Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 15445 688220 656569 2026-07-15T12:15:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adela Elad''' (a mụrụ na 25 Ọktoba 1987) bụ onye [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye ọrụ ebere.<ref name="tiptopstars">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/the-news/978-adela-opens-up-on-kelly-jeff-others.html|title=TIPTOPSTARS - ONLINE MAGAZINE Array Adela opens up on Kelly, Jeff, others|work=tiptopstars.com|accessdate=18 August 2017|archivedate=18 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818011623/http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/the-news/978-adela-opens-up-on-kelly-jeff-others.html}}</ref><ref name="tiptopstars2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/the-news/1007-adela-elad-celebrates-bd-with-orphans.html|title=TIPTOPSTARS - ONLINE MAGAZINE Array Adela Elad celebrates BD with orphans|work=tiptopstars.com|accessdate=18 August 2017|archivedate=18 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818005418/http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/the-news/1007-adela-elad-celebrates-bd-with-orphans.html}}</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya n'afọ 2012 na ihe nkiri University Girls . O meriri na mbipụta 2015 nke African dream achiever award.<ref name="Adela Elad">{{Cite news|title=Adela Elad|url=http://www.whoiswhoincameroon.com/2016/06/adela-elad.html|work=whoiswho|accessdate=15 August 2017}}</ref> Dịka onye na-emepụta ihe, ọrụ ya gụnyere Night in the grassfield n'okpuru mmepụta ya Mae Pictures.<ref name="whoiswhoincameroon">{{Cite web|url=http://www.whoiswhoincameroon.com/2016/06/adela-elad.html|title=Adela Elad|work=Who is Who In Cameroon|accessdate=18 August 2017|archivedate=10 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310105812/http://www.whoiswhoincameroon.com/2016/06/adela-elad.html}}</ref> Ihe nkiri izizi mbụ ya na mba ụwa bụ Baby Daddy na onye na-emepụta [[Nollywood]] nke Naijiria [[Emem Isong]] na-egosi kpakpando dịka [[Alexx Ekubo]].<ref name="sysysblog">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sysysblog.com/2016/11/cameroonian-actress-and-producer-adela.html|work=sysysblog.com|title=Cameroonian Actress and Producer Adela Elad Stars in Emem Isong's next big movie project in Nigeria|accessdate=18 August 2017|archivedate=18 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818010956/http://www.sysysblog.com/2016/11/cameroonian-actress-and-producer-adela.html}}</ref><ref name="xplorenollywood">{{Cite web|url=http://xplorenollywood.com/movie-review-baby-daddy-is-a-captivating-name-all-that-is-needed/|title=Movie Review: "Baby Daddy" is a captivating name, all that is needed?|work=Xplorenollywood|accessdate=18 August 2017}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Adela Elad na 25 Ọktoba 1987 na Bamenda, isi obodo nke mpaghara ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. Ọ bụ nwa afọ Kwen. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na Douala, wee gaa Government Bilingual Secondary School na Santchou tupu ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na City College of Commerce Mankon na Bamenda. O mechara gaa Mahadum nke Buea. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2012, Elad malitere ime ihe nkiri, na-apụta na ihe nkiri "University girls".<ref name="Adela Elad" /> Kemgbe ahụ, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na sinima nke Cameroon na ihe nkiri ndị dịka "U-turn", "Wrong combination" na ndị ọzọ. O mekwara usoro telivishọn abụọ "Ruble" na "Bad Angels" na-agbasa na Cameroon Radio Television (CRTV). N'afọ 2016, ọ malitere mmepụta ihe nkiri nke ya nke a maara dịka Mae Pictures ma mepụta ihe nkiri Night of the grassfield .<ref name="ladyt237">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ladyt237.com/index.php/2016/06/17/night-in-the-grass-field-a-mae-pictures-production/|title=Night In The Grass Field – A Mae Pictures Production – Welcome To Lady-T's World|work=ladyt237.com|accessdate=18 August 2017|archivedate=18 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818004454/http://www.ladyt237.com/index.php/2016/06/17/night-in-the-grass-field-a-mae-pictures-production/}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, o ritere ihe nrite African dream achiever award.<ref name="Adela Elad" /> == Ọrụ ebere == Elad bụ onye ọrụ ebere na-elekwasị anya na ụmụaka na-enweghị ihe ndị dị mkpa. N'afọ 2016, o mepụtara Mae Foundation dịka ihe na-eme ka ụmụaka nọ n'ụkọ nwee ike.<ref name="tiptopstars2" /> == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == * ''Nwa agbọghọ mahadum'' (2012) * ''U-nzọgharị'' * ''Nna nwa'' na [[Alexx Ekubo]] * Bad Angel (ihe nkiri TV) * ''N'abalị nke ahịhịa'' == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Afọ !Ihe nrite !Ụdị !Onye Nwetara ya !Nsonaazụ |- | rowspan="2" |2015 | rowspan="2" |Ihe nrite African Achiever |Cameroon | rowspan="2" | | {{Won}} |- | | |- |} == Hụkwa ==   * Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Cameroon * Ihe nkiri nke Cameroon == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm12686673/ Adela Elad] na [https://m.imdb.com/ IMDb] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1wwmkd8yij3nupzhn7phlxq0rmuvmez 0 16355 688256 630882 2026-07-16T03:52:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Asisat Lamina Oshoala''' MON (amụrụ n'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1994) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere otu egwuregwu Primera División FC Barcelona Femení ma bụrụkwa [[Footbọl|onye]] isi otu ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria/news/170211/Oshoala_off_to_China|title=Oshoala off to China|date=11 February 2017|publisher=SuperSport|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka kachasị ukwuu n'oge niile na otu n'etiti ndị kachasị mma n'ụwa, ọ bụ onye bọọlụ bọọlụ nwanyị Afrịka kacha mma n'oge ọ bụla, yana onye na-agba bọọlụ n'afọ ugboro anọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/france2019/news/best-of-women-s-football-in-africa-celebrated-in-egypt|title=Best of Women's Football in Africa Celebrated in Egypt|date=7 January 2020|publisher=Fifa|accessdate=29 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2021|title=GOAL50 2021: The best female players in the world revealed after your vote|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/lists/goal50-2021-the-best-female-players-in-the-world-revealed/blt124431e924422144#cs2737f328d21fbfc2|accessdate=17 November 2021|publisher=Goal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117175628/https://www.goal.com/en-ng/lists/goal50-2021-the-best-female-players-in-the-world-revealed/blt124431e924422144|archivedate=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="TheAthletic">{{Cite web|url=https://theathletic.com/2717486/2021/07/19/asisat-oshoala-as-much-as-education-is-important-sport-is-also-important/|title=Asisat Oshoala: As long as Education is Important Sport is Also Important|first=Anita|author=Abayomi|publisher=The Athletic|work=theathletic.com|date=19 July 2021|accessdate=21 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Klosok|first=Aleks|date=5 October 2021|title=Asisat Oshoala: How a grandmother's belief gave birth to an African soccer superstar|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/05/football/asisat-oshoala-football-barcelona-nigeria-womens-champions-league-cmd-spt-intl/index.html|accessdate=2021-11-06|work=CNN|publisher=[[CNN]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005095429/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/05/football/asisat-oshoala-football-barcelona-nigeria-womens-champions-league-cmd-spt-intl/index.html|archivedate=5 October 2021}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Asisat Oshoala 2019 Champions League.jpg|thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ|'''Asisat Lamina Oshoala''']] Oshoala na-egwuri egwu na klọb ndị England Arsenal na Liverpool, klọb China Dailan, na klọbu ndị Naijiria Rivers Angels na FC Robo. O meriri 2015 FA Women's Cup na Arsenal; abụọ league championships na otu iko title na Dalian; na 2019 Copa de la Reina na 201920 Supercopa de España Femenina na Barcelona. Ọ bụ onye egwuregwu Afrịka (na Naijiria) mbụ gbara goolu na UEFA Women's Champions League final ma nyere Barcelona aka iru ọkara ikpeazụ afọ atọ n'usoro, na otu nke ikpeazụ. N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2021, Oshoala ghọrọ nwanyị Afrịka mbụ meriri UEFA Champions League, mgbe Barcelona meriri Chelsea n'asọmpi ikpeazụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Oludare|first=Shina|date=16 May 2021|title=Women’s Champions League: Barcelona’s Oshoala makes history in Chelsea decimation {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-bh/news/womens-champions-league-barcelonas-oshoala-makes-history-in/o7kshszab8ti196cf4jo4z5kw|accessdate=16 May 2021|work=www.goal.com}}</ref> Oshoala bụ onye kacha gbaa goolu na 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup ma kpọọ ya onye egwuregwu kachasị mma na asọmpi ahụ. A kpọkwara ya onye egwuregwu kachasị mma na onye nke abụọ kacha gbaa goolu na ndị otu Super Falcons bụ ndị meriri 2014 African Women's Championship. Na Septemba 2014, [[Ishi ochíchì Naigeria|Onye isi ala Naịjirịa]] [[Goodluck Jonathan]] mere Oshoala onye otu Order of the Niger. N'afọ 2021, a kpọrọ aha ya na Forbes 30 Under 30.<ref name="forbes30">{{Cite web|author=Williams|first=Tommy|title=Meet 30 Inspirational Women This Women's History Month|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommywilliams1/2021/03/08/meet-30-inspirational-women-this-womens-history-month/?sh=7b3407105208|work=[[Forbes Magazine]]|accessdate=8 April 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == === Liverpool: 2015-2016 === Na 23 Jenụwarị afo 2015, Oshoala sonyeere Liverpool na England's Women's Super League. Onye njikwa klọb ahụ, Matt Beard, kpọrọ ya "otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu kachasị mma n'ụwa".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asisat Oshoala: Liverpool Ladies sign Nigerian prospect|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/30948874|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na asịrị jikọtara ya na klọb ndị ọzọ, obi dị ya ụtọ ịbanye na Liverpool.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kessel|first=Anna|title=Happiness lies with Liverpool for Nigerian superstar Asisat Oshoala|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/mar/21/asisat-oshoala-liverpool-ladies-nigeria-wsl-africa|accessdate=10 June 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|dat e=21 March 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye egwuregwu mbụ si mba Afrịka na-asọ mpi na asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị kachasị elu n'England.<ref name="bbc_liverpool_bcfc_010415">{{Cite web|title=Liverpool Women 2 Birmingham City Women|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/32046106|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|accessdate=28 March 2021}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ hapụrụ ọnwa abụọ n'afọ 2015 n'ihi mmerụ ahụ n'ikpere, Oshoala gbara goolu atọ n'egwuregwu itoolu ọ gbara dịka ndị na-agbachitere Liverpool mechara n'ọnọdụ nke asaa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|title=Oshoala ruled out for eight weeks due to knee injury|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/12072/nigeria-women/2015/07/25/13869262/oshoala-ruled-out-for-eight-weeks-due-to-knee-injury|publisher=[[Goal.com]]|accessdate=28 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Currie|first=Jo|title=Liverpool Ladies: Injuries 'impacted' on season, says Beard|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34505746|accessdate=19 December 2015|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=13 October 2015}}</ref> Goolu mbụ ya n'oge ahụ bụ mmeghe egwuregwu nke mmeri 2<nowiki>[[1]]</nowiki> megide Birmingham City na Eprel 1.<ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web|title=Asisat Oshoala|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/players/asisat-oshoala/260424/|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=28 March 2021}}</ref> N'oge klọb ahụ meriri Manchester City n'afọ 2, ọ gbara goolu mmeghe egwuregwu na nkeji nke iri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Currie|first=Jo|title=Liverpool Ladies beat Man City Women 2-1 in Super League One|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/32370934|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=26 April 2015}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu nke atọ nke klọb ahụ na mmeri 3 na 1 megide Arsenal na 12 Julaị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fara Williams Sparks Liverpool Triumph with goal at Arsenal|url=https://www.thefa.com/news/2015/jul/12/arsenal-1-3-liverpool-120715|publisher=[[Football Association]]|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=12 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arsenal vs. Liverpool 1 - 3|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/matches/2015/07/12/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/liverpool-lfc/1999870/|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=12 July 2015|archivedate=22 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422190314/https://us.women.soccerway.com/matches/2015/07/12/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/liverpool-lfc/1999870/}}</ref> N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2016, Liverpool kọrọ na ntinye aka sitere na Arsenal emeela ka nkwekọrịta ntọhapụ dị na nkwekọrịta Oshoala nakwa na ya na klọb London na-ekwurịta okwu onwe onye.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigerian striker Oshoala to hold talks with Arsenal|url=http://ladies.liverpoolfc.com/news/nigerian_striker_oshoala_to_hold_talks_with_arsenal.html|accessdate=26 January 2016|publisher=[[Liverpool L.F.C.]]|date=26 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool Ladies Accept Arsenal's Bid For Asisat Oshoala {{!}} Wolexis Sports Blog|url=http://www.wolexis.com/2016/01/latest-liverpool-accept-arsenals-bid.html|work=www.wolexis.com|accessdate=27 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130040359/http://www.wolexis.com/2016/01/latest-liverpool-accept-arsenals-bid.html|archivedate=30 January 2016}}</ref> === Arsenal: 2016 2017 === Na Machị afo 2016, Oshoala bịanyere aka na Arsenal.<ref name="bbc_arsenal_signing">{{Cite web|title=Asisat Oshoala: Arsenal Ladies sign Nigeria striker from Liverpool Ladies|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35841988|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=18 March 2016}}</ref> Onye njikwa Arsenal, Pedro Losa kwuru banyere mbinye aka ya, "Asisat bụ ezigbo nkà ma ga-abụ nnukwu mgbakwunye na ndị otu anyị. Ọ na-agba ọsọ, nwere ụkwụ magburu onwe ya ma gosipụta na ọ nwere ike ịgba goolu n'ihi ya ọ dị ezigbo mma na o kpebiri isonyere anyị.<ref name="bbc_arsenal_signing" /> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Onye nkuzi Oshoala bụ Edwin Okon na-eje ozi dị ka onye njikwa oge nke otu mba mgbe o nyere ya okpu izizi na mmeri enyi na enyi nke ndị mmeri ụwa Japan na Septemba 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Okon has big plans for Oshoala|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/okon-has-big-plans-for-oshoala/|accessdate=5 December 2020|publisher=[[The Nation (Nigeria)]]|date=3 September 2014}}</ref> A kpọrọ Oshoala dị ka onye egwuregwu kachasị mma na afo 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup ma bụrụ onye kacha gbaa goolu na asọmpi ahụ na goolu asaa. A kpọkwara ya onye egwuregwu kachasị mma na onye nke abụọ kacha gbaa goolu na ndị otu Super Falcons bụ ndị meriri 2014 African Women's Championship.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria reclaim African women's title|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29739296|accessdate=15 November 2014|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Oludare|first=Shina|title=Asisat Oshoala named Africa Women Championship Most Valuable Player|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/7255/2014-african-women-championship/2014/10/25/5488441/asisat-oshoala-named-africa-women-championship-most-valuable|accessdate=15 November 2014|publisher=Goal.com|date=25 October 2014}}</ref> O nwetakwara mmeri na BBC Women's Footballer of the Year 2015. Na Septemba 2014, [[Ishi ochíchì Naigeria|Onye isi ala Naịjirịa]] [[Goodluck Jonathan]] mere Oshoala onye otu Order of the Niger.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|title=Asisat Oshoala dedicates national award to parents, mates|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigeria/2014/09/29/5143023/asisat-oshoala-dedicates-national-award-to-parents-mates|accessdate=15 November 2014|publisher=Goal.com|date=29 September 2014}}</ref> == Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%" |+ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na asọmpi ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi ! scope="col" |Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ! scope="col" |Mbipụta |- ! scope="row" |FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup |7 |('''7''' na 2014) |- !Ngụkọta U-20 !7 |- ! scope="row" |FIFA Women's World Cup |2 |(1 na 2015), (1 na 2019) |- ! scope="row" |Iko Mba nke Ụmụ nwanyị Africa |13 |(4 na 2014), ('''6''' na 2016), (3 na 2018) |- ! scope="row" |Africa Women Cup of Nations iru eru |6 |('''4''' na 2014), (2 na 2018) |- ! scope="row" |CAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |2 |(2 na 2020) |- ! scope="row" |Iko ụmụ nwanyị Saịprọs |2 |(2 na 2019) |- ! scope="row" |Iko ụmụ nwanyị Turkey |4 |('''4''' na 2021) |- !Ngụkọta !29 |} == Nsọpụrụ == ; Osimiri Ndị Mmụọ Ozi * Asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa: 2014<ref name="goal_riversangels_double_2014">{{Cite web|author=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|title=Rivers Angels' double feat excites Oshoala, Nwabuoku|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigerian-football/2014/12/01/6596921/rivers-angels-double-feat-excites-oshoala-nwabuoku|publisher=Goal.com|accessdate=28 March 2021}}</ref> * Iko ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa: 2013, 2014 ; Arsenal * Iko ụmụ nwanyị nke FA: 201516<ref name="soccerway" /> ; Dalian Quanjian F.C. * Chinese Women's Super League: 2017 2018<ref name="2017 Dalian">{{Cite web|title=金靴+双冠王，大连权健女足外援奥绍拉获非洲足球小姐|url=https://news.zhibo8.cc/zuqiu/2018-01-05/5a4ef319503c3.htm|publisher=Zhibo8|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=1 May 2018|archivedate=22 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422185927/https://news.zhibo8.cc/zuqiu/2018-01-05/5a4ef319503c3.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=28 October 2018|title=Dalian Quanjian’s Asisat Oshoala ends 2018 season in China with a bang|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/dalian-quanjians-asisat-oshoala-ends-2018-season-in-china-with-a-/1v03o6omdojlg1rtstx4rt2wa2|accessdate=6 August 2021|work=Goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> ; FC Barcelona * Nkewa nke Mbụ: 201920, 202021, 202122<ref name="soccerway" /> * UEFA Women's Champions League: 202021;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/match/2030666--chelsea-vs-barcelona/postmatch/report/|title=Chelsea 0-4 Barcelona: Barça surge to first Women's Champions League title|work=UEFA.com|date=16 May 2021|accessdate=16 May 2021}}</ref> * Super Cup nke Spain Ụmụ nwanyị: 201920, 202122 * Iko nke Eze Nwanyị: 201920, 2020 ; Naịjirịa * African Women's Championship: 2014, 2016, 2018<ref name="soccerway" /> * Onye nke abụọ na FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup: 2014<ref name="soccerway" /> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Onye na-agba bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke BBC nke Afọ: 2015<ref>{{Cite web|author=Hunter|first=Steve|title=Oshoala wins top BBC accolade|url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest-news/185849-oshoala-wins-top-bbc-accolade|accessdate=5 June 2015|publisher=[[Liverpool F.C.]]|date=26 May 2015}}</ref> * Onyinye Eze Nwanyị nke Pitch: 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.informationng.com/2015/06/enyeama-oshoala-king-and-queen-at-nigeria-pitch-awards.html|title=Enyeama, Oshoala King and Queen at Nigeria Pitch Awards|first=Omaku|author=Cephas|date=15 June 2015}}</ref> * Onye na-agba bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka nke Afọ: 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019<ref name="2014 caf award">{{Cite news|author=Njoku|first=Humphrey|title=Oshoala wins Caf player award|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria/news/150109/Oshoala_wins_Caf_player_award|publisher=[[SuperSport (TV channel)|SuperSport]]|date=9 January 2015|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/01/05/live-african-football-lovers-await-top-continental-honours-hosted-in-nigeria/|title=[LIVE] Algerian Riyad Mahrez is 2016 African Player of the Year|author=AfricaNews|date=7 January 2017|work=Africanews|accessdate=7 January 2017|archivedate=8 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108052517/https://www.africanews.com/2017/01/05/live-african-football-lovers-await-top-continental-honours-hosted-in-nigeria/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mohamed Salah: Liverpool and Egypt forward named African Player of the Year|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/42574221|work=BBC Sport|date=2018}}</ref> * Onye Ntorobịa Ntorobụ Africa nke Afọ: 2014<ref name="2014 caf award" /> * African Women's Championship Golden Ball: 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oshoala, Oparanozie claim individual honours|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=RS73d62EAt%2bYYpKl098jPQ%3d%3d|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football|CAF]]|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> * African Women's Championship Golden Boot: 2016 * FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Golden Boot: 2014<ref name="sundiata_2014fifaawards" /> * FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Golden Ball: 2014<ref name="sundiata_2014fifaawards">{{Cite web|title=Oshoala wins Golden Ball as 2014 Fifa U20 Women's Cup|url=https://sundiatapost.com/oshoala-wins-golden-ball-as-2014-fifa-u20-womens-cup/|publisher=Sundiata Post|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=25 August 2014}}</ref> * Nkewa nke Mbụ Onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ: 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oshoala y Geyse comparten Pichichi, mientras Lete gana el Zamora|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/futbol-femenino/primera-division/2022/05/15/62792acee2704e399d8b458d.html|publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|accessdate=2021-05-15}}</ref> * Onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ na [[Chinese Women's Super League|Super League]] nke ụmụ nwanyị China: 2017<ref name="2017 Dalian" /> * IFFHS CAF Best Woman Player of the Decade 2011 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/945|title=IFFHS BEST WOMAN PLAYER - CAF - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020|work=IFFHS|date=4 February 2021|accessdate=20 June 2022|archivedate=6 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106165624/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/945}}</ref> * IFFHS CAF Women Team nke Afọ Iri 2011 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925|title=IFFHS WOMAN TEAM - CAF - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020|work=IFFHS|date=28 January 2021|accessdate=20 June 2022|archivedate=2 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402080022/https://iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925}}</ref> * EaglesTracker Nigeria Women's Most Valuable Player of the Season: 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-12|title=Asisat Oshoala named Women's MVP of the Season|url=https://eaglestracker.com/2021/06/12/oshoala-named-womens-mvp/|accessdate=2021-06-12|work=EaglesTracker|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612200433/https://eaglestracker.com/2021/06/12/oshoala-named-womens-mvp/}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị ọzọ == Oshoala malitere Asisat Oshoala Foundation na afo 2019 lekwasịrị anya n'inye ụmụ agbọghọ na-agba bọọlụ n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|title=Barcelona star Oshoala rolls out plans to inspire young Nigerian girls|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/barcelona-star-oshoala-rolls-out-plans-to-inspire-young-nigerian-/alinzgmfn4na1o5wc9tj94fzi|publisher=Goal.com|accessdate=28 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=奥绍拉推出用于女孩教育 足球项目的徽标|url=https://www.xytest.com/edu/2020092127562.html|publisher=xytest.com|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=21 September 2020|archivedate=22 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422190852/https://www.xytest.com/edu/2020092127562.html}}</ref> Ntọala ahụ na-akwado asọmpi Asisat Oshoala Foundation Football4girls kwa afọ na Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=8 teams to compete at the 2020 Asisat Oshoala Foundation Football4girls tournament|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/8-teams-to-compete-at-the-2020-asisat-oshoala-foundation-football4girls-tournament/5b2m8c2|publisher=Pulse.ng|accessdate=28 March 2021}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya NIKE.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oshoala unveils logo for girl-child education, football project|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/oshoala-unveils-logo-for-girl-child-education-football-project/|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=21 September 2020|archivedate=26 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026100327/https://guardian.ng/sport/oshoala-unveils-logo-for-girl-child-education-football-project/}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a kpọrọ aha ya na Forbes 30 Under 30.<ref name="forbes30" /> N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2021, a họpụtara ya n'òtù ndụmọdụ teknụzụ FIFA maka uto na ọganihu nke bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị. Onye isi otu ahụ bụ Jill Ellis ma nwee onye Afrịka ibe ya Doreen Nabwire dịka onye otu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=18 October 2021|title=Technical Advisory Group to focus on growth and advancement of women’s football|url=https://www.fifa.com/football-development/the-future-of-football/media-releases/technical-advisory-group-to-focus-on-growth-of-womens-football|accessdate=25 October 2021|work=Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018144325/https://www.fifa.com/football-development/the-future-of-football/media-releases/technical-advisory-group-to-focus-on-growth-of-womens-football|archivedate=18 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oludare|first=Shina|date=21 October 2021|title='The goal is to take African football to the next level' – Oshoala reveals mission in Fifa technical advisory group|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/the-goal-is-to-take-african-football-to-the-next-level-barcelona-/fq67rrauq2dl1n5w61ngzkx26|accessdate=26 October 2021|work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022102215/https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/the-goal-is-to-take-african-football-to-the-next-level-barcelona-/fq67rrauq2dl1n5w61ngzkx26|archivedate=22 October 2021}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Oshoala na-akọ na ndị mụrụ ya enweghị nkwado mgbe ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ iji chụsoo ọrụ bọọlụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Louise|title=Women's World Cup 2015: 10 players to watch|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/jun/05/womens-world-cup-2015-football-10-players-to-watch|accessdate=5 June 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 June 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Alakụba.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wejinya|first=Sammy|title=Q & A with Asisat Oshoala|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/african-women-champs/news/141025/Q_A_with_Asisat_Oshoala|accessdate=15 November 2014|publisher=[[SuperSport (TV channel)|SuperSport]]|date=25 October 2014}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-agba goolu na FIFA Women's World Cup * Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa na-agba bọọlụ mba ụwa * Ndepụta nke Africa Women Cup of Nations hat-tricks * Ndepụta nke nkwado Nike * Ndepụta nke ndị Yoruba  == Ihe odide == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Asisat Oshoala – FIFA competition record (archived) * Profile na FC Barcelona Femení * [https://www.arsenal.com/historic/players/asisat-oshoala Profaịlụ] na Arsenal Women * Asisat Oshoala at Soccerway * Asisat Oshoala on Twitter [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 246bn4jxwa2uxk1hdig9cz6sstdaufs 0 16506 688250 182426 2026-07-16T01:36:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Annette Flore Ngo Ndom''' (onye amụrụ n'abalị abụọ nke ọnwa June afọ 1985) bụ onye [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] na-agba bọọlụ dị ka onye n'eche goolu nke na-agba bọọlụ ugbu a nye klọb Slovak Women's First League FK Union Nové Zámky . == Ọrụ == Ọ gbara bọọlụ nye otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke Cameroon n'afọ 2012 London Olympics, nke mbụ mba ya pụtara na nnukwu asọmpi. Akụkọ dị na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Metro'' kwuru na Ngo Ndom gosipụtara "ịkpọ bọọlụ asị" ma na- "na-afụ dịka ọkụkọ na disko" n'oge mmeri Brazil na Great Britain meriri ha na mmeri o'goolu ise asatara atọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Fox|first=Jack|title=Watch Annette Ngo Ndom and tell me this isn't gold|url=http://metro.co.uk/2012/07/31/watch-annette-ngo-ndom-tell-isnt-gold-3818985/|accessdate=6 June 2015|publisher=[[Metro (British newspaper)]]|date=31 July 2012}}</ref> Ọ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na klọb, na-echekwa ntaramahụhụ anọ ma na-agbanwe otu n'onwe ya na mmeri ikpeazụ nke Nové Zámky n'afọ 2014 Slovak Women's Cup na-asọmpi Slovan Bratislava.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Víťazom Slovenského pohára bien FC Union Nové Zámky|url=http://www.futbalsfz.sk/slovensko/zeny/spravy/novinka/vitazom-slovenskeho-pohara-zien-fc-union-nove-zamky.html|accessdate=6 June 2015|publisher=[[Slovak Football Association]]|date=1 May 2014|language=Slovak}}</ref>[[Usòrò:AnnetteNgoNdom2.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Onye na-edebe goolu nke otu egwuregwu mba Cameroon]] == Nsọpụrụ == ; Nové Zámky '''Onye mmeri''' * Slovak Women's First League: 2013–14 * Slovak Women's Cup: 2014 ; Nke onwe onye * IFFHS CAF Women Team nke Afọ Iri 2011 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925|title=IFFHS WOMAN TEAM - CAF - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020|work=IFFHS|date=28 January 2021|accessdate=21 June 2022|archivedate=2 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402080022/https://iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Annette Ngo Ndom – FIFA competition record (archived) * Annette Ngo Ndom at Soccerway *   [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] l6r4ua0jcjcje6l1li6gahfus2pppb9 0 18006 688254 214431 2026-07-16T03:19:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688254 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Arthur R. Flowers, Jr. (amụrụ n'afọ 1950) bụ onye America na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye na-ede ihe ncheta, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. A maara ọrụ ya maka ilekwasị anya na ahụmịhe ndị Africa na America, ọkachasị akụkọ ọdịnala, egwu blues, na mmụọ hoodoo. Nwa afọ Memphis, [[Tennessee]], Flowers lụrụ agha na Agha Vietnam tupu ọ malite ọrụ edemede ya na New York City, ebe ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Harlem Writers Guild. Ọ bụ onye otu ngalaba nke Mahadum Syracuse kemgbe afọ 1996. Flowers bi na Syracuse, New York.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arthur Flowers|url=https://aalbc.com/authors/author.php?author_name=Arthur+R.+Flowers|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=aalbc.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513144657/http://aalbc.com/authors/author.php?author_name=Arthur+R.+Flowers|archivedate=May 13, 2016}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === Flowers bụ nwa Arthur R. Flowers, Sr., dọkịta na onye na-egwu bọọlụ nke mba, na Eloise Flowers، onye nọọsụ na onye nkuzi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Truscorf|first=Alan|date=1975-08-15|title=Bridge (Published 1975)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/15/archives/bridge-memphisdetroit-pair-win-in-aba-summer-tourney.html|accessdate=2021-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=a praisesong for eloise and the sorrowsong of a reluctant patriarch|url=https://rootsblog.typepad.com/rootsblog/2010/06/a-praisesong-for-eloise-and-the-sorrowsong-of-a-reluctant-patriach.html|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=rootwork the rootsblog: a cyberhoodoo webspace|archivedate=2023-11-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121010120/https://rootsblog.typepad.com/rootsblog/2010/06/a-praisesong-for-eloise-and-the-sorrowsong-of-a-reluctant-patriach.html}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Memphis, Tennessee, ebe ọ mikpuru onwe ya n'ime òtù American Civil Rights site na nwata. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ zụlitere aha ọma maka ọgụgụ isi, nweta aha njirimara "Mr. Brain", na maka oke egwu, nweta aha "Bullet" n'ihi mgbọ o yi n'olu. N'afọ 1968, ọ gara okwu ikpeazụ nke [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr]]. , wee duzie klas ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ngagharị iwe mgbe e gbusịrị Eze. Dị ka Flowers si kwuo, "anyị boro ndị uwe ojii ebubo ma banye n'ụdị ọgba aghara niile".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Sprout|first=Liz|date=2015-01-20|title=SU professor Flowers reflects on activism influenced by Martin Luther King Jr.|url=http://dailyorange.com/2015/01/acclaimed-writer-and-su-professor-arthur-flowers-reflects-on-civil-rights-movement/|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=The Daily Orange|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120081901/http://dailyorange.com/2015/01/acclaimed-writer-and-su-professor-arthur-flowers-reflects-on-civil-rights-movement/|archivedate=January 20, 2015}}</ref> Flowers sonyeere ndị agha US ma zigara ya Vietnam dị ka akụkụ nke mbọ agha America n'ebe ahụ. Na Vietnam, esemokwu ya na ndị isi mere ka ọ gaa n'ụlọ ikpe agha n'oge atọ dị iche iche.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ kọwara òkè ya n'agha dị ka enyemaka ịgbanwe echiche ya banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-09-06|title=The Past as Poetry|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-past-as-poetry/article14624955.ece|accessdate=2021-02-21}}</ref> === Ọrụ === Mgbe o si Vietnam lọta, Flowers kwagara New York City. O debanyere aha na John Oliver Killens, onye bụ onye nwere mmetụta na Black Arts Movement. Flowers bịara were Killens dị ka onye nduzi ya. Ọ sonyeere Harlem Writers Guild, otu ndị edemede Africa-America nke Killens guzobere.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2011-06-05|title=Interview With Writer & Performance Poet Arthur Flowers|url=https://wordswithwriters.com/2011/06/04/arthur-flowers/|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=Words With Writers|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612200528/http://wordswithwriters.com:80/2011/06/04/arthur-flowers/|archivedate=June 12, 2011}}</ref> Site na ndị otu ya, Flowers matara ndị edemede ndị ọzọ a ma ama n'oge ahụ, gụnyere Terry McMillan.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nunez|first=Elizabeth|date=2016-12-14|title=Widening the Path: The Importance of Publishing Black Writers|url=https://www.pw.org/content/widening_the_path_the_importance_of_publishing_black_writers|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=Poets & Writers|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228133139/https://www.pw.org/content/widening_the_path_the_importance_of_publishing_black_writers|archivedate=December 28, 2019}}</ref> Flowers mechara bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Harlem Writers Guild.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe e mesịrị, Flowers bụ onye guzobere, ya na Doris Jean Austin na ndị ọzọ, nke New Renaissance Writers Guild, otu na-enweghị uru nke dị na New York City. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=|first=|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/931715481|title=The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|editor=Andrews|location=New York|pages=143–144|oclc=931715481}}</ref> N'afọ 1986, e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Flowers. A na-akpọ ya De Mojo Blues, ọ na-eso ndị agha Africa America atọ, mgbe a chụpụrụ ha n'ọrụ ha na Agha Vietnam, na-anwa ime mgbanwe na ndụ ndị nkịtị na United States. N'ikwu na a "depụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nke ọma mgbe ụfọdụ", Publishers Weekly kwupụtara na ọ bụ "akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ sitere n'ezi obi na nke nwere ọgụgụ isi nke onye edemede na-ekwe nkwa".<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Review of De Mojo Blues|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-525-24376-2|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=Publishers Weekly|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813205940/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-525-24376-2|archivedate=August 13, 2020}}</ref> N'ide na Essence, Paula Giddings kpọrọ ya "ile anya na-akpali akpali n'ime ụwa mmetụta uche" nke ndị edemede ya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51954394|title=Contemporary African American Novelists: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook|date=1999|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-313-00767-5|editor=Nelson|location=Westport|pages=156|oclc=51954394}}</ref> N'oge mbipụta ahụ, Flowers lụsoro ọgwụ ọjọọ riri ahụ na enweghị ebe obibi ọgụ. O kwuru na izute akwụkwọ okpukpe na ngwụcha afọ 1980 nyeere ya aka ịgbanwe ndụ ya.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1993, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ nke Flowers, Another Good Loving Blues, pụtara. Ọ na-akọwa mmekọrịta ịhụnanya dị n'etiti onye na-eme hoodoo na onye na-agụ egwú blues ka ha na-esi Arkansas gaa Tennessee n'oge a maara dị ka Great Migration. Publishers Weekly kwupụtara na ọ bụ "mgbalị siri ike" nke a gwara na "olu na-ada ụda".<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 1, 1993|title=Review: Another Good Loving Blues|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780670848218|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> N'ide akwụkwọ na ''The New York Times'', Fran Handman kpọrọ ya "akwụkwọ akụkọ mara mma, nke na-akpali akpali" nke nwere "ihe mgbu nke nghọta na-egbu mgbu".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Handman|first=Fran|date=1993-03-07|title=IN SHORT: FICTION (Published 1993)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/07/books/in-short-fiction-220993.html|accessdate=2021-02-21}}</ref> N'afọ 1996, Flowers sonyeere ngalaba nke Mahadum Syracuse, na-akụzi na Ngalaba nke English's Creative Writing Program.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=Arthur Flowers, Syracuse, New York|url=https://blues.org/blues_kba_winner/arthur-flowers-syracuse-new-york/|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=Blues Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Kemgbe ọ sonyeere ngalaba ahụ, o mepụtara ''akwụkwọ'' ncheta, Mojo Rising (2001), ọrụ gbasara ''mmụọ'' hoodoo, The Hoodoo Book of Flowers (2019), na ọrụ atọ maka ndị na-eto eto na-agụ akwụkwọ. Na mgbakwunye, o bipụtara ihe ndị sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke atọ na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Haas|first=Katy|title=Review of Salt Hill - 2015|url=https://www.newpages.com/item/29735-salt-hill-2015-05|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=www.newpages.com|language=en-gb|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908062616/http://www.newpages.com/item/29735-salt-hill-2015-05|archivedate=September 8, 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ụdị ejiji ===   Ihe odide Flowers bụ nke a na-ahụ site na lyricism na-adabere na blues na njikọta nke olumba na African-American Vernacular English.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 14, 2017|title=Review of Brer Rabbit Retold|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-93-83145-46-1|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=Publishers Weekly}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na-emeghe site na ịkpọku onwe onye, na-eme ka mmasị ya na omenala ịkọ akụkọ ọnụ na mmụọ hoodoo pụta ìhè. Arịrịọ ndị a, site n'ịmata Flowers n'onwe ya dị ka onye na-akọ akụkọ ya, na-egosikwa mmasị ya na usoro akụkọ ifo.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jablon|first=Madelyn|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35593640|title=Black Metafiction: Self-Consciousness in African American Literature|date=1997|publisher=University of Iowa Press|isbn=0-87745-560-0|location=Iowa City|pages=76|oclc=35593640}}</ref> Flowers akpọwo ụzọ o si eme ihe n'ọrụ ya "akwụkwọ hoodoo".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Schroeder|first=Patricia R.|date=2002|title=Rootwork: Arthur Flowers, Zora Neale Hurston, and the "Literary Hoodoo" Tradition|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1512259|journal=African American Review|volume=36|issue=2|pages=263–272|doi=10.2307/1512259|issn=1062-4783}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Flowers emeela ihe ọ kpọrọ "omume dabeere na blues nke gbanwere n'ime arụmọrụ griotic" nke dabere na usoro ịkọ akụkọ ọdịnala nke Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Afrofuturist Healers: Arthur Flowers, Sheree Renée Thomas, and Kelechi Ubozoh on Past, Present, and Future Healing|url=https://triquarterly.org/interviews/afrofuturist-healers-arthur-flowers-sheree-ren%C3%A9e-thomas-and-kelechi-ubozoh-past-present|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=TriQuarterly|language=en|archivedate=2021-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227093020/https://triquarterly.org/interviews/afrofuturist-healers-arthur-flowers-sheree-ren%C3%A9e-thomas-and-kelechi-ubozoh-past-present}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta lekwasịrị anya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Flowers na nchegbu ha gbasara asụsụ, ọdịnala ọdịbendị, na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Onye ọkà mmụta Keith Gilyard ekwuola na Flowers, na De Mojo Blues, na-egosi na "uru nke nkà asụsụ" dị mkpa maka mmepe nke ọdịbendị [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị Africa America]], na-agbasa isiokwu nke na-agafe ọtụtụ akụkọ ifo ndị Africa America.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Gilyard|first=Keith|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/849944661|title=Let's Flip the Script: An African American Discourse on Language, Literature, and Learning|date=1996|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=978-0-8143-3679-3|location=Detroit|pages=45, 50|oclc=849944661}}</ref> A na-eji nkà asụsụ eme ihe iji chekwaa ma kwalite obodo ndị Africa America nke nwere nchegbu dị mkpa nke Flowers na ọganihu dabere na nchekwa nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịnala, dịka ọkà mmụta Patricia Schroeder kwuru. Schroeder na-ezo aka na Another Good Loving Blues dị ka ihe atụ nke mmasị Flowers na njikọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme na obodo, ma site na echiche ya banyere ihe odide ya ma site na nhazi akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, nke ọ na-eji tụnyere abụ oku na nzaghachi ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> N'otu aka ahụ, onye ọkà mmụta Kameelah Martin enyochaala ebumnuche Flowers, na Another Good Loving Blues, iji jikọta ma mee ka ọdịnala ọdịnala ọdịbendị Africa America dị mkpa: hoodoo na blues.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Martin|first=Kameelah L.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/834097174|title=Conjuring Moments in African American Literature: Women, Spirit Work, and Other Such Hoodoo|date=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-33681-1|edition=|location=New York|oclc=834097174}}</ref> Nchegbu Flowers nwere maka ọdịnala na obodo na-emesi nchegbu ya siri ike maka ọrụ ọha na eze ike, nchegbu nke ebumnuche ya, dị ka Gilyard si kwuo, "mepụta akụkọ ifo nke oge a site na ọdịbendị ndị Africa America" na ịgbanwe akụkọ, ọdịnala, na ebe dị mkpa maka obodo ndị Africa America n'ime ihe Deborah Smith Pollard kpọrọ "Okporo ala ndị Africa na America".<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pollard|first=Deborah Smith|date=2000|title=African-American Holyground in Another Good Loving Blues|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44325022|journal=CLA Journal|volume=44|issue=1|pages=65–87|issn=0007-8549}}</ref> Site n'itinye omenala na ebe ndị a na mkpa ime mmụọ, ọrụ Flowers na-emesi mkpa ọ dị ichekwa na ịzụlite ha site na itinye aka na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":2" /> === Mmetụta === Flowers kwuru na mmetụta nke John Oliver Killens na ọrụ ya. O kwukwara banyere mmetụta na ọrụ ya nke ọdịnala akụkọ akụkọ ọdịnala nke Afrịka.<ref name=":1" /> Ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị nkatọ ekwuola na mmetụta [[Zora Neale Hurston]] na Ishmael Reed, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, nwere n'ọrụ ya.<ref name=":2" /> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * Site na Mojo Blues: Site na Quest of HighJohn nke Conqueror. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Ezigbo'' Blues ọzọ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780670848218|9780670848218]] === Ihe ncheta === * Mojo Rising: Nkwupụta nke onye mgbaasị nke narị afọ nke 21. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0971581609|978-0971581609]] === Akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo === * The Hoodoo Book of Flowers: The Great Black Book of Generations. Rootwork Press, 2019.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1734101911|978-1734101911]] === Maka ndị na-eto eto na-agụ akwụkwọ === * ''Cleveland Lee's Beale Street Band''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0816736522|978-0816736522]] * I See the Promised Land: A Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. Tara Books, 2010.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1554983285|978-1554983285]] * Akụkọ ọzọ nke Brer Rabbit. Tara Books, 2017.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-9383145461|978-9383145461]] == Nsọpụrụ == Flowers enwetala nsọpụrụ ndị a maka ọrụ ya: * New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship in Fiction (1985)<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Fellows Directory|url=https://www.nyfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/FellowsDirectory.pdf|accessdate=February 21, 2021|work=New York Foundation for the Arts|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122164008/https://www.nyfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/FellowsDirectory.pdf|archivedate=January 22, 2021}}</ref> * National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship (1991)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Literature Fellowships|url=https://www.arts.gov/grants/recent-grants/literature-fellowships/list-by-year|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=National Endowment for the Arts|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017033800/http://www.arts.gov/grants/recent-grants/literature-fellowships/list-by-year|archivedate=October 17, 2020}}</ref> * New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship na Nonfiction (1999)<ref name=":5" /> * New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship in Fiction (2008)<ref name=":5" /> * Idebe Blues Alive Award nke The Blues Foundation (2008)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008|title=STLBlues :: A Blues eZine - The Keeping the Blues Alive Awards|url=http://www.stlblues.net/kba07awards.htm|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=www.stlblues.net|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116174148/http://www.stlblues.net:80/kba07awards.htm|archivedate=November 16, 2007}}</ref> E meela ka ọrụ Flowers bụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Breaking Ice: Anthology of Contemporary African-American Fiction na Gumbo: Anthology nke African American Writing, n'etiti akụkọ ihe mere anya ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20933714|title=Breaking Ice: An Anthology of Contemporary African-American Fiction|date=1990|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=0-14-011697-4|editor=McMillan|location=New York|pages=265–273|oclc=20933714}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49775418|title=Gumbo: An Anthology of African American Writing|date=2002|publisher=Harlem Moon|isbn=0-7679-1041-9|editor=Golden|edition=|location=New York|pages=572–578|oclc=49775418}}</ref> Ọ bụ prọfesọ nleta ma ọ bụ ọkà okwu n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ bụ onye ọkà okwu a kpọrọ òkù na mmemme edemede, gụnyere Jaipur Literature Festival na India, Indian Summer Festival na Canada, na Memphis Literary Arts Festival.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-02-03|title=Kolkata: New York's Times Square Squared in Author's Eyes|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-new-york-times-square-squared-in-authors-eyes/|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arthur Flowers|url=https://www.indiansummerfest.ca/profile/arthur-flowers/|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=Indian Summer Festival|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204215002/https://www.indiansummerfest.ca/profile/arthur-flowers/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Burch|first=Peggy|title=Memphis Literary Arts Festival: Not your traditional book festival|url=https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/life/2018/06/10/memphis-literary-arts-festival-planned-center-southern-literary-arts/671157002/|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=The Commercial Appeal|language=en-US}}</ref> === Mmetụta ọdịbendị === Flowers bụ onye ndụmọdụ maka ihe nkiri Spike Lee nke 2020 banyere ndị agha Vietnam, Da 5 Bloods.<ref>{{Cite web|title=English Professor Consults on Spike Lee Film|url=https://thecollege.syr.edu/noteworthy/english-professor-consults-on-spike-lee-film/|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=College of Arts & Sciences at Syracuse University|language=en-us}}</ref> E were ya n'ọrụ mgbe Lee zutere akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Flowers, De Mojo Blues.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-29|title=Arthur Flowers|url=http://disquietinternational.org/blog/post/arthur-flowers/|accessdate=2021-02-21|work=Disquiet International|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Gilyard, Keith, Let's Flip the Script: An African American Discourse on Language, Literature, and Learning, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8143-2645-5|0-8143-2645-5]] * Gussow, Adam, yiri igbu ọchụ ebe a: Southern Violence and the Blues Tradition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-226-31097-3|0-226-31097-3]] * Jablon, Madelyn, ''Black Metafiction'': Self-Consciousness in African American Literature, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1997.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-87745-560-0|0-87745-560-0]] * Martin, Reginald, "Interview with Arthur Flowers, October 26, 2010," ''Journal of Ethnic American Literature'', mbipụta 1, 2011.  [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] [https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2159-6786 2159-6786] == Njikọ mpụga == * Rootwork.com Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Flowers maka The Hoodoo Book of Flowers * [https://thecollege.syr.edu/people/faculty/flowers-arthur/ Arthur Flowers] Syracuse University faculty page [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jinjw2pcpf5qhk4k086flosw401c0mj 0 23399 688275 655674 2026-07-16T11:17:08Z King ChristLike 13051 replaced citation 688275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Seita Emori''' (a mụrụ ya n'afọ 1970 na Kanagawa, Japan) bụ onye sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba Japan nke ọrụ ya a ma ama na-elekwasị anya na mmetụta ụwa nke Global Warming.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nies.go.jp/researchers-e/100101.html|title=EMORI Seita｜National Institute for Environmental Studies|accessdate=2022-10-21|archivedate=2022-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021071821/https://www.nies.go.jp/researchers-e/100101.html}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị nzere Doctorate ya na Mahadum Tokyo n'afọ 1997 ma mesịa sonye na National Institute for Environmental Studies, ebe ọ bụ ugbu a Chief of the Climate Risk Assessment Research Section na Center for Global Environmental Research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shortshorts.org/2012/en/award/gw-jurors.php|title=SHORT SHORTS FILM FESTIVAL & ASIA 2012 / Awards Jurors / STOP! Global Warming Competition Jury|accessdate=2016-12-22|archivedate=2016-08-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805060856/http://shortshorts.org/2012/en/award/gw-jurors.php}}</ref> Emori bụ onye edemede na-enye aka na Fourth, Fifth na Sixth Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) na onye otu IPCC Steering Committee maka "Expert Meeting on New Scenarios", nke IPCC natara Nobel Prize n'afọ 2007.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=IPCC Authors (beta)|url=https://apps.ipcc.ch/report/authors/report.authors.php?q=35&p=|accessdate=2021-08-08|work=apps.ipcc.ch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://s3.isp.unu.edu/groups/cecarweb/wiki/da737/Seita_Emori_.html|title=Seita Emori|accessdate=2016-12-22|archivedate=2015-05-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525005809/http://s3.isp.unu.edu/groups/cecarweb/wiki/da737/Seita_Emori_.html}}</ref> N'ime akwụkwọ Emori bipụtara bụ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ "Sensitivity Map of LAI to Precipitation and Surface Air Temperature Variations in a Global Scale" (nke ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya Japan bụ Hiroshi Kanzawa na Jiahua Zhang na Congbin Fu nke START, Institute of Atmospheric Physics na Beijing, China kwadoro).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sensitivity Map of LAI to Precipitation and Surface Air Temperature Variations in a Global Scale|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023180151/http://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2001/icc2001/file/f24032.pdf}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8d3eqd97yvkfwrlsc3gj8kvzhzhnxx7 0 29139 688258 118174 2026-07-16T06:17:12Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 688258 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Tree City USA - DPLA - 311c0c8ed551f658c2102efe58f12c1e.jpg|thumb|Ntọala Ụbọchị Arbor ]]    Arbor Day Foundation bụ ụlọ ọrụ 501 (c) (3) nke America na-akwadoghị maka ịkụ osisi. Arbor Day Foundation nwere ihe karịrị otu nde ndị otu ma kụọ ihe karịrị nde osisi 500 na mpaghara, obodo, obodo na oke ọhịa n'ụwa nile. Ebumnuche nke Foundation ahụ kwuru bụ "ịkpali ndị mmadụ ka ha kụọ, zụlite na ịme ememe osisi." Nzukọ a nwere ọkwa Charity Navigator nke 3 n'ime kpakpando anọ ma dabere na Nebraska. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==   E hiwere Arbor Day Foundation na 1969, otu narị afọ nke ememe Arbor Day mbụ.<ref name="mission">{{Cite web|title=About the Arbor Day Foundation|url=https://www.arborday.org/generalinfo/about.cfm|accessdate=2021-06-25|work=www.arborday.org|archivedate=2021-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623133920/https://www.arborday.org/generalinfo/about.cfm}}</ref> == Ihe omume == Site na mmemme mkpogharị oke ọhịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, Arbor Day Foundation na ndị mmekọ mba ụwa agbaghachila ihe karịrị nde osisi 108 furu efu n'ọkụ, ụmụ ahụhụ, ọrịa, na ihu igwe n'ime oke ohia na United States na gburugburu ụwa. Ohia ndị a emegharịrị na-enyere aka ichekwa mmiri mmiri, mee ka ala guzosie ike, weghachite ebe obibi anụ ọhịa, melite ogo ikuku na ịmepụta ọrụ. === Obodo Osisi USA === Tọrọ ntọala na 1976 yana ndị otu National Association of State Foresters na United States Forest Service na-akwado, ihe omume Tree City USA na-enye usoro maka obodo iji jikwaa na gbasaa osisi ọha ha. Ihe karịrị obodo 3,900 enwetala ọkwa Tree City USA site na imezu ụkpụrụ anọ bụ isi nke njikwa oke ọhịa nke obodo mepere emepe: idobe osisi osisi ma ọ bụ ngalaba, inwe iwu osisi obodo, na-emefu opekata mpe $2 kwa onye ọ bụla na oke ọhịa mepere emepe na ime ememe ụbọchị Arbor. Taa, na steeti iri ise niile, Washington, D.C., na Puerto Rico ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde ndị America 155 bi na obodo na obodo Tree City USA. === Oge Osisi Na-aga === N'afọ 2018, Arbor Day Foundation malitere atụmatụ Time for Trees iji kụọ 100 nde osisi n'oké ọhịa na obodo dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa ma tinye ndị ọrụ osisi nde 5 site na 50th Anniversary nke Foundation na 2022. === Osisi Ndị E Kpakọrịta === N'afọ 2019, e hiwere Otu Osisi mgbe ndị okike YouTube, MrBeast na Mark Rober sonyeere na Arbor Day Foundation iji kpalite $20 nde iji kụọ osisi nde 20. Mgbasa ozi ahụ gbakọtara $20 nde n'ime ụbọchị 56. Ihe karịrị mmadụ 800,000 sitere na mba na ókèala 200 nyere onyinye. Mgbasa ozi ahụ debere ndekọ maka nnukwu mmekorita na ntinye ego YouTube na akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị nyere onyinye dị ka Elon Musk na Tobias Lütke, ndị onye ọ bụla nyere ihe karịrị otu nde dollar. Ebumnuche iru osisi 20,000,000 ruru na Disemba 19, 2019. na dịka nke Septemba 2021 #TeamTrees ewelitere $23 nde. == Ihe onwunwe osisi == Arborday.org nwere usoro nduzi zuru oke na ozi dị ukwuu banyere ụdị osisi, nhọrọ, ịkụ, na nlekọta, gụnyere ngwá ọrụ nyocha koodu zip iji chọta mpaghara ike gị. Ụbọchị ARBOR FARM Arbor Day Farm bụ ebe Lied Lodge & Conference Center, ụlọ nkwari akụ na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ọnụ ụlọ ndị ọbịa 136 na ebe nzukọ zuru oke nke a raara nye ịkwado ịkụ osisi, nchekwa, na nlekọta gburugburu ụwa. Tree Adventure, ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke na-enweta ihe nrite, na Arbor Lodge State Historical Park bụkwa akụkụ nke Arbor Day Farm. == Hụkwa ==   * Britain Na-agbawa * Mmekọrịta Flora * Ndepụta nke Obodo Osisi USA * [[Ịrụghachi Ọhịa]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website {{Authority control}} dmlseadq06ubu3jo9va026zcfbyd93l 0 32893 688237 596540 2026-07-15T18:07:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688237 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}}'''Alash'le Grace Abimiku''' bụ onye isi nchịkwa Naijiria nke International Research Centre of Excellence na Institute of Human Virology Nigeria burukwa prọfesọ nke virology na Mahadum Maryland School of Medicine == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Abimiku na Naijiria. Ọ gụrụ Microbiology na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]] nke Naijiria . Ọ kwagara na London School of Hygiene &amp;amp; Tropical Medicine maka ọmụmụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, nweta nzere masta n'afo1983 na PhD n'afo1998. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Science|first=American Association for the Advancement of|date=28 May 2004|title=News this Week|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/304/5675/news-summaries|journal=Science|language=en|volume=304|issue=5675|pages=180|issn=0036-8075}}</ref>N'ebe a, ọ bụ ọkachamara na retrovirology na nchedo megide ọrịa nke nje bacteria ''Campylobacter jejuni'' kpatara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Alash'le G Abimiku|url=https://h3africa.org/index.php/consortium/projects/dr-alashle-g-abimiku/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=H3Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nnyocha na ọrụ == Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nzere doctorate ya, Abimiku rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha postdoctoral na Robert Gallo nakwa National Cancer Institute, ebe ọ mepụtara mmekọrịta n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na mba ya nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na kwa ndị nchọpụta na Mahadum Maryland School of Medicine. Gallo na Abimiku meghere International Center for Scientific Culture - World Laboratory AIDS Research Center nke di na [[Jos|Jos nke obodo Naijiria]]. <ref name=":0"/>Ọ bụ ezie na Abimiku mere atụmatụ ikewapụ otu ụdị HIV, ọ chọpụtara na ọ ga-elekwasị anya na nyocha na agụmakwụkwọ obodo. N'ikpeazụ, ọ mụrụ ụdị HIV nke jupụtara na Naijiria; na-achọpụta na ọ bụ ụdị na-abụghị B metụtara ụdị HIV G. Abimiku kpọrọ ka etinye ụdị Africa na nyocha Ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa AIDS. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Alash'le Abimiku, Mon – IRCE|url=http://www.ihvn-irce.org/prof-alashle-abimiku-mon/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005211559/http://www.ihvn-irce.org/prof-alashle-abimiku-mon/|archivedate=5 October 2019|accessdate=5 October 2019|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reagent Datasheet Detail: Catalog 3191 - HIV-1 Jv1083 Virus - NIH AIDS Reagent Program|url=https://www.aidsreagent.org/reagentdetail.cfm?t=viruses&id=180|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=aidsreagent.org|archivedate=29 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129230143/https://www.aidsreagent.org/reagentdetail.cfm?t=viruses&id=180}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AIDS in Africa: AIDS vaccine 'may not work' in Africa|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12817391-000-aids-in-africa-aids-vaccine-may-not-work-in-africa/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=newscientist.com}}</ref>N'afọ 2004, o nyere aka guzobe mmekọrịta ya na Naijiria site na iji ego sitere na President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Abimiku|first=Alash'le|date=2010|title=IHV and Nigeria Partner with the U.S. to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis from West Baltimore to West Africa|url=http://www.ihv.org/media/SOM/Microsites/IHV/documents/Discovery-Newsletter/DiscoveryNewsletterSummerFall2010.pdf|accessdate=5 January 2019|work=IHV|archivedate=5 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005211608/http://www.ihv.org/media/SOM/Microsites/IHV/documents/Discovery-Newsletter/DiscoveryNewsletterSummerFall2010.pdf}}</ref>Abimiku na-amụ ọrụ HIV na ọrịa na mmetụta nke ụkwara nta (TB) na ọrịa HIV. Ọ tụlewo ọrịa na-efe efe na evolushọn nke subtypes na nguzogide Nje HIV mmepe nke ndị otu maka ọmụmụ ọrịa na-ebute ọrịa HIV na ọrịa na-eju ọrịa nke nje virus ahọpụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=bonbon|title=Alash'le Abimiku|url=https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/alashle-abimiku/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=FAIS Legacy Project|language=en-US|archivedate=19 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419111710/https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/alashle-abimiku/}}</ref> Ndị mmadụ bi na [[Naijiria|npaghari Naịjirịa]] nwere ike ịrịa Ọrịa ụkwara nta na Nje HIV n'ụwa, nke na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịrịa ụkwara nta nke na-eguzogide ọgwụ ọjọọ (MDR-TB), ọrịa ikuku. <ref name=":1"/>N'afọ 2010, Abimiku na Institute of Human Virology Nigeria meghere ụlọ nyocha Biosafety Level-3, nke mbụ n'ụdị ya n'Africa, iji nyochaa mgbasa nke MDR-TB. Ụlọ nyocha ahụ, nke a na-etinye na pre-filters iji guzogide ifufe kpọrọ nkụ na uzuzu nwekwara ike nyochaa maka TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ (XDRTB). Ọ na-agụnye ụlọ nyocha na-adịghị mma nke na-enye ohere maka njikwa ihe na-efe efe. <ref name=":1" />Ụlọ nyocha a kwadoro ebumnuche UNAIDS 90-90-90 na nchọpụta mbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abimiku, Alash'le {{!}} University of Maryland School of Medicine|url=https://www.medschool.umaryland.edu/profiles/Abimiku-Alashle/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=medschool.umaryland.edu|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, Abimiku mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ an'akpo International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories (IBSER) nke nwere ike ịhazi ma chekwaa ihe nlele. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abimiku|first=Alash'le G.|date=2019|title=Blueprint for building a biorepository in a resource-limited setting that follows international best practices|journal=African Journal of Laboratory Medicine|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=12|doi=10.4102/ajlm.v8i1.722|pmid=31534913|issn=2225-2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abimiku|first=Alash'Le|title=IHVN H3 Africa Biorepository Initiative|url=http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/UH2-HG007008-02S1|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Alash'le Abimiku receives grant to develop H3 Africa bio repository at IHVN|url=http://ihvnigeria.org/index.php/ihvn-news/42-ihvnstories/448-dr-alashle-abimiku-receives-grant-to-develop-h3-africa-bio-repository-at-ihvn.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005211606/http://ihvnigeria.org/index.php/ihvn-news/42-ihvnstories/448-dr-alashle-abimiku-receives-grant-to-develop-h3-africa-bio-repository-at-ihvn.html|archivedate=5 October 2019|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=ihvnigeria.org}}</ref>Ihe nchekwa ahụ nwetara nkwado site na mmemme National Institutes of Health Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3 Africa), nke Charles Rotimi malitere ime.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ na-etinye aka na mgbanwe PEPFAR gaa n'ọnọdụ ebe gọọmentị ime obodo na òtù ụmụ amaala na-ahụ maka ilekọta ndị mmadụ. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Spotlight on Prof. Alash'le Abimiku, Nigeria|url=http://www.aslm.org/stay-informed/press-room/news-articles/spotlight-on-prof-alashle-abimiku-nigeria/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=ASLM|language=en-US|archivedate=29 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129002107/http://www.aslm.org/stay-informed/press-room/news-articles/spotlight-on-prof-alashle-abimiku-nigeria/}}</ref>Institute of Human Virology Nigeria na-arụ ọrụ iji kwado ịkwaga n'ebe obibi mpaghara ohu. <ref name=":3" />N'afọ 2018, o guzobere International Research Centre of Excellence nke dị na Institute of Human Virology Nigeria. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Akor|first=Ojoma|date=24 July 2018|title=Virology institute establishes research centre in Abuja|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/virology-institute-establishes-research-centre-in-abuja-262358.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005211559/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/virology-institute-establishes-research-centre-in-abuja-262358.html|archivedate=5 October 2019|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=dailytrust.com.ng|language=en-GB}}</ref>Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-elekwasị anya n'ịmepụta ikike nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Afrịka yana ịkwado nyocha nke na-emetụta mba ahụ.<ref name=":4" /> === Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ === Abimiku bụ onye otu ndụmọdụ nke Mahadum Cape Town na World Health Organization Research and Development Blueprint. <ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Scientific Advisory Group members|url=https://www.who.int/blueprint/about/sag-members/en/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=who.int}}</ref>Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke otu African Society of Laboratory Medicine, yana onye otu nke Nigerian Institute of Medical Research. <ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Alash'le Abimiku|url=https://www.who.int/blueprint/about/alashle-abimiku/en/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=who.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor Alash'le Abimiku elected Chair of the Board of Directors of ASLM|url=http://www.aslm.org/stay-informed/press-room/press-releases/professor-alashle-abimiku-elected-chair-board-directors-aslm/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=ASLM|language=en-US|archivedate=10 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110031159/http://www.aslm.org/stay-informed/press-room/press-releases/professor-alashle-abimiku-elected-chair-board-directors-aslm/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 December 2017|title=NIMR inaugurates advisory board on research funding|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/nimr-inaugurates-advisory-board-research-funding-2/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=thenationonlineng.net|publisher=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref>Ọ rụburu ọrụ na kọmitii ndụmọdụ maka ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa HIV na mmemme ọgwụ mgbochi AIDS. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Admin|first=ASLM|title=ASLM2018 Conference Chair: Prof Alash'le Abimiku|url=http://aslm2018.org/bio-aslm2018-conference-co-chairs-prof-alashle-abimiku/|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=ASLM2018|language=en-US|archivedate=12 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812060438/http://aslm2018.org/bio-aslm2018-conference-co-chairs-prof-alashle-abimiku/}}</ref>Ọ na-eje ozi na Kọmitii Ọmụmụ Ọnụ Ọgụgụ nke Wellcome Trust Longitudinal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Longitudinal Population Studies Committee {{!}} Wellcome|url=https://wellcome.ac.uk/funding/longitudinal-population-studies-committee|accessdate=5 October 2019|work=wellcome.ac.uk|archivedate=5 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005211605/https://wellcome.ac.uk/funding/longitudinal-population-studies-committee}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ === Akwụkwọ ya gụnyere ndia; * ''Nnyocha maka ụlọ nyocha nke ụkwara nta na mba ndị dara ogbenye: ihe ịma aka na ohere''<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1128/CMR.00059-10|pmid=21482728|title=Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis in resource-poor countries: challenges and opportunities|author=Abimiku|first=Alash'le|date=2011|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=24|issue=2|pages=314–350}}</ref> * ''Nchịkọta na Nkwado nke Onye Ọrịa na Antiretrovirals na Nnukwu Usoro Ọgwụgwọ Antiretoviral na Naịjirịa: Nnyocha Longitudinal maka Ihe Ndị Dị Iche Ndụ''<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=20485670|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0010584|title=Patient Retention and Adherence to Antiretrovirals in a Large Antiretroviral Therapy Program in Nigeria: A Longitudinal Analysis for Risk Factors|author=Abimiku|first=Alash'le|date=2010|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=5|issue=5|pages=e10584}}</ref> * ''Mmelite banyere ụdị dị iche iche nke HIV-1 n'Africa: afọ iri na nyocha''<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Update on HIV-1 diversity in Africa: a decade in review|author=Abimiku|first=Alash'le|date=2012|journal=AIDS Review|volume=14|issue=2|pages=83–100|pmid=22627605}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bo9ipk97cow866n5wpdd58q1q5err7f 0 41396 688262 159177 2026-07-16T06:33:27Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 688262 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:The Million Pound Note 1954 advertisement.jpg|thumb|Ihe ndekọ nde pound ]]   Ndekọ nde Pound nde bụ 1954 ihe nkiri ọchị Britain nke Ronald Neame duziri na Gregory Peck, Ronald Squire, Wilfrid Hyde-White na Jane Griffiths .  Ọ dabere na 1893 Mark Twain faịlụ dị ike " Ndekọ Ndekọ nde Pound Bank ", ma ọ bụrụ ihe na-egosi na ebe nkiri 1983 Trading Places .  [1] Agbagburu ya na Pinewood Studios na ebe dị na gburugburu London .  Ọ bụ ndị nduzi nka John Box na Jack Maxsted haziri ihe nkiri a.  Ndị na-ekesa ihe nkiri General nke Rank Medical ya.  Ndị United Artists na-ahụ maka amụmata America n'okpuru aha ọzọ Nwoke nwere nde mmadụ == Atụmatụ == N'afọ 1903, onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri America bụ Henry Adams nkata atọ na Britain n'ihe ego ọ llaa wee banye n'ịkwụ echiche iche n'etiti nwoke abụọ ise, Oliver na Roderick Montpelier.  Ha na-eme ka Bank of England na-enye otu nde paụnd banknote, nke ha na-enye Adams na envelopu, na-agwa ya na ọ nwere ụfọdụ ego.  Oliver na-ekwusi ike nanị na-ekiri adị nke ndetu ahụ ga-eme ka onye nwe ya nweta ihe ọ blála ọ-eji, ebe Roderick na-ekwusi ike na a ga-emefu ya ka ọ bụrụ uru ọ gbalagara. Na mbụ, ihe niile na-aga dịka Oliver buru n'amụma.  Adams hiere ụzọ dị ka onye nde mmadụ na-ama atụ na mpaghara ọgụ nri, uwe, na ụlọ oriri na kredit, naanị site n'igosi ihe ndetu ya.  A na-akọ akụkọ nke ndetu ahụ n'akwụkwọ ndị.  A nabatara Adams na mpaghara ọha na eze ụgha iche, na-ezute onye akụkụ anya America na ndị omeiwu Bekee.  Ọ na-enwe ezigbo enyi na Portia Lansdowne, nwa nwanne nke Duchess nke Cromarty.  Mgbe ahụ Lloyd Hastings onye America ibe ya gwara ya ka ọ kwadoo azụmahịa.  Hastings gwara Adams na onye ọchịchị ego n'onwe ya;  ebubo ga-ekwe ka Hastings nwere ego ọ nwere iji jaala edo ya site n'ire mbak. Nsogbu na-ebilite mgbe Duke nke Frognal, onye a ịchụpụrụ n'ụzọ na- ike isi na suite Adams nọ ugbu a, zoro ndetu ahụ dị ka egwuregwu.  Mgbe Adams ahụ ike iwepụta ndetu ahụ, ajụjụ dara n'etiti ndị na-eketa oke na ndị nna nna Adams.  A na-emezi ihe niile n'ikpeazụ, Adams see ike iweghachite akwụkwọ Montpelier akwụkwọ ahụ na njedebe nke ọnwa. == Nkedo ==   == Mmepụta == <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18495965|title=Studio Gossip.|work=[[The Sunday Herald (Sydney)|The Sunday Herald]]|date=19 August 1951|accessdate=6 June 2015|page=12}}</ref>Eme akwụkwọ akwụkwọ a maka TV Britain na 1950 site n'aka Rex Rienits .  Onye na-ahụ Daniel Angel hụrụ ihe nkiri nkiri na ahụ. == nnabata == Na narị afọ nke 21, Hal Erickson kọwara ya dị ka "na-eju afọ", na ọchị na-eme ka ndị na-ege ntị chịa ọchị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-million-pound-note-v101437|title=The Million Pound Note (1954) - Ronald Neame &#124; Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related|work=AllMovie}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|0046072}} * The Million Pound Note at the TCM Movie Database * The Million Pound Note at AllMovie * The Million Pound Note at Rotten Tomatoes [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] gydyut5rurx12oo4joreu387bmyi9s6 0 44661 688263 206090 2026-07-16T06:43:20Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 688263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|image=File:Ultrasound of Asherman's syndrome.jpg|caption=Ọrịa Asherman}}Asherman syndrome bu onodu acquired uterine na puta ihe mgbe scar tissue putara n'ime uterus na/maobu cervix.<ref name="pmid28846336">{{Cite book|chapter=Asherman Syndrome|title=StatPearls|year=2018|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448088/|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing}}</ref> A na-akọwa ya site na akara dịgasị iche iche n'ime oghere akpa nwa, ebe n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ mgbidi ihu na azụ nke akpa nwa na-arapara n'otu. AS nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-akpata nsogbu ịhụ nsọ, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, na nsogbu placental. Ọ bụ ezie na Heinrich Fritsch bipụtara ikpe mbụ nke intrauterine adhesion na 1894, ọ bụ naanị mgbe afọ 54 gasịrị ka Joseph Asherman mere nkọwa zuru ezu nke ọrịa Asherman. <ref name="pmid24373209">{{Cite journal|title=The management of Asherman syndrome: a review of literature|journal=Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology|volume=11|pages=118|date=December 2013|pmid=24373209|doi=10.1186/1477-7827-11-118}}</ref> E jirila ọtụtụ okwu ndị ọzọ kọwaa ọnọdụ ahụ na ọnọdụ ndị metụtara ya gụnyere: atresia uterine / cervical, traumatic uterine atrophy, sclerotic endometrium, na '''endometrial sclerosis'''.<ref name="Palter">{{Cite journal|title=High Rates of Endometriosis in Patients With Intrauterine Synechiae (Asherman's Syndrome)|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=86|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S471|year=2005|doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.1239}}</ref> Enweghị otu ihe kpatara AS. Ihe ndị dị ize ndụ nwere ike ịgụnye myomectomy, ngalaba cesarean, ọrịa, afọ, ụkwara nta, na oke ibu. A na-enyocha predisposition nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka AS. E nwekwara nnyocha ndị na-egosi na ọrịa pelvic siri ike, nke na-enweghị ịwa ahụ nwere ike ịkpata AS. AS nwere ike ịmalite ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na nwanyị ahụ enwetabeghị ịwa ahụ ọ bụla, mmerụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ ime ime. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị obere na North America na mba Europe, ụkwara nta akụkụ ahụ bụ ihe na-akpata Asherman na mba ndị ọzọ dị ka [[Ndia|India]].<ref name="pmid17653564">{{Cite journal|title=Genital tuberculosis: an important cause of Asherman's syndrome in India|journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics|volume=277|issue=1|pages=37–41|date=January 2008|pmid=17653564|doi=10.1007/s00404-007-0419-0}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Heinrich Fritsch bu uzo kpowa onodu a n'afo 1894 , Joseph Asherman onye gynecologist ndi [[Israel]] chotara njirimara ya na afo 1948. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ein Fall von volligem Schwaund der Gebormutterhohle nach Auskratzung|language=German|journal=Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie|year=1894|volume=18|pages=1337–42}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishfibroidtrust.org.uk/adhesions.php|title=Adhesions & Asherman's Syndrome|work=BritishFibroidTrust}}</ref> .<ref name="pmid14804168">{{Cite journal|title=Traumatic intra-uterine adhesions|journal=The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire|volume=57|issue=6|pages=892–896|date=December 1950|pmid=14804168|doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.1950.tb06053.x}}</ref> Ana akpokwa ya Fritsch syndrome maobu Fritsch-Acherman syndrome. == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà == A na-ejikarị mbelata nke ọbara ọgbụgba na oge ọbara ọgbụrụgba mara ya (enweghị ọbara ọgburu n'oge ịhụ nsọ, obere ọbara ọgbọrọgba n'oge nsọ, ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbaru ọbara ugboro ugboro) <ref name="pmid4725610">{{Cite journal|title=Asherman's syndrome: a critique and current review|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=24|issue=9|pages=722–735|date=September 1973|pmid=4725610|doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)39918-6}}</ref> na enweghị ike ịmụ nwa. Nsogbu ịhụ nsọ na-ejikarị ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile na-emetụta ịdị njọ: ihe na-arapara n'ahụ naanị n'akpa nwa ma ọ bụ n'okpuru akpa nwa nwere ike igbochi ịhụ nsọ. A na-enwe ihe mgbu n'oge ịhụ nsọ na ovulation mgbe ụfọdụ ma enwere ike ịkọwa ya na mgbochi.A kọọrọ na 88% nke ọrịa AS na-eme mgbe emechara D&amp;amp;C na akpa nwa dị <akpa nwa"mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="79" href="./Pregnant" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pregnant">ime n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na-esote ime ọpụpụ furu efu ma ọ bụ na-ezughị ezu, [[ọmụmụ]], ma ọ bụ n'oge nkwụsịtụ a họọrọ (mkụ afọ ime) iji wepụ ngwaahịa ndị e jidere. == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == Oghere nke akpa nwa dị n'akụkụ endometrium. Ihe mkpuchi a nwere okpukpu abụọ, nke na-arụ ọrụọrụ dị n'akụkụ oghere akpa nwa) nke a na-awụfu n'oge ịhụ nsọ na nke dị n'okpuru (nke dị nso na myometrium), nke dị mkpa maka imezigharị nke na-eme ihe. Mmetụta na basal layer, nke a na-emekarị mgbe dilation na curettage (D&C) mere mgbe ime ọpụpụ, ma ọ bụ ịmụ nwa, ma ọ dị ime, nwere ike iduga na mmepe nke akara intrauterine nke na-akpata nkwonkwo nke nwere ike ikpochapụ oghere ahụ na ogo dịgasị iche iche. N'ụzọ gabigara ókè, oghere ahụ dum nwere ike inwe akara ma kpuchie ya. Ọbụna na ọ nwere akara ole na ole, endometrium nwere ike ghara imeghachi omume na Estrogen.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọrịa Asherman na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị agbụrụ na afọ niile n'otu ụzọ ahụ, na-atụ aro na ọ nweghị ihe na-emetụ n'ahụ maka mmepe ya.<ref name="pmid6281085">{{Cite journal|title=Intrauterine adhesions: an updated appraisal|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=37|issue=5|pages=593–610|date=May 1982|pmid=6281085|doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)46268-0}}</ref> AS nwere ike ịpụta site na ịwa ahụ pelvic ndị ọzọ gụnyere akụkụ cesarean, [1] <ref name="Rochet_1979">{{Cite journal|title=[The obstetrical future of women who have been operated on for uterine synechiae. 107 cases operated on (author's transl)]|language=fr|journal=Journal de Gynécologie, Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction|volume=8|issue=8|pages=723–726|year=1979|pmid=553931}}</ref> iwepụ akpụ fibroid (myomectomy) <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Role of endometrial suppression on the frequency of intrauterine adhesions after resectoscopic surgery|journal=The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists|volume=7|issue=3|pages=351–354|date=August 2000|pmid=10924629|doi=10.1016/S1074-3804(05)60478-1}}</ref> na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka IUDs, radiation pelvic, [[Skistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]] <ref name="pmid7724154">{{Cite journal|title=Asherman syndrome caused by schistosomiasis|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=85|issue=5 Pt 2|pages=898–899|date=May 1995|pmid=7724154|doi=10.1016/0029-7844(94)00371-J}}</ref> na ụkwara nta genital.<ref name="pmid13283012">{{Cite journal|title=Traumatic uterine synechiae: a common cause of menstrual insufficiency, sterility, and abortion|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=71|issue=2|pages=368–375|date=February 1956|pmid=13283012|doi=10.1016/S0002-9378(16)37600-1}}</ref> Endometritis na-adịghị ala ala site na ụkwara nta akụkụ ahụ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata nkwonkwo intrauterine siri ike (IUA) na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, na-akpatakarị mkpochapụ zuru oke nke oghere akpa nwa nke siri ike ịgwọ.<ref name="pmid10438408">{{Cite journal|title=Total corporal synechiae due to tuberculosis carry a very poor prognosis following hysteroscopic synechialysis|journal=Human Reproduction|volume=14|issue=8|pages=1960–1961|date=August 1999|pmid=10438408|doi=10.1093/humrep/14.8.1960}}</ref> Enwere ike ịwa ahụ site na endometrial ablation n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-agba ọbara n'akpa nwa, kama ịwa ahụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> k9wt2sk8paq2rw49tnzkdn4fpr91rb2 0 45248 688243 209017 2026-07-15T20:32:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Allan Greenberg''' (amuru ya na Septemba 7, 1938) bu onye amuru ndi America na otu n’ime ndi isi n’usoro oge ochie nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, makwaara dị ka New Classical Architecture . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Greenberg, Allan|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7002094302|accessdate=2023-10-18|work=Grove Art Online|language=en|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t2094302}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye malitere na onye na-edu ndú nke "canonical classicism," otu n'ime ọtụtụ nzaghachi imewe na postmodernism na-apụta na etiti 1970s. <ref>[[Leland M. Roth]], ''American Architecture: A History'' (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2003): 500-501.</ref> Dị ka Paul Goldberger si kwuo, onye na-akatọ ụkpụrụ ụlọ maka ''The New York Times'', "ọrụ ndụ nke Greenberg bụ ọrụ iji gosi na oge ochie dị ka asụsụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ n'oge anyị." <ref>Paul Goldberger, “A Classical Showpiece.” ''The New York Times Magazine'' 135 (May 1986): 78-83, 91.</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ihe owuwu ya, akụkọ Greenberg, nkuzi na nkuzi etinyela mmetụta siri ike na ọmụmụ na omume nke oge ochie. Na 2006, ọ bụ onye America mbụ e nyere Richard H. Driehaus Prize for Classical Architecture n'ịkwado nnukwu onyinye ya na nhazi ụlọ na agụmakwụkwọ. A na-enye ihe nrite a kwa afọ "onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke ọrụ ya na-agụnye ụkpụrụ nke omenala na oge ochie na obodo obodo na ọha mmadụ nke oge a ma na-emepụta mmetụta dị mma, omenala, gburugburu ebe obibi na nka." