=Inventory to the Gloria Orenstein Collection on Women Artists|url=http://www2.scc.rutgers.edu/ead/manuscripts/Orensteinb.html|accessdate=24 December 2017|publisher=Special Collections and University Archives, Rutgers University Libraries|date=November 2010}}</ref> E were ya n'ọrụ dị ka Prọfesọ na Ngalaba nke Comparative Literature na Gender Studies na Mahadum nke Southern California na 1981 ebe ọ kụziri ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gloria F Orenstein|url=https://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1003588|work=Faculty Profile|publisher=USC|accessdate=13 December 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ prọfesọ emerita na Mahadum nke Southern California . <ref name="Inventory to the Gloria Orenstein Collection on Women Artists" /> Orenstein bụ nwa ọrụ nke shaman Sámi Ellen Marit Gaup Dunfjeld <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Orenstein|first=Gloria F.|date=1993|title=The "Problematics" of Writing about Sacred Ritual and the Spiritual Journey|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003869|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=21|issue=1/2|pages=22–37|issn=0732-1562}}</ref><ref name="Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess">{{Cite journal|author=Lauter|first=Estella|title=Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess|journal=Woman's Art Journal|date=Autumn 1994|volume=15|issue=2|pages=45–49|doi=10.2307/1358606}}</ref> Orenstein natara ihe nrite ndụ nke Women's Caucus for Art na Febụwarị 2018 na Los Angeles, CA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalwca.org/awards/currentLTA.php|title=WCA Lifetime Achievement Award|work=www.nationalwca.org|accessdate=2018-03-24|archivedate=2018-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324223927/http://www.nationalwca.org/awards/currentLTA.php}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ mbụ Orenstein lekwasịrị anya na ụmụ nwanyị nke Surrealism. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya bụ The Theater of the Marvelous: Surrealism and The Contemporary Stage (1975) mere ka ọ bụrụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ọrụ ahụ.<ref name="USC">{{Cite web|title=Gloria Orenstein|url=https://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1003588|publisher=University of Southern California|accessdate=15 Dec 2017}}</ref> == Ihe odide ndị dị mkpa == === ''Reweaving the World'' === Reweaving the World nke Orenstein na Irene Diamond dezigharịrị na- egosi otu mmegharị ecofeminist nke na-achịkọta mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị na ime mmụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị pụọ na nchegbu ha nwere maka ọdịmma ụwa na ụdị ndụ niile nke ụwa anyị na-akwado [11] N'akwụkwọ ahụ, Orenstein kọwara ọrụ 'nkà ecofeminist dịka ememe iji jikọọ anyị na ụwa abụọ dị Ike nke nghọta kewapụrụ anyị na ya - okike na ụwa mmụọ [12] O kwuru na nkà ndị dị otu ahụ na-akpọkarị ihe nnọchianya nke Nne Ukwu (Chi nwanyị) iji gosị ọkwa atọ nke okike "a na-ele anya dị ka nwanyị n'èzí nna ochie: okike eluigwe, ịmụ nwa, na okike nka." Orenstein lere anya na ọrụ ndị omenkà, ndị na-ede uri na ndị odee dịka Helène Aylon, Ellen Marit Gaup Dunfjeld, Ursula Le Guin, Rachel Rosenthal, Fern Shaffer, Vijali Hamilton, na Mierle Laderman Ukeles, bụ ndị ji emume,ihe ngosi na ide ihe mee mgbanwe, njikọtaghachi na mweghachi nke nkwekọrịta. === ''Reflowering of the Goddess'' === Orenstein na-akpọ oku ka a hazigharịa mmepeanya dabere na nloghachi na omenala lekwasịrị anya na Chi nwanyị. Ọ mere arụmụka ecofeminist siri ike nke "na-ewere nloghachi nke Chi nwanyị ahụ dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke nloghachi n'omume nsọpụrụ maka Ụwa...na nke ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi yana nke na-abụghị nke nmmekọahụ" na-akọwapụta atụmatụ omume nke na-adabereghị na Ihe nlereanya Utopia karịa na ọrụ okike nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị odee akwụkwọ nke oge ahụ. Maka ya, ịkọ akụkọ bụ isi ihe iji gbanwee akụkọ ifo nke eluigwe na ala, na ọrụ ndị e kere site na "omenala nka nke ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a malitere", na-ekpughe akụkọ ifo nke ndị nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị dị adị" nke na-enye ụzọ maka usoro akụkọ ifo ọhụrụ nke ga-azọpụta ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Murray|first=Anne H.|title=Squidge Davis: Dialogue with Ancient Memories|journal=Woman's Art Journal|date=1995|volume=16|issue=1|pages=33–39|doi=10.2307/1358628}}</ref><ref name="Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess">{{Cite journal|author=Lauter|first=Estella|title=Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess|journal=Woman's Art Journal|date=Autumn 1994|volume=15|issue=2|pages=45–49|doi=10.2307/1358606}}</ref> === ''The theater of the marvelous: Surrealism and the contemporary stage'' === Orenstein sonyeere ihe nkiri na-adịghị mma na nkà nrọ n'ịkọwa echiche ya banyere The Theater of the Marvelous. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ iji mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ụlọ nkiri neosurrealist na Ụlọ ihe nkiri nke Dadaist, nke o si na ya too, na-enyocha nchịkọta nke ndị edemede egwuregwu mba ụwa gụnyere: [[Elena Garro]], Teofilo Cid, Octavio Paz, Robert Benayoun, Aimé Césaire na Leonora Carrington iji lụso ọchịchọ nke ile njikọ aka na ụlọ akwụkwọ Bretonist anya dị ka isi ihe n'ịkọwapụta ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme nkà nrọ. Kama nke ahụ, ọhụụ otu, ịkpọku ụwa nrọ, imebi eziokwu iji kpughee eziokwu dị n'ime echiche, na-aghọ ụkpụrụ nke a na akọwapụta. Orenstein na-achọ ime ka onye na-agụ ya kwenye na ọrụ ndị a agafeela ebumnuche ọdịnala nke ihe nkiri, iji mee ka ihe yiri ihe dị adị; na ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe dị n'ime, mmụba nke mmụọ mgbanwe, n'ime onye na-ekiri ya.<ref name="Hispanic Review">{{Cite journal|author=Ilie|first=Paul|title=Review: The Theater of the Marvelous: Surrealism and the Contemporary Stage by Gloria Orenstein|journal=Hispanic Review|volume=45|issue=2|pages=222–224|doi=10.2307/472913|year=1977}}</ref><ref name="The Modern Language Journal">{{Cite journal|author=Knapp|first=Bettina L.|title=Review of The Theater of the Marvelous by Gloria Orenstein|journal=The Modern Language Journal|date=1977|volume=61|issue=1/2|pages=68–69|doi=10.2307/325380}}</ref> == Nkatọ nke ihe odide == A katọla akwụkwọ Orenstein bụ Reweaving the World maka ịtinye ịdị mkpa n'ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name="Ecofeminist Natures">{{Cite book|author=Sturgeon|first=Noel|title=Ecofeminist Natures: Race, Gender, Feminist Theory and Political Action|date=1997|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=9780415912495|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhBZCwAAQBAJ&q=gloria+orenstein%27s+reweaving&pg=PT208|accessdate=22 December 2017}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ edemede ndị ahọpụtara == Orenstein edeela ma dezie ọtụtụ akwụkwọ. E bipụtara edemede ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ nka na akwụkwọ edemede ma sụgharịa ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ.<ref name="LC">{{Cite web|url=https://lccn.loc.gov/n88160132|title=Orenstein, Gloria Feman|work=Library of Congress Authorities|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=25 March 2017}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ === * ''Multi-Cultural Celebrations: The paintings of Betty Laduke'' Books, 1993) <ref name="Review:Multi-Cultural Celebrations: The Paintings of Betty LaDuke">{{Cite journal|author=Ryberg|first=Barbara|title=Review:Multi-Cultural Celebrations: The Paintings of Betty LaDuke by Gloria Feman Orenstein|journal=Woman's Art Journal|date=Autumn 1994|volume=15|issue=2|pages=59–60|doi=10.2307/1358614}}</ref> * Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism (Sierra Club Books, 1990) <ref name="Rethinking Ecofeminist Politics">{{Cite journal|author=Douglass|first=Carol Anne|title=Rethinking Ecofeminist Politics: Review of Reweaving the World|journal=Off Our Backs|date=November 1991|volume=21|issue=10}}</ref> * The Reflowering of the Goddess (Pergamon Press, 1990) <ref name="Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess">{{Cite journal|author=Lauter|first=Estella|title=Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess|journal=Woman's Art Journal|date=Autumn 1994|volume=15|issue=2|pages=45–49|doi=10.2307/1358606}}</ref> * ''The Theater of the Marvelous'' === Isiakwụkwọ akwụkwọ === *   === Isiokwu === * Nnyocha Torah, Feminism na Nchọpụta Ime Anwansi na Ọrụ nke Ndị inyom America ise na-ese ihe ''na Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues''. Nke 14 (N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2007). peeji nke 97-130&nbsp; * ''The Greening of Gaia: Ndị na-ese ihe na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eleta ogige ahụ'' na ''Ụkpụrụ Omume na Gburugburu Ebe Obibi''. Izu ohi 8, Nke 1, (Spring, 2003), peeji nke 102-111&nbsp; * "Nsogbu" nke ide banyere Omenala Dị Nsọ na Njem Ime Anụ na Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị Quarterly. Mpịakọta nke 21 (Spr/Sum 1993). * ''Salon nke Natalie Clifford Barney: Ajụjụ ọnụ na Berthe Cleyrergue'' na Signs. Izu ohi 4, Nke 3 (N'oge opupu ihe ubi 1979).<ref name="Comment on Orenstein's 'The Salon of Natalie Clifford Barney: Interview with Berthe Cleyrergue'">{{Cite journal|author=Wickes|first=George|title=Comment on Orenstein's "The Salon of Natalie Clifford Barney: Interview with Berthe Cleyrergue"|journal=Signs|date=Spring 1980|volume=5|issue=3|pages=547–550|doi=10.1086/493746}}</ref> * Nlaghachi nke Archetype nke Great Goddess na Art site na Contemporary Women in Heresies. Mpịakọta nke 2, Nke 2 (Spring 1978), peeji nke 74-85&nbsp; * Nyocha edemede: Akụkọ nka na akara. Izu ohi 1, Nke 2 (N'oge oyi 1975).<ref name="Review Essay: Art History">{{Cite journal|author=Russell|first=Diane H.|title=Review Essay: Art History|journal=Signs|date=1980|volume=3|issue=5|pages=468–481|doi=10.1086/493732}}</ref> * ''Akụkọ nka na ikpe maka ụmụ nwanyị nke surrealism'' na The Journal of General Education . Izu ohi 27, Nke 1 (Spring 1975), peeji nke 31-54&nbsp; * Women of Surrealism na The Feminist Art Journal. (Spring 1973), peeji nke 15-21&nbsp; * "GLORIA ORENSTEIN - Prọfesọ nke Comparative Literature na Gender Studies, n'okpuru ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụ nwanyị maka agụmakwụkwọ," Veteran Feminists of America.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GLORIA ORENSTEIN - Professor of Comparative Literature and Gender Studies, FOUNDER OF THE WOMAN'S SALON FOR LITERATURE|url=http://www.vfa.us/Gloria%20Orenstein.htm|work=Veteran Feminists of America|accessdate=13 December 2017}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} * 2011 Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Gloria Orenstein[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8R8sUpXA6Oc Ajụjụ ọnụ Gloria Orenstein] * [https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/sch02154/catalog Gloria Feman Orenstein Akwụkwọ.] [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Schlesinger], Radcliffe Institute, Mahadum Harvard. [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 654n1i077a0bi17iunsutwpyx7hs3s2 639070 639068 2026-05-26T23:57:34Z Mirah50 16972 639070 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Gloria Feman Orenstein''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1938 na Brooklyn <ref name="Veteran Feminists of America">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vfa.us/Gloria%20Orenstein.htm|title=GLORIA ORENSTEIN|publisher=Veteran Feminists of America, Inc.|accessdate=25 March 2017}}</ref>) bụ onye na-enyocha nka ụmụ nwanyị, onye ọsụ ụzọ n' ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị nke Surrealism na ọkà mmụta nke ecofeminism na nka. <ref name="LC">{{Cite web|url=https://lccn.loc.gov/n88160132|title=Orenstein, Gloria Feman|work=Library of Congress Authorities|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=25 March 2017}}</ref> A na-ewere akwụkwọ Orenstein bụ Reweaving the World dị ka ihe odide ecofeminist nke nwere "ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke US ecofeminism dị ka ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị". <ref name="Ecofeminist Natures">{{Cite book|author=Sturgeon|first=Noel|title=Ecofeminist Natures: Race, Gender, Feminist Theory and Political Action|date=1997|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=9780415912495|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhBZCwAAQBAJ&q=gloria+orenstein%27s+reweaving&pg=PT208|accessdate=22 December 2017}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Orenstein nwetara B.A. na Romance Languages and Literature na Mahadum Brandeis na 1959 na M.A. n'asụsụ Slavic na Literature na Radcliffe Graduate School nke Mahadum Harvard na 1961. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mba ofesi na 1957 na 1958 ma gụcha ihe ọmụmụ na Sorbonne, Mahadum Paris na Ecole du Louvre. Orenstein malitere ọrụ nkuzi ya na 1963, mgbe ọ nabatara ọkwa nkuzi French nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Lexington, MA. Ọ laghachiri na Mahadum New York iji gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya, wee gụchame Ph.D. na Comparative Literature na 1971. <ref name="Gale Biography">{{Cite journal|title=Gloria Feman Orenstein|journal=[[Contemporary Authors Online]]|date=2010|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/H1000074919/GPS?sid=wikipedia|accessdate=13 March 2019}}</ref> Site na 1975 ruo 1981 ọ nọ na ngalaba nke Mahadum Rutgers ebe ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke Women's Studies Program site na 1976 ruo 1978. <ref name="Inventory to the Gloria Orenstein Collection on Women Artists">{{Cite news|author=Carey|first=Catherine|title=Inventory to the Gloria Orenstein Collection on Women Artists|url=http://www2.scc.rutgers.edu/ead/manuscripts/Orensteinb.html|accessdate=24 December 2017|publisher=Special Collections and University Archives, Rutgers University Libraries|date=November 2010}}</ref> E were ya n'ọrụ dị ka Prọfesọ na Ngalaba nke Comparative Literature na Gender Studies na Mahadum nke Southern California na 1981 ebe ọ kụziri ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gloria F Orenstein|url=https://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1003588|work=Faculty Profile|publisher=USC|accessdate=13 December 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ prọfesọ emerita na Mahadum nke Southern California . <ref name="Inventory to the Gloria Orenstein Collection on Women Artists" /> Orenstein bụ nwa ọrụ nke shaman Sámi Ellen Marit Gaup Dunfjeld <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Orenstein|first=Gloria F.