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://architecture.nd.edu/news-events/events/driehaus-prize/|title=Driehaus Prize // School of Architecture // University of Notre Dame|work=School of Architecture|accessdate=2024-05-23|archivedate=2018-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731101710/http://architecture.nd.edu/news-events/events/driehaus-prize/}}</ref> George Hersey, onye edemede na prọfesọ nke Art History na Mahadum Yale, dere: == Biography na ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Aaron_Burr_Hall.jpg|thumb| Aaron Burr Hall, Mahadum Princeton, Princeton, USA (2003-2005)|262x262px]] Amụrụ na Johannesburg, South Africa, Greenberg gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Witwatersrand, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ oge gboo, Gothic na ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ. Ọ na-ekwu na ntọala ya nke ọma n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ ihe siri ike nke ọmụmụ ya n'ebe ahụ. Ndị prọfesọ chọrọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ buru ibu ma see atụmatụ nke ụlọ ndị a ma ama na ọchịchọ. N'ịgbaso obere ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na South Africa, Greenberg kwagara London n'ebumnobi nke ịmụ akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ, ma chepụta obere oge iwere ọrụ na Le Corbusier . Mgbe ọ nọrọ obere oge na England ọ hapụrụ Denmark ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na studio nke onye isi ụlọ ọrụ modernist Scandinavian Jørn Utzon n'oge nhazi nke Sydney Opera House. O mechara were ọrụ na Helsinki na Viljo Revell, ikekwe onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Finnish kacha mara amara mgbe Alvar Aalto gasịrị, onye Greenberg nwere mmasị na ya nke ukwuu. Na 1963, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ kpaliri nwunye ya Danish na ezinụlọ ya na-eto eto na America. A nabatara ya na mmemme ihe owuwu na-achọsi ike na Yale, nke onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Brutalist Paul Marvin Rudolph na-eduzi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newhavenmodern.org/art-and-architecture-building|title=Art and Architecture Building &#124;|work=New Haven Modern Architecture - New Haven Preservation Trust}}</ref> Dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ mba ọzọ Norman Foster na Richard Rogers, Greenberg chọrọ ụzọ ọhụrụ na Modernism na mba nke na-aga n'ihu ngwa ngwa karịa Europe na nkà na ụzụ na ụkpụrụ ụlọ. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nzere Master of Architecture na Mahadum Yale na 1965, ọ nọrọ afọ abụọ na City of New Haven's Redevelopment Agency wee bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ Architectural na Onye ọka ikpe Connecticut site na 1967 ruo 1979. Ọ kụziri na Yale n'okpuru ndị isi oche Charles W. Moore na Herman Spiegel, na-ekiri ọgba aghara nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na njedebe 1960, ma nyere aka ịzụlite ụlọ akwụkwọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ na-agụghị akwụkwọ na architecture. Ọ bụ n'oge mmalite 1970 ka Greenberg nwere nkụda mmụọ na Ọtọdọks Modernism, tụgharịrị kama nkatọ postmodernist nke ndị ọrụ Yale Robert Venturi na Denise Scott Brown nyere. Greenberg dere ma akwụkwọ ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị a ma ama na akụkọ banyere àgwà siri ike na nke na-adịgide adịgide nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ na nhazi omenala. Ọrụ ya buru ibu nke e bipụtara gụnyere akwụkwọ [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1437951562 ''George Washington, Architect'' (1999)], [https://www.amazon.com/s?search-alias=stripbooks&unfiltered=1&field-keywords=&field-author=greenberg&field-title=architecture+of+democracy&field-isbn=&field-publisher=&node=&url=&field-feature_browse-bin=&field-binding_browse-bin=&field-subject=&field-language=&field-dateop=&field-datemod=&field-dateyear=&sort=relevancerank&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.x=5&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.y=19 ''The Architecture of Democracy: American Architecture and the Legacy of the Revolution'' (2006)], na [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1901092577 ''Lutyens na Modern Movement'' (2007)] . A [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1854902628 monograph] nke ọrụ ya pụtara na 1995. Ọhụrụ monograph [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0847840735 "Allan Greenberg: Classical Architect"] bụ Rizzoli bipụtara wee wepụta ya na Ọkt. 1, 2013. == Nnukwu oru ngo == * Ọbá akwụkwọ steeti na Ụlọ Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, mgbakwunye (na mkpakọrịta ya na Russell Gibson von Dohlen, Hartford, Connecticut, 1970) * Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu (Manchester, Connecticut, 1979–1980) * Bergdorf Goodman, facade ọhụrụ (New York, New York, 1983–1984) * Ụlọ Ememe Nkwekọrịta, Ụlọ Antechamber, na Ụlọ nnabata, Ngalaba Ọchịchị United States (Washington DC, 1985-1986) * Ọfịs nke odeakwụkwọ steeti, Ngalaba Ọchịchị United States (Washington DC, 1987–89) * Ụlọ akụkọ (Athens, Georgia, 1988–1992) * J. Wilson Newman Pavilion, Miller Center of Public Affairs, Mahadum Virginia (Charlottesville, Virginia, 1988–1990) * Ụlọ Nzukọ Tercentenary (ugbu a McGlothlin-Street Hall), College nke William &amp;amp; Mary (Williamsburg, Virginia, 1989-1995) * Ụlọ Nzukọ Gore, Mahadum Delaware (Newark, Delaware, 1995-1998) * Tommy Hilfiger Flagship Store (ugbu a Brooks Brothers ) (Beverly Hills, California, 1995–1997) * Isi ụlọ ọrụ Ngwuputa Unicorn (London, Kentucky, 1997–1999) * Owuwu Humanities, Mahadum Rice (Houston, Texas, 1997–2000) * Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu Ụlọikpe Historical Society, nrụzigharị (Washington, DC, 1998–1999) * Ụlọ Nzukọ DuPont, Mahadum Delaware (Newark, Delaware, 1998-2002) * Aaron Burr Hall, Mahadum Princeton (Princeton, New Jersey, 2003–2005) == Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ahọpụtara == * [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/realestate/05sketch.html "Mmetụta oge gboo maka facade na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ.] [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/realestate/05sketch.html ” ''New York Times'' (Nọvemba 6, 2006).] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150910170229/http://www.architecturaldigest.com/decor/2010-07/design_dialogue_article Clark, Gerald.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150910170229/http://www.architecturaldigest.com/decor/2010-07/design_dialogue_article "Mkparịta ụka chepụta." ''Architectural Digest'' (July 2010): 132-39.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013722/http://www.architecturaldigest.com/decor/2009-10/georgian_fashion_article Clark, Gerald.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013722/http://www.architecturaldigest.com/decor/2009-10/georgian_fashion_article "N'ụdị ejiji Georgian." ''Architectural Digest'' (October 2009): 132-39.] * Conroy, S. Claire. "N'ụlọ na oge gara aga: Allan Greenberg na-eme ka ndị a ma ama ọzọ." ''Onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ obibi'' (September/October 2002): 56-67. * Gagne, Nicole V. "Allan Greenberg." ''Ụlọ Omenala'' 17:5 (September/October 2004): 16. * Goldberger, Paul. "N'ime Perpetuum." ''Ihe ndekọ ihe owuwu'' 174 (Eprel 1986): 110-21. * Langdon, Philip. "Omuma ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ: Ụlọ Allan Greenberg na-egosipụta mmaliteghachi nke omenala oge gboo." ''Atlantic'' 265.1 (January 1990): 86+ . * Lubow, Arthur. "Nwoke Ionic." ''Ọpụpụ'' Mba. 57 (Mee/June 1999): 156-63, 220. * Reiss, Gwen North. "Akụkọ klas." ''Ụlọ ndị Connecticut na ubi'' (January 2007). * [http://www.slate.com/id/2135225/ Rybczynski, Witold.] [http://www.slate.com/id/2135225/ "Ihe ochie, ihe ọhụrụ: Onye na-ese ihe na-enweta ihe nrite na Princeton." ''Magazin Slate'' (Feb. 1, 2006).] * Schmertz, MF "Ewepụta maka Diplomacy." ''Ihe ndekọ ihe owuwu'' 173 Nke 12 (1985): 152-59. * Ward, Logan. "Old Town Revival." ''Asụsụ ndịda'' (Sept.-Ọkt 2005): 94-100. * Westfall, CW "Allan Greenberg na ihe siri ike dum nke ihe owuwu." Na ''Allan Greenberg, Ọrụ ahọpụtara'', 6-10. London: Mbipụta Ụlọ Akwụkwọ, 1995. == Ntụaka == nwetasịrị nzere Master of Architecture na Mahadum Yale na 1965, ọ nọrọ afọ abụọ na City of New Haven's Redevelopment Agency wee bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ Architectural nanwetasịrị nzere Master of Architecture na Mahadum Yale na 1965, ọ nọrọ afọ abụọ na City of New Haven's Redevelopment Agency wee bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ Architectural na{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240419142500/https://allangreenberg.com/ Allan Greenberg, Architect, LLC] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090406194258/http://www.driehausprize.org/ Ebe gọọmentị nke Richard H. Driehaus Prize] * [https://allangreenberg.com/about-allan/ Banyere Allan | Allan Greenberg Architect] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qm7pofakw1hn99dt73a4hx4uw98cyv2 0 45407 688235 540004 2026-07-15T17:44:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ala Kheir''' ( Arabic , amụrụ 1 Eprel, 1985) bụ onye na-ese foto, onye na-ese sinima na onye injinia n'ibu. A bịara mara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị guzobere otu Sudanese Photographers Group na Khartoum na 2009 na site na ihe ngosi foto ya nke mba ụwa, yana maka ịkparịta ụka n'Ịntanet na ọzụzụ maka ndị na-ese foto na Africa. == Biography na ọrụ nka == [[Usòrò:Sudanese_visual_artist_Amna_Elhassan.jpg|thumb| Eserese nke onye na-ahụ anya Sudanese Amna Elhassan nke Kheir, 2020|347x347px]] A mụrụ Kheir na Nyala, South Darfur, wee soro nne na nna ya kwaga isi obodo Khartoum mgbe ọ bụ nwata. N'oge ezumike ọkọchị, ọ na-eleta ọtụtụ oge na Nyala na dịka onye na-ese foto, o mechara see foto ndụ ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ugwu Marrah . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ala Kheir's return to Darfur|url=https://www.plparchive.com/ala-kheirs-return-to-darfur/|accessdate=2023-08-07|work=The Photography Legacy Project (PLP)|language=en-ZA|archivedate=2024-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814192749/https://www.plparchive.com/ala-kheirs-return-to-darfur/}}</ref> Kheir gụrụ injinia injinia na [[Malaysia]] wee malite dịka onye na-ese foto na-akụziri onwe ya. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Sudan, ya na ndị na-ese foto ndị ọzọ na Khartoum hiwere otu Sudanese Photographers Group. Otu a malitere ịse foto na ịkụzi foto dị ka ihe ngosi nka, gụnyere ndị ọzọ na-achọ foto n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ha na ihe ngosi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Diallo|first=Aïcha|date=2016-10-29|title=Where the White Nile and the Blue Nile meet|url=https://contemporaryand.com/magazines/where-the-white-nile-and-the-blue-nile-meet/|accessdate=2021-03-21|work=Contemporary and|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221012835/http://www.contemporaryand.com/magazines/where-the-white-nile-and-the-blue-nile-meet/|archivedate=21 February 2017}}</ref> Kheir etinyela aka na netwọkụ na ọzụzụ maka ndị na-ese foto na Africa, ọkachasị na 'Center of Learning for Photography in Africa' na Johannesburg, South Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Launch of the first phase of the 'Survey on photography training and learning initiatives on the African continent'|url=https://contemporaryand.com/magazines/launch-of-the-first-phase-of-the-survey-on-photography-training-and-learning-initiatives-on-the-african-continent/|accessdate=2019-12-10|work=Contemporary and|language=en}}</ref> Netwọk a na-achịkọta ikpo okwu Africa na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nkuzi foto, ebe ndị otu "na-agbanwe echiche na usoro nkuzi ma mụtakwa dị ka ndị nkuzi." <ref name=":0"/> Ihe atụ nke ọzụzụ na ịkparịta ụka n'Ịntanet bụ usoro ọmụmụ ihe na ihe ngosi foto na Khartoum n'etiti 2014 na 2016, nke akpọrọ ''<nowiki/>'Mugran Foto Week''' . Ihe ngosi nke 2016 gosipụtara nsonaazụ mkpokọta nke ogbako a na-akpọ Modern Times, nke ndị na-ese foto Michelle Lukidis si South Africa na André Lützen si Germany mere n'afọ gara aga. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Goethe-Institut Sudan|date=2017-11-24|title=Photo exhibition Modern Times – Mugran Foto Week 2016|url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/su/en/kul/sup/mug.html|accessdate=2021-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124135813/https://www.goethe.de/ins/su/en/kul/sup/mug.html|archivedate=24 November 2017}}</ref> Na 2024, Lützen bipụtara foto nke ya na akwụkwọ foto ''Khartoum - Akụkọ nke Obodo atọ.'' <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2024-01-17|title=LFI {{!}} Stories {{!}} Life in Extreme Climate Zones|url=https://lfi-online.de/en/stories/life-in-extreme-climate-zones-20466.html|accessdate=2024-04-22|work=LFI-Leica Fotografie International, Hamburg, Germany|language=en}}</ref> Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Kheir jere ozi dị ka onye ọka ikpe na panel maka International Contemporary African Photography Prize (CAP) na Basel, Switzerland, "na-enye ndị na-ese foto ise kwa afọ, ndị ọrụ ha na-emepụta na mpaghara Africa, ma ọ bụ ndị na-emekọrịta ihe na Africa diaspora. " <ref>{{Cite web|title=CAP Prize – International Prize for Contemporary African Photography|url=https://www.capprize.com/landing/cap-prize-2021-panel-of-judges|accessdate=2021-04-15|work=CAP Prize|date=30 October 2020|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902011618/https://www.capprize.com/landing/cap-prize-2021-panel-of-judges}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-07|title=CAP Prize – International Prize for Contemporary African Photography – Panel of Judges|url=https://www.capprize.com/landing/cap-prize-2023-panel-of-judges|accessdate=2023-08-08|work=CAP Prize|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531064624/https://www.capprize.com/landing/cap-prize-2023-panel-of-judges}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-akparịta ụka n'ịntanetị na Ọktọba 2022 ya na mkpokọta Ọbá akwụkwọ Mahadum Durham na Photography Legacy (PLP), ndị uwe ojii nchekwa Sudan jidere Kheir ma kpagbuo ya, ikekwe n'ihi na a na-enyo enyo na ọ na-etinye aka na ngagharị iwe ụmụ amaala. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sudan Photographer and Archivist, Ala Kheir detained in Sudan|url=https://www.plparchive.com/ala-kheir/|accessdate=2023-08-07|work=The Photography Legacy Project (PLP)|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'April 2024, akwụkwọ akụkọ akụkọ ''The Continent'' kọrọ ka mgbanwe 2018 na agha 2023 na Sudan siri metụta Kheir na ezinụlọ ya. Ná mmalite mgbanwe ahụ, ọ kpọgawo ezinụlọ ya na Khartoum gaa Cairo . Mgbe ahụ, ọ laghachiri na Sudan ka ọ see foto ngagharị iwe gọọmentị na Khartoum na obodo ndị ọzọ. Ọzọkwa, ọ gakwara na Darfur, mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan ndị mụrụ ya si bịa, ka ha wee mee nyocha ma detuo ka ndị nọ n'ebe ahụ siri lanarị ọtụtụ afọ nke esemokwu. Mgbe ntiwapụ nke agha dị n'etiti otu ndị agha na-emegide, nri, mmiri na ọkụ eletrik bịara dị ụkọ, Kheir hụkwara onwe ya egwu site n'aka ndị agha na-ele anya "egwu karịa ozu" n'okporo ámá nke mpaghara Khartoum. N'ịbụ onye lanarịrị izu ole na ole n'ebe nne na nna ya dị na Omdurman, ọ gara Wad Madani, obodo nke abụọ kasị ukwuu na mba ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ agbabawo n'obodo ahụ, Kheir hụkwara onwe ya onye na-ese foto agha . N'ikpeazụ, ọ ga-esi na Sudan gbapụ na [[United Arab Emirates]], naanị nwee ike ịkparịta ụka site na ịntanetị na nne na nna ya bụ ndị nọrọ n'azụ Sudan, ma ọ bụ ya na nwunye ya na ụmụ ya nọ n'Ijipt, nke mechibidoro ókèala ya nke ọma nye ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Sudan ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Continent|first=The|date=2024-04-20|title=Sudan: A fractured life in limbo|url=https://continent.substack.com/p/sudan-a-fractured-life-in-limbo|accessdate=2024-04-22|work=The Continent}}</ref> == nnabata == Ebipụtala foto nke Kheir nke ''The Guardian'', ''akwụkwọ akụkọ Brownbook'' na Dubai, na Community Architecture Community. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-07|title=Sudanese beauty queen demands end to Nuba mountain bombing|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/07/sudanese-beauty-queen-natalina-yaqoub-demands-end-nuba-mountain-bombing|accessdate=2021-04-15|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kheir|first=Ala|date=2016-02-05|title=The psychedelic world of Sudan's Sufis – in pictures|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2016/feb/05/the-psychedelic-world-of-sudans-sufis-in-pictures|accessdate=2021-04-15}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, e gosipụtara ọrụ ya n'etiti ndị na-ese foto Africa 17 n'oge a n'akwụkwọ ''The Journey.'' ''Ọnọdụ ọhụrụ na foto Africa.'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Journey|url=https://www.kerberverlag.com/en/1799/the-journey|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=KERBER VERLAG|language=en-GB}}</ref> Site na 2008 ruo 2018, ụlọ ọrụ ọdịnala German dị na Goethe-Institut kpọrọ ndị na-ese foto Africa ka ha gaa ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ, nke [[Simon Njami]] kwadoro na ndị na-ese foto Africa, dị ka Akinbode Akinbiyi . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Iduma|first=Emmanuel|date=2021-06-24|title=Post-Continental: Contemporary African Photography|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/contemporary-african-photography-1234596881/|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=www.artnews.com|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624192515/https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/contemporary-african-photography-1234596881/|archivedate=24 June 2021}}</ref> Tinyere ndị na-ese foto Africa ndị ọzọ so na klas ndị a, e bipụtara ihe osise nke ọrụ Kheir n'akwụkwọ ''The Journey'' ''- New positions in African photography'' . <ref>Njami Simon, Sean O'Toole, Akinbode Akinbiyi, Lucienne Bestall, Nicola Brandt, Frédérique Chapuis, John Fleetwood et al. (2019) ''The Journey. New Positions in African Photography''. Bielefeld: Kerber Verlag. ISBN 978-3-73560-682-2, p. 200-209</ref> N'ime akwụkwọ French na 52 ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa ugbu a ''Oh!'' ''AfricArt'', Kheir na foto ya gosipụtara dị ka onye na-ese ihe na Sudan. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Tchoungui|first=Elizabeth|title=Oh! AfricArt|publisher=Hachette Livre – Editions du Chêne|year=2021|isbn=9782812321016|location=Vanves|pages=188–191|language=fr}}</ref> Maka asọmpi 2022 ha, Foto World Press họpụtara Kheir ka ọ bụrụ onye otu juri si Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=2022 World Press Photo Contest jury|url=https://www.worldpressphoto.org/contest/2022/jury|accessdate=2022-01-09|work=www.worldpressphoto.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222121208/https://www.worldpressphoto.org/contest/2022/jury|archivedate=22 December 2021}}</ref> === Otu na ihe ngosi nke onye ọ bụla === * Reframing Nleghara anya, Milan, New York na Abu Dhabi, Italy, USA na United Arab Emirates 2022/2023 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-12-08|title=Reframing Neglect Events Page|url=https://end.org/reframing-neglect/events/|accessdate=2023-02-05|work=The END Fund|language=en-US}}</ref> * Nletagharị Khartoum, isi obodo Africa, [[France]] 2017 * Nletagharị Khartoum, Dakar Biennale, Senegal 2016 * Khartoum 2 Addis, Venice Biennale, Italy 2015 * Africa, Nnukwu mgbanwe, nnukwu ohere, Milan, Italy 2014 * Akụkụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya, ihe ngosi otu, Ememme Foto Addis, [[Ethiopia]] 2012 * Khartoum (ihe ngosi naanị), Addis Photo Festival 2012 * The Un-governables, otu ngosi na New York 2012 * Nwee mmetụta agba, Khartoum, 2009 (ihe ngosi ya na Dia Khalil) * 50+1, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 2007 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=African Photography Network – Ala Kheir|url=https://www.africanphotographynetwork.org/|accessdate=2023-01-17|work=African Photography Network|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117221930/https://www.africanphotographynetwork.org/}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == * Kọntinenti anyị, asọmpi foto n'ọdịnihu, ihe nrite nke abụọ, 2013 * Jikọọ maka asọmpi foto ihu igwe, ihe nrite nke abụọ, 2012 * Foto nkuzi UN, 2010 <ref name=":1"/> == Hụkwa == * Foto dị na Sudan == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6wu15pu26wbujy2cg381hx6hl2t9ams 0 48369 688248 656619 2026-07-16T00:51:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688248 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anita Lee Blair''' (September 8, 1916 - August 25, 2010) bu onye America n'eme Ihe ndoro ndoro Ọchịchị nakwa onye n'ekwuchitere ndi mmadu onu ha nke so na Texas. O bu nwaanyi mbu kpuru isi itunyere na state legislature nke obodo United States. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kvia.com/news/Former-State-Rep-Political-Watchdog-Anita-Blair-Has-Died/544736 |title=Marissa Monroy, "Former State Rep., Political Watchdog Anita Blair Has Died," KVIA.com (July 15, 2012). |accessdate=June 16, 2024 |archivedate=March 4, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065813/http://www.kvia.com/news/Former-State-Rep-Political-Watchdog-Anita-Blair-Has-Died/544736 }}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Anita Lee Blair na Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, ma zụlite na El Paso, Texas. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Austin High School na obodo ahụ, na 1933.<ref>[ftp://ftp.legis.state.tx.us/bills/81R/billtext/html/house_resolutions/HR01500_HR01599/HR01539I.HTM House Resolution No. 1539, House of Representatives, 81st Texas Legislature.]</ref> Ọ kpuru ìsì mgbe ihe mberede ụgbọala gasịrị mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, na Alamogordo, New Mexico. Ọ nwetara B.A. na Texas College of Mines and Metallurgy na 1944, ma mesịa nweta nzere masta na Texas Women's College, na 1951. <ref>[http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/pdf/HR00309F.PDF House Resolution No. 309, House of Representatives, 82nd Texas Legislature, adopted February 24, 2011.]</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1940, Blair ghọrọ onye mbụ nọ na El Paso nwere nkịta na-eje ozi, Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ German aha ya bụ Fawn. Ha abụọ ghọrọ ndị a ma ama karịa Texas mgbe ha na-akụzi banyere nchekwa okporo ụzọ na mgbochi ihe mberede. <ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BwoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8Z0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3689%2C5317766 "Safety Crusade is 'Personal' to Anita Blair, 25," ''Reading Eagle'' (January 25, 1948): 3.]</ref> <ref>[http://search.proquest.com/docview/177554931/BA30631A7E164C07PQ/39 "Blind Chicago Girl Thrilled by Award for her Safety Work," ''Chicago Daily Tribune'' (December 24, 1947): 3.]</ref><ref>[http://search.proquest.com/docview/152127230/BA30631A7E164C07PQ/2 Genevieve Reynolds, "Traffic No Problem for Blind Girl," ''Washington Post'' (September 10, 1949): B4.]</ref> N'afọ 1946, Blair na Fawn gbapụrụ n'ọkụ La Salle Hotel na Chicago; akụkọ ha gosipụtara ọrụ nkịta na-arụ ọrụ ma kọwaa ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ gafee mba ahụ, na ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn dị na Chicago.<ref>[http://search.proquest.com/docview/107773814/BA30631A7E164C07PQ/12 "Blind Girl Guided to Safety by Dog: Amid Hysteria of Others She Calmly Walks Fire Escape from Eleventh Floor," ''New York Times'' (June 6, 1946): 29.]</ref><ref>[http://search.proquest.com/docview/178355338/BA30631A7E164C07PQ/41 Blind Woman, Dog that Saved Her, to Go on TV," ''Chicago Daily Tribune'' (June 29, 1952): 24.]</ref><ref>[http://search.proquest.com/docview/165678065/BA30631A7E164C07PQ/50 "Dog Helps Blind Girl From Fire," ''Los Angeles Times'' (June 6, 1946): 8.]</ref><ref>[http://search.proquest.com/docview/177188093/BA30631A7E164C07PQ/62 "Dog Hero of Fire and Girl She Saved Get Honor Scroll," ''Chicago Daily Tribune'' (June 8, 1946): 4.]</ref> N'afọ 1950, Blair mere ngagharị iwe mgbe ekweghị ka Fawn soro ya banye n'ụlọ nzukọ ndị omeiwu United States ka ọ gaa arụmụka. <ref>[http://search.proquest.com/docview/152283300/BA30631A7E164C07PQ/9 "Blind Girl and her 'Seeing Eye' Win Right to 'Seat' in Senate," ''Washington Post'' (January 6, 1950): 12.]</ref><ref>"Dog Hears Senate Howl; Blind Owner Sees to It," ''New York Times'' (January 6, 1950): 11.</ref> A họpụtara Blair ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya Texas House of Representatives n'afọ 1952, ọ rụkwara ọrụ otu oge.<ref>"Blind Woman Wins Election in Texas, Despite Charge She Beat Seeing-Eye Dog," ''St. Petersburg Times'' (August 31, 1952): 3A.</ref> Dị ka onye nnọchi anya steeti, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka mmụba ụgwọ maka ndị nkuzi, maka imezigharị ụlọ akwụkwọ steeti maka ndị ntị chiri, na maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na-eje ozi na ndị ọka ikpe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elpasotimes.com/news/ci_15896048 |title=Alex Hinojosa, "Former Legislator, Activist Anita Blair Dies," ''El Paso Times'' (August 26, 2010). |accessdate=January 15, 2015 |archivedate=January 9, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109234136/http://www.elpasotimes.com/news/ci_15896048 }}</ref> O sokwa dee iwu na-achọ ikpe mkpọrọ maka Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala mmanya na-egbu. Ọ tụfuru mgbalị ya maka nhọpụta ọzọ na 1954, na ntuli aka atọ sochirinụ. N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, Blair bụ onye a ma ama na redio na El Paso, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na isii, ọ gbara ọsọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma maka onye ọka ikpe obodo.<ref>Joseph R. M. Longo, "Sun City's First Woman State Legislator: Party Two: Anita Blair's Era in Office," ''NewsPaperTree'' (August 6, 2014).</ref> N'afọ 2009, e nyere ya onyinye Lifetime Achievement BRAVO Award site na League of Women Voters nke El Paso . <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lwvep.org/bravo.htm |title=League of Women Voters of El Paso, Bravo Award recipients. |accessdate=2024-06-16 |archivedate=2021-05-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511171138/http://lwvep.org/bravo.htm }}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na ihe nketa == Blair lụrụ Curtis Reynolds Chartier na 1959, na Alamogordo, New Mexico. Blair nwụrụ na 2010, mgbe ọ dị afọ 93. N'ịghọta ọrụ ya dị ka onye omeiwu steeti, e liri ozu ya na Texas State Cemetery na Austin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cemetery.state.tx.us/pub/user_form.asp?pers_id=11620 |title=Anita Lee Blair, Texas State Cemetery. |accessdate=2024-06-16 |archivedate=2017-05-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503020904/http://www.cemetery.state.tx.us/pub/user_form.asp?pers_id=11620 }}</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Blair, Anita Lee}} [[Òtù:Living people]] [[Òtù:Visibilizing disabilities in Nigeria (1.0)]] [[Òtù:WikiforMiniorities]] mqmheoii66d8uzf31aemfwgursmkj7r 0 48771 688251 686970 2026-07-16T02:12:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688251 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Antonio M. de la Guerra (cropped).jpg|thumb|Foto nke Antonio M. de la Guerra ]] '''Antonio María de la Guerra''' (c. 1825 &#x2D; November 28, 1881) bu one Californio n'eme Ihe ndoro ndoro Ọchịchị nakwa onye military officer, o ruru oru na California Senate nakwa ruo oru dika mayor nke Santa Barbara ugboro abuo. O duru ndi California Cavalry Battalion nke mbu na aha ha luru biakwa ruo oru otutu ugboro na Santa Barbara county Board nke Supervisors. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201205041934/http://www.militarymuseum.org/delaguerra.html The California State Military Museum, Captain Antonio Maria de la Guerra] by Edson T. Strobridge, originally published in the Summer 2000 issue of ''La Campana'', the quarterly journal of the Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation</ref><ref>[http://www.militarymuseum.org/1stNatCavCV.html ''The California State Military Museum'', 1st Battalion of Native Cavalry, California Volunteers]</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Antonio Maria de la Guerra, onye so n'ezinụlọ Guerra a ma ama na California, na 1825 na Alta California, dị ka nwa ikpeazụ nke José de la Guerra na Noriega onye isi ndị agha Mexico. Nna ya ghọrọ nwoke bara ọgaranya ma nwee mmetụta nwere nnukwu ala na nnukwu ụlọ na Santa Barbara. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ site n'aka ndị ụkọchukwu California ma mesịa gaa na kọleji Chile ruo ọtụtụ afọ. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1849, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ, ọ ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ nke Santa Barbara ayuntamiento. N'afọ 1853, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Senate California, na 1857 a họpụtara ya Adjutant General maka Santa Barbara District nke ndị agha California. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi obodo Santa Barbara ma nọrọ ọtụtụ ugboro na Santa Barbara County Board of Supervisors, gụnyere otu ugboro a họpụtara ya dịka onyeisi oche.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201205041934/http://www.militarymuseum.org/delaguerra.html The California State Military Museum, Captain Antonio Maria de la Guerra] by Edson T. Strobridge, originally published in the Summer 2000 issue of ''La Campana'', the quarterly journal of the Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation</ref> Na Julaị 27, 1864, ọ ghọrọ onyeisi nke Company C, 1st Battalion of Native Cavalry, California Volunteers natara n'etiti Californios nke Santa Barbara maka Agha Obodo United States. Mgbe ọ zụchara ọzụzụ na Drum Barracks na Wilmington, California, ọ duuru ụlọ ọrụ ya gaa Arizona Territory na 1865. N'ebe ahụ, ha nọ na Tuba ma mesịa na Fort Mason ntakịrị n'ebe ndịda ebe ha tinyere aka na ịchụ ndị agha nke Alaeze Ukwu Mexico nke wakporo Arizona ma lụso ndị Apache ọgụ.<ref>[http://www.militarymuseum.org/1stNatCavCV.html ''The California State Military Museum'', 1st Battalion of Native Cavalry, California Volunteers]</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Arizona, Captain de la Guerra dara ọrịa ma nwee nkwarụ, laghachi Santa Barbara na Febụwarị 1866. Ahụike ya agbakwala ma kpuru ìsì kpamkpam n'afọ 1873. O mechara kpọnwụọ, na-emetụta ya nke ukwuu n'ime afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya. Dọkịta ezinụlọ ya kwenyere na ahụike ya emebiwo site na ihe Mercury eji agwọ ya n'oge ọrịa ya na Arizona. Ọ lụbeghị di, ọ nwụrụ na Nọvemba 28, 1881, mgbe ọ dị afọ 56. E liri ya na La Patera ma ọ bụ Cieneguitas Catholic Cemetery, na Goleta, California na Goleta Road, ugbu a Hollister Avenue. {{DEFAULTSORT:de la Guerra, Antonio Maria}} [[Òtù:Living people]] [[Òtù:Visibilizing disabilities in Nigeria (1.0)]] [[Òtù:WikiforMiniorities]] 1txzr1sxfpm29q9l11wcbxioii71xvz 0 50436 688225 475270 2026-07-15T12:50:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adil Osmanov''' (amụrụ 2 Julaị 2000) bụ Judoka Moldovan . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eju.net/eju/judoka/?judokaId=38271|work=eju.net|accessdate=31 May 2024|title=Adil Osmanov|archivedate=31 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531075723/https://www.eju.net/eju/judoka/?judokaId=38271}}</ref> Ọ meriri nrite ọla n'egwuregwu Olympic nke 2024 . [[File:Adil Osmanov.jpg|thumb|Adil Osmanov]] == Ndụ mbido == Adil Osmanov mụrụ na nna Azerbaijani na nne Moldovan na Moscow. <ref>[https://www.azerisport.com/judo/20240330101415199.html Мамедалиев добыл серебро Большого шлема]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://realmedia.md/2024/03/15/foto-istoria-impresionanta-de-viata-a-lui-adil-osmanov-judocanul-a-marturisit-cand-a-simtit-ca-este-moldovean/|title=FOTO: Povestea emoționantă a judocanului Adil Osmanov: Pierderea tatălui, mutarea în Moldova și relația cu bunicul său|language=ro-RO|first=Dorina|author=Blandescu|work=RealMedia|date=2024-03-15|accessdate=2024-07-29|archivedate=2024-07-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729212639/https://realmedia.md/2024/03/15/foto-istoria-impresionanta-de-viata-a-lui-adil-osmanov-judocanul-a-marturisit-cand-a-simtit-ca-este-moldovean/}}</ref> Ọ kwagara Chișinău na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Adil Osmanov|work=Judo Inside|accessdate=31 May 2024|url=https://www.judoinside.com/judoka/114070/Adil_Osmanov/judo-career#:~:text=Judo%20career-,Adil%20Osmanov,2023%20Grand%20Prix%20Upper%20Austria.}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na 2021 ọ meriri ọla kọpa na 2021 European U23 Judo Championship na Budapest . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ijf.org/competition/2224/photos?id_weight=31|work=ijf.org|accessdate=29 July 2024|title=U23 EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIPS 2021}}</ref> Ọ meriri ọla kọpa ọzọ na European U23 Championship na 2022, na Sarajevo . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipn.md/en/judoka-adil-osmanov-wins-bronze-at-european-u23-championships-7979_1093069.html|work=ipn.md|accessdate=29 July 2024|title=Judoka Adil Osmanov wins bronze at European U23 Championships|date=29 October 2022|archivedate=1 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201200440/https://www.ipn.md/en/judoka-adil-osmanov-wins-bronze-at-european-u23-championships-7979_1093069.html}}</ref> Ọ nwetara nrite ọla ọcha na European Open na Warsaw na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eju.net/france-double-up-on-gold-to-lead-in-the-medal-table/|work=eju.net|accessdate=29 July 2024|title=FRANCE DOUBLE UP ON GOLD TO LEAD IN THE MEDAL TABLE|date=25 February 2023|archivedate=24 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624163909/https://www.eju.net/france-double-up-on-gold-to-lead-in-the-medal-table/}}</ref> Ọ meriri nrite ọla na 2023 Grand Prix Upper Austria. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://albasat.md/en/pelivan-and-osmanov-snatch-bronze-at-upper-austria-grand-prix/|work=albasat.md|accessdate=29 July 2024|title=Pelivan and Osmanov snatch bronze at Upper Austria Grand Prix|date=28 May 2023}}</ref> O meriri otu 73kg na 2024 Grand Prix Upper Austria na Linz, meriri Koen Heg nke Netherlands na ọkara ikpeazụ na Rashid Mammadaliyev na ikpeazụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ijf.org/news/show/73kg-osmanov-raises-the-moldovan-flag|work=ijf.org|accessdate=31 May 2024|title=-73kg: Osmanov Raises the Moldovan Flag|first=Nicola|author=Messner|date=9 March 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2024/03/09/esposito-and-osmanov-shine-in-linz|work=Euronews|accessdate=31 May 2024|title=Esposito and Osmanov shine in Linz|date=9 March 2024}}</ref> O sochiri nke ahụ na mmeri na 2024 Grand Slam nke Antalya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eju.net/antalya-offers-up-new-talent-on-the-podium/|work=eju.net|accessdate=31 May 2024|date=30 March 2024|title=ANTALYA OFFERS UP NEW TALENT ON THE PODIUM|archivedate=31 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531074918/https://www.eju.net/antalya-offers-up-new-talent-on-the-podium/}}</ref> Nke a bụ nrite ọla edo mbụ maka Osmanov na Grand Slam - wee bịa naanị izu ole na ole ka nrite ọla edo mbụ ya nwetara na Grand Prix. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ijf.org/news/show/73kg-a-second-premiere-for-osmanov|work=ijf.org|accessdate=31 May 2024|title=-73kg: A Second Premiere for Osmanov|first=Nicolas|author=Messner|date=30 March 2024}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5ma6ue7mac6lv0rvp16o9j0r0h1410i 0 51355 688255 208139 2026-07-16T03:36:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688255 wikitext text/x-wiki Asari-Toru bụ ndị ime obodo na Rivers State, Nigeria . <ref name=":0" /> == ozi izugbe == Emebere mpaghara Asari-Toru site na mpaghara dị iche iche Degema ochie na May 16, 1989, n'okpuru Hon.  Eziwoke Wokoma .  Ndị bi na ya bụ obodo nke obodo bụ " Kalabari " na-asụ obodo .  Site na akpa na ndị ọchịchị ndị ochie, ugbu a, Onye isi oche obodo bụ Hon.  Onengiyeofori George. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Full results of Rivers State local goment elections|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-56801164|accessdate=2021-12-05}}</ref> Asari-Toru bụ "Oche" nke nna nke usoro ndị na-ekwu okwu Kalabari nke na-agafe na mpaghara Akuku-Toru na Degema. . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Towns & Villages|url=https://townsvillages.com/|accessdate=2023-05-12|work=Towns & Villages|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://townsvillages.com/ "Towns & Villages"]. ''Towns & Villages''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ihu igwe/Gografi == Enwere isi oge abụọ na Asari Toru LGA, nke dị square kilomita 113 n'ịdị elu: ọkọchị na mmiri ozuzo.  Nkezi ebe na iru mmiri nke Asari Toru LGA bụ 25 degrees Celsius na 91 ajụjụ, n'otu n'otu.  Ọtụtụ osimiri na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri na-ahọba na Asari Toru LGA. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Asari-Toru Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/724/asari-toru|accessdate=2024-08-09|work=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> mgbaàmà Gọọmenti n'elu okike ugbu a obodo iri na asaa (17) bụ: * Agụma , * Abalama , * Abiama, * Angulama, * Atuka, * Ido, * Ifoko, * Illema, * Krakrama, * Minama, * Okpo, * Omekweama, * Omekwetariama, * Oporoama, * Sama, * Agama, * Tema. Buguma City bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Local Government Area na oche nke Eze nke Kalabari Kingdom : His Royal Majesty, King (Prof.) TJT Princewill, Abbi the XI, Amayanabo nke Kalabari Kingdom . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-11|title=What ASALGA Chairman said about Amanyanabo of Kalabari Stool|url=https://kristinareports.net/what-asalga-chairman-said-about-amanyanabo-of-kalabari-stool/|accessdate=2023-05-02|work=KRISTINA REPORTS|language=en-US}}</ref> A chịkọtala obodo ndị a n'ime ngalaba mbụ aka iri na atọ (13), ngalaba iri (10) ndị dị n'ime isi obodo Buguma;  ebe a na-achịkọta ndị ike n'ime Isia Group I, Isia Group II na West Central Group <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tide|first=The|date=2009-06-24|title=Know Your Wards ASALGA|url=https://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2009/06/24/know-your-wards-asalga/|accessdate=2023-05-02|work=:::...The Tide News Online:::...|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502162040/https://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2009/06/24/know-your-wards-asalga/}}</ref> isi ime obodo nwere ikike 113 2 na onu ogugu nke 308,800 site na ntule nke March 21, 2016. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Trebicka|first=Jonel|date=2015-01-16|title=Statins, Rho GTPases and KLF2: new mechanistic insight into liver fibrosis and portal hypertension|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308800|journal=Gut|volume=64|issue=9|pages=1349–1350|doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308800|issn=0017-5749}}</ref> Koodu ozi nke mpaghara ahụ bụ 504101 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|accessdate=2009-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|archivedate=7 October 2009}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 9km1pn9hyll6dodiie991a2yjennw83 0 54155 688244 207419 2026-07-15T20:50:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688244 wikitext text/x-wiki Alfa Delta Chi (ΑΔΧ) bụ onye American Christian sorority tọrọ ntọala na Mahadum California, Los Angeles na 1925. Nwanna nwanne ya bụ Alpha Gamma Omega.. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Alfa Delta Chi malitere na Mahadum California, Los Angeles na 1925.[1][2] Ndị malitere ya iri chọrọ ịmepụta ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị ga-esi na-ekere òkè na ndụ Grik n'emebighị ụkpụrụ Ndị Kraịst ha.[3] A na-akpọbu sorority Areta, nke bụ Grik maka "omume ọma"{{Cite web|title=History|url=http://www.alphadeltachi.org/history|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=Alpha Delta Chi-ΑΔΧ|language=en-US}} Ndị guzobere Alpha Delta Chi iri bụ:{{Cite web|title=History|url=http://www.alphadeltachi.org/history|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=Alpha Delta Chi-ΑΔΧ|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.alphadeltachi.org/history "History"]. ''Alpha Delta Chi-ΑΔΧ''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Alma Becker * Willard Crowder Clawson * Amy Culp * Theta Slingerland Dean * Evelyn Kepple Kay * Marion Wright Madden * Alice Slingerland McEachern * Ruth Umsted Ohly * Dorothea Harvey Schultz * Dora Marie Showalter-Goertz Ebumnuche nke Alpha Delta Chi bụ ka ndị otu ya too n'ụzọ ime mmụọ, nweta ikike ha zuru oke n'ụzọ agụmakwụkwọ, ma zụlite mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'ịmepụta ọbụbụenyi Ndị Kraịst.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Alpha Delta Chi: A Sisterhood for Christ – Office of Religious and Spiritual Life|url=https://orsl.usc.edu/organizations/alpha-delta-chi-a-sisterhood-for-christ/|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=University of Southern California|archivedate=2024-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807030349/https://orsl.usc.edu/organizations/alpha-delta-chi-a-sisterhood-for-christ/}} {{Cite news|author=Orozco|first=Ron|date=2004-10-23|title=Alpha Delta Chi Sorority|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-fresno-bee-alpha-delta-chi-sorority/152802523/|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=The Fresno Bee|pages=H2}}</ref> Ndị sorority bụ Ndị Kraịst, mana ha enweghị okpukpe.{{Cite news|author=Kinsey|first=Angie|date=1999-09-24|title=MSU Sorority Thrives on Christian Fellowship|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-paducah-sun-msu-sorority-thrives-on/152803466/|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=The Paducah Sun|pages=25}}</ref> E guzobere isi nke abụọ, ''Beta'', na Febụwarị 4, 1929, site n'aka ndị otu abụọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum California, Berkele.{{Cite web|title=History|url=http://www.alphadeltachi.org/history|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=Alpha Delta Chi-ΑΔΧ|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.alphadeltachi.org/history "History"]. ''Alpha Delta Chi-ΑΔΧ''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ndị sorority nwere mgbakọ mbụ ha na Berkeley, California, n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1939. N'oge nzukọ ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ vootu ka ha bụrụ nzukọ mba, na-emepụta The National Association of Areta na National Executive na ndị ndụmọdụ ya. Na nzukọ kwa afọ nke June 1943, a gbanwere aha ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Alpha Delta Chi.{{Cite web|title=History|url=http://www.alphadeltachi.org/history|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=Alpha Delta Chi-ΑΔΧ|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.alphadeltachi.org/history "History"]. ''Alpha Delta Chi-ΑΔΧ''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> E debanyere aha ya na steeti California na 1946. N'afọ 1992, e nyere isi nke mbụ ya n'èzí California na Mahadum Murray State . Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2019, Alpha Delta Chi enwetala isi iri abụọ na isii. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, ọ nwere isi anọ na-arụ ọrụ, National Alumnae Association (ADX NAA), na isi ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ógbè ahụ.{{Cite web|title=Chapter Locations|url=http://www.alphadeltachi.org/chapterlocations|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=Alpha Delta Chi-AΔΧ|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumnae|url=http://www.alphadeltachi.org/alumnae|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=Alpha Delta Chi-AΔΧ|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nnọchianya == Agba Alpha Delta Chi bụ ọkụ na-acha ọbara ọbara na acha anụnụ anụnụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.alphadeltachi.org/about-us|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=Alpha Delta Chi-AΔΧ|language=en-US}}{{Cite web|title=History|url=http://www.alphadeltachi.org/history|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=Alpha Delta Chi-ΑΔΧ|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.alphadeltachi.org/history "History"]. ''Alpha Delta Chi-ΑΔΧ''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> Okooko osisi ya bụ Gladiolus na Delphinium . Ihe nkwanye ugwu ya bụ nwa atụrụ na ọla ya bụ pearl. {{Cite news|author=Kinsey|first=Angie|date=1999-09-24|title=MSU Sorority Thrives on Christian Fellowship|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-paducah-sun-msu-sorority-thrives-on/152803466/|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=The Paducah Sun|pages=25}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKinsey1999">Kinsey, Angie (1999-09-24). [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-paducah-sun-msu-sorority-thrives-on/152803466/ "MSU Sorority Thrives on Christian Fellowship"]. ''The Paducah Sun''. Paducah, Kentucky. p.&nbsp;25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-07</span></span> &#x2013; via Newspapers.com.</cite></ref> Ụkpụrụ nduzi ya bụ "Dị ka n'Ilo". Amaokwu Bible ya bụ 2 Ndị Kọrịnt 3:18.{{Cite news|author=Orozco|first=Ron|date=2004-10-23|title=Alpha Delta Chi Sorority|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-fresno-bee-alpha-delta-chi-sorority/152802523/|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=The Fresno Bee|pages=H2}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOrozco2004">Orozco, Ron (2004-10-23). [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-fresno-bee-alpha-delta-chi-sorority/152802523/ "Alpha Delta Chi Sorority"]. ''The Fresno Bee''. Fresno, California. pp.&nbsp;H2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-07</span></span> &#x2013; via Newspapers. Akwụkwọ akụkọ n'ịntanetị nke sorority bụ The Arête . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Arete|url=http://www.alphadeltachi.org/the-arete|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=Alpha Delta Chi-AΔΧ|language=en-US}}</ref> Aha njirimara ya bụ A-D-Chi. {{Cite web|title=Alpha Delta Chi {{!}} Fraternity and Sorority Life|url=https://ofsl.sa.ua.edu/chapters-list/alpha-delta-chi/|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=University of Alabama|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe omume == Ndị òtù Sorority na-ekere òkè na ọmụmụ Bible, na-eme ezumike, ma na-ewepụta onwe ha na obodo.{{Cite news|author=Reeves|first=Jay|date=2008-11-08|title=Christian Fraternities Offer Different Paths|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/springfield-news-sun-chirstian-fraternit/152803119/|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=Springfield News-Sun|pages=3}} {{Cite news|author=Reeves|first=Jay|date=2008-11-22|title=Believers in Greek Life: Sororities, fraternities filled with Faith Offer Students a Different Path|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-missoulian-believers-in-greek-life/152803788/|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=The Missoulian|pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-missoulian-believers-in-greek-life/152803788/ D2],[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-missoulian-belivers-pt-2/152804006/ D3]}}</ref> == Ndị otu == Ndị nwere ike ịbụ ndị otu ga-abụrịrị Ndị Kraịst na-aga chọọchị nke okpukpe ọ bụla. <ref name=":7">{{Cite news|author=Reeves|first=Jay|date=2008-11-08|title=Christian Fraternities Offer Different Paths|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/springfield-news-sun-chirstian-fraternit/152803119/|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=Springfield News-Sun|pages=3}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFReeves2008">Reeves, Jay (2008-11-08). [https://www.newspapers.com/article/springfield-news-sun-chirstian-fraternit/152803119/ "Christian Fraternities Offer Different Paths"]. ''Springfield News-Sun''. Springfield, Ohio. p.&nbsp;3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-07</span></span> &#x2013; via Newspapers.com.</cite></ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite news|author=Kinsey|first=Angie|date=1999-09-24|title=MSU Sorority Thrives on Christian Fellowship|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-paducah-sun-msu-sorority-thrives-on/152803466/|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=The Paducah Sun|pages=25}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKinsey1999">Kinsey, Angie (1999-09-24). [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-paducah-sun-msu-sorority-thrives-on/152803466/ "MSU Sorority Thrives on Christian Fellowship"]. ''The Paducah Sun''. Paducah, Kentucky. p.&nbsp;25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-07</span></span> &#x2013; via Newspapers.com.</cite></ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news|author=Reeves|first=Jay|date=2008-11-22|title=Believers in Greek Life: Sororities, fraternities filled with Faith Offer Students a Different Path|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-missoulian-believers-in-greek-life/152803788/|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=The Missoulian|pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-missoulian-believers-in-greek-life/152803788/ D2],[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-missoulian-belivers-pt-2/152804006/ D3]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Reeves, Jay (2008-11-22). [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-missoulian-believers-in-greek-life/152803788/ "Believers in Greek Life: Sororities, fraternities filled with Faith Offer Students a Different Path"]. ''The Missoulian''. Missoula, Montana. pp.&nbsp;[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-missoulian-believers-in-greek-life/152803788/ D2], [https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-missoulian-belivers-pt-2/152804006/ D3]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-07</span></span> &#x2013; via Newspapers.com.</cite></ref> Ndị otu ga-ekweta ịkwụsị ise siga, ọgwụ ọjọọ, na mmekọahụ tupu alụmdi na nwunye.<ref name=":7" /> A na-ekwe ka ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya n'ụzọ dị nro, ka o wee ghara ịtụgharị uche n'ụzọ ọjọọ na Ndị Kraịst.<ref name=":9" /> Kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ na ndị otu na-emebi iwu ndị a.<ref name=":9" /> == Isiokwu == Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke isi Alpha Delta Chi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Chapter Locations|url=http://www.alphadeltachi.org/chapterlocations|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=Alpha Delta Chi-AΔΧ|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.alphadeltachi.org/chapterlocations "Chapter Locations"]. ''Alpha Delta Chi-AΔΧ''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> Isiakwụkwọ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-edepụta na bold, isiakwụkwọ ndị na'adịghị arụ ọrụ na-adị na italiki. <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Arụmụka == Na 1964, Mahadum California, Berkeley machibidoro sorority, na-ekwu na ihe ọ chọrọ ka ndị òtù ya bụrụ Ndị Kraịst megidere iwu ọhụrụ mgbochi ịkpa ókè nke mahadum ahụ.[1] N'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, a naghị ekwe ka sorority bụrụ onye otu Panhellenic Council n'ihi na ihe Ndị Kraịst chọrọ ka a na-ewere dị ka ịkpa ókè. E kwere ka isi nke UC Berkeley laghachi ma sonye na Kansụl Panhellenic na 1987 <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1987-05-13|title=Pledging For Paradise|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune-pledging-for-paradise/152804317/|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=Oakland Tribune|pages=42}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, òtù ndị inyom ahụ tinyere aka na ''Alpha Delta Chi v. Reed'', ikpe megide Mahadum California, San Diego nke kpebiri na òtù ndị inyor Ndị Kraịst ga-anabata onye ndú na-ekweghị na Chineke.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=March 19, 2012|title=Comment from ADF on Supreme Court's decision not to review SDSU Christian club case|url=https://adfmedia.org/case/alpha-delta-chi-v-reed-resource-page|accessdate=2024-08-07|work=Alliance Defending Freedom|language=en}}</ref> A rịọrọ ikpe ahụ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States nke jụrụ ịtụle ikpe ahụ.<ref name=":5" /> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị == Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6qhgjvm2hxrm68w7obpi0529f40x1hu 0 56125 688249 200821 2026-07-16T01:23:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688249 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anne Bodenham''' (nwụrụ n'afọ 1653) bụ nwanyị England e gburu maka amoosu. Anne Bodenham bụ onye enyemaka John Lambe, bụ́ onye e gburu mgbe e boro ya ebubo anwansi ojii na 1628. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị aghụghọ na Salisbury. Anne Styles boro ya ebubo amoosu, onye e boro ebubo igbu ọchụ na-egbu egbu n'oge ahụ. Anne Styles kwuru na Anne Bodenham na Setan mere nkwekọrịta ma gbalịa ime ka o kwenye ime otu ihe ahụ. Dị ka asịrị si kwuo n'oge ahụ, ọ nwere ike ịkpọ ndị mmụọ ọjọọ ma gbanwee onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ nkịta, ọdụm, anụ ọhịa bea, anụ ọhịa wolf, ma ọ bụ enwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LAMBE, John|url=http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/witchcraft/w-england16&17/lambe-desc.html|accessdate=6 August 2015|publisher=[[University of Sydney]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504012711/http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/witchcraft/w-england16%2617/lambe-desc.html|archivedate=4 May 2015}}</ref> A nyochara Anne Bodenham maka akara ekwensu. A mara ya ikpe dị ka ebubo. E gburu ya site n'ịkwụgbu ya na Salisbury na 1653. == Ihe Nketa == Okwu ya bụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ nta akụkọ Bower, Edmond. Nwa atụrụ Dọkịta tụgharịrị, ma ọ bụ, Amara Amoosu ikpe na Anne Bodenham. London: 1653 yana Dọkịta Lambs Darling. London: ''1653''. Henry More nke Cambridge nyochara ikpe ahụ nke ọma ma gosipụta ya dị ka ikpe nke ịdị adị nke amoosu n'akwụkwọ banyere amoosu o bipụtara na 1655, nke e nyere ikike dị ukwuu n'oge England nwere nnukwu ịchụ nta amoosu ikpeazụ. == Edensibia == <references /> * Wallace Notestein ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31511/31511.txt Akụkọ banyere amoosu n'England site na 1558 ruo 1718]'' * Natasha Korda Ọrụ Ihe Omume na Early Modern English Drama''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Cv2NCwAAQBAJ&dq=Anne+Bodenham+witchcraft+1653&pg=PA254 Isiokwu Ndị Na-arụ Ọrụ na Ihe nkiri Bekee nke Oge A]'' * Diane Purkiss The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8-B6mNu4EmIC&dq=Anne+Bodenham+witchcraft+1653&pg=PA170 Onye amoosu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme: Ihe ngosi nke Oge A na nke Narị Afọ Iri Abụọ]'' * Dr Orna Alyagon Darr Akara nke Onye Ọkachamara zuru oke: Ihe akaebe Dilemmas na Early Modern England''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BgGiAgAAQBAJ&dq=Anne+Bodenham+witchcraft+1653&pg=PA111 Ihe ịrịba ama nke Onye Ọkachamara zuru oke: Ihe akaebe na-esiri ike na England nke Oge A]'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250225045714/http://witching.org/production/brimstone/ Ndị ọzọ nọ n'ENGLAND] f5220t05gc2fk3q5seomdgx1xomlp8d 0 56636 688234 207688 2026-07-15T17:35:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Quebec]] nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme bara ụba nke akụkọ ọdịnala. == Akụkọ ọdịnala == Ndị Raconteurs kọrọ akụkọ ifo, ndị nwere ike ịkọ akụkọ na-ewe ọtụtụ awa, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ịkọ akụkọ n'ime ọtụtụ mgbede.[1] Nkwenkwe Ndị Kraịst na nkwenkwe ụgha dị n'ọtụtụ akụkọ ifo Quebec. La chasse-galerie (ụgbọ epeepe na-efe efe) bụ akụkọ ifo ama ama gbasara otu ndị na-akụ osisi na-eme nkwekọrịta na ekwensu. Ndị mmụọ ọjọọ, ndị amoosu na anụ ọhịa wolf bụ ihe ndị mmadụ na-emekarị.[2] A na-akpọ akụkọ ndị ahụ n'onwe ha site n'aha contes. Ụdị ịkọ akụkọ ọdịnala emegharịrị ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ọgbara ọhụrụ site n'aka ndị edemede dịka Roch Carrier na Joseph Jean Jacques Ferron.[3] A na-ekewa ụfọdụ akụkọ ifo n'okpuru ụdị ọdịnala Märchen (akụkọ ifo) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Werewolfs in Quebec City|date=January 5, 2023|url=https://quebeccity101.com/werewolf-of-quebec-city/|accessdate=January 5, 2023|archivedate=January 5, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105192135/https://quebeccity101.com/werewolf-of-quebec-city/}}</ref> ''Ekwensu na-agba egwú'' bụ ihe atụ nke e ji Ekwensu mee ihe iji mee ka echiche Ndị Kraịst sie ike. Ọ bụ akụkọ banyere di na nwunye na-eto eto hụrụ onwe ha n'anya. Nne na nna nwa agbọghọ ahụ, ndị bụ Ndị jụrụ okwukwe, jụrụ nwa okorobịa ahụ dị ka onye na-achọ ịlụ ya mgbe ha chọpụtara na ọ bụ Onye Kraịst. Mgbe nwa ya nwanyị mere mkpesa, nne ya kwupụtara na ọ ga-ahọrọ ka Ekwensu n'onwe ya na-achọ nwa ya nwanyị karịa nwa okorobịa Christian. N'ehihie Sọnde na-esote, onye ọ na-amaghị na-abịa ịkpọ oku: Ekwensu n'onwe ya. Ha atọ - nne, nna na nwa nwanyị, bụ ndị ụkọchukwu tọghatara, di na nwunye ahụ na-eto eto wee lụọ.<ref name="Chiasson">{{Cite book|title=Les Légendes des îles de la Madeleine|author=Chiasson|first=Père Anselme|year=1969|publisher=Éditions des Aboiteaux|location=Moncton, N.-B.}}</ref> E nwere nsụgharị dị iche iche nke akụkọ a: Otu na-ese nwa agbọghọ ahụ dị ka onye na-enupụ isi na onye na-achụ nwoke. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị mụrụ ya na-adọ ya aka ná ntị banyere ihe ọjọọ nke ịchọ ọdịmma onwe onye nanị, omume ya adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. N’ihi ya, Ekwensu nwere ike ịbanye n’ụlọ ya n’ihi àgwà na-ekwesịghị Ndị Kraịst. Onye nchụ-aja na-azọpụtakwa ya ọzọ, wee banye n'okpukpe Ndị Kraịst. Ụdị ọzọ nwere akụkọ na-eme n'ime ime obodo dị na New Brunswick, mana nwere otu akụkọ akụkọ ahụ. N'ụzọ doro anya, akụkọ ahụ malitere dabere n'ozi onye na-akọ akụkọ na-agbalị ịkọwa. N'agbanyeghị nsụgharị ahụ, a na-ahụta nke ọma mmetụta dị ukwuu nke Chọọchị Katọlik. === Ndị dike na-egbu osisi === E mere ka ọtụtụ ndị dike na-egbu osisi bụrụ ndị a ma ama site na akụkọ ndị na-egbu ọhịa na-agagharị agagharị na Central Canada na n'ebe ugwu United States. Ndị dike ndị a sitere na France na Canada, ma bụrụ ihe ndabere maka ọtụtụ akụkọ Paul Bunyan. Ha gụnyere akụkọ banyere Joseph Montferrand ("Joe Muffreau" ma ọ bụ "Big Joe Mufferaw"), [[Julius Neville]], Louis Cyr, na [[Napoleon La Rue]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Edmonds|first=Michael|title=Out of the Northwoods: The Many Lives of Paul Bunyan, With More Than 100 Logging Camp Tales|date=2010|publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society|isbn=9780870204715}}</ref> == Nkwenkwe ụgha == Akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke akụkọ ọdịnala [[Quebec]] gụnyere nkwenkwe ụgha gbara ihe, ihe omume, na nrọ gburugburu. N'ụzọ bụ isi, ndị a sitere na nkwenye na anwansi ọcha na anwansi ojii, ebe a na-ahụ nke mbụ ka ọ bara uru ma na-achọ iweta nsonaazụ dị mma, na nke ikpeazụ bụ n'ụzọ bụ Ihe ọjọọ, ihe ọjọọ, na ihe ọjọọ niile (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọkwa amoosu). <ref name="Magic">{{Cite book|title=Magie et Sorcellerie Populaires au Québec|author=DesRuisseaux|first=Pierre|year=1976|publisher=Triptyque|location=Montreal, Quebec}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDesRuisseaux1976">DesRuisseaux, Pierre (1976). ''Magie et Sorcellerie Populaires au Québec''. Montreal, Quebec: Triptyque.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ wepụ ọtụtụ ụdị anwansi, ndị mmadụ ka na-agbaso nkwenkwe ụgha ya dị iche iche ruo ọtụtụ ọgbọ. Ebe okpukpe na-enye Quebec usoro ọha na eze, nkwenkwe ndị a chọrọ ịkọ ọdịnihu, iji nyere aka belata egwu nke ndị a na-amaghị.<ref name="Magic" /> Ndepụta dị n'okpuru ebe a bụ ihe tinyere nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke nkwenkwe ụgha metụtara ha.<ref name="Magic" /> * Afọ: Nwanyị, n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye ya, ga-enwe ihe omume dị mkpa n'ime afọ na-esote ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya nke iri atọ na otu. * Bonhomme sept-heures: A na-ekwu na nwoke a na-atọrọ ụmụaka na-enweghị ihe ndina mgbe elekere asaa gachara n'abalị. Ọ na-ezo n'okpuru veranda ma, jiri ihe nkpuchi na akpa iji tụfuo ụmụaka, na-abanye n'ụlọ mgbe elekere kụrụ asaa. * Freckles: Inwe freckles n'aka gị bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke agụụ mmekọahụ. * Hairbrush: Ọ bụrụ na nwa agbọghọ tụfuo hairbrush ya, ọ ga-efunahụ onye ọ chọrọ ịlụ. * Agịga: ** Ọ bụrụ na agịga gị efunahụ ya, ị ga-efunahụkwa ịnyịnya gị. ** Ọ bụrụ na ị tụba agịga ma tinye onwe ya n'ala, mgbe ahụ, mmadụ na-eche na ị na-arịa ọrịa. * Kpakpando: Gụta kpakpando itoolu abalị itoolu n'usoro, kpakpando ikpeazụ ga-ezo aka n'ebe di gị ga-abụ. == Nnyocha == Mmasị na nyocha na ịhazi akụkọ ọdịnala malitere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. Marius Barbeau guzobere onwe ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala na Canada na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Luc Lacourcière guzobere Folklore Archives na Mahadum Laval na Quebec City . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Linteau|first=Paul-André|title=Quebec Since 1930|date=1991|publisher=James Lorimer & Co.|isbn=9781550282962|url=https://archive.org/details/quebecsince19300000unse/page/119}}</ref> Mahadum Laval na-enye mmemme ọmụmụ ọdịnala agụmakwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Forum Mondial UNESCO-OMPI Sur la Protection Du Folklore|date=1998|publisher=Unesco, World Intellectual Property Organization|isbn=9789280507553}}</ref> The Folklore Studies Association of Canada emeela ọrụ dị ukwuu metụtara ichekwa akụkọ ọdịnala Quebec. Association Québécoise des Loisirs Folkloriques, nke dị na Montreal, na-agba ọtụtụ mmemme maka ọha na eze n'afọ niile, yana ibipụta akwụkwọ na ndekọ akụkọ ọdịnala. Ebe ngosi nka nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Canada na Gatineau, ebe ngosi nka McCord na Montreal, na Musée Pop na Trois-Rivières nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị metụtara akụkọ ọdịnala na ihe ndị mmadụ na Quebec. == Hụkwa == * Dalbec (akụkọ ọdịnala) * Akụkọ ọdịnala nke Canada * Akụkọ ọdịnala ndị France == Edemsibia == jpuqfourqx333j7lflrg4p4ru3fuyai 0 57714 688267 202970 2026-07-16T09:06:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=1990}} '''Molbog''' bụ asụsụ Austronesia a na-asụ na Philippines na Sabah, [[Malaysia]] . Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu gbadoro ụkwụ na nsọtụ ndịda nke ógbè Philippine nke Palawan, karịsịa obodo Bataraza na Balabac . A na-ewere obodo abụọ a dị ka ebe mgbaba maka nchekwa gburugburu na mpaghara ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Molbog bụ ndị Alakụba. Nhazi nke Molbog bụ arụmụka. <ref name="Blust2010">{{Cite journal|author=Blust|first=Robert|date=2010|title=The Greater North Borneo Hypothesis|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=49|issue=1|pages=44–118|doi=10.1353/ol.0.0060}}</ref> Ndị otu Thiessen (1981) Molbog nwere asụsụ ndị Palawanic, dabere na ihe ọhụrụ phonological na nke lexical jikọrọ ọnụ. Smith kwadoro nhazi ọkwa a (2017). Echiche ọzọ bụ Lobel (2013), onye tinyekọtara Molbog na [[Asụsụ Bonggi|Bonggi]] na otu obere Molbog-Bonggi . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lobel|first=Jason William|date=2013|title=Southwest Sabah Revisited|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=52|issue=1|pages=36–68|doi=10.1353/ol.2013.0013}}</ref> N'agbụrụ, Molbog bụbu otu sub-otu nke ndị Palaw'an buru ibu, ma mesịa bụrụ otu ọ bụ n'ihi mmetụta Islam sitere na ndị Tausug na Sama-Bajau . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icca.ph/view-icca-site/?id=14|title=View ICCA Site|date=5 May 2021|accessdate=16 March 2025|archivedate=19 March 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319132720/https://icca.ph/view-icca-site/?id=14}}</ref> == fonology == === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | ! Labial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! rowspan="2" | Plosive ! <small>enweghị olu</small> | p | t | | k | ʔ |- ! <small>kwuputara</small> | b | d | ( dʒ ) | ɡ | |- ! colspan="2" | Ihu imi | m | n | ( ɲ ) | ŋ | |- ! colspan="2" | Nke na-ese okwu | | s | | | h |- ! colspan="2" | Mpịakọta | | ɾ | | | |- ! colspan="2" | N'akụkụ | | l | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Odika | w | | j | | |} * Ụda {{IPA|[dʒ, ɲ]}} na-eme n'ihi okwu mbinye ego sitere na Spanish, Malay ma ọ bụ olumba asụsụ Sama . * {{IPA|/h/}} na-eme naanị obere obere. Ebe a na-efunarị ya n'okwu ndị ketara eketa, a na-edobe ya n'okwu ụfọdụ dịka {{Lang|pwm|luhaʔ}} 'anya mmiri', eleghị anya site na ịgbazinye ego. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Zorc|first=R. David|title=Molbog: introduction and wordlist|publisher=Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter|year=1995|location=Darrell T. Tryon (ed.), Comparative Austronesian dictionary: an introduction to Austronesian studies|pages=359–362}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ! N'ihu ! Central ! Azu |- align="center" ! Mechie | i | | u |- ! N'etiti | | | o |- align="center" ! Mepee | | a | |} == Ntụaka == karịa nke ọzọ n'otu okwu ahụ, a ma ama nke a na-enweta site bụ, n’asụsụ ụda olu, iji gosi otú e si akpọ okwu, ọ dị mkpa, dị ka n’asụsụ mgbakasị ahụ, kanye nanị otu mkpụrụ{{Reflist}} 9qbtk9rrb25v4pqwvli5uh867rb7qd5 0 59638 688247 673480 2026-07-15T23:35:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688247 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Andile_Dlamini_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Andile Dlamini]] Andile ‘Sticks’ Dlamini (amụrụ 2 Septemba 1992) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ South Africa nke na-egwu egwu dị ka onye na-eche nche maka ọgbakọ SAFA Women’s League Mamelodi Sundowns na hollywoodbets super league na otu mba ụmụ nwanyị South Africa.. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-27|title=Hollywoodbets Super League - SAFA.net|url=https://safa.net/hollywoodbets-super-league/|accessdate=2024-12-28|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-12-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224191533/https://safa.net/hollywoodbets-super-league/}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Andile Dlamini na 2nd nke Septemba 1992 na Thembisa, obodo dị na Johannesburg, South Africa.<ref name="sasolbio" /> == Ọrụ klọb == Andile Dlamini malitere ịgba bọọlụ ọkachamara ka ọ gbasịrị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị mba South Africa n'okpuru afọ 20; E mechara họrọ ya maka otu.[1] Aha ya bụ "Sticks", ọ na-egwuri egwu maka Phomolong Ladies.<ref name="sasolbio">{{Cite web|title=Andile "Sticks" Dlamini|url=http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/player-profiles/andile-%E2%80%9Csticks%E2%80%9D-dlamini|publisher=Sasol in Sport|accessdate=17 November 2016|archivedate=4 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804131048/http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/player-profiles/andile-%E2%80%9Csticks%E2%80%9D-dlamini}}</ref> === Mamelodi Sundowns Nwanyị === Dlamini sonyeere Sundowns Ladies na 2010. Na Septemba 2021, ọ so na otu ndị meriri asọmpi asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Cosafa 2021.[1] Na Nọvemba 2021, ha meriri asọmpi mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị CAF.[2] Dlamini bụ onye na-eche goolu n'asọmpị a ma nye ya ndị otu asọmpi ahụ<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-21|title=CAF TSG releases the Best XI of TotalEnergies CAF Women's Champions League {{!}} CAFOnline.com|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-women-champions-league/news/caf-tsg-releases-the-best-xi-of-totalenergies-caf-women-s-champions-league|accessdate=2023-12-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121120846/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-women-champions-league/news/caf-tsg-releases-the-best-xi-of-totalenergies-caf-women-s-champions-league|archivedate=21 November 2021}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, ndị otu ahụ bụ ndị na-esote asọmpi asọmpi asọmpị ụmụ nwanyị nke Cosafa nke afọ 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-13|title=EN, FR, PR: Green Buffaloes stun Mamelodi Sundowns to win regional title|url=https://cosafa.com/green-buffaloes-stun-mamelodi-sundowns-to-win-regional-title/|accessdate=2023-12-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2022, ha bụ ndị na-esote maka 2022 CAF Women's Champions League . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Abrahams|first=Celine|date=2022-11-14|title=ASFAR Crowned 2022 CAF Women's Champions League Winners|url=https://gsport.co.za/asfar-crowned-2022-caf-womens-champions-league-winners/|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=gsport4girls|language=en-ZA|archivedate=2025-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331142941/https://gsport.co.za/asfar-crowned-2022-caf-womens-champions-league-winners/}}</ref> Na Septemba 2023, ha meriri na 2023 Cosafa Women's Champions League na Dlamini meriri onye na-edebe goolu nke asọmpi ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-08|title=EN, FR, PR: Mamelodi Sundowns qualify for CAF Women's Champions League finals|url=https://cosafa.com/mamelodi-sundowns-qualify-for-caf-womens-champions-league-finals/|accessdate=2023-12-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2023, ha meriri na 2023 CAF Women's Champions league maka oge nke abụọ na Dlamini meriri onye na-edebe goolu nke asọmpi ahụ ma mee ka ọ banye n'òtù nke asọmpi yina.<ref name=":5" /> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Ọ pụtara nke mbụ ya maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke mba South Africa megide Botswana na 2011.<ref name="sasolbio"/> Dlamini abụwo onye na-edebe goolu maka otu ahụ, na Thokozile Mndaweni na [[Roxanne Barker]] na-ewere oge mbụ. Nke a pụtara na ọ bụ ezie na a kpọrọ aha Dlamini na ndị otu nke 2012 Summer Olympics na [[London]], United Kingdom, na 2016 Summer Olympics na [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, ọ naghị agba bọọlụ n'oge ọ bụla n'oge asọmpi ọ bụla.<ref name="shine">{{Cite news|author=Ngidi|first=Njabulo|title=Dlamini's chance to shine for Banyana|url=http://www.iol.co.za/sport/soccer/dlaminis-chance-to-shine-for-banyana-2090499|accessdate=17 November 2016|work=IOL|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> O nwere nkụda mmụọ mgbe e wepụrụ South Africa na 2015 All Africa Games na agba nke mbụ site na ịdọrọ mgbe otu ọ bụla nọ n'ọkwa otu dọtara egwuregwu ha niile.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mokwena|first=Busisiwe|title=Draw breaks Banyana hearts!|url=http://www.dailysun.co.za/Sport/Draw-breaks-Banyana-hearts-20150915|accessdate=17 November 2016|work=Daily Sun|date=15 September 2015}}</ref> Mgbe onye nkuzi Desiree Ellis rutere, a tụrụ aro na Dlamini nwere ike ịnwe ohere ka mma ịghọ onye na-edebe goolu mbụ, ọkachasị mgbe a tọhapụrụ Barker mgbe e mesịrị karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi na asọmpi Africa Women Cup of Nations nke 2016.<ref name="shine" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Dlamini bụ Onye Kraịst, ma na-agụ [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]] iji kwadebe maka egwuregwu bọọlụ.<ref name="qanda">{{Cite web|title=Q & A with Sasol Banyana Banyana's Andile Dlamini|url=http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/news/q-sasol-banyana-banyana%E2%80%99s-andile-dlamini|publisher=Sasol in Sport|accessdate=17 November 2016|date=29 April 2016|archivedate=18 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118040613/http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/news/q-sasol-banyana-banyana%E2%80%99s-andile-dlamini}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == '''Mamelodi Sundowns Nwanyị''' * Njikọ Ụmụ nwanyị SAFA: 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 * CAF Women's Champions League: 2021, 2023; onye nke abụọ: 2022 '''Saụt Afrịka''' * Iko Mba Afrịka nke ụmụ nwanyị: 2022, onye nke abụọ: 2012, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2023|title=Magaia brace hands South Africa first TotalEnergies WAFCON trophy|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/magaia-brace-hands-south-africa-first-wafcon-trophy/|accessdate=6 August 2023|work=CAF|language=}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Women's Africa Cup of Nations Team nke asọmpi ahụ: 2022<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 July 2022|title=CAF announces TotalEnergies Women's AFCON 2022 Best XI|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-announces-totalenergies-women-s-afcon-2022-best-xi/|accessdate=7 August 2023|work=CAF|language=}}</ref> * Onye na-edebe goolu kacha mma na CAF Women's Champions League: 2021, 2023 * IFFHS CAF Women's Team of The Year: 2022<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=31 January 2023|title=IFFHS CAF Women's Team 2022|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2490|accessdate=7 August 2023|work=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS)|archivedate=19 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319191838/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2490}}</ref> * Gauteng Sports Personality of the Year: 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-19|title=Andile Dlamini, Lara van Niekerk and Daniel van Vuuren win big at Gauteng Sports awards {{!}} soccer|url=https://www.sabcsport.com/soccer/news/andile-dlamini-lara-van-niekerk-and-daniel-van-vuuren-win-big-at-gauteng-sports-awards|accessdate=2023-11-14|work=SABC|language=en}}</ref> * Gauteng Ụmụ nwanyị na-eme egwuregwu nke Afọ: 2022 <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2023-03-05|title=Andile Dlamini wins big at the Gauteng Women in Sports Awards {{!}} soccer|url=https://www.sabcsport.com/soccer/news/andile-dlamini-wins-big-at-the-gauteng-women-in-sports-awards|accessdate=2023-11-14|work=SABC|language=en}}</ref> * Tshwane Sports Women of the Year: 2022 <ref name=":4" /> * Onye na-eme egwuregwu nke Afọ: 2023 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Newsroom|first=gsport|date=2023-09-12|title=Andile Dlamini Steals the Show at 2023 Momentum gsport Awards|url=https://gsport.co.za/andile-dlamini-steals-the-show-at-2023-momentum-gsport-awards/|accessdate=2023-11-09|work=gsport4girls|language=en-ZA|archivedate=2024-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723173309/https://gsport.co.za/andile-dlamini-steals-the-show-at-2023-momentum-gsport-awards/}}</ref> * Feather Awards Onye Egwuregwu nke Afọ: 2023 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=And the winners of the Feather Awards XV are (drum roll please) ...|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2023-11-09-and-the-winners-of-the-feather-awards-xv-are-drum-roll-please-/|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=SMag scoops Media of the Year at Feather Awards|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/s-mag/culture/2023-11-10-smag-scoops-media-of-the-year-at-feather-awards/|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=SowetanLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> * CAF Women's Champions League Team of the Tournament: 2023 <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2023-11-22|title=CAF Women's Champions League, Cote d'Ivoire Best Xl confirmed|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/caf-women-s-champions-league-cote-d-ivoire-best-xl-confirmed/|accessdate=2023-11-22|work=CAF|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Africa ụmụ nwanyị XI: 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-12|title=Osimhen, Oshoala named African Men's and Women's Player of the Year at the CAF Awards 2023|url=https://www.cafonline.com/news/osimhen-oshoala-named-african-men-s-and-women-s-player-of-the-year-at-the-caf-awards-2023/|accessdate=2023-12-15|work=CAF|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mj3fy678hv1pcuc2njspt7dl8d3xxqw 0 60382 688260 208922 2026-07-16T06:25:26Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 688260 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Plaque outside Sir William Borlase's School, Marlow.jpg|thumb|Ndị Ụkọchukwu 9]]   Eklisiastis 9 bụ isi nke itoolu nke Akwụkwọ Ekliziastis na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Ndị Kraịst.[1][1] Akwụkwọ ahụ nwere echiche nke nkà ihe ọmụma na nkà mmụta okpukpe nke agwa a maara dị ka Qoheleth, aha pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "onye na-ezukọta" mana a sụgharịrị ya dịka "Onye Ozizi" ma ọ bụ "Onye Nkwusa"[2]. Amaghi ama aha Qoheleth. N’ihe odide ndị Juu ọdịnala dị ka Peshitta, Targum, na Talmud, e kwuru na ọ bụ Eze Solomọn bụ onye dere Eklisiastis, n’ihi nkwupụta ahụ dị n’Eklisiastis 1:1 nke na-akọwapụta Qoheleth dị ka “nwa Devid, bụ́ eze na Jerusalem”.[3] Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta oge ochie kwekọrịtara n’ozuzu na a pụghị ide akwụkwọ ahụ na narị afọ nke 10 n’oge Solomọn.[4] A na-eche ugbu a na ọ bụ otu n’ime akwụkwọ ndị ọhụrụ e dere n’Agba Ochie, ikekwe n’agbata narị afọ nke ise na nke atọ TOA.[5] Isiakwụkwọ a na-achịkọta ụfọdụ isi okwu dị n'akwụkwọ ahụ, ya bụ, òkè ọnwụ, mkpa ọ dị n'ime ụwa a na-atụghị anya ya, na uru amamihe bara. == Ndịàmà E dere Ihe Nlereanya == The original text was written in [[:en:Biblical_Hebrew|Hebrew]]. [[:en:Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible|This chapter is divided into]] 18 verses. Ụfọdụ ihe odide ndị mbụ nwere ihe odide nke isiakwụkwọ a n’asụsụ Hibru sitere n’ihe odide Masoret, bụ́ nke gụnyere Codex Leningradensis (1008).[7][a] E nwekwara nsụgharị n’asụsụ Grik Koine nke a maara dị ka Septuagint, nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga TOA. Ihe odide ochie nke nsụgharị Septuagint gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (B; 𝐺 B; Narị afọ nke anọ), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: 𝐺 S; narị afọ nke anọ), na Codex Alexandrinus (A; 𝐺 A; narị afọ nke ise).[9] O nwere ike ịbụ na e si n'ọrụ Akwịla nke Sinope ma ọ bụ ndị na-eso ụzọ ya nweta ihe odide Grik.[10] == Ọdịdị ya == Ọkà mmụta Akwụkwọ Nsọ bụ Michael V. Fox ewepụtala ihe owuwu a.[1] * '''Enweghị ihe ọmụma, Ọnwụ, na Obi Ụtọ (9:1-10) ''' ** Ọnwụ na Enweghị Ihe Ọmụma (9:1-3) ** Ịdị elu nke Ndụ karịa Ọnwụ (9:4-6) ** Ihe Obi Ụtọ Ndụ (9:7-10) * '''Oge na Ihe Na-adịghị Mma (9:11-12) ''' * '''Amamihe na Nzuzu (9:13-18) ''' == Enweghị ihe ọmụma, Ọnwụ, na Obi Ụtọ (9:1-10) == Isi isiokwu nke ngalaba a bụ na ọnwụ bụ akara aka nke na-echere mmadụ niile n'ikpeazụ.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na amamihe ọdịnala pụrụ ikwu na e kwesịrị ikpebi ọdịnihu mmadụ site n’otú o si ebi ndụ n’ezi omume, nke a aghọghị eziokwu.[2] Ọnwụ bụ nnukwu nha nhata. Agbanyeghị, maka Qoheleth eziokwu a jọgburu onwe ya abụghị ihe kpatara ịdaba na nihilism. Kama ọ na-ekwusi ike na ndụ na-aka mma mgbe niile karịa ọnwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị dị ndụ maara na ha gaje ịnwụ, ndị nwụrụ anwụ amaghị ihe ọ bụla ma ọlị.[3] Ya mere, Qoheleth na-agba ndị na-ege ya ntị ume ka ha bie ndụ zuru oke mgbe ha ka nwere ike, na-achọta ọṅụ n'oge ọ bụla. Ihe ụtọ ndị dị otú ahụ agaghịzi ekwe omume n'ógbè Shiol.[3] Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị Sheol tụnyere hel na hel nke okpukpe ndị Juu na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst mgbe e mesịrị, a kọwara ya nke ọma dị ka "ebe a na-adịghị adị ebe amamihe na agụụ mmekọahụ niile kwụsịrị." Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ na-azọrọ na agbamume ọṅụ ndị a bụ ihe na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ na-enweghị isi, a na-aghọta ha nke ọma dị ka nkwenye nke ohere ndụ ọbụna n'etiti ihe ndị a na-ejighị n'aka na ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha na-enweghị atụ.[4] Inweta ọṅụ abụghị ịgọnarị ihe mgbu na mgbagwoju anya nke ndụ kama ịghọta obere ihe ụtọ dị n'ime ya. === Amaokwu 1 === : ''N'ihi na echere m ihe a niile n'obi m, ka m wee nwee ike ikwupụta ya niile: na ndị ezi omume na ndị maara ihe na ọrụ ha dị n'aka Chineke. Ndị mmadụ amaghị ịhụnanya ma ọ bụ ịkpọasị site na ihe ọ bụla ha hụrụ n'ihu ha.'' Amaokwu a kwuru banyere "ndị ezi omume", mana e jiri amaokwu nke abụọ mee ihe, o doro anya na "ndị ajọ omume" nọkwa n'aka Chineke. Onye edemede Metọdist Joseph Benson na-atụ aro na a kpọtụrụ ha aha "ọ bụghị naanị, ... kama n'ihi na, site na nlekọta Chineke n'ebe ha nọ, ha nwere ike iyi ka Chineke leghaara ha anya". == Oge na Ihe Na-adịghị Mma (9:11-12) == N'akụkụ a, Qoheleth gosipụtara ihe ọ chọpụtara banyere enweghị ike ịkọwapụta ndụ, na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ enweghị ike ịma ihe ga-eme ha. N'okwu Michael V. Fox, "onye ọ bụla na-adabere na ohere na ọgaranya, nke nwere ike imebi uru nke nkà na mgbalị. " <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Ecclesiastes : the traditional Hebrew text with the new JPS translation|date=2004|publisher=Jewish Publication Society|others=Fox, Michael V., 1940-|isbn=978-0-8276-0965-5|edition=1st|location=Philadelphia|oclc=694361585}}</ref> Enweghị njikọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya n'etiti mgbalị mmadụ na ihe mmadụ na-enweta, na ihe nzuzu a na-akọwa ndụ. Ya mere, Qoheleth na-emebi nkwa niile nke ihe ịga nke ọma nke ndị mmadụ na-arapara na ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Sibley Towner|first=W.|title=Ecclesiastes, New Interpreter's Bible Vol. 5|publisher=Abingdon Press|year=1997|location=Nashville, TN}}</ref> Oge na ohere na-emebi ihe doro anya ọ bụla na mmadụ ga-enweta nsonaazụ ha kwesịrị. == Amamihe na Nzuzu (9:13-18) == [[Faịlụ:Ecclesiastes_9-16.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|"Amamihe ka ike" sitere n'aka Eklezia 9:16.]] N'akụkụ a, Qoheleth laghachiri n'isiokwu amamihe (nkwurịta okwu nke na-aga n'ihu site na 11:6). Amaokwu 13-16 na-akọ akụkọ banyere otu ogbenye, onye maara ihe nke zọpụtara obodo ka eze dị ike ghara ịnọchibido ya mana a maghị ya ma ọ bụ cheta ya maka ọrụ ya.[15] Amaokwu abụọ ikpeazụ bụ nzaghachi Qoheleth na akụkọ a, ebe o yiri ka ọ na-ehota okwu amamihe ọdịnala. N'ebe a, o yiri ka ọ na-ejide nkwupụta abụọ yiri ka ha na-emegiderịta onwe ha: amamihe dị ma na-adịghị ike ma dị ike.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Ecclesiastes : the traditional Hebrew text with the new JPS translation|date=2004|publisher=Jewish Publication Society|others=Fox, Michael V., 1940-|isbn=978-0-8276-0965-5|edition=1st|location=Philadelphia|oclc=694361585}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">''Ecclesiastes : the traditional Hebrew text with the new JPS translation''. Fox, Michael V., 1940- (1st&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. 2004. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0965-5|<bdi>978-0-8276-0965-5</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/694361585 694361585].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na amamihe dị oke mkpa, mmadụ enweghị ike ịtụ anya na a ga-enweta amamihe na ụgwọ ọrụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Sibley Towner|first=W.|title=Ecclesiastes, New Interpreter's Bible Vol. 5|publisher=Abingdon Press|year=1997|location=Nashville, TN}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSibley_Towner1997">Sibley Towner, W. (1997). ''Ecclesiastes, New Interpreter's Bible Vol. 5''. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press.</cite></ref> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị na echiche Qoheleth n'ime ndị Ikpeazụ, a na-agba ume ime ihe n'eziokwu karịa nchekwube na-enweghị isi ma ọ bụ enweghị nchekwube. == Hụkwa == * Akụkụ [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]] ndị metụtara ya: Eklezia 3, 4 == Ihe edeturu == a. Kemgbe ọgbaghara ndị Juu na-emegide ndị Juu na Aleppo na 1947, akwụkwọ ahụ dum adịkwaghị na Codex Aleppo. [8] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|author=Coogan|first=Michael David|authorlink=Michael D. Coogan|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48|editor=Coogan|edition=Augmented 3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780195288810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}} * {{Cite book|author=Eaton|first=Michael A.|chapter=Ecclesiastes|editor=Carson|title=New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition|page=J. Alec Motyer|edition=4, illustrated, reprint, revised|publisher=Inter-Varsity Press|date=1994|isbn=9780851106489|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uveHQgAACAAJ|pages=609–618}} * {{Cite book|author=Halley|first=Henry H.|authorlink=Henry Hampton Halley|title=Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary|edition=24th (revised)|publisher=Zondervan Publishing House|date=1965|url=https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr|isbn=0-310-25720-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Weeks|first=Stuart|chapter=20. Ecclesiastes|title=The Oxford Bible Commentary|editor=Barton|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=first (paperback)|date=2007|pages=423–429|isbn=978-0199277186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ|accessdate=February 6, 2019}} * {{Cite book|author=Würthwein|first=Ernst|authorlink=Ernst Würthwein|title=The Text of the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, MI|year=1995|isbn=0-8028-0788-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC|accessdate=January 26, 2019}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Nsụgharị [[Judaism|Ndị Juu]]: ** Kohelet - Ecclesiastes - Isi nke 9 (Judaica Press) nsụgharị [na nkọwa Rashi] na Chabad.org * Nsụgharị [[Efefe Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]]: ** Bible Online na GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) * [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=25&chapter=9&version=9 Onye ụkọchukwu Isi nke 9 King James Version] * .org/search?title=Ecclesiastes&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">''Ndị ụkọchukwu'' na-ahụ maka ọha na eze na LibriVox Ụdị dị iche iche {{Ecclesiastes}} 5gt29pvduwk533w7bgom130l0636ka0 3 63545 688283 349427 2026-07-16T11:47:51Z King ChristLike 13051 /* Translation quality */ nkeji ohúrù 688283 wikitext text/x-wiki == Article translation == Hi, you recently translated these articles - [[Ossai Ifeanyi Nwabuonwu]], [[Temidayo Ibitoye]] [[Benjamin Justice Soghie]] and several others. Please find some time to review and further improve it for a better read and quality, especially the references. Best, [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 10:25, 5 Julaị 2025 (UTC) == Translation quality == Daalu maka translations gi. But there are a lot of omissions. While translating, do well to proofread and be sure that there are no omissions or incorrectly translated words before finally publishing. And after publishing, go through the article again to verify the references and see if there are areas to improve or correct. To get started, take a look at your translations highlighted [https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8Cp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5iche%3AContributions&target=Bigcee007&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=2026-06-06&end=2026-07-06&limit=1000 here.] Kindly add the missing content and references from the enwiki page, and generally improve the articles to ensure that content integrity is maintained. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 11:47, 16 Julaị 2026 (UTC) bn6vyywiad2gvncnemtzr82bsapynv4 828 64027 688265 674679 2026-07-16T06:50:46Z Grufo 27039 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/mediawikiwiki/Q122696746|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 688265 Scribunto text/plain require[[strict]] --- --- --- PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Abstract utilities ]]-- ---------------------------- -- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers) local function zero_padded (str) return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str) end -- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting) local function natural_sort (var1, var2) return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) < var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) end -- Return a copy or a reference to a table local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly) if refonly then return src end local newtab = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end return newtab end -- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest` local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len) local idx = 1 for key, val in pairs(src) do dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1 if idx > len then break end end return dest end -- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len) local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key >= idx then if key > tmp then cache[key - len] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = 1 - idx for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + len] = val end end end return ret end -- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val else ret[key + len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = idx - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val elseif key < 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val else ret[key - len] = val end end end return ret end -- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys local function get_key_list_sorted (tbl, sort_fn) local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 0, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nn = nn + 1 nums[nn] = key else nw = nw + 1 words[nw] = key end end table.sort(nums) table.sort(words, sort_fn) return nums, words, nn, nw end -- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number local function get_parameter_name (par_str) local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end return tonumber(ret) end -- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and -- always parsing numeric strings as numbers local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey) local realkey = get_parameter_name(dkey) if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end end --[[ Public strings ]]-- ------------------------ -- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local mkeywords = { ['or'] = 0, pattern = 1, plain = 2, strict = 3 } -- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local sortfunctions = { alphabetically = false, naturally = natural_sort } -- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers -- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) --[[ Meanings of the columns: col[1] = Loop type (0-3) col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3) col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]` col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]` A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`) ]]-- local mapping_styles = { names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 }, values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 }, values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 }, names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 }, names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 }, names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 }, values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 }, blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 } } -- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local memoryslots = { h = 'header', f = 'footer', i = 'itersep', l = 'lastsep', n = 'ifngiven', p = 'pairsep', s = 'oxfordsep' } -- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier local trim_parse_opts = { trim_none = { false, false }, trim_positional = { false, true }, trim_named = { true, false }, trim_all = { true, true } } -- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local isep_parse_opts = { splitter_pattern = false, splitter_string = true } -- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local psep_parse_opts = { setter_pattern = false, setter_string = true } -- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier local position_references = { add_nothing = 0, add_smallest_number = 1, add_last_of_sequence = 2, add_largest_number = 3 } -- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier local a_modes = { duplicate = 0, transfer = 1, provide = 2, spare = 3, sacrifice = 4 } -- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`, -- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue` -- `without_sorting` --[[ Private constants ]]-- --------------------------- -- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`) local modulename = 'Module:Params' -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the `frame.args` -- metatable to be copied into a regular table; if they are modifiers they also -- guarantee that they will make their own (modified) copy available local refpipe = { call_for_each_group = true, --coins = true, count = true, evaluating = true, for_each = true, list = true, list_values = true, list_maybe_with_names = true, value_of = true } -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the -- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if -- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own -- (modified) copy available local refparams = { call_for_each_group = true, combining = true, combining_by_calling = true, combining_values = true, concat_and_call = true, concat_and_invoke = true, concat_and_magic = true, count = true, grouping_by_calling = true, mixing_names_and_values = true, keeping_at_most = true, renaming_by_mixing = true, renaming_to_sequence = true, renaming_to_uppercase = true, renaming_to_lowercase = true, --renaming_to_values = true, shifting = true, splicing = true, --swapping_names_and_values = true, value_of = true, with_name_matching = true } -- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we -- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its -- optimal value at Module talk:Params) local maxfill = 1024 -- The private table of functions local library = {} -- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position local static_iface = {} --[[ Private functions ]]-- --------------------------- -- Create a new context local function context_new (child_frame) local main_frame = child_frame:getParent() return { frame = main_frame, opipe = child_frame.args, oparams = main_frame.args, firstposonly = static_iface, iterfunc = pairs, sorttype = 0, n_parents = 0, n_children = 0, n_available = maxfill } end -- Move to the next action within the user-given list local function context_iterate (ctx, n_forward) local nextfn if ctx.pipe[n_forward] ~= nil then nextfn = ctx.pipe[n_forward]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if nextfn == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end if library[nextfn] == nil then if ctx.firstposonly[nextfn] == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ does not exist', 0) else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ directive can only appear in first position', 0) end end remove_numeric_keys(ctx.pipe, 1, n_forward) return library[nextfn] end -- Main loop local function main_loop (ctx, start_with) local fn = start_with repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn if ctx.n_parents > 0 then error(modulename .. ': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end if ctx.n_children > 0 then error(modulename .. ', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end end -- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, start_from) local cmd if opts[start_from] == nil then return start_from - 1 end cmd = opts[start_from]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/') :match'^/*(.*[^/])' if cmd == nil then return start_from end local vname, chr local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), start_from + 1 for idx = 1, #cmd do chr = cmd:byte(idx) if chr == sep then for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil end argc = argc + 1 else vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)] if vname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end table.insert(amap, vname) end end for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end return argc end -- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children` local function new_substack (ctx) local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {} if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams } else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end ctx.n_children = currsnap return newparams end -- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or -- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil` local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg) if raw_arg == nil then return nil, 1, false end local trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, trarg end local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg] if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end return tmp or nil, 2, true, trarg end -- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]| -- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]` local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params) local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2 local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {} while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1]) mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = nil, src[pin + 2], pin + 3 --[[ elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2 ]]-- elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 2]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3 else break end end local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil) for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin]) if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then if tmp1 < 0 then tmp1 = -1 end tmp2 = append_after - pin for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end pin = pin + tmp1 + 1 end if tnamed ~= nil then for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end end return tbl, pin, tnew, mem end -- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` -- class of modifiers local function load_callback_opts (src, n_skip, default_style, params) local style, shf local tmp = src[n_skip + 1] if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, n_skip - 1 else shf = n_skip end local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5] tmp = style[6] if tmp > -1 then karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then karg = tonumber(karg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg) end end tmp = style[7] if tmp > -1 then varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then varg = tonumber(varg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg) end end local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf, n_exist, params) tmp = style[1] if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 2 end if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 1 end return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem end -- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of -- modifiers local function load_replace_args (opts, whoami) if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[1], opts[2], tonumber(opts[3]), 3 if nmax ~= nil or (opts[3] or ''):match'^%s*$' ~= nil then argc = 4 end local flg = opts[argc] if flg ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[flg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax < 1) or (flg == 3 and ptn == repl) end -- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers local function load_pattern_args (opts, whoami) local keyw local ptns, state, nptns, cnt = {}, 0, 0, 1 for _, val in ipairs(opts) do if state == 0 then nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1 ptns[nptns] = { val, false, false } else keyw = val:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if keyw == nil or mkeywords[keyw] == nil or ( state > 0 and mkeywords[keyw] > 0 ) then break else state = mkeywords[keyw] if state > 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end end end cnt = cnt + 1 end if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end return ptns, nptns, cnt end -- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and -- `evaluating` modifiers local function load_parse_opts (opts, start_from, isp, psp) local tmp local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain = { true, true, true }, 3, start_from, true, false, true, true repeat noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc] if tmp == nil then break end tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then tmp = trim_parse_opts[tmp] trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil else break end argc = argc + 1 until noptslots < 1 return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc end -- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table local value_maps = { [0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end end, [1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[varg] = val tbl[key] = fn() end end, [2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg] = key tbl[key] = fn() end end, [3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val tbl[key] = fn() end end } -- Private table for `map_names()` local name_thieves = { [0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[varg] = val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg] = key steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end } -- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn) local cache = {} name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric -- suffixes in its keys local function make_groups (src) -- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable! local prefix, gid local groups = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do -- `key` must only be a string or a number... if type(key) == 'string' then prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$' gid = tonumber(gid) or '' else prefix, gid = '', key end if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then prefix = tonumber(prefix) if prefix < 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end end groups[gid][prefix] = val end return groups end -- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and -- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length local function parse_placeholder_string (target) local idx, s_pos, skel, canvas = 1, 1, {}, {} local e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false) while e_pos ~= nil do canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1) skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@' idx = idx + 2 s_pos = e_pos + 2 e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false) end if (s_pos > target:len()) then idx = idx - 1 else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end return skel, canvas, idx end -- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`, -- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`) local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru) local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2 local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1 if isp == nil or isp == '' then if psp == nil or psp == '' then if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else tbl[idx] = str end return idx end spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else val = str end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = str:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val return idx end if psp == nil or psp == '' then repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1 until pos2 == nil return idx end repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = val:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val until pos2 == nil return idx end -- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering` local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len == 0 then local stack = new_substack(ctx) for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end return len == nil and 1 or 2 end if len < 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len) return 2 end -- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values` local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children local stack = ctx.children[currsnap] for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 end -- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values` local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function -- MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local argc local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {} local sortfn, varsarg0, do_sort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[2]) if varsarg0 == 2 then tmp = opts[3] and opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami) else if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 end argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1) end if argc < varsarg0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end if next(tbl) == nil then if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = vars.ifngiven } elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end return argc end local cache, len if do_sort then local words cache, words, len, tmp = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end len = len + tmp else len, cache = 0, {} for key in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = key end end local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or '' for idx = 1, len do tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs) nss = nss + 2 end tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and nss > 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp elseif nss > 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep end pmap[1] = vars.header or '' if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = table.concat(pmap) } return argc end -- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric -- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options -- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters local function concat_params (ctx) local retval, tbl, nmax = {}, ctx.params, table.maxn(ctx.pipe) if ctx.subset == 1 then -- We need only the sequence for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end else if ctx.subset == -1 then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then retval[key + nmax] = val else retval[key] = val end end end for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do retval[key] = val end return retval end -- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this -- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function flush_params (ctx, fn) local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end return end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end return end if ctx.subset ~= -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end end -- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value -- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth) if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(ctx.params) do fn_seq(key, val) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_oth) return end local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) local sequence = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do sequence[key] = val end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end for idx = 1, nn do if sequence[nums[idx]] then fn_seq(nums[idx], sequence[nums[idx]]) else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end end if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end return end for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end end -- Finalize and return a concatenated list local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize) if len > 0 then local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and len > modsize * 2 then lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp elseif len > modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep end lst[1] = ctx.header or '' if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end ctx.text = table.concat(lst) else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end --- --- --- PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Modifiers ]]-- ------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to library.sequential = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to library.all_sorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to library.reassorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 2 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to library.setting = function (ctx) local argc = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, 1) if argc < 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to library.scoring = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local tmp local retval, opts = 0, ctx.pipe for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if opts[2] ~= nil then tmp = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == 'in_substack' then new_substack(ctx)[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, tmp == 'here' and 3 or 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to library.squeezing = function (ctx) local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then newlen = newlen + 1 indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil end end table.sort(indices) for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx) local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums = ctx.pipe[1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1 if newval == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmax == nil then if key < nmin then nmin = key end nmax = key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1 end end if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin > nnums then ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax if ctx.n_available < 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end for idx = nmin, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx] = newval end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to library.clearing = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end end for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to library.cutting = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local len = #tbl if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end local tot = lcut + rcut if tot > 0 then local cache = {} if tot >= len then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end tot = len else for idx = len - rcut + 1, len, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = 1, lcut, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then if key > len then cache[key - tot] = val else cache[key - lcut] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to library.cropping = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local nmin, nmax for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end if nmin ~= nil then local len = nmax - nmin + 1 if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end if lcut + rcut - len > -1 then for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end end elseif lcut + rcut > 0 then for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1 if lshift > 0 then for idx = lshift + 1, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] = tbl[idx], nil end end end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to library.purging = function (ctx) local idx = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params if len < 1 then len = len + table.maxn(tbl) if idx > len then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = len - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to library.backpurging = function (ctx) local last = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local idx local tbl = ctx.params if len > 0 then idx = last - len + 1 else for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or key < idx) then idx = key end end if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end idx = idx - len if last < idx then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = last - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to library.shifting = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end local tbl = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val else tbl[key] = val end end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil if key > nmax then nmax = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local shift = #tbl + 1 if shift < 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end local numerics = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[shift - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx) local nmax, nmin local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nsize = nsize + 1 cache[nsize] = key end end table.sort(cache) for idx = math.floor(nsize / 2), 1, -1 do tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ] tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] = tmp end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx) local sortfn if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn) else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil` if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment| -- [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to library.splicing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp2, argc, pos, refp local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params local tmp1 = opts[1] if tmp1 ~= nil then tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1) if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp2 ~= nil then refp = position_references[tmp2] if refp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end else refp = 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, 3, 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, 0 end if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end if refp == 2 then for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end refp = 0 end tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key elseif key < tmp1 then tmp1 = key elseif key > tmp2 then tmp2 = key end end end end if tmp2 == nil then len = 0 elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2 elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end if len > 0 and pos + len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len) elseif len < 0 and pos - len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len) else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end ctx.params = tbl tmp1 = tonumber(opts[argc]) if len == 0 and (tmp1 == nil or tmp1 < 1) then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to add cannot be zero', 0) end if tmp1 == nil or tmp1 < 0 or math.floor(tmp1) ~= tmp1 then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end tmp2 = argc - pos + 1 for key = pos, pos + tmp1 - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[key + tmp2] end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + tmp1 + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to library.imposing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = ctx.pipe[2] return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to library.providing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end local key = get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1]) if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = ctx.pipe[2] end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to library.reassigning = function (ctx) local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end local mode local src = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local val = tbl[src] if opts[3] ~= nil then mode = a_modes[opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end local argc = mode == nil and 3 or 4 if val == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local dest = get_parameter_name(opts[2]) if mode == 1 or mode == 4 or (mode == 3 and tbl[dest] == nil) then tbl[src] = nil end if mode == nil or mode < 2 or tbl[dest] == nil then tbl[dest] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to library.discarding = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil then ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = nil return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local key = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end if len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or] -- |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_name_matching = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, ptn local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_matching') local tbl, newparams = ctx.params, {} for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then tmp = ptn[1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp] else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then newparams[key] = val end end end end ctx.params = newparams return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1] -- |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx) local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_not_matching') local tbl = ctx.params if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then local tmp = targets[1][1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil else tbl[tmp] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local yesmatch, ptn for key in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or] -- |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_value_matching = function (ctx) local nomatch, ptn local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do nomatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val == ptn[1] then nomatch = false break end elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then nomatch = false break end end if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1] -- |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx) local yesmatch, ptn local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_not_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to library.trimming_values = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = margs } value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx) local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'mapping_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax) end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local tbl, mix = ctx.params, ctx.pipe[1] if mix == '$#' then for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_names|pipe to --[[ library.mapping_to_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache, len local tbl = ctx.params local sortfn, argc, do_sort = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[1]) if do_sort then local words, wl cache, words, len, wl = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end else len, cache = 0, {} for _, val in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = rargs } map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function -- name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of -- additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument -- N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'renaming_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then ptn = get_parameter_name(ptn) local val = tbl[ptn] if val ~= nil then tbl[ptn], tbl[get_parameter_name(repl)] = nil, val end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)) end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local mix = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache = {} if mix == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end else local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_values|pipe to --[[ library.renaming_to_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = val end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template -- name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, argc, tbl, mem = load_child_opts(ctx.pipe, 2, 0, ctx.params) local gargs = {} for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' and key < 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val else gargs[key] = val end end tmp = ctx.pipe[1] if tmp ~= nil then tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local groups = make_groups(tbl) for gid, group in pairs(groups) do for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args = gid, group groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end ctx.params = groups return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.parsing = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim -- flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter -- setter]|[...]|pipe to library.reinterpreting = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local str = tbl[tmp] if str ~= nil then tbl[tmp] = nil parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.evaluating = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '!', ':') if opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(opts, opts ~= ctx.opipe) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local new_opts, cache = {}, {} local shift = parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) - argc for key, val in pairs(opts) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < 1 then new_opts[key] = val elseif key >= argc then new_opts[key + shift] = val end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do new_opts[key] = val end ctx.pipe = new_opts return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end local tmp local mix_k = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache, mix_v = {}, ctx.pipe[2] if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = tostring(key) end elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end else local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k) local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do tmp = tostring(key) for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end end for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] = table.concat(cnv_v) end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_names_and_values|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = key end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end, 'combining' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return val end, 'combining_values' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tname = ctx.pipe[1] if tname ~= nil then tname = tname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = ctx.params } } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new -- parameter name|pipe to library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local mname = ctx.pipe[1] if mname ~= nil then mname = mname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = ctx.pipe[2] if fname ~= nil then fname = fname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[3] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[3])] = tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) } return context_iterate(ctx, 4) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local magic = ctx.pipe[1] if magic ~= nil then magic = magic:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params) } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to library.snapshotting = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to library.remembering = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to library.entering_substack = function (ctx) local tbl, ncurrparent = ctx.params, ctx.n_parents + 1 if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl } else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil and ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*new%s*$' then ctx.params = {} return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children if currsnap > 0 then ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1 else local newparams = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end ctx.params = newparams end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to library.pulling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end local tmp = ctx.n_parents local parent = tmp < 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp] tmp = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to library.recalling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to --[[ library.finding = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local parent for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do parent = ctx.parents[idx] if parent[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg] return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end end if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to --[[ library.picking = function (ctx) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end if ctx.n_parents < 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len) else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to library.detaching_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘detaching_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to library.dropping_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘dropping_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to library.leaving_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘leaving_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1 if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params } else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to library.merging_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil, ncurrparent - 1 for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to library.flushing = function (ctx) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing') return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end --[[ Functions ]]-- ----------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|count library.count = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local retval = 0 for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end ctx.text = retval return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2] -- |[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value -- n]|[...] library.concat_and_call = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = concat_params(ctx) } return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend -- 1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- item n=value n]|[...] library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 2) local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{ title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = concat_params(ctx) }) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend -- 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n= -- value n]|[...] library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx)) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name library.value_of = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local val local key = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then key = tonumber(key) val = ctx.params[key] -- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in -- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable) if val ~= nil and ( ctx.subset ~= -1 or key > #ctx.params or key < 1 ) and ( ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key <= #ctx.params and key > 0) ) then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end else val = ctx.params[key] if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list library.list = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_values library.list_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! -- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' mixed_flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4 end, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = value -- 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.coins = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = opts[get_parameter_name(val)] end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|unique_coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = -- value 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.unique_coins = function (ctx) local tmp local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tmp = get_parameter_name(val) tbl[key], opts[tmp] = opts[tmp], nil end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]] -- Syntax: #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext library.for_each = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[1] or '' local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2 ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2] -- |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append -- 1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...] -- |[named param n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append 2] -- |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each = function (ctx) local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local mname, fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1] -- |[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- param n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local tmp if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then tmp = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local opts, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do if type(key) == 'number' then opts[key - 1] = val else opts[key] = val end end ctx.pipe = opts ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params) flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group) for key, val in pairs(opts) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end --[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|new|pipe to static_iface.new = function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, false) ctx.params = {} main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 1)) return ctx.text end --[[ First-position-only functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|self static_iface.self = function (frame) return frame:getParent():getTitle() end --[[ Public metatable of functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- return setmetatable({}, { __index = function (_, query) local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end local func = static_iface[fname] if func ~= nil then return func end func = library[fname] if func == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end return function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, refpipe[fname]) ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname]) main_loop(ctx, func) return ctx.text end end }) jm8x5ug81bre69dpt2csm0n3owsmu2i 0 71728 688261 537833 2026-07-16T06:30:51Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 688261 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Sede Embajada Argentina en Perú.jpg|thumb|Santa Beatriz ]] '''Santa Beatriz''' bụ agbata obi dị na Lima District . Ọ bụ mpaghara kachasị n'ebe ndịda nke distrikti ahụ. Ọ na-ejedebe n'ebe ugwu, na etiti akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Lima; n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na La Victoria; n'etiti ndịda, na Lince; na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na Jesús María. N'oge mmalite narị afọ nke 20, ọ nwere ndị dị mkpa nke akwụkwọ Peruvian. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Santa Beatriz: Residencia en la tierra|url=https://elcomercio.pe/eldominical/residencia-tierra-noticia-617066-noticia/|author=Subirana Abanto|first=Katherine|date=2019-03-17|work=[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]]}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'ịbụ nke dị na ndagwurugwu Huatica, mgbe Mmeri ndị Spain mere, Francisco Pizarro nyere Diego de Agüero ala a, onye kpọrọ ya Hacienda Santa Beatriz.[es]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Historia de la muy noble y antigua urbanización Santa Beatriz|url=https://ccelima.org/evento/historia-de-la-muy-noble-y-antigua-urbanizacion-santa-beatriz/|date=2022-10-11|work=CCELima}}</ref> Mgbe nwa ya nwoke, Diego de Agüero y Garay nwụrụ, ndị noviciate nke Society of Jesus nwetara ala ugbo ahụ na 1629. Mgbe a chụpụrụ ndị Jesuit, gọọmentị rere ihe onwunwe ahụ na 1771 nye Manuel de la Torre y Quiroz, onye tọrọ ntọala ala na hacienda ya na nwunye ya, Águeda Josefa de Tagle. Dị ka iwu nkewa ala si dị, ala ahụ gafere Josefa de Tagle, IV Marchioness nke Torre Tagle, onye steeti ahụ nwetara n’aka ya na 1870 iji wuo ụlọ akwụkwọ agronomy. Ebe obibi dị ịrịba ama, ọ bụ obodo mbụ e mepụtara na mpụga ókèala nke etiti akụkọ ihe mere eme ochie nke Lima. E guzobere ya n'oge ọchịchị nke Onye isi ala Augusto B. Leguía. Ebe dị na mpaghara ahụ bụ Hipódromo nke Santa Beatriz (nke bụ Campo de Marte taa), nke bụ nke kachasị ochie na Peru ma na-arụ ọrụ ruo n'etiti afọ 1930 mgbe Hipódroma de San Felipe nọchiri ya. N'ebe a na-agba ọsọ, ndị otu ndị Britain na-achịkwa gbakọtakwara iji mee egwuregwu golf tupu ntọala Lima Golf Club na ụzọ mbata mbụ na Peru na-arụkwa ọrụ, tupu iwu ọdụ ụgbọ elu Limatambo International.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Limatambo: el primer aeropuerto comercial del Perú|url=https://elcomercio.pe/lima/sucesos/limatambo-primer-aeropuerto-comercial-peru-fotos-noticia-479479-noticia/|author=Fernández|first=María|date=2017-12-06|work=[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]]}}</ref> A haziri ngalaba mmepe obodo ahụ dịka ọdịdị North America si dị (nke kwekọrọ n'oge Leguía), ya na okporo ụzọ ndị isi (Arenales, Arequipa na Petit Thouars), Nnukwu ụlọ abụọ, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na nnukwu ogige ndị yiri nnukwu ụlọ. Mmepe obodo ya na mbido afọ 1930 mebiri usoro obibi niile nke Lima, ebe ezinụlọ ndị bara ọgaranya malitere ịhapụ etiti Lima iji kwaga gafee ókè nke Paseo Colón nakwa maka ịnweta Miraflores spas. Akwụkwọ owuwu ndị dị n’akụkụ ụzọ Arequipa na Arenales nwere ụdị European, ebe ụlọ ndị dị nso Petit Thouars avenue na mpaghara Lince (nke bụbu ala Lobatón hacienda) nwere ụdị Art Deco. Malite na Jenụwarị 20, 2024, Casa Boza, otu n’ime ụlọ kacha ochie n’ógbè ahụ nke e wuru na 1925, ka a kwatuchara iji mee ka ụlọ mahadum nwee ohere mgbe etinyechara ya na ndekọ ihe nketa mba ahụ ka Ministri nke Ọdịbendị jụrụ na esemokwu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Casa Boza: crónica de la muerte de una de las primeras casas modernas de Lima|url=https://elcomercio.pe/lima/patrimonio/casa-boza-una-de-las-primeras-casas-modernas-de-lima-sera-demolida-por-una-universidad-patrimonio-patrimonio-cultural-centro-historico-noticia/|author=Cayetano Chávez|first=José|date=2024-02-15|work=[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Casa Boza y su demolición: entretelones del histórico inmueble que se convertirá en un campus universitario|url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/01/23/casa-boza-es-demolida-entretelones-del-historico-inmueble-en-lince-que-se-convertira-en-una-sede-universitaria/|author=Angulo|first=Jazmine|date=2024-01-23|work=[[Infobae]]}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama == Obodo Santa Beatriz na-ejikọta atọ n’ime isi ụzọ dị mkpa nke obodo Lima:Arequipa, Petit Thouars, na Arenales avenues, yana ụlọ ọha na eze dị iche iche na Ebe ọdịnala dị ka: * National Stadium nke Peru * Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie Lima * Isi ụlọ ọrụ nke ndị guzobere Society of IndependenceNdị guzobere Society Independence * Rospigliosi Castle, nke Carlos Rospigliosi Vigil wuru na 1929.[es] Kemgbe 1949, ọ bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Air Warfare Academy, dị ka ihe onwunwe nke Steeti Peru. * Chọọchị nke Saint Thérèse * Istituto Italiano di Cultura, ''Colegio Raimondi'' ruo 1997 * Ebe Ọdịbendị nke SpainEbe Ọdịbendị Spanish * Redio Mba nke Peru * Ihe nkiri Luigi Pirandello * Ogige Ihe NlereanyaOgige Ihe ngosi ahụ * Ogige ntụrụndụ Hernán Velarde * Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Reserve, nke nwere Magic Water Tour * Klọb Tennis Lawn * Ọtụtụ ụlọ EsSalud Ọ na-enwekwa ụlọ ọrụ ndị nnọchi anya mba ọzọ na ndị agha dị ka Embassy nke Argentina (yana onye nnọchi anya ya), Embassy of [[Venezuela]], onye nnọchianya nke Republic of China, ebe obibi nke onye nnọchi nke United States, isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru na Ụlọikpe Ndị Uwe Ojii. Ọ bụkwa ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn kachasị ogologo na mba ahụ, America Television, Panamericana Televisión na TV Peru. Santa Beatriz bụ ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị ka Mahadum Norbert Wiener, Mahadum Inca Garcilaso de la Vega na Mahadum Nkà na Ụzụ nke Peru, Ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na mpaghara a gụnyere National School of Statistics and Informatics (ENEI), ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye San Andrés (nke a makwaara dị ka Anglo-Peruvian School n’oge gara aga), Dante Alighieri (bụrụbu Antonio Raimondi), Trilce, Saco Oliveros, na Palmer. == Ihe ngosi == <gallery> Faịlụ:Palaciodelaexposicion.jpg|Palace of the Exposition Faịlụ:Parque_reserva_lima.jpg|Park of the Reserve Faịlụ:MINISTRA_DE_DEFENSA_SOBREVOLÓ_LA_CAPITAL_PARA_SUPERVISAR_ACATAMIENTO_DE_INMOVILIZACIÓN_SOCIAL_(50898754403).jpg|National Stadium of Peru Faịlụ:Fuentechinafrente.jpg|The Chinese Fountain Faịlụ:2017_Lima_-_Circuito_mágico_del_Parque_de_las_Aguas.jpg|Parque de las Aguas Faịlụ:Santa_Teresita_Lima_0001.jpg|Santa Teresita Church </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Mpaghara Lima == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g7wt313ao6t7hsg22a16vdww9mivqai 0 72380 688229 588730 2026-07-15T14:25:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688229 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Agitu Ideo Gudeta</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%" |<div class="nickname" lang="am">Aggituu Guddataa</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Agitu_Ideo_Gudeta_at_OEF16_(2).jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Gudeta na 2016</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" | <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1978-01-01</span>)</span> 1 Jenụwarị 1978 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia<br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Addis Ababa]], Etiopia</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" |29 Disemba 2020 <span style="display:none">(2020-12-29)</span> (afọ 42) <div class="deathplace" style="display:inline">Plankerhoff, [[Frassilongo]], Ịtali</div>&nbsp;<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[University of Trento|Mahadum nke Trento]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" |Onye ọrụ ugbo, Onye Ọchụnta ego, Onye Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha ya | class="infobox-data title" |A na-akpọ ya Eze Nwanyị nke ewu Obi Ụtọ |} {{Reflist}} '''Agitu Ideo Gudeta''' (Oromo: Aggituu Ida'o Guddataa; Amharic: አጊቱ ጉደታ; 1 Jenụwarị 1978 - 29 Disemba 2020) bụ onye ọrụ ugbo Morofu nke Ethiopia <ref name=":13">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2020-12-31|title=La storia di Agitu Ideo Gudeta ha insegnato agli altri rifugiati a credere nei sogni|url=https://www.ilriformista.it/la-storia-di-agitu-ideo-gudeta-ha-insegnato-agli-altri-rifugiati-a-credere-nei-sogni-185877/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2021-01-09|work=Il Riformista|language=it}}</ref> <ref name=":14">{{Cite web|first=Annalisa|author=Camilli|date=2017-03-07|title=La ragazza etiope che alleva capre felici in Trentino|url=https://www.internazionale.it/notizie/annalisa-camilli/2017/03/07/etiopia-migranti-donne|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2021-01-09|work=Internazionale|language=it}}</ref> onye ọchụnta ego, na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke kwagara Itali mgbe ọ nwesịrị esemokwu n'ihi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya megide njide ala nke ndị agha maka ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa. O hiwere ọrụ ugbo ewu site na iji ụdị Pezzata Mòchena nke obodo ahụ emepụta ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi na ihe ịchọ mma. Gudeta ghọrọ ihe nnọchianya mba nke gburugburu ebe obibi na njikọta ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-aga nke ọma n'ime obodo Itali site n'aka ndị nta akụkọ na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. E gburu ya na Disemba nke 2020; a boro Adams Suleiman, onye ọrụ oge Ghana nke o were n'ọrụ, ebubo ịkwaso ya iko n'ike na igbu ya. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Agitu Ideo Gudeta na 1 Jenụwarị 1978 na [[Addis Ababa]] . <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|first=Redazione|author=Trento|date=December 30, 2020|title=Agitu, il collaboratore ghanese confessa: 'L'ho uccisa io'|url=https://www.lavocedeltrentino.it/2020/12/30/agitu-il-collaboratore-ghanese-confessa-lho-uccisa-io/|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=La voce del Trentino|language=it}}</ref> Ọ mụtara usoro ọrụ ugbo site n'aka nne na nna ya ndị bi n'ime obodo.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|first=Lorenzo|author=Tondo|date=2021-01-01|title=Tributes paid to Ethiopian refugee farmer who championed integration in Italy|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/jan/01/tributes-paid-to-ethiopian-refugee-farmer-who-championed-integration-in-italy|accessdate=2021-01-01|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Gudeta gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Trento na nzere na sociology.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=December 30, 2020|title=Woman hailed as model for refugee integration slain in Italy|url=https://apnews.com/article/arrests-italy-f1531a2df8cbd92a966ac90b9370e3a8|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=AP NEWS}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Gudeta laghachiri Etiopia iji rụọ ọrụ na Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=December 31, 2020|title=የስደተኞች ተቆርቋሪና የስኬት ተምሳሌቷ አጊቱ ጉደታ ማን ነበረች?|language=am|work=BBC News አማርኛ|url=https://www.bbc.com/amharic/news-55496900|accessdate=January 1, 2021}}</ref> Ọ duziri ọrụ iji hazie ndị ọrụ ugbo ma belata ọrụ site na ọzụzụ, agụmakwụkwọ, na igwe. Ebumnuche ya bụ iji hụ na ego zuru oke.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=December 30, 2020|title='La mia vita da pastora: dura ma piena di soddisfazioni' – Cronaca|url=https://www.giornaletrentino.it/cronaca/la-mia-vita-da-pastora-dura-ma-piena-di-soddisfazioni-1.2511437|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=Trentino|language=it}}</ref> Gudeta ghọrọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-etinye aka na ngagharị iwe na Addis Ababa megide mmepụta ihe na-enweghị nchịkwa na mmeri ala nke gọọmentị Etiopia maka ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=January 12, 2019|title=Integration with Goat's Cheese|url=https://www.dw.com/en/integration-with-goats-cheese/av-47792587|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=December 30, 2020|title=Ethiopian migrant who became symbol of integration in Italy killed on her goat farm|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-europe-migrants-italy-farmer-idUKKBN294173|accessdate=December 31, 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gbapụrụ n'agha ahụ n'afọ 2010, Gudeta kwagara Trentino dị ka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ. Mgbe ọ nyochachara ihe ndị metụtara ọrụ ugbo n'ógbè ahụ, o hiwere, nke mbụ na Val di Gresta wee hiwe na Valle dei Mocheni, La Capra Felice (Ewu Obi Ụtọ), ugbo ewu n'ala nkịtị nke a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na mbụ.<ref name=":2"/> Ọ mụrụ otu esi eme cheese ewu na France.<ref name=":6"/> Ugbo ya na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi na ihe ịchọ mma nke sitere na agbụrụ ụmụ amaala, Pezzata Mòchena.<ref name=":0"/> Gudeta malitere na ewu iri na ise tupu ọ gbasaa ọrụ ugbo ruo ụmụ anụmanụ otu narị na iri asatọ site na 2018. Ndụ ya na ugbo ya bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi Deutsche Welle. <ref name=":1"/> Na June 2020, ọ meghere ụlọ ahịa mbụ ya, {{Lang|it|Bottega della Capra Felice}}, na {{Lang|it|Piazza Venezia}} (Trento). <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=December 30, 2020|title='La mia vita da pastora: dura ma piena di soddisfazioni' – Cronaca|url=https://www.giornaletrentino.it/cronaca/la-mia-vita-da-pastora-dura-ma-piena-di-soddisfazioni-1.2511437|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=Trentino|language=it}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ == Gudeta ghọrọ ihe nnọchianya mba nke gburugburu ebe obibi na njikọta ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-aga nke ọma na Itali mgbe onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Emma Bonino toro ya.<ref name=":3"/> N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya maka Luisa Minazzi-Environmentalist of the Year site na Legambiente . <ref name=":3" /> Ndị mgbasa ozi na-akpọ ya "{{Lang|it|La Regina delle Capre Felici}}" ("Queen of Happy Goats"). <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=December 30, 2020|title='La mia vita da pastora: dura ma piena di soddisfazioni' – Cronaca|url=https://www.giornaletrentino.it/cronaca/la-mia-vita-da-pastora-dura-ma-piena-di-soddisfazioni-1.2511437|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=Trentino|language=it}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=August 26, 2018|title=Agitu, la 'Regina delle capre felici' minacciata di morte: 'Brutta negra, io ti uccido. Tornatevene nel vostro Paese'|first=Luca|author=Pianesi|url=https://www.ildolomiti.it/cronaca/2018/agitu-la-regina-delle-capre-felici-minacciata-di-morte-brutta-negra-io-ti-uccido|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=il Dolomiti|language=it}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == N'afọ 2020, ọ biri n'otu ụlọ dị n'akụkụ ụlọ ụka ahụ na Plankerhoff, obodo nta na-asụ German dị nso na Frassilongo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|first=Andrea|author=Vogt|date=December 30, 2020|title=Ethiopian farmer and celebrated conservation figure murdered in Italy|language=en|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/12/30/ethiopian-farmer-celebrated-conservation-figure-murdered-italy/|accessdate=December 31, 2020}}</ref> Ya na onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Gabriella Ghermandi nwere omume enyi.<ref name=":7"/> == Igbu ọchụ == Na 29 Disemba afọ 2020, e gburu Gudeta, mgbe ọ dị afọ 42, n'ụlọ ya site na ịpịa ya hama n'isi, <ref name=":3"/> mgbe ọ nwara ime ihe ike mmekọahụ (a hụrụ ya ọkara ọtọ). <ref name=":15">{{Cite web|date=December 30, 2020|title=L'agghiacciante omicidio di Agitu: dai carabinieri la ricostruzione|url=https://www.ladige.it/news/cronaca/2020/12/30/lagghiacciante-omicidio-agitu-carabinieri-ricostruzione-dellaccaduto|accessdate=January 16, 2021|work=L'Adige|language=it|archivedate=January 27, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127051421/https://www.ladige.it/news/cronaca/2020/12/30/lagghiacciante-omicidio-agitu-carabinieri-ricostruzione-dellaccaduto}}</ref> <ref name=":20">{{Cite web|date=December 30, 2020|title=Agitu uccisa e violentata mentre era agonizzante: l'aggressore trovato in una stalla|url=https://www.trentotoday.it/cronaca/agitu-uccisa-violentata.html|accessdate=September 18, 2021|work=Trento Today|language=it}}</ref> Nnyocha ahụ mechara kpughee na ọ nweghị ihe ịrịba ama nke ime ihe ike mmekọahụ.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|date=April 16, 2021|title=L'esito dell'autopsia: Ideo Gudeta Agitu, lotta disperata per parare i colpi|url=https://www.ladige.it/territori/pergine/2021/04/16/l-esito-dell-autopsia-ideo-gudeta-agitu-lotta-disperata-per-parare-le-mazzate-1.2888832|accessdate=September 18, 2021|work=L'Adige|language=it}}</ref> Ndị agbata obi ya chọtara ozu ya mgbe ọ hapụrụ ọrụ azụmahịa.<ref name=":5"/><ref name=":0"/> E jidere Adams Suleiman, onye ọrụ oge Ghana nke ọ were n'ọrụ, ma boo ya ebubo igbu ọchụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=December 30, 2020|title='La mia vita da pastora: dura ma piena di soddisfazioni' – Cronaca|url=https://www.giornaletrentino.it/cronaca/la-mia-vita-da-pastora-dura-ma-piena-di-soddisfazioni-1.2511437|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 31, 2020|work=Trentino|language=it}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web|date=December 31, 2020|title=L'ho uccisa, volevo i soldi|url=https://www.pressreader.com/italy/corriere-del-trentino/20201231/281539408576184|accessdate=September 18, 2021|work=Press Reader: Corriere del Trentino|language=it}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, onye nnọchi anya Ethiopia na Ịtali, Zenebu Tadesse, gara Trentino iji soro Ministri nke Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ rụọ ọrụ.<ref name=":6"/> Kọmishọna Ukwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Ndị Gbara Ọsọ Ndụ gosipụtara mwute ma kwuo na Gudeta "gosipụtara otu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ nwere ike isi nye aka na obodo ndị na-anabata ha...N'agbanyeghị ọnwụ ya dị mwute, UNHCR nwere olile anya na a ga-echeta ma mee emume Agitu Ideo Gudeta dị ka ihe nlereanya nke ihe ịga nke ọma na njikọta ma gbaa ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ume ndị na-alụ ọgụ iwughachi ndụ ha".<ref name=":7"/> == Ihe nkiri == * Ime cheese na Alps - akụkọ nke njikọta, Deutsche Welle Documentary - 2019 == Edensibịa == {{Authority control}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   {{Authority control}} bd1t1ia3qhqg09fr9ommyg49455ax9h 0 72531 688221 595292 2026-07-15T12:16:51Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 688221 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Baze University Main Gate.jpg|thumb|Baze University ]]   '''Mahadum Baze''' bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ tertiary nke onwe ya nke e guzobere na 2011 ma dị na [[Abuja]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọchịchị == E hiwere mahadum a n'afọ 2011 ma nweta ikike nwa oge ya site n'aka National Universities Commission (NUC) na ụbọchị asaa nke ọnwa Maachị nke afọ ahụ. Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ malitere site n'aka ndị ọrụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ iri na asaa n'otu ụlọ dị n'ebe ogige ya dị 50,000 sqm. Ihe owuwu nke Ngalaba Nchịkwa, Ngalaba Iwu, Ngalaba Kọmputa na Sayensị A Na-etinye n'Ọnụ Ụba, Ngalaba Injinịa, Ngalaba Sayensị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Ngalaba Sayenị Ọgwụ na Ahụike sochiri n'oge na-adịghị anya.<ref name=":0" >{{Cite web|date=March 16, 2021|title=BAZE UNIVERSITY CELEBRATES 10TH YEAR ANNIVERSARY|url=https://bazeuniversity.edu.ng/news/?wws=bURIaTdtbUdaMjgxSFpRUlhoblRldz09|accessdate=2021-09-15|work=bazeuniversity.edu.ng|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915142200/https://bazeuniversity.edu.ng/news/?wws=bURIaTdtbUdaMjgxSFpRUlhoblRldz09|archivedate=2021-09-15}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a malitere iwu ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi mahadum ma na-atụ anya na a ga-arụcha ya n'otu afọ ahụ. Mahadum ahụ nwere ọbá akwụkwọ, ụlọ ndị ọrụ na ụlọ obibi ụmụ akwụkwọ nke nwere blọk abụọ maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ikike maka ụmụ akwụkwọ 500 nke ọ bụla.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite web|date=March 16, 2021|title=BAZE UNIVERSITY CELEBRATES 10TH YEAR ANNIVERSARY|url=https://bazeuniversity.edu.ng/news/?wws=bURIaTdtbUdaMjgxSFpRUlhoblRldz09|accessdate=2021-09-15|work=bazeuniversity.edu.ng|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915142200/https://bazeuniversity.edu.ng/news/?wws=bURIaTdtbUdaMjgxSFpRUlhoblRldz09|archivedate=2021-09-15}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Mahadum ahụ enweela emume nzukọ isii n'usoro ma mepụta ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche. == Ndị ọkà mmụta == Mahadum ahụ na-enye mmemme agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche maka nzere bachelọ na nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ. A na-eme mmemme nzere bachelọ iri anọ na atọ na mahadum ahụ n'okpuru ngalaba ndị a. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Undergraduate courses|url=https://bazeuniversity.edu.ng/search/?q=&level=undergraduate|accessdate=2021-09-15|work=bazeuniversity.edu.ng|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511080732/https://bazeuniversity.edu.ng/search/?q=&level=undergraduate|archivedate=2020-05-11}}</ref> * Ngalaba nke Nchịkwa na Sayensị Ọha * Ngalaba Iwu <ref>{{Cite web|title=Baze University Abuja|url=https://www.bazeuniversity.edu.ng/faculty/law|accessdate=2023-06-05|work=www.bazeuniversity.edu.ng}}</ref> * Ngalaba nke Kọmputa na Sayensị A Na-etinye n'Ọnụ * Ngalaba Injinịa <ref>{{Cite web|title=Baze University Abuja|url=https://www.bazeuniversity.edu.ng/faculty/engineering|accessdate=2023-06-05|work=www.bazeuniversity.edu.ng}}</ref> * Ngalaba sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi * Ngalaba nke Sayensị Ọgwụ na Ahụike Ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ akwụkwọ postgraduate na-enye mmemme nzere ndị a: <ref>{{Cite web|title=Postgraduate courses|url=https://bazeuniversity.edu.ng/search/?q=&level=postgraduate|accessdate=2021-09-15|work=bazeuniversity.edu.ng|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915144447/https://bazeuniversity.edu.ng/search/?q=&level=postgraduate|archivedate=2021-09-15}}</ref> * M.Sc. Sayensị Anụmanụ na Gburugburu Ebe Obibi * M.Sc. Chemistry * M.Sc. Sayensị Kọmputa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baze University Abuja|url=https://www.bazeuniversity.edu.ng/admission/undergraduate/bsc-computer-science|accessdate=2023-06-05|work=www.bazeuniversity.edu.ng|archivedate=2023-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152334/https://www.bazeuniversity.edu.ng/admission/undergraduate/bsc-computer-science}}</ref> * M.Sc. Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba * M.Sc. Mmekọrịta Mba Nile na Mmekọrịta * M.Sc. Nchịkwa MMAN * M.Sc. Mgbasa Ozi MMAC * M.Sc. Parasitology MPAR * M.Sc. Nchịkwa Ọchịchị * M.Sc. Sociology MSOC * M.Sc. Nzuzo na Nchebe Ụwa * M.Sc. Nchebe, idu ndú na ọha mmadụ * Masters of Business Administration (MBA) * Ndị nkuzi nke Iwu (LLM) Mahadum Baze mere emume nnọkọ nke anọ ya na 2017 na onye bụbu onye isi ala [[Goodluck Jonathan]] na-abịa <ref>{{Cite news|author=Olowolagba|first=Fikayo|date=2017-10-29|title=What Nigerian students, graduates must avoid - Jonathan|url=https://dailypost.ng/2017/10/29/nigerian-students-graduates-must-avoid-jonathan/|accessdate=2021-09-15|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, Association of Certified Chartered Accountants (ACCA) sonyeere mahadum ahụ iji jikọta ma tinye usoro mmụta ACCA n'ime usoro mmụta mahadum iji nyere aka na mbọ iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ego na ndekọ ego n'[[Afrịka]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-29|title=ACCA, varsity strategise to grow accounting profession in Nigeria|url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/acca-varsity-strategise-to-grow-accounting-profession-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2021-09-15|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2017-08-25|title=ACCA Partners Baze University|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/08/25/acca-partners-baze-university/|accessdate=2021-09-15|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, gọọmentị Sokoto steeti zigara ụmụ akwụkwọ 39 ha kwadoro ka ha gụọ akwụkwọ na Dubai site na mahadum dị iche iche dị na [[United Arab Emirates]] gaa na Mahadum Baze, Abuja na mgbalị iji belata ọnụahịa nke nkwado ọmụmụ - ihe si na ndalata akụ na ụba pụta.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Daily Post Staff|date=2016-10-15|title=Recession: Sokoto transfer students studying in Dubai to Baze University|url=https://dailypost.ng/2016/10/15/recession-sokoto-transfer-students-studying-dubai-baze-university/|accessdate=2021-10-11|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" caption="Campus of Baze University Abuja, Nigeria"> Faịlụ:Baze.university_block_D_11.jpg|The block D (Rose Okwechime) building that houses the Faculty of Engineering Faịlụ:Baze.university_block_F_21.jpg|The block F (Aliyu Modibbo) building that houses the Faculty of Environmental Faịlụ:Baze.university_hostels_(drone_shot)_13.jpg|Students' Hostels: Male (left) and Female (right) Faịlụ:Baze.university_Aerial_view_(drone_shot)_12.jpg|Aerial view of the Baze University campus grounds in Abuja Nigeria. Faịlụ:Baze.university_block_A,B,C_&_E_02.jpg|Blocks A, B, C, E and the female hostel Faịlụ:Photowalk_Baze_University_(BABA_Ahmad_sqaure).jpg|Inside Block A (Faculty of Management and Social Sciences), Baze University Faịlụ:Baze.university_block_B_(drone_shot)_05.jpg|Elevated view of block B (Faculty of Computing and Applied Sciences) </gallery> == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == * [[Osita Chidoka]] - Mịnịsta [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] gara aga * [[Dino Melaiye|Dino Melaye]] - Onye bụbu Senator Naijiria * [[Rotimi Amaechi]] - Onye bụbu Gọvanọ Rivers State na Minista nke Transport == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Private Nigerian Universities {{Universities in Nigeria}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ddeb84bp9jf1wz8lgw29a0f0tpewvd4 0 72546 688223 595317 2026-07-15T12:22:21Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 688223 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Nile.University Aerial view.jpg|thumb|Nile University of Nigeria ]] '''mahadum Naịl nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]''' (NUN) bụ mahadum nwere ọtụtụ ngalaba nke e guzobere na 2009 ma dị na [[Abuja]], Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye otu Honoris United Universities Network ma bụrụ onye National Universities Commission kwadoro. <ref>{{Cite web|author=press_admin|date=2022-09-01|title=History of Nile University|url=https://presspay.ng/news/2022/09/01/history-of-nile-university/|accessdate=2022-11-01|work=PressPayNg Blog|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108142322/https://presspay.ng/news/2022/09/01/history-of-nile-university/}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /><ref name="guardian.ng" /> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ nwere ngalaba asatọ na School of Postgraduate Studies, na-enye mmemme 34 na mmemme 47 . <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-12|title=Unveiling World-class Facilities on the Nile University of Nigeria Campus - Daily Trust|url=https://dailytrust.com/unveiling-world-class-facilities-on-the-nile-university-of-nigeria-campus/|accessdate=2024-05-27|work=|language=en-US}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ ya, Mahadum Nile nke Naịjirịa—site na Centre for Lifelong Learning (CELL)—na-enye usoro ọmụmụ ọkachamara dị mkpirikpi, nke a na-achọkarị, nke dabara na mkpa nke ndị sonyere.. Na 2020, Mahadum Nile sonyeere netwọk Honoris United Universities wee bụrụ otu n'ime Mahadum iri na anọ so na ESPRIT na Université Mundiapolis.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|title={SPONSORED}A New Identity: Nile University of Nigeria Revamps its Logo|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/06/sponsoreda-new-identity-nile-university-of-nigeria-revamps-its-logo/|accessdate=2021-10-06|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=History of Nile University|url=https://nileuniversity.edu.ng/history-of-nile-university/|accessdate=2021-10-06|work=Nile University|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Machị 2021, Mahadum Naịl nabatara iso Ministri sayensị na teknụzụ na-arụkọ ọrụ na mmepụta nke Ọgwụ mgbochi COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-08|title=FG to partner Nile University in COVID-19 vaccine production|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/03/fg-to-partner-nile-university-in-covid-19-vaccine-production/|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Mahadum Nile nke Naịjirịa, nke e hiwere na 2009 ma wuo ya n'ime ogige dị hekta 113, nke Actis Capital kwadoro. Mahadum Honoris United, na-aghọ otu n'ime mahadum ndị otu ya, tinyere ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na mba Tunisia (IMSET), Morocco (EMSI), Mauritius (Honoris Educational Network), South Africa (Mancosa, Regent Business School) Zimbabwe na Zambia. Naịjirịa bụkwa mba mbụ otu agụmakwụkwọ na-abanye n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-07-01|title=Actis-backed African education group acquires Nigerian university - CEO|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/honoris-ma-nile-university-idUSL8N2E773R|accessdate=2021-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-04|title=Africa Deal Roundup: 15 noteworthy deals and announcements in July|url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/africa-deal-roundup-15-noteworthy-deals-and-announcements-in-july-2/69594/|accessdate=2021-10-06|work=How we made it in Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge e guzobere ya, NILE nwere ngalaba atọ (Arts & Social Sciences, Engineering, na Natural & Applied Sciences) na ụmụ akwụkwọ 93. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Mahadum ahụ etoola ruo ngalaba 8 na ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 13,000 Na June 2021, a gbanwere akara ngosi mahadum ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-03|title=Honoris United Universities welcomes Nile University of Nigeria to its Pan-African Network|url=https://guardian.ng/features/honoris-united-universities-welcomes-nile-university-of-nigeria-to-its-pan-african-network-2/|accessdate=2022-11-01|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=History of Nile University|url=https://nileuniversity.edu.ng/history-of-nile-university/|accessdate=2021-10-06|work=Nile University|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://nileuniversity.edu.ng/history-of-nile-university/ "History of Nile University"]. ''Nile University''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-06</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="punchng.com" /> Mahadum ahụ n'ihi mgbanwe nhazi na nchịkwa, gbanwere akara ngosi ya na 21 June 2021.<ref name="punchng.com">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|title=New Identity: Nile University of Nigeria Revamps its Logo|url=https://punchng.com/new-identity-nile-university-of-nigeria-revamps-its-logo/|accessdate=2022-11-01|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ime mgbalị ịhazigharị ihu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na June 21, 2021, mahadum gbanwere akara ngosi ya iji gosipụta ebumnuche ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Punch|date=24 June 2021|title=New Identity: Nile University of Nigeria Revamps its Logo|work=The Punch Newspaper|url=https://punchng.com/new-identity-nile-university-of-nigeria-revamps-its-logo/|accessdate=1 November 2022}}</ref> == Nchịkwa == A na-egosi ndị isi mahadum ugbu a <ref>{{Cite web|title=Staff|url=https://www.nileuniversity.edu.ng/?post_type=staff|accessdate=2024-10-29|work=Nile University of Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> n'okpuru ebe a: {| class="wikitable" |+Ndị isi !S/N !Aha ya !Ọfịs |- |1. |Prọfesọ Dilli Dogo |Onye isi ala |- |2. |Prọfesọ Saleh Abdullahi |Onye osote onye isi ala (Academics) |- |3. |Prọfesọ A. Prema Kirubakaran |Onye osote onye isi ala (Central Admin) |- |4. |Maazị David Olowola |Ndebanye aha |- |5. |Prọfesọ Christopher Nkiko |Onye na-elekọta ọ́bá akwụkwọ mahadum |} == Ndị ọkà mmụta == Mahadum ahụ na-enye ugbu a mmemme undergraduate na postgraduate gafee ngalaba asaa: === Ngalaba Injinịa === * Injinịa Kọmputa (B.Eng, PGD, M.Eng) * Injinia eletrik na eletrọniki (B.Eng, PGD, M.Eng, PhD) * Civil Engineering (B.Eng, PGD, M.Eng) * Petroleum and Gas Engineering (B.Eng, PGD, M.Eng, PhD) * Injinia kemịkal (B.Eng) * Injinịa Injinia (B.Eng) * Mechatronics Engineering (B.Eng) === Ngalaba sayensị === * Biology (B.Sc, PGD, M.Sc) * Biotechnology (B.Sc) * Biochemistry (B.Sc) * Microbiology (B.Sc) * Analytical Chemistry (M.Sc) * Industrial Chemistry (B.Sc, M.Sc, PhD) '''Ngalaba Kọmputa''' * Injinia ngwanrọ * Nkà na ụzụ ozi * Nchebe Cyber * Sayensị Kọmputa (B.Sc, PGD, M.Sc, PhD) === Ngalaba nke nka na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya === * Economics (B.Sc, PGD, MSc, M.Phil, PhD) * Financial Economics (M.Sc) * Akụ na ụba ego (MFE) * Asụsụ Bekee na Nkwurịta Okwu (B.Sc, MA) * Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mba ụwa (B.Sc) * Mmekọrịta mba ụwa na mmekọrịta mba na mba (PGD, M.Sc, PhD) * Mmekọrịta Mba Nile (MIR) * Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (PGD, M.Sc, PhD) * Udo, esemokwu na Ọmụmụ Atụmatụ (PGD, M.Sc, M.Phil, PhD) * Mass Communication (B.Sc) * Criminology na Nchebe Studies (B.Sc) * Sociology (B.Sc) * Nkà mmụta uche (B.Sc) === Ngalaba nke Sayensị Nchịkwa === * Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa (B.Sc) * Master of Business Administration (MBA) * Nchịkwa (PGD, MSc, MPhil, PhD) * Banking na Finance (B.Sc) * Nchịkwa Ọha (B.Sc) * Accounting (B.Sc, PGD, M.Sc, P.hD) * Auditing & Finance (M.Sc) * Auditing & Forensic Management (M.Sc) * Estate Management (B.Sc) * Ahịa (B.Sc) === Ngalaba Iwu === * Iwu (LLB) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-12|title=Nile University prepares students for successful law careers with innovative law faculty|url=https://guardian.ng/features/nile-university-prepares-students-for-successful-law-careers-with-innovative-law-faculty/|accessdate=2021-10-06|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> * Iwu (PGD) <ref name=":2" /> * Iwu (LLM) <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-05-18|title=Nile University Gains Approval for New Postgraduate Law Programs, Joins Exclusive Group of Legal Education Providers|url=https://www.nileuniversity.edu.ng/nile-university-gains-approval-for-new-postgraduate-law-programs-joins-exclusive-group-of-legal-education-providers/|accessdate=2022-10-18|work=Nile University|language=en-US}}</ref> * Iwu (PhD) <ref name=":2" /> '''Ngalaba sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi''' * Ihe owuwu (BSc) * Atụmatụ Obodo na Ógbè (B.Sc) * Estate Management (B.Sc) * Nkà na ụzụ iwu ụlọ (B.Sc) * Nnyocha Ọnụ ọgụgụ (B.Sc) === Kọleji nke Sayensị Ahụike === * Ọgwụ na Ịwa Ahụ (MBBS) * Ahụike Ọha (BPH) * Anatomy nke Mmadụ (BSc) * Human Physiology (BSc) * Ahụike Ọha (MPH) == Ọbá akwụkwọ Prọfesọ Yusuf M. Karodia == [[Faịlụ:Nile.University_Library_building_7.jpg|thumb]] Ọbá akwụkwọ Mahadum Naịl nke Naịjirịa (Profesọ Yusuf M. Karodia Library) bụ ọ́bá akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ nke na-egbo mkpa ozi nke ndị ọrụ, ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nchọpụta na Mahadum Nile nke Naịjaria.<ref name=":3" /> Ọbá akwụkwọ Mahadum Naịl nke Naịjirịa bụ ọbá akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ nwere ọgụgụ isi, ngwakọta, nke oge a na nke ụwa nke nwere ihe ndị dị n'ahụ na nke mebere emepe, nke na-enye ndị na-akwado ya maka mmụta asọmpi zuru ụwa ọnụ, nkuzi na nyocha yana itinye aka na ọrụ ndị ọzọ achọrọ maka mmelite nke ebumnuche ụlọ ọrụ nke Mahadum Nile nke Naịl <ref>{{Cite book|author=Nkiko|first=Christopher|title=About Nile University of Nigeria Library|publisher=Nile University of Nigeria Press|year=2024|location=Abuja|language=English}}</ref> E guzobere Ọbá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Naịl nke Naịjirịa na 2009 (otu afọ ahụ e guzobere mahadum ahụ) iji kwado ebumnuche nkuzi, mmụta na nyocha nke mahadum ahụ. Na Nọvemba 27, 2024, a gbanwere aha ya n'aha Prọfesọ Yusuf M. Karodia, onye nkuzi na onye guzobere MANCOSA na Regent Business School.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2019-12-12|title=Mancosa founder, Prof. Yusuf Karodia, emerges African person of the year|url=https://honoris.net/mancosa-founder-prof-yusuf-karodia-emerges-african-person-of-the-year/|accessdate=2024-11-27|work=Honoris United Universities|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ dị n'akụkụ ụlọ Block B nke nwere ihe karịrị 24,000 mpịakọta nke nchịkọta (usoro gụnyere). Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye ihe ọmụma na mbipụta na usoro elektrọnik iji gboo mkpa nke ndị ọrụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ngalaba nka na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ngalaba nke sayensị njikwa, ngalaba nke Sayensị, ngalaba nke iwu, ngalaba nke injinia, ngalaba nke ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi, ngalaba nke kọmputa na kọleji nke sayensụ ahụike. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Eke|first=Ndukwe|title=Library Guide|publisher=Nile University of Nigeria|language=english}}</ref> E nwere ọbá akwụkwọ dị iche maka ngalaba nke ụmụ akwụkwọ iwu na ndị ọrụ nke dị na ngalaba nke iwu nke mahadum. Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ na-eji ngwanrọ nchịkwa ọbá akwụkwọ 'YORDAM' iji mee ka ọrụ ya rụọ ọrụ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> ILMS nwere ọtụtụ modulu nke na-enyere aka n'ịrụ ọrụ ụfọdụ n'ọbá akwụkwọ dị ka ịkwụ ụgwọ na ịhapụ ndị ọrụ, ndebanye aha ndị ọrụ, ikikere ndị ọrụ, katalọgụ na nhazi ọbá akwụkwọ nke ihe ọmụma, njikwa usoro na ndị ọzọ.  Ọnụọgụ akwụkwọ monograph na akụrụngwa eletrọniki. Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ na-ahazi akwụkwọ eletrọniki n'ọtụtụ ngalaba dị iche iche ma mee ka ndị ọrụ ọbá akwụkwọ nwee ike ịnweta ha n'ebe dị anya. E nwere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ 7000, gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ obodo na nke mba ọzọ. Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ na-edebanyekwa aha na nchekwa data nyocha maka ndị ọrụ ịnweta na ngalaba ọbá akwụkwọ eletrọniki nke ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ na n'ebe dị anya. Ndị a gụnyere: Ebscohost, Research4Life, Heinonline, LexisNexis, SCOPUS, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, OnePetro, Proquest, JSTOR.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Library|url=https://www.nileuniversity.edu.ng/nile-library/|accessdate=2024-05-14|work=Nile University|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye na-ahụ maka ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum bụ Prọfesọ Christopher Nkiko, onye na-edu ọbá akwụkwọ a ugbu a. O nwere ihe karịrị afọ 25 nke ahụmịhe n'ịchịkwa ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum. Ndị ọrụ nke ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere: ndị ọkachamara isii na ọbá akwụkwọ, ndị ọkachamara isii na ọbá akwụkwọ na otu onye enyemaka nchịkwa. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ndị NUN Library nyere gụnyere ma ọ bụghị nanị: * Ọrụ ntụaka n'ịntanetị na Nchịkọta Nchịkọta OziNhazi nke Ozi * Ọrụ ndị na-agagharị agagharị * Ọrụ Mgbasa Ozi ugbu a * Ọrụ n'etiti ọbá akwụkwọ * Ọrụ Ịgụ Ihe Ọmụma * Ọrụ Reprographic * Ọrụ mgbasa ozi * Ọrụ njikwa ihe ọmụma * Ọrụ nchekwa na nchekwa * Ọrụ nchekwa * Ọrụ Indexing &amp;amp; Abstracting * Ọrụ Bibliographic * Ọrụ E-ọbá akwụkwọ == Ikike ikike == Ndị otu mahadum Naịjirịa (NUC) na ndị ọkachamara dịka ICAN, COREN, Council of Legal Education, ARCON na Medical and Dental Council nke Naịjirịa (MDCN) kwadoro nzere mahadum a. <ref name="guardian.ng">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-03|title=Honoris United Universities welcomes Nile University of Nigeria to its Pan-African Network|url=https://guardian.ng/features/honoris-united-universities-welcomes-nile-university-of-nigeria-to-its-pan-african-network-2/|accessdate=2021-10-06|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> Ngalaba iwu nwetara nkwado site na Council of Legal Education (CLE) iji mee mmemme iwu postgraduate ma nabata usoro mbụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ postgraduate na 2022/2023 oge agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-18|title=Nile University Gains Approval for New Postgraduate Law Programs, Joins Exclusive Group of Legal Education Providers|url=https://www.nileuniversity.edu.ng/news/nile-university-gains-approval-for-new-postgraduate-law-programs-joins-exclusive-group-of-legal-education-providers/|accessdate=2022-05-27|work=Nile University|language=en-US}}</ref> == Usoro Mmeghe == Mahadum Naịl nke Naịjirịa nwere okwu mmeghe mbụ ya na Julaị 18, 2024, nke Prọfesọ Titilayo Obilade, prọfesọ nke Community Medicine, nyere. Isi okwu mmeghe ahụ bụ "Health Messaging: Currency for Today, Savings for Tomorrow". Prọfesọ Obilade jiri afọ ndị ọ nwere ahụmịhe na agụmakwụkwọ nakwa ọrụ ya na ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ na ọrụ obodo iji mesie ike mkpa ozi ahụike dị n'oge na nke ziri ezi na igbochi nsogbu ahụike n'oge dị mkpirikpi ma tọọ ntọala maka mmelite ahụike ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Vanguard|first=Vanuguard|date=July 24, 2024|title=Nile University of Nigeria Holds Landmark Inaugural Lecture; Shines Light on Key Role of Effective Messaging in National Health Promotion|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/nile-university-of-nigeria-holds-landmark-inaugural-lecture-shines-light-on-key-role-of-effective-messaging-in-national-health-promotion/|work=Vanguard Newspaper}}</ref> Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Steve A. Adeshina, prọfesọ nke Computer Vision and Engineering, kwuru okwu mmeghe nke abụọ n'October 17, 2024. Isi okwu nke nkuzi ahụ bụ "Machine Intelligence vs Human Intelligence: Can Machines Outperform Humans?" Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Chigozie nwere prọfesọ nke International Relations and Strategic Studies kwuru okwu nke atọ na Jenụwarị 23, 2025. Isi okwu ahụ bụ "Modern Trends and Issues in African Revolution: A New Perspective in African Politics". == Egwuregwu na agụmakwụkwọ == [[Faịlụ:Nile.University_New_Nile_BASKETBALL_-_Logo_(1).png|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke otu egwuregwu basketball]] [[Faịlụ:Nile.University_SPARTAN_NAME_LOGO.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ndị Spartans nke Naịl]] Mahadum Nile na-akwado otu egwuregwu basketball a na-akpọ Nile Spartans nke e guzobere na 2018, nke na-apụtakarị na ọkwa nke abụọ nke Nigerian National Basketball League ma merie National Division nke Abụọ a ma ama na Nọvemba 2019 na asọmpi Sam Ogwuche International Sports Foundation na June 2021. <ref name=":1" /><ref name="ReferenceA" /> Ndị otu ahụ, sonyeere National Division One league wee merie league na 2021. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-05|title=[SPONSORED] Nile University of Nigeria: Preparing Students for Success Through Sports|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/sponsored-nile-university-of-nigeria-preparing-students-for-success-through-sports/|accessdate=2021-10-06|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-08|title=Nile University of Nigeria promotes academic and sporting excellence among students with attractive scholarships|url=https://guardian.ng/features/nile-university-of-nigeria-promotes-academic-and-sporting-excellence-among-students-with-attractive-scholarships/|accessdate=2021-10-06|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> Mahadum ahụ na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere arụmọrụ pụrụ iche n'egwuregwu n'ọkwa mba ma ọ bụ ọkachamara agụmakwụkwọ egwuregwu zuru oke ma ọ bụrụ na ha esonye na otu egwuregwu basketball Nile.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-05|title=[SPONSORED] Nile University of Nigeria: Preparing Students for Success Through Sports|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/sponsored-nile-university-of-nigeria-preparing-students-for-success-through-sports/|accessdate=2021-10-06|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/sponsored-nile-university-of-nigeria-preparing-students-for-success-through-sports/ "&#x5B;SPONSORED&#x5D; Nile University of Nigeria: Preparing Students for Success Through Sports"]. ''Vanguard News''. 2021-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-06</span></span>.</cite></ref> Enwekwara agụmakwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nke sitere na 10% ruo 100% ma dabere na arụmọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na West African Examination Council (WAEC) na Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) . <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-08|title=Nile University of Nigeria promotes academic and sporting excellence among students with attractive scholarships|url=https://guardian.ng/features/nile-university-of-nigeria-promotes-academic-and-sporting-excellence-among-students-with-attractive-scholarships/|accessdate=2021-10-06|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://guardian.ng/features/nile-university-of-nigeria-promotes-academic-and-sporting-excellence-among-students-with-attractive-scholarships/ "Nile University of Nigeria promotes academic and sporting excellence among students with attractive scholarships"]. ''The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News''. 2020-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-06</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ndị na-eme egwuregwu na mahadum ahụ esonyewo na asọmpi dị iche iche ebe ọ meriri 2018 West African University Games, 8th National Swimming Championship (2018) na World Junior Tennis Tour (2019). <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-08|title=Nile University of Nigeria promotes academic and sporting excellence among students with attractive scholarships|url=https://guardian.ng/features/nile-university-of-nigeria-promotes-academic-and-sporting-excellence-among-students-with-attractive-scholarships/|accessdate=2021-10-06|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://guardian.ng/features/nile-university-of-nigeria-promotes-academic-and-sporting-excellence-among-students-with-attractive-scholarships/ "Nile University of Nigeria promotes academic and sporting excellence among students with attractive scholarships"]. ''The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News''. 2020-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-06</span></span>.</cite></ref> Na Febụwarị 2022, Mahadum Nile ruru eru maka mbipụta nke iri abụọ na isii nke Egwuregwu Mahadum Naịjirịa (NUGA) nke emere na Mahadum Lagos. Ọ bụ ngosipụta mbụ nke mahadum ahụ, ndị otu egwuregwu ahụ lọghachiri dịka Mahadum nke atọ nọ n'ọkwa nrite. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-11|title=Honoris-backed Nile University of Nigeria announces itself as the latest powerhouse in Nigerian university sports after NUGA Games Masterclass|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/features/honoris-backed-nile-university-of-nigeria-announces-itself-as-the-latest-powerhouse-in-nigerian-university-sports-after-nuga-games-masterclass/|accessdate=2022-05-27|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> === Kansụl nnọchiteanya ụmụ akwụkwọ (SRC) === Kansụl nnọchiteanya ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ ahọpụtara ịnọchite anya ndị otu sitere na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ ha. Ọ bụ onye isi ala na-eduzi ya nke osote onye isi ala nyere aka na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ so na kọmitii ndị isi ahọpụtara n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Your Representatives|url=https://nileuniversity.edu.ng/meet-your-representatives/|accessdate=2021-10-06|work=Nile University|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925033524/https://www.nileuniversity.edu.ng/meet-your-representatives/}}</ref> == Edemsibia == == Njikọ mpụga == # {{Cite web|author=Ososanya|first=Tunde|date=2020-01-14|title=Katsina indigene Hajara Abdulfatah bags 1st class from Nile University|url=https://www.legit.ng/1292471-hajara-kabeer-abulfatah-katsina-indigene-graduates-1st-class-nile-university.html|accessdate=2020-08-08|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}} # {{Cite web|author=Emmanson|first=Jerry|date=25 February 2020|title=How Nigeria Can Solve Current Socio-Economic Problems, Conflicts – Nile Varsity VC|url=https://leadership.ng/2020/02/25/how-nigeria-can-solve-current-social-economic-problems-conflicts-nile-varsity-vc/|accessdate=8 August 2020|work=Leadership Newspaper|language=en-US}} # {{Cite web|author=Chinedu|first=Grace|date=2019-10-29|title=We'Ve Elected Uneducated Leaders –Sanusi|url=https://infotrustng.com/weve-elected-uneducated-leaders-sanusi/|accessdate=2020-08-08|work=Infotrust News|language=en-US}} # {{Cite web|title=Top Universities in Federal Capital Territory {{!}} 2020 Federal Capital Territory University Ranking|url=https://www.unirank.org/ng/federal-capital-territory/|accessdate=2020-08-08|work=www.unirank.org}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s6y93637jye76josovcc3o5o6axoc3q 0 72547 688222 595868 2026-07-15T12:18:50Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 688222 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Novena university amai campus sci block.jpg|thumb|Novena University ]]   Mahadum Novena bụ mahadum onwe onye mbụ dị na Delta State nke dị na Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/student/know-your-university-nigeria-s-59-private-universities-locations-vice-chancellors-names-websites-dates-of-establishment-id3687732.html|title=Nigeria’s 59 private universities …locations, Vice Chancellors names, websites, dates of establishment|publisher=pulse.ng|work=Kukogho Iruesiri Samson|date=22 April 2015|accessdate=8 August 2015|archivedate=22 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822135528/http://www.pulse.ng/student/know-your-university-nigeria-s-59-private-universities-locations-vice-chancellors-names-websites-dates-of-establishment-id3687732.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-05|title=Imperatives for more universities in Delta|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/imperatives-for-more-universities-in-delta/|accessdate=2022-03-23|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> E guzobere Mahadum Novena iji mezuo ọchịchọ na ọchịchọ nke ndị ntorobịa na ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa bụ́ ndị na-enweghị ike ịnabata ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ndị dị adị nke na-enweghị ike inye ohere ma ọ bụ ịnabata ezigbo pasentị nke ndị na-achọ ma ọ bụ na-etinye akwụkwọ maka ha kwa afọ na Naịjirịa maka nnabata.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us – Novena University|url=https://novenauniversity.edu.ng/about-us/|accessdate=2021-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref> E hiwere Mahadum Novena n'afọ 2005. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Novena University - Details, Admission, Fees and Courses|url=https://www.manyuniversities.com/ogume-nigeria/novena-university|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531163320/https://www.manyuniversities.com/ogume-nigeria/novena-university|archivedate=May 31, 2024|accessdate=2022-03-23|work=www.manyuniversities.com}}</ref> Ọ na-etu ọnụ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ na-abụghị nke agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ndị a gụnyere ọbá akwụkwọ na ọrụ nchịkwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Novena University {{!}} Ranking & Review|url=https://www.unirank.org/ng/uni/novena-university/|accessdate=2021-09-15|work=www.unirank.org}}</ref> == Ihe ọmụmụ a kwadoro na Mahadum Novena == Mahadum Novena bụ otu n'ime mahadum onwe onye na Naịjirịa nke National Universities Commission (NUC) kwadoro n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Ọ na-enye mmemme dị iche iche nke na-emeghe maka ndị nwere mmasị.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-09|title=List of Courses Offered by Novena University|url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/novena-university-courses/|accessdate=2021-09-15|work=www.myschoolgist.com|language=en}}</ref> Ndepụta ọmụmụ nke Mahadum Novena na-enye: * Ịgụ Akụkọ * Biochemistry * Nchịkwa azụmahịa * Chemistry * Sayensị kọmputa * Sayensị kọmputa na [[Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ|mgbakọ na mwepụ]] * Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba * Nnyocha ike na mmanụ ala * Nkà na ụzụ nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi * Ego * Nnyocha ọgụgụ isi na nchekwa * Mmekọrịta mba ụwa na ọmụmụ atụmatụ * Iwu<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-06|title=Novena varsity commences law degree programme|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/01/novena-varsity-commences-law-degree-programme/|accessdate=2022-03-23|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * Mgbasa ozi ọha na eze * Microbiology * [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|Physics]] * [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|Physics]] na electronics * Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị * Nchịkwa ọha na eze * Ahụike ọha na ezeahụike obodo * Sociology == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == 3lropcz70mndzlpqdku0oa881ai87ia 0 72566 688224 595462 2026-07-15T12:24:56Z NiferO 20385 Re-added an image 688224 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Gate_of_Al_Qalam_University_Katsina_03.jpg|thumb|256x256px|Ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke Mahadum Al-Qalam Katsina]] '''Mahadum Al-Qalam, Katsina (AUK) ''', Mahadum Katsina nke a na-akpọbu Katsina (KUK) dị na Dutsinma Road, Katsina Steeti, Naịjirịa. E guzobere ya na 2005, ọ bụkwa mahadum Islam nke abụọ gọọmentị nyere ikike na Naịjirịa..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forms.auk.edu.ng/help/forms_on_sale.php|title=Forms on Sale :: Al-Qalam University Katsina – Nigeria|accessdate=2020-02-16|archivedate=2021-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227000712/http://forms.auk.edu.ng/help/forms_on_sale.php}}</ref> Mahadum a na-enwe ụlọ akwụkwọ/kọleji isii ugbu a: Kọleji nke Sayensị Mmekọrịta na Njikwa, Kọleji nke Sayensị Okike na Ngwa, Kọleji nke Mmụta, Kọleji nke Mmadụ, Kọleji nke Post Graduate Studies, na Kọleji nke Basic and Remedial Studies. Ọ na-enye nzere bachelọ iri abụọ na abụọ (n'ime ha ise na-enye ma mmemme oge niile na nke nwa oge), mmemme masta iri na otu, na mmemme PhD itoolu, niile nke National Universities Commission (NUC) kwadoro. Mmemme ọmụmụ ihe na mahadum a bụ ndị a:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.4icu.org/reviews/10748.htm|title=Al-Qalam University, Katsina &#124; Ranking & Review}}</ref> == Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ == E guzobere ọbá akwụkwọ Bilya Sanda (Khadimul Islam) na 2005 iji jeere ụmụ akwụkwọ Mahadum, ndị ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na ndị obodo Mahadum ozi ma nyekwa ihe ọmụma iji kwado ọrụ nkuzi na nyocha ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AL-Qalam Library|url=https://auk.edu.ng/library/e-Library.html|accessdate=2023-10-02|work=auk.edu.ng|archivedate=2024-03-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301041904/https://auk.edu.ng/library/e-Library.html}}</ref> == Kọleji nke Humanities == * B.A. [[Asụsụ Hausa]] * B.A. [[Arabic]] * B.A. [[Asụsụ Bekee]] * B.A. Ọmụmụ IslamỌmụmụ Alakụba == Kọleji nke Sayensị Okike na nke A Na-etinye n'Ọdịdị == * BSc. Sayensị nke ihe ndị dị ndụ * BSc. Chemistry * BSc. [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|Physics]] * BSc. [[Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ|mgbakọ na mwepụ]] * BSc. Sayensị kọmputa == Kọleji nke Mmụta == * B.A./Ed Arabic * B.A./Ed Hausa * B.A./Ed Islamic Studies * B.A./Ed Asụsụ Bekee * B.A./Ed mgbakọ na mwepụ * B.A./Ed Physics * B.A./Ed Chemistry * B.A./Ed Biology * B.A./Ed Geography == Kọleji nke Social & Management Sciences == * BSc. Accounting (oge ezumike na oge zuru ezu) * BSc. Nchịkwa azụmahịa (oge ezumike na oge zuru ezu) * BSc. Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba (oge ezumike na oge zuru ezu) * BSc. Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (oge ezumike na oge zuru ezu) * BSc. Sociology (oge ezumike na oge zuru ezu) == Kọleji nke Post Graduate Studies == * M.A. Arabic * M.A. Islamic Studies * M.A. Bekee * MBA * MSc. Ịgụ Akụkọ * MSc. Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa * MSc. Sayensị Kọmputa * MSc. Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba * MSc. mgbakọ na mwepụ * MSc. Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị * MSc. Sociology * Ph.D Accounting * Ph.D Arabic * Ph.D Business Administration * Ph.D Computer Science * Ph.D Economics * Ph.D Bekee * Ph.D Islamic Studies * Ph.D. mgbakọ na mwepụ * Ph.D Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Basic & Remedial Studies == * Ihe ngwọta * IJMB * Tupu Agha == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://auk.edu.ng Mahadum Al-qalam, Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Katsina] * [http://www.4icu.org/ng/ Mahadum na Naijiria] gbnga5q8t4uk1th6h8n9hgcy1tq7aho 0 72660 688264 595746 2026-07-16T06:49:14Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 688264 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Pesach (General) in the Schechter Letter.png|thumb|Akwụkwọ ozi Schechter ]] The '''Schechter Letter''',<ref>{{Cite book|author=Zhivkov|first=Boris|date=2015|title=Khazaria in the 9th and 10th Centuries|publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-29307-6}}</ref> also called the '''Genizah Letter'''[2] or '''Cambridge Document''',<ref>{{Cite book|author=Golden|first=Peter B.|date=2007|title=The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives - Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium|publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]]|chapter=The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism|isbn=978-9004160422}}</ref> was discovered in the Cairo Geniza by Solomon Schechter in 1912.[2] It is an anonymous Khazar letter discussing several matters including the wars of the early 940s, involving the Byzantine Empire, the Khazar Khaganate, and Kievan Rus'.[2] Scholars have debated its authenticity.[2] == Akwụkwọ Ozi ahụ == A kọwara Akwụkwọ Ozi Schechter dị ka akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka onye edemede Khazar a na-akpọghị aha ruo n'aka onye Juu a ma ama nke a na-amaghị aha ya. Ụfọdụ kwenyere na onye otu Constantinopolitan Khazar degaara Hasdai ibn Shaprut Akwụkwọ Ozi Schechter mgbe ọ gbalịsịrị idegara eze Khazar Joseph akwụkwọ ozi na nke na-enweghị isi mbụ ya (lee Akwụkwọ Ozi Khazar). Ụfọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịbeghị anya ekwuola na aha ndị na-ekwughachi ọdịnala ndị Juu dị omimi na enweghị ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere anya ọ bụla na-akwado akụkọ ya nwere ike itinye ya na ọdịnala nke ederede dị egwu banyere agbụrụ ndị furu efu nke Israel.<ref name="Stampfer" /> E tinyere akwụkwọ ozi ahụ n'ime mkpokọta Genizah nke Schechter nyere Mahadum Cambridge na 1898. Ọtụtụ n'ime folio ahụ enweghị ike ịgụ, naanị otu mkpụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ fọdụrụ dị. Nke a na-eme ka ịchọpụta kpọmkwem ọdịdị nke akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, mkparịta ụka ma ọ bụ akụkọ ifo ahụ doo anya. == Ihe odide ntọghata == Akwụkwọ ozi Schechter nwere akụkọ banyere ntọghata Khazar nke dị iche na nke Khazar Correspondence na Kuzari. N'ihe ndekọ Schechter Letter, ndị Juu si Peasia na Armenia kwagara Khazaria iji gbanahụ mkpagbu, ebe ha na ndị Khazars na-akwagharị akwagharị jikọtara, n'ikpeazụ na-agbakọta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Feldman|first=Alex M.|date=2022|title=The Monotheisation of Pontic-Caspian Eurasia: From the Eighth to the Thirteenth Century|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9781474478113}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, onye ndú agha siri ike bilitere (na Schechter Letter, a na-akpọ ya Sabriel), onye nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ime ka a kpọọ onwe ya onye onye ọchịchị nke ndị Khazars. Sabriel sitere n'agbụrụ ndị Juu mbụ, nwunye ya Serakh mere ka o kwenye ịnabata okpukpe ndị Juu, nke ndị ya sochiri ya.[6][7] Ihe na-esote n'akwụkwọ ozi ahụ furu efu ma e wezụga iberibe ole na ole. Akụkọ banyere alaeze Khazar na-adaba na enweghị isi iyi ndị Alakụba, ndị Juu ma ọ bụ ndị Byzantium site n'oge ahụ gbasara agha nke ịkwaga. Ọ dịkwa iche na isi iyi ọ bụla ọzọ a na-ebo ebubo na Khazar gbanwere gaa na okpukpe ndị Juu na aha ya nke ndị na-achị achị. Aha ndị metụtara, Sabriel bụ aha mmụọ ozi na ọdịnala ihe omimi ndị Juu, Serah bụ onye Bible, na nkwupụta nke agbụrụ Simiọn nke e dekọrọ ọnwụ ya na Bible, na-egosi Shaul Stampfer n'ụzọ siri ike na ederede ahụ bụ isi iyi a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọdịnala ndị Juu bara ọgaranya nke mmezu ọchịchọ na ederede ihe omimi banyere agbụrụ iri furu efu nke Izrel.<ref name="Stampfer">{{Cite journal|language=en|doi=10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1|title=Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=1–72|year=2013|author=Stampfer|first=Shaul}}</ref> == HLGW na Romanus == Akụkụ dị mkpa nke Akwụkwọ Ozi ahụ ka ọ dị ndụ na-akọ maka ihe mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya (nye onye dere ya) - mwakpo nke HLGW (ikekwe Oleg), onyeisi (knyaz) nke Rus, nke Eze Ukwu Byzantine Romanus nke Mbụ Lecapenus kpaliri.[8] Romanus, onye na-akpagbu ndị Juu, nwere ike ịchọ ịgbagha mmegwara Khazar maka amụma ya. Dịka Akwụkwọ Ozi ahụ si kwuo, onye isi Khazar Pesakh meriri HLGW na mpaghara Taman. Mgbe ndị Khazars chere ogbugbu ya ihu, HLGW kwetara ịwakpo Constantinople (n'ezie, mwakpo dị otú ahụ mere na 941), ebe e meriri ya wee gbaga FRS (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya Pesia), ebe ọ nwụrụ. [9] Ọ bụrụ na Oleg bụ Helgi (HLGW) n'ezie ma sonye n'agha ndị a, ''Akwụkwọ Ozi Genizah'' na-emegide Primary Chronicle, nke na-ekwu na Oleg nwụrụ na 912, ebe Novgorod First Chronicle na-ekwu ete ọ nwụrụ na 922.[10] == Mmetụta nke ederede == Ọ bụrụ na e were ya n'ụzọ nkịtị ma ọ bụghị dị ka akụkọ ifo nke agbụrụ ndị furu efu, akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-agbagha akụkọ ọdịnala nke ndị Khazars. Nke mbụ, nsụgharị ya nke ntọghata ahụ na-egosi na ọ bụ akụkụ ndị Juu maka ndị Khazar oge onye edemede ahụ. Ma nke a bụ akụkọ ziri ezi ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, ọ na-egosi na ndị Khazars lere onwe ha anya dị ka ndị otu ndị Juu zuru oke. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-ekwu na n'ụbọchị ndị mbụ mgbe ndị Khazars tọghatara gaa na okpukpe ndị Juu, ụfọdụ Ndị Alani emeela okpukpe ndị Juu ruo n'ókè nke na Alania bịara ịzọpụta Khazaria n'aka ndị iro ya (ahịrị 52-53). [11] Nke a bụ naanị ihe akaebe na-akwado ihe ndekọ Benjamin nke Tudela banyere okpukpe ndị Juu na Alania. Tinyere nke ahụ, ọ bụrụ na HLGW dị n'akwụkwọ ahụ na-ezo aka na Oleg (Helgi), ma o sonye n'agha ndị a, Akwụkwọ Genizah ga-emegide Primary Chronicle, nke na-ekwu na Oleg nwụrụ na 912, ebe Novgorod First Chronicle na-ekwu na ọ nwụrụ na 922.[10] Kama onye ga-anọchi ya bụ Igor nke Kiev chịrị site na 912 ruo ogbugbu ya na 944, dịka Primary Chronicle si kwuo, Constantine Zuckerman (1995) kwubiri na Igor chịrị naanị site n'oge ọkọchị nke 941 ruo oge oyi nke 945.[12] N'afọ ndị gara aga, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta elegharala akaụntụ Schechter Letter anya;[2] Zuckerman ekwuola na akụkọ Schechter Letter kwekọrọ na isi mmalite Rus ndị ọzọ, ọ na-egosikwa na ọgụ dị n'ime ọchịchị Rus mbụ n'etiti otu ndị na-akwado Oleg na Igor, ọgụ nke Oleg meriri n'ikpeazụ. Zuckerman kwuru na a ga-ekpebi usoro oge mbụ nke Rus n'ihi isi mmalite ndị a. N'ime nkwenkwe Zuckerman na ndị ọzọ nyochachara isi mmalite ndị a bụ na ndị Khazars efughị ​​Kiev ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 10 (kama ịbụ 882, ụbọchị ọdịnala), na Igor abụghị nwa Rurik kama ọ bụ onye sitere n'agbụrụ dị anya karị, nakwa na Oleg esoghị Rurik ozugbo, kama na e nwere ọgbọ furu efu n'etiti onye nwe Varangian a ma ama na ndị ga-anọchi ya. == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|authorlink=Kevin Alan Brook|first=Kevin Alan|author=Brook|title=The Jews of Khazaria|edition=3rd|location=Lanham|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2018|isbn=978-1538103425}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Douglas M. Dunlop|author=Dunlop|first=Douglas M.|title=The History of the Jewish Khazars|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1954}} * {{Cite book|author=Golb|first=Norman|title=Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century|location=Ithaca|publisher=Cornell Univ. Press|year=1982|isbn=0-8014-1221-8}} * {{Cite journal|author=Zuckerman|first=Constantine|title=On the Date of the Khazar's Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus Oleg and Igor|journal=[[Revue des études byzantines]]|volume=53|year=1995|pages=237–270|doi=10.3406/rebyz.1995.1906|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_0766-5598_1995_num_53_1_1906}} * {{Cite journal|author=Ostrowski|first=Donald|date=2018|title=Was There a Riurikid Dynasty in Early Rus'?|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/css/52/1/article-p30_2.xml|journal=Canadian-American Slavic Studies|volume=52|issue=1|pages=30–49|doi=10.1163/22102396-05201009}} * {{Cite journal|language=en|doi=10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1|title=Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?|journal=Jewish Social Studies|volume=19|issue=3|pages=1–72|year=2013|author=Stampfer|first=Shaul}} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hpdfzuw6s0rrdvw0hohf13rcd0gg3av 0 72716 688266 595914 2026-07-16T06:52:11Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 688266 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Or ha-maʻarav.jpg|thumb|Ma ọbụ ha-maʻarav]]   '''''Ma ọ bụ ha-Maʿarav''''' (Hibru: אור המ 11:20), ma ọ bụ La Lumière du Maroc bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ọnwa nke ndị Juu na-ebipụta n'asụsụ Judeo-Arabic site n'aka ụmụnna Hadida site na 1922 ruo 1924 na Casablanca, Morocco. <ref>{{Cite web|title=⁨⁨Or ha-maʻarav⁩ - ⁨אור המערב⁩⁩ {{!}} Newspapers {{!}} The National Library of Israel|url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/ormarv|accessdate=2021-12-11|work=www.nli.org.il|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Zagury, Yaḥyā|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0022520|accessdate=2021-12-11|doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0022520}}</ref> Isiokwu nchịkọta akụkọ ya bụ Zionist.[1] Ndị ọchịchị France mechiri ya..<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Bensoussan|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MRActGa2OgC&pg=PA185|title=Il tait Une Fois Le Maroc: Tmoignages Du Pass Judo-marocain|date=May 2012|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4759-2608-8|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * ''Ihe Ndị A Na-eme n'Otu'' == Edensibia == <references /> s2kr9v0ugaw40fvjdfklvudajh9wgqc 3 75815 688280 655850 2026-07-16T11:37:59Z King ChristLike 13051 /* Translation quality */ nkeji ohúrù 688280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Confidence24|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 12:01, 15 Mee 2026 (UTC)}} == Ndezi ederede == Ndewo Nwa afọ, Biko gbalịa iji edensibịa dịka aha paragraf Edensibịa (paragraf) gị karịa iji ihe odide maọbụ ntụaka. [[User:Akwugo|Akwugo]] ([[User talk:Akwugo|talk]]) 13:08, 15 Jụn 2026 (UTC) Dalu [[Ojiarụ:Confidence24|Confidence24]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Confidence24|ṅkátá]]) 13:16, 15 Jụn 2026 (UTC) == Translation quality == Daalu maka translations gi. But there are a lot of omissions. While translating, do well to proofread and be sure that there are no omissions or incorrectly translated words before finally publishing. And after publishing, go through the article again to verify the references and see if there are areas to improve or correct. To get started, take a look at all the translations [https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8Cp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5iche%3AContributions&target=Confidence24&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=2026-06-06&end=2026-07-06&limit=1000 here.] Kindly add the missing content and references from the enwiki page, and generally improve the articles to ensure that content integrity is maintained. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 11:37, 16 Julaị 2026 (UTC) 0t3mfs7walqnnq4so0n775npvesmwbt 688281 688280 2026-07-16T11:41:51Z Confidence24 24524 /* Translation quality */ Zaghachi 688281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Confidence24|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 12:01, 15 Mee 2026 (UTC)}} == Ndezi ederede == Ndewo Nwa afọ, Biko gbalịa iji edensibịa dịka aha paragraf Edensibịa (paragraf) gị karịa iji ihe odide maọbụ ntụaka. [[User:Akwugo|Akwugo]] ([[User talk:Akwugo|talk]]) 13:08, 15 Jụn 2026 (UTC) Dalu [[Ojiarụ:Confidence24|Confidence24]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Confidence24|ṅkátá]]) 13:16, 15 Jụn 2026 (UTC) == Translation quality == Daalu maka translations gi. But there are a lot of omissions. While translating, do well to proofread and be sure that there are no omissions or incorrectly translated words before finally publishing. And after publishing, go through the article again to verify the references and see if there are areas to improve or correct. To get started, take a look at all the translations [https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8Cp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5iche%3AContributions&target=Confidence24&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=2026-06-06&end=2026-07-06&limit=1000 here.] Kindly add the missing content and references from the enwiki page, and generally improve the articles to ensure that content integrity is maintained. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 11:37, 16 Julaị 2026 (UTC) :Ok, thank you [[Ojiarụ:Confidence24|Confidence24]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Confidence24|ṅkátá]]) 11:41, 16 Julaị 2026 (UTC) bu0yew3yadb4xdfo29u5wskz72rrcjs 0 76029 688253 673921 2026-07-16T03:01:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688253 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Arlene Raven giving graduation speech (1979).jpg|thumb|Arlene Raven]] '''Arlene Raven''' ('''Arlene Rubin''': Julaị 12, 1944, Baltimore, Maryland - Ọgọst 1, 2006, Brooklyn, New York) bụ ọkà mmụta ihe nkà mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị, odee, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi na onye nlekọta. Raven so guzobe ọtụtụ òtù nkà ụmụ nwanyị na Los Angeles n'afọ ndị 1970. == Ndụ na ọrụ == Nne na nna Arlene Raven bụ Joseph na Annette Rubin, ha bụ ndị Juu-Amerịka bi na Baltimore, Maryland.<ref name="legacy.com">[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/baltimoresun/obituary.aspx?pid=172164204 "Joseph Rubin Obituary"], ''Baltimore Sun'', August 20, 2014, via [[Legacy.com]]. Note that Joseph Rubin's obituary lists Arlene as a decedent family member, but spells the last name "Ravan".</ref> Nna ya bụ onye nwe ụlọ mmanya, nne ya bụkwa onye na-elekọta ụlọ.<ref name="legacy.com" /> Raven nwetara Artium Baccalaureatus na Hood College dị na [[Mérílạnd|Maryland]] na 1965, wee gaa n'ihu ịgụchaa akwụkwọ. <ref name="woo" /> Ọ nwetara MFA na eserese na Mahadum George Washington ma mechaa PhD na akụkọ nka na Mahadum Johns Hopkins na 1975. <ref name="woo" /> Raven bụ onye isi na ngagharị nkà ụmụ nwanyị ma sorokwa n'ọrụ iji kụziere ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe ma nye ha ohere ịrụ ọrụ nke metụtara ahụmịhe ha dịka ụmụ nwanyị <ref name="studio">{{Cite journal|author=Arlene Raven|title=The Feminist Studio Workshop|journal=Womanspace|date=April–May 1973|volume=1}}</ref> Na 1973, Raven sonyere Judy Chicago na Sheila Levrant de Bretteville wee guzobe Feminist Studio Workshop .<ref name="The Woman's Building">{{Cite web|title=The Woman's Building|url=http://womansbuilding.org/timeline.htm|work=Timeline|accessdate=November 1, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125014956/http://www.womansbuilding.org/timeline.htm|archivedate=November 25, 2011}}</ref> Ebumnobi nke Feminist Studio Workshop, ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà nọọrọ onwe ya nke e guzobere na Los Angeles Woman's Building, bụ ịbịakọta ọnụ dịka òtù nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọrụ ha na-etolite site na ahụmịhe ha na-ekerịta dịka ụmụ nwanyị na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ha na ibe ha, e tinyere nkwusi ike na "mmekọ ihe ọnụ, mmekorita na ịbụ nwanne nwanyị."<ref name="studio" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, Raven sonyere ọkammụta nkà Ruth Iskin, onye gụkwara akwụkwọ na Johs Hopkins wee guzobe" The Center for Feminist Art Historical Studies".<ref name="hands">{{Cite book|author=Wilding|first=Faith|title=By Our Own Hands|year=1977|publisher=Double X|location=Santa Monica, CA}}</ref> Ebe a raara onwe ya nye maka nyocha siri Ike gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe osise, ịmepụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkà ihe osise na ịmepụta ihe ndekọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị .<ref name="hands" /> Raven sokwa hiwe ma dezie akwụkwọ akụkọ omenala ụmụ nwanyị bụ ''Chrysalis.''<ref name="Chicago" /> N'afọ 1976, ọ bụ onye guzobere The Lesbian Art Project; ya onwe ya bụkwa onye na-enwe mmasị nwanyị ibe ya.<ref name="The Woman's Building" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNCJAwAAQBAJ&q=arlene+raven+lesbian&pg=PA31|title=The Queer Encyclopedia of the Visual Arts - Claude J. Summers - Google Books|accessdate=2018-12-04|isbn=9781573441919|author=Summers|first=Claude J.|year=2004|publisher=Cleis Press}}</ref> Ndị òtù ahụ nyochara omume ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-enwe mmasị nwanyị ibe ha site na nkà, ha nyochakwara ndị omenkà nwanyị na-enwe mmasị nwanyị n' oge gara aga dịka onye na-ese ihe bụ Romaine Brooks, ma jụọ ajụjụ gbasara ihe okwu ahụ " ndị na-enwe mmasị nwanyị" pụtara n'omenala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=From Site to Vision: The Woman's Building in Contemporary Culture|year=2011|publisher=OTIS College of Art and Design|location=Los Angeles, CA|first=Terry|author=Wolverton|chapter=Lesbian Art : A Partial Inventory|editor=Hale}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye hiwere òtù Women’s Caucus for Art.<ref name="photo">{{Cite web|title=Biography: Arlene Raven|url=http://www.cla.purdue.edu/waaw/corinne/Raven.htm|work=Lesbian Photography on the West Coast, 1972–1977|publisher=Women Artists of the American West|accessdate=November 1, 2011|archivedate=September 28, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928093023/http://www.cla.purdue.edu/waaw/corinne/Raven.htm}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye nye Feminist Studio Workshop, Raven kụzikwaara na California Institute of the Arts, Maryland Institute College of Art, Parsons The New School for Design, UCLA, University of Southern California na The New School for Social Research. <ref name="photo" />N'afọ ndị 1980 ọ ghọrọ onye isi na-enyocha nka maka Village Voice . <ref name="Chicago">{{Cite web|author=Chicago|first=Judy|title=Arlene Raven Feminist Art Activist 1944 – 2006|url=http://jwa.org/weremember/raven|work=We Remember|accessdate=November 1, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922120916/http://jwa.org/weremember/raven|archivedate=September 22, 2011}}</ref> Ọ haziri ihe ngosi iri, gụnyere ndị e mere maka Baltimore Museum of Art na Long Beach Museum of Art . <ref name="woo">{{Cite web|author=Woo|first=Elaine|title=Arlene Raven, 62; Established L.A. Center to Support Female Artists|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-aug-13-me-raven13-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=August 13, 2006|accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> Otu ihe ngosi a ma ama bụ "At Home," "nke kpọkọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na echiche ndị ọ kwadoro n'ime afọ iri gara aga. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lovelace|first=Carey|title=Bringing It All Back Home|journal=Artforum International|date=Nov 2006|volume=45|issue=3|pages=61–62|id={{ProQuest|214349890}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> N'afọ 2000, Raven ghọrọ onye nkatọ n'ebe obibi Rinehart School of Sculpture na Maryland Institute College of Art . <ref name="woo"/> N'afọ 2002, ọ natara ihe nrite Frank Jewett Mather maka nkatọ nka site na College Art Association . <ref name="caa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.collegeart.org/awards/matherpast|title=Awards|publisher=The College Art Association|accessdate=October 11, 2010}}</ref> Raven nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa n'ụlọ ya na Brooklyn, New York, na Ọgọst 1, 2006, mgbe ọ dị afọ 62. <ref name="woo"/> Ndị ọ hapụrụ bụ Nna ya, nwanne ya nwanyị Phyllis Gelman, na Nancy Grossman, onye ya na ya biri ndụ afọ iri abụọ na atọ. == Akwụkwọ == Raven dere akwụkwọ itoolu, gụnyere: * Feminist Art Criticism: An Anthology (1988) (and editor) OCLC 581561464   * Crossing Over: Feminism and Art of Social Concern (1988) OCLC 901903194   * Art in Public Interest (1989) OCLC 502660046   * New feminist criticism : art, identity, action (1994) OCLC 27816089   Akwụkwọ edemede: * ''Nancy Grossman'' (1991) * June Wayne: Tunnel of the Senses (1997) == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928093023/http://www.cla.purdue.edu/waaw/corinne/Raven.htm Akụkọ ndụ] E debere na Wayback Machine {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Raven, Arlene}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 9bhebk669bk7p7xpuf5qon1ffz3l3is 0 76493 688227 672936 2026-07-15T14:03:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[W:ig:Agathe-Pauline Caylac de Caylan|Agathe-Pauline Caylac de Caylan]], '''Comtesse de Bradi''' (1 Mee 1782 - 7 Mee 1847) bụ onye odee akwụkwọ nke mba French nke nyere aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ, mepụtara ọmụmụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Corsica ma dee akwụkwọ maka ndị na-eto eto. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Caylac de Ceylan na 1 Mee afo 1782 na mba Paris, France . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bradi, Agathe Pauline Caylac de Ceylan|url=https://data.cerl.org/thesaurus/cnp01369454|accessdate=2026-04-21|work=CERL Thesaurus}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Chronological Bibliography: Comtesse de Bradi|url=https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ch.cgi?206893+All|accessdate=2026-04-21|work=The Internet Speculative Fiction Database}}</ref> Nna ya Guillaume Caylac de Ceylan bụ Knight nke Saint-Louis na kwa onyeisi ndị agha ịnyịnya nke sitere na Basque.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=de Montferrand|first=Alfred|authorlink=|url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Les_Femmes_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bres_contemporaines_fran%C3%A7aises|title=Les Femmes célèbres contemporaines françaises|date=1843|pages=49-54|language=fr|chapter=Mme La comtesse de Bradi|chapterurl=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Les_Femmes_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bres_contemporaines_fran%C3%A7aises/Bradi}}</ref> Nne ya bụ Bonne-Mille-Claude Caylac de Ceylan (née de Newer) si Sweden.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Bradi, Agathe-Pauline Caylac de Ceylan|url=https://shewrote.rich.ru.nl/persons/dc6749dc-204d-4125-804b-3131d23fc492/|accessdate=2026-04-21|work=SHE WROTE}}</ref> Caylac de Ceylan lụrụ onye bụ isi obodo Corsican mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|author=Sarrut|first=Germain|url=http://archive.org/details/biographiedeshom0301sarr|title=Biographie des hommes du jour industriels,--conseillers-d'État,--artistes,--chambellans,--députés,--prêtres,--militaires,--écrivains,--rois,--diplomates,--pairs,--gens de justice,--princes,--espions fameux,--savans.|date=1835|publisher=Paris : H. Krabe|others=Boston Public Library|pages=254|language=fr}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSarrutSaint-Edme1835">Sarrut, Germain; Saint-Edme, Théodore Bourg (1835). [[iarchive:biographiedeshom0301sarr|''Biographie des hommes du jour industriels,--conseillers-d'État,--artistes,--chambellans,--députés,--prêtres,--militaires,--écrivains,--rois,--diplomates,--pairs,--gens de justice,--princes,--espions fameux,--savans'']] (in French). Boston Public Library. Paris : H. Krabe. p.&nbsp;254.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Duplessy|first=Joseph|url=http://archive.org/details/DuplessyTresorLitteraireDesJeunesPersonnes|title=Trésor littéraire des jeunes personnes|date=1862|pages=277|language=fr}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDuplessy1862">Duplessy, Joseph (1862). [[iarchive:DuplessyTresorLitteraireDesJeunesPersonnes|''Trésor littéraire des jeunes personnes'']] (in French). p.&nbsp;277.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Comtesse Agathe-Pauline Caylac de Ceylan de Bradi|url=https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Comtesse-Agathe-Pauline-Caylac-de-Ceylan-de-Bradi/359462|accessdate=2026-04-21|work=Babelio|archivedate=2025-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806145500/https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Comtesse-Agathe-Pauline-Caylac-de-Ceylan-de-Bradi/359462}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''Babelio''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ sooro di ya gaa mba Ịtali e merụọ di ya ahụ site na shrapnel nke Siege of Genoa ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ nwụọ n'ihi agụụ.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ ghọsịrị nne nke ụmụ atọ, Caylac de Ceylan laghachiri France, biri na Château de Rebrechien, nso Orléans.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3" /> Caylac de Ceylan bipụtara akwụkwọ gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Corsica, nke a jụrụ mgbe ọdịda Napoleon gasịrị.<ref name=":5"/> N'afọ 1826, o bipụtara nkatọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe nke echiche nke onye odee akwụkwọ nke ndi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndi François Dominique de Reynaud, Comte de Montlosier, nke Vatican City nabatara nke ọma mana ọ mere ka ndị Liberals kpọọ ya onye ara, onye nzuzu Ndị Jesuit.<ref name=":3"/> Caylac de Ceylan bụ onye nyere aka na magazin ejiji, Journal des dames et des modes nke site na 1818, <ref name=":2"/> na-ede banyere omume na ụkpụrụ omume. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=L’ÉPINAY (Marie de) 1801-1864|url=https://www.theatre-documentation.com/l-epinay-marie-de-1801-1864|accessdate=2026-04-21|work=Theatre-documentation|language=fr}}</ref> O dekwara akwụkwọ maka ndị na-eto eto, nke ndi gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi La fille spectre (''1833''), nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka The Little Dead Woman (1836). <ref name=":0"/> [[Joseph Duplessy]] dere banyere Caylac de Ceylan na "ihe niile nke sitere na mkpịsị akwụkwọ ya bụ ihe nke a na-amata site na ịdị elu nke echiche ya, ịdị elu nke metụtara ya, ihe nke amara nke ụdị ya". <ref name=":4"/> Na mgbakwunye na ide ihe, Caylac de Ceylan nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị oké ozu. <ref name=":6"/> onye nede akwụkwọ akụkọ na onye odee na-ede akwụkwọ gbasara agụmakwụkwọ bụ Stéphanie Félicité, Comtesse de Genlis mere ya enyi.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/> Caylac de Ceylan nwụrụ n'abalị 7 Mee n'afo 1847 na mba Paris, France, mgbe ọ dị afọ 65.<ref name=":0"/> Nwa ya nwanyị Marie de L'Épinay ghọkwara onye edemede.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":6"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1836) Biographie des femmes auteurs contemporaines françaises / avec portraits dessinés de selon nature par M. Jules Boilly; et sous la dire. ''nke Maazị Alfred de Montferrand dere''. peeji nke 47. {{Authority control}} 9gvwx75cv3svpbm55txtyg5zsf697rm 0 76679 688226 655651 2026-07-15T13:47:44Z King ChristLike 13051 /* Ebensibịa */ fixed typo 688226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Osimiri Kakum''' bụ mmiri dị na Esuekyir, mpaghara nke dị na Cape Coast na Central Region nke Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 June 2008|title=Kakum River claims three lives in Cape Coast|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/168833/kakum-river-claims-three-lives-in-cape-coast.html|accessdate=15 October 2024|work=Modern Ghana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Otchere|first=Gertrude Owireduwaah|date=2023-04-11|title=Running water sweeps away boy, 12, at Cape Coast - Adomonline.com|url=https://www.adomonline.com/running-water-sweeps-away-boy-12-at-cape-coast/|accessdate=2024-10-15|language=en-US}}</ref> Akpọrọ mpaghara nchekwa Kakum aha osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-05|title=Kakum National Park anticipates more than 20,000 visitors in December - MyJoyOnline|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/kakum-national-park-anticipates-more-than-20000-visitors-in-december/|accessdate=2024-10-15|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Majumder|first=Rupankar|date=7 August 2022|title=Aluminium ladders support the canopy walkway at Kakum National Park, Ghana|url=https://www.alcircle.com/news/aluminium-ladders-support-the-canopy-walkway-at-kakum-national-park-ghana-82203|accessdate=15 October 2024|work=AL Circle}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, a kpụrụ osimiri ahụ iji gbochie idei mmiri na mpaghara Kwaprow.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 July 2013|title=Veep inspects Kakum River dredging project|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/478444/veep-inspects-kakum-river-dredging-project.html|accessdate=15 October 2024|work=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ na-enye mmiri na Cape Coast na ihe dịka obodo na obodo 133 ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 October 2024|title=Kakum National Park (Assin Attandanso Reserve) (#)|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1396/|accessdate=15 October 2024|work=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọdịdị nke Osimiri Kakum: Nnyocha na obere Osimiri ọhịa na Central Region, Ghana (Thesis). [[University of cape coast|Mahadum nke Cape Coast]]. * Addico, Gloria & Lawton, Linda & Edwards, Christine. (2017). ''Hepatotoxic-Microcystins na ebe nchekwa mmiri ọṅụṅụ abụọ na Central Region nke Ghana''. Toxicology na Forensic Medicine - Open Journal. 2. 1-11. 10.17140/TFMOJ-2-111. * Abraham, Ernest Mensah (2003). [https://&#x3C;i&#x20;id= iess.ug.edu.gh/sites/iess.ug.edu.gh/files/Student_Projects/2003%20IESS%20-%20The%20Impact%20of%20Human%20Activities%20on%20the%20Kakum%20River,%20Central%20Region.pdf" id="mwZQ" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">"Ihe omume ụmụ mmadụ na-eme n'osimiri KAKUM, mpaghara etiti"] (PDF). iess.ug.edu.gh. E nwetara ya n'abalị iri na ise n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2024. 1msgvk9ekjvg5qomghtx78laov46qq4 0 76701 688240 655690 2026-07-15T19:09:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688240 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Alexandru-Ionuț Petrișor''' (amụrụ na 6 Julaị 1975) bụ onye ọkà mmụta na onye nyocha Romania nke bụ ọkachamara na gburugburu ebe obibi obodo na ọdịdị ala. Ọ bụ ọkammụta na Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism na Bucharest, ebe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dịka onye nduzi nke Doctoral School of Urban Planning. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ nkuzi dịka ọkammụta na Mahadum Nkà na ụzụ nke Moldova na Chișinău , ọ bụkwa onye nyocha na National Institute for Research and Development in Constructions, Urbanism and Sustainable Spatial Development (URBAN-INCERC) dị na Bucharest, ebe o nwere ọrụ nyocha na nchịkọta akụkọ. .<ref name="IMUAU">{{Cite web|title=Alexandru-Ionuț Petrișor|publisher=Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism|url=https://www.uauim.ro/en/university/faculty/alexandru-ionut-petrisor/}}</ref><ref name="ORCID">{{Cite web|title=ORCID record: Alexandru-Ionuț Petrișor|publisher=ORCID|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2159-4034}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Petrișor gụrụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na Mahadum Bucharest, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ na 1997. O mechara nweta nzere masta nke sayensị na ahụike ọhaneze yana ọkachamara na biostatistics site na Mahadum South Carolina n'afọ 2000. N'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ gụchara PhD na sayensị ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na 2004. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexandru-Ionuţ Petrişor|url=http://environmetrics.ro/Papers/2016_Carte_ECO.pdf|work=environmetrics}}</ref> O nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate nke abụọ na geography na Mahadum Bucharest na 2011 wee nweta asambodo postgraduate na European Project Management na Mahadum Bucharest nke Akụ na ụba. N'afọ 2014, o nwetara ọrụ nhazi obodo site n'aka Ministri Mmụta nke Romania.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexandru-Ionuţ PETRIŞOR|url=https://doctorat.unibuc.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/CV_Petrisor_aLEXANDRU-iONUT.pdf|work=doctorat.unibuc.ro}}</ref> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya == Petrișor sonyeere ngalaba nke Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism na 2009 dịka osote prọfesọ (ọkankuzi). E buliri ya n'ọkwa prọfesọ na 2016, nakwa n'afọ 2022. Na 2015, o hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ Doctoral School of Urban Planning na mahadum ahụ, mmemme doctoral mbụ na Romania raara onwe ya nye naanị maka ngalaba a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PETRIŞOR Alexandru-Ionuţ - Institutul Național de Administrație|url=https://ina.gov.ro/formatori/prezentari-formatori/alexandru-ionut-petrisor|work=ina.gov.ro|language=ro-ro|accessdate=2026-06-13|archivedate=2025-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208075244/https://ina.gov.ro/formatori/prezentari-formatori/alexandru-ionut-petrisor}}</ref> O jeekwala ozi dịka prọfesọ nleta na Malaysia na Algeria ma tinye aka na ọtụtụ ogbako mba ụwa na ọrụ nyocha..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Petrișor|first=A. I.|year=2017|title=Joint ecological, geographical and planning vision of the components of urban socio-ecological complexes|journal=Lucrările Seminarului Geografic "Dimitrie Cantemir"|volume=45|doi=10.15551/lsgdc.v45i0.15}}</ref> == Nnyocha == Nnyocha Petrișor gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi obodo, mgbanwe ọdịdị ala, na usoro atụmatụ oghere. O mepụtala usoro echiche nke na-ejikọta ụzọ gburugburu ebe obibi na ala na usoro obodo, na-elekwasị anya na ụdị dị iche iche, nhazi oghere, na mgbanwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=O importantă donație de carte pentru studenții și profesorii arhitecți ai FUA-UTM|url=https://utm.md/blog/2023/02/09/o-importanta-donatie-de-carte-pentru-studentii-si-profesorii-arhitecti-ai-fua-utm/|work=utm.md|language=ro-RO|date=9 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Petrișor|first=A. I.|year=2022|title=Mechanisms of Change in Urban Green Infrastructure—Evidence from Romania and Poland|journal=Land|volume=11|issue=5|doi=10.3390/land11050592}}</ref> Otu isiokwu dị mkpa nke ọrụ ya metụtara mgbanwe nke ala na ojiji ala, gụnyere mmepe obodo nke ụsọ oké osimiri, mgbanwe nke oghere ahịhịa ndụ nke obodo, na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-eji ala eme ihe ogologo oge n'[[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Petrișor|first=A. I.|year=2020|title=Degradation of coastlines under the pressure of urbanization and tourism: Evidence on the change of land systems from Europe, Asia and Africa|journal=Land|volume=9|issue=8|doi=10.3390/land9080275}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Petrișor|first=A. I.|year=2020|title=Trends in the national and regional transitional dynamics of land cover and use changes in Romania|journal=Remote Sensing|volume=12|issue=2|doi=10.3390/rs12020230}}</ref> O tinyekwara aka n'usoro ọnụọgụgụ maka nnyocha obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-etinye usoro ọnụọgụgụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ iji chọpụta nkwado na ịdị mma nke ndụ n'obodo ukwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Petrișor|first=A. I.|year=2020|title=Exploring the Urban Strength of Small Towns in Romania|journal=Social Indicators Research|volume=152|issue=3|doi=10.1007/s11205-020-02465-x}}</ref> Petrișor is known A maara Pastrisor maka ọrụ ya gbasara mbipụta ndị na-eri anụ na ụkpụrụ omume agụmakwụkwọ. Na 2017, o bipụtara nyocha nke atụmatụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị na-eri anụ na-eji, na 2021 o dere edemede na-enyocha ide ihe n'akwụkwọ na omume rụrụ arụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Petrișor|first=A. I.|year=2017|title=Evolving strategies of the predatory journals|journal=Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science|volume=21|issue=1|doi=10.22452/mjlis.vol21no1.1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Petrișor|first=A. I.|year=2021|title=Predation, Plagiarism, and Perfidy|journal=Portal: Libraries and the Academy|volume=21|issue=2|doi=10.1353/pla.2021.0037}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ibipụta == * {{Cite journal|author=Petrișor|first=A. I.|year=2022|title=Mechanisms of Change in Urban Green Infrastructure—Evidence from Romania and Poland|journal=Land|volume=11|issue=5|doi=10.3390/land11050592}} * {{Cite journal|author=Petrișor|first=A. I.|year=2020|title=Degradation of coastlines under the pressure of urbanization and tourism: Evidence on the change of land systems from Europe, Asia and Africa|journal=Land|volume=9|issue=8|doi=10.3390/land9080275}} * {{Cite journal|author=Petrișor|first=A. I.|year=2021|title=Dynamics of Open Green Areas in Polish and Romanian Cities during 2006–2018: Insights for Spatial Planners|journal=Remote Sensing|volume=13|issue=20|doi=10.3390/rs13204041}} * {{Cite journal|author=Petrișor|first=A. I.|year=2020|title=Exploring the Urban Strength of Small Towns in Romania|journal=Social Indicators Research|volume=152|issue=3|doi=10.1007/s11205-020-02465-x}} * {{Cite journal|author=Petrișor|first=A. I.|year=2017|title=Evolving strategies of the predatory journals|journal=Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science|volume=21|issue=1|doi=10.22452/mjlis.vol21no1.1}} * {{Cite journal|author=Petrișor|first=A. I.|year=2021|title=Predation, Plagiarism, and Perfidy|journal=Portal: Libraries and the Academy|volume=21|issue=2|doi=10.1353/pla.2021.0037}} == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * Urban Concept Diplomas (2009, 2014) nyere na nzukọ mba Romanian na mmepe obodo * Ntinye na ndekọ akụkọ ndụ dị ka Dictionary of Contemporary Romanian Inventors, Empire Who's Who, na Marquis Who'sWho (2004-2008) * Nkwado ụlọ ọrụ maka mbipụta na akwụkwọ akụkọ Q1 na Q2 (2014-2023) == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 32vep4dybxasezx2vvml20bt7szh9v4 3 76706 688276 655698 2026-07-16T11:29:56Z King ChristLike 13051 /* Quality translations */ nkeji ohúrù 688276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Amaka of God|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 00:00, 14 Jụn 2026 (UTC)}} == Quality translations == Daalu maka translations gi. But there are a lot of omissions. While translating, do well to proofread and be sure that there are no omissions or incorrectly translated words before finally publishing. And after publishing, go through the article again to verify the references and see if there are areas to improve or correct. To get started, take a look at all the translations [https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8Cp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5iche%3AContributions&target=Amaka+of+God&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=2026-06-06&end=2026-07-06&limit=1000 here], especially this article you started about [[Mercedes Pascual]] but incomplete. Kindly add the missing content references from the enwiki page, and generally improve the articles to ensure that content integrity is maintained [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 11:29, 16 Julaị 2026 (UTC) tmrouoi2iusudng4c00mdfj5oqfb4rg 688277 688276 2026-07-16T11:33:19Z King ChristLike 13051 /* Quality translations */ 688277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Amaka of God|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 00:00, 14 Jụn 2026 (UTC)}} == Quality translations == Daalu maka translations gi. But there are a lot of omissions. While translating, do well to proofread and be sure that there are no omissions or incorrectly translated words before finally publishing. And after publishing, go through the article again to verify the references and see if there are areas to improve or correct. To get started, take a look at all the translations [https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8Cp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5iche%3AContributions&target=Amaka+of+God&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=2026-06-06&end=2026-07-06&limit=1000 here], especially this article you started about [[Mercedes Pascual]] but incomplete. Kindly add the missing content references from the enwiki page, and generally improve the articles to ensure that content and integrity is maintained [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 11:29, 16 Julaị 2026 (UTC) 1kq8jmqu8he81q7tg63zeqq1vlzy4cy 688278 688277 2026-07-16T11:34:06Z King ChristLike 13051 /* Quality translations */ correcting typo 688278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Amaka of God|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 00:00, 14 Jụn 2026 (UTC)}} == Quality translations == Daalu maka translations gi. But there are a lot of omissions. While translating, do well to proofread and be sure that there are no omissions or incorrectly translated words before finally publishing. And after publishing, go through the article again to verify the references and see if there are areas to improve or correct. To get started, take a look at all the translations [https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8Cp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5iche%3AContributions&target=Amaka+of+God&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=2026-06-06&end=2026-07-06&limit=1000 here], especially this article you started about [[Mercedes Pascual]] but incomplete. Kindly add the missing content and references from the enwiki page, and generally improve the articles to ensure that content integrity is maintained [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 11:29, 16 Julaị 2026 (UTC) fqgacfoyo5i7n1tiu6snr72h0cduunj 0 77229 688282 670668 2026-07-16T11:42:00Z King ChristLike 13051 redirected page 688282 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Obere hydro]] kvhcsgpnv8lmwknb7shb5o8r8tump6l 0 77277 688232 670990 2026-07-15T16:17:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ajuri Ngelale | office = Nigerian presidential spokesman | term_start = 31 July 2023 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|11|13}} | preceded = [[Femi Adesina]] | education = [[University of Kansas]] | birth_place = [[Platteville, Wisconsin|Platteville]], [[Wisconsin]], United States | occupation = Journalist | image = | caption = | term_end = 7 September 2024 }} '''Ajuri Obari Ngelale''' (amụrụ na ubochi 13 n'ime ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1986) bụ onye nta akụkọ mgbasa ozi na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere onye isi ala [[Bola Tinubu]] . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Arogbonlo|first=Israel|date=2023-08-01|title=Flashback: I don't accept such role again — Tinubu's new media aide, Ajuri Ngelale|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/flashback-i-dont-accept-such-role-again-ajuri-ngelale/|accessdate=2023-08-13|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Report|first=Agency|date=2023-08-02|title=I'll ensure free flow of information from presidential villa – Tinubu's new spokesperson|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/613618-ill-ensure-free-flow-of-information-from-presidential-villa-tinubus-new-spokesperson.html|accessdate=2023-08-13|work=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Anichukwueze|first=Donatus|date=31 July 2023|title=Tinubu Appoints Ajuri Ngelale As Special Adviser On Media And Publicity|work=Channels TV|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/07/31/tinubu-appoints-ajuri-ngelale-as-special-adviser-on-media-and-publicity/|accessdate=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=administrator|title=President Tinubu Appoints Chief Ajuri Ngelale As Special Adviser to the President On Media & Publicity – OSGF|url=https://www.osgf.gov.ng/president-tinubu-appoints-chief-ajuri-ngelale-as-special-adviser-to-the-president-on-media-publicity/|accessdate=2023-08-13|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ige|first=Olugbenga|date=2024-09-07|title=Updated: Ajuri Ngelale steps down as Tinubu's spokesman|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-ajuri-ngelale-steps-down-as-tinubus-spokesman/|accessdate=2024-09-07|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụru ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nke onye isi ala na ihe gbasara ọha na eze nye onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ma bụrụkwa onye isi na-ekwuchitere ụlọ ọrụ mkpọsa onye isi ala Bola Tinubu maka Ntuli aka nke Naijiria na 2023 nke ha meriri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2021-09-13|title=VAT Controversy: Buhari's Aide Blasts Wike|url=https://africadailynews.net/2021/09/13/vat-controversy-buharis-aide-blasts-wike.html|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=Africa Digital News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-07-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715070636/https://africadailynews.net/2021/09/13/vat-controversy-buharis-aide-blasts-wike.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Elusoji|first=Solomon|date=4 November 2022|title=Ajuri Ngelale: Honest Evaluation Of Buhari's Record Must Consider COVID-19, Recessions|work=Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/11/04/ajuri-ngelale-honest-evaluation-of-buharis-record-must-consider-covid-19-recessions/|accessdate=14 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Okpi|first=Allwell|date=2023-03-04|title=#NigeriaDecides2023: Buhari's aide Ajuri Ngelale makes false claims about disputed election in CNN interview|url=https://factcheckhub.com/nigeriadecides2023-buharis-aide-ajuri-ngelale-makes-false-claims-about-disputed-election-in-cnn-interview/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=FactCheckHub|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Opejobi|first=Seun|date=2022-10-24|title=Presidency: Osinbajo issues directive to staff appointed into Tinubu's campaign|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/10/24/presidency-osinbajo-issues-directive-to-staff-appointed-into-tinubus-campaign/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Fadoju|first=Rachel Okporu|date=2023-06-10|title=Buhari's Former Aide Rejects Possibility Of Becoming Tinubu's Spokesman|url=https://www.naijanews.com/2023/06/10/buharis-former-aide-rejects-possibility-of-becoming-tinubus-spokesman/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=[[Naija News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi akụkọ na onye ngosi na [[Africa Independent Television]] (AIT) na Channels Television.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Williams|first=Dayo|date=2023-07-31|title=Tinubu appoints another spokesperson|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/613320-tinubu-appoints-another-spokesperson.html|accessdate=2023-08-04|work=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ngelale na Platteville, Wisconsin, United States n'aka nna Naijiria nke onye si na aburu Eleme, Chief Precious Osaro Ngelale na nne ya bụ onye German-American Diane onye jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi ọdịmma ọha na eze nke Gọọmentị Rivers Steeti n'okpuru Gọvanọ [[Melford Okilo]] . <ref name="Amaefula" /> Nna ya bụ onye ọkà mmụta ala na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke a họpụtara na Rivers Steeti House of Assembly na republic nke atọ ma jee ozi ruo mgbe General Muhammadu Buhari wepụrụ ọchịchị n'afọ 1983. <ref name="Amaefula">{{Cite web|author=Amaefula|first=Emeka|date=2021-12-14|title=Meet More Rivers Politicians Ex-Gov. ODILI Made|url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-more-rivers-politicians-ex-gov-odili-made/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=City People Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ndị agha wepụrụ ọchịchị n'ọchịchị, ezinụlọ ya kwagara na United States n'afov1985. Mgbe ọchịchị ndị nkịtị laghachiri n'afo 1999, a họpụtara nna ya ka ọ bụrụ onye minista. <ref name="Amaefula" /> <ref>{{Cite news|date=6 December 2002|title=Nigeria: Ngelale Assumes Office As Commerce Minister|work=Allafrica|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200212090176.html|accessdate=14 July 2023}}</ref> Ngelale nwetara nzere bachelọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Kansas na Lawrence, Kansas, US. Ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa n'afọ 2011 iji sonye na [[National Youth Service Corps]] (NYSC) nke otu afọ.<ref name=":1"/> == Ọrụ == Ngelale malitere ọrụ ntaakụkọ dị ka onye ntorobịa n'otu ụlọ ọrụ televishọn Africa Independent Television ebe e bugara ya maka ọrụ mba ya otu afọ. Mgbe o mechara ọrụ mba ya, AIT jigidere ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ nyocha ma mesịa jee ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-eweta ya site n'afo 2011 ruo 2016. Na AIT, o mepụtara usoro ihe omume ọha na eze abụọ nke State of the Nation (2012) na Diary si Delta (2016). Ọ hapụrụ AIT n'afo 2016 wee sonye na Channels Television ebe ọ jere ozi dị ka onye na-akwado mmemme mkparịta ụka ọha na eze ama ama Sunrise Daily yana na mmekorita ya na United States Government's Mandela Washington Fellowship, mepụtara ma gosipụta ndị ndu Ọdịnihu nke Africa nke depụtara ndị isi na-eto eto nke Africa na-ebuli ndị nwere nsogbu elu site na mbọ ha n'otu n'otu. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ] N'afọ 2019, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na Channels TV ka ọ bụrụ onye na-emepụta ọdịnaya mgbasa ozi maka All Progressives Congress (APC) n' ogo ntuliaka elu nke onyeisi maka nhọpụta nke Onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari n'okpuru Buhari / Osinbajo presidential campaign organization. Mgbe mmeri ha na ntuli aka na 2019, Onye isi ala Buhari họpụtara Ngelale dị ka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche ya na ihe gbasara ọha na eze ma jee ozi n'ọkwa a ruo 2023 mgbe Buhari hapụrụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Emmanuel|first=Seun|date=2021-04-07|title=Meet 10 Under-40 Boys Working For BUHARI|url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-10-under-40-boys-working-for-buhari/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=City People Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2022, a họpụtara Ngelale ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na-ekwuchitere Tinubu-Shettima Presidential campaign Organization. <ref>{{Cite web|author=plustvafrica|date=2022-10-24|title=Presidency: Osinbajo Issues Directive To Staff Appointed Into Tinubu's Campaign|url=https://plustvafrica.com/presidency-osinbajo-issues-directive-to-staff-appointed-into-tinubus-campaign/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=Plus TV Africa|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024172540/https://plustvafrica.com/presidency-osinbajo-issues-directive-to-staff-appointed-into-tinubus-campaign/}}</ref> Ọ pụtara ugboro ugboro na redio na TV nke mba ahụ, na mgbasa ozi mba ụwa gụnyere CNN, BBC na Al-Jazeera . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Fadoju|first=Rachel Okporu|date=2023-03-02|title=2023 Election: Buhari's Aide Called Out For Lying About Woman Who Was Attacked In Lagos|url=https://www.naijanews.com/2023/03/02/2023-election-buharis-aide-called-out-for-lying-about-woman-who-was-attacked-in-lagos/|accessdate=2023-07-15|work=[[Naija News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> N' abalị 31 n' ọnwa Julaị afọ 2023, Onye isi ala Bola Tinubu họpụtara Ngelale ka ọ bụrụ ọnụ na-ekwuru ya. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-31|title=Tinubu appoints Ajuri Ngelale, Buhari's ex-aide, as special adviser on media and publicity|url=https://www.thecable.ng/tinubu-appoints-ajuri-ngelale-buharis-ex-aide-as-special-adviser-on-media-and-publicity|accessdate=2023-08-04|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N' abalị nke 19 n' ime ọnwa Mee n' afọ 2024, Onye isi ala Tinubu họpụtara Ngelale dị ka onye nnọchi anya onye isi ala pụrụ iche mbụ na-ahụ maka ọnọdụ ihu igwe maka Federal Republic of Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Angbulu|first=Stephen|date=2024-05-19|title=Just in: Tinubu appoints spokesperson, Ngelale, as Special Envoy on climate action|url=https://punchng.com/just-in-tinubu-appoints-spokesperson-ngelale-as-special-envoy-on-climate-action/|accessdate=2024-05-21|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A họpụtakwara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Nchịkwa Onye isi ala na Project Evergreen, mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ mbụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na Naịjirịa na dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke Kọmiti Onye isi ala maka Omume ihu igwe na Ngwọta Akụnụba Green, nke Onye isi ala Tinubu bụ onye isi oche.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ailemen|first=Anthony|date=2024-05-19|title=Tinubu pursues global climate change funds with new presidential committee|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/tinubu-pursues-global-climate-change-funds-with-new-presidential-committee/|accessdate=2024-05-21|work=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Simon|first=Emperor|date=May 19, 2024|title=Tinubu Establishes Climate Action Committee, Appoints Ngelale As Special Envoy|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2024/05/19/tinubu-establishes-climate-action-committee-appoints-ngelale-as-special-envoy/|accessdate=May 21, 2024|work=Channels}}</ref> Na abalị nke 7 n'ime ọnwa Septemba afọ 2024, Ngelale gbara arụkwaghịm ruo mgbe ebighi ebi n'ọrụ ya dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere onye isi ala maka Onye isi ala Tinubu iji dozie nsogbu ahụike na-emetụta ezinụlọ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ige|first=Olugbenga|date=2024-09-07|title=Updated: Ajuri Ngelale steps down as Tinubu's spokesman|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-ajuri-ngelale-steps-down-as-tinubus-spokesman/|accessdate=2024-09-07|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na mba ahụ kọrọ na ọ bụ n'ihi egwu a ga-achụpụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Owoyemi|first=Sade|date=2024-09-07|title=EXCLUSIVE: Ajuri Ngelale Did Not Resign Due to 'Vexatious Medical Situation'. He Was Fired|url=https://fij.ng/article/exclusive-ajuri-ngelale-did-not-resign-due-to-vexatious-medical-situation-he-was-fired/|accessdate=2024-09-17|work=Foundation For Investigative Journalism|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Daniel|first=Daniel|date=2024-09-07|title=BREAKING: “He Was Fired” – Report Reveals How Ajuri Ngelale Was Removed from Tinubu's Gov't [DETAILS]|url=https://politicsnigeria.com/breaking-he-was-fired-report-reveals-how-ajuri-ngelale-was-removed-from-tinubus-govt-details/|accessdate=2024-09-17|work=[[Politics Nigeria]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Yusuf|first=Kabir|date=2024-09-07|title=EXCLUSIVE: Real reason Ajuri Ngelale stepped down as Tinubu's spokesperson|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/732336-exclusive-real-reason-ajuri-ngelale-stepped-down-as-tinubus-spokesperson.html|accessdate=2024-09-17|work=[[Premium Times]]|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] i73gkp9kv0jb9m0r9jkaxm9mzw695f2 0 77396 688236 673376 2026-07-15T17:46:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688236 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}} [[Faịlụ:NASA_Barotse_Floodplain_compressed.JPG|thumb|580x580px|Foto satịlaịtị NASA nke na-egosi ebe '''mmiri Barotse''' dị ka mpaghara etiti nke na-egbuke egbuke ruo na-acha anụnụ anụnụ gbara ọchịchịrị. '''1''' Ndị Zambezi na-asọga n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda site n'etiti ala idei mmiri ahụ; ''' 2 ''' njikọta nke (aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri) Osimiri Lungwebungu, Ndịda Kashiji, Zambezi na Kabompo, nke na-egosi mmalite nke ala idei mmiri ahụ; ''' 3 ''' njedebe nke ala idei mmiri dị n'ebe ndịda nke Senanga; ''' 4 ''' [[Nsụda Mmiri Ngonye|Ngonye Falls]] dị na Zambezi; ''' 5 ''' Mongu, isi obodo Barotseland; ''' 6 ''' Lealui, isi obodo Litunga n'akụkụ ebe idei mmiri dị; ''' 7 ''' Limulunga, isi obodo Litunga n'oge idei mmiri; ''' 8 ''' apịtị na ala idei mmiri nke Lungwebungu; ''' 9 ''' Kabompo na-asọpụ mmiri n'ebe dị n'ime ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ nke a kpọrọ Cryptosepalum; '''10''' Luena Flats (ala mmiri ozuzo); '''11''' Osimiri Luanginga na-eru mmiri na nso Kalabo; '''12''' Osimiri Lui nwere obere idei mmiri; '''13''' nnukwu idei mmiri nke na-ebu oke mmiri si n'oké idei mmiri nke Osimiri Cuando dị na Angola; '''14''' Osimiri Cuando na ala idei mmiri, n'ókè dị n'etiti Angola na Zambia; '''15'''Liuwa Plain National Park; '''16''' Ájá dị larịị nke dị n'ime ọhịa Miombo nke Zambezian nke dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ Mongu nwere ọtụtụ pans; '''17''' Sioma Ngwezi National Park.]] '''Ala Idei Mmiri Barotse''', nke a makwaara dị ka '''Bulozi Plain, Lyondo, Ngulu,''' ma ọ bụ '''Zambezi Floodplain''', bụ otu n'ime ala mmiri dị ukwuu n'Africa, n'akụkụ Osimiri Zambezi dị na Western Province nke Zambia. Ọ bụ ebe a họpụtara Ramsar, nke a na-ewere dị ka ebe nchekwa dị elu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090326150707/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM007_2007.pdf "Zambezi Floodplain Ramsar Information Sheet"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326150707/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM007_2007.pdf |date=March 26, 2009 }}, in ''Ramsar Sites Information Service'', [[Wetlands International]]. Retrieved 22 November 2007.</ref> Aha a na-aghọta na ala mmiri ahụ na-emepụta omenala na ụzọ ndụ nke ndị Lozi, "Rotse" bụ ụdị Lozi, na "Ba" pụtara "ndị mmadụ". Ha ghọrọ alaeze dị ike na Central/South Africa n'okpuru eze ha ma ọ bụ Litunga Lewanika, nke alaeze ya gbatịrị ruo kilomita 300 site na ala ahụ ma kpọọ ya Barotseland. == Ọdịdị ala na mpaghara == Mpaghara a bụ ala dị larịị nke dị ihe dị ka mita 1000, na-agbada ntakịrị gaa n'ebe ndịda. Zambezi na isi mmiri ya na-arịgo n'ala dị elu n'ebe ugwu, nke na-enweta ezigbo mmiri ozuzo (1400 mm kwa afọ) n'oge mmiri ozuzo site na Ọktoba ruo Mee. Idei mmiri na-agbada n'osimiri ahụ, na-eru mpaghara dị larịị nke e ji ájá Kalahari, ihe dị ka narị kilomita ise gafee. N'ebe ndịda, gburugburu Ngonye Falls, a na-ahụ nkume siri ike n'elu ya ma guzogidere ọchịchọ osimiri ahụ ịkpụ ọwa mmiri n'ime ya, ya mere ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi mmiri. N'azụ ya, ebe idei mmiri ahụ etolitela. N'okpuru mmiri iyi ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-asọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ karịa ka ọ na-asọ n'ala dị larịị ma na-asọ ọsọ ọsọ karịa na ndagwurugwu dị warara nke na-adịghị adịkarị mfe idei mmiri. Ala idei mmiri ahụ sitere na njikọ Zambezi na Osimiri Kabompo na Lungwebungu n'ebe ugwu, ruo ebe dị ihe dị ka kilomita 230 n'ebe ndịda, n'elu mmiri Ngonye na ndịda Senanga. N'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ogologo ya, obosara ya karịrị kilomita iri atọ, na-eru kilomita iri ise n'obosara kachasị, n'ebe ugwu nke Mongu, obodo ukwu nke ala ahụ, dị n'akụkụ ya. Isi akụkụ nke ala ahụ dị ihe dịka 5500 km2,<ref name="IUCN">[http://www.cbd.int/doc/case-studies/inc/cs-inc-iucn-12-en.pdf "Barotse Floodplain, Zambia: local economic dependence on wetland resources."] ''Case Studies in Wetland Valuation #2'': IUCN, May 2003.</ref> mana ebe idei mmiri kacha elu bụ 10 750 km2 mgbe a tụlere ala idei mmiri nke ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo,<ref name="FAO">[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/n0084e/N0084E03.htm Welcomme, R.L. (Comp.) (1979): ”The inland fisheries of Africa."] CIFA Occas.Pap., (7): 69 p. Published by Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome.</ref> dịka Luena Flats. Idei mmiri Barotse bụ ala mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na Zambia mgbe usoro ọdọ mmiri Bangweulu dị n'akụkụ mmiri ahụ gasịrị, nke dị iche na inwe nnukwu ọdọ mmiri na apịtị na-adịgide adịgide, na obere ebe nke na-akpọ nkụ kwa afọ.<ref name="IUCN"/> E sere foto satịlaịtị ahụ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2004 n'oge oke idei mmiri ahụ, Rịba ama na akụkụ ugwu nke ala ahụ, dị nso na Lukulu, enweghị mmiri ozuzo, ala ebe ahụ na-adịtụ iche n'ogologo, mmiri ahụ na-anọgidekwa n'ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri. == Ọnọdụ idei mmiri na oge == : ''Hụkwa ihu igwe nke Zambia[[Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke Zambia]]'' Oke mmiri ozuzo na-eme n'ala idei mmiri ihe dị ka ọnwa atọ mgbe oge mmiri ozuzo gasịrị na Jenụwarị ruo Febụwarị. Idei mmiri na-abụkarị n'ọnwa Eprel, ma na-ala azụ site na Mee ruo Julaị, mgbe ahịhịa na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ala dị larịị a na-ekpughere. N'ime mmiri kacha ala n'osimiri ahụ na Nọvemba, idei mmiri ahụ ka nwere ihe dị ka kilomita 537 nke ọdọ mmiri, swamps na ọwa mmiri.<ref name="FAO"/> Idei mmiri ahụ hapụrụ ala ntụ ntụ ruo oji nke na-eme nri nke kpuchiri ájá Kalahari, eme ka ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nke idei mmiri ahụ tinyere ájá sitere na ahịhịa ndị idei mmiri mbụ gburu, nakwa site na osisi mmiri ndị rere ure nke a hapụrụ ka ha kpọọ nkụ n'ime apịtị ahụ. Ọ na-enye ezigbo aja, mana n'oge ọkọchị, ọ na-esi ike n'ọkụ anyanwụ.<ref name="IUCN"/> Ka idei mmiri na-ebelata, mmiri na-apụ n'ime ọdọ mmiri, apịtị, na ọdọ mmiri oxbow. == Ebe okike == Ala idei mmiri ahụ dị n'ime ala ahịhịa ndị Zambia jupụtara na mmiri dị n'ime ya, ebe ájá dị ntakịrị elu nke na-akọ ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ n'elu ya (ala ahịhịa Zambezian nke dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ) gbara ya gburugburu nwere savanna ọhịa (Zambezian Baikiaea lands) n'ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda, yana obere ọhịa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ (Cryptosepalum dry forests) n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ. Idei mmiri ahụ na-enye ebe obibi mmiri maka azụ dịka azụ̀ tigerfish na bream, agụ iyi, hippopotamus, nnụnụ mmiri, nnụnụ ndị na-eri azụ̀, na lechwe, antelope. Mgbe idei mmiri gasịrị, ala ahụ bụ ebe obibi maka anụmanụ ndị na-ata nri dịka wildebeest, zebra, tsessebe na obere ele dịka oribi na steenbok, na anụ ndị na-eri ha. A chụpụrụ ndị na-akọ ahịhịa n'ọtụtụ ebe site n'aka ehi ndị Lozi na-ata nri, mana ha enyela nnukwu anụ ọhịa n'ala ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, ogigeụndụ Liuwa Plain, nke bụbu ebe ịchụ nta Litunga, e guzobere ya dị ka ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa site n'aka Lewanika na narị afọ nke 19. In addition the entire western of the Zambezi within the country is a Game Management Area. [[Faịlụ:Isolated_human_settlements_on_high_ground_in_the_Barotse_Floodplain.jpg|thumb|390x390px|'''Ebe obibi mmadụ dịpụrụ adịpụ n'ebe dị elu na Barotse Floodplain, Osimiri Zambezi dị nso n'obodo Mongu na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ, Zambia.''']] == Okike mmadụ nke ala dị larịị == Ihe dị ka mmadụ 250,000 bi n'ala ahụ, ha na-enwekwa ọtụtụ ehi yiri nke ahụ, na-akwaga n'ala ahịhịa dị n'akụkụ ebe idei mmiri ahụ dị mgbe idei mmiri ahụ rutere. Ala idei mmiri ahụ bụ otu n'ime ebe kacha emepụta ihe maka ịzụ ehi na mba ahụ.<ref name="IUCN"/> Ndị Lozi na-ejidekwa azụ̀, na-eri ihe dị ka okpukpu ise karịa nkezi mba ahụ. Mgbe idei mmiri ruru, ha na-eji ọnyà azụ̀ na ube azụ̀, ha na-ejikwa ụgbụ dị ka ihe e ji egwuri egwu n'ọdọ mmiri ndị idei mmiri ahụ hapụrụ. Azụ̀ na-apụta obere oge tupu iju mmiri ahụ, mmiri mbụ ahụ na-aghọ hypoxic (oxygen dị ala) nke na-egbu ọtụtụ azụ̀, ebe àkwá dị ndụ.<ref name="IUCN"/> Ndị Lozi na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ na ala mmiri dị ka ọka, [[Osikàpà|osikapa]], poteto, na okpete. Ọnwa Nọvemba ruo Jenụwarị bụ ọnwa ndị na-adịghị mma.<ref name="IUCN"/> A na-emefusị ihe ubi echekwara site n'oge gara aga, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gwụchaa, n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, a ga-ebuga ya n'oge njem ahụ, ebe ihe ubi na ahịhịa nke oge ọhụrụ ahụ arụpụtabeghị ihe, n'otu oge ahụkwa, ịkụ azụ na-akwụsị maka oge ịmụ nwa. Ịchụ nta na ịchụ nta anụmanụ, nke nwere ike ime ka oghere ahụ jupụta, adịghịzi maka ọtụtụ mmadụ, ịchụ nta nnụnụ mmiri bụkwa otu n'ime ihe ole na ole e ji azụta ntụ ọka. Ala idei mmiri ahụ na-ekpebi ma na-achịkwa ụzọ ndụ, akụnụba, ọha mmadụ na omenala nke Lozi, bụ́ ndị nwere nkà n'ịrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na ndị na-egwu mmiri.<ref name="IUCN"/> A na-eme emume njem kwa afọ nke idei mmiri na emume Kuomboka nke a na-eme na Mongu, isi obodo Barotseland na onye ga-anọchi ya, Western Province. N'afọ mmiri ozuzo dịka nke afọ 2005, ihe onwunwe na ndụ na-efu n'ihi idei mmiri na Barotse Plain. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ bụ ezigbo ihe atụ nke ụkpụrụ na idei mmiri eke kwa afọ site n'osimiri bara uru ma na-arụpụta ihe maka anụ ọhịa na ụmụ mmadụ, ebe igbochi osimiri iji chịkwaa idei mmiri, dịka o mere na Kafue Flats, nwere ike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi. === Ọganihu === A machibidoro mmepe na mbara ala ruo ugbu a - * ọwa mmiri ahụ e gwuru n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị iji jikọta obere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị na Mongu na ọwa mmiri Zambezi n'oge ọkọchị * obere obodo na ogige ndị e wuru n'elu ugwu, dị ka Lealui * egwu ole na ole n'oge ọkọchị * Ụgbọ mmiri na Sandaula, Libonda na Lukulu * ụfọdụ ubi osikapa na okpete. Njikwa siri ike maka ụzọ Litunga si abanye n'ala idei mmiri na ịdị n'otu nke ndị obodo emeela ka mmepe azụmahịa nke ndị si mba ọzọ belata. ==== Ụzọ Mmiri nke Barotse ==== [[Faịlụ:Bridge_over_the_Barotse_Floodplain_near_Mongu_city_aerial_view.jpg|thumb|'''Àkwà mmiri gafere n'ala mmiri nke Barotse n'obodo Mongu, mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ, Zambia.''']] Ọrụ ọhụrụ, ụzọ Mongu-Kalabo, ga-enwe nnukwu ihe ga-esi na ya pụta. N'ihe dịka afọ 2002, e wuru ụzọ dị kilomita iri anọ na isii n'etiti ebe idei mmiri ahụ, wee jiri okporo ụzọ awara awara site na Mongu ruo Kalabo, site na ụgbọ mmiri gafere ọwa mmiri dị na Sandaula, nke a ga-eji akwa mmiri dị mita 500 dochie. A na-ewere ya dị ka mgbakwunye nke Ụzọ Lusaka-Mongu si Lusaka. E bu n'obi ka e mechaa ya na 2006, ọ bụ ihe siri ike iwu ụlọ n'elu ala idei mmiri ahụ mere ka ọ ghara ịdị irè. Ọ dịghị okwute dị n'ógbè ahụ, e jikwa ájá na ájá e si n'ime obere oghere ndị dị n'akụkụ ya wuo ụzọ okporo ụzọ ahụ. Idei mmiri karịrị nke a na-emebu kpuchiri nnukwu akụkụ. Onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị na Kuwait nke kwetara na ọnọdụ siri ike.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090326150707/http://www.ccc.gr/PDF/Bulletin/Bulletin74.pdf Bulletin 74 (August 2004)], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326150707/http://www.ccc.gr/PDF/Bulletin/Bulletin74.pdf |date=March 26, 2009 }} [[Consolidated Contractors Company]] of Kuwait.</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Times nke Zambia kwuru na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ lere gburugburu ebe idei mmiri dị anya, ma hapụ nkwekọrịta ahụ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260708172347/http://www.times.co.zm/news/archives.cgi?category=6&view=4.05.07-4.12.07 Sylvia Mweetwa: "Road financiers to extend agreement."]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}Ndola: ''Times of Zambia'', 5 April 2007.</ref> Emeela mgbanwe ndị sochiri iji bulie elu okporo ụzọ ahụ ma mee ka ọnụọgụgụ na nha nke ọwara mmiri dịkwuo elu, nke a butere nsogbu ego. A rụchara ụzọ ahụ n'afọ 2016. Otu onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta nke mba Chaịna, Aviation Industry Corporation nke mba Chaịna (AVIC International), rụchara ọrụ ahụ nke ruru nde dọla US 286.9. Ụzọ ahụ ruru Kilomita iri atọ na anọ n'ala Baroste, ebe àkwà mmiri iri abụọ na isii gafere ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/04/08/mongu-kalabo-road-completed/|title = Zambia : The Mongu-Kalabo road has been completed}}</ref><ref>[http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=871 Chris McIntyre (2004). ''Zambia: The Bradt Travel Guide'' online at www.zambia-travel-guide.com.] Retrieved 21 November 2007.</ref> == Hukwa == * Ndepụta nke ebe ndị a na-agafe Osimiri Zambezi == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} : '''Ihe odide map''' * "Zambia 1:1,500,000 2nd Edition", Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver, 2000. * [https://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/mapcenter/map.aspx?TextLatitude=-0.336785200454403&TextLongitude=29.5037588339211&TextAltitude=6&TextSelectedEntity=1075&MapStyle=Comprehensive&MapSize=Medium&MapStyleSelectedIndex=0&searchTextMap=Barotse+Floodplain&MapStylesList=Comprehensive&ZoomOnMapClickCheck=on ''MSN Encarta World Atlas''] online nwetara na 19 Nọvemba 2007.  <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|15|2|S|22|53|E}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rgliksaaox9vgen21cgu8fgo9c52pie 0 77445 688274 672613 2026-07-16T10:58:17Z King ChristLike 13051 /* Njikọ mpụga */ removed duplicate infobox 688274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ralava Beboarimisa | image = Ralava Beboarimisa.jpg | caption = Beboarimisa in 2023 | birth_date = 1977 | birth_place = Madagascar | alma_mater = Université Paris XII<br>INSEAD<br>IHEDN | profession = Politician, financier | office1 = Minister of Environment, Ecology, Sea and Forests | termstart1 = January 2015 | termend1 = April 2016 | office2 = Minister of Transport and Meteorology | termstart2 = August 2017 | termend2 = January 2019 }} <references /> '''Ralava Beboarimisa''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1977) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Madagascar, onye na-ahụ maka ego, na onye na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ bu Minista nke Gburugburu ebe Obibi, Ecology, Oké Osimiri na Ọhịa (nke bụzi Minista nke Environment na Sustainable Development) site n'afọ puku abụọ na iri ise ruo n'afọ puku abụọ na iri isii, na Minista nke njem na Meteorology site n'afọ puku abụọ na iri asaa ruo n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na itoolu, na-eje ozi n'okpuru ọchịchị nke Jean Ravelonarivo, Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana, na Christian Ntsay. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Beboarimisa gụrụ akwụkwọ gbasara ego na mmekọrịta mba ụwa na [[France]], mesịa na-emecha agụmakwụkwọ ndị isi na idu ndú na INSEAD n'afọ puku na iri na otu na Institut des hautes études de défense nationale (IHEDN) n'afọ puku abụọ na iri ise. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na ụlọ akụ itinye ego na Paris na Fimat International Banque (Société Générale group) ma mesịa na Newedge, ọkachamara na njikwa ihe ize ndụ ego na ngwọta ụgwọ maka ndị ahịa Ụgwọ Ọrụ. == Ọrụ == N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu, ọ laghachiri [[Madagascar]] dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Foundation for Protected Areas and Biodiversity of Madagascar (FAPBM). N'okpuru idu ndú ya, onyinye nke ntọala ahụ toro ruo ihe dị ka US $ 50 nde, na-akwado ihe karịrị ebe iri atọ echedoro na-ekpuchi nde hekta 3. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Consortium of African Funds for the Environment ma duru ndị nnọchi anya iri isii nke Madagascar gaa IUCN World Parks Congress na Sydney n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na Jenụwarị afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise, Beboarimisa nọchitere anya [[Madagascar]] dị ka onye isi na-ekwu okwu na COP21 na Paris, na-akwado ego ihu igwe na nkwado siri ike maka mba ndị na-adịghị ike. O nyekwara ndị omeiwu "Iwu Beboarimisa" (Iwu No. 2015‐056), nke a nabatara na Disemba afọ 2015, nke mepụtara usoro ikpe pụrụ iche iji lụso ịzụ ahịa iwu nke rosewood na ebony ọgụ. Iwu ahụ mere ka ntaramahụhụ, ikike ikpe, na imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa sie ike, na-enyere Madagascar aka inweta nloghachi nke ụgbọ mmiri rosewood e weghaara na mba ọzọ, gụnyere tọn narị na iri abụọ site na Mauritius n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii. N'oge ọ bụ onye ozi, Madagascar gbasaa ebe ndị a na-echebe ruo ihe karịrị nde hekta asaa ma guzobe mpaghara ọhụrụ a na-echekwa mmiri n'okpuru "Nkwupụta nke Sydney" zuru ụwa ọnụ n'oge dị mkpirikpi n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii, visibiliti ya mere ka e kwuo na ọ nwere ike ịnọchi Jean Ravelonarivo dị ka praịm minista. N'oge ọ na-eje ozi na gburugburu ebe obibi, Beboarimisa chere nyocha ihu n'afọ 2016 maka ijide ihe karịrị Otu puku tọn nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ osisi rosewood Malagasy na Singapore. O kwusiri ike na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla e nyere ikike mbupụ ma kwado ya na nyocha, ebe gọọmentị mba United States gosipụtara nkwado maka mbọ iwu mba ụwa nke Madagascar. n'afọ 2019, Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke Singapore kagburu ikpe, na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị na njem kama ibubata n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Mgbe a gbanwere ọchịchị n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2017, ọ ghọrọ Minista na-ahụ maka njem na ihu igwe, na-eje ozi ruo Jenụwarị n'afọ 2019. N'ọrụ a, ọ malitere mgbanwe na nchịkwa njem na nchekwa, ọrụ ihu igwe nke oge a, ma mee ka usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị nke cyclone nke Madagascar sie ike, karịsịa site na ịbanye na mmemme Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS). Ọ na-ahụkwa maka nnukwu ọrụ akụrụngwa, gụnyere mmụba nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Tamatave (Toamasina) na iwu ọdụ ụgbọ elu ọhụrụ na Ivato International Airport na Antananarivo. == Omume obodo == N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2018, Beboarimisa guzobere òtù obodo Bâtir la République, nke e guzobere iji kwalite itinye aka ụmụ amaala na arụmụka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Òtù NGO na-ahazi nzukọ ọha na eze banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba, ọkachasị n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1958, nkwupụta nke mba mbụ nke Madagascar. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'ọkwa mba ụwa, Beboarimisa esonyewo n'ọtụtụ ọrụ African Union Observations missions N'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 2023, ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ AU na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke Democratic Republic of the Congo, nke onye mbụ onye isi ala Madagascar bụ Hery Rajaonarimampianina duziri. == Ihe odide == == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.linkedin.com/in/ralavabeboarimisa/ Ralava Beboarimisa na LinkedIn] * [https://www.facebook.com/BatirLaRepublique/ Iwu Republic Facebook page] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] m7gsjebcg9qa9it73syijg8k93z7dab 0 77489 688257 673482 2026-07-16T06:14:13Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 688257 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Trichloroethene.jpg|thumb|Trichloroethene]]   '''Trichlorethylene (TCE, IUPAC aha: trichloroethene) bụ organochloride nwere usoro C2HCl3, nke a na-ejikarị dị ka ihe nrụpụta mmepụta ihe. Ọ bụ mmiri doro anya, enweghị ụcha, nke anaghị ere ọkụ, mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere isi chloroform dị ụtọ dị ụtọ'''. A na-ere Trichloroethylene n'okpuru aha azụmahịa dị iche iche maka ebumnuche dị iche iche. N'okpuru aha azụmahịa '''Trimar''' na '''Trilene''', a na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ọgwụ na-akụnwụ ahụ na dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi mgbochi na-eku ume na ọtụtụ nde ndị ọrịa. Ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere trichlor, '''Trike''', Tricky na tri. Trichlorethylene dị arọ karịa mmiri na mmiri na-adịghị edozi ya, ya mere ọ na-emikpu n'okpuru mmiri mgbe ọ wụfuru nke na-eme ka ọ na-akwaga ala site na ala na aquifers. Ọ na-edozi na ala nke aquifers wee mepụta mmetọ dị n'okpuru ala nke siri ike ịchọpụta na mezie ya. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Auguste Laurent kọrọ na njikọta trichloroethylene mbụ na 1836. Laurent nwetara ya site na mmetụta nke potassium hydroxide na ngwakọta nke 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane na 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane nke e ji chlorination nke ethylene dichloride mee ma depụta ya dị ka (n'oge ahụ, a na-eche na oke atọm nke carbon bụ ọkara nke ihe ọ bụ n'ezie ). O kpọrọ trichloroethylene ''chlorétherise'' aha mana ọ nyochaghị ihe mejupụtara ya nke ọma n'ihi na ihe nlele ya yiri ka ọ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. [[Otú:Articles with short description]] aiijspigszm2lu0ihfezl8gbp54qu7e 0 77604 688252 674585 2026-07-16T02:37:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688252 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|25em}}Apiti Yala bụ ala mmiri dị ọhụrụ kachasị ukwuu na Kenya. Ọ na-ekpuchi mpaghara ruru ihe dịka kilomita skwea 175 n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya, ma a matakwara ya dịka Mpaghara Dị Mkpa Maka Ndụ Dịgasị Iche .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yala Swamp {{!}} Environmental hotspots|url=https://hotspots.unepgrid.ch/site/yala-swamp|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=hotspots.unepgrid.ch}}</ref> == Ebe == Apiti Yala, nke dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Yala, na-ekpuchi ihe dịka kilomita skwea 175 (68 sq mi)n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.Apiti ahụ nwere Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli, nke nwere mpaghara ruru hekta 1,500 (3,700 acres)Ọ bụ ala mmiri delta nke mmiri dị ọhụrụ, nke omimi ya na-adịkarị ihe dịka mita 3 (9.8ft). Ọ na-anata mmiri sitere n'idei mmiri nke Osimiri Nzoia na Osimiri Yala, yana mmiri na-alaghachi azụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.Ala mmiri ahụ dị na ógbè Siaya na Busia na Kenya. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka ihe nzacha eke, na-asachapụ mmiri na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria site na osimiri abụọ kachasị mkpa, bụ Osimiri Yala na Osimiri Nzoia.Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ewerekwa apiti a dịka otu n'ime ebe isi iyi Osimiri Naịl. N'oge gara aga, Osimiri Yala na-agafe n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ 20% nke Apịtị Yala n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli, wee banye n'ime nnukwu mmiri, wee gafee obere ọwara n'ime ọdọ mmiri Victoria. Taa, a na-agbanye mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ala ahịhịa ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-asọba kpọmkwem n'ime ala ahịhi mmiri dị puku hekta iri asatọ (20,000 acres). A na-egbutu ya na Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli site na mmiri ụrọ. Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli na-enweta mmiri ya ugbu a site na mpaghara mmiri gbara ya gburugburu na site na ndagwurugwu azụ. E wepụrụ ọwara mmiri nke osimiri ahụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na culvert, nke mepụtara 500 hekta (1,200 acres) Lake Sare site na idei mmiri. == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Mmiri ahụ nwere ụdị azụ ''Oreochromis esculentus'' na ''Oreochromis variabilis'' nke na-apụ n'anya na Lake Victoria n'onwe ya. Anụ ọhịa Sitatunga (''Tragecephalus spekii'') ka na-ebi na papyrus nke ala mmiri. BirdLife International kewara Apịtị Yala n'etiti mpaghara nnụnụ 60 dị mkpa na Kenya. Ụfọdụ n'ime nnụnụ ndị bi n'ebe ahụ bụ ndị na-eri aṅụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, papyrus gonolek, swamp flycatcher, papyrus canary, white-winged swamp warbler na Baillon's crake. Otu akụkọ e bipụtara n'afọ 2005 kwuru na e nwere mgbanwe ndị na-eme n'Ọdọ Mmiri Sare nke na-etinye usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ihe ize ndụ site na eutrophication na mmetọ mmiri.Akụkọ ahụ tụrụ aro ka e mepụta atụmatụ njikwa zuru ezu maka mpaghara Apiti Yala iji gbochie mmebi ọzọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi.Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2019, BirdLife International kwadoro na ihe iyi egwu chere mpaghara Apiti Yala ihu dị elu nke ukwuu, ma gosikwara enweghị olileanya na a ga-eme ihe ndị dị mkpa iji chebe ya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-01|title=A community’s fight to save its lifeline: Yala Swamp|url=https://www.birdlife.org/news/2025/02/01/a-communitys-fight-to-save-its-lifeline-yala-swamp/|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=BirdLife International|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Njikọ mpụga == * Biodiversity na Sustainable Management of a Tropical Wetland Lake Ecosystem:A Case Study of Lake Kanyaboli, Kenya by Romulus Abila * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070812144236/http://www.globalresponse.org/gra.php?i=2/07 ozi ndị ọzọ na nzaghachi zuru ụwa ọnụ] E debere Wayback Machine * [http://iodeweb1.vliz.be/odin/bitstream/1834/1272/1/RAbila2005-11.pdf nyocha nke ala mmiri Yala site na Romulus Abila nke Mahadum Maseno Kenya] jxqo85zwtdoipig2pp2iq3erq3z44cg 0 77762 688238 687945 2026-07-15T18:08:32Z Adimora chidinma 15845 688238 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Lagune Aby.JPG|thumb|Ọdọ mmiri nke Aby]]   '''Ọdọ Mmiri nke Aby''' bụ kachasị ukwuu na [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], na-esote .<ref name="AJAS" /> N'ozuzu, ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere mpaghara nke 424 km2 sq mi), omimi nke 3.5 , na olu nke 1.57 km3 mi). <ref name="AJAS" /> Ọ na-abanye n'[[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] site na ọwa ndị na-adịghị omimi n'etiti Ehotilé Islands nke na-agbakọta na Assinie-Mafia, ebe Assoindé Lagoon na-ejikọkwa site na ọdịda anyanwụ. Assoindé Lagoon jikọtara ihe mgbagwoju anya nke Aby Lagoon na Ébrié Lagoon site na Assinie Canal.<ref name="nicole" /> Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke Aby Lagoon nwere ngalaba atọ aha: site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ha bụ Aby Lagoon n'onwe ya, Tendo Lagoon, na Ehy Lagoon. Na-ekpuchi km2 sq mi), isi Aby Lagoon bụ nke kachasị n'ime ngalaba atọ ahụ, na-agbasa 24.5 (15.2 mi) n'ebe ugwu site n'ọnụ nke ihe mgbagwoju anya ma nwee obosara kachasị elu .5 mi) na omimi .2 . <ref name="AJAS" /> N'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ ya, Tendo Lagoon na-emepụta ogwe aka 3-5 km (1.9-3.1 mi) n'obosara nke gbasaa 22 km (14 mi) n"ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ ma kpuchie 74 km2 sq mi); <ref name="AJAS" /> ọ kewara n'etiti Ivory Coast n'ebe ugwu na Ghana n'ebe ndịda.<ref name="wetlands" /> N'ịbụ na Ivory Coast, Ehy Lagoon gbasaa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ site na njedebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Tendo Lagoon, na-ekpuchi 45 km2 sq mi). <ref name="AJAS" /> Ọdọ mmiri ọzọ a maara dị ka Univaye Lagoon dị na Ghana ma na-abanye na Tendo Lagoon site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="wetlands">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA346|title=A directory of African wetlands|first=R. H.|author=Hughes|publisher=IUCN|year=1992|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5}}</ref> Osimiri Bia na-azụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri Aby site n'ebe ugwu, ebe Osimiri Tano na-asọba n'ọdọ mmiri Tendo site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ a na-ejikọta ọnụ iji gbapụta mmiri dị kilomita 27,650 (10,680 sq mi).<ref name="AJAS">{{Cite journal|author=Seu-Anoï|first=N. M.|date=2011|title=Seasonal distribution of phytoplankton in the Aby lagoon system, Ivory Coast, West Africa|journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]|volume=36|issue=3|pages=321–330|doi=10.2989/16085914.2011.643561}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSeu-AnoïOuattaraKonéGourène2011">Seu-Anoï, N. M.; Ouattara, A.; Koné, Y. J.-M.; Gourène, G. (2011). "Seasonal distribution of phytoplankton in the Aby lagoon system, Ivory Coast, West Africa". ''[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]''. '''36''' (3): <span class="nowrap">321–</span>330. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/16085914.2011.643561|10.2989/16085914.2011.643561]].</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ ihu igwe n'ógbè ahụ nwere Oge mmiri ozuzo abụọ (May ruo July; October ruo November) na [[Oge ọkọchị]] abụọ (August ruo September; December ruo April). Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ bụ ihe dịka 2,000 in). <ref name="AJAS">{{Cite journal|author=Seu-Anoï|first=N. M.|date=2011|title=Seasonal distribution of phytoplankton in the Aby lagoon system, Ivory Coast, West Africa|journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]|volume=36|issue=3|pages=321–330|doi=10.2989/16085914.2011.643561}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSeu-AnoïOuattaraKonéGourène2011">Seu-Anoï, N. M.; Ouattara, A.; Koné, Y. J.-M.; Gourène, G. (2011). "Seasonal distribution of phytoplankton in the Aby lagoon system, Ivory Coast, West Africa". ''[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]''. '''36''' (3): <span class="nowrap">321–</span>330. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/16085914.2011.643561|10.2989/16085914.2011.643561]].</cite></ref> Mmiri nnu dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ dịgasị iche na mmiri ozuzo na oke mmiri na Machị na Eprel. Akụkụ ndịda nke isi Aby Lagoon nwere nnu kachasị elu, ebe ebe ebe ndị dị nso n'ọnụ Bia na Tano na-anọgide na-adị ọhụrụ n'afọ .<ref name="konan" /> Ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ bụ isi ọrụ akụ na ụba gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="nicole">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8WC5R7a3vkC&pg=PA43|title=A Preliminary Inventory of Coastal Wetlands of Côte D'Ivoire|pages=43–44|first=M.|author=Nicole|publisher=IUCN|year=1994|isbn=978-2831701448}}</ref> ''Ethmalosa fimbriata'' na-akpata 60% ruo 80% nke azụ a na-egbu n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="konan">{{Cite web|url=http://pubs.iclarm.net/Pubs/Way%20Forward/3%20lagoon.pdf|title=Co-management in Aby Lagoon, Côte d'Ivoire|author=Konan|first=Angaman|work=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management|accessdate=23 February 2017|archivedate=23 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223212527/http://pubs.iclarm.net/Pubs/Way%20Forward/3%20lagoon.pdf}}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ ndị bụ isi n'ógbè ahụ bụ akị bekee, nkwụ mmanụ, unere, akị bọọlụ na kọfị.<ref name="AJAS">{{Cite journal|author=Seu-Anoï|first=N. M.|date=2011|title=Seasonal distribution of phytoplankton in the Aby lagoon system, Ivory Coast, West Africa|journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]|volume=36|issue=3|pages=321–330|doi=10.2989/16085914.2011.643561}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSeu-AnoïOuattaraKonéGourène2011">Seu-Anoï, N. M.; Ouattara, A.; Koné, Y. J.-M.; Gourène, G. (2011). "Seasonal distribution of phytoplankton in the Aby lagoon system, Ivory Coast, West Africa". ''[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]''. '''36''' (3): <span class="nowrap">321–</span>330. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/16085914.2011.643561|10.2989/16085914.2011.643561]].</cite></ref> A na-echekwa Agwaetiti Ehotilé dị ka Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Îles Ehotilés, nke e guzobere na 1974 site n'uche ndị obodo. Ha bụkwa akụkụ nke ebe Ramsar nke Iles Ehotilé-Essouman, nke kpuchiri 272.74 km2 (105.31 sq mi) nke ọdọ mmiri na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu.<ref name="ramsar">{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1584|title=Iles Ehotilé-Essouman|publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service|date=18 October 2005|accessdate=23 February 2017}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} n8p6cgimmjetbsvm4roncy3anhjbgdr 0 77946 688259 688034 2026-07-16T06:19:21Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 688259 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Koeh-146-no text.jpg|thumb|Ginger ]] '''Jinja''' (''Zingiber officinale'') bụ osisi na-amịpụta okooko osisi, nke a na-eji rhizome ya, ya bụ mgbọrọgwụ '''jinja''', eme ngwa nri ma na-ejikwa ya eme ọgwụ ọdịnala n'ọtụtụ ebe.<ref name="nccih">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginger|title=Ginger, NCCIH Herbs at a Glance|date=1 December 2020|publisher=US [[NCCIH]]|accessdate=4 September 2023}}</ref> Ọ bụ ahịhịa na-adị ndụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ (herbaceous perennial) nke na-amịpụta pseudostems kwa afọ—ya bụ, ogwe osisi ụgha nke e si n'okpuru akwụkwọ a tụgharịrị ọnụ kpụọ—nke nwere ike iru ihe dị ka otu mita n'ịdị elu. Osisi ahụ na-amịpụta akwụkwọ dị ogologo ma dị warara. Okooko ya nwere petal ndị na-acha odo odo dị mfe, nke akụkụ ya nwere agba odo-acha anụnụ anụnụ (purple), ma na-apụta ozugbo site na rhizome n'elu ome dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Plant resources of South-East Asia: no.13: Spices|publisher=Backhuys Publishers|year=1999|location=Leiden (Netherlands)|pages=238–244|chapter=Zingiber officinale Roscoe}}</ref> Jinja dị n'ezinụlọ Zingiberaceae, nke gụnyekwara turmeric (''Curcuma longa''),<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Curcuma longa'' L.|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:796451-1|publisher=Plants of the World Online, Kew Science, Kew Gardens, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England|accessdate=26 March 2018|year=2018}}</ref> cardamom (''Elettaria cardamomum''), na galangal. Jinja malitere na Maritime Southeast Asia ma o yikarịrị ka ndị Austronesia buru ụzọ zụọ ya. E ji ha buru ya gaa Indo-Pacific n'oge mgbasa Austronesia (ihe dị ka 5,000 BP), ruo Hawaii. Ginger bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị mbụ e si Eshia na-ebupụ, na-abata na Europe site na azụmaahịa ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ, ndị Gris na ndị Rom oge ochie jikwa ya.<ref name="Kew">{{Cite web|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:798372-1|title=''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe|date=2017|work=Kew Science, Plants of the World Online|publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref> A na-akpọkarị dicots ndị yiri ya n'ụdị ''Asarum'' ginger ọhịa n'ihi uto ha yiri nke ahụ. A na-eji ginger eme ihe n'ọgwụ ọdịnala na Chaịna, India na Japan ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, nakwa dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri ọgbara ọhụrụ. Ginger nwere ike inye uru karịa placebo maka ọgbụgbọ na ịgbọ agbọ n'oge ime,<ref name="preg">{{Cite journal|title=Treatments for Hyperemesis Gravidarum and Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review|journal=JAMA|volume=316|issue=13|pages=1392–1401|date=October 2016|pmid=27701665|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.14337|url=https://research.tees.ac.uk/en/publications/6b0f7e5c-6bc8-4f8e-9419-bf43b3eea727}}</ref> mana enweghị ezigbo ihe akaebe na ọ na-enyere aka na ọgbụgbọ n'oge [[Ọgwụ Ọgwụ|chemotherapy]].<ref name="chemo">{{Cite journal|title=Ginger as an antiemetic modality for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Oncol Nurs Forum|volume=40|issue=2|pages=163–70|date=March 2013|pmid=23448741|doi=10.1188/13.ONF.163-170|url=}}</ref> O doghị anya ma ginger ọ dị irè maka ịgwọ ọrịa ọ bụla.<ref name="drugs">{{Cite web|title=Ginger|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginger.html|publisher=Drugs.com|date=26 September 2022|accessdate=4 September 2023}}</ref> Na 2023, mmepụta ginger n'ụwa niile bụ 4.9 nde tọn, nke India na-edu, nke nwere 45% nke mkpokọta. == Okwu mmalite == Mmalite Bekee nke okwu "ginger" sitere na etiti narị afọ nke 14, site na {{Lang|ang|gingifer}} Bekee Ochie, nke sitere na mkpụrụ osisi Latin Medieval {{Lang|la|gingiber}}, {{Lang|la|gingiber}} sitere na Greek {{Lang|grc|ζιγγίβερις}} zingiberis sitere na Prakrit (Middle Indic) siṅgabera, na siṅgabera sitere na Sanskrit śṛṅgavera. A na-eche na okwu Sanskrit sitere na okwu Dravidian ochie nke mekwara [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Das|first=Abhaya Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ei4gAQAAIAAJ&q=Tamil+inchi+ver+ginger|title=Perspectives of Plant Biodiversity: Proceedings of National Seminar on Plant Biodiversity – Systematics, Conservation and Ethnobotany, Department of Botany, North Bengal University, November 9-11, 2000|date=2002|publisher=Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh|isbn=978-81-211-0298-8|language=en}}</ref> na okwu Malayalam iñci-vēr (site na vēr, "mgbọrọgwụ");<ref name=":4" /><ref name="W1" /> nkọwa ọzọ bụ na okwu Sanskrit sitere na srngam, nke pụtara "mpi", na vera, nke pụtara "ahụ" (na-akọwa ọdịdị nke mgbọrọgwụ ya), mana nke ahụ nwere ike ịbụ usoro mmụta ọdịnala. O yikarịrị ka e si na Bekee etiti gụgharịa ya site na {{Lang|fro|gingibre}} French ochie ({{Lang|fr|gingembre}} nke oge a nke French).<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PPCYBApSnIC&q=ginger+from+tamil+word+inji&pg=PA578|title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages|author=Caldwell|first=Robert|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0117-8|edition=3rd|location=New Delhi}}</ref> == Mmalite na nkesa == [[Faịlụ:Flower_of_Ginger1.jpg|thumb|Okooko osisi Ginger]] Jinja malitere n'akụkụ mmiri dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia. Ọ bụ ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ, ọ dịghịkwa adị n'ime ọhịa ya.<ref name="Ravindran2016">{{Cite book|title=Ginger: The Genus Zingiber|author=Ravindran|first=P.N.|date=2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-2336-7|location=Boca Raton}}</ref><ref name="singh">{{Cite book|title=Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement|author=Singh|first=Ram J.|date=2011|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-7386-7|series=Medicinal Plants|location=Boca Raton}}</ref> Ihe akaebe kacha ochie nke ezi ihe kpatara ya bụ n'etiti ndị Austronesian ebe ọ nọ n'etiti ọtụtụ ụdị ginger a na-akọ ma na-eri eri kemgbe oge ochie. Ha kụrụ ginger ndị ọzọ dịka turmeric (''Curcuma longa''), turmeric ọcha (''Curcuma zedoaria''), na ginger ilu (''Zingiber zerumbet''). A na-eji rhizomes na akwụkwọ ya ekpomeekpo nri ma ọ bụ rie ya ozugbo. A na-ejikwa akwụkwọ ndị ahụ akpa ákwà. E wezụga ojiji ndị a, ginger nwere ihe dị mkpa n'etiti ndị Austronesian, a na-eji ya eme ihe n'ememe maka ọgwụgwọ na ịrịọ nchebe site na mmụọ. A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe n'ihi ngọzi nke ụgbọ mmiri Austronesian.<ref name="Viestad">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TvQhVrQ7bzkC|title=Where Flavor Was Born: Recipes and Culinary Travels Along the Indian Ocean Spice Route|author=Viestad|first=Andreas|publisher=Chronicle Books|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8118-4965-4|location=San Francisco}}</ref><ref name="Ross2008Lexicon">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/106908|title=The lexicon of Proto Oceanic: The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society|author=Ross|first=Malcolm|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|year=2008|isbn=978-0-85883-589-4|editor=Ross|location=Canberra|pages=389–426|chapter=Other cultivated plants}}</ref><ref name="blusttrusell">{{Cite journal|date=2013|title=The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265931196|journal=[[Ocean. Linguist.]]|volume=52|issue=2|pages=493–523|doi=10.1353/ol.2013.0016|issn=0029-8115}}</ref><ref name="Ujang2015">{{Cite journal|date=2015|title=Ginger Species and Their Traditional Uses in Modern Applications|url=https://docplayer.net/48110504-Ginger-species-and-their-traditional-uses-in-modern-applications-section-2-p-o-box-7035-40700-shah-alam-selangor-malaysia-2.html|journal=Journal of Industrial Technology|volume=23|issue=1|pages=59–70|doi=10.21908/jit.2015.4}}</ref><ref name="Dalby2002">{{Cite book|title=Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices|author=Dalby|first=Andrew|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-520-23674-5}}</ref><ref name="KikusawaReid">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/33035/A67.2007.pdf|title=Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley|author=Kikusawa|first=Ritsuko|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Co.|year=2007|isbn=978-90-272-9294-0|editor=Siegel|pages=339–352|chapter=Proto who used turmeric, and how?|accessdate=23 January 2019}}</ref> A na-ebu ginger n'ụgbọ mmiri ha n'oge njem ha dị ka osisi ụgbọ mmiri n'oge mgbasa Austronesian, malite na ihe dị ka 5,000 BP. Ha webatara ya na Agwaetiti Pasifik tupu oge eruo, ogologo oge tupu ha na mmepeanya ndị ọzọ akpakọrịta. Mgbanwe nke okwu [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] ''*{{Lang|mis|laqia}}'' A na-ahụ ya n'asụsụ Austronesian ruo [[Hawaii]].<ref name="Blust1985">{{Cite journal|title=The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective|journal=Asian Perspectives|author=Blust|first=Robert|volume=26|issue=1|year=1984}}</ref><ref name="blusttrusell">{{Cite journal|date=2013|title=The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265931196|journal=[[Ocean. Linguist.]]|volume=52|issue=2|pages=493–523|doi=10.1353/ol.2013.0016|issn=0029-8115}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertTrussel2013">Robert B, Trussel S (2013). </cite></ref> O yikarịrị ka ha webatara ya na India yana osisi nri ndị ọzọ dị na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na teknụzụ ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri Austronesian, n'oge ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri Austronesian zutere ndị na-asụ asụsụ Dravidian nke Sri Lanka na Ndịda India na ihe dị ka 3,500 BP.<ref name="Viestad">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TvQhVrQ7bzkC|title=Where Flavor Was Born: Recipes and Culinary Travels Along the Indian Ocean Spice Route|author=Viestad|first=Andreas|publisher=Chronicle Books|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8118-4965-4|location=San Francisco}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFViestad2007">Viestad A (2007). </cite></ref><ref name="Dalby2002">{{Cite book|title=Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices|author=Dalby|first=Andrew|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-520-23674-5}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDalby2002">Dalby A (2002). </cite></ref><ref name="Mahdi1999">{{Cite book|title=Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts|author=Mahdi|first=Waruno|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=978-0-415-51870-3|editor=Blench|series=One World Archaeology|location=London|pages=144–179|chapter=The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean}}</ref> Ndị njem Austronesian burukwa ya gaa [[Madagascar]] na [[Comoros]] na Narị afọ nke mbụ nke oge a.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2011|title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence|journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa|volume=46|issue=2|pages=169–189|doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf}}</ref> Site n'India, ndị ahịa na-ebuga ya na Middle East na Mediterenian n'ihe dị ka Narị afọ nke mbụ nke oge a. A na-akọkarị ya na ndịda India na Greater Sunda Islands n'oge azụmaahịa ose, tinyere ose, klọvụ, na ọtụtụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="singh">{{Cite book|title=Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement|author=Singh|first=Ram J.|date=2011|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-7386-7|series=Medicinal Plants|location=Boca Raton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSingh2011">Singh RJ (2011). </cite></ref><ref name="Doran">{{Cite book|title=South East Asia in the World-Economy|author=Doran|first=Charles F.|date=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-31237-0|location=Cambridge}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndekọ mbụ e dere gbasara ginger sitere na ''Analects'', nke Ndị Na-eso Ụzọ Confucius dere<ref name="Rainey2010">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ID4gMCaLr0MC&pg=PA10|title=Confucius and Confucianism: The Essentials|author=Lee Dian Rainey|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4443-2360-3}}</ref> na Chaịna n'oge Agha Steeti (475–221 TOA).<ref name="pickersgill">{{Cite book|editor=Prance|author=Pickersgill|first=Barbara|authorlink=Barbara Pickersgill|date=2005|title=The Cultural History of Plants|publisher=Routledge|pages=163–164|isbn=0-415-92746-3}}</ref> N'ime ya, a sịrị na [[Konfúkius|Confucius]] na-eri ginger mgbe ọ bụla a na-eri ya.<ref name="pickersgill" /> Na 406, mọnk Faxian dere na a na-akọ ginger n'ime ite ma na-ebu ya n'ụgbọ mmiri ndị Chaịna iji gbochie ọrịa scurvy.<ref name="pickersgill" /> N'oge ọchịchị Song (960–1279), a na-ebubata ginger na Chaịna site na mba ndịda.<ref name="pickersgill" /> Ndị Arab webatara ose ginger na Mediterenian, ndị edemede dịka Dioscorides (40-90) na Pliny the Elder (24-79) kọwara ya.<ref name="pickersgill">{{Cite book|editor=Prance|author=Pickersgill|first=Barbara|authorlink=Barbara Pickersgill|date=2005|title=The Cultural History of Plants|publisher=Routledge|pages=163–164|isbn=0-415-92746-3}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPickersgill2005">[[Barbara Pickersgill|Pickersgill B]] (2005). </cite></ref> Na 150, Ptolemy kwuru na a na-emepụta ginger na Ceylon (Sri Lanka).<ref name="pickersgill" /> A na-ebubata ginger—ya na galangal —n'Alaeze Ukwu Rom dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụ ahịhịa dị oke ọnụ nke naanị ndị ọgaranya nwere ike ịzụta, dịka ọmụmaatụ maka akụrụ. Aëtius nke Amida kọwara ma ginger na galangal dị ka ihe ndị dị na ọgwụ ahịhịa ya dị mgbagwoju anya.<ref name="dalby2000">{{Cite book|author=Dalby|first=Andrew|title=Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices|date=2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-22789-1}}</ref> A na-ebubata ginger a na-esighị esi na nke echekwara na Europe n'ọtụtụ buru ibu n'oge Middle Ages mgbe ụtọ ndị Europe gbanwere nke ọma na ihe oriri ya; n'oge a, a kọwara ginger na ọgwụ gọọmentị nke ọtụtụ mba.<ref name="drugs">{{Cite web|title=Ginger|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginger.html|publisher=Drugs.com|date=26 September 2022|accessdate=4 September 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginger.html "Ginger"]. </cite></ref> Na narị afọ nke 14 England, otu paụnd nke ginger na-efu dị ka atụrụ.<ref name="pickersgill" /> Ihe akaebe ihe ochie nke ginger n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Yuropu sitere na mbibi nke ụgbọ mmiri Denmark-Norwegian, ''Gribshunden''. Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dara n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda nke Sweden n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1495 mgbe ọ na-ebuga Eze Hans n'elu ugwu ya na Kansụl Sweden. N'ime ihe okomoko ndị e ji ụgbọ mmiri ahụ mee bụ ginger, cloves, saffron, na ose.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Larsson|first=Mikael|date=2023-01-26|title=The king's spice cabinet–Plant remains from Gribshunden, a 15th century royal shipwreck in the Baltic Sea|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=18|issue=1|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0281010|issn=1932-6203|pmid=36701280}}</ref> E si Eshia ree osisi ginger n'agwaetiti Karịbian n'oge dị ka narị afọ nke 16, tinyere ose ojii, klọvụ, na sinamọn, n'ihi agbamume nke Eze Ukwu Spen, ọ bụ ezie na naanị ginger ka toro. O mechara wepụ shuga ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ mbupu na Hispaniola na Puerto Rico na ngwụcha narị afọ ahụ, ruo mgbe ewebatara ọrụ ohu site n'Afrịka mere ka shuga dịkwuo ọnụ ala iji mepụta na narị afọ nke 17.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Aram|first=Bethany|date=2015|title=Caribbean ginger and Atlantic trade, 1570–1648|journal=Journal of Global History|volume=10|issue=3|pages=410–430|doi=10.1017/S1740022815000200}}</ref> == Ubi ugbo == Jinja na-emepụta otu okooko osisi ọcha na pink nke na-ama ifuru na-acha odo odo. N'ihi ịma mma ya na mgbanwe nke osisi ahụ na ihu igwe ọkụ, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka ubi gburugburu ụlọ ndị dị n'okpuru okpomọkụ. Ọ bụ osisi dị ka ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere akwụkwọ ndụ kwa afọ, ihe dị ka mita (ụkwụ 3 ruo 4). Dịka omenala si dị, a na-achịkọta rhizome ahụ mgbe osisi ahụ kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ; a na-agba ya ọkụ ozugbo, ma ọ bụ saa ya ma kpụchaa ya, iji gbuo ya ma gbochie ya itolite. Bantu na-eji perisperm na-esi ísì ụtọ nke Zingiberaceae eme ihe dị ka anụ ụtọ, yana dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na sialogogue.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa|author=Watt|first=John Mitchell|publisher=E & S Livingstone|year=1962}}</ref> == Mmepụta == <templatestyles src="Template:Table alignment/styles.css" />  {| class="wikitable floatright col2right" |+Mmepụta ginger Raw 2023, tọn<br />2023, tonnes | India |2,201,000 |- | Naịjirịa |781,641 |- | China |672,914 |- | Nepal |309,533 |- | Indonesia |198,873 |- | Thailand |174,103 |- |'''Ụwa''' |'''4,877,179''' |- | colspan="2" |Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Ginger production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|accessdate=30 May 2025}}</ref> |} N'afọ 2023, mmepụta nke ginger a na-esighi esi n'ụwa niile ruru 4.9 nde tọn, nke India na-edu na pasentị iri anọ na ise nke mkpokọta ahụ, na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na Chaịna dịka ndị na-emepụta ihe nke abụọ.<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Ginger production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|accessdate=30 May 2025}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC "Ginger production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"]. </cite></ref> === Mmepụta na India === Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akọ ya n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa niile, ginger bụ "otu n'ime ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ mbụ e dekọrọ edekọtara iji kọọ ma na-ebupụ site na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ India".[1] India nwere ọkwa nke asaa na mbupụ ginger n'ụwa niile, mana ọ bụ "onye na-emepụta ginger kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa".[2] Mpaghara ndị dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ India kacha mma maka mmepụta ginger n'ihi ihu igwe ha na-ekpo ọkụ na iru mmiri, mmiri ozuzo nkezi na oghere ala.[3] Ginger nwere ike itolite n'ụdị ala na mpaghara dị iche iche; agbanyeghị, ọ na-eto nke ọma ma ọ bụrụ na a kụọ ya n'ebe na-ekpo ọkụ ma nwee iru mmiri, n'ebe dị elu ruru mita 300 ruo 900 (ma ọ bụ ụkwụ 1,000 ruo 3,000), nakwa n'ala na-adịghị ejigide mmiri nke ukwuu ma nwee omimi opekata mpe sentimita 30. Oge mmiri ozuzo pere mpe tupu e too ya na oge mmiri ozuzo kesara nke ọma n'oge a na-eto ya dịkwa mkpa ka ginger wee too nke ọma n'ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Aryal|first=Suman|date=2013-02-10|title=Rainfall And Water Requirement of Rice During Growing Period|journal=Journal of Agriculture and Environment|volume=13|pages=1–4|doi=10.3126/aej.v13i0.7576|issn=2091-1009}}</ref> A na-akọkarị ginger n'India site n'ịkọ ugbo n'ụlọ, ebe ezinụlọ na ndị obodo na-arụkọ ọrụ nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=ITAA Annual Conference Proceedings|author=Sneed|first=Christoper|date=2017|title=Do They Matter? The Impact of Atmospherics on Farmers' Market Consumers' Purchase Intention and Word-of-Mouth|doi=10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-389|url=https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2328&context=itaa_proceedings}}</ref> == Ịkpa Ginger == [[Faịlụ:Gingerfield.jpg|thumb|Ubi Ginger]] Ogo nke mkpọrọgwụ ginger dị oke mkpa n'ọrụ ịkọ ginger. Ka mkpọrọgwụ ahụ buru ibu, ka ginger ga-esi too ngwa ngwa, nke pụtara na a ga-enwe ike ịkpọga ya n'ahịa ngwa ngwa. Tupu a kụọ rhizome mkpụrụ, a chọrọ ka ndị ọrụ ugbo gwọọ mkpụrụ ahụ iji gbochie ụmụ ahụhụ, ire ere rhizome na ọrịa ndị ọzọ sitere na mkpụrụ.<ref name=":1" /> Ụzọ dị iche iche ndị ọrụ ugbo India si agwọ mkpụrụ gụnyere itinye mkpụrụ ahụ n'ime mmiri nsị ehi, ise anwụrụ mkpụrụ tupu echekwa ha, na ịsacha mmiri ọkụ.<ref name=":1" /> Ozugbo e mechachara mkpụrụ ndị ahụ nke ọma, onye ọrụ ugbo ga-egwu ala ubi ebe a ga-akụ ha nke ọma ma ọ bụ kọọ ala ahụ nke ọma iji gbawaa ala ahụ. Mgbe e gwuchara ala ahụ nke ọma (ma ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro 3-5), a na-eme ọwa mmiri 60–80 feet (18–24 m) iche iji mee ka ihe ubi ahụ gbaa mmiri.<ref name=":1" /> Nzọụkwụ ọzọ bụ ịkụ mkpụrụ rhizome. Na India, a na-akụ mkpụrụ ginger a gbara mmiri n'ime ọnwa dị n'etiti Maachị na Juun ebe ọnwa ndị ahụ na-egosi mmalite nke mmiri ozuzo, ma ọ bụ oge mmiri ozuzo. Ozugbo a kụrụ ihe, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-aga n'ihu na-akụ mkpụrụ ahụ iji chekwaa mmiri ma lelee uto ahịhịa, yana ịlele mmiri mmiri n'elu iji chekwaa ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter|first=Philip|date=1975|title=An Evaluation of Several Mulch Materials on Landscape Plant Growth, Weed Control, Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture: Interim Report|journal=Purdue University E-Pubs|doi=10.5703/1288284313900}}</ref> A na-etinye mulch (dịka ọmụmaatụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ) n'elu akwa osisi ozugbo a kụrụ ya, ọzọ ụbọchị 45 na 90 ka ọ na-eto.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe a kụrụ mulch, a na-akpọ climbing, nke bụ ịkpalite na ịgbawa ala iji lelee uto ahịhịa, mebie ike nke ala site na mmiri ozuzo, ma chekwaa mmiri ala.<ref name=":1" /> Ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-ahụ na ihe ubi ginger ha na-enweta mmiri mmiri ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri ozuzo dị ala na mpaghara ha. Na India, ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-agba mmiri ginger ha kwa izu abụọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'etiti Septemba na Nọvemba (mgbe mmiri ozuzo gwụchara) iji hụ na mkpụrụ kachasị elu na ngwaahịa dị elu.<ref name=":1" /> Oge ikpeazụ maka ịkọ mkpụrụ osisi ginger bụ oge owuwe ihe ubi. Mgbe a kụrụ mkpụrụ osisi rhizome maka ngwaahịa dịka akwụkwọ nri, soda, na swiit, a ga-ewe ihe ubi n'etiti ọnwa anọ na ise nke ịkụ ihe, ebe mgbe a kụrụ mkpụrụ osisi rhizome maka ngwaahịa dịka ginger kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ mmanụ ginger, a ga-ewe ihe ubi ọnwa asatọ ruo iri mgbe a kụchara ya. Jinja kpọrọ nkụ bụ otu n'ime ụdị ginger kachasị ewu ewu n'ahịa. A na-egbute rhizomes ginger maka ginger kpọrọ nkụ mgbe ha tozuru oke (ọnwa 8-10).<ref name=":2" /> Mgbe a mikpusịrị ha na mmiri, a na-eji aka kpụchaa akpụkpọ ahụ mpụta ya n'ihi na ọ dị oke nro nke na igwe anaghị arụ ọrụ.<ref name=":2" /> A na-agweri rhizomes kpọrọ nkụ niile n'ebe a na-eri nri. Jinja ọhụrụ anaghị achọ nhazi ọzọ mgbe a gbuchara ya, a na-aghọkwa ya obere oge.<ref name=":3" /> == Njem na mbupụ nke ginger == A na-eziga ginger n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche ka e buru ya gaa ebe ikpeazụ ọ na-aga ma n'ime obodo ma n'ụwa niile. Njem ahụ na-amalite mgbe ndị ọrụ ugbo rere akụkụ nke ihe ha mepụtara nye ndị ahịa obodo na-anakọta ihe ubi kpọmkwem n'ọnụ ụzọ ugbo. Ozugbo a chịkọtara ihe ubi ahụ, a na-ebuga ya n'ahịa mgbakọ kacha nso ebe a na-ebuga ya na ebe a na-ere ahịa mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke mpaghara.<ref name=":3" /> Ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere nnukwu mkpụrụ ga-ebuga ihe ha mepụtara ozugbo na ahịa mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke mpaghara. Ozugbo ihe ubi ahụ "rutere ahịa mpaghara", a na-ehicha ha, na-enye ha ọkwa, ma na-etinye ha n'ime akpa ihe dị ka 60kg".<ref name=":3" /> A na-ebuga ha n'ahịa ndị dị n'ọdụ dịka New Delhi, Kochi, na Bombay.<ref name=":3" /> Steeti ebe a na-ebupụ ginger na-agbaso ụzọ ahịa nke ahịa akwụkwọ nri na India, usoro ndị a yikwara nke a na-ebuga n'ime obodo. Agbanyeghị, kama iru ahịa njedebe mgbe e mechara ebe a na-ebuga ihe ubi mpaghara, ihe ubi ahụ ga-erute ahịa mbupụ wee jiri ụgbọala, ụgbọelu ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri ziga ya ruo ebe ikpeazụ mba ụwa na-aga, ebe ọ ga-erute n'ahịa ahịa mpaghara ma mechaa ruo onye ahịa ozugbo azụrụ ya. A na-ere ginger kpọrọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'etiti mba Eshia site na usoro nkesa pụrụ iche nke gụnyere netwọk nke obere ụlọ ahịa. A na-ere ginger ọhụrụ na nke echekwara ozugbo na ụlọ ahịa ndị dị n'ahịa, na mba ụfọdụ, a na-ahụ ginger ọhụrụ naanị n'ụlọ ahịa obere pụrụ iche maka obodo ụfọdụ.<ref name=":3" /> India na-ebuga ginger na ihe oriri akwụkwọ nri ndị ọzọ na Pakistan na Bangladesh dị nso, yana "Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Morocco, United States, Yemen Republic, United Kingdom, na Netherlands".<ref name=":3" /> Ọ bụ ezie na India bụ mba kachasị emepụta ginger n'ụwa, ọ naghị arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ebupụ ihe ma na-akpata naanị ihe dị ka 1.17% nke mbupụ ginger niile. Ịkọ ginger na India bụ azụmahịa dị oke ọnụ ma dị ize ndụ, ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo anaghị enweta nnukwu ego site na mbupụ na "ihe karịrị 65% nke mkpokọta ọnụ ahịa e nwetara bụ maka ọrụ na ihe ọkụkụ".<ref name=":3" /> Onye nwe ugbo nwere ike irite uru ebe ọ bụ na enweghị mfu na mmepụta ma ọ bụ mbelata ọnụahịa, nke a na-apụghị izere ngwa ngwa.<ref name=":3" /> Mmepụta ginger kpọrọ nkụ na-egosi na ọ nwere uru na ọnụ ahịa dị elu, yana ginger a kụrụ n'usoro ịkọ ihe kama ịbụ ihe ọkụkụ dị ọcha.<ref name=":3" /> == Ojiji == === Nri === [[Faịlụ:Ingwer_2_(fcm).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ginger rhizome ọhụrụ]] [[Faịlụ:Fresh_ginger.jpg|thumb|Ginger a sachara ọhụrụ]] A na-ejikarị ginger eme ihe n'ụwa niile, ma ọ bụ maka nri ma ọ bụ dịka ọgwụ ndị mmadụ. A pụrụ iji ginger mee ọtụtụ ihe oriri dịka akwụkwọ nri, swiiti, soda, pickles, na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya. Jinja bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ n'ime kichin.<ref name="Kew">{{Cite web|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:798372-1|title=''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe|date=2017|work=Kew Science, Plants of the World Online|publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|accessdate=25 November 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:798372-1 "''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe"]. </cite></ref> Rizme ginger na-eto eto na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ụtọ nke ukwuu, ha na-atọkwa ụtọ nke ukwuu. A na-etinyekarị ha na mmanya vinega ma ọ bụ sherry dị ka ihe oriri ma ọ bụ sie ha dị ka ihe e ji eme ọtụtụ nri. A pụrụ itinye ha na mmiri ọkụ iji mee tii ahịhịa ginger, nke a pụrụ itinye mmanụ aṅụ na ya. A pụrụ ime ginger ka ọ bụrụ swiit ma ọ bụ mmanya ginger. ==== Eshia ==== Mkpụrụ osisi ginger ndị toro eto na-enwe eriri afọ ma fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpọọ nkụ. A na-ejikarị ihe ọṅụṅụ sitere na mgbọrọgwụ ginger eme ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na nri ndị India, ọ bụkwa ihe a na-ejikarị eme nri ndị China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, na ọtụtụ nri ndị South Asia maka nri na-esi ísì ụtọ dị ka nri mmiri, anụ, na nri ndị anaghị eri anụ. [[Faịlụ:Ginger_in_China_01.jpg|thumb|Ụdị abụọ nke ginger na China]] N'ihe oriri ndị India, ginger bụ ihe dị mkpa, ọkachasị n'ime gravies ndị buru ibu, yana n'ọtụtụ nri ndị ọzọ, ma ndị anaghị eri anụ ma ndị e ji anụ mee. Jinja nwere ọrụ na ọgwụ Ayurvedic ọdịnala. Ọ bụ ihe e ji eme ihe ọṅụṅụ ọdịnala ndị India, ma oyi ma ọkụ, gụnyere masala chai a ṅara n'ọkụ. Jinja ọhụrụ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi e ji eme ka curries pulse na lentil na ihe oriri akwụkwọ nri ndị ọzọ. A na-akụ ginger ọhụrụ yana klọọkụ galik a kpụchara akpụcha ma ọ bụ gwerie ya iji mee ginger galik masala. A na-eji ginger ọhụrụ, yana nke kpọrọ nkụ, eme tii na kọfị, karịsịa n'oge oyi. Na ndịda India, "sambharam" bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ yogọt oge okpomọkụ nke e ji ginger mee dị ka ihe dị mkpa, yana ose akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, nnu na akwụkwọ curry. A na-eji ntụ ntụ ginger eme ihe na nkwadebe nri nke a na-eme karịsịa maka ụmụ nwanyị dị ime ma ọ bụ ndị na-enye nwa ara, nke kachasị ewu ewu bụ katlu, nke bụ ngwakọta nke resin chịngọm, ghee, mkpụrụ, na shuga. A na-erikwa ginger n'ụdị candied na pickled. Na Japan, a na-apịcha ginger iji mee beni shōga na gari ma ọ bụ gwere ma jiri ya mee ihe na tofu ma ọ bụ noodles. A na-eme ya ka ọ bụrụ swiit a na-akpọ shoga no sato zuke. N'ime kimchi ọdịnala nke Korea, a na-agweri ginger nke ọma ma ọ bụ tee ya mmiri ka ọ ghara ịdị ka eriri afọ ma tinye ya na ihe ndị e ji mee ya tupu e mee ka ọ gbaa ọkụ. [[Faịlụ:Steamed_salted_fish_diced_chicken_rice_02.jpg|thumb|Nri ndị China nwere akụkụ ginger. Ọ na-egosi ọnụọgụ ginger a na-eri nri ọ bụla.]] Na Myanmar, a na-akpọ ginger ''gyin''. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'isi nri, ọ bụkwa ihe dị mkpa n'ọgwụ ọdịnala. A na-eri ya dị ka nri salad a na-akpọ ''gyin-thot'', nke nwere ginger a gbuturu agbutu nke echekwara na mmanụ, ya na ọtụtụ mkpụrụ na mkpụrụ. Na Thailand ebe a na-akpọ ya ขิง ''khing'', a na-eji ya eme ihe na-eme ka galik ginger dị nro n'isi nri. Na Indonesia, a na-eji ginger na shuga nkwụ eme ihe ọṅụṅụ a na-akpọ ''wedang jahe''. Ndị Indonesia na-ejikwa mgbọrọgwụ ginger a gbuturu agbutu, nke a na-akpọ ''jahe'', dị ka ihe a na-ahụkarị na nri obodo. Na [[Malaysia]], a na-akpọ ginger ''halia'' ma na-eji ya eme ọtụtụ nri, ọkachasị ofe. A na-akpọ ya ''luya'' na Philippines, ginger bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na nri obodo ma a na-eme ya dị ka tii a na-akpọ ''salabat''.<ref name="hardon">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HzoNfy-__EC&q=ginger+philippines+sore+throat|title=Applied health research manual: anthropology of health and health care|publisher=Het Spinhuis|year=2001|isbn=978-90-5589-191-7|edition=3rd|location=Amsterdam}}</ref><ref name="co">{{Cite book|title=Common medicinal plants of the Cordillera region (Northern Luzon, Philippines)|publisher=Community Health Education, Services and Training in the Cordillera Region (CHESTCORE)|year=1984|isbn=978-971-8640-00-5}}</ref> Na Vietnam, a pụrụ itinye akwụkwọ ọhụrụ, nke a gbuturu agbutu nke ọma, na ofe oporo na yam ( ''canh khoai mỡ'' ) dị ka ihe ịchọ mma na ose iji tinye ụtọ ginger dị nro karịa mgbọrọgwụ a gbuturu agbutu. Na Chaịna, a na-ejikọkarị mgbọrọgwụ ginger a gbuturu agbutu ma ọ bụ nke zuru oke na nri dị ụtọ dịka azụ, a na-ejikọkarị mgbọrọgwụ ginger a gbuturu agbutu na anụ, mgbe a na-esi ya. Mgbe ụfọdụ ginger a gbuturu agbutu bụ ihe mejupụtara igbe swiiti ndị Chaịna, a pụkwara iji ginger kwadebe tii ahịhịa. Enwere ike iji mmiri ginger a na-anaghị agwakọta agwakọta agwakọta agwakọta agwakọta mmiri ara ehi ma mee ihe ụtọ, mmiri ara ehi ginger. ==== Ebe Ugwu America ==== Na Karịbian, ginger bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ a ma ama maka isi nri na ime ihe ọṅụṅụ dị ka sorrel, ihe ọṅụṅụ a na-eme n'oge ekeresimesi. Ndị Jamaica na-eme biya ginger ma dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ carbonated ma dịkwa ọhụrụ n'ụlọ ha. A na-emekarị tii jinja ọhụrụ, e nwekwara achịcha jinja a ma ama na mpaghara Jamaica. ==== Mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ ==== [[Faịlụ:Gingerbread_landscape.jpg|thumb|Nwoke Gingerbread na nwunye ya na ụlọ Gingerbreadeụlọ achịcha ginger]] N'ihe oriri ndị ọdịda anyanwụ, a na-ejikarị ginger eme ihe n'ọtụtụ nri dị ụtọ dịka ginger ale, gingerbread, ginger snaps, parkin, na speculaas. A na-emepụta mmanya mmanya a na-akpọ Canton na Jarnac, France. Mmanya ginger bụ mmanya a na-esi ísì ụtọ ginger emepụtara na United Kingdom, nke a na-erekarị na karama iko akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. A na-ejikwa ginger eme ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ a na-etinye na kọfị na tii ọkụ. N'agwaetiti Corfu, Gris, a na-eme ihe ọṅụṅụ ọdịnala a na-akpọ τσιτσιμπύρα ( ''tsitsibira'' ), ụdị biya ginger . Ndị Corfu na agwaetiti ndị ọzọ nke Ionian nakweere ihe ọṅụṅụ sitere n'aka ndị Britain, n'oge United States of the Ionian Islands. A pụrụ iji ginger ọhụrụ dochie ginger a gwere egweri na nha isii ruo otu, ọ bụ ezie na ụtọ ginger ọhụrụ na nke kpọrọ nkụ dịtụ iche. A na-ejikarị mgbọrọgwụ ginger kpọrọ nkụ eme ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ maka ntụziaka dị ka achịcha ginger, kuki, achịcha crackers na achịcha, ginger ale, na biya ginger. Ginger a mịrị amị ma ọ bụ nke a mịrị amị, nke a maara na UK dị ka "'''ginger stem'''", bụ mgbọrọgwụ esi nri na shuga ruo mgbe ọ dị nro, ọ bụkwa ụdị ihe eji eme achịcha. A pụrụ ịkpụcha ginger ọhụrụ tupu e rie ya. Maka nchekwa ogologo oge, enwere ike itinye ginger ahụ n'ime akpa plastik ma tinye ya na friji ma ọ bụ kpọnwụọ. ==== Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa ==== A na-eji ginger eme nri ndị Iran. Achịcha ginger bụ ụdị kuki a na-esikarị esi n'obodo Gorgan n'oge ezumike nke Nowruz (Ụbọchị Afọ Ọhụrụ).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isna.ir/news/golestan-17943/%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1/|title=National registration of Gorgan gingerbread as an intangible cultural heritage in the national monuments of the country (translated from Farsi)|publisher=Iranian Students News Agency}}</ref> === Ihe ndị yiri ya === A na-eji ndị ọzọ so n'ezinụlọ Zingiberaceae eme ihe n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Ha gụnyere ''myoga'' (''Zingiber mioga''), ụdị galangal dị iche iche, mgbọrọgwụ mkpịsị aka (''Boesenbergia rotunda''), na ginger ilu ( ''Zingiber zerumbet''). A makwaara ''Asarum canadense'' dị ka ụdị dicotyledonous nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ North America, nke a makwaara dịka "ginger ọhịa ", mgbọrọgwụ ya nwekwara ihe ndị yiri ya na-esi ísì ụtọ, mana ọ nweghị njikọ na ezi ginger. Osisi ahụ nwere aristolochic acid, ihe na -akpata kansa.<ref name="2001FDA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/SafetyAlertsAdvisories/ucm096388.htm|title=Aristolochic Acid: FDA Warns Consumers to Discontinue Use of Botanical Products that Contain Aristolochic Acid|date=11 April 2001|publisher=US [[FDA]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603091617/https://www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/SafetyAlertsAdvisories/ucm096388.htm|archivedate=3 June 2017}}</ref> Ngalaba Nri na Ọgwụ nke United States na-adọ aka ná ntị na iri ngwaahịa nwere aristolochic acid na-ejikọta ya na "mmebi akụrụ na-adịgide adịgide, mgbe ụfọdụ na-ebute ọdịda akụrụ nke chọrọ dialysis akụrụ ma ọ bụ transplant akụrụ. Na mgbakwunye, ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa enwetala ụdị kansa ụfọdụ, nke na-emekarị na urinary tract."<ref name="2001FDA" /> == Nri == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Ginger a na-esighị esi bụ mmiri 79%, carbohydrates 18%, protein 2%, na abụba 1% (tebụl). N'ime ọnụọgụ ntụaka nke 100 g (3.5) oz), ginger a na-esighi esi na-enye 333 kilojoules (80 kilocalories) nke ike nri na obere potassium (14% nke uru kwa ụbọchị, DV), magnesium (10% DV) na manganese (10% DV), mana ọ dị obere na ọdịnaya micronutrient (tebụl). == Ọdịdị na nchekwa == Ọ bụrụ na a rie ya n'ọtụtụ dị mma, ginger anaghị enwe mmetụta ọjọọ ọ bụla, mana nnukwu ọnụọgụ nwere ike ibute ihe ọjọọ, dịka nsogbu afọ, na mmekọrịta na-adịghị mma na ọgwụ ndị dọkịta nyere.<ref name="drugs">{{Cite web|title=Ginger|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginger.html|publisher=Drugs.com|date=26 September 2022|accessdate=4 September 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginger.html "Ginger"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Spinella2001">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/psychopharmacolo0000spin|title=The Psychopharmacology of Herbal Medications: Plant Drugs That Alter Mind, Brain, and Behavior|publisher=MIT Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-262-69265-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/psychopharmacolo0000spin/page/272 272]}}</ref> Ọ dị na ndepụta FDA "a maara dị ka ihe nchekwa",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=182.20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030915162222/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?FR=182.20|archivedate=15 September 2003|title=Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 182, Sec. 182.20: Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates): Substances Generally Recognized As Safe|date=1 September 2014|publisher=US [[FDA]]|accessdate=21 December 2014}}</ref> mana ọ na- ejikọ ya na ụfọdụ ọgwụ, gụnyere ọgwụ mgbochi ọbara warfarin<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2007|title=Risk of warfarin-related bleeding events and supratherapeutic international normalized ratios associated with complementary and alternative medicine: a longitudinal analysis|journal=[[Pharmacotherapy (journal)|Pharmacotherapy]]|volume=27|issue=9|pages=1237–47|doi=10.1592/phco.27.9.1237|pmid=17723077}}</ref> na ọgwụ obi nifedipine.<ref name="nccih">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginger|title=Ginger, NCCIH Herbs at a Glance|date=1 December 2020|publisher=US [[NCCIH]]|accessdate=4 September 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginger "Ginger, NCCIH Herbs at a Glance"]. </cite></ref> === Chemistry === Isi na ụtọ pụrụ iche nke ginger sitere na mmanụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke mejupụtara 1–3% nke ibu nke ginger ọhụrụ, nke gụnyere sesquiterpenes, dị ka beta-bisabolene na zingiberene, zingerone, shogaols, na gingerols nwere [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) dị ka ihe mejupụtara ya.<ref name="drugs">{{Cite web|title=Ginger|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginger.html|publisher=Drugs.com|date=26 September 2022|accessdate=4 September 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginger.html "Ginger"]. </cite></ref><ref name="an">{{Cite journal|year=2016|title=Comparison of different drying methods on Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): Changes in volatiles, chemical profile, antioxidant properties, and microstructure|journal=[[Food Chem.]]|volume=197|issue=Part B|pages=1292–300|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.033|pmid=26675871}}</ref> Ihe dị ka kemịkalụ 400 dị na ginger a na-esighi esi.<ref name="drugs" /> A na-emepụta Zingerone site na gingerols mgbe a na-akpọ nkụ, ọ na-enwe obere ntụpọ na isi ụtọ dị ụtọ.<ref name="an">{{Cite journal|year=2016|title=Comparison of different drying methods on Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): Changes in volatiles, chemical profile, antioxidant properties, and microstructure|journal=[[Food Chem.]]|volume=197|issue=Part B|pages=1292–300|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.033|pmid=26675871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAnZhaoWangWu2016">An K, Zhao D, Wang Z, Wu J, Xu Y, Xiao G (2016). </cite></ref> Shogaols na-esi ísì karịa, a na-emepụtakwa ha site na gingerols n'oge a na-ekpo ọkụ, na-echekwa ha ma ọ bụ site na acidity.<ref name="drugs">{{Cite web|title=Ginger|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginger.html|publisher=Drugs.com|date=26 September 2022|accessdate=4 September 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginger.html "Ginger"]. </cite></ref><ref name="an" /> Ọtụtụ monoterpenes, amino acids, eriri nri, protein, phytosterols, vitamin, na mineral nri bụ ihe ndị ọzọ mejupụtara ya.<ref name="drugs" /> Ginger ọhụrụ nwekwara enzyme zingibain nke bụ cysteine protease ma nwee ihe ndị yiri ya na rennet.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=X. W.|date=2011-05-01|title=Purification, characterization, and milk coagulating properties of ginger proteases|journal=Journal of Dairy Science|language=en|volume=94|issue=5|pages=2259–2269|doi=10.3168/jds.2010-4024|pmid=21524515|issn=0022-0302}}</ref> == Nnyocha == Ihe akaebe na iji ginger eme ihe na-ejikọta ya na mbelata agbọ onunu n'oge ime dị ala<ref name="preg">{{Cite journal|title=Treatments for Hyperemesis Gravidarum and Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review|journal=JAMA|volume=316|issue=13|pages=1392–1401|date=October 2016|pmid=27701665|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.14337|url=https://research.tees.ac.uk/en/publications/6b0f7e5c-6bc8-4f8e-9419-bf43b3eea727}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcParlinO'DonnellRobsonBeyer2016">McParlin C, O'Donnell A, Robson SC, Beyer F, Moloney E, Bryant A, et&nbsp;al. (October 2016). </cite></ref> Enweghị ezigbo ihe akaebe ginger na-enyere aka belata agbọ onunu na ịgbọ agbọ nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ na-akpata.<ref name="chemo">{{Cite journal|title=Ginger as an antiemetic modality for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Oncol Nurs Forum|volume=40|issue=2|pages=163–70|date=March 2013|pmid=23448741|doi=10.1188/13.ONF.163-170|url=}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLeeOh2013">Lee J, Oh H (March 2013). </cite></ref> Enweghị ihe akaebe doro anya na iji ginger agwọ ọgbụgbọ n'oge ime dị mma.<ref name="drugs">{{Cite web|title=Ginger|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginger.html|publisher=Drugs.com|date=26 September 2022|accessdate=4 September 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginger.html "Ginger"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Giacosa">{{Cite journal|year=2015|title=Can nausea and vomiting be treated with ginger extract?|url=https://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/1291-1296.pdf|journal=European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences|volume=19|issue=7|pages=1291–6|issn=1128-3602|pmid=25912592}}</ref><ref name="ernst-meta">{{Cite journal|date=2000|title=Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials|journal=[[Br. J. Anaesth.]]|volume=84|issue=3|pages=367–371|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013442|pmid=10793599}}</ref> Ginger anaghị arụ ọrụ maka ịgwọ dysmenorrhea.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2016|title=Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea|journal=[[The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.]]|volume=2016|issue=3|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2|pmid=27000311}}</ref> E nwere ihe akaebe na ọ nwere mmetụta mgbochi mbufụt, mana enweghị ihe akaebe zuru oke maka na ọ na-emetụta ihe mgbu na osteoarthritis.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2011|title=The use of ginger (''Zingiber officinale'') for the treatment of pain: A systematic review of clinical trials|journal=Pain Medicine|volume=12|issue=12|pages=1808–18|doi=10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01261.x|pmid=22054010}}</ref> Enweghị ezigbo ihe akaebe na ginger na-emetụta mkpokọta platelet na coagulation ọbara.<ref name="Marx McKavanagh McCarthy Bird p=e0141119">{{Cite journal|author=Marx|first=Wolfgang|title=The Effect of Ginger (''Zingiber officinale'') on Platelet Aggregation: A Systematic Literature Review|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=10|date=21 October 2015|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0141119|pmid=26488162}}</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2018 gosiri na ginger nwere ike ibelata ibu ahụ n'ime ndị buru ibu ma mee ka cholesterol HDL dịkwuo elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Maharlouei|first=N|year=2019|title=The effects of ginger intake on weight loss and metabolic profiles among overweight and obese subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408398.2018.1427044|volume=59|issue=11|pages=1753–1766|doi=10.1080/10408398.2018.1427044|pmid=29393665}}</ref> == Mmetụta ọjọọ == Ọ bụ ezie na a maara ya dị ka ihe dị mma, ginger nwere ike ibute obi mgbawa na mmetụta ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na e jiri ya mee ntụ ntụ.<ref name="nccih">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginger|title=Ginger, NCCIH Herbs at a Glance|date=1 December 2020|publisher=US [[NCCIH]]|accessdate=4 September 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginger "Ginger, NCCIH Herbs at a Glance"]. </cite></ref> Ọ nwere ike imetụta ndị nwere nkume gallstone n'ụzọ dị njọ, ma nwee ike igbochi mmetụta nke ọgwụ mgbochi mkpali, dị ka warfarin ma ọ bụ aspirin, na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ edepụtara.<ref name="nccih" /><ref name="drugs">{{Cite web|title=Ginger|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginger.html|publisher=Drugs.com|date=26 September 2022|accessdate=4 September 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginger.html "Ginger"]. </cite></ref> == Ihe ngosi == <gallery> Faịlụ:Ginger_Plant_vs.jpg|Ginger plant with flower Faịlụ:Opening_ginger_flower.jpg|Ginger flower about to bloom Faịlụ:Ginger_flower_stamen.jpg|Ginger flower stamen Faịlụ:Ginger_crop.jpg|Ginger crop, Myanmar Faịlụ:Ginger_on_Dark_Board.jpg|Chopped ginger Faịlụ:Gari_ginger.jpg|alt=Gari, a type of pickled ginger|<nowiki><i id="mwA74">Gari</i></nowiki>, a type of pickled ginger Faịlụ:German_Ginger_wine_with_stem_ginger_decoration_4.jpg|German ginger-flavored wine (grape-based) with stem ginger decoration </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Osisi na anụmanụ e ji aka ha rụọ n'ụlọ nke Austronesia == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * Zingiber officinale Ndepụta nke Chemicals (Dr. Duke's) (echekwara na 14 Nọvemba 2004) {{Ginger Plant}}{{Herbs & spices}}{{Medicinal herbs & fungi}}{{Transient receptor potential channel modulators}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q35625}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] afyxlmay0by9ytlmzoirlbtyahnsxm4 0 77964 688233 688161 2026-07-15T17:31:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688233 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:First_preserved_Main_Page_of_Wikipedia.jpeg|thumb|Isi peeji nke Wikipedia (20 Disemba 2001) ]] [[Wikipidia|Wikipedia]], encyclopedia dị n'ịntanetị n'efu nke òtù ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo a maara dị ka Ndị Wikipedia na-ede ma na-elekọta, jiri ndezi mbụ ya malite na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, ụbọchị abụọ mgbe edebachara aha ngalaba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info – DomainTools|url=http://whois.domaintools.com/wikipedia.org|accessdate=24 October 2016|work=[[WHOIS]]|archivedate=17 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417083509/http://whois.domaintools.com/wikipedia.org}}</ref> Ọ malitere dịka [[Nupedia]], encyclopedia dị n'efu nke ahaziri ahazi karị, dị ka ụzọ isi nye ohere ide edemede na mee nsụgharị n'ụzọ ka dị mfe ma dị ngwa. Ihe ndabere teknụzụ na echiche nke Wikipedia bu nke a ụzọ; Rick Gates mere atụmatụ mbụ a maara maka encyclopedia n'ịntanetị n'afọ 1993, <ref name="listserv.uh.edu">{{Cite web|year=2010|title=Wikipedia of Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger|url=http://history-computer.com/Internet/Conquering/Wikipedia.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415133700/http://history-computer.com/Internet/Conquering/Wikipedia.html|archivedate=15 April 2012|accessdate=9 November 2013|publisher=History Computer}}</ref> na echiche nke encyclopedia ịntanetị n'efu (dị ka dị iche na naanị isi iyi mepere emepe) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Philosophy|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html#open-source|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132149/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html#open-source|archivedate=14 October 2013|accessdate=5 November 2013|publisher=GNU}}</ref> bụ nke Richard Stallman chepụtara na 1998.<ref name="stallmanencyclopedia">{{Cite web|author=Stallman|first=Richard|authorlink=Richard Stallman|year=1998|title=The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource (1998 Draft)|url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia-1998-draft.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124065108/https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia-1998-draft.html|archivedate=24 January 2021|accessdate=29 October 2021|publisher=GNU}}</ref> Echiche Stallman gụnyere kpọmkwem echiche na ọ dịghị nzukọ dị n'etiti kwesịrị ịchịkwa nhazi. Nke a dị iche na encyclopedia dijitalụ nke oge a dị ka [[Wiki|Microsoft Encarta]] na ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' N'afọ 2001, a gbanwere akwụkwọ ikikere maka [[Nupedia]] ka ọ bụrụ [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]], meziri ka [[Jimmy Wales]] na [[Larry Sanger]] malite Wikipedia dị ka ọrụ ga-anọchi ya, na-eji wiki n'ịntanetị dị ka ngwá ọrụ nchịkọta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WikiHistory|url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020621221535/http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory|archivedate=21 June 2002|accessdate=15 May 2013|publisher=[[WikiWikiWeb]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na e cheburu Wikipedia na mbụ dị ka ebe a ga na-edetu edemede na echiche ndị a ga-achọ ibipụta na Nupedia, ọ gafere onye bu ya ụzọ ngwa ngwa, na-aghọ ma oghere ndetu ederede nwa mgbe nakwa ọ̀bà maka edemede ikpeazụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ọtụtụ narị asụsụ, na-akpali ọtụtụ ọrụ ntanetị ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2014, Wikipedia nwere ihe dịka nde mmadụ narị anọ na iri itoolu na ise na-agụ ya kwa ọnwa. <ref name="EconWikiPeaks">{{Cite news|date=1 March 2014|title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?|work=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|accessdate=2 April 2014}}</ref> Na 2015, dị ka comScore si kwuo, Wikipedia natara ihe karịrị nde mmadụ otu narị na iri na ise na-eleta ya kwa ọnwa site na United States naanị. <ref name="comScore2012">{{Cite web|date=24 February 2015|title=comScore Ranks the Top 50 U.S. Digital Media Properties for January 2015|url=http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Market-Rankings/comScore-Ranks-the-Top-50-US-Digital-Media-Properties-for-January-2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317071240/http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Market-Rankings/comScore-Ranks-the-Top-50-US-Digital-Media-Properties-for-January-2015|archivedate=17 March 2015|accessdate=17 March 2015|publisher=comScore}}</ref> Na Septemba 2018, ọrụ Wikipedia hụrụ ndị nkiri peeji ya dị ijeri iri na ise na ọkara kwa ọnwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Monthly overview|url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/all-projects|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124235329/https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/all-projects|archivedate=24 January 2020|accessdate=31 May 2019|work=Wikimedia statistics|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga === Echiche nke ịchịkọta ihe ọmụma ụwa niile n'otu ebe malitere na Ọbá Akwụkwọ oge ochie nke Alexandria na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ nke Pergamum, e nwekwara ndị bu ụzọ n'oge ochie cheta echiche inwe encyclopedia zuru oke, dị ka Pliny the Elder's Naturalis historia, mana echiche nke oge a nke encyclopedic zuru oke, nke a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe, nke e biri ebi sitere na Denis Diderot na ndị encyclopedists French nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Miloš|first=Todorović|year=2018|title=From Diderot's Encyclopedia to Wales's Wikipedia: a brief history of collecting and sharing knowledge|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347489594|journal=Časopis KSIO|volume=1|pages=88–102|doi=10.5281/zenodo.3235309|accessdate=20 October 2021}}</ref> Echiche nke iji ígwè ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya karịa ígwè obibi akwụkwọ iji wuo encyclopedia bara uru karị ka e nwere ike ịchọta mmalite ya site na akwụkwọ Paul Otlet nke afọ 1934 bụ Traité de Documentation . Otlet guzobekwara Mundaneum, ụlọ ọrụ raara onwe ya nye ndepụta nke ihe ọmụma ụwa, na 1910. Echiche a nke encyclopedia nke ígwè na-enyere aka ka H. G. Wells gbasakwuru n'akwụkwọ ederede ya bụ World Brain (1938) na ọhụụ Vannevar Bush n'ọdịnihu nke Memex dabeere na microfilm na edemede ya "As We May Think" (1945). Ihe ọzọ dị ịrịba ama bụ atụmatụ hypertext nke Ted Nelson Project Xanadu, nke malitere na 1960. <ref name="reaglechap2" /> Ojiji nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ime na idebe Wikipedia. Otú ọ dị, ọbụlagodi ma enweghị ịntanetị, nnukwu ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị ahụ ejirila ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo mee ihe. N'ụzọ doro anya, e chepụtara echiche ide akwukwọ nkọwa okwu ''Oxford English Dictionary'' na okwu ngosi pụta e kwuru na London Library,ụbọchị ncheta [[:en:Guy_Fawkes_Day|Guy Fawkes]], 5 Nọvemba 1857, site n'aka [[:en:Richard_Chenevix_Trench|Richard Chenevix Trench]]. O weere ihe dị ka afọ iri asaa iji mezue ya. Dr. Trench chepụtara nnukwu akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ọhụrụ nke okwu ọ bụla n'asụsụ Bekee dị na ya, nke a ga-eji mee ihe n'ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na n'efu. Dị ka onye edemede Simon Winchester si kwuo, "Nrụ ọrụ nke atụmatụ ahụ, ka o kwuru, karịrị ikike nke otu nwoke ọ bụla. Ịgụ akwụkwọ Bekee niile - na ịchọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ London na New York niile na magazin na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị a kachasị agụ - ga-abụrịrị 'ihe ọtụtụ ndị ga-eme.' Ọ ga-adị mkpa iwebata otu ìgwè n'ọru- ọkacha, nke dị nnukwu - ma eleghị anya nwere ọtụtụ narị na narị ndị aka esibeghị ike na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ, ha niile na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo.        Ọganihu ndị e nwere na teknụzụ ozi n'ebe ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ dugara na mgbanwe n'ụdị encyclopedia ndị a. Ebe encyclopedia ndị gara aga, ọkachasị ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', na-adabere n'akwụkwọ ọtụtụ mgbe, Encarta nke Microsoft, nke e bipụtara na 1993, dị na CD-ROM, e mekwara ya hyperlink. Mmepe nke [[:en:World_Wide_Web|World Wide Web]] dugara n'ọtụtụ mgbalị iji mepụta Ọrụ encyclopedia ịntanetị. Otu aro mbụ a tụtara maka encyclopedia n'ịntanetị bụ Interpedia na 1993 site n'aka Rick Gates; <ref name="listserv.uh.edu"/> ọrụ a nwụrụ tupu ọ mepụta ọdịnaya encyclopedia ọ bụla. Onye na-akwado ngwanrọ n'efu Richard Stallman kọwara uru nke "Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource" na 1998. <ref name="stallmanencyclopedia"/> Akwụkwọ o bipụtara depụtara otu a ga-esi "hụ na ọganihu na-aga n'ihu na nsonaazụ a kachasị mma". Onye so guzobe Wikipedia bụ Jimmy Wales kwuru na echiche nke Wikipedia bịara mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Indiana, ebe ọ masịrị ya na ihe ịga nke ọma nke mmegharị na-emeghe ma chọpụta na Emacs Manifesto nke Richard Stallman na-akwalite ngwanrọ dị n'efu yana ọnọdụ nkesa ihe n'efu na-adọrọ mmasị ya. Wales na-ekwukwa okwu otuto gbasara ederede onye ọkachamara mkpata na mmefu nke [[:en:Austrian_School|Ụlọ akwụkwọ Austria]] bụ Friedrich Hayek, "The Use of Knowledge in Society," nke ọ gụrụ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ mahadum, na ọ bụ ya nọ "n'etiti" n'echiche ya banyere "otú ọ ga-esi jikwaa ọrụ Wikipedia." <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mangu-Ward|first=Katherine|date=2007-05-30|title=Wikipedia and Beyond|url=https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/|accessdate=2024-11-07|work=Reason.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Edemede ahụ na-ekwusi ike na [[:en:Dispersed_knowledge|a na-ekesa ozi ekesa n'ọtụtụ aka]] dị iche iche - na onye ọ bụla maara naanị obere akụkụ nke ihe a maara n'ozuzu - na n'ihi ya, ndị nwere ihe ọmụma mpaghara na-eme mkpebi kachasị mma, karịa site na ikike etiti. N'oge ahụ, Wales na-amụ maka ego ma nwee mmasị na mkpali nke ọtụtụ ndị nyere aka dị ka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo iji mepụta ngwanrọ dị n'efu, ebe ọtụtụ ihe atụ na-enwe ezigbo nsonaazụ. Dị ka ''[[:en:The_Economist|The Economist]]'' si kwuo, Wikipedia "nwere mgbọrọgwụ ya na nchekwube teknụzụ nke gosipụtara ịntanetị na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ. O kwenyere na ndị nkịtị nwere ike iji kọmputa ha dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka nnwere onwe, agụmakwụkwọ, na nghọta. "<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 January 2021|title=Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|accessdate=29 August 2022}}</ref> === Nhazi nke echiche ahụ === E bu ụzọ chepụta Wikipedia dị ka ọrụ enyemaka ebe a ga na-esi enweta ihe ndị ga-adị na [[Nupedia]] nke Wales guzobere, ọrụ mbụ o guzobere iji mepụta encyclopedia n'ịntanetị n'efu, nke Bomis bụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi weebụ nke Jimmy Wales, Tim Shell na Michael E. Davis nwere wepụtara n'efu.<ref name="Jonathan Sidener">{{Cite news|author=Sidener|first=Jonathan|date=6 December 2004|title=Everyone's Encyclopedia|work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|accessdate=25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="memoirofwiki">{{Cite web|first=Larry|author=Sanger|url=http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213&tid=95&tid=149&tid=9|title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir – Part I|date=2005-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722235956/http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F04%2F18%2F164213&tid=95&tid=149&tid=9|archivedate=22 July 2009}}</ref> E guzobere Nupedia n'ụdị na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo tozuru etozu ga na-eji ya yana usoro nnyocha nke ọtụtụ nzọụkwụ. N'agbanyeghị ndepụta ozi ya nke ihe karịrị ndị ndezi dị puku abụọ nwere mmasị, na ọnụnọ nke Sanger dị ka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ oge niile, mmepụta nke ọdịnaya maka Nupedia dị nnọọ nwayọ, naanị isiokwu iri na abụọ edere n'ime afọ mbụ.<ref name="resignation">{{Cite web|title=My resignation – Larry Sanger – Meta|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/My_resignation--Larry_Sanger|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=meta.wikimedia.org|language=en|quote=I was more or less offered the job of editing Nupedia when I was, as an ABD philosophy graduate student, soliciting Jimbo's (and other friends') advice on a website I was thinking of starting. It was the first I had heard of Jimbo's idea of an open content encyclopedia, and I was delighted to take the job.|archivedate=20 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320142105/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/My_resignation--Larry_Sanger}}</ref><ref name="memoirofwiki" /> Ndị odee Nupedia tụrụ uche maka ọtụtụ ụzọ ndị ha ga-esi kepụta ndịnaya n'ebe ọ dị ọsịịsọ.<ref name="Jonathan Sidener"/> E werebuolarị Wiki n'ebe ọzọ na weebụ iji hazie ihe ọmụma,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-12|title=From the archives: Highland Park teen is finalist in web competition|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2013-01-12-chi-archives-aaron-swartz-20130112-story.html|accessdate=2023-08-21|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> ya mere na echiche nke iji nkwado maọbụ enyemaka dabeere na [[wiki]] nye Nupedia nwetara ihi aja n'ukwu site na mkparịtaụka dị n'etiti Sanger na Ben Kovitz,<ref name="Ben_Kovitz">{{Cite news|title=Ben Kovitz|publisher=[[WikiWikiWeb]]|url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?BenKovitz|accessdate=25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Glyn Moody">{{Cite news|author=Moody|first=Glyn|date=13 July 2006|title=This time, it'll be a Wikipedia written by experts|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/jul/13/media.newmedia|accessdate=25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Origins_of_Wikipedia">{{Cite news|author=Sidener|first=Jonathan|date=23 September 2006|title=Wikipedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy|work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html|accessdate=25 March 2007|quote=The origins of Wikipedia date to 2000, when Sanger was finishing his doctoral thesis in philosophy and had an idea for a Web site.}}</ref> na ọzọkwa si n'etiti Wales na Jeremy Rosenfeld.<ref name="Ben_Kovitz" /> Kovitz bụụrụ onye na-arụ ọrụ nhazi ngwanro kọmputa ma bụrụ onye a na-ahụkarị na revolutionary wiki nke Ward Cunningham bụ "the WikiWikiWeb". Ọ kọwaara Sanger ihe wiki bụ, n'ebe ha na-eri nri abalị na 2 January 2001.<ref name="Ben_Kovitz" /><ref name="Glyn Moody" /><ref name="Origins_of_Wikipedia" /> Wales kwuru n'Ọktoba 2001 na "Larry nwebu echiche iji ngwanro Wiki eme ihe" maka ndị usoro Nupedia na-atụ ngana,<ref name="Wikipedia-l-000671">{{Cite news|author=Wales|first=Jimmy|date=30 October 2001|title=LinkBacks?|publisher=Wikimedia|format=Email|url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html|accessdate=25 March 2007}}</ref> ma mechaa kwuo na Disemba 2005 na Rosenfeld ebunyela ya uche gbasara wiki.<ref name="cadenhead">{{Cite web|author=Rogers Cadenhead|title=Wikipedia Founder Looks Out for Number 1|url=http://www.cadenhead.org/workbench/news/2828/wikipedia-founder-looks-out-number-1|accessdate=15 October 2006|archivedate=26 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926103410/http://www.cadenhead.org/workbench/news/2828/wikipedia-founder-looks-out-number-1}}</ref> Sanger cheere na wiki ga-abụ ebe nrụọrụ dị mma, ma tụta arọ ya n'ọgbọ nzipụta ozi nke Nupedia ka e guzobe otu wiki nke dabeere na UseModWiki (nke bụ v. 0.90 mgbe ahụ) ka ọ bụrụ "ebe e si enweta ihe a ga-arụ" nye Nupedia. N'okpuru isiokwu bụ "K'anyị mee wiki", o dere:<ref>{{Cite news|author=Larry Sanger|authorlink=Larry Sanger|date=10 January 2001|title=Let's make a wiki|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html}}</ref> Wales guzobere otu ma tinye ya n'ịntanetị na Wednesday 10 Jenụwarị 2001, n'okpuru ngalaba [[Nupedia]].com.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Larry Sanger|authorlink=Larry Sanger|date=10 January 2001|title=Nupedia's wiki: try it out|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000678.html}}</ref> Nke a ghọrọ wiki ọhụrụ n'okpuru ngalaba wikipedia.com na Jenụwarị 15. Na 17 Jenụwarị, ọrụ GNUPedia nke Free Software Foundation (FSF) gara n'ịntanetị, na-enwe ike ịsọ mpi ya na [[:en:Nupedia|Nupedia]], mana n'ime afọ ole na ole FSF gbara ndị mmadụ ume "ịga ma nye aka na [Wikipedia]".<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 January 2001|title=Slashdot Comments &#124; GNUPedia Project Starting|url=http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=9990&threshold=1&commentsort=0&mode=thread&cid=502603|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612010030/https://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=9990|archivedate=12 June 2022|accessdate=13 April 2010|publisher=Slashdot.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|year=2012|title=The Free Encyclopedia Project|url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221000617/http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/|archivedate=21 December 2012|accessdate=20 December 2012|publisher=GNU.org}}</ref> === Ntọala nke Wikipedia === E nwere ịsụ ngọngọ n'etiti ndị ndezi maka ijikọ Nupedia n'ebe o chiri anya yana ụdị ịrụ ọrụ Wiki.<ref name="memoirofwiki"/> Mgbe a malitecharaa Nupedia wiki n'okpuru [[:en:Nupedia|nupedia.com]] na 10 Jenụwarị 2001,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-04-25|title=[Nupedia-l] Nupedia's wiki: try it out|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000678.html|accessdate=2023-08-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030425173342/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000678.html|archivedate=25 April 2003}}</ref> Wales tụrụ aro inye ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ aha nke ya, Sanger e wee tụọ aro aha ''Wikipedia'', na-asị na ọ bu <nowiki>''</nowiki>ọrụ mgbakwunye nye Nupedia nke kwụụrụ onwe ya na-arụ ọrụ."<ref>{{Cite news|author=Larry Sanger|authorlink=Larry Sanger|date=11 January 2001|title=Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html}}</ref> A malitere wiki ọhụrụ na wikipedia.com na Mọnde 15 Jenụwarị 2001. Isi ebe nrụọrụ ya na sava ya (nke dị na San Diego) nke e ji malite ọrụ ndị a na mbido bụ Bomis nyere ha n'efu. Ọtụtụ ndị na-arụbu ọrụ na Bomis mechara na-eme ntinye na encyclopedia ahụ: nkekanke Tim Shell, onye so hiwe ma mechaa bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Bomis, na onye njikwa ngwanro Jason Richey. [[Faịlụ:Jimmy_Wales'_Mac_and_the_First_Wikipedia_Edit_—_"Hello_World"_(51738433963).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|iMac Jimmy Wales jiri mee ndezi mbụ na Wikipedia]] Wales kwuru na Disemba 2008 na o mere ndezi mbụ nke Wikipedia, ndezi nnwale nke nwere ederede "Alo, Ụwa!", mana nke a nwere ike ịbụ na Wikipedia ochie nke e wepụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya ma jiri ịmalitegharị nke ọhụrụ dochie ya. Ndezigharị mbụ e nwetara na Wikipedia.com bụ na Ihu Mbụ ya na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, nke na-agụ "Nke a bụ WikiPedia ọhụrụ!"; enwere ike ịchọta ya ebe a. A mara ọkwa ịdị adị nke ọrụ ahụ n'ụzọ doro anya ma rịọ arịrịọ ka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo tinye aka n'ịmepụta ọdịnaya na ndepụta nzipu Nupedia na 17 Jenụwarị 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2003|title=&#91;Nupedia-l&#93; Wikipedia is up!|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|accessdate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030331101007/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|archivedate=31 March 2003}}</ref> Ọrụ ahụ nwetara ọtụtụ ndị ọhụrụ sonyere mgbe a kpọtụrụ ya aha na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ [[:en:Slashdot|Slashdot]] na Julaị 2001, <ref name="slashdot26july">{{Cite web|date=26 July 2001|title=Britannica and Free Content|url=http://slashdot.org/articles/01/07/26/0312258.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114204227/http://slashdot.org/articles/01/07/26/0312258.shtml|archivedate=14 January 2009|publisher=Slashdot}}</ref> ebe ọ nwetabururị obere ịkpọ aha ugboro abụọ na Maachị 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2001|title=Nupedia and Project Gutenberg Directors Answer|url=http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/02/1422244&tid=99|publisher=Slashdot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 March 2001|title=Everything2 Hits One Million Nodes|url=http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/29/2035230&tid=95|publisher=Slashdot}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ọ natara ihe ngosi a ma ama maka akụkọ dị na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ teknụzụ na ọdịbendị nke obodo niile na-edezi Kuro5hin na 25 Julaị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2001|title=Britannica or Nupedia? The Future of Free Encyclopedias|url=http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/7/25/103136/121|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011107050810/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/7/25/103136/121|archivedate=7 November 2001|publisher=Kuro5hin}}</ref> N'etiti nnubata nke ndị mmadụ a, e nweelarị ọtụtụ ndị na-abịa na ya na-aga n'ihu site n'ebe weebụ ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị Google, nke naanị ya zigara ọtụtụ narị ndị ọbịa ọhụrụ na saịtị ahụ kwa ụbọchị. [[:en:Mainstream_media|Ihe mgbasa ozi mbụ ya bụ isi]] bụ na ''The New York Times'' na 20 Septemba 2001.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Meyers|first=Peter|date=20 September 2001|title=Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html|accessdate=16 March 2023}}</ref> === Nkewa na Ịbanye mba ụwa Ndị Ọzọ === Na mmalite Wikipedia, no bidoro gbasawa, na-aga mba ndị ọzọ, na-enwe nkepụta nke namespace ọhụrụ gasị, nke ọbụla n'ime usoro ndetu aha ndị ojieme dị iche na nke ibe ya. Nkega subdomain mbụ nke e kepụtara maka Wikipedia na-abụghị n'asụsụ Bekee bụ deutsche.wikipedia.com (nke e kere na Fraịdee 16 Maachị 2001, 01:38 UTC),<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 March 2001|title=Alternative language Wikipedias|url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000049.html|accessdate=13 April 2010|work=Lists|publisher=Wikimedia|archivedate=20 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620120726/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000049.html}}</ref> nke ihe sochiri ya ka awa ole na ole gasịrị bụ {{Mono|[[Catalan Wikipedia|catalan.wikipedia.com]]}} (n'elekere 13:07 UTC).<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the Catalan Homepage|url=http://catalan.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=history&id=HomePage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413083954/http://catalan.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=history&id=HomePage|archivedate=13 April 2001|accessdate=13 April 2010|publisher=Wikipedia}}</ref> Japanese Wikipedia, nke a malitere dịka {{Mono|nihongo.wikipedia.com}}, ka e kepụtakwara na gburugburu oge ahụ,<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2001|title=Nihongo No Wikipedia: HomePage|url=http://nihongo.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=browse&id=HomePage&revision=3|accessdate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010420120143/http://nihongo.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=browse&id=HomePage&revision=3|archivedate=20 April 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2001|title=Wikipedia: HomePage|url=http://www.wikipedia.com/|accessdate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/http://www.wikipedia.com/|archivedate=31 March 2001}}</ref> ma na-eji naanị Romanized Japanese mgbe ahụ. Ruo ihe dịka ọnwa abụọ Catalan bụ ya bụ nke kacha nwee ederede na-abụghị n'asụsụ bekee <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%80bac&oldid=1|title=First edition in the Catalan Wikipedia|language=ca|publisher=Wikipedia|accessdate=13 April 2010|archivedate=12 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014959/https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%80bac}}</ref> n'agbanyeghị na ngụkọta nke mmalite oge ahụ adịchaghị kpọmkwem. E mepụtara Wikipedia French na ma ọ bụ gburugburu 11 Mee 2001, n'oge nnubata nke ọtụtụ nsụgharị asụsụ ọhụrụ nke gụnyere Chinese, Dutch, Esperanto, Hebrew, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, na Swedish. N'oge na-adịghị anya, Arabic na [[:en:Hungarian_Wikipedia|Hungarian]] sonyeere asụsụ ndị a. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Homepage from the Internet Archive|url=http://ar.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?HomePage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011118054300/http://ar.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?HomePage|archivedate=18 November 2001|accessdate=13 April 2010|publisher=Wikipedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=International_Wikipedia&action=history|title=International Wikipedia|publisher=Wikipedia|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2001, otu ọkwa a mara kwere nkwa itinye aka na ndokwa asụsụ dị iche iche nke Wikipedia, na-agwa ndị ọrụ banyere nnupụta n'uju nke Wikipedia na-abịanụ n'asụsụ niile dị mkpa, nguzobe ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi, na ịmanye ntụgharị nke isi peeji maka wiki ọhụrụ ndị ahụ. Na ngwụcha afọ ahụ, mgbe mbụ a malitere idepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mba ụwa, a mara ọkwa nsụgharị n'asụsụ [[:en:Afrikaans_Wikipedia|Afrikaans]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_Wikipedia][[:en:Norwegian_Wikipedia|Norway]], na Serbia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Wikipedias statistics|url=http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:International_wikipedias_statistics|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030305012547/http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:International_wikipedias_statistics|archivedate=5 March 2003|accessdate=13 April 2010|publisher=Wikipedia}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2002, pasent iri itoolu nke ederede Wikipedia nile dị n'asụsụ Bekee. Ka ọ na-erule Jenụwarị 2004, ihe n'eruughị ọkara ya dị n'asụsụ Bekee, ịgazu mba ụwa ọnụ a na-agakwa n'ihu n'abawanye dịka encyclopedia a na-eto. {{As of|2014}}, ihe dịka pasent iri asatọ na ise nke ederede Wikipedia niile dị na nsụgharị ndị na-abụghị n'asụsụ Bekee.<ref name="Grand20">{{Cite web|title=List of Wikipedias – Grand Total (retrieved 2014)|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#Grand_Total|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219233704/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#Grand_Total|archivedate=19 December 2014|accessdate=20 December 2014|publisher=Wikimedia.org}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, English na Simple English Wikipedias nwere ederede dị nde asaa n'etiti ha mana ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent ịrị itoolu nke ederede Wikipedia niile bụ ndịa-adịghị n'asụsụ Bekee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Wikipedias – Meta|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias|accessdate=2023-08-21|work=meta.wikimedia.org|language=en}}</ref> === Mmepe nke Wikipedia === [[Faịlụ:Old_Wikipedia.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Isi peeji nke Wikipedia (28 Septemba 2002) ]] N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2002, mgbe Bomis wepụrụ ego n'oge nkwụsịtụ dot-com, Sanger hapụrụ ma Nupedia na Wikipedia. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2002, ya na Wales dị iche n'echiche ha banyere otu esi elekọta encyclopedias mepere emepe. Ha abụọ ka na-akwado echiche imekọ ihe ọnụ, mana ha ekwekọrịtaghị n'otú ha ga-esi jikwaa ndị editọ na-akpaghasị, ọrụ ụfọdụ maka ndị ọkachamara, na ụzọ kachasị mma iji duzie ọrụ ahụ gaa n'ihu. Wales gara n'ihu guzobe ọchịchị onwe onye na ntụziaka onwe onye [[:en:Business_development|site na ndị dị ala ruo na ndị isi]] site n'aka ndị editọ na Wikipedia. O mere ka o doo anya na ọ gaghị etinye aka na njikwa kwa ụbọchị nke otu ndị ọrụ ahụ, mana ọ ga-agba ya ume ịmụta njikwa onwe ya ma chọta ụzọ kachasị mma nke ya. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2007, Wales mere ka ọrụ ya jedebe mgbe ụfọdụ naanị na ntinye aka n'ihe ndị dị mkpa, ọrụ ndị isi, nkwado nke ihe ọmụma, na ịgba ume maka ọrụ ntụaka yiri ya. Sanger kwuru na ọ bụ "onye na-agụnye" ma dịrị njikere ịnabata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọ bụla, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Anderson|first=Nate|date=25 February 2007|title=Citizendium: building a better Wikipedia|url=https://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars/3|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020001720/http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars/3|archivedate=20 October 2008|accessdate=22 October 2011|work=Ars Technica}}</ref> ma kwuo na ndị ọkachamara ka nwere ọnọdụ na ụwa Web 2.0. N'afọ 2006, o guzobere [[:en:Citizendium|Citizendium]], encyclopedia mepere emepe nke jiri ezigbo aha maka ndị na-eme ntinye na ya iji belata nhazi ọgba aghara, ma nwee olileanya ime ka "nlekọta ọkachamara dị nro" dịkwuo mfe iji mee ka ihe ziri ezi bụrụ ọdịnaya ya. Mkpebi banyere ọdịnaya isiokwu ga-abụ otu ndị editọ ga-eme ya, mana saịtị ahụ ga-agụnye nkwupụta banyere "ihe dị mma gbasara ezinụlọ". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive: Family-Friendly Policy – Citizendium|url=http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:Family-Friendly_Policy|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=en.citizendium.org|archivedate=20 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120030154/http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:Family-Friendly_Policy}}</ref> <ref name="Nate Anderson">{{Cite web|author=Anderson|first=Nate|date=25 February 2007|title=Citizendium: building a better Wikipedia|url=https://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324225040/http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars|archivedate=24 March 2007|accessdate=25 March 2007|work=Ars Technica}}</ref> === Ihe ndị dị na Wikipedia n'oge gara aga === Isiokwu encyclopedia ochie, ọbụnakwa nke ochie na-adịghịzị bara uru nke ukwuu maka nnyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2021|title=Encyclopedias Are Time Capsules – The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035016/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/|archivedate=26 January 2021|accessdate=25 June 2022|work=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Maka isiokwu Wikipedia ọ bụla, n swere ike inweta nụgharị nmaọbụ ddezi nị gara aga nite na njikọ "Vlee onye rụrụ ọrụ a n'ke na-adị nelu ibe ahụ. Akụkọ ihe mere eme zuru ezu nke isiokwu Wikipedia niile dịkwa maka nbudata dị ka [[:en:Wikipedia:Database_download|data dumps]], dị n'ụdị faịlụ XML.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Koehrsen|first=Will|date=2018-10-26|title=Wikipedia Data Science: Working with the World's Largest Encyclopedia|url=https://medium.com/towards-data-science/wikipedia-data-science-working-with-the-worlds-largest-encyclopedia-c08efbac5f5c|accessdate=2025-02-04|work=Towards Data Science|language=en}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ZIM File Archive, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ZIM File Archive: Free Data: Free Download, Borrow and Streaming|url=https://archive.org/details/zimarchive|accessdate=25 June 2022|work=Internet Archive|language=en}}</ref> dị na [[:en:Internet_Archive|Internet Archive]], nwere foto zuru ezu gara aga nke Wikipedia niile yana nhọrọ isiokwu, dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, site na afọ dị iche iche. Enwere ike ijimanrọ Kiwix. meghee haN'etiti 20afọ 07 na 2011, a tọhapụrụ nsụgharị [[:en:History_of_Wikipedia#English_Wikipedia_CD/DVD/Kiwix_ZIM_file_releases|CD/DVD]] atọ (nke a na-akpọ Wikipedia Version 0.5, 0.7 na 0.8) nwere nhọrọ nke isiokwu ụfọdụ sitere na [[Wikipedia nke ndị bekee|Wikipedia Bekee]]. Ha dị ka faịlụ Kiwix ZIM, ma site na ZIM File Archive <ref name=":0" /> ma site na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Kiwix. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Index of /archive/zim/wikipedia|url=https://download.kiwix.org/archive/zim/wikipedia/|accessdate=25 June 2022|work=download.kiwix.org|archivedate=22 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622124809/https://download.kiwix.org/archive/zim/wikipedia/}}</ref> === Mgbanwe nke akara ngosi === {{Wikimedia Foundation}} == Usoro Ka Ihe Si Na-Eme == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Afọ iri mbụ: 2000 ruo 2009 === ==== 2000 ==== [[Faịlụ:Bomis-staff-summer-2000.jpg|alt=The Bomis staff, summer 2000|thumb|Ndị ọrụ Bomis n'etiti afọ 2000]] Na Machị 2000, a malitere ọrụ [[Nupedia]]. Ebumnuche ya bụ ibipụta isiokwu ndị ọkachamara dere nke a ga-enye ikikere dị ka [[Free content|ọdịnaya n'efu]]. Nupedia bụ nke Wales guzobere, ebe Sanger dị ka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ, ma ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi weebụ Bomis kwadoro ya. ==== 2001 ==== Na Jenụwarị 2001, Wikipedia malitere dị ka ọrụ dịniche 'akụkụ Nupedia, iji nye ohere imekọ ihe ọnụ na isiokwu ọbụla tupu ịbanye n'usoro nnyocha ndị ọgbọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Larry Sanger|authorlink=Larry Sanger|date=10 January 2001|title=Let's make a wiki|work=Nupedia-l mailing list|publisher=Internet Archive|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html}}</ref> Sanger tụrụ aro aha ahụ na 11 Jenụwarị 2001 dị ka [[:en:Portmanteau|njikọ okwu]] nke okwu ''[[wiki]]'' (okwu Hawaiian pụtara "ngwa ngwa") yana ''encyclopedia''. <ref>{{Cite web|title=[Nupedia-l] Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|archivedate=14 April 2003|work=nupedia.com}}</ref> E debara aha ngalaba ''wikipedia.com'' na ''wikipedia.org'' na 12 na 13 Jenụwarị, n'otu n'otu, ebe ewebatara wikipedia. org n'ịntanetị n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org Site Info|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006010812/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page|archivedate=6 October 2010|accessdate=6 September 2010|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> Ọrụ ahụ meghere n'ozuzu na 15 Jenụwarị ("[[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Day|Ụbọchị Wikipedia]]"), na-enwe ndị Wikipedia mba ụwa ndị ọzọ mbụ - mbipụta German, Katalan, French, Swedish, na Italian - na-emepụta n'etiti Machị na Mee. E guzobere iwu "n'ụzọ na-anọpụ iche" ([[wikipedia:Neutral point of view|NPOV]]) n'oge a, na [[:en:Slashdot_effect|slashdotter wave]] nke mbụ nke Wikipedia rutere na 26 Julaị. <ref name="slashdot26july"/> Akụkọ mgbasa ozi mbụ banyere Wikipedia pụtara n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2001 na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''[[:en:Western_Mail_(Wales)|Wales on Sunday]]''. [[:en:September_11_attacks|Mwakpo nke Septemba 11]] kpaliri mpụta nke akụkọ na-akpali akpali na isi peeji ya, yana igbe ozi na-ejikọta isiokwu ndị metụtara ya. N'oge ahụ, e mepụtara ihe dịka isiokwu otu narị metụtara 9/11 . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Keegan|first=Brian|date=17 November 2020|title=How 9/11 Made Wikipedia What It Is Today|url=https://slate.com/technology/2020/11/wikipedia-september-11-breaking-news.html|accessdate=10 May 2021|work=Slate|language=en|archivedate=6 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506060557/https://slate.com/technology/2020/11/wikipedia-september-11-breaking-news.html}}</ref> Mgbe mwakpo nke Septemba 11 gasịrị, njikọ na-eduga n'akụkọ Wikipedia banyere mwakpo ahụ pụtara n'isi peeji Yahoo!, nke kpatara mmụba nke ndị na-enubata na Wikipedia.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pasternack|first=Alex|date=11 September 2021|title=How 9/11 turned a new site called Wikipedia into history's crowdsourced front page|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90674998/how-9-11-turned-a-new-site-called-wikipedia-into-historys-crowdsourced-front-page|accessdate=11 September 2021|work=Fast Company|language=en-US|archivedate=11 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911121514/https://www.fastcompany.com/90674998/how-9-11-turned-a-new-site-called-wikipedia-into-historys-crowdsourced-front-page}}</ref> ==== 2002 ==== 2002 hụrụ mbelata nke inye ego maka Wikipedia site na Bomis na ọpụpụ Sanger. Otu ngwanrọ yiri ibe ya nke Spanish Wikipedia mere, na nguzobe nke ''[[:en:Enciclopedia_Libre|Enciclopedia Libre]]'' Jimmy Wales kwupụtara na Wikipedia agaghị eme mkpọsa azụmahịa. Ngwá ọrụ [[MediaWiki]] mbụ a na-ebugharị ebugharị malitere na Jenụwarị 25. E webatara [[:en:Internet_bot|Bots]]. A malitere ọrụ nwanne mbụ ya ([[Wiktionary]]) yana [[:en:Manual_of_Style|Manual of Style]]. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị na-eme ntinye narị abụọ na-edezi Wikipedia kwa ụbọchị.<ref name="Singer2002">{{Cite news|author=Singer|first=Michael|date=16 January 2002|title=Free Encyclopedia Project Celebrates Year One|work=[[Mecklermedia|Jupitermedia]]|url=http://siliconvalley.internet.com/news/article.php/3531_956641}}</ref> ==== 2003 ==== [[Faịlụ:2003-08-31_English_Wikipedia_main_page.svg|thumb|Isi peeji nke Wikipedia (Ọgọst 2003) ]] Wikipedia Bekee gafere isiokwu dị otu narị puku n'afọ 2003, ebe mbipụta n'asụsụ ọzọ n'abụghị asụsụ bekee kachasị ukwuu, Wikipedia German, gafere isiokwu puku iri. E guzobere [[Wikimedia Foundation|Ntọala Wikimedia]]. Wikipedia nakweere akara ngosi ụwa jigsaw ya. E weghachiri usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ site na iji TeX na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ. [[:de:Wikipedia:Stammtisch München/Archiv/2003|Nzukọ mmekọrịta mbụ nke Wikipedia]] mere na Munich, Germany, n'ọnwa Ọktoba. E mepụtara ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke usoro Arnitration na Kọmitii nke Wikipedia Bekee ("ArbCom"). E mepụtara [[:en:Wikisource|Wikisource]] dị ka ọrụ nwanne ya dịkwa iche na 24 Nọvemba 2003, iji kwado ederede ndị dị n'efu dị ka ebumnuche ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ na nsụgharị si dị. ==== 2004 ==== Akụkọ Wikipedia zuru ụwa ọnụ nọgidere na-eto ngwa ngwa na 2004, na-eto okpukpu abụọ n'ime ọnwa iri na abụọ, site na ihe na-erughị isiokwu narị puku ise na ngwụcha afọ 2003 ruo ihe karịrị otu nde n'ihe karịrị asụsụ otu narị na ngwụcha afọ 2004. Wikipedia Bekee nwere ihe na-erughị ọkara nke isiokwu ndị a niile. A kwapụrụ ugbo sava weebụsaịtị ahụ site na California gaa Florida. E webatara ụhazi isiokwu n'ụdị n'ụdị ({{self-reference link|Wikipedia:Categories|Categories}}) na ụdị nhazi usoro CSS. Mgbalị mbụ iji gbochie Wikipedia mere, ebe e gbochiri ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ na China ruo izu abụọ na Juun. Ime ntụli aka nke iwu kwadoro malitere maka bọọdụ maka Ntọala ahụ, yana Kọmitii Arbitration na Wikipedia Bekee. A nabatara isi nke mba mbụ nke Ntọala ahụ, [[:en:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]. Nzukọ mmekọrịta mbụ na United States mere na Boston, na Juaị. E kere [[Wikimedia Commons]] na 7 Septemba 2004 iji kwadoo faịlụ ndị dị n'ụdị foto na vidiyo maka Wikipedia n'asụsụ niile. Bourgeois v. Peters, <ref name="Bour v Pete">{{Cite web|title=387 F.3d 1303|url=http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140312/http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|archivedate=21 December 2012|accessdate=19 November 2013}}</ref> (11th Cir. 2004), bụ ikpe ụlọ ikpe nke [[:en:United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit|United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit]] kpebiri bụ otu n'ime echiche ụlọ ikpe mbụ kpọrọ Wikipedia aha maọbụ rụtụ ya aka. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peoples, Lee|date=January 2010|title=The Citation of Wikipedia in Judicial Opinions|url=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=yjolt|journal=Yale Journal of Law and Technology|volume=12|issue=1}}</ref> O kwuru, sị: "Anyị jụkwara echiche ahụ na ọkwa ndụmọdụ maka iyi egwu nke Ngalaba Nchebe Obodo n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na-akwado ọchụchọ ndị a. Ọ bụ ezie na e mere ka ọkwa iyi egwu ahụ 'buo ibu' i' n'oge ngagharị iwe ahụ, 'ruo ugbu a, ọkwa egwu ana-hụ eguzo na oodo do (ebul ebuliiri) maka ọtụtụ oge ọrịla dị. E buliri gaa na ka oromịa (dị elu) ugboro isi i.'"<ref name="Bour v Pete" /> Na 29 Mee, Wikipedia gbanwere akpụkpọ ahụ ya site na [[mw:Skin:Standard|Standard]] gaa na [[mw:Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook]], interface nke nọgidere na-abụ ndabara maka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Wikimedia Foundation ruo 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|title=MonoBook|url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Skin:MonoBook|work=MediaWiki|accessdate=30 April 2026}}</ref> ==== 2005 ==== N'afọ 2005, Wikipedia ghọrọ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ kachasị ewu ewu na Ịntanetị, dị ka [[:en:Hitwise|Hitwise]], si kwuo, ebe naanị Wikipedia Bekee karịrị isiokwu narị puku asaa na iri ise.(750,000). E guzobere pọtal dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ nakwa ọtụtụ isiokwu mbụ nke Wikipedia na 2005. Nchịkọta ego nke emere n'ime ọnwa atọ mbụ nke afọ ahụ nwetara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ narị puku dọla (US $100,000) maka mmelite usoro iji dozie ọchịchọ na-arịwanye elu. China gbochiri Wikipedia ọzọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2005. Ihe ihere mbụ dị na Wikipedia, [[:en:Seigenthaler_incident|ihe omume Seigenthaler]], mere n'afọ 2005 mgbe a chọpụtara na otu onye a ma ama nwere akụkọ ndụ e mebiri emebi nke a na-amaghị ama ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa. N'ihi nke a na nchegbu ndị ọzọ, e guzobere iwu mbụ na mgbanwe usoro kpọmkwem iji gbochie ụdị mmegbu a. Ihe ndị a gụnyere mmelite iwu ọhụrụ nke [[m:CheckUser policy|Checkuser]] iji nye aka na nnyocha megide sọks, ihe ọhụrụ a na-akpọ ọkara nchebe, iwu siri ike karị maka akụkọ ndụ nke ndị dị ndụ, na mkpado nke isiokwu ndị dị otú ahụ maka nyocha siri ike. E tinyere ihe mgbochi nke ịmepụta isiokwu ọhụrụ maka ndị ọrụ edebanyere aha ha na Disemba 2005 na Wikipedia Bekee. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Terdiman|first=Daniel|title=Growing pains for Wikipedia|url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/growing-pains-for-wikipedia/|accessdate=16 March 2023|publisher=CNET|language=en|archivedate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055529/https://www.cnet.com/culture/growing-pains-for-wikipedia/}}</ref> Wikimania 2005, nzukọ Wikimania mbụ, ka e mere site na 4 ruo 8 Ọgọst 2005 na Haus der Jugend dị na Frankfurt, na-adọta ihe dị ka ndị bịara narị atọ na iri asatọ (380). [[Faịlụ:Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumbtime=00:17|thumb|200x200px|''Wikimania – the Wikimentary'', akụkọ nkọwa maka Wikimania 2005, nke [[Jimmy Wales]] na Ward Cunningham nọ na ya]] ==== 2006 ==== Wikipedia Bekee nwetara isiokwu mezuru edemede dị na ya otu nde, nke bụ [[:en:Jordanhill_railway_station|ọdụ ụgbọ okporo igwe Jordanhill]], na Machị 1, 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lemon|first=Sumner|date=2 March 2006|title=Millionth English article posted on Wikipedia|work=[[Computerworld]]|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2563140/millionth-english-article-posted-on-wikipedia.html|accessdate=1 April 2024}}</ref> A kwadoro nhọrọ isiokwu Wikipedia mbụ n'efu maka nbudata, e wee debanyekwa aha "Wikipedia" dị ka akara ahịa nke Wikimedia Foundation. [[:en:United_States_congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia|ihe ihere akụkọ ndụ ndị enyemaka nke ndị omeiwu]] - ihe mere ọtụtụ ugboro ebe e jidere ndị ọrụ omeiwu na onye njikwa mkpọsa na-anwa ịgbanwe akụkọ ndụ ndị mmadụ dị na Wikipedia na nzuzo - bịara n'uche ọha na eze, na-eduga n'ịgba arụkwaghịm nke onye njikwa mkpọsa ahụ. Ka o sina dị, a họpụtara Wikipedia dị ka otu n'ime ụdị ise kachasị elu n'ụwa niile nke afọ 2006. <ref>{{Cite web|date=21 March 2007|title=brandchannel.com &#124; branding news|url=http://www.brandchannel.com/start1.asp?fa_id=352|accessdate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321033410/http://www.brandchannel.com/start1.asp?fa_id=352|archivedate=21 March 2007}}</ref> Jimmy Wales gosipụtara na Wikimania 2006 na Wikipedia enwetala ọnụ ọgụ isiokwu edemede juru afọ ma kpọọ oku ka a kwusie ike maka ịdị mma nke edemede ndị ahụ, ikekwe nke o gosipụtara n'ụzọ kachasị mma n'oku ọ kpọrọ maka isiokwu otu narị puku dị mma ([[:en:Wikipedia:100,000_feature-quality_articles|100,000 feature-quality articles]]). E mepụtara ikike ọhụrụ, "nlekọta", na-enye ohere ka e nwee nsụgharị kpọmkwem ụfọdụ nke ibe ndị echekwara ndị nwere ọdịnaya a na-anabataghị dị ka ndị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya. Ọkara nchebe megide mmebi siteina ndị na-amaghị aha yh, nke e webatara na 2005, gosipụtara niu ewu karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya, ebe ihe karịrị 1otuppuku eeji nka c hebe rey'oge ọ bụla na 2006. ==== 2007 ==== Wikipedia gara n'ihu na-eto ngwa ngwa na 2007, na-enwe ihe karịrị nde mmadụ ise debanyere aha ha ka ọ na-erule 13 Ọgọst. Mbipụta n'asụsnarị abụọ na iri ise nke Wikipedia nwere ngụkọta nke nde isiokwu asaa na ọkara (7.5 million), nke ruru ijeri okwu otu na ụma asaa na anọ (1.74 biilion), ka ọ na-erule 13 Ọgọst. Wikipedia Bekee nwetara isiokwu ndị a na-edebata na ya n'ogo kwụ chịm na isiokwu otu puku na narị asaa (1,700) kwa ụbọchị, nke mere na aha ngalaba wikipedia.org ghọrọ nke iri kachasị arụ ọrụ n'ụwa. Wikipedia gara n'ihu na-enweta ngosi ya na [[:en:Category:Wikipedia_publicity|ndị nta akụkọ]] - [[:en:Essjay_controversy|esemokwu Essjay]] malitere mgbe a chọpụtara na onye otu Wikipedia a ma ama ghara ụgha banyere asambodo ya. [[:en:Citizendium|Citizendium]], encyclopedia na-amasa Wikipedia aka n'ịntanetị, malitere n'ihu ọha. Omume ọhụrụ mepụtara na Wikipedia, nke na encyclopedia ahụ tinyewara anya na ndị e bidoro mawa site n'ịbụ ndị so na akụkọ wuru ewu a kọrọ site n'ịgbakwunye njikọ nduga site na aha ha gaa na ya bụ akụkọ a kọrọ, kama ịmepụtara ha akụkọ ndụ dị iche. Na 9 Septemba 2007, Wikipedia Bekee nwetara edemede nke mezuru ya nde abụọ ya, ''El Hormiguero'' . <ref name="WFpressrelease">{{Cite web|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/Wikipedia_Reaches_2_Million_Articles|title=English Wikipedia Reaches 2 Million Articles|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708005830/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/Wikipedia_Reaches_2_Million_Articles|archivedate=8 July 2017|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=9 September 2007|accessdate=3 June 2012}}</ref> E nwere ụfọdụ esemokwu na ngwụcha afọ 2007 mgbe [[:en:Volapük_Wikipedia|Volapük Wikipedia]] si na edemede isiokwu dị narị asaa na iri itoolu na asaa (797) gaa n'ihe karịrị otu narị puku na iri na abụọ (112,000) isiokwu, na-aghọ mbipụta Wikipedia nke iri na ise kachasị ukwuu, n'ihi ụmụ irighiri edemede a na-akpọ stub ndị na-ede n'onwe ha, nke ọ bụ otu onye ọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi maka asụsụ [[:en:Volapük|Volapük]]. mere ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 December 2007|title=Ciekawe wydarzenia w Internecie|url=http://www.pcworld.pl/artykuly/56502/MySpace.kontra.Facebook.html#t_34252|journal=PC World (Polish)|language=pl|accessdate=26 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Yves Nevelsteen|date=15 September 2007|title=Volapuko jam superas Esperanton en Vikipedio|url=http://www.liberafolio.org/2007/volapukapedio|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329091247/http://www.liberafolio.org/2007/volapukapedio|archivedate=29 March 2013|accessdate=26 April 2013|work=Libera Folio|language=eo}}</ref> Dị ka ''[[:en:MIT_Technology_Review|MIT Technology Review]]'' si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị editọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Wikipedia asụsụ Bekee ruru n'ókè dị elu n'afọ 2007 na ihe karịrị puku mmadụ ise na otu (51,000), ma kemgbe ahụ na-ebelata.<ref name="MIT">{{Cite journal|author=Simonite|first=Tom|date=22 October 2013|title=The Decline of Wikipedia|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/|journal=[[MIT Technology Review]]|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, e bipụtara mbipụta nke Wikipedia Version 0.5 . ==== 2008 ==== Ọrụ Wiki dị iche iche n'ọtụtụ ebe nọgidere na-agbasawanye ma na-emeziwanye ọdịnaya isiokwu n'ime ha. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008, e mepụtara akụkọ Wikipedia nke mezuru ya nde iri, ma na-erula na ngwụcha afọ ahụ, Wikipedia Bekee nwezuru ma gafee nde isiokwu abụọ na ọkara. ==== 2009 ==== Na 25 Jun 2009 n'elekere 22:15 UTC, mgbe [[:en:Death_of_Michael_Jackson|ọnwụ Michael Jackson]] gasịrị, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ dara nwa oge. [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] kọrọ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu nde ndị ọbịa bịara na akụkọ ndụ Jackson n'ime otu awa, ma eleghị anya na nke ahụ bụ ọnụ ọgụ ndị ọbịa kachasị ukwuu n'ime oge otu awa na isiokwu ọ bụla na akụkọ ihe mere eme Wikipedia. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha Ọgọstụ 2009, ọnụ ọgụgụ isiokwu dị na mbipụta Wikipedia niile agafeela nde iri na anọ.<ref name="wikistats">{{Cite web|url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesArticlesTotal.htm|title=Wikipedia Statistics, Article count (official)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305100104/https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesArticlesTotal.htm|archivedate=5 March 2014|work=Wikimedia.org}}</ref> E kere isiokwu nke mezuru ya nde atọ na Wikipedia Bekee, Beate Eriksen, na 17 Ọgọst 2009 na 04:05 UTC. Na 27 Disemba 2009, [[:en:German_Wikipedia|German Wikipedia]] gafere otu nde isiokwu, na-aghọ mbipụta nke abụọ ma e wepụ Wikipedia asụsụ bekee mere ya. Akụkọ [[:en:Time_(magazine)|''TIME'']]<nowiki/>depụtara Wikipedia n'etiti ebe nrụọrụ weebụ kachasị mma nke afọ 2009. Ihe dị na Wikipedia nwetara ikikere n'okpuru ikikere Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike na 2009. <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2020|title=Licensing update/Timeline – Meta|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline|accessdate=29 August 2022|work=meta.wikimedia.org|language=en|archivedate=17 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817062932/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline}}</ref> === Afọ iri nke abụọ: 2010-2019 === ==== 2010 ==== Na 13 Mee, saịtị ahụ wepụtara ihu peeji ọhụrụ. Ihe ọhụrụ ndị e wepụtaragụnyere akara ngosi emelitere, ngwaọrụ igodo ọhụrụ, na ihe nchịkwa njikọ.<ref name="New features">{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:UsabilityInitiativePrefSwitch|title=New features|publisher=[[Wikipedia]]|accessdate=6 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822062045/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3AUsabilityInitiativePrefSwitch|archivedate=22 August 2010}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, interface ochie ahụ nọgidere na-adị maka ndị chọrọ iji ya arụ ọrụ. N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Disemba, Wikipedia Bekee gafere isiokwu nde atọ na ọkara, ebe e mepụtara isiokwu nke mezuru ya otu nde na Wikipedia French na 21 Septemba. E mere ndezi mezuru ya otu ijeri na Wikimedia na 16 Eprel. Na mbido afọ 2010, e bipụtara mbipụta nhọrọ isiokwu Wikipedia agba nke 0.7. ==== 2011 ==== [[Faịlụ:Armwikicake.png|thumb|Otu n'ime [[c:Wikipedia 10 Photo gallery#Wikipedia_10_Cakes|ọtụtụ achịcha]] e mere iji mee emume ncheta afọ iri nke Wikipedia na 2011 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia 10|url=https://ten.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231212611/http://ten.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page|archivedate=31 December 2013|accessdate=26 February 2014|publisher=Ten.wikipedia.org}}</ref>]] Wikipedia na ndị ọrụ ya mere ọtụtụ ememe [[:en:Wikipedia:10_years_of_Wikipedia|ncheta ịgba afọ iri]] nke saịtị ahụ n'ụwa niile na Jenụwarị 15. Ebe nrụọrụ ahụ malitere mgbalị ịgbasawanye uto ya na India, na-enwe nzukọ India mbụ ya na Mumbai na Nọvemba 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 November 2011|title=Wikipedia hosts India conference amid expansion push|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|first=Rajini|author=Vaidyanathan|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15803308|accessdate=16 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=12 January 2011|title=Wikipedia, 10 years old, targets India|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1116765620110112|accessdate=13 January 2011}}</ref> [[Wikipedia nke ndị bekee|Wikipedia Bekee]] gafere inwezu isiokwu dị nde atọ na ụma isii na 2 Eprel, wee ruo nde isiokwu atọ na ụma asatọ na 18 Nọvemba. Na 7 Nọvemba 2011, [[:en:German_Wikipedia|German Wikipedia]] gafere ndezi peeji dị nde otu narị, na-aghọ mbipụta asụsụ nke abụọ mere ya ma e wepụ mbipụta nke asụsụ Bekee, nke ruru nde ndezi narị ise ya na 24 Nọvemba 2011. [[:en:Dutch_Wikipedia|Dutch Wikipedia]] gafere otu nde isiokwu na 17 Disemba 2011, na-aghọ mbipụta Wikipedia nke anọ mere ya. Na 3 Machị 2011, e bipụtara mbipụta nhọrọ isiokwu Wikipedia nke agba 0.8. Israel Post wepụtara stampụ"Wikimania 2011 - Haifa, Israel" bụ nke na 2 Ọgọst 2011. Nke a bụ stampụ mbụ ya kemgbe ụwa a raara nye ọrụ metụtara Wikimedia. N'agbata 4 na 6 Ọktoba 2011, Wikipedia Italian kpachapụrụ anya bụrụ nke a na-apụghị iru iji mee mkpesa megide iwu DDL intercettazioni nke [[:en:Italian_Parliament|Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Itali]], nke, ma ọ bụrụ na a kwadoo ya, ga-enye onye ọ bụla ohere ịmanye ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ọbụla iwepu ozi a na-ele anya dị ka ihe na-abụghị eziokwu ma ọ bụ dịka mkparị, na-enweghị mkpa ọ ga-adị inye ihe akaebe.<ref name="PCmagDDL">{{Cite web|title=Italian Wikipedia Hidden To Protest WireTap Law|url=https://www.pcmag.com/archive/italian-wikipedia-hidden-to-protest-wiretap-law-288689|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=PC Magazine|language=en|archivedate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055529/https://www.pcmag.com/archive/italian-wikipedia-hidden-to-protest-wiretap-law-288689}}</ref> Ọzọkwa n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2011, Wikimedia kwupụtara mwepụta nke Wikipedia Zero, atụmatụ iji mee ka ị na-enweta Wikipedia dị n'efu n'ekwentị na akụrụngwa mkpanaaka ndị ọzọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe site na mmekorita ya na ndị ọrụ mkpanaka.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kapoor|first=Amit|date=26 October 2011|title=Wikipedia seeks global operator partners to enable free access|work=Wikimedia blog|url=http://blog.wikimedia.org/2011/10/26/wikipedia-seeks-global-operator-partners-to-enable-free-access/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia Zero|url=http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529101704/http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero|archivedate=29 May 2012|accessdate=27 May 2012|publisher=MediaWiki}}</ref> ==== 2012 ==== [[Faịlụ:Wikimedia_Foundation_Wikipedia_Blackout_SOPA_January_18,_2012.theora.ogv|thumbtime=13|thumb|200x200px|Ndị ọrụ [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] n'oge SOPA blackout mere]] Na 16 Jenụwarị, onye so guzobe Wikipedia bụ [[Jimmy Wales]] kwupụtara na Wikipedia Bekee ga-emechi ruo awa iri abụọ na anọ na 18 Jenụwarị dị ka akụkụ nke ngagharị iwe iji mee ka ọha na eze mara Iwu [[:en:Stop_Online_Piracy_Act|Iwu Kwụsị Izu Ohi n'ịntanetị]] yana [[:en:PROTECT_IP_Act|Iwu PROTECT IP]], iwu abụọ na-emegide ndị [[Copyright infringement|ohi n'ịntanetị]]<nowiki/>a ka nọ n'arụmụka ya na [[:en:United_States_Congress|United States Congress]]. N'ịkpọ mgbanyụ ọkụ ahụ " mkpebi obodo", Wales na ndị ọzọ na-emegide iwu ahụ kwenyere na ha ga-etinye nnwere onwe ikwu okwu na ihe ọhụrụ n'ịntanetị n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ortenzi|first=T. J.|date=17 January 2012|title=Wikipedia blackout coming Wednesday, says co-founder Jimmy Wales|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/wikipedia-blackout-coming-jan-18-says-co-founder-jimmy-wales/2012/01/16/gIQAh2Ke3P_blog.html|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=The Washington Post|language=en-US}}</ref> E mekwara mgbanyụ ọkụ yiri nke ahụ na 10 Julaị site na Wikipedia nke Russia, iji mee mkpesa megide iwu nchịkwa ịntanetị nke Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|date=10 July 2012|title=Russian Wikipedia shuts in protest|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/332016/Russian-Wikipedia-shuts-in-protest|publisher=UKPA via Google}}</ref> Na ngwụcha Machị 2012, [[m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]] kwupụtara Wikidata, ikpo okwu zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịkekọrịta data n'etiti mbipụta asụsụ Wikipedia niile. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikidata announcement on Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/wikipedia/posts/158388724283345|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101031943/https://www.facebook.com/wikipedia/posts/158388724283345|archivedate=1 January 2016|accessdate=28 October 2015|publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Chalabi|first=Mona|date=April 26, 2013|title=Welcome to Wikidata! Now what?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|accessdate=October 2, 2021}}</ref> Ufọdụ n'ime ego e ji rụọ ọrụ iwepụta Wikidata ahụ furu otu nde dọla na ụma asaa (US $1.7) sitere na Google, [[:en:Gordon_and_Betty_Moore_Foundation|Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]], na Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Terdiman|first=Daniel|title=Wikidata to provide structured data for all Wikipedia versions|url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikidata-to-provide-structured-data-for-all-wikipedia-versions/|accessdate=16 March 2023|publisher=CNET|language=en|archivedate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055527/https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikidata-to-provide-structured-data-for-all-wikipedia-versions/}}</ref> Wikimedia Deutschland hụrụ maka akụkụ mbụ nke Wikidata, ma na mbụ ha mere atụmatụ ime ka ndị editọ nweenwuo ike ịrụ ọrụ na ikpo okwu site na Disemba 2012. Akụkụ mbụ nke Wikidata malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu na Machị 2013. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Perez|first=Sarah|date=30 March 2012|title=Wikipedia's Next Big Thing: Wikidata, A Machine-Readable, User-Editable Database Funded By Google, Paul Allen And Others|work=TechCrunch|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/03/30/wikipedias-next-big-thing-wikidata-a-machine-readable-user-editable-database-funded-by-google-paul-allen-and-others/}}</ref><ref name="WikidataLiveNow">{{Cite web|author=Pintscher, Lydia|date=13 February 2013|title=Wikidata live on the English Wikipedia|url=http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/02/13/wikidata-live-on-the-english-wikipedia/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219054033/http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/02/13/wikidata-live-on-the-english-wikipedia/|archivedate=19 February 2013|accessdate=15 February 2013|publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Justin_Anthony_Knapp_(cropped).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|231x231px|Justin Knapp]] N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2012, Justin Knapp ghọrọ onye ndezi mbụ naanị ya nyere aka mee ndezi karịrị otu nde na Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web|title=First man to make 1 million Wikipedia edits|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9215151/First-man-to-make-1-million-Wikipedia-edits.html|first=James|author=Titcomb|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=20 April 2012|archivedate=19 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119233646/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9215151/First-man-to-make-1-million-Wikipedia-edits.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Skelton|first=Alissa|date=24 April 2012|title=Wikipedia Volunteer Editor Reaches 1 Million Edits|url=https://mashable.com/archive/wikipedia-volunteer-editor|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=Mashable|language=en|archivedate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055529/https://mashable.com/archive/wikipedia-volunteer-editor}}</ref> Jimmy Wales kelere Knapp maka ọrụ ya ma nye ya ihe nrite Special Barnstar nke saịtị ahụ yana onyinye ''Golden Wiki'' maka ihe ọ rụzuru.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hardest working man on the internet passes one million Wikipedia edits|url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/04/20/one-million-wikipedia-edits/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820003926/http://www.engadget.com/2012/04/20/one-million-wikipedia-edits|archivedate=20 August 2012|accessdate=3 September 2012|work=Engadget|date=20 April 2012}}</ref> Wales kwupụtakwara na 20 Eprel ga-abụ "Ụbọchị Ncheta Justin Knapp". <ref name="declared">{{Cite news|author=Skelton|first=Alissa|date=23 April 2012|title=Wikipedia Volunteer Editor Reaches 1 Million Edits|work=Mashable|url=http://mashable.com/2012/04/23/wikipedia-volunteer-editor/|accessdate=24 October 2012}}</ref> N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2012, Wikipedia Bekee nwetara edemede nde anọ ya, Izbat al-Burj . <ref name="4Million2012">{{Cite web|date=13 July 2012|title=English language Wikipedia hits 4 million articles!|url=http://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2012/07/english-language-wikipedia-hits-4-million-articles/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222030833/http://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2012/07/english-language-wikipedia-hits-4-million-articles/|archivedate=22 December 2012|accessdate=13 July 2012|work=Wikimedia UK Blog|publisher=[[Wikimedia UK]]}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2012, onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye nchịkọta akụkọ Wikipedia Richard J. Jensen kwuru na Wikipedia Bekee "na-eru ọgwụgwụ", na-ekwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị editọ na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile adaala nke ukwuu kemgbe afọ 2007, n'agbanyeghị uto ngwa ngwa nke Wikipedia na ọnụ ọgụgụ isiokwu na ndị na-agụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rosen|first=Rebecca J.|date=25 October 2012|title=Surmounting the Insurmountable: Wikipedia Is Nearing Completion, in a Sense|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/surmounting-the-insurmountable-wikipedia-is-nearing-completion-in-a-sense/264111/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028064456/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/surmounting-the-insurmountable-wikipedia-is-nearing-completion-in-a-sense/264111/|archivedate=28 October 2012|accessdate=27 October 2012|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> Dị ka Alexa Internet si kwuo, Wikipedia bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke isii kachasị ewu ewu n'ụwa ka ọ na-erule Nọvemba 2012. <ref name="AlexaSiteInfoNov12">{{Cite web|title=Amazon Alexa|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=alexa.com|archivedate=25 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org}}</ref> Dow Jones họọrọ Wikipedia nke ise n'ụwa niile ka ọ na-erula Disemba 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Fifth-Biggest Site in the World Operated on a Budget of $27M Last Year|url=http://allthingsd.com/20121220/the-fifth-biggest-site-in-the-world-operated-on-a-budget-of-27m-last-year|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206225138/http://allthingsd.com/20121220/the-fifth-biggest-site-in-the-world-operated-on-a-budget-of-27m-last-year/|archivedate=6 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013}}</ref> ==== 2013 ==== Na 22 Jenụwarị 2013, Wikipedia Italian ghọrọ mbipụta asụsụ nke ise nke Wikipedia nwere karịaotu nde isiokwu, ebe Wikipedia nke Russia na [[:en:Spanish_Wikipedia|Spanish]]<nowiki/>nwetara isiokwu nke nde ha na 11 na 16 Mee n'otu n'otu. Na 15 Julaị Wikipedia Swedish yana na 24 Septemba [[:en:Polish_Wikipedia|Wikipedia Polish]] nwetara edemede nke otu nde ha, na-aghọ mbipụta Wikipedia nke asatọ na nke itoolu iji mee ya. N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Jenụwarị, [[:en:Committee_for_Small_Body_Nomenclature#Minor_planets|Kọmitii maka Ịgụ obere ahụ aha]] gbanwere aha [[:en:Main_belt_asteroid|main belt asteroid]] [[:en:274301_Wikipedia|274301]] n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ịbụzi "Wikipedia".<ref name="TND-20130205">{{Cite web|author=Workman|first=Robert|date=5 February 2013|title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'|url=http://www.technewsdaily.com/16749-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206105134/http://www.technewsdaily.com/16749-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|archivedate=6 February 2013|accessdate=7 February 2013|publisher=[[TechMediaNetwork, Inc.|TechNewsDaily]]}}</ref> Akụkụ mbụ nke nchekwa data Wikidata, na-enye njikọ otu asụsụ na ibe ya na data ndị ọzọ na-akpaghị ya aka, gh nke dị ọrọ maka mbipụta asụsụ niile na Machị 2013.<ref name="WikidataLiveNow">{{Cite web|author=Pintscher, Lydia|date=13 February 2013|title=Wikidata live on the English Wikipedia|url=http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/02/13/wikidata-live-on-the-english-wikipedia/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219054033/http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/02/13/wikidata-live-on-the-english-wikipedia/|archivedate=19 February 2013|accessdate=15 February 2013|publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPintscher,_Lydia2013">Pintscher, Lydia (February 13, 2013). </cite></ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2013, e boro ndị Ọrụ nzuzo nke France ebubo ịnwa inyocha Wikipedia site n'iyi onye ọrụ afọ ofufo Wikipedia egwu ịnwụchi ya ọgwụla ma ehichapụrụ "ihe ọmụma nzuzo" banyere ụlọ ọrụ redio ndị aghana saịtị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Willsher|first=Kim|date=7 April 2013|title=French secret service accused of censorship over Wikipedia page|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/07/french-secret-service-wikipedia-page|accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Wikimania_2013_-_VisualEditor_-_The_present_and_future_of_editing_our_wikis.webm|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Nkuzi ihe banyere Wikipedia VisualEditor]] N'ọnwa Julaị, a malitere usoro nhazi VisualEditor, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na mgbalị e mere iji kwe ka a na-edezi isiokwu na interface yiri kama iji [[Wiki|akara wiki]].<ref name="VisualEd2013">{{Cite news|author=Arthur|first=Charles|date=2 July 2013|title=Boot up: wireless contact lens, Wikipedia's visual editing, Samsung's share slide and more|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2013/jul/02/rabbit-contact-lens|accessdate=2 July 2013}}</ref> E weputaraa onngwahrọ maka ime ndezi nke e mere kpọmkwem maka ekwentị na ngwaọrụ mkpanaka ndị ọzọ.<ref name="MobileWiki2013">{{Cite web|author=Gonera|first=Juliusz|date=25 July 2013|title=Edit Wikipedia on the go|url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/07/25/edit-wikipedia-on-the-go/|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=Diff|language=en-US|archivedate=25 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325104612/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/07/25/edit-wikipedia-on-the-go/}}</ref> ==== 2014 ==== [[Faịlụ:Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|Nnyocha vidiyo nke ọdịnaya Wikipedia n'afọ 2014, na-agba ndị na-ekiri ya ume idezi Wikipedia]] N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2014, ndị na-enye aka na Wikipedia nke Germany malitere ọrụ iji bipụta mbipụta nke Wikipedia Bekee, nke nwere mpịakọta otu puku na ihe karịrịotu nde na narị puku peeji.<ref name="EconWikiPeaks">{{Cite news|date=1 March 2014|title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?|work=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|accessdate=2 April 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks "The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?"]. </cite></ref> Ọrụ ahụ chọrọ nkwado ego site na Indiegogo, ọ ma buru n'uche ịsọpụrụ ntinye nke ndị editọ Wikipedia mere.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2014|title=Wikipedia 1,000-volume print edition planned|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/feb/20/wikipedia-1000-volume-print-edition-crowdfunding|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311014332/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/feb/20/wikipedia-1000-volume-print-edition-crowdfunding|archivedate=11 March 2014|accessdate=12 April 2014|work=The Guardian}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2014, a kpughere ihe ncheta a kpụrụ akpụ mbụ nke Wikipedia n'obodo Slubice dị na Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Day, Matthew|date=10 October 2014|title=Polish town to build statue honouring Wikipedia|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/11153603/Polish-town-to-build-statue-honouring-Wikipedia.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011191441/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/11153603/Polish-town-to-build-statue-honouring-Wikipedia.html|archivedate=11 October 2014|accessdate=11 October 2014|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> Na 8 Jun, 15 Jun, na 16 Julaị 2014, [[:en:Waray_Wikipedia|Waray Wikipedia]], Wikipedia Vietnamese yana [[:en:Cebuano_Wikipedia|Cebuano Wikipedia]] nke ọ bụla gafere akara otu nde isiokwu. Ha bụ Wikipedias nke iri, nke iri na otu na nke iri na abụọ iji ruzuo ihe dị ịrịba ama ahụ. N'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ndị ọrụ ole na ole na-arụsi ọrụ ike, Wikipedias nke Wai na Cebuano nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke isiokwu ndị e dere na-akpaghị aka nke bots mepụtara. ==== 2015 ==== [[Faịlụ:Wikipedia_5_million_articles_milestone_video_November_2015.ogv|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Vidio na-egosi ihe ịrịba ama nke Wikipedia inwe [[:en:Wikipedia:Five_million_articles|isiokwu nde ise]] na 1 Nọvemba 2015]] N'etiti afọ 2015, Wikipedia bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke asaa kachasị ewu ewu n'ụwa niile dịka Alexa Internetsi kwuo, <ref name="AlexaSiteInfoOct26">{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org Site Info|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org#|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009035134/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|archivedate=9 October 2017|accessdate=9 October 2017|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> gbadaa n'otu ọnọdụ site n'ọnọdụ ọ nọbu na Nọvemba 2012. Na mbido afọ 2015, Wikipedia ihe ọmụma izugbe nọgidere bụrụ encyclopedia kachasị n'ịntanetị, nke nwere ngụkọta nke ihe karịrị nde isiokwu iri atọ na isii n'asụsụ niile.<ref name="Grand20">{{Cite web|title=List of Wikipedias – Grand Total (retrieved 2014)|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#Grand_Total|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219233704/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#Grand_Total|archivedate=19 December 2014|accessdate=20 December 2014|publisher=Wikimedia.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[[m:List_of_Wikipedias#Grand_Total|"List of Wikipedias – Grand Total (retrieved 2014)"]]. </cite></ref> Na nkezi, Wikipedia na-enweta ngụkọta dị ijeri iri zuru ụwa ọnụ nke [[:en:Page_view|ndị na-abịa na saịtị ahụ]] site na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị anọ na iri itoolu na ise na-eleta pụrụ iche kwa ọnwa, gụnyere nde mmadụ iri asatọ na ise si United States naanị, ebe ọ bụ saịtị nke isii kachasị ewu ewu.<ref name="EconWikiPeaks">{{Cite news|date=1 March 2014|title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?|work=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|accessdate=2 April 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks "The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2011|title=Wikimedia Statistics|url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm|archivedate=20 October 2011|accessdate=14 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="comScore2012">{{Cite web|date=24 February 2015|title=comScore Ranks the Top 50 U.S. Digital Media Properties for January 2015|url=http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Market-Rankings/comScore-Ranks-the-Top-50-US-Digital-Media-Properties-for-January-2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317071240/http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Market-Rankings/comScore-Ranks-the-Top-50-US-Digital-Media-Properties-for-January-2015|archivedate=17 March 2015|accessdate=17 March 2015|publisher=comScore}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150317071240/http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Market-Rankings/comScore-Ranks-the-Top-50-US-Digital-Media-Properties-for-January-2015 "comScore Ranks the Top 50 U.S. Digital Media Properties for January 2015"]. </cite></ref><ref name="AlexaSiteInfoOct26" /> [[Faịlụ:Print_Wikipedia_(no_subtitles).webm|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Onye na-ese ihe Michael Mandiberg dịka ọ na-ekwu maka Print Wikipedia.]] Print Wikipedia bụ ọrụ nka nke Michael Mandiberg mepụtara ikike ibipụta mpịakọta puku asaa, narị anọ na iri asaa na atọ (7473) nke Wikipedia dị ka ọ dị na 7 Eprel 2015. Mpịakọta ọ bụla nwere peeji narị asaa mana ọ bụ naanị otu narị na iri ka onye na-ese ya bụ ihe bipụtara.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|author=Schuessler|first=Jennifer|date=16 June 2015|title=Moving Wikipedia From Computer to Many, Many Bookshelves|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/17/books/moving-wikipedia-from-computer-to-many-many-bookshelves.html|accessdate=24 December 2016}}</ref> N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2015, Wikipedia Bekee ruru nde isiokwu ise site n'ịmepụta otu isiokwu na ''Persoonia terminalis'', bụ ụdị akụmakụ. N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, Wikipedia natara ''Onyinye Princess of Asturias maka imekọ ihe ọnụ na mba ụwa''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-06-17|title=Wikipedia, Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación|url=https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2015/06/17/actualidad/1434535111_709353.html|accessdate=2026-02-04|work=El País|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Poyo|first=Ana|date=2015-10-22|title=Los Premios Princesa de Asturias 2015 (al detalle)|url=https://www.vogue.es/moda/news/articulos/agenda-premios-princesa-asturias-2015-ceremonia-entrega-reyes-felipe-letizia-mejores-looks-leonor-de-borbon/23909|accessdate=2026-02-04|work=Vogue España|language=es-ES}}</ref> ==== 2016 ==== Na abalị iri na itoolu ọnwa Jenụwarị 2016, Wikipedia nke Japan gafere inweta otu nde isiokwu, na-aghọ Wikipedia nke iri na atọ ya ruru ihe dị ịrịba ama ahụ. Akụkọ ahụ nke mezuru ya otu nde bụ maka Wave 224, ụgbọ mmiri n'okpuru mmiri nke [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] nke Ndị ọlụagha na mmiri Imperial nke Japan. N'etiti afọ 2016, Wikipedia ghọkwara ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke isii kachasị ewu ewu n'ụwa dịka [[:en:Alexa_Internet|Alexa Internet]] si kwuo, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org Site Info|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org#|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706214359/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|archivedate=6 July 2016|accessdate=7 July 2016|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> gbagoo n'otu ọnọdụ pụọ n'ọnọdụ ọ nwere n'afọ gara aga. ==== 2017 ==== N'etiti afọ 2017, edepụtara Wikipedia dị ka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke ise kachasị ewu ewu n'ụwa dịka [[:en:Alexa_Internet|Alexa Internet]] si kwuo, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org Site Info|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org#|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704011642/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|archivedate=4 July 2017|accessdate=4 July 2017|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> na-arịgo site n'otu ọnọdụ pụọ na ọnọdụ ọ nwere n'afọ gara aga. E mere ka Wikipedia Zero dị na Iraq na Afghanistan. N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2017, ndị ọchịchị Turkey [[:en:Block_of_Wikipedia_in_Turkey|gbochiri ịnweta Wikipedia n'ịntanetị n'ofe mbipụta asụsụ niile dị na Turkey]]. Mgbochi a dịgidere ruo 15 Jenụwarị 2020, ebe ụlọ ikpe nke Turkey kpebiri na mgbochi ahụ mebiri ikike mmadụ. A na-egbochi Wikipedia nke Japan ezoro ezo na China kemgbe 28 Disemba 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ja.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.greatfire.org/https/ja.wikipedia.org|work=[[GreatFire]]|accessdate=7 April 2018|archivedate=20 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120065845/https://en.greatfire.org/https/ja.wikipedia.org}}</ref> ==== 2018 ==== N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018, ọnụ ọgụgụ isiokwu ndị dị na Wikipedia nke China gafere otu nde, na-aghọ Wikipedia nke iri na anọ iji ruo ọkwa ahụ. A machibidola Wikipedia nke China na Mainland China kemgbe Mee 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|date=4 September 2015|title=Wikipedia founder defends decision to encrypt the site in China|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/4/9260981/jimmy-wales-wikipedia-china|accessdate=17 April 2018|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141751/https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/4/9260981/jimmy-wales-wikipedia-china}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, na 26 Jun, Wikipedia Portuguese gafere otu nde isiokwu, na-aghọ Wikipedia nke iri na ise ruru ihe dị ịrịba ama ahụ. Isiokwu nke mezuru ya otu nde bụ ''[[:pt:Perdão de Richard Nixon|Perdão de Richard Nixon]]'' (''[[:pt:Perdão de Richard Nixon|Mgbaghara nke Richard Nixon]]''). N'afọ 2018, Wikipedia nọgidere na-ndepụta ya dị ka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke ise kachasị ewu ewu n'ụwa dịka Alexa Internet si kwuo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org Traffic, Demographics and Competitors – Alexa|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|accessdate=28 October 2018|work=alexa.com|language=en|archivedate=25 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org}}</ref> Otu mmepe a ma ama bụ iji [[:en:Artificial_Intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]] mepụta edemede na isiokwu ndị a na-eleghara anya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=AI spots 40,000 prominent scientists overlooked by Wikipedia|work=The Verge|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/8/17663544/ai-scientists-wikipedia-primer|accessdate=28 October 2018}}</ref> ==== 2019 ==== N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2019, ndị ọchịchị China gbasara mmachibido nke Wikipedia gaa na nsụgharị niile. <ref name="cn2019apr">{{Cite news|author=Gandolfo|first=Ryan|title=Wikipedia Currently Down in China|work=That's Beijing|url=http://www.thatsmags.com/beijing/post/27660/wikipedia-currently-down-in-china|accessdate=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="ooni">{{Cite web|author=Sukhbir Singh|date=4 May 2019|title=China is now blocking all language editions of Wikipedia|url=https://ooni.io/post/2019-china-wikipedia-blocking/|accessdate=7 May 2019|publisher=Open Observatory of Network Interference|quote=The following chart, based on OONI data, illustrates that multiple language editions of Wikipedia have been blocked in China as of April 2019.{...}OONI measurements show that many of these Wikipedia domains were previously accessible, but all measurements collected from 25 April 2019 onwards present the same DNS anomalies for all Wikipedia sub-domains.{...}Based on these tests, we were able to conclude that China Telecom does in fact block all language editions of Wikipedia by means of both DNS injection and SNI filtering.}}</ref> Oge nke mgbochi ahụ dakọtara ya na mmemme ncheta afọ iri atọ nke [[:en:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre|ngagharị iwe na ogbugbu Tiananmen Square nke afọ 1989]] na ncheta nke ịgba afọ otu narị nke [[:en:May_Fourth_Movement|May Fourth Movemen]], nke mere ka [[:en:Internet_censorship_in_China|nnyocha ịntanetị na China]] sie ike karịa.<ref name="515news18">{{Cite news|date=15 May 2019|title=Ahead of Tiananmen Anniversary, Chinese Government Blocks Wikipedia|publisher=News18|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/ahead-of-tiananmen-anniversary-chinese-government-blocks-wikipedia-2142621.html|accessdate=2 June 2019}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2019, dị ka Alexa.com si kwuo, Wikipedia si na ọnọdụ nke ise dalaa na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke asaa n'ụwa maka itinye aka n'ịntanetị zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name="alexa.com">{{Cite web|title=wikipedia.org Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic – Alexa|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|work=alexa.com|accessdate=10 February 2018|archivedate=25 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, e zigara otu Wikipedia n'ọnwa, dị ka akụkụ nke Arch Lunar Library. N'ihi ọdịda mere, rọket ahụ dara n'elu ọnwa, mana, n'ihi iji diski nickel pụrụ iche, nke na-eguzogide onwe ya, a kwenyere na ọ lanarịrị ọdịda ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Taylor|first=Chris|date=2019-04-17|title=There may be a copy of Wikipedia somewhere on the moon. Here's how to help find it.|url=https://mashable.com/article/moon-library-beresheet-crash-wikipedia|accessdate=2026-03-30|work=Mashable|language=en}}</ref>{{Wikimedia Foundation}}{{Wikipedias}}{{Wikimedia Foundation}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Wikipedias}}{{Wikimedia Foundation}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Wikipedias}}{{Wikimedia Foundation}} <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  === Ihe ndekọ Wikipedia na ndị E Chekwara === Faịlụ ọrụ Wikipedia nwere ọtụtụ ntụaka na ihe ndị echekwara. Ihe onwunwe bara uru n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Wikipedia gụnyere: '''Nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme''' * Ụdị: Afọ Wikipedia - ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'afọ * [[m:History of Wikipedia|Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Wikipedia]] - site na [[wikipedia:Meta|Wikipedia:Meta]] * meta:Wikimedia News - akụkọ na ihe ịrịba ama index site na Wikipedias niile * Wikipedia:BrilliantProse - onye bu Wikipedia ụzọ:Akụkọ ndị a na-ahụ anya na Wikipedia:Akụkọ ọmaWikipedia:Ezi isiokwu * Wikipedia:Nkwurịta okwu akụkọ ihe mere eme * Wikipedia:Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Wikipedia bots * Wikipedia: Ihe ndekọ Wikipedia * Wikipedia:Akụkọ kachasị ochie nke Wikipedia '''Ihe ịrịba ama, ogo na ọnụ ọgụgụ''' * [[stats:|Stats.wikimedia.org]] - isi interface nke Wikimedia Foundation maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ niile, gụnyere Wikipedia dị iche iche na nke jikọtara ọnụ. * [[m:Wikipedia milestones|Ihe ịrịba ama Wikipedia]] * Wikipedia:Milestones <small> (na-adịghị arụ ọrụ) </small> * Wikipedia: Iri na abụọ nke Wikipedia * Wikipedia: Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ '''Ebe Nchekwa Nkwurịta okwu na arụmụka''' * Wikipedia:Nkwupụta Archive * Wikipedia: Ndepụta ozi Na 24 Maachị, sava niile nke Wikipedia Europe pụrụ n'ịntanetị n'ihi nsogbu inwe oke okpomokụ. [[:en:Failover|Failover]] gaa na sava niile dị na Florida gbajiri, na-akpata nhazigharị nke [[:en:Domain_Name_System|DNS]] maka Wikipedia daa n'ụwa niile. E doziri nsogbu ahụ ngwa ngwa, mana n'ihi nsogbu caching nke DNS, o gbuturu oge ụfọdụ ebe inwetakwa Wikipedia karịa ebe ndị ọzọ. * [[mw:MediaWiki history|Akụkọ MediaWiki]] * [https://nostalgia.wikipedia.org Nostalgia Wikipedia] - foto nke Wikipedia site na 20 Disemba 2001 dị ka saịtị MediaWiki na-eji akpụkpọ ahụ nke yiri ngwanrọ nke oge ahụ * Wikipedia:CamelCase na Wikipedia * Wikipedia:Magnus Manske Day - Software MediaWiki na-aga ndụ na mmepụta * Wikipedia: Ngalaba Ọkụ Ọkụ Ndị Ofu Ofu - njikwa nke nnukwu nchịkọta akụkọ. A gbasara ya mgbe ọ na-adịghịzi mkpa (2004) * ZIM File Archive, na Internet Archive, nwere foto zuru ezu nke Wikipedia (yana nhọrọ isiokwu) n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, site na afọ dị iche iche. Enwere ike imeghe faịlụ na ngwanrọ Kiwix. {{Clear}} === Onye nke Atọ === * [http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf "Fatally Flawed: Gbagha ọmụmụ ihe na-adịbeghị anya banyere izi ezi encyclopedic site na akwụkwọ akụkọ Nature"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. March 2006. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010303221706/http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/HomePage Foto mbụ nke Wikipedia] site na Internet Archive. 28 Febụwarị 2001. * Giles, Jim, "Encyclopedias nke Ịntanetị na-aga isi na isi". Ntụnyere <nowiki><i id="mwGXE">Okike</i></nowiki> n'etiti Wikipedia na ''Britannica''. 14 Disemba 2005 (a chọrọ ndebanye aha) * [[Larry Sanger]] "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir" na "Part II". Ihe na-adịghị mma. 18 Eprel 2005 ruo 19 Eprel 2005. * [http://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html Nzaghachi] ''Okike'' na ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Okike. 23 Machị 2006. (A chọrọ ndebanye aha) * [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html ''New York Times'' na Wikipedia]. Septemba 2001. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250916022442/https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html The Free Universal Encyclopedia na Learning Resource] E debere na Wayback Machine - Free Software Foundation nkwado nke Nupedia (mgbe e mesịrị melite iji tinye Wikipedia). 1999. {{Wikipedia}}{{Wikipedias}}{{Wikimedia Foundation}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tkr302vm6yjmlw3rmzysh2lvu49jj7t 688239 688233 2026-07-15T18:56:41Z King ChristLike 13051 fixed ref errors 688239 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:First_preserved_Main_Page_of_Wikipedia.jpeg|thumb|Isi peeji nke Wikipedia (20 Disemba 2001) ]] [[Wikipidia|Wikipedia]], encyclopedia dị n'ịntanetị n'efu nke òtù ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo a maara dị ka Ndị Wikipedia na-ede ma na-elekọta, jiri ndezi mbụ ya malite na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, ụbọchị abụọ mgbe edebachara aha ngalaba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info – DomainTools|url=http://whois.domaintools.com/wikipedia.org|accessdate=24 October 2016|work=[[WHOIS]]|archivedate=17 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417083509/http://whois.domaintools.com/wikipedia.org}}</ref> Ọ malitere dịka [[Nupedia]], encyclopedia dị n'efu nke ahaziri ahazi karị, dị ka ụzọ isi nye ohere ide edemede na mee nsụgharị n'ụzọ ka dị mfe ma dị ngwa. Ihe ndabere teknụzụ na echiche nke Wikipedia bu nke a ụzọ; Rick Gates mere atụmatụ mbụ a maara maka encyclopedia n'ịntanetị n'afọ 1993, <ref name="listserv.uh.edu">{{Cite web|year=2010|title=Wikipedia of Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger|url=http://history-computer.com/Internet/Conquering/Wikipedia.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415133700/http://history-computer.com/Internet/Conquering/Wikipedia.html|archivedate=15 April 2012|accessdate=9 November 2013|publisher=History Computer}}</ref> na echiche nke encyclopedia ịntanetị n'efu (dị ka dị iche na naanị isi iyi mepere emepe) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Philosophy|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html#open-source|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132149/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html#open-source|archivedate=14 October 2013|accessdate=5 November 2013|publisher=GNU}}</ref> bụ nke Richard Stallman chepụtara na 1998.<ref name="stallmanencyclopedia">{{Cite web|author=Stallman|first=Richard|authorlink=Richard Stallman|year=1998|title=The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource (1998 Draft)|url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia-1998-draft.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124065108/https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia-1998-draft.html|archivedate=24 January 2021|accessdate=29 October 2021|publisher=GNU}}</ref> Echiche Stallman gụnyere kpọmkwem echiche na ọ dịghị nzukọ dị n'etiti kwesịrị ịchịkwa nhazi. Nke a dị iche na encyclopedia dijitalụ nke oge a dị ka [[Wiki|Microsoft Encarta]] na ''Encyclopædia Britannica.'' N'afọ 2001, a gbanwere akwụkwọ ikikere maka [[Nupedia]] ka ọ bụrụ [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]], meziri ka [[Jimmy Wales]] na [[Larry Sanger]] malite Wikipedia dị ka ọrụ ga-anọchi ya, na-eji wiki n'ịntanetị dị ka ngwá ọrụ nchịkọta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WikiHistory|url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020621221535/http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory|archivedate=21 June 2002|accessdate=15 May 2013|publisher=[[WikiWikiWeb]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na e cheburu Wikipedia na mbụ dị ka ebe a ga na-edetu edemede na echiche ndị a ga-achọ ibipụta na Nupedia, ọ gafere onye bu ya ụzọ ngwa ngwa, na-aghọ ma oghere ndetu ederede nwa mgbe nakwa ọ̀bà maka edemede ikpeazụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ọtụtụ narị asụsụ, na-akpali ọtụtụ ọrụ ntanetị ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2014, Wikipedia nwere ihe dịka nde mmadụ narị anọ na iri itoolu na ise na-agụ ya kwa ọnwa. <ref name="EconWikiPeaks" /> Na 2015, dị ka comScore si kwuo, Wikipedia natara ihe karịrị nde mmadụ otu narị na iri na ise na-eleta ya kwa ọnwa site na United States naanị. <ref name="comScore2012" /> Na Septemba 2018, ọrụ Wikipedia hụrụ ndị nkiri peeji ya dị ijeri iri na ise na ọkara kwa ọnwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Monthly overview|url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/all-projects|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124235329/https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/all-projects|archivedate=24 January 2020|accessdate=31 May 2019|work=Wikimedia statistics|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga === Echiche nke ịchịkọta ihe ọmụma ụwa niile n'otu ebe malitere na Ọbá Akwụkwọ oge ochie nke Alexandria na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ nke Pergamum, e nwekwara ndị bu ụzọ n'oge ochie cheta echiche inwe encyclopedia zuru oke, dị ka Pliny the Elder's Naturalis historia, mana echiche nke oge a nke encyclopedic zuru oke, nke a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe, nke e biri ebi sitere na Denis Diderot na ndị encyclopedists French nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Miloš|first=Todorović|year=2018|title=From Diderot's Encyclopedia to Wales's Wikipedia: a brief history of collecting and sharing knowledge|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347489594|journal=Časopis KSIO|volume=1|pages=88–102|doi=10.5281/zenodo.3235309|accessdate=20 October 2021}}</ref> Echiche nke iji ígwè ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya karịa ígwè obibi akwụkwọ iji wuo encyclopedia bara uru karị ka e nwere ike ịchọta mmalite ya site na akwụkwọ Paul Otlet nke afọ 1934 bụ Traité de Documentation . Otlet guzobekwara Mundaneum, ụlọ ọrụ raara onwe ya nye ndepụta nke ihe ọmụma ụwa, na 1910. Echiche a nke encyclopedia nke ígwè na-enyere aka ka H. G. Wells gbasakwuru n'akwụkwọ ederede ya bụ World Brain (1938) na ọhụụ Vannevar Bush n'ọdịnihu nke Memex dabeere na microfilm na edemede ya "As We May Think" (1945). Ihe ọzọ dị ịrịba ama bụ atụmatụ hypertext nke Ted Nelson Project Xanadu, nke malitere na 1960. <ref name="reaglechap2" /> Ojiji nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ime na idebe Wikipedia. Otú ọ dị, ọbụlagodi ma enweghị ịntanetị, nnukwu ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị ahụ ejirila ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo mee ihe. N'ụzọ doro anya, e chepụtara echiche ide akwukwọ nkọwa okwu ''Oxford English Dictionary'' na okwu ngosi pụta e kwuru na London Library,ụbọchị ncheta [[:en:Guy_Fawkes_Day|Guy Fawkes]], 5 Nọvemba 1857, site n'aka [[:en:Richard_Chenevix_Trench|Richard Chenevix Trench]]. O weere ihe dị ka afọ iri asaa iji mezue ya. Dr. Trench chepụtara nnukwu akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ọhụrụ nke okwu ọ bụla n'asụsụ Bekee dị na ya, nke a ga-eji mee ihe n'ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na n'efu. Dị ka onye edemede Simon Winchester si kwuo, "Nrụ ọrụ nke atụmatụ ahụ, ka o kwuru, karịrị ikike nke otu nwoke ọ bụla. Ịgụ akwụkwọ Bekee niile - na ịchọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ London na New York niile na magazin na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị a kachasị agụ - ga-abụrịrị 'ihe ọtụtụ ndị ga-eme.' Ọ ga-adị mkpa iwebata otu ìgwè n'ọru- ọkacha, nke dị nnukwu - ma eleghị anya nwere ọtụtụ narị na narị ndị aka esibeghị ike na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ, ha niile na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo.        Ọganihu ndị e nwere na teknụzụ ozi n'ebe ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ dugara na mgbanwe n'ụdị encyclopedia ndị a. Ebe encyclopedia ndị gara aga, ọkachasị ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', na-adabere n'akwụkwọ ọtụtụ mgbe, Encarta nke Microsoft, nke e bipụtara na 1993, dị na CD-ROM, e mekwara ya hyperlink. Mmepe nke [[:en:World_Wide_Web|World Wide Web]] dugara n'ọtụtụ mgbalị iji mepụta Ọrụ encyclopedia ịntanetị. Otu aro mbụ a tụtara maka encyclopedia n'ịntanetị bụ Interpedia na 1993 site n'aka Rick Gates; <ref name="listserv.uh.edu"/> ọrụ a nwụrụ tupu ọ mepụta ọdịnaya encyclopedia ọ bụla. Onye na-akwado ngwanrọ n'efu Richard Stallman kọwara uru nke "Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource" na 1998. <ref name="stallmanencyclopedia"/> Akwụkwọ o bipụtara depụtara otu a ga-esi "hụ na ọganihu na-aga n'ihu na nsonaazụ a kachasị mma". Onye so guzobe Wikipedia bụ Jimmy Wales kwuru na echiche nke Wikipedia bịara mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Indiana, ebe ọ masịrị ya na ihe ịga nke ọma nke mmegharị na-emeghe ma chọpụta na Emacs Manifesto nke Richard Stallman na-akwalite ngwanrọ dị n'efu yana ọnọdụ nkesa ihe n'efu na-adọrọ mmasị ya. Wales na-ekwukwa okwu otuto gbasara ederede onye ọkachamara mkpata na mmefu nke [[:en:Austrian_School|Ụlọ akwụkwọ Austria]] bụ Friedrich Hayek, "The Use of Knowledge in Society," nke ọ gụrụ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ mahadum, na ọ bụ ya nọ "n'etiti" n'echiche ya banyere "otú ọ ga-esi jikwaa ọrụ Wikipedia." <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mangu-Ward|first=Katherine|date=2007-05-30|title=Wikipedia and Beyond|url=https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/|accessdate=2024-11-07|work=Reason.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Edemede ahụ na-ekwusi ike na [[:en:Dispersed_knowledge|a na-ekesa ozi ekesa n'ọtụtụ aka]] dị iche iche - na onye ọ bụla maara naanị obere akụkụ nke ihe a maara n'ozuzu - na n'ihi ya, ndị nwere ihe ọmụma mpaghara na-eme mkpebi kachasị mma, karịa site na ikike etiti. N'oge ahụ, Wales na-amụ maka ego ma nwee mmasị na mkpali nke ọtụtụ ndị nyere aka dị ka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo iji mepụta ngwanrọ dị n'efu, ebe ọtụtụ ihe atụ na-enwe ezigbo nsonaazụ. Dị ka ''[[:en:The_Economist|The Economist]]'' si kwuo, Wikipedia "nwere mgbọrọgwụ ya na nchekwube teknụzụ nke gosipụtara ịntanetị na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ. O kwenyere na ndị nkịtị nwere ike iji kọmputa ha dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka nnwere onwe, agụmakwụkwọ, na nghọta. "<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 January 2021|title=Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|accessdate=29 August 2022}}</ref> === Nhazi nke echiche ahụ === E bu ụzọ chepụta Wikipedia dị ka ọrụ enyemaka ebe a ga na-esi enweta ihe ndị ga-adị na [[Nupedia]] nke Wales guzobere, ọrụ mbụ o guzobere iji mepụta encyclopedia n'ịntanetị n'efu, nke Bomis bụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi weebụ nke Jimmy Wales, Tim Shell na Michael E. Davis nwere wepụtara n'efu.<ref name="Jonathan Sidener">{{Cite news|author=Sidener|first=Jonathan|date=6 December 2004|title=Everyone's Encyclopedia|work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|accessdate=25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="memoirofwiki">{{Cite web|first=Larry|author=Sanger|url=http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213&tid=95&tid=149&tid=9|title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir – Part I|date=2005-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722235956/http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F04%2F18%2F164213&tid=95&tid=149&tid=9|archivedate=22 July 2009}}</ref> E guzobere Nupedia n'ụdị na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo tozuru etozu ga na-eji ya yana usoro nnyocha nke ọtụtụ nzọụkwụ. N'agbanyeghị ndepụta ozi ya nke ihe karịrị ndị ndezi dị puku abụọ nwere mmasị, na ọnụnọ nke Sanger dị ka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ oge niile, mmepụta nke ọdịnaya maka Nupedia dị nnọọ nwayọ, naanị isiokwu iri na abụọ edere n'ime afọ mbụ.<ref name="resignation">{{Cite web|title=My resignation – Larry Sanger – Meta|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/My_resignation--Larry_Sanger|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=meta.wikimedia.org|language=en|quote=I was more or less offered the job of editing Nupedia when I was, as an ABD philosophy graduate student, soliciting Jimbo's (and other friends') advice on a website I was thinking of starting. It was the first I had heard of Jimbo's idea of an open content encyclopedia, and I was delighted to take the job.|archivedate=20 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320142105/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/My_resignation--Larry_Sanger}}</ref><ref name="memoirofwiki" /> Ndị odee Nupedia tụrụ uche maka ọtụtụ ụzọ ndị ha ga-esi kepụta ndịnaya n'ebe ọ dị ọsịịsọ.<ref name="Jonathan Sidener"/> E werebuolarị Wiki n'ebe ọzọ na weebụ iji hazie ihe ọmụma,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-12|title=From the archives: Highland Park teen is finalist in web competition|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2013-01-12-chi-archives-aaron-swartz-20130112-story.html|accessdate=2023-08-21|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> ya mere na echiche nke iji nkwado maọbụ enyemaka dabeere na [[wiki]] nye Nupedia nwetara ihi aja n'ukwu site na mkparịtaụka dị n'etiti Sanger na Ben Kovitz,<ref name="Ben_Kovitz">{{Cite news|title=Ben Kovitz|publisher=[[WikiWikiWeb]]|url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?BenKovitz|accessdate=25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Glyn Moody">{{Cite news|author=Moody|first=Glyn|date=13 July 2006|title=This time, it'll be a Wikipedia written by experts|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/jul/13/media.newmedia|accessdate=25 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Origins_of_Wikipedia">{{Cite news|author=Sidener|first=Jonathan|date=23 September 2006|title=Wikipedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy|work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html|accessdate=25 March 2007|quote=The origins of Wikipedia date to 2000, when Sanger was finishing his doctoral thesis in philosophy and had an idea for a Web site.}}</ref> na ọzọkwa si n'etiti Wales na Jeremy Rosenfeld.<ref name="Ben_Kovitz" /> Kovitz bụụrụ onye na-arụ ọrụ nhazi ngwanro kọmputa ma bụrụ onye a na-ahụkarị na revolutionary wiki nke Ward Cunningham bụ "the WikiWikiWeb". Ọ kọwaara Sanger ihe wiki bụ, n'ebe ha na-eri nri abalị na 2 January 2001.<ref name="Ben_Kovitz" /><ref name="Glyn Moody" /><ref name="Origins_of_Wikipedia" /> Wales kwuru n'Ọktoba 2001 na "Larry nwebu echiche iji ngwanro Wiki eme ihe" maka ndị usoro Nupedia na-atụ ngana,<ref name="Wikipedia-l-000671">{{Cite news|author=Wales|first=Jimmy|date=30 October 2001|title=LinkBacks?|publisher=Wikimedia|format=Email|url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html|accessdate=25 March 2007}}</ref> ma mechaa kwuo na Disemba 2005 na Rosenfeld ebunyela ya uche gbasara wiki.<ref name="cadenhead">{{Cite web|author=Rogers Cadenhead|title=Wikipedia Founder Looks Out for Number 1|url=http://www.cadenhead.org/workbench/news/2828/wikipedia-founder-looks-out-number-1|accessdate=15 October 2006|archivedate=26 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926103410/http://www.cadenhead.org/workbench/news/2828/wikipedia-founder-looks-out-number-1}}</ref> Sanger cheere na wiki ga-abụ ebe nrụọrụ dị mma, ma tụta arọ ya n'ọgbọ nzipụta ozi nke Nupedia ka e guzobe otu wiki nke dabeere na UseModWiki (nke bụ v. 0.90 mgbe ahụ) ka ọ bụrụ "ebe e si enweta ihe a ga-arụ" nye Nupedia. N'okpuru isiokwu bụ "K'anyị mee wiki", o dere:<ref>{{Cite news|author=Larry Sanger|authorlink=Larry Sanger|date=10 January 2001|title=Let's make a wiki|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html}}</ref> Wales guzobere otu ma tinye ya n'ịntanetị na Wednesday 10 Jenụwarị 2001, n'okpuru ngalaba [[Nupedia]].com.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Larry Sanger|authorlink=Larry Sanger|date=10 January 2001|title=Nupedia's wiki: try it out|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000678.html}}</ref> Nke a ghọrọ wiki ọhụrụ n'okpuru ngalaba wikipedia.com na Jenụwarị 15. Na 17 Jenụwarị, ọrụ GNUPedia nke Free Software Foundation (FSF) gara n'ịntanetị, na-enwe ike ịsọ mpi ya na [[:en:Nupedia|Nupedia]], mana n'ime afọ ole na ole FSF gbara ndị mmadụ ume "ịga ma nye aka na [Wikipedia]".<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 January 2001|title=Slashdot Comments &#124; GNUPedia Project Starting|url=http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=9990&threshold=1&commentsort=0&mode=thread&cid=502603|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612010030/https://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=9990|archivedate=12 June 2022|accessdate=13 April 2010|publisher=Slashdot.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|year=2012|title=The Free Encyclopedia Project|url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221000617/http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/|archivedate=21 December 2012|accessdate=20 December 2012|publisher=GNU.org}}</ref> === Ntọala nke Wikipedia === E nwere ịsụ ngọngọ n'etiti ndị ndezi maka ijikọ Nupedia n'ebe o chiri anya yana ụdị ịrụ ọrụ Wiki.<ref name="memoirofwiki"/> Mgbe a malitecharaa Nupedia wiki n'okpuru [[:en:Nupedia|nupedia.com]] na 10 Jenụwarị 2001,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-04-25|title=[Nupedia-l] Nupedia's wiki: try it out|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000678.html|accessdate=2023-08-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030425173342/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000678.html|archivedate=25 April 2003}}</ref> Wales tụrụ aro inye ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ aha nke ya, Sanger e wee tụọ aro aha ''Wikipedia'', na-asị na ọ bu <nowiki>''</nowiki>ọrụ mgbakwunye nye Nupedia nke kwụụrụ onwe ya na-arụ ọrụ."<ref>{{Cite news|author=Larry Sanger|authorlink=Larry Sanger|date=11 January 2001|title=Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html}}</ref> A malitere wiki ọhụrụ na wikipedia.com na Mọnde 15 Jenụwarị 2001. Isi ebe nrụọrụ ya na sava ya (nke dị na San Diego) nke e ji malite ọrụ ndị a na mbido bụ Bomis nyere ha n'efu. Ọtụtụ ndị na-arụbu ọrụ na Bomis mechara na-eme ntinye na encyclopedia ahụ: nkekanke Tim Shell, onye so hiwe ma mechaa bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Bomis, na onye njikwa ngwanro Jason Richey. [[Faịlụ:Jimmy_Wales'_Mac_and_the_First_Wikipedia_Edit_—_"Hello_World"_(51738433963).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|iMac Jimmy Wales jiri mee ndezi mbụ na Wikipedia]] Wales kwuru na Disemba 2008 na o mere ndezi mbụ nke Wikipedia, ndezi nnwale nke nwere ederede "Alo, Ụwa!", mana nke a nwere ike ịbụ na Wikipedia ochie nke e wepụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya ma jiri ịmalitegharị nke ọhụrụ dochie ya. Ndezigharị mbụ e nwetara na Wikipedia.com bụ na Ihu Mbụ ya na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, nke na-agụ "Nke a bụ WikiPedia ọhụrụ!"; enwere ike ịchọta ya ebe a. A mara ọkwa ịdị adị nke ọrụ ahụ n'ụzọ doro anya ma rịọ arịrịọ ka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo tinye aka n'ịmepụta ọdịnaya na ndepụta nzipu Nupedia na 17 Jenụwarị 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2003|title=&#91;Nupedia-l&#93; Wikipedia is up!|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|accessdate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030331101007/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|archivedate=31 March 2003}}</ref> Ọrụ ahụ nwetara ọtụtụ ndị ọhụrụ sonyere mgbe a kpọtụrụ ya aha na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ [[:en:Slashdot|Slashdot]] na Julaị 2001, <ref name="slashdot26july">{{Cite web|date=26 July 2001|title=Britannica and Free Content|url=http://slashdot.org/articles/01/07/26/0312258.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114204227/http://slashdot.org/articles/01/07/26/0312258.shtml|archivedate=14 January 2009|publisher=Slashdot}}</ref> ebe ọ nwetabururị obere ịkpọ aha ugboro abụọ na Maachị 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2001|title=Nupedia and Project Gutenberg Directors Answer|url=http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/02/1422244&tid=99|publisher=Slashdot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 March 2001|title=Everything2 Hits One Million Nodes|url=http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/29/2035230&tid=95|publisher=Slashdot}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ọ natara ihe ngosi a ma ama maka akụkọ dị na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ teknụzụ na ọdịbendị nke obodo niile na-edezi Kuro5hin na 25 Julaị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2001|title=Britannica or Nupedia? The Future of Free Encyclopedias|url=http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/7/25/103136/121|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011107050810/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/7/25/103136/121|archivedate=7 November 2001|publisher=Kuro5hin}}</ref> N'etiti nnubata nke ndị mmadụ a, e nweelarị ọtụtụ ndị na-abịa na ya na-aga n'ihu site n'ebe weebụ ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị Google, nke naanị ya zigara ọtụtụ narị ndị ọbịa ọhụrụ na saịtị ahụ kwa ụbọchị. [[:en:Mainstream_media|Ihe mgbasa ozi mbụ ya bụ isi]] bụ na ''The New York Times'' na 20 Septemba 2001.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Meyers|first=Peter|date=20 September 2001|title=Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html|accessdate=16 March 2023}}</ref> === Nkewa na Ịbanye mba ụwa Ndị Ọzọ === Na mmalite Wikipedia, no bidoro gbasawa, na-aga mba ndị ọzọ, na-enwe nkepụta nke namespace ọhụrụ gasị, nke ọbụla n'ime usoro ndetu aha ndị ojieme dị iche na nke ibe ya. Nkega subdomain mbụ nke e kepụtara maka Wikipedia na-abụghị n'asụsụ Bekee bụ deutsche.wikipedia.com (nke e kere na Fraịdee 16 Maachị 2001, 01:38 UTC),<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 March 2001|title=Alternative language Wikipedias|url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000049.html|accessdate=13 April 2010|work=Lists|publisher=Wikimedia|archivedate=20 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620120726/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000049.html}}</ref> nke ihe sochiri ya ka awa ole na ole gasịrị bụ {{Mono|[[Catalan Wikipedia|catalan.wikipedia.com]]}} (n'elekere 13:07 UTC).<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the Catalan Homepage|url=http://catalan.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=history&id=HomePage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413083954/http://catalan.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=history&id=HomePage|archivedate=13 April 2001|accessdate=13 April 2010|publisher=Wikipedia}}</ref> Japanese Wikipedia, nke a malitere dịka {{Mono|nihongo.wikipedia.com}}, ka e kepụtakwara na gburugburu oge ahụ,<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2001|title=Nihongo No Wikipedia: HomePage|url=http://nihongo.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=browse&id=HomePage&revision=3|accessdate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010420120143/http://nihongo.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=browse&id=HomePage&revision=3|archivedate=20 April 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2001|title=Wikipedia: HomePage|url=http://www.wikipedia.com/|accessdate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/http://www.wikipedia.com/|archivedate=31 March 2001}}</ref> ma na-eji naanị Romanized Japanese mgbe ahụ. Ruo ihe dịka ọnwa abụọ Catalan bụ ya bụ nke kacha nwee ederede na-abụghị n'asụsụ bekee <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%80bac&oldid=1|title=First edition in the Catalan Wikipedia|language=ca|publisher=Wikipedia|accessdate=13 April 2010|archivedate=12 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014959/https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%80bac}}</ref> n'agbanyeghị na ngụkọta nke mmalite oge ahụ adịchaghị kpọmkwem. E mepụtara Wikipedia French na ma ọ bụ gburugburu 11 Mee 2001, n'oge nnubata nke ọtụtụ nsụgharị asụsụ ọhụrụ nke gụnyere Chinese, Dutch, Esperanto, Hebrew, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, na Swedish. N'oge na-adịghị anya, Arabic na [[:en:Hungarian_Wikipedia|Hungarian]] sonyeere asụsụ ndị a. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Homepage from the Internet Archive|url=http://ar.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?HomePage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011118054300/http://ar.