|date=1993|title=The "Problematics" of Writing about Sacred Ritual and the Spiritual Journey|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003869|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=21|issue=1/2|pages=22–37|issn=0732-1562}}</ref><ref name="Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess">{{Cite journal|author=Lauter|first=Estella|title=Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess|journal=Woman's Art Journal|date=Autumn 1994|volume=15|issue=2|pages=45–49|doi=10.2307/1358606}}</ref> Orenstein natara ihe nrite ndụ nke Women's Caucus for Art na Febụwarị 2018 na Los Angeles, CA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalwca.org/awards/currentLTA.php|title=WCA Lifetime Achievement Award|work=www.nationalwca.org|accessdate=2018-03-24|archivedate=2018-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324223927/http://www.nationalwca.org/awards/currentLTA.php}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ mbụ Orenstein lekwasịrị anya na ụmụ nwanyị nke Surrealism. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya bụ The Theater of the Marvelous: Surrealism and The Contemporary Stage (1975) mere ka ọ bụrụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ọrụ ahụ.<ref name="USC">{{Cite web|title=Gloria Orenstein|url=https://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1003588|publisher=University of Southern California|accessdate=15 Dec 2017}}</ref> == Ihe odide ndị dị mkpa == === ''Reweaving the World'' === Reweaving the World nke Orenstein na Irene Diamond dezigharịrị na- egosi otu mmegharị ecofeminist nke na-achịkọta mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị na ime mmụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị pụọ na nchegbu ha nwere maka ọdịmma ụwa na ụdị ndụ niile nke ụwa anyị na-akwado [11] N'akwụkwọ ahụ, Orenstein kọwara ọrụ 'nkà ecofeminist dịka ememe iji jikọọ anyị na ụwa abụọ dị Ike nke nghọta kewapụrụ anyị na ya - okike na ụwa mmụọ [12] O kwuru na nkà ndị dị otu ahụ na-akpọkarị ihe nnọchianya nke Nne Ukwu (Chi nwanyị) iji gosị ọkwa atọ nke okike "a na-ele anya dị ka nwanyị n'èzí nna ochie: okike eluigwe, ịmụ nwa, na okike nka." Orenstein lere anya na ọrụ ndị omenkà, ndị na-ede uri na ndị odee dịka Helène Aylon, Ellen Marit Gaup Dunfjeld, Ursula Le Guin, Rachel Rosenthal, Fern Shaffer, Vijali Hamilton, na Mierle Laderman Ukeles, bụ ndị ji emume,ihe ngosi na ide ihe mee mgbanwe, njikọtaghachi na mweghachi nke nkwekọrịta. === ''Reflowering of the Goddess'' === Orenstein na-akpọ oku ka a hazigharịa mmepeanya dabere na nloghachi na omenala lekwasịrị anya na Chi nwanyị. Ọ mere arụmụka ecofeminist siri ike nke "na-ewere nloghachi nke Chi nwanyị ahụ dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke nloghachi n'omume nsọpụrụ maka Ụwa...na nke ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi yana nke na-abụghị nke nmmekọahụ" na-akọwapụta atụmatụ omume nke na-adabereghị na Ihe nlereanya Utopia karịa na ọrụ okike nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị odee akwụkwọ nke oge ahụ. Maka ya, ịkọ akụkọ bụ isi ihe iji gbanwee akụkọ ifo nke eluigwe na ala, na ọrụ ndị e kere site na "omenala nka nke ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a malitere", na-ekpughe akụkọ ifo nke ndị nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị dị adị" nke na-enye ụzọ maka usoro akụkọ ifo ọhụrụ nke ga-azọpụta ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Murray|first=Anne H.|title=Squidge Davis: Dialogue with Ancient Memories|journal=Woman's Art Journal|date=1995|volume=16|issue=1|pages=33–39|doi=10.2307/1358628}}</ref><ref name="Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess">{{Cite journal|author=Lauter|first=Estella|title=Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess|journal=Woman's Art Journal|date=Autumn 1994|volume=15|issue=2|pages=45–49|doi=10.2307/1358606}}</ref> === ''The theater of the marvelous: Surrealism and the contemporary stage'' === Orenstein sonyeere ihe nkiri na-adịghị mma na nkà nrọ n'ịkọwa echiche ya banyere The Theater of the Marvelous. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ iji mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ụlọ nkiri neosurrealist na Ụlọ ihe nkiri nke Dadaist, nke o si na ya too, na-enyocha nchịkọta nke ndị edemede egwuregwu mba ụwa gụnyere: [[Elena Garro]], Teofilo Cid, Octavio Paz, Robert Benayoun, Aimé Césaire na Leonora Carrington iji lụso ọchịchọ nke ile njikọ aka na ụlọ akwụkwọ Bretonist anya dị ka isi ihe n'ịkọwapụta ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme nkà nrọ. Kama nke ahụ, ọhụụ otu, ịkpọku ụwa nrọ, imebi eziokwu iji kpughee eziokwu dị n'ime echiche, na-aghọ ụkpụrụ nke a na akọwapụta. Orenstein na-achọ ime ka onye na-agụ ya kwenye na ọrụ ndị a agafeela ebumnuche ọdịnala nke ihe nkiri, iji mee ka ihe yiri ihe dị adị; na ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe dị n'ime, mmụba nke mmụọ mgbanwe, n'ime onye na-ekiri ya.<ref name="Hispanic Review">{{Cite journal|author=Ilie|first=Paul|title=Review: The Theater of the Marvelous: Surrealism and the Contemporary Stage by Gloria Orenstein|journal=Hispanic Review|volume=45|issue=2|pages=222–224|doi=10.2307/472913|year=1977}}</ref><ref name="The Modern Language Journal">{{Cite journal|author=Knapp|first=Bettina L.|title=Review of The Theater of the Marvelous by Gloria Orenstein|journal=The Modern Language Journal|date=1977|volume=61|issue=1/2|pages=68–69|doi=10.2307/325380}}</ref> == Nkatọ nke ihe odide == A katọla akwụkwọ Orenstein bụ Reweaving the World maka ịtinye ịdị mkpa n'ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name="Ecofeminist Natures">{{Cite book|author=Sturgeon|first=Noel|title=Ecofeminist Natures: Race, Gender, Feminist Theory and Political Action|date=1997|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=9780415912495|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhBZCwAAQBAJ&q=gloria+orenstein%27s+reweaving&pg=PT208|accessdate=22 December 2017}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ edemede ndị ahọpụtara == Orenstein edeela ma dezie ọtụtụ akwụkwọ. E bipụtara edemede ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ nka na akwụkwọ edemede ma sụgharịa ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ.<ref name="LC">{{Cite web|url=https://lccn.loc.gov/n88160132|title=Orenstein, Gloria Feman|work=Library of Congress Authorities|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=25 March 2017}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ === * ''Multi-Cultural Celebrations: The paintings of Betty Laduke'' Books, 1993) <ref name="Review:Multi-Cultural Celebrations: The Paintings of Betty LaDuke">{{Cite journal|author=Ryberg|first=Barbara|title=Review:Multi-Cultural Celebrations: The Paintings of Betty LaDuke by Gloria Feman Orenstein|journal=Woman's Art Journal|date=Autumn 1994|volume=15|issue=2|pages=59–60|doi=10.2307/1358614}}</ref> * Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism (Sierra Club Books, 1990) <ref name="Rethinking Ecofeminist Politics">{{Cite journal|author=Douglass|first=Carol Anne|title=Rethinking Ecofeminist Politics: Review of Reweaving the World|journal=Off Our Backs|date=November 1991|volume=21|issue=10}}</ref> * The Reflowering of the Goddess (Pergamon Press, 1990) <ref name="Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess">{{Cite journal|author=Lauter|first=Estella|title=Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess|journal=Woman's Art Journal|date=Autumn 1994|volume=15|issue=2|pages=45–49|doi=10.2307/1358606}}</ref> * ''The Theater of the Marvelous'' === Isiakwụkwọ akwụkwọ === *   === Isiokwu === * Nnyocha Torah, Feminism na Nchọpụta Ime Anwansi na Ọrụ nke Ndị inyom America ise na-ese ihe ''na Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues''. Nke 14 (N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2007). peeji nke 97-130&nbsp; * ''The Greening of Gaia: Ndị na-ese ihe na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eleta ogige ahụ'' na ''Ụkpụrụ Omume na Gburugburu Ebe Obibi''. Izu ohi 8, Nke 1, (Spring, 2003), peeji nke 102-111&nbsp; * "Nsogbu" nke ide banyere Omenala Dị Nsọ na Njem Ime Anụ na Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị Quarterly. Mpịakọta nke 21 (Spr/Sum 1993). * ''Salon nke Natalie Clifford Barney: Ajụjụ ọnụ na Berthe Cleyrergue'' na Signs. Izu ohi 4, Nke 3 (N'oge opupu ihe ubi 1979).<ref name="Comment on Orenstein's 'The Salon of Natalie Clifford Barney: Interview with Berthe Cleyrergue'">{{Cite journal|author=Wickes|first=George|title=Comment on Orenstein's "The Salon of Natalie Clifford Barney: Interview with Berthe Cleyrergue"|journal=Signs|date=Spring 1980|volume=5|issue=3|pages=547–550|doi=10.1086/493746}}</ref> * Nlaghachi nke Archetype nke Great Goddess na Art site na Contemporary Women in Heresies. Mpịakọta nke 2, Nke 2 (Spring 1978), peeji nke 74-85&nbsp; * Nyocha edemede: Akụkọ nka na akara. Izu ohi 1, Nke 2 (N'oge oyi 1975).<ref name="Review Essay: Art History">{{Cite journal|author=Russell|first=Diane H.|title=Review Essay: Art History|journal=Signs|date=1980|volume=3|issue=5|pages=468–481|doi=10.1086/493732}}</ref> * ''Akụkọ nka na ikpe maka ụmụ nwanyị nke surrealism'' na The Journal of General Education . Izu ohi 27, Nke 1 (Spring 1975), peeji nke 31-54&nbsp; * Women of Surrealism na The Feminist Art Journal. (Spring 1973), peeji nke 15-21&nbsp; * "GLORIA ORENSTEIN - Prọfesọ nke Comparative Literature na Gender Studies, n'okpuru ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụ nwanyị maka agụmakwụkwọ," Veteran Feminists of America.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GLORIA ORENSTEIN - Professor of Comparative Literature and Gender Studies, FOUNDER OF THE WOMAN'S SALON FOR LITERATURE|url=http://www.vfa.us/Gloria%20Orenstein.htm|work=Veteran Feminists of America|accessdate=13 December 2017}}</ref> ==Edensibia == {{Reflist}} * 2011 Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Gloria Orenstein[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8R8sUpXA6Oc Ajụjụ ọnụ Gloria Orenstein] * [https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/sch02154/catalog Gloria Feman Orenstein Akwụkwọ.] [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Schlesinger], Radcliffe Institute, Mahadum Harvard. [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] jt6f3qwb67tql0k3kc0q354dsk2mueh Buddhist feminism 0 76011 639069 2026-05-26T23:56:00Z Mirah50 16972 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338518974|Buddhist feminism]]" 639069 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Reflist}}{{Feminism}}<templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />Buddhist feminism bụ òtù na-achọ imeziwanye ọnọdụ okpukpe, iwu, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ime [[Buddhism|Okpukpe Buddha]]. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Nkà mmụta okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị nke na-achọ ịkwalite na ịghọta nha anya nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'omume, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na mmụọ, na n'ọchịchị site n'echiche ndị Buddha. Onye na-akwado nha ụmụ nwanyị Buddha bụ Rita Gross kọwara atụmatụ nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị Buddha dị ka "omume dị egwu nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke". <ref>{{Cite book|title=Buddhism After Patriarchy: A Feminist History, Analysis, and Reconstruction of Buddhism|author=Gross|first=Rita M.|year=1992|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|location=Albany, New York|isbn=0-7914-1403-5|accessdate=October 7, 2012|url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismafterpat00gros}}</ref> == Buddhist feminism dị ka nghọta ọhụrụ == Ọ bụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ka a malitere inyocha nkwekọ dị n'etiti okpukpe Buddha na nghọta atụmatụ nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị banyere ịha nhata nha n'etiti agbụrụ, okike, ọkwa, mmekọahụ na mba. Nkwenye nke okpukpe Buddha na ịghọta eziokwu nke nsiridi site na ịme mmepe ime mmụọ ka a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe bara uru nye Echiche nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị ma e jiri ya tụnyere okpukpe ndị ọzọ. A na-enyocha ihe ndị a ka nghọta okpukpe banyere atụmatụ nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị ma na-aghọwanye nke a na-enyocha n'etiti ọha mmadụ ma na mkparịta ụka okwu a ma ama.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Byrne|first=Jean|date=2013|title=Why I Am Not a Buddhist Feminist: A Critical Examination of 'Buddhist Feminism."|journal=Feminist Theology|volume=21|issue=2|pages=180–194|doi=10.1177/0966735012464149}}</ref> Omume ụfọdụ na-achọ ịchọpụta ma jikọta ndị nọn Buddha. Okike ha nke obodo a na-akpagbu akpagbu n'ihi mmegide usoro nke lekwasịrị anya n'ebe ụmụ nwoke nọ nke ndị nọn okpukpe Buddha kewapụrụ na mpaghara ha ma kewaa ha site na ebe ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Tsomo|first=Karma Lekshe|title=Buddhist Women and social Justice: Ideals, Challenges, and Achievements.|publisher=University of New York|year=2004|isbn=9780791462546|location=Albany, New York|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka ekewapụrụ ndị nọn iche ma ghara ijikọ ha na gburugburu ụwa, e kere Skyadhita, ma ọ bụ "Ụmụ nwanyị nke Buddha", na otu ebumnuche iji jikọta ndị nọn a họpụtara ahọpụta na gburugburu ụwa.<ref name=":0" /> Òtù ndị nọn Buddha n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga nwere nkwenye nhazi na ịgafe ókè agbụrụ na agbụrụ ala site na ọdịiche asụsụ, na-ijikọta echiche omenala dị iche iche. Otu n'ime echiche ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha bụ ọnọdụ omenala dị n'etiti ụkpụrụ ndị Eshia na nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elekwasị anya na ebumnuche nkeonwe, na-ikwalite njirimara pụrụ iche, megide njirimara ndị Eshia n'ihe metụtara obodo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Tsomo|first=Karma Lekshe|title=Buddhist Women and social Justice: Ideals, Challenges, and Achievements.|publisher=University of New York|year=2004|isbn=9780791462546|location=Albany, New York|language=en}}</ref> == Nhọpụta == Ụfọdụ ndị Buddha na-akwado nha ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado maka nhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị na okpukpe Buddha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Langenburg|first=Amy|date=2018|title=An Imperfect Alliance: Feminism and Contemporary Female Buddhist Monastacisms|journal=Religions (Basel, Switzerland)|volume=9|issue=6|pages=190}}</ref> Nhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị na okpukpe Buddha bụ ihe a na-eme kemgbe ma bụrụ nke na-aga n'ihu na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke okpukpe Buddha, dị ka Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia. A na-eweghachi ya na mba ụfọdụ dị ka Malaysia, Nepal, na Sri Lanka, yana mmalite ọhụrụ na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ ebe okpukpe Buddha gbasara na nso nso a, dị ka United States.<ref name=":1" /> Mba ndị ọzọ egosila enweghị mmasị ịnabata ụmụ nwanyị n'usoro Buddha, dị ka Burma na Laos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karuṇā Sevena {{!}} Bhikkhunī history|url=https://www.karunasevena.cz/bhikkhuni-history|accessdate=2024-04-25|work=Karuṇā Sevena|language=en}}</ref> Ndị nọn nọ n'ebe nobibi ndị mọnk na-akpụ isi ha, na-eyi uwe ndị mọnk, ma na-ekwe nkwa ịnọ n'alụghị di.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Tsomo|first=Karma Lekshe|title=Buddhist Women and social Justice: Ideals, Challenges, and Achievements.|publisher=University of New York|year=2004|isbn=9780791462546|location=Albany, New York|language=en}}</ref> Ndị Buddha na-akwado nha ụmụ nwanyị na-ele nke a anya dị ka ihe iyi egwu nye iwulite mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ịbụ nwanyị. Ihe ndị mere n'oge ndị na-adịbeghị anya na Sri Lanka enyela ndị nọn ikike ịbụ ndị a họpụtara n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro; na-gbanyeghị nke a, e kpughere na ndị nọn Sri Lanka emeela omenala dịpụrụ adịpụ nke na-ekewapụ onwe ha na usoro ndị Buddha iwu kwadoro.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị nọn nkịtị bụ ndị na-eme okpukpe Buddha, ma ha ka na-ejide njirimara ha na ọrụ ha dị ka ndị nwunye, ndị nne, na ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ. N'afọ 1988, e guzobere agbụrụ Theravada bhikkhunis (ndị nọn a họpụtara kpamkpam), na Nepal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Langenburg|first=Amy|date=2018|title=An Imperfect Alliance: Feminism and Contemporary Female Buddhist Monastacisms|journal=Religions (Basel, Switzerland)|volume=9|issue=6|pages=190}}</ref> E nyere ndị anagarika Nepali atọ nsọpụrụ site n'enyemaka nke ndị nọn Fo Guang Shan na Los Angeles.<ref name=":1" /> Ndị inyom obodo Theravada Buddha bi na Nepal na-agbaso omenala Burmese nke ịjụ ndụ nwanyị. Ụfọdụ ndị nọn na-ekewapụ onwe ha n'etiti ọha mmadụ nke oge a ma na-etinye oge ha n'ịtụgharị uche na ịmụ Buddha dharma. A na-akpali ụfọdụ ịchụso ụzọ iji zere alụmdi na nwunye ọdịnala na ịbụ nne.<ref name=":1" /> == Nkatọ == Jean Byrne na-arụ ụka na n'ime okpukpe Buddha, enweghị nghọta gbasara eziokwu nke ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị n'obodo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Byrne|first=Jean|date=2013|title=Why I Am Not a Buddhist Feminist: A Critical Examination of 'Buddhist Feminism."|journal=Feminist Theology|volume=21|issue=2|pages=180–194|doi=10.1177/0966735012464149}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ya "Ihe mere na abụghị m onye nkwado nha ụmụ nwaanyị Buddha" ọ na-akọwa mbọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya maka ịha nhata nha n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ime obodo Buddha na-akwado nha ụmụ nwaanyị. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-ekwukwa banyere nkwenye na ịdabere na okpukpe Buddha ịbụ okpukpe na-ahụ maka ịha nhata nha n'agbanyeghị ozizi ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha, dị ka otu esi atụ anya ka ndị bhikkhunis na-asọpụrụ ụmụ nwoke ndị mọnk n'agbanyeghị afọ ma ọ bụ ahụmịhe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Heirman|first=Ann|date=2011|title="Buddhist Nuns: Between Past and Present"|url=https://tianzhubuddhistnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Heirman-Buddhist-Nuns-Between-Past-and-Present.pdf|journal=Numen: International Review for the History of Religions}}</ref> Byrne dọrọ aka ná ntị na ndị Buddha kwesịrị ịkpachara anya banyere otu njirimara dị ka onye Buddha nwere ike isi metụta mkpebi ha na nkwado nha ụmụ nwaanyị.<ref name=":2" /> Ndị na-akatọ ọchịchị oge gara aga akwadola ọnụnọ nke ihe karịrị otu ụdị nke atụmatụ nkwado nha ụmụnwanyị ndị Buddha, na-akatọ kwa ọrụ nke ndị ọcha na-ahụ maka nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị dị ka Rita Gross maka igosi echiche atụmatụ nkwado nha ụmụnwanyị ndị Buddha, nke na-anaghị eche echiche nke ọma, nke gbadoro ụkwụ n'echiche nke ikike ndị ọcha nke ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ime usoro a, a na-ewepụkarị olu nke ndị nkwado nha ụmụnwanyị Buddha ndị abụghị ndị ọcha bụ ndị na-adabaghị n'echiche ndị ọdịda anyanwụ, pụọ n'okwu gbasara mkparịta ụka.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Tomalin|first=Emma|date=2017|title=Gender and the Greening of Buddhism: Exploring Scope for a Buddhist Ecofeminism in an Ultramodern Age|journal=Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture|volume=11|issue=4|pages=455–480|doi=10.1558/jsrnc.32469}}</ref> == Ecofeminism == Ecofeminism bụ echiche nke ijikọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na okike, nke ụfọdụ ndị na-eso ụzọ okpukpe Buddha katọrọ, ọkachasị na ntinye aka nke njikọ atụmatụ nkwado nha ụmụnwanyị na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Tomalin|first=Emma|date=2017|title=Gender and the Greening of Buddhism: Exploring Scope for a Buddhist Ecofeminism in an Ultramodern Age|journal=Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture|volume=11|issue=4|pages=455–480|doi=10.1558/jsrnc.32469}}</ref> Ecofeminism jụrụ echiche nke ịdị mkpa; Otú ọ dị, ndị na-eso ụzọ ụfọdụ okpukpe Buddha na-ahụ echiche nke ịdị mkpa dị ka ihe mgbochi nye okwukwe ha. Ụfọdụ ndị na-eso ụzọ okpukpe Buddha aghọtawo njikọ atụmatụ nkwado nha ụmụnwanyị dị ka echiche nke na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ka ha bụrụ ndị nwere ụkpụrụ omume oma karịa ụmụ nwoke, nke na-emegide ọdịnala ndị Buddha nke ịjụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti àgwà nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=":4" /> Ndị nkwado nha ụmụnwanyị Buddha dị ka Rita Gross arụrịtala ụka na ecofeminism bụ nyocha gbasara njikọ dị n'etiti mmegbu gbasara okike, klas, na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":4" /> == Mmekọahụ == Dị ka omenala si dị, ozizi ndị Buddha banyere mmekọahụ na-ekwusi ike na ọchịchọ bụ otu n'ime isi ihe na-akpata ahụhụ. Ọ bụ ezie na enweghị mmachi mmekọahụ doro anya n'ebe ndị na-eme ihe nkịtị nọ (ewezuga ịbịaru nso n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị), amachibidoro ndị mọnk na ndị nọn site na-inwe mmekọahụ. Mmekọahụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ omume rụrụ arụ ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpata nchụpụ n'ebe obibi ndị mọnk. Echiche nke oge a enyewo nghọta ọzọ banyere ozizi na akụkọ Buddha site na anya ndị nkwado nha ụmụnwanyị. Ọrụ Miranda Shaw, "Wild Wise, Passionate: Dakinis in America," na-enyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Dakinis na yoginis, nke Shaw kọwara dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe Ike nke Vajrayana Buddha, bụ ndị bi n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Shaw|first=Miranda|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1hw3xvb|title=Passionate Enlightenment|date=2021-06-08|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv1hw3xvb|isbn=978-1-4008-4336-7}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a, ndị na-arụkarị ọrụ na nsọtụ nke omume Buddha, bụ ndị a maara site na nkwupụta okwu ha, agụụ ha, na nnabata ha n'ụzọ doro anya nke ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. Akụkọ ihe mere eme, karịsịa site n'aka ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke ọdịda anyanwụ, katọrọ Dakinis maka "mmasị agụụ mmekọahụ na enweghị uwe," na-akpọ ha ndị akwụna.