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?HomePage|archivedate=18 November 2001|accessdate=13 April 2010|publisher=Wikipedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=International_Wikipedia&action=history|title=International Wikipedia|publisher=Wikipedia|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2001, otu ọkwa a mara kwere nkwa itinye aka na ndokwa asụsụ dị iche iche nke Wikipedia, na-agwa ndị ọrụ banyere nnupụta n'uju nke Wikipedia na-abịanụ n'asụsụ niile dị mkpa, nguzobe ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi, na ịmanye ntụgharị nke isi peeji maka wiki ọhụrụ ndị ahụ. Na ngwụcha afọ ahụ, mgbe mbụ a malitere idepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mba ụwa, a mara ọkwa nsụgharị n'asụsụ [[:en:Afrikaans_Wikipedia|Afrikaans]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_Wikipedia][[:en:Norwegian_Wikipedia|Norway]], na Serbia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Wikipedias statistics|url=http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:International_wikipedias_statistics|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030305012547/http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:International_wikipedias_statistics|archivedate=5 March 2003|accessdate=13 April 2010|publisher=Wikipedia}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2002, pasent iri itoolu nke ederede Wikipedia nile dị n'asụsụ Bekee. Ka ọ na-erule Jenụwarị 2004, ihe n'eruughị ọkara ya dị n'asụsụ Bekee, ịgazu mba ụwa ọnụ a na-agakwa n'ihu n'abawanye dịka encyclopedia a na-eto. {{As of|2014}}, ihe dịka pasent iri asatọ na ise nke ederede Wikipedia niile dị na nsụgharị ndị na-abụghị n'asụsụ Bekee.<ref name="Grand20" /> {{As of|2023}}, English na Simple English Wikipedias nwere ederede dị nde asaa n'etiti ha mana ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasent ịrị itoolu nke ederede Wikipedia niile bụ ndịa-adịghị n'asụsụ Bekee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Wikipedias – Meta|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias|accessdate=2023-08-21|work=meta.wikimedia.org|language=en}}</ref> === Mmepe nke Wikipedia === [[Faịlụ:Old_Wikipedia.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Isi peeji nke Wikipedia (28 Septemba 2002) ]] N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2002, mgbe Bomis wepụrụ ego n'oge nkwụsịtụ dot-com, Sanger hapụrụ ma Nupedia na Wikipedia. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2002, ya na Wales dị iche n'echiche ha banyere otu esi elekọta encyclopedias mepere emepe. Ha abụọ ka na-akwado echiche imekọ ihe ọnụ, mana ha ekwekọrịtaghị n'otú ha ga-esi jikwaa ndị editọ na-akpaghasị, ọrụ ụfọdụ maka ndị ọkachamara, na ụzọ kachasị mma iji duzie ọrụ ahụ gaa n'ihu. Wales gara n'ihu guzobe ọchịchị onwe onye na ntụziaka onwe onye [[:en:Business_development|site na ndị dị ala ruo na ndị isi]] site n'aka ndị editọ na Wikipedia. O mere ka o doo anya na ọ gaghị etinye aka na njikwa kwa ụbọchị nke otu ndị ọrụ ahụ, mana ọ ga-agba ya ume ịmụta njikwa onwe ya ma chọta ụzọ kachasị mma nke ya. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2007, Wales mere ka ọrụ ya jedebe mgbe ụfọdụ naanị na ntinye aka n'ihe ndị dị mkpa, ọrụ ndị isi, nkwado nke ihe ọmụma, na ịgba ume maka ọrụ ntụaka yiri ya. Sanger kwuru na ọ bụ "onye na-agụnye" ma dịrị njikere ịnabata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọ bụla, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Anderson|first=Nate|date=25 February 2007|title=Citizendium: building a better Wikipedia|url=https://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars/3|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020001720/http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars/3|archivedate=20 October 2008|accessdate=22 October 2011|work=Ars Technica}}</ref> ma kwuo na ndị ọkachamara ka nwere ọnọdụ na ụwa Web 2.0. N'afọ 2006, o guzobere [[:en:Citizendium|Citizendium]], encyclopedia mepere emepe nke jiri ezigbo aha maka ndị na-eme ntinye na ya iji belata nhazi ọgba aghara, ma nwee olileanya ime ka "nlekọta ọkachamara dị nro" dịkwuo mfe iji mee ka ihe ziri ezi bụrụ ọdịnaya ya. Mkpebi banyere ọdịnaya isiokwu ga-abụ otu ndị editọ ga-eme ya, mana saịtị ahụ ga-agụnye nkwupụta banyere "ihe dị mma gbasara ezinụlọ". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive: Family-Friendly Policy – Citizendium|url=http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:Family-Friendly_Policy|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=en.citizendium.org|archivedate=20 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120030154/http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:Family-Friendly_Policy}}</ref> <ref name="Nate Anderson">{{Cite web|author=Anderson|first=Nate|date=25 February 2007|title=Citizendium: building a better Wikipedia|url=https://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324225040/http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars|archivedate=24 March 2007|accessdate=25 March 2007|work=Ars Technica}}</ref> === Ihe ndị dị na Wikipedia n'oge gara aga === Isiokwu encyclopedia ochie, ọbụnakwa nke ochie na-adịghịzị bara uru nke ukwuu maka nnyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2021|title=Encyclopedias Are Time Capsules – The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035016/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/|archivedate=26 January 2021|accessdate=25 June 2022|work=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Maka isiokwu Wikipedia ọ bụla, n swere ike inweta nụgharị nmaọbụ ddezi nị gara aga nite na njikọ "Vlee onye rụrụ ọrụ a n'ke na-adị nelu ibe ahụ. Akụkọ ihe mere eme zuru ezu nke isiokwu Wikipedia niile dịkwa maka nbudata dị ka [[:en:Wikipedia:Database_download|data dumps]], dị n'ụdị faịlụ XML.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Koehrsen|first=Will|date=2018-10-26|title=Wikipedia Data Science: Working with the World's Largest Encyclopedia|url=https://medium.com/towards-data-science/wikipedia-data-science-working-with-the-worlds-largest-encyclopedia-c08efbac5f5c|accessdate=2025-02-04|work=Towards Data Science|language=en}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ZIM File Archive, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ZIM File Archive: Free Data: Free Download, Borrow and Streaming|url=https://archive.org/details/zimarchive|accessdate=25 June 2022|work=Internet Archive|language=en}}</ref> dị na [[:en:Internet_Archive|Internet Archive]], nwere foto zuru ezu gara aga nke Wikipedia niile yana nhọrọ isiokwu, dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, site na afọ dị iche iche. Enwere ike ijimanrọ Kiwix. meghee haN'etiti 20afọ 07 na 2011, a tọhapụrụ nsụgharị [[:en:History_of_Wikipedia#English_Wikipedia_CD/DVD/Kiwix_ZIM_file_releases|CD/DVD]] atọ (nke a na-akpọ Wikipedia Version 0.5, 0.7 na 0.8) nwere nhọrọ nke isiokwu ụfọdụ sitere na [[Wikipedia nke ndị bekee|Wikipedia Bekee]]. Ha dị ka faịlụ Kiwix ZIM, ma site na ZIM File Archive <ref name=":0" /> ma site na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Kiwix. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Index of /archive/zim/wikipedia|url=https://download.kiwix.org/archive/zim/wikipedia/|accessdate=25 June 2022|work=download.kiwix.org|archivedate=22 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622124809/https://download.kiwix.org/archive/zim/wikipedia/}}</ref> === Mgbanwe nke akara ngosi === {{Wikimedia Foundation}} == Usoro Ka Ihe Si Na-Eme == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Afọ iri mbụ: 2000 ruo 2009 === ==== 2000 ==== [[Faịlụ:Bomis-staff-summer-2000.jpg|alt=The Bomis staff, summer 2000|thumb|Ndị ọrụ Bomis n'etiti afọ 2000]] Na Machị 2000, a malitere ọrụ [[Nupedia]]. Ebumnuche ya bụ ibipụta isiokwu ndị ọkachamara dere nke a ga-enye ikikere dị ka [[Free content|ọdịnaya n'efu]]. Nupedia bụ nke Wales guzobere, ebe Sanger dị ka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ, ma ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi weebụ Bomis kwadoro ya. ==== 2001 ==== Na Jenụwarị 2001, Wikipedia malitere dị ka ọrụ dịniche 'akụkụ Nupedia, iji nye ohere imekọ ihe ọnụ na isiokwu ọbụla tupu ịbanye n'usoro nnyocha ndị ọgbọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Larry Sanger|authorlink=Larry Sanger|date=10 January 2001|title=Let's make a wiki|work=Nupedia-l mailing list|publisher=Internet Archive|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html}}</ref> Sanger tụrụ aro aha ahụ na 11 Jenụwarị 2001 dị ka [[:en:Portmanteau|njikọ okwu]] nke okwu ''[[wiki]]'' (okwu Hawaiian pụtara "ngwa ngwa") yana ''encyclopedia''. <ref>{{Cite web|title=[Nupedia-l] Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|archivedate=14 April 2003|work=nupedia.com}}</ref> E debara aha ngalaba ''wikipedia.com'' na ''wikipedia.org'' na 12 na 13 Jenụwarị, n'otu n'otu, ebe ewebatara wikipedia. org n'ịntanetị n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org Site Info|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006010812/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page|archivedate=6 October 2010|accessdate=6 September 2010|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> Ọrụ ahụ meghere n'ozuzu na 15 Jenụwarị ("[[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Day|Ụbọchị Wikipedia]]"), na-enwe ndị Wikipedia mba ụwa ndị ọzọ mbụ - mbipụta German, Katalan, French, Swedish, na Italian - na-emepụta n'etiti Machị na Mee. E guzobere iwu "n'ụzọ na-anọpụ iche" ([[wikipedia:Neutral point of view|NPOV]]) n'oge a, na [[:en:Slashdot_effect|slashdotter wave]] nke mbụ nke Wikipedia rutere na 26 Julaị. <ref name="slashdot26july"/> Akụkọ mgbasa ozi mbụ banyere Wikipedia pụtara n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2001 na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''[[:en:Western_Mail_(Wales)|Wales on Sunday]]''. [[:en:September_11_attacks|Mwakpo nke Septemba 11]] kpaliri mpụta nke akụkọ na-akpali akpali na isi peeji ya, yana igbe ozi na-ejikọta isiokwu ndị metụtara ya. N'oge ahụ, e mepụtara ihe dịka isiokwu otu narị metụtara 9/11 . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Keegan|first=Brian|date=17 November 2020|title=How 9/11 Made Wikipedia What It Is Today|url=https://slate.com/technology/2020/11/wikipedia-september-11-breaking-news.html|accessdate=10 May 2021|work=Slate|language=en|archivedate=6 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506060557/https://slate.com/technology/2020/11/wikipedia-september-11-breaking-news.html}}</ref> Mgbe mwakpo nke Septemba 11 gasịrị, njikọ na-eduga n'akụkọ Wikipedia banyere mwakpo ahụ pụtara n'isi peeji Yahoo!, nke kpatara mmụba nke ndị na-enubata na Wikipedia.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pasternack|first=Alex|date=11 September 2021|title=How 9/11 turned a new site called Wikipedia into history's crowdsourced front page|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90674998/how-9-11-turned-a-new-site-called-wikipedia-into-historys-crowdsourced-front-page|accessdate=11 September 2021|work=Fast Company|language=en-US|archivedate=11 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911121514/https://www.fastcompany.com/90674998/how-9-11-turned-a-new-site-called-wikipedia-into-historys-crowdsourced-front-page}}</ref> ==== 2002 ==== 2002 hụrụ mbelata nke inye ego maka Wikipedia site na Bomis na ọpụpụ Sanger. Otu ngwanrọ yiri ibe ya nke Spanish Wikipedia mere, na nguzobe nke ''[[:en:Enciclopedia_Libre|Enciclopedia Libre]]'' Jimmy Wales kwupụtara na Wikipedia agaghị eme mkpọsa azụmahịa. Ngwá ọrụ [[MediaWiki]] mbụ a na-ebugharị ebugharị malitere na Jenụwarị 25. E webatara [[:en:Internet_bot|Bots]]. A malitere ọrụ nwanne mbụ ya ([[Wiktionary]]) yana [[:en:Manual_of_Style|Manual of Style]]. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị na-eme ntinye narị abụọ na-edezi Wikipedia kwa ụbọchị.<ref name="Singer2002">{{Cite news|author=Singer|first=Michael|date=16 January 2002|title=Free Encyclopedia Project Celebrates Year One|work=[[Mecklermedia|Jupitermedia]]|url=http://siliconvalley.internet.com/news/article.php/3531_956641}}</ref> ==== 2003 ==== [[Faịlụ:2003-08-31_English_Wikipedia_main_page.svg|thumb|Isi peeji nke Wikipedia (Ọgọst 2003) ]] Wikipedia Bekee gafere isiokwu dị otu narị puku n'afọ 2003, ebe mbipụta n'asụsụ ọzọ n'abụghị asụsụ bekee kachasị ukwuu, Wikipedia German, gafere isiokwu puku iri. E guzobere [[Wikimedia Foundation|Ntọala Wikimedia]]. Wikipedia nakweere akara ngosi ụwa jigsaw ya. E weghachiri usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ site na iji TeX na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ. [[:de:Wikipedia:Stammtisch München/Archiv/2003|Nzukọ mmekọrịta mbụ nke Wikipedia]] mere na Munich, Germany, n'ọnwa Ọktoba. E mepụtara ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke usoro Arnitration na Kọmitii nke Wikipedia Bekee ("ArbCom"). E mepụtara [[:en:Wikisource|Wikisource]] dị ka ọrụ nwanne ya dịkwa iche na 24 Nọvemba 2003, iji kwado ederede ndị dị n'efu dị ka ebumnuche ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ na nsụgharị si dị. ==== 2004 ==== Akụkọ Wikipedia zuru ụwa ọnụ nọgidere na-eto ngwa ngwa na 2004, na-eto okpukpu abụọ n'ime ọnwa iri na abụọ, site na ihe na-erughị isiokwu narị puku ise na ngwụcha afọ 2003 ruo ihe karịrị otu nde n'ihe karịrị asụsụ otu narị na ngwụcha afọ 2004. Wikipedia Bekee nwere ihe na-erughị ọkara nke isiokwu ndị a niile. A kwapụrụ ugbo sava weebụsaịtị ahụ site na California gaa Florida. E webatara ụhazi isiokwu n'ụdị n'ụdị ({{self-reference link|Wikipedia:Categories|Categories}}) na ụdị nhazi usoro CSS. Mgbalị mbụ iji gbochie Wikipedia mere, ebe e gbochiri ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ na China ruo izu abụọ na Juun. Ime ntụli aka nke iwu kwadoro malitere maka bọọdụ maka Ntọala ahụ, yana Kọmitii Arbitration na Wikipedia Bekee. A nabatara isi nke mba mbụ nke Ntọala ahụ, [[:en:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]. Nzukọ mmekọrịta mbụ na United States mere na Boston, na Juaị. E kere [[Wikimedia Commons]] na 7 Septemba 2004 iji kwadoo faịlụ ndị dị n'ụdị foto na vidiyo maka Wikipedia n'asụsụ niile. Bourgeois v. Peters, <ref name="Bour v Pete">{{Cite web|title=387 F.3d 1303|url=http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140312/http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|archivedate=21 December 2012|accessdate=19 November 2013}}</ref> (11th Cir. 2004), bụ ikpe ụlọ ikpe nke [[:en:United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit|United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit]] kpebiri bụ otu n'ime echiche ụlọ ikpe mbụ kpọrọ Wikipedia aha maọbụ rụtụ ya aka. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peoples, Lee|date=January 2010|title=The Citation of Wikipedia in Judicial Opinions|url=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=yjolt|journal=Yale Journal of Law and Technology|volume=12|issue=1}}</ref> O kwuru, sị: "Anyị jụkwara echiche ahụ na ọkwa ndụmọdụ maka iyi egwu nke Ngalaba Nchebe Obodo n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na-akwado ọchụchọ ndị a. Ọ bụ ezie na e mere ka ọkwa iyi egwu ahụ 'buo ibu' i' n'oge ngagharị iwe ahụ, 'ruo ugbu a, ọkwa egwu ana-hụ eguzo na oodo do (ebul ebuliiri) maka ọtụtụ oge ọrịla dị. E buliri gaa na ka oromịa (dị elu) ugboro isi i.'"<ref name="Bour v Pete" /> Na 29 Mee, Wikipedia gbanwere akpụkpọ ahụ ya site na [[mw:Skin:Standard|Standard]] gaa na [[mw:Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook]], interface nke nọgidere na-abụ ndabara maka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Wikimedia Foundation ruo 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|title=MonoBook|url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Skin:MonoBook|work=MediaWiki|accessdate=30 April 2026}}</ref> ==== 2005 ==== N'afọ 2005, Wikipedia ghọrọ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ kachasị ewu ewu na Ịntanetị, dị ka [[:en:Hitwise|Hitwise]], si kwuo, ebe naanị Wikipedia Bekee karịrị isiokwu narị puku asaa na iri ise.(750,000). E guzobere pọtal dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ nakwa ọtụtụ isiokwu mbụ nke Wikipedia na 2005. Nchịkọta ego nke emere n'ime ọnwa atọ mbụ nke afọ ahụ nwetara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ narị puku dọla (US $100,000) maka mmelite usoro iji dozie ọchịchọ na-arịwanye elu. China gbochiri Wikipedia ọzọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2005. Ihe ihere mbụ dị na Wikipedia, [[:en:Seigenthaler_incident|ihe omume Seigenthaler]], mere n'afọ 2005 mgbe a chọpụtara na otu onye a ma ama nwere akụkọ ndụ e mebiri emebi nke a na-amaghị ama ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa. N'ihi nke a na nchegbu ndị ọzọ, e guzobere iwu mbụ na mgbanwe usoro kpọmkwem iji gbochie ụdị mmegbu a. Ihe ndị a gụnyere mmelite iwu ọhụrụ nke [[m:CheckUser policy|Checkuser]] iji nye aka na nnyocha megide sọks, ihe ọhụrụ a na-akpọ ọkara nchebe, iwu siri ike karị maka akụkọ ndụ nke ndị dị ndụ, na mkpado nke isiokwu ndị dị otú ahụ maka nyocha siri ike. E tinyere ihe mgbochi nke ịmepụta isiokwu ọhụrụ maka ndị ọrụ edebanyere aha ha na Disemba 2005 na Wikipedia Bekee. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Terdiman|first=Daniel|title=Growing pains for Wikipedia|url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/growing-pains-for-wikipedia/|accessdate=16 March 2023|publisher=CNET|language=en|archivedate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055529/https://www.cnet.com/culture/growing-pains-for-wikipedia/}}</ref> Wikimania 2005, nzukọ Wikimania mbụ, ka e mere site na 4 ruo 8 Ọgọst 2005 na Haus der Jugend dị na Frankfurt, na-adọta ihe dị ka ndị bịara narị atọ na iri asatọ (380). [[Faịlụ:Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumbtime=00:17|thumb|200x200px|''Wikimania – the Wikimentary'', akụkọ nkọwa maka Wikimania 2005, nke [[Jimmy Wales]] na Ward Cunningham nọ na ya]] ==== 2006 ==== Wikipedia Bekee nwetara isiokwu mezuru edemede dị na ya otu nde, nke bụ [[:en:Jordanhill_railway_station|ọdụ ụgbọ okporo igwe Jordanhill]], na Machị 1, 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lemon|first=Sumner|date=2 March 2006|title=Millionth English article posted on Wikipedia|work=[[Computerworld]]|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2563140/millionth-english-article-posted-on-wikipedia.html|accessdate=1 April 2024}}</ref> A kwadoro nhọrọ isiokwu Wikipedia mbụ n'efu maka nbudata, e wee debanyekwa aha "Wikipedia" dị ka akara ahịa nke Wikimedia Foundation. [[:en:United_States_congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia|ihe ihere akụkọ ndụ ndị enyemaka nke ndị omeiwu]] - ihe mere ọtụtụ ugboro ebe e jidere ndị ọrụ omeiwu na onye njikwa mkpọsa na-anwa ịgbanwe akụkọ ndụ ndị mmadụ dị na Wikipedia na nzuzo - bịara n'uche ọha na eze, na-eduga n'ịgba arụkwaghịm nke onye njikwa mkpọsa ahụ. Ka o sina dị, a họpụtara Wikipedia dị ka otu n'ime ụdị ise kachasị elu n'ụwa niile nke afọ 2006. <ref>{{Cite web|date=21 March 2007|title=brandchannel.com &#124; branding news|url=http://www.brandchannel.com/start1.asp?fa_id=352|accessdate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321033410/http://www.brandchannel.com/start1.asp?fa_id=352|archivedate=21 March 2007}}</ref> Jimmy Wales gosipụtara na Wikimania 2006 na Wikipedia enwetala ọnụ ọgụ isiokwu edemede juru afọ ma kpọọ oku ka a kwusie ike maka ịdị mma nke edemede ndị ahụ, ikekwe nke o gosipụtara n'ụzọ kachasị mma n'oku ọ kpọrọ maka isiokwu otu narị puku dị mma ([[:en:Wikipedia:100,000_feature-quality_articles|100,000 feature-quality articles]]). E mepụtara ikike ọhụrụ, "nlekọta", na-enye ohere ka e nwee nsụgharị kpọmkwem ụfọdụ nke ibe ndị echekwara ndị nwere ọdịnaya a na-anabataghị dị ka ndị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya. Ọkara nchebe megide mmebi siteina ndị na-amaghị aha yh, nke e webatara na 2005, gosipụtara niu ewu karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya, ebe ihe karịrị 1otuppuku eeji nka c hebe rey'oge ọ bụla na 2006. ==== 2007 ==== Wikipedia gara n'ihu na-eto ngwa ngwa na 2007, na-enwe ihe karịrị nde mmadụ ise debanyere aha ha ka ọ na-erule 13 Ọgọst. Mbipụta n'asụsnarị abụọ na iri ise nke Wikipedia nwere ngụkọta nke nde isiokwu asaa na ọkara (7.5 million), nke ruru ijeri okwu otu na ụma asaa na anọ (1.74 biilion), ka ọ na-erule 13 Ọgọst. Wikipedia Bekee nwetara isiokwu ndị a na-edebata na ya n'ogo kwụ chịm na isiokwu otu puku na narị asaa (1,700) kwa ụbọchị, nke mere na aha ngalaba wikipedia.org ghọrọ nke iri kachasị arụ ọrụ n'ụwa. Wikipedia gara n'ihu na-enweta ngosi ya na [[:en:Category:Wikipedia_publicity|ndị nta akụkọ]] - [[:en:Essjay_controversy|esemokwu Essjay]] malitere mgbe a chọpụtara na onye otu Wikipedia a ma ama ghara ụgha banyere asambodo ya. [[:en:Citizendium|Citizendium]], encyclopedia na-amasa Wikipedia aka n'ịntanetị, malitere n'ihu ọha. Omume ọhụrụ mepụtara na Wikipedia, nke na encyclopedia ahụ tinyewara anya na ndị e bidoro mawa site n'ịbụ ndị so na akụkọ wuru ewu a kọrọ site n'ịgbakwunye njikọ nduga site na aha ha gaa na ya bụ akụkọ a kọrọ, kama ịmepụtara ha akụkọ ndụ dị iche. Na 9 Septemba 2007, Wikipedia Bekee nwetara edemede nke mezuru ya nde abụọ ya, ''El Hormiguero'' . <ref name="WFpressrelease">{{Cite web|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/Wikipedia_Reaches_2_Million_Articles|title=English Wikipedia Reaches 2 Million Articles|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708005830/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/Wikipedia_Reaches_2_Million_Articles|archivedate=8 July 2017|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|date=9 September 2007|accessdate=3 June 2012}}</ref> E nwere ụfọdụ esemokwu na ngwụcha afọ 2007 mgbe [[:en:Volapük_Wikipedia|Volapük Wikipedia]] si na edemede isiokwu dị narị asaa na iri itoolu na asaa (797) gaa n'ihe karịrị otu narị puku na iri na abụọ (112,000) isiokwu, na-aghọ mbipụta Wikipedia nke iri na ise kachasị ukwuu, n'ihi ụmụ irighiri edemede a na-akpọ stub ndị na-ede n'onwe ha, nke ọ bụ otu onye ọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi maka asụsụ [[:en:Volapük|Volapük]]. mere ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 December 2007|title=Ciekawe wydarzenia w Internecie|url=http://www.pcworld.pl/artykuly/56502/MySpace.kontra.Facebook.html#t_34252|journal=PC World (Polish)|language=pl|accessdate=26 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Yves Nevelsteen|date=15 September 2007|title=Volapuko jam superas Esperanton en Vikipedio|url=http://www.liberafolio.org/2007/volapukapedio|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329091247/http://www.liberafolio.org/2007/volapukapedio|archivedate=29 March 2013|accessdate=26 April 2013|work=Libera Folio|language=eo}}</ref> Dị ka ''[[:en:MIT_Technology_Review|MIT Technology Review]]'' si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị editọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Wikipedia asụsụ Bekee ruru n'ókè dị elu n'afọ 2007 na ihe karịrị puku mmadụ ise na otu (51,000), ma kemgbe ahụ na-ebelata.<ref name="MIT">{{Cite journal|author=Simonite|first=Tom|date=22 October 2013|title=The Decline of Wikipedia|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/|journal=[[MIT Technology Review]]|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, e bipụtara mbipụta nke Wikipedia Version 0.5 . ==== 2008 ==== Ọrụ Wiki dị iche iche n'ọtụtụ ebe nọgidere na-agbasawanye ma na-emeziwanye ọdịnaya isiokwu n'ime ha. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008, e mepụtara akụkọ Wikipedia nke mezuru ya nde iri, ma na-erula na ngwụcha afọ ahụ, Wikipedia Bekee nwezuru ma gafee nde isiokwu abụọ na ọkara. ==== 2009 ==== Na 25 Jun 2009 n'elekere 22:15 UTC, mgbe [[:en:Death_of_Michael_Jackson|ọnwụ Michael Jackson]] gasịrị, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ dara nwa oge. [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] kọrọ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu nde ndị ọbịa bịara na akụkọ ndụ Jackson n'ime otu awa, ma eleghị anya na nke ahụ bụ ọnụ ọgụ ndị ọbịa kachasị ukwuu n'ime oge otu awa na isiokwu ọ bụla na akụkọ ihe mere eme Wikipedia. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha Ọgọstụ 2009, ọnụ ọgụgụ isiokwu dị na mbipụta Wikipedia niile agafeela nde iri na anọ.<ref name="wikistats">{{Cite web|url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesArticlesTotal.htm|title=Wikipedia Statistics, Article count (official)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305100104/https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesArticlesTotal.htm|archivedate=5 March 2014|work=Wikimedia.org}}</ref> E kere isiokwu nke mezuru ya nde atọ na Wikipedia Bekee, Beate Eriksen, na 17 Ọgọst 2009 na 04:05 UTC. Na 27 Disemba 2009, [[:en:German_Wikipedia|German Wikipedia]] gafere otu nde isiokwu, na-aghọ mbipụta nke abụọ ma e wepụ Wikipedia asụsụ bekee mere ya. Akụkọ [[:en:Time_(magazine)|''TIME'']]<nowiki/>depụtara Wikipedia n'etiti ebe nrụọrụ weebụ kachasị mma nke afọ 2009. Ihe dị na Wikipedia nwetara ikikere n'okpuru ikikere Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike na 2009. <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2020|title=Licensing update/Timeline – Meta|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline|accessdate=29 August 2022|work=meta.wikimedia.org|language=en|archivedate=17 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817062932/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline}}</ref> === Afọ iri nke abụọ: 2010-2019 === ==== 2010 ==== Na 13 Mee, saịtị ahụ wepụtara ihu peeji ọhụrụ. Ihe ọhụrụ ndị e wepụtaragụnyere akara ngosi emelitere, ngwaọrụ igodo ọhụrụ, na ihe nchịkwa njikọ.<ref name="New features">{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:UsabilityInitiativePrefSwitch|title=New features|publisher=[[Wikipedia]]|accessdate=6 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822062045/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3AUsabilityInitiativePrefSwitch|archivedate=22 August 2010}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, interface ochie ahụ nọgidere na-adị maka ndị chọrọ iji ya arụ ọrụ. N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Disemba, Wikipedia Bekee gafere isiokwu nde atọ na ọkara, ebe e mepụtara isiokwu nke mezuru ya otu nde na Wikipedia French na 21 Septemba. E mere ndezi mezuru ya otu ijeri na Wikimedia na 16 Eprel. Na mbido afọ 2010, e bipụtara mbipụta nhọrọ isiokwu Wikipedia agba nke 0.7. ==== 2011 ==== [[Faịlụ:Armwikicake.png|thumb|Otu n'ime [[c:Wikipedia 10 Photo gallery#Wikipedia_10_Cakes|ọtụtụ achịcha]] e mere iji mee emume ncheta afọ iri nke Wikipedia na 2011 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia 10|url=https://ten.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231212611/http://ten.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page|archivedate=31 December 2013|accessdate=26 February 2014|publisher=Ten.wikipedia.org}}</ref>]] Wikipedia na ndị ọrụ ya mere ọtụtụ ememe [[:en:Wikipedia:10_years_of_Wikipedia|ncheta ịgba afọ iri]] nke saịtị ahụ n'ụwa niile na Jenụwarị 15. Ebe nrụọrụ ahụ malitere mgbalị ịgbasawanye uto ya na India, na-enwe nzukọ India mbụ ya na Mumbai na Nọvemba 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 November 2011|title=Wikipedia hosts India conference amid expansion push|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|first=Rajini|author=Vaidyanathan|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15803308|accessdate=16 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=12 January 2011|title=Wikipedia, 10 years old, targets India|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1116765620110112|accessdate=13 January 2011}}</ref> [[Wikipedia nke ndị bekee|Wikipedia Bekee]] gafere inwezu isiokwu dị nde atọ na ụma isii na 2 Eprel, wee ruo nde isiokwu atọ na ụma asatọ na 18 Nọvemba. Na 7 Nọvemba 2011, [[:en:German_Wikipedia|German Wikipedia]] gafere ndezi peeji dị nde otu narị, na-aghọ mbipụta asụsụ nke abụọ mere ya ma e wepụ mbipụta nke asụsụ Bekee, nke ruru nde ndezi narị ise ya na 24 Nọvemba 2011. [[:en:Dutch_Wikipedia|Dutch Wikipedia]] gafere otu nde isiokwu na 17 Disemba 2011, na-aghọ mbipụta Wikipedia nke anọ mere ya. Na 3 Machị 2011, e bipụtara mbipụta nhọrọ isiokwu Wikipedia nke agba 0.8. Israel Post wepụtara stampụ"Wikimania 2011 - Haifa, Israel" bụ nke na 2 Ọgọst 2011. Nke a bụ stampụ mbụ ya kemgbe ụwa a raara nye ọrụ metụtara Wikimedia. N'agbata 4 na 6 Ọktoba 2011, Wikipedia Italian kpachapụrụ anya bụrụ nke a na-apụghị iru iji mee mkpesa megide iwu DDL intercettazioni nke [[:en:Italian_Parliament|Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Itali]], nke, ma ọ bụrụ na a kwadoo ya, ga-enye onye ọ bụla ohere ịmanye ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ọbụla iwepu ozi a na-ele anya dị ka ihe na-abụghị eziokwu ma ọ bụ dịka mkparị, na-enweghị mkpa ọ ga-adị inye ihe akaebe.<ref name="PCmagDDL">{{Cite web|title=Italian Wikipedia Hidden To Protest WireTap Law|url=https://www.pcmag.com/archive/italian-wikipedia-hidden-to-protest-wiretap-law-288689|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=PC Magazine|language=en|archivedate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055529/https://www.pcmag.com/archive/italian-wikipedia-hidden-to-protest-wiretap-law-288689}}</ref> Ọzọkwa n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2011, Wikimedia kwupụtara mwepụta nke Wikipedia Zero, atụmatụ iji mee ka ị na-enweta Wikipedia dị n'efu n'ekwentị na akụrụngwa mkpanaaka ndị ọzọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe site na mmekorita ya na ndị ọrụ mkpanaka.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kapoor|first=Amit|date=26 October 2011|title=Wikipedia seeks global operator partners to enable free access|work=Wikimedia blog|url=http://blog.wikimedia.org/2011/10/26/wikipedia-seeks-global-operator-partners-to-enable-free-access/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia Zero|url=http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529101704/http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero|archivedate=29 May 2012|accessdate=27 May 2012|publisher=MediaWiki}}</ref> ==== 2012 ==== [[Faịlụ:Wikimedia_Foundation_Wikipedia_Blackout_SOPA_January_18,_2012.theora.ogv|thumbtime=13|thumb|200x200px|Ndị ọrụ [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] n'oge SOPA blackout mere]] Na 16 Jenụwarị, onye so guzobe Wikipedia bụ [[Jimmy Wales]] kwupụtara na Wikipedia Bekee ga-emechi ruo awa iri abụọ na anọ na 18 Jenụwarị dị ka akụkụ nke ngagharị iwe iji mee ka ọha na eze mara Iwu [[:en:Stop_Online_Piracy_Act|Iwu Kwụsị Izu Ohi n'ịntanetị]] yana [[:en:PROTECT_IP_Act|Iwu PROTECT IP]], iwu abụọ na-emegide ndị [[Copyright infringement|ohi n'ịntanetị]]<nowiki/>a ka nọ n'arụmụka ya na [[:en:United_States_Congress|United States Congress]]. N'ịkpọ mgbanyụ ọkụ ahụ " mkpebi obodo", Wales na ndị ọzọ na-emegide iwu ahụ kwenyere na ha ga-etinye nnwere onwe ikwu okwu na ihe ọhụrụ n'ịntanetị n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ortenzi|first=T. J.|date=17 January 2012|title=Wikipedia blackout coming Wednesday, says co-founder Jimmy Wales|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/wikipedia-blackout-coming-jan-18-says-co-founder-jimmy-wales/2012/01/16/gIQAh2Ke3P_blog.html|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=The Washington Post|language=en-US}}</ref> E mekwara mgbanyụ ọkụ yiri nke ahụ na 10 Julaị site na Wikipedia nke Russia, iji mee mkpesa megide iwu nchịkwa ịntanetị nke Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|date=10 July 2012|title=Russian Wikipedia shuts in protest|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/332016/Russian-Wikipedia-shuts-in-protest|publisher=UKPA via Google}}</ref> Na ngwụcha Machị 2012, [[m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]] kwupụtara Wikidata, ikpo okwu zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịkekọrịta data n'etiti mbipụta asụsụ Wikipedia niile. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikidata announcement on Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/wikipedia/posts/158388724283345|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101031943/https://www.facebook.com/wikipedia/posts/158388724283345|archivedate=1 January 2016|accessdate=28 October 2015|publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Chalabi|first=Mona|date=April 26, 2013|title=Welcome to Wikidata! Now what?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch|accessdate=October 2, 2021}}</ref> Ufọdụ n'ime ego e ji rụọ ọrụ iwepụta Wikidata ahụ furu otu nde dọla na ụma asaa (US $1.7) sitere na Google, [[:en:Gordon_and_Betty_Moore_Foundation|Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]], na Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Terdiman|first=Daniel|title=Wikidata to provide structured data for all Wikipedia versions|url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikidata-to-provide-structured-data-for-all-wikipedia-versions/|accessdate=16 March 2023|publisher=CNET|language=en|archivedate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055527/https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikidata-to-provide-structured-data-for-all-wikipedia-versions/}}</ref> Wikimedia Deutschland hụrụ maka akụkụ mbụ nke Wikidata, ma na mbụ ha mere atụmatụ ime ka ndị editọ nweenwuo ike ịrụ ọrụ na ikpo okwu site na Disemba 2012. Akụkụ mbụ nke Wikidata malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu na Machị 2013. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Perez|first=Sarah|date=30 March 2012|title=Wikipedia's Next Big Thing: Wikidata, A Machine-Readable, User-Editable Database Funded By Google, Paul Allen And Others|work=TechCrunch|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/03/30/wikipedias-next-big-thing-wikidata-a-machine-readable-user-editable-database-funded-by-google-paul-allen-and-others/}}</ref><ref name="WikidataLiveNow">{{Cite web|author=Pintscher, Lydia|date=13 February 2013|title=Wikidata live on the English Wikipedia|url=http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/02/13/wikidata-live-on-the-english-wikipedia/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219054033/http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/02/13/wikidata-live-on-the-english-wikipedia/|archivedate=19 February 2013|accessdate=15 February 2013|publisher=Wikimedia Deutschland}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Justin_Anthony_Knapp_(cropped).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|231x231px|Justin Knapp]] N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2012, Justin Knapp ghọrọ onye ndezi mbụ naanị ya nyere aka mee ndezi karịrị otu nde na Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web|title=First man to make 1 million Wikipedia edits|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9215151/First-man-to-make-1-million-Wikipedia-edits.html|first=James|author=Titcomb|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=20 April 2012|archivedate=19 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119233646/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9215151/First-man-to-make-1-million-Wikipedia-edits.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Skelton|first=Alissa|date=24 April 2012|title=Wikipedia Volunteer Editor Reaches 1 Million Edits|url=https://mashable.com/archive/wikipedia-volunteer-editor|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=Mashable|language=en|archivedate=16 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055529/https://mashable.com/archive/wikipedia-volunteer-editor}}</ref> Jimmy Wales kelere Knapp maka ọrụ ya ma nye ya ihe nrite Special Barnstar nke saịtị ahụ yana onyinye ''Golden Wiki'' maka ihe ọ rụzuru.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hardest working man on the internet passes one million Wikipedia edits|url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/04/20/one-million-wikipedia-edits/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820003926/http://www.engadget.com/2012/04/20/one-million-wikipedia-edits|archivedate=20 August 2012|accessdate=3 September 2012|work=Engadget|date=20 April 2012}}</ref> Wales kwupụtakwara na 20 Eprel ga-abụ "Ụbọchị Ncheta Justin Knapp". <ref name="declared">{{Cite news|author=Skelton|first=Alissa|date=23 April 2012|title=Wikipedia Volunteer Editor Reaches 1 Million Edits|work=Mashable|url=http://mashable.com/2012/04/23/wikipedia-volunteer-editor/|accessdate=24 October 2012}}</ref> N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2012, Wikipedia Bekee nwetara edemede nde anọ ya, Izbat al-Burj . <ref name="4Million2012">{{Cite web|date=13 July 2012|title=English language Wikipedia hits 4 million articles!|url=http://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2012/07/english-language-wikipedia-hits-4-million-articles/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222030833/http://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2012/07/english-language-wikipedia-hits-4-million-articles/|archivedate=22 December 2012|accessdate=13 July 2012|work=Wikimedia UK Blog|publisher=[[Wikimedia UK]]}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2012, onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye nchịkọta akụkọ Wikipedia Richard J. Jensen kwuru na Wikipedia Bekee "na-eru ọgwụgwụ", na-ekwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị editọ na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile adaala nke ukwuu kemgbe afọ 2007, n'agbanyeghị uto ngwa ngwa nke Wikipedia na ọnụ ọgụgụ isiokwu na ndị na-agụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rosen|first=Rebecca J.|date=25 October 2012|title=Surmounting the Insurmountable: Wikipedia Is Nearing Completion, in a Sense|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/surmounting-the-insurmountable-wikipedia-is-nearing-completion-in-a-sense/264111/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028064456/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/surmounting-the-insurmountable-wikipedia-is-nearing-completion-in-a-sense/264111/|archivedate=28 October 2012|accessdate=27 October 2012|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> Dị ka Alexa Internet si kwuo, Wikipedia bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke isii kachasị ewu ewu n'ụwa ka ọ na-erule Nọvemba 2012. <ref name="AlexaSiteInfoNov12">{{Cite web|title=Amazon Alexa|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=alexa.com|archivedate=25 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org}}</ref> Dow Jones họọrọ Wikipedia nke ise n'ụwa niile ka ọ na-erula Disemba 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Fifth-Biggest Site in the World Operated on a Budget of $27M Last Year|url=http://allthingsd.com/20121220/the-fifth-biggest-site-in-the-world-operated-on-a-budget-of-27m-last-year|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206225138/http://allthingsd.com/20121220/the-fifth-biggest-site-in-the-world-operated-on-a-budget-of-27m-last-year/|archivedate=6 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013}}</ref> ==== 2013 ==== Na 22 Jenụwarị 2013, Wikipedia Italian ghọrọ mbipụta asụsụ nke ise nke Wikipedia nwere karịaotu nde isiokwu, ebe Wikipedia nke Russia na [[:en:Spanish_Wikipedia|Spanish]]<nowiki/>nwetara isiokwu nke nde ha na 11 na 16 Mee n'otu n'otu. Na 15 Julaị Wikipedia Swedish yana na 24 Septemba [[:en:Polish_Wikipedia|Wikipedia Polish]] nwetara edemede nke otu nde ha, na-aghọ mbipụta Wikipedia nke asatọ na nke itoolu iji mee ya. N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Jenụwarị, [[:en:Committee_for_Small_Body_Nomenclature#Minor_planets|Kọmitii maka Ịgụ obere ahụ aha]] gbanwere aha [[:en:Main_belt_asteroid|main belt asteroid]] [[:en:274301_Wikipedia|274301]] n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ịbụzi "Wikipedia".<ref name="TND-20130205">{{Cite web|author=Workman|first=Robert|date=5 February 2013|title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'|url=http://www.technewsdaily.com/16749-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206105134/http://www.technewsdaily.com/16749-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|archivedate=6 February 2013|accessdate=7 February 2013|publisher=[[TechMediaNetwork, Inc.|TechNewsDaily]]}}</ref> Akụkụ mbụ nke nchekwa data Wikidata, na-enye njikọ otu asụsụ na ibe ya na data ndị ọzọ na-akpaghị ya aka, gh nke dị ọrọ maka mbipụta asụsụ niile na Machị 2013.<ref name="WikidataLiveNow" /> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2013, e boro ndị Ọrụ nzuzo nke France ebubo ịnwa inyocha Wikipedia site n'iyi onye ọrụ afọ ofufo Wikipedia egwu ịnwụchi ya ọgwụla ma ehichapụrụ "ihe ọmụma nzuzo" banyere ụlọ ọrụ redio ndị aghana saịtị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Willsher|first=Kim|date=7 April 2013|title=French secret service accused of censorship over Wikipedia page|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/07/french-secret-service-wikipedia-page|accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Wikimania_2013_-_VisualEditor_-_The_present_and_future_of_editing_our_wikis.webm|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Nkuzi ihe banyere Wikipedia VisualEditor]] N'ọnwa Julaị, a malitere usoro nhazi VisualEditor, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na mgbalị e mere iji kwe ka a na-edezi isiokwu na interface yiri kama iji [[Wiki|akara wiki]].<ref name="VisualEd2013">{{Cite news|author=Arthur|first=Charles|date=2 July 2013|title=Boot up: wireless contact lens, Wikipedia's visual editing, Samsung's share slide and more|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2013/jul/02/rabbit-contact-lens|accessdate=2 July 2013}}</ref> E weputaraa onngwahrọ maka ime ndezi nke e mere kpọmkwem maka ekwentị na ngwaọrụ mkpanaka ndị ọzọ.<ref name="MobileWiki2013">{{Cite web|author=Gonera|first=Juliusz|date=25 July 2013|title=Edit Wikipedia on the go|url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/07/25/edit-wikipedia-on-the-go/|accessdate=16 March 2023|work=Diff|language=en-US|archivedate=25 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325104612/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/07/25/edit-wikipedia-on-the-go/}}</ref> ==== 2014 ==== [[Faịlụ:Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|Nnyocha vidiyo nke ọdịnaya Wikipedia n'afọ 2014, na-agba ndị na-ekiri ya ume idezi Wikipedia]] N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2014, ndị na-enye aka na Wikipedia nke Germany malitere ọrụ iji bipụta mbipụta nke Wikipedia Bekee, nke nwere mpịakọta otu puku na ihe karịrịotu nde na narị puku peeji.<ref name="EconWikiPeaks">{{Cite news|date=1 March 2014|title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?|work=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|accessdate=2 April 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks "The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?"]. </cite></ref> Ọrụ ahụ chọrọ nkwado ego site na Indiegogo, ọ ma buru n'uche ịsọpụrụ ntinye nke ndị editọ Wikipedia mere.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2014|title=Wikipedia 1,000-volume print edition planned|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/feb/20/wikipedia-1000-volume-print-edition-crowdfunding|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311014332/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/feb/20/wikipedia-1000-volume-print-edition-crowdfunding|archivedate=11 March 2014|accessdate=12 April 2014|work=The Guardian}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2014, a kpughere ihe ncheta a kpụrụ akpụ mbụ nke Wikipedia n'obodo Slubice dị na Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Day, Matthew|date=10 October 2014|title=Polish town to build statue honouring Wikipedia|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/11153603/Polish-town-to-build-statue-honouring-Wikipedia.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011191441/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/11153603/Polish-town-to-build-statue-honouring-Wikipedia.html|archivedate=11 October 2014|accessdate=11 October 2014|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> Na 8 Jun, 15 Jun, na 16 Julaị 2014, [[:en:Waray_Wikipedia|Waray Wikipedia]], Wikipedia Vietnamese yana [[:en:Cebuano_Wikipedia|Cebuano Wikipedia]] nke ọ bụla gafere akara otu nde isiokwu. Ha bụ Wikipedias nke iri, nke iri na otu na nke iri na abụọ iji ruzuo ihe dị ịrịba ama ahụ. N'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ndị ọrụ ole na ole na-arụsi ọrụ ike, Wikipedias nke Wai na Cebuano nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke isiokwu ndị e dere na-akpaghị aka nke bots mepụtara. ==== 2015 ==== [[Faịlụ:Wikipedia_5_million_articles_milestone_video_November_2015.ogv|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Vidio na-egosi ihe ịrịba ama nke Wikipedia inwe [[:en:Wikipedia:Five_million_articles|isiokwu nde ise]] na 1 Nọvemba 2015]] N'etiti afọ 2015, Wikipedia bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke asaa kachasị ewu ewu n'ụwa niile dịka Alexa Internetsi kwuo, <ref name="AlexaSiteInfoOct26">{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org Site Info|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org#|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009035134/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|archivedate=9 October 2017|accessdate=9 October 2017|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> gbadaa n'otu ọnọdụ site n'ọnọdụ ọ nọbu na Nọvemba 2012. Na mbido afọ 2015, Wikipedia ihe ọmụma izugbe nọgidere bụrụ encyclopedia kachasị n'ịntanetị, nke nwere ngụkọta nke ihe karịrị nde isiokwu iri atọ na isii n'asụsụ niile.<ref name="Grand20">{{Cite web|title=List of Wikipedias – Grand Total (retrieved 2014)|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#Grand_Total|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219233704/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#Grand_Total|archivedate=19 December 2014|accessdate=20 December 2014|publisher=Wikimedia.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[[m:List_of_Wikipedias#Grand_Total|"List of Wikipedias – Grand Total (retrieved 2014)"]]. </cite></ref> Na nkezi, Wikipedia na-enweta ngụkọta dị ijeri iri zuru ụwa ọnụ nke [[:en:Page_view|ndị na-abịa na saịtị ahụ]] site na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ narị anọ na iri itoolu na ise na-eleta pụrụ iche kwa ọnwa, gụnyere nde mmadụ iri asatọ na ise si United States naanị, ebe ọ bụ saịtị nke isii kachasị ewu ewu.<ref name="EconWikiPeaks">{{Cite news|date=1 March 2014|title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?|work=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|accessdate=2 April 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks "The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2011|title=Wikimedia Statistics|url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm|archivedate=20 October 2011|accessdate=14 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="comScore2012">{{Cite web|date=24 February 2015|title=comScore Ranks the Top 50 U.S. Digital Media Properties for January 2015|url=http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Market-Rankings/comScore-Ranks-the-Top-50-US-Digital-Media-Properties-for-January-2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317071240/http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Market-Rankings/comScore-Ranks-the-Top-50-US-Digital-Media-Properties-for-January-2015|archivedate=17 March 2015|accessdate=17 March 2015|publisher=comScore}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150317071240/http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Market-Rankings/comScore-Ranks-the-Top-50-US-Digital-Media-Properties-for-January-2015 "comScore Ranks the Top 50 U.S. Digital Media Properties for January 2015"]. </cite></ref><ref name="AlexaSiteInfoOct26" /> [[Faịlụ:Print_Wikipedia_(no_subtitles).webm|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Onye na-ese ihe Michael Mandiberg dịka ọ na-ekwu maka Print Wikipedia.]] Print Wikipedia bụ ọrụ nka nke Michael Mandiberg mepụtara ikike ibipụta mpịakọta puku asaa, narị anọ na iri asaa na atọ (7473) nke Wikipedia dị ka ọ dị na 7 Eprel 2015. Mpịakọta ọ bụla nwere peeji narị asaa mana ọ bụ naanị otu narị na iri ka onye na-ese ya bụ ihe bipụtara.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|author=Schuessler|first=Jennifer|date=16 June 2015|title=Moving Wikipedia From Computer to Many, Many Bookshelves|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/17/books/moving-wikipedia-from-computer-to-many-many-bookshelves.html|accessdate=24 December 2016}}</ref> N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2015, Wikipedia Bekee ruru nde isiokwu ise site n'ịmepụta otu isiokwu na ''Persoonia terminalis'', bụ ụdị akụmakụ. N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, Wikipedia natara ''Onyinye Princess of Asturias maka imekọ ihe ọnụ na mba ụwa''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-06-17|title=Wikipedia, Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación|url=https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2015/06/17/actualidad/1434535111_709353.html|accessdate=2026-02-04|work=El País|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Poyo|first=Ana|date=2015-10-22|title=Los Premios Princesa de Asturias 2015 (al detalle)|url=https://www.vogue.es/moda/news/articulos/agenda-premios-princesa-asturias-2015-ceremonia-entrega-reyes-felipe-letizia-mejores-looks-leonor-de-borbon/23909|accessdate=2026-02-04|work=Vogue España|language=es-ES}}</ref> ==== 2016 ==== Na abalị iri na itoolu ọnwa Jenụwarị 2016, Wikipedia nke Japan gafere inweta otu nde isiokwu, na-aghọ Wikipedia nke iri na atọ ya ruru ihe dị ịrịba ama ahụ. Akụkọ ahụ nke mezuru ya otu nde bụ maka Wave 224, ụgbọ mmiri n'okpuru mmiri nke [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] nke Ndị ọlụagha na mmiri Imperial nke Japan. N'etiti afọ 2016, Wikipedia ghọkwara ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke isii kachasị ewu ewu n'ụwa dịka [[:en:Alexa_Internet|Alexa Internet]] si kwuo, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org Site Info|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org#|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706214359/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|archivedate=6 July 2016|accessdate=7 July 2016|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> gbagoo n'otu ọnọdụ pụọ n'ọnọdụ ọ nwere n'afọ gara aga. ==== 2017 ==== N'etiti afọ 2017, edepụtara Wikipedia dị ka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke ise kachasị ewu ewu n'ụwa dịka [[:en:Alexa_Internet|Alexa Internet]] si kwuo, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org Site Info|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org#|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704011642/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|archivedate=4 July 2017|accessdate=4 July 2017|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> na-arịgo site n'otu ọnọdụ pụọ na ọnọdụ ọ nwere n'afọ gara aga. E mere ka Wikipedia Zero dị na Iraq na Afghanistan. N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2017, ndị ọchịchị Turkey [[:en:Block_of_Wikipedia_in_Turkey|gbochiri ịnweta Wikipedia n'ịntanetị n'ofe mbipụta asụsụ niile dị na Turkey]]. Mgbochi a dịgidere ruo 15 Jenụwarị 2020, ebe ụlọ ikpe nke Turkey kpebiri na mgbochi ahụ mebiri ikike mmadụ. A na-egbochi Wikipedia nke Japan ezoro ezo na China kemgbe 28 Disemba 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ja.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.greatfire.org/https/ja.wikipedia.org|work=[[GreatFire]]|accessdate=7 April 2018|archivedate=20 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120065845/https://en.greatfire.org/https/ja.wikipedia.org}}</ref> ==== 2018 ==== N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018, ọnụ ọgụgụ isiokwu ndị dị na Wikipedia nke China gafere otu nde, na-aghọ Wikipedia nke iri na anọ iji ruo ọkwa ahụ. A machibidola Wikipedia nke China na Mainland China kemgbe Mee 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|date=4 September 2015|title=Wikipedia founder defends decision to encrypt the site in China|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/4/9260981/jimmy-wales-wikipedia-china|accessdate=17 April 2018|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141751/https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/4/9260981/jimmy-wales-wikipedia-china}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, na 26 Jun, Wikipedia Portuguese gafere otu nde isiokwu, na-aghọ Wikipedia nke iri na ise ruru ihe dị ịrịba ama ahụ. Isiokwu nke mezuru ya otu nde bụ ''[[:pt:Perdão de Richard Nixon|Perdão de Richard Nixon]]'' (''[[:pt:Perdão de Richard Nixon|Mgbaghara nke Richard Nixon]]''). N'afọ 2018, Wikipedia nọgidere na-ndepụta ya dị ka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke ise kachasị ewu ewu n'ụwa dịka Alexa Internet si kwuo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia.org Traffic, Demographics and Competitors – Alexa|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|accessdate=28 October 2018|work=alexa.com|language=en|archivedate=25 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org}}</ref> Otu mmepe a ma ama bụ iji [[:en:Artificial_Intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]] mepụta edemede na isiokwu ndị a na-eleghara anya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=AI spots 40,000 prominent scientists overlooked by Wikipedia|work=The Verge|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/8/17663544/ai-scientists-wikipedia-primer|accessdate=28 October 2018}}</ref> ==== 2019 ==== N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2019, ndị ọchịchị China gbasara mmachibido nke Wikipedia gaa na nsụgharị niile. <ref name="cn2019apr">{{Cite news|author=Gandolfo|first=Ryan|title=Wikipedia Currently Down in China|work=That's Beijing|url=http://www.thatsmags.com/beijing/post/27660/wikipedia-currently-down-in-china|accessdate=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="ooni">{{Cite web|author=Sukhbir Singh|date=4 May 2019|title=China is now blocking all language editions of Wikipedia|url=https://ooni.io/post/2019-china-wikipedia-blocking/|accessdate=7 May 2019|publisher=Open Observatory of Network Interference|quote=The following chart, based on OONI data, illustrates that multiple language editions of Wikipedia have been blocked in China as of April 2019.{...}OONI measurements show that many of these Wikipedia domains were previously accessible, but all measurements collected from 25 April 2019 onwards present the same DNS anomalies for all Wikipedia sub-domains.{...}Based on these tests, we were able to conclude that China Telecom does in fact block all language editions of Wikipedia by means of both DNS injection and SNI filtering.}}</ref> Oge nke mgbochi ahụ dakọtara ya na mmemme ncheta afọ iri atọ nke [[:en:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre|ngagharị iwe na ogbugbu Tiananmen Square nke afọ 1989]] na ncheta nke ịgba afọ otu narị nke [[:en:May_Fourth_Movement|May Fourth Movemen]], nke mere ka [[:en:Internet_censorship_in_China|nnyocha ịntanetị na China]] sie ike karịa.<ref name="515news18">{{Cite news|date=15 May 2019|title=Ahead of Tiananmen Anniversary, Chinese Government Blocks Wikipedia|publisher=News18|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/ahead-of-tiananmen-anniversary-chinese-government-blocks-wikipedia-2142621.html|accessdate=2 June 2019}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2019, dị ka Alexa.com si kwuo, Wikipedia si na ọnọdụ nke ise dalaa na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke asaa n'ụwa maka itinye aka n'ịntanetị zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name="alexa.com">{{Cite web|title=wikipedia.org Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic – Alexa|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org|work=alexa.com|accessdate=10 February 2018|archivedate=25 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, e zigara otu Wikipedia n'ọnwa, dị ka akụkụ nke Arch Lunar Library. N'ihi ọdịda mere, rọket ahụ dara n'elu ọnwa, mana, n'ihi iji diski nickel pụrụ iche, nke na-eguzogide onwe ya, a kwenyere na ọ lanarịrị ọdịda ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Taylor|first=Chris|date=2019-04-17|title=There may be a copy of Wikipedia somewhere on the moon. Here's how to help find it.|url=https://mashable.com/article/moon-library-beresheet-crash-wikipedia|accessdate=2026-03-30|work=Mashable|language=en}}</ref>{{Wikimedia Foundation}}{{Wikipedias}}{{Wikimedia Foundation}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Wikipedias}}{{Wikimedia Foundation}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Wikipedias}}{{Wikimedia Foundation}} <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  === Ihe ndekọ Wikipedia na ndị E Chekwara === Faịlụ ọrụ Wikipedia nwere ọtụtụ ntụaka na ihe ndị echekwara. Ihe onwunwe bara uru n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Wikipedia gụnyere: '''Nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme''' * Ụdị: Afọ Wikipedia - ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'afọ * [[m:History of Wikipedia|Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Wikipedia]] - site na [[wikipedia:Meta|Wikipedia:Meta]] * meta:Wikimedia News - akụkọ na ihe ịrịba ama index site na Wikipedias niile * Wikipedia:BrilliantProse - onye bu Wikipedia ụzọ:Akụkọ ndị a na-ahụ anya na Wikipedia:Akụkọ ọmaWikipedia:Ezi isiokwu * Wikipedia:Nkwurịta okwu akụkọ ihe mere eme * Wikipedia:Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Wikipedia bots * Wikipedia: Ihe ndekọ Wikipedia * Wikipedia:Akụkọ kachasị ochie nke Wikipedia '''Ihe ịrịba ama, ogo na ọnụ ọgụgụ''' * [[stats:|Stats.wikimedia.org]] - isi interface nke Wikimedia Foundation maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ niile, gụnyere Wikipedia dị iche iche na nke jikọtara ọnụ. * [[m:Wikipedia milestones|Ihe ịrịba ama Wikipedia]] * Wikipedia:Milestones <small> (na-adịghị arụ ọrụ) </small> * Wikipedia: Iri na abụọ nke Wikipedia * Wikipedia: Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ '''Ebe Nchekwa Nkwurịta okwu na arụmụka''' * Wikipedia:Nkwupụta Archive * Wikipedia: Ndepụta ozi Na 24 Maachị, sava niile nke Wikipedia Europe pụrụ n'ịntanetị n'ihi nsogbu inwe oke okpomokụ. [[:en:Failover|Failover]] gaa na sava niile dị na Florida gbajiri, na-akpata nhazigharị nke [[:en:Domain_Name_System|DNS]] maka Wikipedia daa n'ụwa niile. E doziri nsogbu ahụ ngwa ngwa, mana n'ihi nsogbu caching nke DNS, o gbuturu oge ụfọdụ ebe inwetakwa Wikipedia karịa ebe ndị ọzọ. * [[mw:MediaWiki history|Akụkọ MediaWiki]] * [https://nostalgia.wikipedia.org Nostalgia Wikipedia] - foto nke Wikipedia site na 20 Disemba 2001 dị ka saịtị MediaWiki na-eji akpụkpọ ahụ nke yiri ngwanrọ nke oge ahụ * Wikipedia:CamelCase na Wikipedia * Wikipedia:Magnus Manske Day - Software MediaWiki na-aga ndụ na mmepụta * Wikipedia: Ngalaba Ọkụ Ọkụ Ndị Ofu Ofu - njikwa nke nnukwu nchịkọta akụkọ. A gbasara ya mgbe ọ na-adịghịzi mkpa (2004) * ZIM File Archive, na Internet Archive, nwere foto zuru ezu nke Wikipedia (yana nhọrọ isiokwu) n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, site na afọ dị iche iche. Enwere ike imeghe faịlụ na ngwanrọ Kiwix. {{Clear}} === Onye nke Atọ === * [http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf "Fatally Flawed: Gbagha ọmụmụ ihe na-adịbeghị anya banyere izi ezi encyclopedic site na akwụkwọ akụkọ Nature"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. March 2006. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010303221706/http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/HomePage Foto mbụ nke Wikipedia] site na Internet Archive. 28 Febụwarị 2001. * Giles, Jim, "Encyclopedias nke Ịntanetị na-aga isi na isi". Ntụnyere <nowiki><i id="mwGXE">Okike</i></nowiki> n'etiti Wikipedia na ''Britannica''. 14 Disemba 2005 (a chọrọ ndebanye aha) * [[Larry Sanger]] "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir" na "Part II". Ihe na-adịghị mma. 18 Eprel 2005 ruo 19 Eprel 2005. * [http://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html Nzaghachi] ''Okike'' na ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Okike. 23 Machị 2006. (A chọrọ ndebanye aha) * [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html ''New York Times'' na Wikipedia]. Septemba 2001. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250916022442/https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html The Free Universal Encyclopedia na Learning Resource] E debere na Wayback Machine - Free Software Foundation nkwado nke Nupedia (mgbe e mesịrị melite iji tinye Wikipedia). 1999. {{Wikipedia}}{{Wikipedias}}{{Wikimedia Foundation}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jvfrvv32lv10vet6mqypepl883sj4sx 3 77972 688217 2026-07-15T12:00:16Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 688217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Chijioke2010|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 12:00, 15 Julaị 2026 (UTC)}} 1xzublf64g7zlq5duaqtbn8lpombbku 3 77973 688218 2026-07-15T12:00:27Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 688218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Ani Chiemelie j|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 12:00, 15 Julaị 2026 (UTC)}} p4sambq6acmbtmekheuvhp0g7aif5zr 0 77974 688219 2026-07-15T12:01:49Z Chijioke2010 62489 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363864508|Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni]]" 688219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni | native_name = | other_name = | settlement_type = [[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA]] | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | motto = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Nigeria#Africa | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-marker = village | mapframe-zoom = 8 | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Nigeria]] | subdivision_type1 = [[States of Nigeria|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Rivers State]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = Date created | established_date = 1991 | seat = [[Omoku]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title1 = Local Government Chairman | leader_name1 = Hon. Dr. Shedrack Chukwu Esq ([[All Progressives Congress (Nigeria)|APC]]) | unit_pref = metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 1,621 | area_land_km2 = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_footnotes = | population_total = 258,700 | population_as_of = 2006 | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | timezone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = | leader_title2 = Deputy Local Government Chairman | leader_name2 = Agada Stella ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]]) | leader_title3 = Local Government Council | leader_name3 = Ward 1: Azubuike Ossia ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 2: Sarah Woko ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 3: Eze Ordu ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 4: Joy Omasikachukwu Olowu ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 5: Author Azubuike Uzor ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 6: Paul Ohaji Ikwuladi ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 7: Victor Ahiakwo ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 8: Bridget Oreke ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 9: Ndubuisi Egbe ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 10: Matthew Nwakoma Newman ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 11: Kenneth Nwadiaru ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 12: Chinonye Chika Onyebuenyi ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 13: Obiosa Chinedu ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 14: Opene Chukwuwike ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 15: Eke Ebere Gloria ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 16: Onyeije Theophilus ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]])<br/>Ward 17: Stanley Onisha Agilebu ([[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]]) | area_magnitude = }} '''Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni (nke a na-edekwa dịka Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni ma ọ bụ ONELGA) bụ mpaghara Gọọmentị Obodo (Local Government Area) dị na Rivers State, na South-South nke Naịjirịa (nke bụbu Ahoada LGA n'oge gara aga) n'okpuru "Rivers West Senatorial District", nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya n'Omoku. Ọ nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ puku narị abụọ na iri ise na asatọ na narị asaa (258,700) dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2006 siri gosi. Oke ala ya na steeti Imo, Delta, Bayelsa, na Anambra na-ekerịta, nakwa mpaghara Gọọmentị Obodo Ahoada West, Ahoada East na Emohua dị na Rivers State.''' '''Ha bụ akụkụ nke agbụrụ Igbo dị na Rivers State nke nwere obere agbụrụ atọ; Ogba bụ agbụrụ kachasị nwee ike na ọnụ ọgụgụ ebe ahụ ma nwee ngalaba omebe iwu (legislative wards) iri na abụọ (12), Egbema (ndị a na-achọtakwa na steeti Imo) na ndị Ndoni (ndị a na-achọtakwa na Ukwuani L.G.A na steeti Delta) bụ ndị nwere ngalaba omebe iwu abụọ (2) na atọ (3) n'otu n'otu. Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ala ONELGA niile bụ elu ala (upland), ọ bụkwa ebe a na-arụ ọrụ nchọpụta na mmepụta mmanụ na gas kachasị ukwuu na steeti ahụ kemgbe mmalite afọ 1960. Ọ nwere ihe dị ka ubi mmanụ iri na abụọ (12) na-arụ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ AGIP, Total Energies, na Shell/NPDC na-elekọta, tinyere ọtụtụ ebe mmanụ ndị ọzọ a na-emetụbeghị aka. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke mpaghara Ogba / Egbema / Ndoni / Ahoada West na-anọchite anya na "Nigerian House of Representatives". Sir. Dr. Chukwu Shedrack O. ESQ. DSSRS, JP. bụ onye isi oche (Executive Chairman) nke ONELGA. Ọ batara n'ọkwa a na Septemba afọ 2025.''' Oche ọchịchị ọdịnala oge ochie dị na mpaghara a bụ: Ọba nke ala Ogbaland, Nze-Obi nke Alaeze Egbema, na Awọ nke Ndoni. Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e nwetakwara ma bulie Ọkwa Eze Egi nke Alaeze Egi dị n'Ogbaland gaa n'ọkwa "First-Class" ka ọ sonye na ha dịka otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ọchịchị ọdịnala a na-akwanyere ùgwù na Gọọmentị Obodo a. Site na Gọọmentị Obodo a, ọ dị mfe ịga njem gaa n'ọbá ahịa a ma ama n'ụwa niile bụ "Onitsha World Market" site n'osimiri Niger. Gọọmentị Obodo a nwekwara nnukwu ala dị mma ma nwee nri maka ọrụ ugbo nakwa maka ọrụ mmepụta ihe (industrial uses). == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya == E wepụtara aha mpaghara Gọọmentị Obodo Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni site n'aha agbụrụ atọ bi n'ala a, ha bụ: ndị Ọgba, ndị Egbema (ndị ụmụnne ha bikwa na Ohaji/Egbema na Steeti Imo), nakwa ndị Ndoni bụ ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya na ndị ụmụnne ha dị na Ukwuani na Steeti Delta nakwa Ogbaru na Steeti Anambra. === Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị === ** '''Idu Comprehensive High School, Idu Obosiukwu'''<blockquote>'''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Nke Idu Comprehensive, Idu Obosiukwu'''</blockquote> ** '''Community Secondary School Obagi'''<blockquote>'''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Obodo Nke Obagi'''</blockquote> ** '''Community Girls Secondary School Omoku'''<blockquote>'''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ Nwanyị Nke Obodo, Omoku'''</blockquote> ** '''Egbema Grammar School'''<blockquote>'''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Nke Egbema Grammar School''' ''(a na-asụkarị "Grammar School" ka ọ dị na nsonye asụsụ)''</blockquote> ** '''Community Secondary School Aggah Community'''<blockquote>'''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Obodo Nke Obodo Aggah'''</blockquote> == Ndị ama ama == {{Rivers State}}{{LGAs of Rivers State}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 5f6omoicawuo0lcikqg1i6c6iowzpb2 0 77975 688228 2026-07-15T14:22:42Z Ceentia 24734 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1276409038|Prince Ernest Frederick of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld]]" 688228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} [[Faịlụ:Ernst-Friedrich-von-Hessen-Philippsthal-Barchfeld.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|309x309px|Prince Ernest Frederick nke Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld gburugburu 1845]] '''Ernst von Hessen-Philippsthal-Barchfeld''' (28 Jenụwarị 1789, Barchfeld - 19 Eprel 1850, Castle Augustenau na Herleshausen) bụ onye otu German House of Hesse bụrụ kwa onye isi agha nke Imperial Russian Army . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=28 November 2023|title=Hessen-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, Ernst Prinz von|url=https://www.lagis-hessen.de/de/subjects/idrec/sn/bio/id/16002|accessdate=27 February 2024|work=Hessische Biografie|publisher=Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS)|language=de}}</ref>  == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Ernst von Hesse-Filipsthal-Barchfeld na Jenụwarị 28, 1789, na Barchfeld na Thuringia (Germany), dị ka nwa Landgrave Adolph (1742-1803) site n'alụmdi na nwunye na Princess Louise nke Saxe-Meiningen (1752-1805). Mgbe ndị France meriri ala nna ya, ọ gbagara Russia, a nabata ya n'ọrụ Russia, dị ka lieutenant colonel na 6th Jaeger Regiment na ọnwa Mee 29, 1808. N'abali iri abụo na atọ n'onwa Ọktoba, 1811, a chụpụrụ Hesse-Filipstal-Barchfeld n'ọrụ, n'ihi ihe gbasara ahụike mana a nabatara ya ọzọ na June 23, 1812, site na nkwalite ka ọ bụrụ colonel na nhọpụta na ndị agha ịnyịnya. O sonyere n'Agha ịhụ Mba n'anya nke 1812. E merụrụ ya ahụ nke ukwuu n'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1812, n'Agha nke Borodino mgbe a gbagburu ụkwụ ya. N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1826, e buliri ya n'ọkwa lieutenant general. Na úbọchị itoolu na ọnwa Septemba, 1836, na arịrịọ nke ya, a tọhapụrụ ya n'ọrụ na ọkwa nke ọchịagha site na ndị agha ịnyịnya na ikike iyi uwe; na mgbakwunye, dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke ihu ọma pụrụ iche nke Tsar Nicholas I, e nyere ya Order of St. Alexander Nevsky maka ọrụ magburu onwe ya. Ọ gara Great Britain, ebe nwa nwanne nne ya, Queen Adelaide nke Saxe-Meiningen, kwadoro ya n'ịchọta ezigbo onye ọrụ aka maka ụkwụ aka. Ernst von Hessen ghọrọ Honorary Knight Grand Cross na Order of Bath ma mgbe Eze William nke Anọ nwụsịrị, ọ nọ na okpueze nke Queen Victoria. Ernst von Hesse-Philipsthal-Barchfeld nwụrụ na Eprel 19, 1850, na Herleshausen. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} * isiokwu dị na German Wikipedia, [[:de:Ernst von Hessen-Philippsthal-Barchfeld|Ernst von Hessen-Philippsthal-Barchfeld]]. smy2ysxkw5plgbjjimaz8d5fb7clnsv 0 77976 688230 2026-07-15T15:10:57Z Ceentia 24734 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312173936|Ferdinand II Hohenstein]]" 688230 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ferdinand II von und zu Hohenstein (1681/1682 - 6 Eprel 1706) bụ onye ikpeazụ n'ime ndị Piast nke Silesia. Onye ikpeazụ chiri Dike nke nke Silesia nke a akpọrọ Silesian Piasts, bụ George William, Duke nke Liegnitz-Brieg na Wehlau. Ferdinand nke Abụọ bụ nwa nwa Adam Wenceslaus, Duke nke Cieszyn. Nwa Ferdinand I Hohenstein na Anna Joanna Closen von Haidenburg, ọ nwere epilepsy ma nwụọ tupu ya amụọ ụmụ ọ bụla. 5741bfg32cgpikb1z8r6z02ndg93sk8 0 77977 688231 2026-07-15T15:31:57Z Ceentia 24734 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354165574|Gustavus Adolphus of the Palatinate]]" 688231 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gustavus Adolphus nke Palatinate''' (''Prince Palatine Gustavus Adolphus''; 14 Jenụwarị 1632 - 9 Jenụwarụ 1641), bụ nwa ikpeazụ nke Elector Frederick V nke Palatinato (nke House of Wittelsbach), "Onye Eze Oge Ochie" nke Bohemia, site na nwunye ya, nwa eze England Elizabeth Stuart. A mụrụ Gustavus na Dutch Republic, ebe ezinụlọ ya choro ebe mgbaba mgbe e jidere Electorate n'oge Agha Afọ Iri Atọ. Nwanne Gustavus bụ Charles I Louis, dị ka onye naonye nke Peace of Westphalia, weghachiri Palatinate. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Prince Gustavus na The Hague, ebe nne na nna ya biri na mba ọzọ, mgbe emeriri nna ya n'Agha nke White Mountain ma chụpụ ya n'ocheeze nke Bohemia na Palatinate. A gụrụ ya aha Eze Gustavus Adolphus nke Sweden, ezigbo enyi nne na nna ya. Nne na nna ya bụ Frederick nke Anọ na nke Louise Juliana nke Nassau na nne na nna ya ochie bụ James nke Isii na M na Anne nke Denmark. Nna ya, onye Calvinist, nwụrụ na abalị iri abụo na itoolu na ọnwa Nọvemba 1632, mgbe Gustavus ka bụ nwa ọhụrụ. Gustavus nwụrụ na Ọrịa akwụkwụ na ubochi itoolu na ọnwa Jenụwarị 1641, mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. == Ndị nna nna ==   == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == lfi6xmknfycigen3dqfshp4lj9e48zb 0 77978 688241 2026-07-15T19:59:05Z Confidence24 24524 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362542331|Cinnamon]]" 688241 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Cinnamomum_verum_spices.jpg|thumb|Akpụkpọ ahụ kpọrọ nkụ, ntụ ntụ na okooko osisi nke obere osisi ''Cinnamomum verum'']] '''Cinnamon''' bụ ngwa nri a na-enweta site n'ime akpụkpọ osisi nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche dị n'ime mkpụrụusoro ''Cinnamomum''. A na-eji sinnamon eme ka nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ nwee isi na ụtọ, ọkachasị n'ụdị nri dị iche iche, gụnyere nri dị ụtọ na nke na-atọ ụtọ (savory), dịka biskit, ọka nri ụtụtụ (''breakfast cereals''), nri nta (''snack foods''), bagel, tii, chọkọleti ọkụ (''hot chocolate''), na nri ọdịnala. Isi na ụtọ pụrụ iche<ref>{{Cite web|title=cinnamon|url=https://scentsandflavors.com/database/9dbb4dc4-5434-4ac3-b80d-efe79222b829|work=Scents and Flavors|publisher=Scents and Flavors|accessdate=3 April 2026}}</ref> nke sinnamon na-esite n'ime mmanụ ya na-esi ísì ụtọ (''essential oil'') na ihe mejupụtara ya kachasị mkpa, '''cinnamaldehyde''', tinyere ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ mejupụtara ya, gụnyere '''eugenol'''. [[Faịlụ:Cinnamomum_verum_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-182.jpg|thumb|''Cinnamomum verum'', site na Koehler's Medicinal-Plants (1887) ]] [[Faịlụ:Baton_de_cannelle.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-ahụ ụgbụgbọ sinamọn]] Cinnamon bụ aha ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na ngwaahịa nhwa nri azụmaahịa nke ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-emepụta. Ha niile bụ ndị otu ụdị Cinnamomum dị na ezinụlọ Lauraceae. Naanị ụdị Cinnamomum ole na ole ka a na-akọ n'ahịa maka ngwa nri. Cinnamomum verum (nke a makwaara dị ka C. zeylanicum), nke a maara dị ka "Ceylon cinnamon" mgbe ọ malitere na Sri Lanka (nke bụbu Ceylon), ka a na-ewere dị ka "ezigbo cinnamon",<ref name="eb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/cinnamon|title=Cinnamon, plant and spice|accessdate=10 July 2022|archivedate=18 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818160253/https://www.britannica.com/plant/cinnamon|work=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> mana ọtụtụ cinnamon na azụmaahịa mba ụwa sitere na ụdị anọ ndị ọzọ, nke a na-akpọkarị "cassia" nke ọma: C. burmanni (Indonesian cinnamon ma ọ bụ Padang cassia), C. cassia (Chinese cinnamon ma ọ bụ Chinese cassia), C. loureiroi (Saigon cinnamon ma ọ bụ Vietnamese cassia), na C. citriodorum (Malabar cinnamon).<ref name="eb" /><ref name="fao93">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5326e/x5326e07.htm|title=International trade in non-wood forest products: An overview|author=Iqbal|first=Mohammed|year=1993|work=FO: Misc/93/11 – Working Paper|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=12 November 2012|archivedate=16 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316134503/http://www.fao.org/3/x5326e/x5326e07.htm}}</ref><ref name="HistoryFood">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmevzbQ0AsIC|title=A history of food|year=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-8119-8|edition=New expanded|location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK|quote=Cassia, also known as cinnamon or Chinese cinnamon is a tree that has bark similar to that of cinnamon but with a rather pungent odour|author=Toussaint-Samat|first=Maguelonne}}</ref> Na 2023, mmepụta sinamọn zuru ụwa ọnụ ruru tọn 238,403, nke China na-edu, nke bụ pasent 39 nke mkpokọta ya.<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=Global cinnamon production in 2023; Crops/Regions/World Regions/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database]] (FAOSTAT)|accessdate=2 March 2025}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "cinnamon" nke a na-eji n'asụsụ Bekee kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na ise sitere n'okwu Grik oge ochie bụ́ kinnámōmon (nke mechara ghọọ kínnamon), site n'ụdị okwu ndị gafere n'asụsụ Latin na French nke oge ochie. E si n'okwu ndị Fenishia (Phoenician) nweta okwu Grik ahụ; okwu ahụ yikwara okwu Hibru metụtara ya bụ́ qinnāmōn. Aha "cassia", nke e dere na Bekee ochie site na Latin, sitere na okwu Hibru qetsīʿāh, ụdị ngwaa qātsaʿ, "iwepụ ogbugbo". Ndị Bekee oge ochie jirikwa aha ''canel'' na ''canella'', nke yiri aha cinnamon dị ugbu a n'ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị na Yuropu, nke sitere na okwu Latin {{Lang|la|cannella}}, obere mkpụrụ osisi {{Lang|la|canna}}, "tube", site n'otú ogbugbo si agbagọ ka ọ na-akpọnwụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Cinnamon_tree.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Osisi cinnamon]] A maara sinamọn kemgbe oge ochie. E si mba Ijipt bubata ya na mbido afọ 2000 Tupu Kraịst, mana ndị kọrọ na o si mba Chaịna gbagwojuru ya anya na ''sinamọn cassia'', ụdị ya yiri ya.<ref name="HistoryFood">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmevzbQ0AsIC|title=A history of food|year=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-8119-8|edition=New expanded|location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK|quote=Cassia, also known as cinnamon or Chinese cinnamon is a tree that has bark similar to that of cinnamon but with a rather pungent odour|author=Toussaint-Samat|first=Maguelonne}}</ref> A na-ewere sinamọn dị ka ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa n'etiti mba ochie nke na a na-ewere ya dị ka onyinye dabara adaba maka ndị eze<ref name="EB1911" /> na ọbụna maka chi; ihe e dere na-egosi onyinye sinamọn na cassia nye ụlọ nsọ Apollo dị na Miletus. Ndị na-azụ ahịa ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ zoro ezo n'ụwa Mediterenian ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, iji chebe ebe ha si bịa dị ka ndị na-ebubata ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mohammadifar|first=Shamameh|date=2010-08-23|title=The Origin, History and Trade Route of Cinnamon|url=https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_24118.html|journal=Journal for the History of Science|volume=8|issue=1|pages=37–51|issn=1735-0573|accessdate=7 June 2021}}</ref> ''Cinnamomum verum'', nke a sụgharịrị site na Latin dị ka "ezi cinnamon", bụ nke [[Ndia|India]], Sri Lanka, Bangladesh na Myanmar.<ref name="EB">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://global.britannica.com/plant/cinnamon|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59339-292-5|chapter=Cinnamon|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|quote=(species Cinnamomum zeylanicum), bushy evergreen tree of the laurel family (Lauraceae) native to Malabar Coast of India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Bangladesh and Myanmar (Burma).|accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref> ''Cinnamomum cassia'' (cassia) bụ nke China. Ụdị ndị yiri ya, nke a na-egbute ma na-ere n'oge a dị ka cinnamon, sitere na Vietnam (" Saigon cinnamon "), Indonesia, na mba ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Davis|first=Michelle|date=2 January 2019|title=Where Did Those Spices Come From?|publisher=[[University of California]] Agriculture and Natural Resources|url=https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=28887|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref> N'Ijipt oge ochie, a na-eji sinamọn eme ka ozu gbazee.<ref name="HerbCosmetic">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MaAZMbSxNt4C|title=Herbal principles in cosmetics: properties and mechanisms of action|author=Burlando|first=B.|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4398-1214-3|location=Boca Raton}}</ref> Malite n'Alaeze Ptolemaịk gaa n'ihu, nri ndị Ijipt oge ochie maka kyphi, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ e ji eme ka ọkụ gbaa, gụnyere sinamọn na cassia. Onyinye ndị ọchịchị Gris nyere ụlọ nsọ mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere cassia na sinamọn.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nguyen|first=Ngoc|title=What is cinnamons? Origin, History and Types of Cinnamons|date=18 March 2022|publisher=VHB Group|url=https://vihaba.global/2022/03/18/what-is-cinnamons|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mallick|first=Anurag|date=8 May 2021|title=Sweet wood|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/sweet-wood-983434.html|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>Greek inscription (in English translation), {{Cite web|title=RC 5|url=http://attalus.org/docs/rc/s5.html|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> Ntụaka Grik mbụ e ji mee ihe na {{Lang|grc|κασία}} A hụrụ kasía n'abụ Sappho dere na narị afọ nke asaa tupu Kraịst. Dịka Herodotus si kwuo, ma sinamọn na cassia toro na Arabia, tinyere ihe nsure ọkụ, myrrh, na labdanum, agwọ nwere nku na-echekwa ha.<ref>Herodotus, {{Cite web|title=Book 3, sections 107-113|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html#107|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Herodotus">{{Cite book|author=Wheeler|first=James Talboys|title=An Analysis and Summary of Herodotus: With a Synchronistical Table of Principal Events; Tables of Weights, Measures, Money, and Distances; an Outline of the History and Geography; and the Dates Completed from Gaisford, Baehr, Etc|date=1852|publisher=H. G. Bohn|url=https://archive.org/details/analysissummaryo00hero|quote=The incense trees are guarded by winged serpents[...] The cassia trees, which grow by a shallow lake, are guarded by fierce winged animals like bats|accessdate=9 January 2019}}</ref> Herodotus, Aristotle na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ kpọrọ Arabia isi iyi sinamọn; ha kọrọ na nnukwu nnụnụ sinamọn chịkọtara osisi sinamọn site n'ala a na-amaghị ama ebe osisi sinamọn na-eto ma jiri ha wuo akwụ ha.{{R|Herodotus|page=111|quote=Cinnamon is produced in an unknown land, and large birds bring those rolls of bark which from the Phœnicians are called cinnamon}} Pliny the Elder dere na a na-ebuga sinamọn gburugburu Ala Arabia n'elu "ụgbọ mmiri na-enweghị ihe mgbochi ma ọ bụ ákwà ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi mmiri," na-eji ifufe azụmaahịa oyi eme ihe.<ref>Pliny the Elder, ''Natural History'', {{Cite web|title=Book 12, chapter 42, section 87|url=http://attalus.org/pliny/hn12b.html#87|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> O kwukwara na cassia bụ ihe na-eme ka mmanya tọọ ụtọ,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L35fAAAAMAAJ|title=Natural History|author=Pliny the Elder|date=1938|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-99433-1}}</ref> nakwa na akụkọ banyere sinamọn a na-anakọta site n'akwụ nnụnụ sinamọn bụ akụkọ ifo ndị ahịa mere ka ha na-eri ihe karịa. Agbanyeghị, akụkọ ahụ ka dị ugbu a na Byzantium ruo n'afọ 1310. Dịka Pliny the Elder si kwuo, otu paụnd ndị Rom (327 grams [11.5 oz]) nke cassia, sinamọn ({{Lang|la|serichatum}}), ọnụ ahịa ruru {{Lang|la|[[denarii]]}} 1,500, ụgwọ ọrụ ọnwa iri ise.<ref>Pliny the Elder, ''Natural History'', {{Cite web|title=Book 12, chapter 42, section 93|url=http://attalus.org/pliny/hn12b.html#93|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> Iwu Diocletian gbasara Ọnụ Ahịa Kachasị Elu<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome|editor=Frank|author=Graser|first=E. R.|chapter=A text and translation of the Edict of Diocletian|year=1940|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins Press]]|isbn=978-0-374-92848-3}}</ref> site na 301 AD na-enye ọnụ ahịa {{Lang|la|denarii}} 125 maka otu paụnd nke cassia, ebe onye ọrụ ugbo na-enweta {{Lang|la|denarii}} 25 kwa ụbọchị. Sinamọn dị oke ọnụ nke na a naghị eji ya eme ihe n'ebe a na-eli ozu na Rom, mana a na-ekwu na Eze Ukwu Nero gbara ihe ruru otu afọ nke obodo ahụ ọkụ n'ili maka nwunye ya Poppaea Sabina na AD 65.<ref>Pliny the Elder, ''Natural History'', {{Cite web|title=Book 12, chapter 41, section 83|url=http://attalus.org/pliny/hn12b.html#83|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> === Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya === Kemgbe oge etiti, ofe cameline nke e ji sinamọn mee so n'ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na tebụl na Western Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hieatt|first=Constance B|authorlink=Constance Bartlett Hieatt|title=Pleyn Delit: Medieval Cookery for Modern Cooks|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1996|isbn=0802076327|edition=2nd|location=Toronto, Ontario, Buffalo, New York, and London|origyear=1976}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, isi iyi nkengwa nri ahụ ka bụ ihe omimi nye ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ. Site n'ịgụ ndị edemede Latin bụ́ ndị hotara okwu Herodotus, ndị Europe amụtala na sinamọn na-esi n'Oké [[Red Sea|Osimiri Uhie]] apụta ruo n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri azụmaahịa nke Ijipt, mana ebe o si bịa adịchaghị anya. Mgbe Sieur de Joinville sooro eze ya, Louis nke Itoolu nke France gaa Ijipt na Agha Ntụte nke Asaa na 1248, ọ kọrọ—ma kwere—ihe a gwara ya: na a na-akụ sinamọn n'ụgbụ n'ebe [[Nile|Naịl]] dị n'akụkụ ụwa (ya bụ, [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]]). Marco Polo zere izi ezi n'okwu a. E kwuru na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ a na-akọ n'ógbè [[Ndia|India]] n'akwụkwọ Mishneh Torah nke Maimonides, ihe dị ka afọ 1180.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mishneh Torah|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah%2C_Vessels_of_the_Sanctuary_and_Those_Who_Serve_Therein.1.3?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en|accessdate=13 July 2024}}</ref> Ihe mbụ e kwuru na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ a na-akọ kpọmkwem na Sri Lanka bụ na akwụkwọ Zakariya al-Qazwini nke Athar al-bilad wa-akhbar al-'ibad ("Ihe Ncheta Ebe na Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Ndị Ohu Chineke") ihe dị ka afọ 1270.