<ref name=":5" /> Nkọwa Shaw na-agbagha ikpe ndị a, na-ekwusi ike na ndị Dakinis kpachapụrụ anya jụ ụkpụrụ ọha na eze iji mee "enweghị ike ha". <ref name=":5" /> Shaw na-atụ aro na ndị Dalinis na ndị yogini na-egosipụta onyinyo dị ike nke "ikike nwanyị ijikọta mmetụta uche anyị, mmekọahụ, na mmụọ" <ref name=":5" /> == Hụkwa == * Ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị na okpukpe Buddha * Òtù Mba Nile nke Ụmụ nwanyị Buddha * Ụmụ nwanyị na Okpukpe Buddha * Ananda == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.uvm.edu/~skaza/publications/assets/ecofeminism.pdf Iji Mmetụta Ọmịiko Mmetụta: okpukpe Buddha, Feminism, na Nsogbu Gburugburu Ebe Obibi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221640/http://www.inebnetwork.org/thinksangha/tsangha/ouyporn.html Feminism na Buddhism: Ntụgharị uche site na Ndụ Onwe Onye & Ahụmahụ Ọrụ] * [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/mother.htm Ịmụ nne: Ịzụlite Omume na Ụkpụrụ Omume Buddha na nke Ụmụ nwanyị] == Ịgụ ihe ndị ọzọ == * Gross, Rita M. Buddha mgbe Patriarchy gasịrị: Akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị, Nnyocha, na Nrụzigharị nke Buddha, State University of New York Press, 1992. * Gross, Rita M. Nkwado okpukpe na ọdịnihu nke mbara ala: Mkparịta ụka Buddha na Ndị Kraịst, Continuum Intl Pub Group, 2001. * Klein, Anne C. Nzukọ Eze Nwanyị Obi Ụtọ Ukwu: Ndị Buddha, Ndị Nwanyị, na Nkà nke Onwe, Snow Lion Publications, 2008. * Hu, Hsiao-Lan Nke a-Nibbana n'ụwa: Omume Ọha nke Buddha-Nwanyị maka Ime udo na Global Community, State University of New York Press, 2011. * {{Cite book|url=https://nyupress.org/books?id=9781479803415|title=Women in Buddhist Traditions|publisher=New York University Press, 2020|isbn=978-1-4798-0342-2|location=New York, NY|author=Tsomo, Karma Lekshe|date=22 December 2020}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRqEDwAAQBAJ|title=Buddhist Femininisms and Femininities|publisher=State University of New York Press, 2019|isbn=978-1-4384-7255-3|location=Albany, NY|editor=Tsomo, Karma Lekshe|date=January 2019}} tefrwbnav9wewcim953onhmf2ckjrep Kabir Bello 0 76012 639071 2026-05-26T23:59:15Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329904227|Kabir Bello]]" 639071 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Kabir Prince Bello''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Kabir Prince Bello.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 21 Julaị 1983) bụ onye bụbu onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa nke na-agba bọọlụ dịka onye na-agba bọọlụ. O sokwa Sepahan gbaa bọọlụ oge niile, ma soro ha gbaa egwuregwu abụọ na FIFA Club World Cup 2007.. == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ bụ Onye a tọghatara na Shi'a Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etedaldaily.ir/pub/1386/Bah/16/html/page10.html#30326|title=اعتدال - ۱۳۸۶/۱۱/۱۶ - صفحه ۱۰ - ورزش|accessdate=2010-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722014940/http://www.etedaldaily.ir/pub/1386/Bah/16/html/page10.html#30326|archivedate=2011-07-22}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.virtus-international.com/clients/bello_prince_kabir/bello_prince_kabir.php Profaịlụ na Virtus International] E debere ya na Wayback Machine * Profaịlụ na Liga Indonesia Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị (n'asụsụ Indonesian) [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] a9rrmto3rl75iv1d1fyl3le35sngkuf 639074 639071 2026-05-27T00:02:52Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639074 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Kabir Prince Bello''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Kabir Prince Bello.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 21 Julaị 1983) bụ onye bụbu onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa nke na-agba bọọlụ dịka onye na-agba bọọlụ. O sokwa Sepahan gbaa bọọlụ oge niile, ma soro ha gbaa egwuregwu abụọ na FIFA Club World Cup 2007.. .<ref>{{cite press release| title =FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2007: Provisional list of players: Sepahan F.C.| publisher =FIFA| date =2007-11-14| url =https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/cwc2007_sepahan_provisional_27338.pdf| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121016235349/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/cwc2007_sepahan_provisional_27338.pdf| url-status =dead| archive-date =October 16, 2012| accessdate =2007-12-09}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091214082033/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=289326/index.html FIFA.com]</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ bụ Onye a tọghatara na Shi'a Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etedaldaily.ir/pub/1386/Bah/16/html/page10.html#30326|title=اعتدال - ۱۳۸۶/۱۱/۱۶ - صفحه ۱۰ - ورزش|accessdate=2010-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722014940/http://www.etedaldaily.ir/pub/1386/Bah/16/html/page10.html#30326|archivedate=2011-07-22}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.virtus-international.com/clients/bello_prince_kabir/bello_prince_kabir.php Profaịlụ na Virtus International] E debere ya na Wayback Machine * Profaịlụ na Liga Indonesia Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị (n'asụsụ Indonesian) [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dqyq19ggcfq9wkov84oohihscxjrx6g Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Aboubacarkhoraa 3 76013 639073 2026-05-27T00:00:26Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 639073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Aboubacarkhoraa|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 00:00, 27 Mee 2026 (UTC)}} lrlvg3mwenht99c34aq9hakqtlrsjx1 Henry Ekubo 0 76014 639075 2026-05-27T00:04:58Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304471995|Henry Ekubo]]" 639075 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Henry Ekubo''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1982) bụ [[Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] na-agba bọọlụ lara ezumike nká. == Ọrụ bọọlụ == Ekubo malitere ọrụ ya na St. Gallen. Ọ gbara bọọlụ mbụ ya na oge 2000–01 wee gbaziri ya na Kriens nke Challen League. Ọ laghachiri na St. Gallen na oge 2003–04. <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[Guardian.co.uk]]|title=Stats Centre: Henry Ekubo Facts|url=http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=57&CPID=120&TEID=1403&PLID=50737&pStr=Player|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914030219/http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=57&CPID=120&TEID=1403&PLID=50737&pStr=Player|archivedate=2012-09-14|accessdate=2009-09-23}}</ref> Ekubo hapụrụ klọb ahụ n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2004, wee gbaa bọọlụ na obere league. Ewezuga YF Juventus na FC Gossau na Challenge League, ọ gbara bọọlụ na 1. Klọb Liga. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] oly03kuo3ddqu2ibcadhj3bn697dhsk Rasheed Alabi 0 76015 639076 2026-05-27T00:06:06Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329680034|Rasheed Alabi]]" 639076 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rasheed Oladimeji Alabi Suaibu''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Abike25-Rasheed Oladimeji Alabi Suaibu.wav|listen}} (amụrụ na 9 Jenụwarị 1986 na [[Kaduna]]) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke ikpeazụ gbara bọọlụ maka klọb Iran Sanat Naft . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sigmalive.com/sports/team/omonoia/95663/videos?cat=sports|title=Ρασίντ Αλαμπί: "Ζητώ συγγνώμη, το έχω μετανιώσει"|publisher=sigmalive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://omonoianews.com/podosfairo/2013/06/αλαμπί-αγαπώ-αυτή-την-ομάδα/|title=Αλαμπί: "Αγαπώ αυτή την ομάδα"|date=2 June 2013}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ gbakwara bọọlụ maka OFI na Doxa Katokopias. Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka AC Omonia na iko UEFA megide Manchester City. == Nsọpụrụ == * [[AC Omonia]] * Mmeri Saịprọs: 2010 * Iko Saịprọs: 2011, 2012 * Cyprus FA Shield: 2010, 2012 == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] eq14lflfnw6143c20lyszwsaszj1s2h Bosun Ayeni 0 76016 639077 2026-05-27T00:07:04Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329861868|Bosun Ayeni]]" 639077 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Bosun Ayeni''' (amụrụ na 8 Nọvemba 1978) bụ onye Naijiria lara ezumike nká na [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] bọọlụ. Na 28 Maachị 2008, a chụpụrụ ya na SønderjyskE mgbe ọ kụrụ onye otu ya bụ Kenneth Fabricius isi ugboro abụọ. == Njikọ mpụga == * Bosun AyeninaDR (n'asụsụ Danish) (nke e debere) * Boldklubben Frem profile (in Danish)naỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback (echekwara 27 Febụwarị 2012) * Player ProfilenaỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback (nke echekwara na 15 Julaị 2011) [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pnu8swz3c0rde1lltwuvrjv8j0trsz8 Sam Okoye 0 76017 639078 2026-05-27T00:08:03Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345910774|Sam Okoye]]" 639078 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Sam Okoye''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Sam Okoye.wav|Listen}} (1 Mee 1980 - 31 Ọgọst 2005) bụ onye [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na-edebe goolu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] nke nọchitere anya Naijiria n'oge 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship . == Ọnwụ == Ọnwa anọ ka ọ gbasịrị afọ 25, mgbe ọ bi na Tehran, a kọrọ na ọ nwụrụ n'ebe ahụ mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ụbọchị ole na ole. A kọwabeghị ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya nke ọma, ndị ọchịchị Iran ewepụtaghịkwa ozu ya maka ịlaghachi na Naịjirịa ma lie ya ruo Mee 2006..<ref name="iranpro">{{Cite news|url=http://www.iranproleague.net/index.php/the-news/1-latest-news/2769-Nigeria-%20Okoye%5C%27s%20Body%20Released%20by%20Iran|title=Nigeria: Okoye's Body Released by Iran|date=17 May 2006|work=iranproleague.net|accessdate=25 January 2010}}</ref> Duo nke [[Daniel Olerum]] na [[Sunny Okoye]] kpughere site na isi obodo Iran, Tehran na ndị ọrụ Sorkh Poushan FC ekwekọrịtala ịkwụ ụgwọ ụgbọ elu nke onye bọọlụ ahụ nwụrụ anwụ.<ref name="iranpro" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/sports/2006/may/29/sports-29-05-2006-002.htm|title=Okoye’s corpse suffers more delay|date=29 May 2006|accessdate=25 January 2010|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Nigeria squad 2000 Summer Olympics}} ddheoqq3mrlpu3syaepdec2xace33lz Daniel Onyekachi 0 76018 639079 2026-05-27T00:09:16Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328284325|Daniel Onyekachi]]" 639079 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Daniel Onyekachi''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1985) bụ onye bụbu onye egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara na Naịjirịa nke gbara bọọlụ dịka onye na-agba bọọlụ. == Nsọpụrụ == '''LZS Piotrówka''' * IV liga Opole: 2014-15<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saltex IV liga 2014/2015, grupa: opolska|url=http://www.90minut.pl/liga/0/liga7551.html|work=90minut.pl|accessdate=1 October 2024|language=pl}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Daniel Onyekachina90minut.pl (n'asụsụ Polish) {{DEFAULTSORT:Onyekachi, Daniel}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3wj7w1gx1dbddvfjmn0dsgmlywefidq Uche Iheruome 0 76019 639080 2026-05-27T00:10:14Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337512905|Uche Iheruome]]" 639080 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uche Iheruome''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Uche Iheruome.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ n'April 14, 1987 na Lagos ) bụ ọkachamara bọọlụ Naịjirịa nke gbara bọọlụ ikpeazụ maka Thanh Hóa. . == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 14mw4hycg63fjildeu10wfvcv003tgg 639081 639080 2026-05-27T00:11:26Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639081 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uche Iheruome''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Uche Iheruome.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ n'April 14, 1987 na Lagos ) bụ ọkachamara bọọlụ Naịjirịa nke gbara bọọlụ ikpeazụ maka Thanh Hóa. <ref>[http://www.futbolinis.lt/content/persons/409/en Futbolinis - Uche Iheruome (born 1987)]</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6ipymy8otaoc08w8zm4s37jnyuwlv0x Dino Eze 0 76020 639082 2026-05-27T00:12:29Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256731953|Dino Eze]]" 639082 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Dino Eze''' (amụrụ na 1 June 1984, na Port Harcourt)bụ onye bụbu onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa nke gbara bọọlụ dịka onye etiti egwuregwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/exclusiv-dino-eze-la-gloria-buzau-1851.html|title=Dino Eze la Gloria Buzau!|publisher=Gsp.ro|language=Romanian|date=24 June 2007|accessdate=26 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/dino-eze-mircea-rednic-un-tip-ok-3166.html|title=Dino Eze: "Mircea Rednic? Un tip OK!"|publisher=Gsp.ro|language=Romanian|date=11 July 2007|accessdate=26 April 2021}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tda5t3zmrql0yxzsfwsc17pt7sr5b70 Ndubuisi Eze 0 76021 639083 2026-05-27T00:13:19Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329984656|Ndubuisi Eze]]" 639083 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ndubuisi Godwin Ezeh''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Ndubuisi Godwin Ezeh.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na Mee 10, 1984 na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ. == Ọrụ == Ezeh rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na Al-Hilal gara nke ọma na CAF Champions League 2007. <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[FIFA]]|title=Nigerians lead Al-Hilal to vital win|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/japan2007/news/newsid=557303.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602222416/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/japan2007/news/newsid=557303.html|archivedate=June 2, 2008|date=2007-07-22|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|publisher=MTN Football|title=Revival of Sudanese Football|url=http://nationscup.mtnfootball.com/live/content.php?Item_ID=11896|date=2007-11-12|accessdate=2008-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617231032/http://nationscup.mtnfootball.com/live/content.php?Item_ID=11896|archivedate=2008-06-17}}</ref>Ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọkachamara na Yverdon-Sport FC na Switzerland na ụbọchị anọ nke ọnwa Septemba afọ 2010, [1] ebe a gbara naanị egwuregwu abụọ na Swiss Challenge League wee sonye na Ismaily na Jenụwarị afọ 2010. == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:All articles with unsourced statements]] iqdj0c5ngvol2fdqi81tke8v302hckv 639084 639083 2026-05-27T00:14:45Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639084 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ndubuisi Godwin Ezeh''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Ndubuisi Godwin Ezeh.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na Mee 10, 1984 na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ. == Ọrụ == Ezeh rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na Al-Hilal gara nke ọma na CAF Champions League 2007. <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[FIFA]]|title=Nigerians lead Al-Hilal to vital win|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/japan2007/news/newsid=557303.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602222416/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/japan2007/news/newsid=557303.html|archivedate=June 2, 2008|date=2007-07-22|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|publisher=MTN Football|title=Revival of Sudanese Football|url=http://nationscup.mtnfootball.com/live/content.php?Item_ID=11896|date=2007-11-12|accessdate=2008-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617231032/http://nationscup.mtnfootball.com/live/content.php?Item_ID=11896|archivedate=2008-06-17}}</ref>Ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọkachamara na Yverdon-Sport FC na Switzerland na ụbọchị anọ nke ọnwa Septemba afọ 2010, ,<ref>[http://www.appenzellerzeitung.ch/sport/tb-sp/SM-Swiss-Tour;art133,1376681 Nigerianischer Stürmer für Yverdon]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ebe a gbara naanị egwuregwu abụọ na Swiss Challenge League wee sonye na Ismaily na Jenụwarị afọ 2010. <ref>[http://www.mtnfootball.com/live/content.php?Item_ID=31850 Ndubuisi Eze joins Ismaily | MTNFootball.com]</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:All articles with unsourced statements]] adbvnl343n370pr9sq2giucbtrn781k Andrea Cossu 0 76022 639085 2026-05-27T00:15:57Z Chinemeremprince 13026 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354659761|Andrea Cossu (footballer, born 1984)]]" 639085 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andrea Bright Cossu''' (amụrụ n'August 15, 1984)bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa, onye na-egwuri egwu ugbu a maka Norcia 480 na Italian Prima Categoria dịka onye etiti. Ọ bụkwa nwa amaala Itali. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === A mụrụ Cossu n'obodo Buguma nke Naijiria . Ezinụlọ Cossu si n'obodo ya [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] kwaga n'afọ 1990 n'obodo Ịtali bụ Foligno. === Ọrụ === Coassu hapụrụ Giulianova n'oge 2002–03 wee laghachi na Ternana na Jenụwarị 2003. Na Jenụwarị 2006, Triestina bịanyere aka na ya. N'oge 2007–08, a gbaziri ya na Paganese. === Universitatea Craiova === Na Febụwarị 2011, Andrea Cossu bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na klọb [[Romania|Romanian]] FC Universitatea Craiova nke Liga 1. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fcuniversitatea.ro/index.php?idd=4814|title=Universitatea Craiova îşi va prezenta azi noile achiziţii (Romanian)|date=25 February 2011|accessdate=27 February 2011|work=fcuniversitatea.ro}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Nwanne Andrea, Riccardo, na-agba bọọlụ ugbu a maka [[A.C.D. Austis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilmioalbum.it/squadra.php?stagione=11&categoria=14&fase_categoria=249&girone=752&squadra=10628|title=AUSTIS - CALCIO TERZA CATEGORIA &#124; Risultati Sportivi &#124; Il Mio Album|accessdate=2013-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040737/http://www.ilmioalbum.it/squadra.php?stagione=11&categoria=14&fase_categoria=249&girone=752&squadra=10628|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.lega-calcio.it/it/Serie-B-TIM/Giocatore.page?idplayer=9BD6EB19-A96C-F3F5-484C-901680A820ED Lega Calcio - Cossu, Andrea] [nkwekọrịta nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide] (n'asụsụ Italian)   [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] o943whpq5gpyxnadc76xks5eitnwxg0 639086 639085 2026-05-27T00:17:32Z Chinemeremprince 13026 639086 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andrea Bright Cossu''' (amụrụ n'August 15, 1984)bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa, onye na-egwuri egwu ugbu a maka Norcia 480 na Italian Prima Categoria dịka onye etiti. Ọ bụkwa nwa amaala Itali. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === A mụrụ Cossu n'obodo Buguma nke Naijiria . Ezinụlọ Cossu si n'obodo ya [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] kwaga n'afọ 1990 n'obodo Ịtali bụ Foligno.<ref>[http://www.gazzetta.it/speciali/2008/calcio/Players/player_p216965.shtml Titolo articolo - La Gazzetta dello Sport: Calcio]</ref> === Ọrụ === Coassu hapụrụ Giulianova n'oge 2002–03 wee laghachi na Ternana na Jenụwarị 2003. Na Jenụwarị 2006, Triestina bịanyere aka na ya. N'oge 2007–08, a gbaziri ya na Paganese. === Universitatea Craiova === Na Febụwarị 2011, Andrea Cossu bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na klọb [[Romania|Romanian]] FC Universitatea Craiova nke Liga 1. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fcuniversitatea.ro/index.php?idd=4814|title=Universitatea Craiova îşi va prezenta azi noile achiziţii (Romanian)|date=25 February 2011|accessdate=27 February 2011|work=fcuniversitatea.ro}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Nwanne Andrea, Riccardo, na-agba bọọlụ ugbu a maka [[A.C.D. Austis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilmioalbum.it/squadra.php?stagione=11&categoria=14&fase_categoria=249&girone=752&squadra=10628|title=AUSTIS - CALCIO TERZA CATEGORIA &#124; Risultati Sportivi &#124; Il Mio Album|accessdate=2013-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040737/http://www.ilmioalbum.it/squadra.php?stagione=11&categoria=14&fase_categoria=249&girone=752&squadra=10628|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.lega-calcio.it/it/Serie-B-TIM/Giocatore.page?idplayer=9BD6EB19-A96C-F3F5-484C-901680A820ED Lega Calcio - Cossu, Andrea] [nkwekọrịta nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide] (n'asụsụ Italian)   [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pf7y3umosi1arnnu488gskxw1vhb846