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tennent|first=James Emerson|title=Account of the Island of Ceylon|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/61724#page/11/mode/1up|accessdate=8 November 2014|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts|year=1860}}</ref> Nke a sochiri obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị, John nke Montecorvino dere ya n'akwụkwọ ozi dị ihe dị ka afọ 1292.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yule|first=Henry|title=Cathay and the Way Thither|url=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-2-F-b-2/V-1/page/0487.html.en|accessdate=15 July 2008|archivedate=5 February 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205213841/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-2-F-b-2/V-1/page/0487.html.en}}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri ndị Indonesia na-ebuga sinamọn ozugbo site na Moluccas gaa n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka (leekwa Rhapta), ebe ndị ahịa obodo buru ya gaa n'ebe ugwu ruo Alexandria dị n'Ijipt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1984_June/ai_3289703|title=The life of spice; cloves, nutmeg, pepper, cinnamon|work=[[UNESCO Courier]]|publisher=Findarticles.com|accessdate=18 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Woods|first=Sean|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=588&art_id=iol1078376795319P146&set_id=1|date=4 March 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408160407/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=588&art_id=iol1078376795319P146&set_id=1|archivedate=8 April 2005|title=Discovery: Sailing the Cinnamon Route|work=Independent Online|accessdate=18 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|pages=222–224|author=Gray|first=E. W.|title=The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire 29 B.C. – A.D. 641|volume=60|journal=[[The Journal of Roman Studies]]|year=1970}}</ref> Ndị ahịa Venetian si Itali nwere ikike ịzụ ahịa ose na Yuropu, na-ekesa sinamọn site na Aleksandria. Mmebi nke azụmaahịa a site na mmụba nke ike ndị ọzọ dị na Mediterenian, dịka ndị eze Mamluk na Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ihe mere ka ndị Yuropu chọọ ụzọ ndị ọzọ na-aga Eshia nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hess|first=Andrew C.|date=1973|title=The Ottoman Conquest of Egypt (1517) and the Beginning of the Sixteenth-Century World War|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/162225|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=4|issue=1|pages=55–76|doi=10.1017/S0020743800027276|issn=0020-7438|accessdate=6 June 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 1500, Ferdinand Magellan na-achọ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ n'aha Spen; na Philippines, ọ hụrụ {{Lang|la|Cinnamomum mindanaense}}, nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na ''C. zeylanicum'', sinamọn a na-ahụ na Sri Lanka. Sinamọn a mechara sonye na sinamọn Sri Lanka, nke ndị Portugal na-achịkwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mallari|first=Francisco|date=December 1974|title=The Mindanao Cinnamon|journal=[[Philippine Quarterly of Culture & Society]]|volume=2|pages=190–194}}</ref> Na 1638, ndị ahịa Dutch hiwere ebe azụmaahịa na Sri Lanka, weghaara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na 1640, ma chụpụ ndị Portugal fọdụrụ na 1658. "Ọnụ mmiri nke agwaetiti ahụ jupụtara na ya," ka otu onyeisi ndị Dutch kọrọ, "ọ bụkwa nke kacha mma n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ niile. Mgbe mmadụ na-ada n'agwaetiti ahụ, mmadụ ka nwere ike isi sinamọn ruo ebe dị anya site n'oké osimiri."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Braudel|first=Fernand|authorlink=Fernand Braudel|title=The Perspective of the World: Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1984|isbn=978-0-520-08116-1}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ Dutch East India gara n'ihu na-agbanwe ụzọ e si aghọ ihe ubi n'ime ọhịa ma mechaa malite ịkọ osisi nke ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Overmeer|first=Marjolein|title=The Dutch East India Company in Ceylon|date=October 2013|publisher=Schaakstukkenmuseum|url=https://www.schaakstukkenmuseum.nl/?p=1859&lang=en|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Klein|first=Wouter|date=17 February 2021|title=Plant of the Month: Cinnamon|url=https://daily.jstor.org/plant-of-the-month-cinnamon|publisher=[[JSTOR Daily]]|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref> Na 1767, Lord Brown nke British East India Company guzobere Anjarakkandy Cinnamon Estate dị nso na Anjarakkandy na mpaghara Kannur nke Kerala, India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinnamon Valley|publisher=Kerala Tourism|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/cinnamon-valley-anjarakandy/501|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref> O mechara bụrụ ebe kacha ibu na Eshia na cinnamon. Ndị Britain weghaara Ceylon n'aka ndị Dutch na 1796.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/under/research/background.html|title=Under a Tropical Sun|publisher=[[Macquarie University]]|date=2011|accessdate=9 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401230335/http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/under/research/background.html|archivedate=1 April 2015}}</ref> == Ịkọ ugbo == [[Faịlụ:CinnamonLeaves.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ osisi sinamọn nke ọhịa]] [[Faịlụ:CINNAMON_BUDS.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Okooko osisi cinnamon]] Cinnamon bụ osisi na-anaghị agbanwe agbanwe nke e ji akwụkwọ ya dị ka oval, ogbugbo dị arọ, na mkpụrụ osisi beri mara. Mgbe a na-aghọrọ ihe ọkụkụ ahụ, ogbugbo na akwụkwọ ya bụ akụkụ bụ́ isi nke osisi e ji eme ihe.<ref name="HerbCosmetic">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MaAZMbSxNt4C|title=Herbal principles in cosmetics: properties and mechanisms of action|author=Burlando|first=B.|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4398-1214-3|location=Boca Raton}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, na Japan, a na-aghọrọ mgbọrọgwụ ndị na-esi ike karị iji mepụta ''nikki'' (ニッキ), nke bụ ngwaahịa dị iche na cinnamon (シナモン''shinamon''). A na-akọ cinnamon site n'ịkụ osisi ahụ ruo afọ abụọ, wee gbutuo ya, ya bụ, ịkpụ osisi ya n'ala. N'afọ sochirinụ, ihe dị ka osisi iri na abụọ ọhụrụ na-etolite site na mgbọrọgwụ, na-anọchi ndị e gbuturu. Ọtụtụ ahụhụ dị ka ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'', ụdị ''Diplodia'' na ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' (stripe canker) nwere ike imetụta osisi ndị na-eto eto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plantvillage.org/en/topics/cinnamon/diseases_and_pests_description_uses_propagation|title=Cinnamon|publisher=Plant Village, Pennsylvania State University|date=2017|accessdate=28 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301092652/https://www.plantvillage.org/en/topics/cinnamon/diseases_and_pests_description_uses_propagation|archivedate=1 March 2017}}</ref> A ga-ahazi ogwe osisi ndị ahụ ozugbo e wechara ha n'ubi ebe ogbugbo dị n'ime ka dị mmiri mmiri. A na-eji hama kpụchaa ogwe osisi ndị ahụ e bepụrụ gbutuo eme ihe, wee jiri hama kụọ alaka ahụ nke ọma iji mee ka ogbugbo dị n'ime ha dị nro, nke a na-akụcha n'ime ha n'obere mpịakọta. Naanị 0.5 mm (0.02) na) nke ogbugbo dị n'ime;<ref>{{Cite book|author=Heath|first=Henry B.|title=Source Book of Flavors|series=AVI Sourcebook and Handbook Series|date=September 1981|publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]]|isbn=978-0-87055-370-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWDg-rPQbqgC&q=0.5%20mm%20of%20the%20inner%20bark%20cinnamon&pg=PA233|accessdate=9 January 2019|language=en}}</ref>[a] a na-atụfu akụkụ mpụta nke osisi, na-ahapụ iberibe sinamọn dị mita ogologo nke na-agbagharị ka ọ bụrụ mpịakọta ("quills") mgbe ọ kpọrọ nkụ. Ogbugbo a na-edozi ahụ na-akpọnwụ kpamkpam n'ime awa anọ ruo isii, ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ nọ n'ebe ikuku na-eku nke ọma ma na-ekpo ọkụ. Ozugbo ọ kpọrọ nkụ, a na-egbutu ogbugbo ahụ n'ime 5 to 10 cm (2 ruo 4) na) ogologo maka ọrịre. Ebe a na-akpọ nkụ nke na-adịghị mma na-akwalite mmụba nke ụmụ ahụhụ n'ime ogbugbo ahụ, nke nwere ike ịchọ ọgwụgwọ site na iji sọlfọ dioxide. Na 2011, European Union kwadoro iji sọlfọ dioxide mee ihe na mkpokọta ruru 150 mg/kg (0.0024 oz/lb) maka ọgwụgwọ ogbugbo ''C. verum'' nke a gbutere na Sri Lanka. === Ụdị dị iche iche === A na-erekarị ụdị osisi dị iche iche ndị a dịka cinnamon:<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chen|first=P.|title=Differentiation of the four major species of cinnamons (C. burmannii, C. verum, C. cassia, and C. loureiroi) using a flow injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) fingerprinting method|journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]]|volume=62|issue=12|pages=2516–2521|date=March 2014|pmid=24628250|doi=10.1021/jf405580c}}</ref> * ''Cinnamomum cassia'' (Cassia ma ọ bụ sinamọn nke China, ụdị azụmahịa a na-ahụkarị na USA) * ''C. burmanni'' (Korintje, Padang cassia, ma ọ bụ sinamọn Indonesian) * ''C. loureiroi'' (Saigon cinnamon, Vietnamese cassia, ma ọ bụ Vietnamese cinnamon) * ''C. verum'' (Sri Lanka cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon ma ọ bụ Cinnamomum zeylanicum) * ''C. citriodorum'' (Malabar cinnamon) Cassia na-akpali uto siri ike ma na-ekpo ọkụ, a na-ejikarị ya eme achịcha, karịsịa na mkpọda cinnamon, n'ihi na ọ na-ejikwa ọnọdụ ime achịcha nke ọma. N'etiti cassia, cinnamon nke China na-abụkarị nke ọkara ruo na-acha ọbara ọbara-agba aja aja, siri ike ma nwee udidi osisi, ma dịkwa oke ibu (2-3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) ọkpụrụkpụ), ebe ọ bụ na a na-eji akwa niile nke ogbugbo eme ihe. Cinnamon Ceylon, nke na-eji naanị obere ogbugbo dị n'ime, nwere agba aja aja dị nro ma dịkwa mma, dị obere, ma dịkwa nro karịa. Ọ dị nro ma na-esi ísì ụtọ karịa cassia, ọ na-efunahụkwa ọtụtụ ụtọ ya mgbe a na-esi nri. A na-amata ogbugbo nke ụdị a ngwa ngwa mgbe ha zuru oke, ma n'ihe gbasara nnukwu ma n'ihe gbasara obere ihe. Osisi sinamọn Ceylon (quills) nwere ọtụtụ akwa dị gịrịgịrị ma enwere ike iji kọfị ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ntụ, ebe osisi cassia siri ike karịa. A na-erekarị sinamọn Indonesian n'ime akwa dị ọcha nke e ji otu akwa dị arọ mee, nke nwere ike imebi ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka kọfị rie. A na-ere Saigon sinamọn (C. loureiroi) na sinamọn China (C. cassia) mgbe niile dị ka iberibe akpụkpọ gbajiri agbaji, ebe ogbugbo ahụ adịghị nro nke ọma iji tụgharịa ya ka ọ bụrụ akwa. Ọ na-esiri ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'ọkpụkpụ ntụ ntụ ahụ, mana ọ bụrụ na ejiri iodine gwọọ ya (ule maka starch), a naghị ahụ ya nke ọma na Ceylon cinnamon dị ọcha; agbanyeghị, mgbe cinnamon ndị China dị, a na-emepụta agba gbara ọchịchịrị-acha anụnụ anụnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/cassia31.html|title=A Modern Herbal – Cassia (Cinnamon)|author=Grieve|first=M.|work=botanical.com|accessdate=17 April 2017|archivedate=15 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012057/https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/cassia31.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrXszQ77xhYC&q=iodine+in+cassia&pg=PA390|title=The Elements of materia medica and therapeutics|first=Jonathan|author=Pereira|year=1854|accessdate=6 October 2020}}</ref> === Nchịkọta, nke mkpịsị aka === Usoro nhazi ogo nke Sri Lanka na-ekewa mkpọ osisi sinamọn ụzọ anọ: * Alba, ihe na-erughị 6 mm (0.24 na) na dayameta * Kọntinent, ihe na-erughị 16 mm (0.63 na) na dayameta * Onye Mexico, ihe na-erughị 19 mm (0.75 na) na dayameta * Hamburg, ihe na-erughị 32 mm (1.3 na) na dayameta A na-ekewa otu ndị a n'ọkwa dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ekewa ndị Mexico n'ime M00000 pụrụ iche, M000000 na M0000, dabere na dayameta nke quill na ọnụọgụ nke quills kwa kilogram. Mpekere ọ bụla nke ogbugbo na-erughị 106 mm (4.2 na) a na-ahazi ogologo dị ka quillings. Nku bụ ogbugbo dị n'ime nke alaka na ome gbagọrọ agbagọ. Iberibe bụ ihe e ji kpụọ quills, ogbugbo dị n'èzí na nke dị n'ime nke a na-apụghị ikewapụ, ma ọ bụ ogbugbo obere alaka. == Mmepụta == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:13em; text-align:center;" |+Mmepụta Cinnamon <br />2023, tonnes |- |- | China |91,892 |- | Vietnam |65,341 |- | Indonesia |55,213 |- | Sri Lanka |22,410 |- |'''Ụwa''' |'''238,403''' |- | colspan="2" |Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=Global cinnamon production in 2023; Crops/Regions/World Regions/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database]] (FAOSTAT)|accessdate=2 March 2025}}</ref> |} N'afọ 2023, mba anọ mere ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu na asatọ nke mmepụta sinamọn n'ụwa, nke ruru tọn narị abụọ na iri atọ na asatọ, narị anọ na atọ: [[China|Chaịna]], Vietnam, Indonesia, na Sri Lanka.<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=Global cinnamon production in 2023; Crops/Regions/World Regions/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database]] (FAOSTAT)|accessdate=2 March 2025}}</ref> === Ihe adịgboroja === A pụrụ ijikọta ezigbo sinamọn sitere na ''C. verum'' bark na cassia (''C. cassia'') dị ka adịgboroja ma ree ya n'ụzọ ụgha dị ka ezigbo sinamọn. N'otu nnyocha, ezigbo ogbugbo sinamọn Ceylon nwere 12–143mg/kg nke coumarin – phenolic nke na-adịkarị obere na ọdịnaya dị na sinamọn – mana ihe nlele ahịa nwere coumarin nwere ọkwa dị elu ruo 3462mg/kg, nke na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ịbụ mmerụ ahụ nwere cassia na sinamọn adịgboroja.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ananthakrishnan|first=R.|title=Quantification of coumarin and related phenolics in cinnamon samples from south India using UHPLC-ESI-QqQLIT-MS/MS method|journal=International Journal of Food Properties|pages=50–57|doi=10.1080/10942912.2018.1437629|date=1 January 2018|volume=21}}</ref> ConsumerLab.com chọtara otu nsogbu ahụ na nyocha nke afọ 2020; "a kpọrọ ihe mgbakwunye nwere oke coumarin aha dị ka sinamọn Ceylon".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tests Suggest Caution With Cinnamon|url=https://www.consumerlab.com/news/caution-with-cinnamon/12-11-2020/|date=11 December 2020|publisher=ConsumerLab.com|language=en|accessdate=7 February 2022|archivedate=7 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207205614/https://www.consumerlab.com/news/caution-with-cinnamon/12-11-2020/}}</ref> == Ojiji nri == <gallery class="center" widths="150px" heights="150px"> Faịlụ:“Spiced”_Tea_–_Flavoured_by_Cinnamon_and_Cardamom,_Comilla,_Bangladesh,_26_April_2014.jpg|Cinnamon-flavoured tea Faịlụ:Mmm..._cinnamon_toast_(4197664913).jpg|Cinnamon toast can be made with cinnamon baked in, or just sprinkled on top. Faịlụ:ദന്തധാവനചൂർണ്ണം.JPG|Ground cinnamon </gallery> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:Uncooked_cinnamon_roll_buns,_March_2010.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mkpịsị sinam a na-esighị esiMkpịsị akwụkwọ sinam]] A na-eji ogbugbo sinamọn eme ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ime esi nri dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ime nkwadebe chocolate, karịsịa na Mexico. A na-ejikarị sinamọn eme nri ọkụkọ na atụrụ dị ụtọ. Na United States na Europe, a na-ejikarị sinamọn na shuga eme ihe na-atọ ụtọ ọka, nri ndị e ji achịcha mee dị ka achịcha, na mkpụrụ osisi, karịsịa [[Apple|apụl]]; a na-ere ngwakọta sinamọn na shuga (shuga sinamọn) iche iche maka ebumnuche ndị dị otú ahụ. A na-ejikwa ya na nri Portuguese na Turkey maka nri dị ụtọ na nke na-esi ísì ụtọ. A pụkwara iji sinamọn mee ihe na pikọpụ, na ihe ọṅụṅụ Krismas dị ka eggnog na mmanya mulled. Ntụ ntụ sinamọn abụrụla ihe dị mkpa kemgbe iji mee ka ụtọ nri Persia dịkwuo mma, nke a na-eji eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ofe dị arọ, ihe ọṅụṅụ, na ihe ụtọ dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/spicesglobalhist0000czar|pages=10–12|title=Spices: A Global History|author=Czarra|first=Fred|date=1 May 2009|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-682-7|language=en}}</ref> Cinnamon bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na nri ndị Juu n'obodo dị iche iche. Na nri Sephardic, a na-etinye ya na ofe akwụkwọ nri na ihe oriri dị ụtọ dịka <nowiki><i id="mwAkw">tishpishti</i></nowiki> na ''travados'', ha abụọ a na-etinye na mmanụ aṅụ. Na nri Ashkenazi, cinnamon dị na nri dị ka achịcha mmanụ aṅụ, na <nowiki><i id="mwAlE">kugels</i></nowiki> .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gavin|first=Paola|date=2024-07-19|title=Old Spice|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/food/articles/old-spice-cinnamon-history|work=Tablet Magazine}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime "ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ anọ" (''rempah empat beradik'') dị mkpa na nri Malay yana clove, star anise na cardamom.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=Aug 2, 2015|page=9|title=A spicy blend of tradition|author=Hariati Azizan}}</ref> == Ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ ==  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}}Cinnamon a gwepịara egwepịa bụ mmiri 11%, 81% carbohydrates (gụnyere 53% eriri nri ), 4% protein na 1% abụba. == Ihe ndị e ji mara ya == === Akpụkpọ ahụ === [[Faịlụ:Cinnamomum_verum_vs_Cinnamomum_burmanni.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|Quills nke sinamọn Ceylon (''Cinnamomum verum'', aka ekpe) na sinamọn Indonesian (''C. burmanni'', aka nri) ]] Enwere ike iji aka gbajie cinnamon nke Ceylon ka ọ bụrụ obere ibe, ebe cinnamon nke Indonesia chọrọ igwe na-egweri ihe siri ike. === Nri, ísì na ụtọ === Isi na uto puru iche nke cinamọn na esite na mmanụ ya na-esi ísì ụtọ, nke mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent 0.5 ruo 1 nke ihe mejupụtara cinnamon. A pụrụ ịkpụcha ogbugbo sinamọn, wee wepụta ya na ethanol 80%, wee tinye ya na tincture.<ref name="2018E&ES..130a2049W">{{Cite journal|author=Waty|first=Syahdiana|title=Antibacterial activity of cinnamon ethanol extract ( cinnamomum burmannii ) and its application as a mouthwash to inhibit streptococcus growth|journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science|date=March 2018|volume=130|issue=1|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/130/1/012049}}</ref> A pụrụ ịkwadebe mmanụ dị mkpa nke cinnamon dị mkpa site n'ịzocha ogbugbo ya nke ọma, tinye ya n'ime mmiri oké osimiri, wee gwakọta ya ngwa ngwa. Mmanụ a na-enwe agba odo ọlaedo, nwee isi pụrụ iche nke sinnamon, ma nwekwaa ụtọ na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-esi ísì ụtọ. Enwere ike iji polysorbate 80, mmanụ dị mkpa nke sinamọn, na mmiri mee ''nanoemulsion mmanụ sinamọn'', site na iji ultrasonic emulsification.<ref name="s41598-021-85375-3">{{Cite journal|author=Jeong|first=Yeo-Jin|title=Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion against multi-species oral biofilms|journal=Scientific Reports|date=15 March 2021|volume=11|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-85375-3|pmid=33723345|language=en|issn=2045-2322}}</ref><ref name="fsn3.1946">{{Cite journal|author=Fattahi|first=Reza|title=The effect of Macro and Nano-emulsions of cinnamon essential oil on the properties of edible active films|journal=Food Science & Nutrition|date=December 2020|volume=8|issue=12|pages=6568–6579|doi=10.1002/fsn3.1946|pmid=33312541|language=en|issn=2048-7177}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ''ihe dị n'ime mmanụ sinamọn dị'' n'ime ya.<ref name="fsn3.1946">{{Cite journal|author=Fattahi|first=Reza|title=The effect of Macro and Nano-emulsions of cinnamon essential oil on the properties of edible active films|journal=Food Science & Nutrition|date=December 2020|volume=8|issue=12|pages=6568–6579|doi=10.1002/fsn3.1946|pmid=33312541|language=en|issn=2048-7177}}</ref><ref name="homogenizers/ultra-turrax-t-25">{{Cite web|title=Ultra-Turrax® T 25|url=https://homogenizers.net/products/ultra-turrax-t-25|work=Homogenizers.net|accessdate=19 May 2023}}</ref> Cinnamaldehyde bụ ihe na-akpata uto na isi ísì ọjọọ, ọ bụkwa ihe dị ka 90% nke mmanụ dị mkpa nke osisi sinamọn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/637511|title=Cinnamaldehyde|author=PubChem|work=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-18|archivedate=9 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009015010/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/637511}}</ref> Cinnamaldehyde na-agbaze, na oke iru mmiri na oke okpomọkụ, wee ghọọ styrene,<ref>{{Cite web|title=High daily intakes of cinnamon: Health risk cannot be ruled out|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307202919/https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/high_daily_intakes_of_cinnamon_health_risk_cannot_be_ruled_out.pdf|url=https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/high_daily_intakes_of_cinnamon_health_risk_cannot_be_ruled_out.pdf|publisher=[[Federal Institute for Risk Assessment]] (BfR)|date=18 August 2006|accessdate=20 May 2022|archivedate=7 March 2022}}</ref> site na mmeghachi omume na oxygen ka ọ na-aka nká, ọ na-agba ọchịchịrị n'agba ma na-emepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị nro.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yokomi|first=Naoka|date=1 July 2009|title=Influence of composition upon the variety of tastes in Cinnamomi cortex|journal=Journal of Natural Medicines|volume=63|issue=3|pages=261–266|doi=10.1007/s11418-009-0326-8|issn=1861-0293|pmid=19291358}}</ref> Ihe ndị mejupụtara sinamọn gụnyere ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ iri asatọ,<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=21929331|year=2011|author=Jayaprakasha|first=G. K.|title=Chemistry, biogenesis, and biological activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=51|issue=6|pages=547–62|doi=10.1080/10408391003699550}}</ref> gụnyere eugenol, nke dị n'ime mmanụ sitere na akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ogbugbo osisi sinamọn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+8007-80-5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305031735/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+8007-80-5|archivedate=5 March 2017|title=Oil of cinnamon|publisher=[[Toxicology Data Network]] (TOXNET)|date=6 August 2002|accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref> ==== Ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya ==== A na-eji sinamọn eme ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na mmanya sinamọn,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailymeal.com/11-cinnamon-flavored-liquors-holidays/121613|title=11 Cinnamon-Flavored Liquors for the Holidays|author=Willard|first=Haley|date=16 Dec 2013|work=[[The Daily Meal]]|accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref> dị ka wiski a na-esi ísì sinamọn na mba Amerịka, na rakomelo, otu sinamọn brandi na Gris. == Nnyocha metụtara ahụike == A na-eji sinamọn eme ihe n'ọgwụ ọdịnala ogologo oge, gụnyere dị ka ihe enyemaka nri. Agbanyeghị, nnyocha e mere enweghị ike ịchọta ihe akaebe doro anya nke oge a nke mmetụta ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ dị mkpa.<ref name="nccih">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon|title=Cinnamon|work=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|date=2016|accessdate=28 February 2017|archivedate=1 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301111423/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinnamon: Usefulness and Safety|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219004911/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon|archivedate=2025-12-19|accessdate=2026-01-04|work=NCCIH|language=en}}</ref> === Ọbara shuga na ọrịa shuga === Nnyocha meta nke afọ 2023 nke nyocha meta isii chọpụtara na mgbakwunye cinnamon nwere ike ibute obere mbelata mana dị ukwuu na glucose plasma na-ebu ọnụ na haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c, ihe ngosi nke ọkwa glucose plasma na-abawanye ogologo oge). Nyocha ndị gara aga (2012-2019) nke nnwale ahụike kọrọ mbelata nke glucose plasma na-ebu ọnụ na mmetụta na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na A1c.<ref name="Costello2016">{{Cite journal|first=Rebecca B.|author=Costello|title=Do Cinnamon Supplements Have a Role in Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes? A Narrative Review|journal=[[Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics]]|volume=116|issue=11|pages=1794–1802|date=2016|pmid=27618575|doi=10.1016/j.jand.2016.07.015}}</ref><ref name="Allen2013">{{Cite journal|first=Robert W.|author=Allen|title=Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=[[The Annals of Family Medicine]]|volume=11|issue=5|pages=452–459|date=2013|pmid=24019277|doi=10.1370/afm.1517}}</ref><ref name="Akilen2012">{{Cite journal|author=Akilen|first=Rajadurai|title=Cinnamon in glycaemic control: Systematic review and meta analysis|journal=[[Clinical Nutrition (journal)|Clinical Nutrition]]|volume=31|issue=5|pages=609–615|date=20 April 2012|pmid=22579946|doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2012.04.003}}</ref><ref name="Leach2012">{{Cite journal|author=Leach|first=Matthew J.|title=Cinnamon for diabetes mellitus|journal=[[Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]]|issue=9|date=12 September 2012|volume=2012|pmid=22972104|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007170.pub2}}</ref><ref name="Namazi2019">{{Cite journal|author=Namazi|first=Nazli|title=The impact of cinnamon on anthropometric indices and glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials|journal=[[Complementary Therapies in Medicine]]|volume=43|pages=92–101|date=April 2019|pmid=30935562|doi=10.1016/j.ctim.2019.01.002}}</ref> Mmadụ anọ n'ime nyocha ndị ahụ kọrọ mbelata na glucose plasma na-ebu ọnụ,<ref name="Costello2016" /><ref name="Allen2013" /><ref name="Akilen2012" /><ref name="Namazi2019" /> naanị mmadụ abụọ kọrọ obere HbA1c,<ref name="Costello2016" /><ref name="Akilen2012" /> otu kọrọ enweghị mgbanwe na nha ọ bụla.<ref name="Leach2012" /> Nyocha Cochrane nke afọ 2012 kwuru na oge nnwale ahụ bụ naanị izu 4 ruo 16, nakwa na ọ dịghị nnwale akọpụtara gbasara mgbanwe na mma ndụ, ọrịa ma ọ bụ ọnụego ọnwụ . Nkwubi okwu ndị dere Cochrane bụ: "Enweghị ihe akaebe zuru oke iji kwado ojiji cinnamon maka ọrịa shuga nke ụdị nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ."<ref name="Leach2012" /> N'ihota nyocha Cochrane, US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health kwuru na 2017: "Nnyocha emere na ndị mmadụ anaghị akwado iji cinnamon maka ọnọdụ ahụike ọ bụla."<ref name="nccih">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon|title=Cinnamon|work=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|date=2016|accessdate=28 February 2017|archivedate=1 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301111423/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ihe ndị a siri ike ịkọwa n'ihi na ọ naghị adịkarị mfe ịghọta ụdị cinnamon na akụkụ osisi ahụ e ji mee ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon|title=Cinnamon|accessdate=20 June 2021|archivedate=25 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625060646/https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon}}</ref> Nnyocha ọzọ gosiri na ọ dịghị mgbanwe ọ bụla na ibu ahụ ma ọ bụ iguzogide insulin.<ref name="Namazi2019">{{Cite journal|author=Namazi|first=Nazli|title=The impact of cinnamon on anthropometric indices and glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials|journal=[[Complementary Therapies in Medicine]]|volume=43|pages=92–101|date=April 2019|pmid=30935562|doi=10.1016/j.ctim.2019.01.002}}</ref> === Ọdịdị abụba ọbara === Nnyocha meta nke nnwale mgbakwunye cinnamon nke afọ 2017 tinyere nha lipid gosiri obere cholesterol na triglycerides, mana enweghị mgbanwe dị ukwuu na LDL-cholesterol ma ọ bụ HDL-cholesterol.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The effects of cinnamon supplementation on blood lipid concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=J Clin Lipidol|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1393–1406|date=2017|pmid=28887086|doi=10.1016/j.jacl.2017.08.004|url=http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6931/1/cinnamon.pdf|accessdate=27 November 2018}}</ref> == Nsogbu == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>Nnyocha usoro nke ihe ọjọọ ndị sitere na iji cinnamon akọpụtala nsogbu afọ na mmeghachi omume nfụkasị dịka mmetụta ndị a na-akọkarị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hajimonfarednejad|first=M.|title=Cinnamon: A systematic review of adverse events|journal=[[Clinical Nutrition (journal)|Clinical Nutrition]]|volume=38|issue=2|pages=594–602|date=1 April 2019|pmid=29661513|doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2018.03.013}}</ref> === Coumarin === Na 2008, European Food Safety Authority tụlere nsí nke coumarin, otu n'ime ihe mejupụtara sinamọn, ma kwado na oke oriri a na-anabata kwa ụbọchị (TDI) bụ 0.1.mg nke coumarin kwa kilogram nke ibu ahụ. A maara Coumarin na-akpata mmebi imeju na akụrụ na oke mkpokọta yana mmetụta metabolic na ụmụ mmadụ nwere polymorphism CYP2A6.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Harris|first=Emily|title=German Christmas Cookies Pose Health Danger|work=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6672644|accessdate=1 May 2007|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]}}</ref><ref name="efsa">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2008.793|title=Coumarin in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC)|journal=[[EFSA Journal]]|volume=6|issue=10|date=7 October 2008}}</ref> Dabere na nyocha a, European Union setịpụrụ ntuziaka maka oke ọdịnaya coumarin na nri nke 50mg kwa kilogram nke mgwakota agwa n'ime nri oge, na 15mg kwa kilogram n'ime nri a na-eme kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/20/cinnamon-intake-food-argument-denmark|title=Cinnamon sparks spicy debate between Danish bakers and food authorities|author=Russell|first=Helen|date=20 December 2013|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |''C. cassia'' ! colspan="2" |''C. verum'' |- !Min !Max !Min !Max |- |mg coumarin/g cinnamon |0.09 |12 (He et al., 2005) <ref name="dan">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.10.014|title=Coumarin content in cinnamon containing food products on the Danish market|url=http://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Laboratorie/Food%20Control%20-%20Coumarin%20in%20Danish%20Food%20Products.pdf|journal=Food Control|volume=38|pages=198–203|year=2014|author=Ballin|first=Nicolai Z.|accessdate=9 December 2015}}</ref> |0.007 |0.9 |- |TDI cinnamon na 50 kilogram nke ịdị arọ (bw) &nbsp; |59 g |0.4 g&nbsp; |714 g |6 g&nbsp; |} N'ihi ọnụọgụ coumarin dị iche iche dị na ''C. cassia'', ọ na-abụkarị ihe karịrị 1mg nke coumarin kwa g nke cinnamon, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ruo ugboro iri na abụọ, ''C. cassia'' nwere oke dị ala nke na-adịghị ize ndụ iji rapara na TDI dị n'elu.<ref name="dan">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.10.014|title=Coumarin content in cinnamon containing food products on the Danish market|url=http://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Laboratorie/Food%20Control%20-%20Coumarin%20in%20Danish%20Food%20Products.pdf|journal=Food Control|volume=38|pages=198–203|year=2014|author=Ballin|first=Nicolai Z.|accessdate=9 December 2015}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị iche, ''C. verum'' nwere naanị obere coumarin.<ref name="Wang2013">{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=Yan-Hong|title=Cassia cinnamon as a source of coumarin in cinnamon-flavored food and food supplements in the United States|journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]]|volume=61|issue=18|year=2013|pages=4470–4476|doi=10.1021/jf4005862|url=https://cinnamonvogue.com/DOWNLOADS/Cinnamon_and_coumarin.pdf|pmid=23627682|accessdate=13 April 2019}}</ref> Na Machị 2024, US Food and Drug Administration kwadoro ka a weghachite ụdị ofe apụl sinamọn isii n'afọ ofufo n'ihi mmerụ ahụ dị oke njọ na lead,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/food/alerts-advisories-safety-information/fda-alert-concerning-certain-cinnamon-products-due-presence-elevated-levels-lead|title=FDA Alert Concerning Certain Cinnamon Products Due to Presence of Elevated Levels of Lead|work=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|date=6 March 2024|accessdate=27 May 2024}}</ref> mgbe nyocha sitere na akụkọ 500 nke nsị lead ụmụaka n'ofe US.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/cinnamon-lead-applesauce-wanabana-fda-344066a22a729d176c0c732180f48247|title=Lead-tainted cinnamon has been recalled. Here's what you should know|author=Aleccia|first=Jonel|date=8 March 2024|accessdate=27 May 2024}}</ref> FDA kpebiri na e tinyere lead chromate gwakọtara sinamọn (n'ime akpa ofe apụl nke AUSTROFOOD SAS mepụtara na sinamọn sitere na Negasmart, ha abụọ dị na Ecuador).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/investigation-elevated-lead-chromium-levels-cinnamon-applesauce-pouches-november-2023|title=Investigation of Elevated Lead & Chromium Levels: Cinnamon Applesauce Pouches (November 2023)|work=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|date=16 April 2024|accessdate=27 May 2024}}</ref> Ndị na-ebubata ngwaahịa abụọ a bụ ndị e depụtara ugbu a dị ka Red List iji gbochie mmetọ n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Import Alert 99-42|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_1167.html|accessdate=2026-01-04|work=www.accessdata.fda.gov}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == {{Herbs & spices|state=expanded}} == Hụkwa == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * ''Canella'', osisi a maara dị ka "cinnamon ọhịa" ma ọ bụ "cinnamon ọcha" * ''Cinnamomea'', adjective Neo-Latin nke pụtara 'acha cinnamon' * Ihe ịma aka Cinnamon * Ndepụta nke ahịhịa na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Wijesekera R. O. B., Ponnuchamy S., Jayewardene A. L., "Cinnamon" (1975) akwụkwọ nke CISIR bipụtara, Colombo, Sri Lanka == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/07/south_asia_sri_lanka0s_spice_of_life/html/1.stm "N'ihe osise: ihe na-atọ ụtọ nke ndụ Sri Lanka"]. Akụkọ BBC. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] evayjxfa2hwtuutj1oprfhucoxisfpy 688242 688241 2026-07-15T19:59:34Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 688242 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Cinnamomum_verum_spices.jpg|thumb|Akpụkpọ ahụ kpọrọ nkụ, ntụ ntụ na okooko osisi nke obere osisi ''Cinnamomum verum'']] '''Cinnamon''' bụ ngwa nri a na-enweta site n'ime akpụkpọ osisi nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche dị n'ime mkpụrụusoro ''Cinnamomum''. A na-eji sinnamon eme ka nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ nwee isi na ụtọ, ọkachasị n'ụdị nri dị iche iche, gụnyere nri dị ụtọ na nke na-atọ ụtọ (savory), dịka biskit, ọka nri ụtụtụ (''breakfast cereals''), nri nta (''snack foods''), bagel, tii, chọkọleti ọkụ (''hot chocolate''), na nri ọdịnala. Isi na ụtọ pụrụ iche<ref>{{Cite web|title=cinnamon|url=https://scentsandflavors.com/database/9dbb4dc4-5434-4ac3-b80d-efe79222b829|work=Scents and Flavors|publisher=Scents and Flavors|accessdate=3 April 2026}}</ref> nke sinnamon na-esite n'ime mmanụ ya na-esi ísì ụtọ (''essential oil'') na ihe mejupụtara ya kachasị mkpa, '''cinnamaldehyde''', tinyere ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ mejupụtara ya, gụnyere '''eugenol'''. [[Faịlụ:Cinnamomum_verum_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-182.jpg|thumb|''Cinnamomum verum'', site na Koehler's Medicinal-Plants (1887) ]] [[Faịlụ:Baton_de_cannelle.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-ahụ ụgbụgbọ sinamọn]] Cinnamon bụ aha ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na ngwaahịa nhwa nri azụmaahịa nke ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-emepụta. Ha niile bụ ndị otu ụdị Cinnamomum dị na ezinụlọ Lauraceae. Naanị ụdị Cinnamomum ole na ole ka a na-akọ n'ahịa maka ngwa nri. Cinnamomum verum (nke a makwaara dị ka C. zeylanicum), nke a maara dị ka "Ceylon cinnamon" mgbe ọ malitere na Sri Lanka (nke bụbu Ceylon), ka a na-ewere dị ka "ezigbo cinnamon",<ref name="eb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/cinnamon|title=Cinnamon, plant and spice|accessdate=10 July 2022|archivedate=18 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818160253/https://www.britannica.com/plant/cinnamon|work=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> mana ọtụtụ cinnamon na azụmaahịa mba ụwa sitere na ụdị anọ ndị ọzọ, nke a na-akpọkarị "cassia" nke ọma: C. burmanni (Indonesian cinnamon ma ọ bụ Padang cassia), C. cassia (Chinese cinnamon ma ọ bụ Chinese cassia), C. loureiroi (Saigon cinnamon ma ọ bụ Vietnamese cassia), na C. citriodorum (Malabar cinnamon).<ref name="eb" /><ref name="fao93">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5326e/x5326e07.htm|title=International trade in non-wood forest products: An overview|author=Iqbal|first=Mohammed|year=1993|work=FO: Misc/93/11 – Working Paper|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=12 November 2012|archivedate=16 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316134503/http://www.fao.org/3/x5326e/x5326e07.htm}}</ref><ref name="HistoryFood">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmevzbQ0AsIC|title=A history of food|year=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-8119-8|edition=New expanded|location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK|quote=Cassia, also known as cinnamon or Chinese cinnamon is a tree that has bark similar to that of cinnamon but with a rather pungent odour|author=Toussaint-Samat|first=Maguelonne}}</ref> Na 2023, mmepụta sinamọn zuru ụwa ọnụ ruru tọn 238,403, nke China na-edu, nke bụ pasent 39 nke mkpokọta ya.<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=Global cinnamon production in 2023; Crops/Regions/World Regions/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database]] (FAOSTAT)|accessdate=2 March 2025}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "cinnamon" nke a na-eji n'asụsụ Bekee kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na ise sitere n'okwu Grik oge ochie bụ́ kinnámōmon (nke mechara ghọọ kínnamon), site n'ụdị okwu ndị gafere n'asụsụ Latin na French nke oge ochie. E si n'okwu ndị Fenishia (Phoenician) nweta okwu Grik ahụ; okwu ahụ yikwara okwu Hibru metụtara ya bụ́ qinnāmōn. Aha "cassia", nke e dere na Bekee ochie site na Latin, sitere na okwu Hibru qetsīʿāh, ụdị ngwaa qātsaʿ, "iwepụ ogbugbo". Ndị Bekee oge ochie jirikwa aha ''canel'' na ''canella'', nke yiri aha cinnamon dị ugbu a n'ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị na Yuropu, nke sitere na okwu Latin {{Lang|la|cannella}}, obere mkpụrụ osisi {{Lang|la|canna}}, "tube", site n'otú ogbugbo si agbagọ ka ọ na-akpọnwụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Cinnamon_tree.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Osisi cinnamon]] A maara sinamọn kemgbe oge ochie. E si mba Ijipt bubata ya na mbido afọ 2000 Tupu Kraịst, mana ndị kọrọ na o si mba Chaịna gbagwojuru ya anya na ''sinamọn cassia'', ụdị ya yiri ya.<ref name="HistoryFood">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmevzbQ0AsIC|title=A history of food|year=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-8119-8|edition=New expanded|location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK|quote=Cassia, also known as cinnamon or Chinese cinnamon is a tree that has bark similar to that of cinnamon but with a rather pungent odour|author=Toussaint-Samat|first=Maguelonne}}</ref> A na-ewere sinamọn dị ka ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa n'etiti mba ochie nke na a na-ewere ya dị ka onyinye dabara adaba maka ndị eze<ref name="EB1911" /> na ọbụna maka chi; ihe e dere na-egosi onyinye sinamọn na cassia nye ụlọ nsọ Apollo dị na Miletus. Ndị na-azụ ahịa ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ zoro ezo n'ụwa Mediterenian ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, iji chebe ebe ha si bịa dị ka ndị na-ebubata ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mohammadifar|first=Shamameh|date=2010-08-23|title=The Origin, History and Trade Route of Cinnamon|url=https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_24118.html|journal=Journal for the History of Science|volume=8|issue=1|pages=37–51|issn=1735-0573|accessdate=7 June 2021}}</ref> ''Cinnamomum verum'', nke a sụgharịrị site na Latin dị ka "ezi cinnamon", bụ nke [[Ndia|India]], Sri Lanka, Bangladesh na Myanmar.<ref name="EB">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://global.britannica.com/plant/cinnamon|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59339-292-5|chapter=Cinnamon|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|quote=(species Cinnamomum zeylanicum), bushy evergreen tree of the laurel family (Lauraceae) native to Malabar Coast of India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Bangladesh and Myanmar (Burma).|accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref> ''Cinnamomum cassia'' (cassia) bụ nke China. Ụdị ndị yiri ya, nke a na-egbute ma na-ere n'oge a dị ka cinnamon, sitere na Vietnam (" Saigon cinnamon "), Indonesia, na mba ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Davis|first=Michelle|date=2 January 2019|title=Where Did Those Spices Come From?|publisher=[[University of California]] Agriculture and Natural Resources|url=https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=28887|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref> N'Ijipt oge ochie, a na-eji sinamọn eme ka ozu gbazee.<ref name="HerbCosmetic">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MaAZMbSxNt4C|title=Herbal principles in cosmetics: properties and mechanisms of action|author=Burlando|first=B.|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4398-1214-3|location=Boca Raton}}</ref> Malite n'Alaeze Ptolemaịk gaa n'ihu, nri ndị Ijipt oge ochie maka kyphi, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ e ji eme ka ọkụ gbaa, gụnyere sinamọn na cassia. Onyinye ndị ọchịchị Gris nyere ụlọ nsọ mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere cassia na sinamọn.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nguyen|first=Ngoc|title=What is cinnamons? Origin, History and Types of Cinnamons|date=18 March 2022|publisher=VHB Group|url=https://vihaba.global/2022/03/18/what-is-cinnamons|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mallick|first=Anurag|date=8 May 2021|title=Sweet wood|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/sweet-wood-983434.html|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>Greek inscription (in English translation), {{Cite web|title=RC 5|url=http://attalus.org/docs/rc/s5.html|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> Ntụaka Grik mbụ e ji mee ihe na {{Lang|grc|κασία}} A hụrụ kasía n'abụ Sappho dere na narị afọ nke asaa tupu Kraịst. Dịka Herodotus si kwuo, ma sinamọn na cassia toro na Arabia, tinyere ihe nsure ọkụ, myrrh, na labdanum, agwọ nwere nku na-echekwa ha.<ref>Herodotus, {{Cite web|title=Book 3, sections 107-113|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html#107|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Herodotus">{{Cite book|author=Wheeler|first=James Talboys|title=An Analysis and Summary of Herodotus: With a Synchronistical Table of Principal Events; Tables of Weights, Measures, Money, and Distances; an Outline of the History and Geography; and the Dates Completed from Gaisford, Baehr, Etc|date=1852|publisher=H. G. Bohn|url=https://archive.org/details/analysissummaryo00hero|quote=The incense trees are guarded by winged serpents[...] The cassia trees, which grow by a shallow lake, are guarded by fierce winged animals like bats|accessdate=9 January 2019}}</ref> Herodotus, Aristotle na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ kpọrọ Arabia isi iyi sinamọn; ha kọrọ na nnukwu nnụnụ sinamọn chịkọtara osisi sinamọn site n'ala a na-amaghị ama ebe osisi sinamọn na-eto ma jiri ha wuo akwụ ha.{{R|Herodotus|page=111|quote=Cinnamon is produced in an unknown land, and large birds bring those rolls of bark which from the Phœnicians are called cinnamon}} Pliny the Elder dere na a na-ebuga sinamọn gburugburu Ala Arabia n'elu "ụgbọ mmiri na-enweghị ihe mgbochi ma ọ bụ ákwà ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi mmiri," na-eji ifufe azụmaahịa oyi eme ihe.<ref>Pliny the Elder, ''Natural History'', {{Cite web|title=Book 12, chapter 42, section 87|url=http://attalus.org/pliny/hn12b.html#87|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> O kwukwara na cassia bụ ihe na-eme ka mmanya tọọ ụtọ,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L35fAAAAMAAJ|title=Natural History|author=Pliny the Elder|date=1938|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-99433-1}}</ref> nakwa na akụkọ banyere sinamọn a na-anakọta site n'akwụ nnụnụ sinamọn bụ akụkọ ifo ndị ahịa mere ka ha na-eri ihe karịa. Agbanyeghị, akụkọ ahụ ka dị ugbu a na Byzantium ruo n'afọ 1310. Dịka Pliny the Elder si kwuo, otu paụnd ndị Rom (327 grams [11.5 oz]) nke cassia, sinamọn ({{Lang|la|serichatum}}), ọnụ ahịa ruru {{Lang|la|[[denarii]]}} 1,500, ụgwọ ọrụ ọnwa iri ise.<ref>Pliny the Elder, ''Natural History'', {{Cite web|title=Book 12, chapter 42, section 93|url=http://attalus.org/pliny/hn12b.html#93|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> Iwu Diocletian gbasara Ọnụ Ahịa Kachasị Elu<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome|editor=Frank|author=Graser|first=E. R.|chapter=A text and translation of the Edict of Diocletian|year=1940|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins Press]]|isbn=978-0-374-92848-3}}</ref> site na 301 AD na-enye ọnụ ahịa {{Lang|la|denarii}} 125 maka otu paụnd nke cassia, ebe onye ọrụ ugbo na-enweta {{Lang|la|denarii}} 25 kwa ụbọchị. Sinamọn dị oke ọnụ nke na a naghị eji ya eme ihe n'ebe a na-eli ozu na Rom, mana a na-ekwu na Eze Ukwu Nero gbara ihe ruru otu afọ nke obodo ahụ ọkụ n'ili maka nwunye ya Poppaea Sabina na AD 65.<ref>Pliny the Elder, ''Natural History'', {{Cite web|title=Book 12, chapter 41, section 83|url=http://attalus.org/pliny/hn12b.html#83|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> === Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya === Kemgbe oge etiti, ofe cameline nke e ji sinamọn mee so n'ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na tebụl na Western Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hieatt|first=Constance B|authorlink=Constance Bartlett Hieatt|title=Pleyn Delit: Medieval Cookery for Modern Cooks|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1996|isbn=0802076327|edition=2nd|location=Toronto, Ontario, Buffalo, New York, and London|origyear=1976}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, isi iyi nkengwa nri ahụ ka bụ ihe omimi nye ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ. Site n'ịgụ ndị edemede Latin bụ́ ndị hotara okwu Herodotus, ndị Europe amụtala na sinamọn na-esi n'Oké [[Red Sea|Osimiri Uhie]] apụta ruo n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri azụmaahịa nke Ijipt, mana ebe o si bịa adịchaghị anya. Mgbe Sieur de Joinville sooro eze ya, Louis nke Itoolu nke France gaa Ijipt na Agha Ntụte nke Asaa na 1248, ọ kọrọ—ma kwere—ihe a gwara ya: na a na-akụ sinamọn n'ụgbụ n'ebe [[Nile|Naịl]] dị n'akụkụ ụwa (ya bụ, [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]]). Marco Polo zere izi ezi n'okwu a. E kwuru na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ a na-akọ n'ógbè [[Ndia|India]] n'akwụkwọ Mishneh Torah nke Maimonides, ihe dị ka afọ 1180.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mishneh Torah|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah%2C_Vessels_of_the_Sanctuary_and_Those_Who_Serve_Therein.1.3?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en|accessdate=13 July 2024}}</ref> Ihe mbụ e kwuru na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ a na-akọ kpọmkwem na Sri Lanka bụ na akwụkwọ Zakariya al-Qazwini nke Athar al-bilad wa-akhbar al-'ibad ("Ihe Ncheta Ebe na Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Ndị Ohu Chineke") ihe dị ka afọ 1270.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tennent|first=James Emerson|title=Account of the Island of Ceylon|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/61724#page/11/mode/1up|accessdate=8 November 2014|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts|year=1860}}</ref> Nke a sochiri obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị, John nke Montecorvino dere ya n'akwụkwọ ozi dị ihe dị ka afọ 1292.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yule|first=Henry|title=Cathay and the Way Thither|url=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-2-F-b-2/V-1/page/0487.html.en|accessdate=15 July 2008|archivedate=5 February 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205213841/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-2-F-b-2/V-1/page/0487.html.en}}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri ndị Indonesia na-ebuga sinamọn ozugbo site na Moluccas gaa n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka (leekwa Rhapta), ebe ndị ahịa obodo buru ya gaa n'ebe ugwu ruo Alexandria dị n'Ijipt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1984_June/ai_3289703|title=The life of spice; cloves, nutmeg, pepper, cinnamon|work=[[UNESCO Courier]]|publisher=Findarticles.com|accessdate=18 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Woods|first=Sean|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=588&art_id=iol1078376795319P146&set_id=1|date=4 March 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408160407/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?click_id=588&art_id=iol1078376795319P146&set_id=1|archivedate=8 April 2005|title=Discovery: Sailing the Cinnamon Route|work=Independent Online|accessdate=18 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|pages=222–224|author=Gray|first=E. W.|title=The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire 29 B.C. – A.D. 641|volume=60|journal=[[The Journal of Roman Studies]]|year=1970}}</ref> Ndị ahịa Venetian si Itali nwere ikike ịzụ ahịa ose na Yuropu, na-ekesa sinamọn site na Aleksandria. Mmebi nke azụmaahịa a site na mmụba nke ike ndị ọzọ dị na Mediterenian, dịka ndị eze Mamluk na Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ihe mere ka ndị Yuropu chọọ ụzọ ndị ọzọ na-aga Eshia nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hess|first=Andrew C.|date=1973|title=The Ottoman Conquest of Egypt (1517) and the Beginning of the Sixteenth-Century World War|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/162225|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=4|issue=1|pages=55–76|doi=10.1017/S0020743800027276|issn=0020-7438|accessdate=6 June 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 1500, Ferdinand Magellan na-achọ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ n'aha Spen; na Philippines, ọ hụrụ {{Lang|la|Cinnamomum mindanaense}}, nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na ''C. zeylanicum'', sinamọn a na-ahụ na Sri Lanka. Sinamọn a mechara sonye na sinamọn Sri Lanka, nke ndị Portugal na-achịkwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mallari|first=Francisco|date=December 1974|title=The Mindanao Cinnamon|journal=[[Philippine Quarterly of Culture & Society]]|volume=2|pages=190–194}}</ref> Na 1638, ndị ahịa Dutch hiwere ebe azụmaahịa na Sri Lanka, weghaara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na 1640, ma chụpụ ndị Portugal fọdụrụ na 1658. "Ọnụ mmiri nke agwaetiti ahụ jupụtara na ya," ka otu onyeisi ndị Dutch kọrọ, "ọ bụkwa nke kacha mma n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ niile. Mgbe mmadụ na-ada n'agwaetiti ahụ, mmadụ ka nwere ike isi sinamọn ruo ebe dị anya site n'oké osimiri."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Braudel|first=Fernand|authorlink=Fernand Braudel|title=The Perspective of the World: Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1984|isbn=978-0-520-08116-1}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ Dutch East India gara n'ihu na-agbanwe ụzọ e si aghọ ihe ubi n'ime ọhịa ma mechaa malite ịkọ osisi nke ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Overmeer|first=Marjolein|title=The Dutch East India Company in Ceylon|date=October 2013|publisher=Schaakstukkenmuseum|url=https://www.schaakstukkenmuseum.nl/?p=1859&lang=en|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Klein|first=Wouter|date=17 February 2021|title=Plant of the Month: Cinnamon|url=https://daily.jstor.org/plant-of-the-month-cinnamon|publisher=[[JSTOR Daily]]|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref> Na 1767, Lord Brown nke British East India Company guzobere Anjarakkandy Cinnamon Estate dị nso na Anjarakkandy na mpaghara Kannur nke Kerala, India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinnamon Valley|publisher=Kerala Tourism|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/cinnamon-valley-anjarakandy/501|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref> O mechara bụrụ ebe kacha ibu na Eshia na cinnamon. Ndị Britain weghaara Ceylon n'aka ndị Dutch na 1796.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/under/research/background.html|title=Under a Tropical Sun|publisher=[[Macquarie University]]|date=2011|accessdate=9 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401230335/http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/under/research/background.html|archivedate=1 April 2015}}</ref> == Ịkọ ugbo == [[Faịlụ:CinnamonLeaves.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ osisi sinamọn nke ọhịa]] [[Faịlụ:CINNAMON_BUDS.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Okooko osisi cinnamon]] Cinnamon bụ osisi na-anaghị agbanwe agbanwe nke e ji akwụkwọ ya dị ka oval, ogbugbo dị arọ, na mkpụrụ osisi beri mara. Mgbe a na-aghọrọ ihe ọkụkụ ahụ, ogbugbo na akwụkwọ ya bụ akụkụ bụ́ isi nke osisi e ji eme ihe.<ref name="HerbCosmetic">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MaAZMbSxNt4C|title=Herbal principles in cosmetics: properties and mechanisms of action|author=Burlando|first=B.|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4398-1214-3|location=Boca Raton}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, na Japan, a na-aghọrọ mgbọrọgwụ ndị na-esi ike karị iji mepụta ''nikki'' (ニッキ), nke bụ ngwaahịa dị iche na cinnamon (シナモン''shinamon''). A na-akọ cinnamon site n'ịkụ osisi ahụ ruo afọ abụọ, wee gbutuo ya, ya bụ, ịkpụ osisi ya n'ala. N'afọ sochirinụ, ihe dị ka osisi iri na abụọ ọhụrụ na-etolite site na mgbọrọgwụ, na-anọchi ndị e gbuturu. Ọtụtụ ahụhụ dị ka ''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'', ụdị ''Diplodia'' na ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' (stripe canker) nwere ike imetụta osisi ndị na-eto eto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plantvillage.org/en/topics/cinnamon/diseases_and_pests_description_uses_propagation|title=Cinnamon|publisher=Plant Village, Pennsylvania State University|date=2017|accessdate=28 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301092652/https://www.plantvillage.org/en/topics/cinnamon/diseases_and_pests_description_uses_propagation|archivedate=1 March 2017}}</ref> A ga-ahazi ogwe osisi ndị ahụ ozugbo e wechara ha n'ubi ebe ogbugbo dị n'ime ka dị mmiri mmiri. A na-eji hama kpụchaa ogwe osisi ndị ahụ e bepụrụ gbutuo eme ihe, wee jiri hama kụọ alaka ahụ nke ọma iji mee ka ogbugbo dị n'ime ha dị nro, nke a na-akụcha n'ime ha n'obere mpịakọta. Naanị 0.5 mm (0.02) na) nke ogbugbo dị n'ime;<ref>{{Cite book|author=Heath|first=Henry B.|title=Source Book of Flavors|series=AVI Sourcebook and Handbook Series|date=September 1981|publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]]|isbn=978-0-87055-370-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWDg-rPQbqgC&q=0.5%20mm%20of%20the%20inner%20bark%20cinnamon&pg=PA233|accessdate=9 January 2019|language=en}}</ref>[a] a na-atụfu akụkụ mpụta nke osisi, na-ahapụ iberibe sinamọn dị mita ogologo nke na-agbagharị ka ọ bụrụ mpịakọta ("quills") mgbe ọ kpọrọ nkụ. Ogbugbo a na-edozi ahụ na-akpọnwụ kpamkpam n'ime awa anọ ruo isii, ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ nọ n'ebe ikuku na-eku nke ọma ma na-ekpo ọkụ. Ozugbo ọ kpọrọ nkụ, a na-egbutu ogbugbo ahụ n'ime 5 to 10 cm (2 ruo 4) na) ogologo maka ọrịre. Ebe a na-akpọ nkụ nke na-adịghị mma na-akwalite mmụba nke ụmụ ahụhụ n'ime ogbugbo ahụ, nke nwere ike ịchọ ọgwụgwọ site na iji sọlfọ dioxide. Na 2011, European Union kwadoro iji sọlfọ dioxide mee ihe na mkpokọta ruru 150 mg/kg (0.0024 oz/lb) maka ọgwụgwọ ogbugbo ''C. verum'' nke a gbutere na Sri Lanka. === Ụdị dị iche iche === A na-erekarị ụdị osisi dị iche iche ndị a dịka cinnamon:<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chen|first=P.|title=Differentiation of the four major species of cinnamons (C. burmannii, C. verum, C. cassia, and C. loureiroi) using a flow injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) fingerprinting method|journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]]|volume=62|issue=12|pages=2516–2521|date=March 2014|pmid=24628250|doi=10.1021/jf405580c}}</ref> * ''Cinnamomum cassia'' (Cassia ma ọ bụ sinamọn nke China, ụdị azụmahịa a na-ahụkarị na USA) * ''C. burmanni'' (Korintje, Padang cassia, ma ọ bụ sinamọn Indonesian) * ''C. loureiroi'' (Saigon cinnamon, Vietnamese cassia, ma ọ bụ Vietnamese cinnamon) * ''C. verum'' (Sri Lanka cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon ma ọ bụ Cinnamomum zeylanicum) * ''C. citriodorum'' (Malabar cinnamon) Cassia na-akpali uto siri ike ma na-ekpo ọkụ, a na-ejikarị ya eme achịcha, karịsịa na mkpọda cinnamon, n'ihi na ọ na-ejikwa ọnọdụ ime achịcha nke ọma. N'etiti cassia, cinnamon nke China na-abụkarị nke ọkara ruo na-acha ọbara ọbara-agba aja aja, siri ike ma nwee udidi osisi, ma dịkwa oke ibu (2-3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) ọkpụrụkpụ), ebe ọ bụ na a na-eji akwa niile nke ogbugbo eme ihe. Cinnamon Ceylon, nke na-eji naanị obere ogbugbo dị n'ime, nwere agba aja aja dị nro ma dịkwa mma, dị obere, ma dịkwa nro karịa. Ọ dị nro ma na-esi ísì ụtọ karịa cassia, ọ na-efunahụkwa ọtụtụ ụtọ ya mgbe a na-esi nri. A na-amata ogbugbo nke ụdị a ngwa ngwa mgbe ha zuru oke, ma n'ihe gbasara nnukwu ma n'ihe gbasara obere ihe. Osisi sinamọn Ceylon (quills) nwere ọtụtụ akwa dị gịrịgịrị ma enwere ike iji kọfị ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ntụ, ebe osisi cassia siri ike karịa. A na-erekarị sinamọn Indonesian n'ime akwa dị ọcha nke e ji otu akwa dị arọ mee, nke nwere ike imebi ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka kọfị rie. A na-ere Saigon sinamọn (C. loureiroi) na sinamọn China (C. cassia) mgbe niile dị ka iberibe akpụkpọ gbajiri agbaji, ebe ogbugbo ahụ adịghị nro nke ọma iji tụgharịa ya ka ọ bụrụ akwa. Ọ na-esiri ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'ọkpụkpụ ntụ ntụ ahụ, mana ọ bụrụ na ejiri iodine gwọọ ya (ule maka starch), a naghị ahụ ya nke ọma na Ceylon cinnamon dị ọcha; agbanyeghị, mgbe cinnamon ndị China dị, a na-emepụta agba gbara ọchịchịrị-acha anụnụ anụnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/cassia31.html|title=A Modern Herbal – Cassia (Cinnamon)|author=Grieve|first=M.|work=botanical.com|accessdate=17 April 2017|archivedate=15 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012057/https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/cassia31.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrXszQ77xhYC&q=iodine+in+cassia&pg=PA390|title=The Elements of materia medica and therapeutics|first=Jonathan|author=Pereira|year=1854|accessdate=6 October 2020}}</ref> === Nchịkọta, nke mkpịsị aka === Usoro nhazi ogo nke Sri Lanka na-ekewa mkpọ osisi sinamọn ụzọ anọ: * Alba, ihe na-erughị 6 mm (0.24 na) na dayameta * Kọntinent, ihe na-erughị 16 mm (0.63 na) na dayameta * Onye Mexico, ihe na-erughị 19 mm (0.75 na) na dayameta * Hamburg, ihe na-erughị 32 mm (1.3 na) na dayameta A na-ekewa otu ndị a n'ọkwa dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ekewa ndị Mexico n'ime M00000 pụrụ iche, M000000 na M0000, dabere na dayameta nke quill na ọnụọgụ nke quills kwa kilogram. Mpekere ọ bụla nke ogbugbo na-erughị 106 mm (4.2 na) a na-ahazi ogologo dị ka quillings. Nku bụ ogbugbo dị n'ime nke alaka na ome gbagọrọ agbagọ. Iberibe bụ ihe e ji kpụọ quills, ogbugbo dị n'èzí na nke dị n'ime nke a na-apụghị ikewapụ, ma ọ bụ ogbugbo obere alaka. == Mmepụta == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:13em; text-align:center;" |+Mmepụta Cinnamon <br />2023, tonnes |- |- | China |91,892 |- | Vietnam |65,341 |- | Indonesia |55,213 |- | Sri Lanka |22,410 |- |'''Ụwa''' |'''238,403''' |- | colspan="2" |Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=Global cinnamon production in 2023; Crops/Regions/World Regions/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database]] (FAOSTAT)|accessdate=2 March 2025}}</ref> |} N'afọ 2023, mba anọ mere ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu na asatọ nke mmepụta sinamọn n'ụwa, nke ruru tọn narị abụọ na iri atọ na asatọ, narị anọ na atọ: [[China|Chaịna]], Vietnam, Indonesia, na Sri Lanka.<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=Global cinnamon production in 2023; Crops/Regions/World Regions/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database]] (FAOSTAT)|accessdate=2 March 2025}}</ref> === Ihe adịgboroja === A pụrụ ijikọta ezigbo sinamọn sitere na ''C. verum'' bark na cassia (''C. cassia'') dị ka adịgboroja ma ree ya n'ụzọ ụgha dị ka ezigbo sinamọn. N'otu nnyocha, ezigbo ogbugbo sinamọn Ceylon nwere 12–143mg/kg nke coumarin – phenolic nke na-adịkarị obere na ọdịnaya dị na sinamọn – mana ihe nlele ahịa nwere coumarin nwere ọkwa dị elu ruo 3462mg/kg, nke na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ịbụ mmerụ ahụ nwere cassia na sinamọn adịgboroja.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ananthakrishnan|first=R.|title=Quantification of coumarin and related phenolics in cinnamon samples from south India using UHPLC-ESI-QqQLIT-MS/MS method|journal=International Journal of Food Properties|pages=50–57|doi=10.1080/10942912.2018.1437629|date=1 January 2018|volume=21}}</ref> ConsumerLab.com chọtara otu nsogbu ahụ na nyocha nke afọ 2020; "a kpọrọ ihe mgbakwunye nwere oke coumarin aha dị ka sinamọn Ceylon".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tests Suggest Caution With Cinnamon|url=https://www.consumerlab.com/news/caution-with-cinnamon/12-11-2020/|date=11 December 2020|publisher=ConsumerLab.com|language=en|accessdate=7 February 2022|archivedate=7 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207205614/https://www.consumerlab.com/news/caution-with-cinnamon/12-11-2020/}}</ref> == Ojiji nri == <gallery class="center" widths="150px" heights="150px"> Faịlụ:“Spiced”_Tea_–_Flavoured_by_Cinnamon_and_Cardamom,_Comilla,_Bangladesh,_26_April_2014.jpg|Cinnamon-flavoured tea Faịlụ:Mmm..._cinnamon_toast_(4197664913).jpg|Cinnamon toast can be made with cinnamon baked in, or just sprinkled on top. Faịlụ:ദന്തധാവനചൂർണ്ണം.JPG|Ground cinnamon </gallery> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:Uncooked_cinnamon_roll_buns,_March_2010.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mkpịsị sinam a na-esighị esiMkpịsị akwụkwọ sinam]] A na-eji ogbugbo sinamọn eme ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ime esi nri dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ime nkwadebe chocolate, karịsịa na Mexico. A na-ejikarị sinamọn eme nri ọkụkọ na atụrụ dị ụtọ. Na United States na Europe, a na-ejikarị sinamọn na shuga eme ihe na-atọ ụtọ ọka, nri ndị e ji achịcha mee dị ka achịcha, na mkpụrụ osisi, karịsịa [[Apple|apụl]]; a na-ere ngwakọta sinamọn na shuga (shuga sinamọn) iche iche maka ebumnuche ndị dị otú ahụ. A na-ejikwa ya na nri Portuguese na Turkey maka nri dị ụtọ na nke na-esi ísì ụtọ. A pụkwara iji sinamọn mee ihe na pikọpụ, na ihe ọṅụṅụ Krismas dị ka eggnog na mmanya mulled. Ntụ ntụ sinamọn abụrụla ihe dị mkpa kemgbe iji mee ka ụtọ nri Persia dịkwuo mma, nke a na-eji eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ofe dị arọ, ihe ọṅụṅụ, na ihe ụtọ dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/spicesglobalhist0000czar|pages=10–12|title=Spices: A Global History|author=Czarra|first=Fred|date=1 May 2009|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-682-7|language=en}}</ref> Cinnamon bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na nri ndị Juu n'obodo dị iche iche. Na nri Sephardic, a na-etinye ya na ofe akwụkwọ nri na ihe oriri dị ụtọ dịka <nowiki><i id="mwAkw">tishpishti</i></nowiki> na ''travados'', ha abụọ a na-etinye na mmanụ aṅụ. Na nri Ashkenazi, cinnamon dị na nri dị ka achịcha mmanụ aṅụ, na <nowiki><i id="mwAlE">kugels</i></nowiki> .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gavin|first=Paola|date=2024-07-19|title=Old Spice|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/food/articles/old-spice-cinnamon-history|work=Tablet Magazine}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime "ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ anọ" (''rempah empat beradik'') dị mkpa na nri Malay yana clove, star anise na cardamom.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=Aug 2, 2015|page=9|title=A spicy blend of tradition|author=Hariati Azizan}}</ref> == Ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ ==  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}}Cinnamon a gwepịara egwepịa bụ mmiri 11%, 81% carbohydrates (gụnyere 53% eriri nri ), 4% protein na 1% abụba. == Ihe ndị e ji mara ya == === Akpụkpọ ahụ === [[Faịlụ:Cinnamomum_verum_vs_Cinnamomum_burmanni.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|Quills nke sinamọn Ceylon (''Cinnamomum verum'', aka ekpe) na sinamọn Indonesian (''C. burmanni'', aka nri) ]] Enwere ike iji aka gbajie cinnamon nke Ceylon ka ọ bụrụ obere ibe, ebe cinnamon nke Indonesia chọrọ igwe na-egweri ihe siri ike. === Nri, ísì na ụtọ === Isi na uto puru iche nke cinamọn na esite na mmanụ ya na-esi ísì ụtọ, nke mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent 0.5 ruo 1 nke ihe mejupụtara cinnamon. A pụrụ ịkpụcha ogbugbo sinamọn, wee wepụta ya na ethanol 80%, wee tinye ya na tincture.<ref name="2018E&ES..130a2049W">{{Cite journal|author=Waty|first=Syahdiana|title=Antibacterial activity of cinnamon ethanol extract ( cinnamomum burmannii ) and its application as a mouthwash to inhibit streptococcus growth|journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science|date=March 2018|volume=130|issue=1|doi=10.1088/1755-1315/130/1/012049}}</ref> A pụrụ ịkwadebe mmanụ dị mkpa nke cinnamon dị mkpa site n'ịzocha ogbugbo ya nke ọma, tinye ya n'ime mmiri oké osimiri, wee gwakọta ya ngwa ngwa. Mmanụ a na-enwe agba odo ọlaedo, nwee isi pụrụ iche nke sinnamon, ma nwekwaa ụtọ na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-esi ísì ụtọ. Enwere ike iji polysorbate 80, mmanụ dị mkpa nke sinamọn, na mmiri mee ''nanoemulsion mmanụ sinamọn'', site na iji ultrasonic emulsification.<ref name="s41598-021-85375-3">{{Cite journal|author=Jeong|first=Yeo-Jin|title=Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion against multi-species oral biofilms|journal=Scientific Reports|date=15 March 2021|volume=11|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-85375-3|pmid=33723345|language=en|issn=2045-2322}}</ref><ref name="fsn3.1946">{{Cite journal|author=Fattahi|first=Reza|title=The effect of Macro and Nano-emulsions of cinnamon essential oil on the properties of edible active films|journal=Food Science & Nutrition|date=December 2020|volume=8|issue=12|pages=6568–6579|doi=10.1002/fsn3.1946|pmid=33312541|language=en|issn=2048-7177}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ''ihe dị n'ime mmanụ sinamọn dị'' n'ime ya.<ref name="fsn3.1946">{{Cite journal|author=Fattahi|first=Reza|title=The effect of Macro and Nano-emulsions of cinnamon essential oil on the properties of edible active films|journal=Food Science & Nutrition|date=December 2020|volume=8|issue=12|pages=6568–6579|doi=10.1002/fsn3.1946|pmid=33312541|language=en|issn=2048-7177}}</ref><ref name="homogenizers/ultra-turrax-t-25">{{Cite web|title=Ultra-Turrax® T 25|url=https://homogenizers.net/products/ultra-turrax-t-25|work=Homogenizers.net|accessdate=19 May 2023}}</ref> Cinnamaldehyde bụ ihe na-akpata uto na isi ísì ọjọọ, ọ bụkwa ihe dị ka 90% nke mmanụ dị mkpa nke osisi sinamọn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/637511|title=Cinnamaldehyde|author=PubChem|work=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-18|archivedate=9 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009015010/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/637511}}</ref> Cinnamaldehyde na-agbaze, na oke iru mmiri na oke okpomọkụ, wee ghọọ styrene,<ref>{{Cite web|title=High daily intakes of cinnamon: Health risk cannot be ruled out|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307202919/https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/high_daily_intakes_of_cinnamon_health_risk_cannot_be_ruled_out.pdf|url=https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/high_daily_intakes_of_cinnamon_health_risk_cannot_be_ruled_out.pdf|publisher=[[Federal Institute for Risk Assessment]] (BfR)|date=18 August 2006|accessdate=20 May 2022|archivedate=7 March 2022}}</ref> site na mmeghachi omume na oxygen ka ọ na-aka nká, ọ na-agba ọchịchịrị n'agba ma na-emepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị nro.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yokomi|first=Naoka|date=1 July 2009|title=Influence of composition upon the variety of tastes in Cinnamomi cortex|journal=Journal of Natural Medicines|volume=63|issue=3|pages=261–266|doi=10.1007/s11418-009-0326-8|issn=1861-0293|pmid=19291358}}</ref> Ihe ndị mejupụtara sinamọn gụnyere ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ iri asatọ,<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=21929331|year=2011|author=Jayaprakasha|first=G. K.|title=Chemistry, biogenesis, and biological activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=51|issue=6|pages=547–62|doi=10.1080/10408391003699550}}</ref> gụnyere eugenol, nke dị n'ime mmanụ sitere na akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ogbugbo osisi sinamọn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+8007-80-5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305031735/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+8007-80-5|archivedate=5 March 2017|title=Oil of cinnamon|publisher=[[Toxicology Data Network]] (TOXNET)|date=6 August 2002|accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref> ==== Ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya ==== A na-eji sinamọn eme ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na mmanya sinamọn,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailymeal.com/11-cinnamon-flavored-liquors-holidays/121613|title=11 Cinnamon-Flavored Liquors for the Holidays|author=Willard|first=Haley|date=16 Dec 2013|work=[[The Daily Meal]]|accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref> dị ka wiski a na-esi ísì sinamọn na mba Amerịka, na rakomelo, otu sinamọn brandi na Gris. == Nnyocha metụtara ahụike == A na-eji sinamọn eme ihe n'ọgwụ ọdịnala ogologo oge, gụnyere dị ka ihe enyemaka nri. Agbanyeghị, nnyocha e mere enweghị ike ịchọta ihe akaebe doro anya nke oge a nke mmetụta ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ dị mkpa.<ref name="nccih">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon|title=Cinnamon|work=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|date=2016|accessdate=28 February 2017|archivedate=1 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301111423/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cinnamon: Usefulness and Safety|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219004911/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon|archivedate=2025-12-19|accessdate=2026-01-04|work=NCCIH|language=en}}</ref> === Ọbara shuga na ọrịa shuga === Nnyocha meta nke afọ 2023 nke nyocha meta isii chọpụtara na mgbakwunye cinnamon nwere ike ibute obere mbelata mana dị ukwuu na glucose plasma na-ebu ọnụ na haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c, ihe ngosi nke ọkwa glucose plasma na-abawanye ogologo oge). Nyocha ndị gara aga (2012-2019) nke nnwale ahụike kọrọ mbelata nke glucose plasma na-ebu ọnụ na mmetụta na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na A1c.<ref name="Costello2016">{{Cite journal|first=Rebecca B.|author=Costello|title=Do Cinnamon Supplements Have a Role in Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes? A Narrative Review|journal=[[Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics]]|volume=116|issue=11|pages=1794–1802|date=2016|pmid=27618575|doi=10.1016/j.jand.2016.07.015}}</ref><ref name="Allen2013">{{Cite journal|first=Robert W.|author=Allen|title=Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=[[The Annals of Family Medicine]]|volume=11|issue=5|pages=452–459|date=2013|pmid=24019277|doi=10.1370/afm.1517}}</ref><ref name="Akilen2012">{{Cite journal|author=Akilen|first=Rajadurai|title=Cinnamon in glycaemic control: Systematic review and meta analysis|journal=[[Clinical Nutrition (journal)|Clinical Nutrition]]|volume=31|issue=5|pages=609–615|date=20 April 2012|pmid=22579946|doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2012.04.003}}</ref><ref name="Leach2012">{{Cite journal|author=Leach|first=Matthew J.|title=Cinnamon for diabetes mellitus|journal=[[Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]]|issue=9|date=12 September 2012|volume=2012|pmid=22972104|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007170.pub2}}</ref><ref name="Namazi2019">{{Cite journal|author=Namazi|first=Nazli|title=The impact of cinnamon on anthropometric indices and glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials|journal=[[Complementary Therapies in Medicine]]|volume=43|pages=92–101|date=April 2019|pmid=30935562|doi=10.1016/j.ctim.2019.01.002}}</ref> Mmadụ anọ n'ime nyocha ndị ahụ kọrọ mbelata na glucose plasma na-ebu ọnụ,<ref name="Costello2016" /><ref name="Allen2013" /><ref name="Akilen2012" /><ref name="Namazi2019" /> naanị mmadụ abụọ kọrọ obere HbA1c,<ref name="Costello2016" /><ref name="Akilen2012" /> otu kọrọ enweghị mgbanwe na nha ọ bụla.<ref name="Leach2012" /> Nyocha Cochrane nke afọ 2012 kwuru na oge nnwale ahụ bụ naanị izu 4 ruo 16, nakwa na ọ dịghị nnwale akọpụtara gbasara mgbanwe na mma ndụ, ọrịa ma ọ bụ ọnụego ọnwụ . Nkwubi okwu ndị dere Cochrane bụ: "Enweghị ihe akaebe zuru oke iji kwado ojiji cinnamon maka ọrịa shuga nke ụdị nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ."<ref name="Leach2012" /> N'ihota nyocha Cochrane, US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health kwuru na 2017: "Nnyocha emere na ndị mmadụ anaghị akwado iji cinnamon maka ọnọdụ ahụike ọ bụla."<ref name="nccih">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon|title=Cinnamon|work=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|date=2016|accessdate=28 February 2017|archivedate=1 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301111423/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ihe ndị a siri ike ịkọwa n'ihi na ọ naghị adịkarị mfe ịghọta ụdị cinnamon na akụkụ osisi ahụ e ji mee ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon|title=Cinnamon|accessdate=20 June 2021|archivedate=25 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625060646/https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cinnamon}}</ref> Nnyocha ọzọ gosiri na ọ dịghị mgbanwe ọ bụla na ibu ahụ ma ọ bụ iguzogide insulin.<ref name="Namazi2019">{{Cite journal|author=Namazi|first=Nazli|title=The impact of cinnamon on anthropometric indices and glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials|journal=[[Complementary Therapies in Medicine]]|volume=43|pages=92–101|date=April 2019|pmid=30935562|doi=10.1016/j.ctim.2019.01.002}}</ref> === Ọdịdị abụba ọbara === Nnyocha meta nke nnwale mgbakwunye cinnamon nke afọ 2017 tinyere nha lipid gosiri obere cholesterol na triglycerides, mana enweghị mgbanwe dị ukwuu na LDL-cholesterol ma ọ bụ HDL-cholesterol.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The effects of cinnamon supplementation on blood lipid concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=J Clin Lipidol|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1393–1406|date=2017|pmid=28887086|doi=10.1016/j.jacl.2017.08.004|url=http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6931/1/cinnamon.pdf|accessdate=27 November 2018}}</ref> == Nsogbu == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>Nnyocha usoro nke ihe ọjọọ ndị sitere na iji cinnamon akọpụtala nsogbu afọ na mmeghachi omume nfụkasị dịka mmetụta ndị a na-akọkarị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hajimonfarednejad|first=M.|title=Cinnamon: A systematic review of adverse events|journal=[[Clinical Nutrition (journal)|Clinical Nutrition]]|volume=38|issue=2|pages=594–602|date=1 April 2019|pmid=29661513|doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2018.03.013}}</ref> === Coumarin === Na 2008, European Food Safety Authority tụlere nsí nke coumarin, otu n'ime ihe mejupụtara sinamọn, ma kwado na oke oriri a na-anabata kwa ụbọchị (TDI) bụ 0.1.mg nke coumarin kwa kilogram nke ibu ahụ. A maara Coumarin na-akpata mmebi imeju na akụrụ na oke mkpokọta yana mmetụta metabolic na ụmụ mmadụ nwere polymorphism CYP2A6.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Harris|first=Emily|title=German Christmas Cookies Pose Health Danger|work=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6672644|accessdate=1 May 2007|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]}}</ref><ref name="efsa">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2008.793|title=Coumarin in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC)|journal=[[EFSA Journal]]|volume=6|issue=10|date=7 October 2008}}</ref> Dabere na nyocha a, European Union setịpụrụ ntuziaka maka oke ọdịnaya coumarin na nri nke 50mg kwa kilogram nke mgwakota agwa n'ime nri oge, na 15mg kwa kilogram n'ime nri a na-eme kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/20/cinnamon-intake-food-argument-denmark|title=Cinnamon sparks spicy debate between Danish bakers and food authorities|author=Russell|first=Helen|date=20 December 2013|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |''C. cassia'' ! colspan="2" |''C. verum'' |- !Min !Max !Min !Max |- |mg coumarin/g cinnamon |0.09 |12 (He et al., 2005) <ref name="dan">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.10.014|title=Coumarin content in cinnamon containing food products on the Danish market|url=http://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Laboratorie/Food%20Control%20-%20Coumarin%20in%20Danish%20Food%20Products.pdf|journal=Food Control|volume=38|pages=198–203|year=2014|author=Ballin|first=Nicolai Z.|accessdate=9 December 2015}}</ref> |0.007 |0.9 |- |TDI cinnamon na 50 kilogram nke ịdị arọ (bw) &nbsp; |59 g |0.4 g&nbsp; |714 g |6 g&nbsp; |} N'ihi ọnụọgụ coumarin dị iche iche dị na ''C. cassia'', ọ na-abụkarị ihe karịrị 1mg nke coumarin kwa g nke cinnamon, mgbe ụfọdụkwa ruo ugboro iri na abụọ, ''C. cassia'' nwere oke dị ala nke na-adịghị ize ndụ iji rapara na TDI dị n'elu.<ref name="dan">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.10.014|title=Coumarin content in cinnamon containing food products on the Danish market|url=http://www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Laboratorie/Food%20Control%20-%20Coumarin%20in%20Danish%20Food%20Products.pdf|journal=Food Control|volume=38|pages=198–203|year=2014|author=Ballin|first=Nicolai Z.|accessdate=9 December 2015}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị iche, ''C. verum'' nwere naanị obere coumarin.<ref name="Wang2013">{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=Yan-Hong|title=Cassia cinnamon as a source of coumarin in cinnamon-flavored food and food supplements in the United States|journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]]|volume=61|issue=18|year=2013|pages=4470–4476|doi=10.1021/jf4005862|url=https://cinnamonvogue.com/DOWNLOADS/Cinnamon_and_coumarin.pdf|pmid=23627682|accessdate=13 April 2019}}</ref> Na Machị 2024, US Food and Drug Administration kwadoro ka a weghachite ụdị ofe apụl sinamọn isii n'afọ ofufo n'ihi mmerụ ahụ dị oke njọ na lead,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/food/alerts-advisories-safety-information/fda-alert-concerning-certain-cinnamon-products-due-presence-elevated-levels-lead|title=FDA Alert Concerning Certain Cinnamon Products Due to Presence of Elevated Levels of Lead|work=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|date=6 March 2024|accessdate=27 May 2024}}</ref> mgbe nyocha sitere na akụkọ 500 nke nsị lead ụmụaka n'ofe US.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/cinnamon-lead-applesauce-wanabana-fda-344066a22a729d176c0c732180f48247|title=Lead-tainted cinnamon has been recalled. Here's what you should know|author=Aleccia|first=Jonel|date=8 March 2024|accessdate=27 May 2024}}</ref> FDA kpebiri na e tinyere lead chromate gwakọtara sinamọn (n'ime akpa ofe apụl nke AUSTROFOOD SAS mepụtara na sinamọn sitere na Negasmart, ha abụọ dị na Ecuador).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/investigation-elevated-lead-chromium-levels-cinnamon-applesauce-pouches-november-2023|title=Investigation of Elevated Lead & Chromium Levels: Cinnamon Applesauce Pouches (November 2023)|work=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|date=16 April 2024|accessdate=27 May 2024}}</ref> Ndị na-ebubata ngwaahịa abụọ a bụ ndị e depụtara ugbu a dị ka Red List iji gbochie mmetọ n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Import Alert 99-42|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_1167.html|accessdate=2026-01-04|work=www.accessdata.fda.gov}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == {{Herbs & spices|state=expanded}} == Hụkwa == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * ''Canella'', osisi a maara dị ka "cinnamon ọhịa" ma ọ bụ "cinnamon ọcha" * ''Cinnamomea'', adjective Neo-Latin nke pụtara 'acha cinnamon' * Ihe ịma aka Cinnamon * Ndepụta nke ahịhịa na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Wijesekera R. O. B., Ponnuchamy S., Jayewardene A. L., "Cinnamon" (1975) akwụkwọ nke CISIR bipụtara, Colombo, Sri Lanka == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/07/south_asia_sri_lanka0s_spice_of_life/html/1.stm "N'ihe osise: ihe na-atọ ụtọ nke ndụ Sri Lanka"]. Akụkọ BBC. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j7h78swt0iyugu54g9exi60fxm0fcae 0 77979 688245 2026-07-15T21:45:59Z IfyClassique 20717 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362583316|Soltan Mohammad Mirza]]" 688245 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Soltan Mohammad Mirza''' (Persian: سلطان محمد میرزا), also known as '''Ruzak Mirza''' or '''Reza Khodabandeh Mirza''' (18 Maachị 1597/98, Qazvin – Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1632, Alamut, Qazvin).[1] After his grandfather, was the third known son of Safavid Shah Abbas the Great (r. 1588-1629).[2] A mụrụ ya n'afọ 1597 ma ọ bụ afọ 1598 ma kpuo ya isi na 1620-21 na iwu nna ya. [1] [3] N'afọ 1620, Shah Abbas dara ọrịa [[Ahụ Ọkụ|ahụ ọkụ]] nke gbawara n'obí ya na Farahabad Complex dị n' Oké Osimiri Caspian. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-ejere ya ozi na ọtụtụ ndị obodo ahụ nwụrụ, ruo oge ụfọdụ, o yiri ka ndụ shah n'ọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ.[4] N'oge ihe omume a, Khodabandeh Mirza, onye lanarịrị chere na Abbas ga-anwụ ma kwadebe maka ịbanye n'ocheeze site na nkwado nke ndị ọchịagha Qizilbash. Otú ọ dị, Shah gbakere ma taa nwa ya ahụhụ site n'ikpu ya ìsì.[5] Mana ndị na-akwado nwa eze ahụ kpebisiri ike itinye ya n'ocheeze. Atụmatụ ahụ bụ ịtọrọ nwa eze ahụ n'obí eze ma kwupụta na ọ bụ Shah n'èzí. Agbanyeghị, a chọpụtara atụmatụ ahụ ma nye ndị niile sonyere ntaramahụhụ. E jidere nwa eze ahụ n'onwe ya ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ na Alamut ma gbuo ya n'oge ọchịchị Safi.[6] == Okwu si na ya pụta == O nwere nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Gawhar Shad Begum, ọ lụrụ Mirza Qazi, Shaykh al-Islām nke Isfahan.{{R|name=Babayan2002_400|reference={{harvp|Babayan|2002|pp=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=WLoUePLTdfgC&pg=PA401 400-1]}}.}} == Hụkwa == * Mohammad Baqer Mirza * Mohammad Khodabanda == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|author=Canby|first=Sheila R.|authorlink=Sheila R. Canby|title=Shah ʻAbbas: The Remaking of Iran|publisher=British Museum Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7141-2452-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co4lAQAAMAAJ}} *   * {{Cite book|author=Blow|first=David|title=Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend|url=https://books.google.ge/books/about/Shah_Abbas.html?id=xIkMAQAAMAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|year=2009|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic}} * {{Cite book|author=Savory|first=Roger M.|title=Iran under the Safavids|url=https://archive.org/details/savory-1980-safavids/mode/1up|year=1980|publisher=Cambridge University Press.|isbn=9780521042512}} * {{Cite book|author=Nahavandi|first=Houchang|date=1998|title=Shah Abbas, Empereur de Perse: 1587–1629|publisher=Perrin|location=[[Paris]]|isbn=9782262011314|language=fr}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> pifpbj3of0c3h1zz9e8t0kgt6b1bzk4 0 77980 688246 2026-07-15T21:56:28Z IfyClassique 20717 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363108288|Simon I Gurieli]]" 688246 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Simon I Gurieli''' (Georgian: სიმონ I გურიელი, 1606 – c. 1672), of the House of Gurieli, was Prince of Guria in 1625. He acceded to power in Guria, a small principality in southwest Georgia, after having murdered his father, Mamia II Gurieli, and was dethroned and blinded by his brother-in-law Levan II Dadiani, Prince of Mingrelia. Simon thereafter became a monk and retired to [[Jerusalem]]. == Ọchịchị == Simon bụ nwa woke Mamia nke Abụọ na Gurieli, bụ́ Onye Isi Guria, site na nwunye ya Tinatin Jaqeli. N'afọ 1625, Simon gburu nna ya mgbe ọ na-ehi ụra ma weghara ocheeze Guria. Ọ chọrọ mgbapụta site n'inye onyinye na Ebe obibi ndị mọnk Achi.<ref name="dx">{{Cite book|author=Khakhutaishvili|first=Davit|date=2009|publisher=Shota Rustaveli State University|location=Batumi|isbn=978-9941-409-60-8|language=ka|chapter=ნარკვევები გურიის სამთავროს ისტორიიდან (XV-XVIII სს.)|pages=45–46}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ n'ọchịchị, Simon na Levan nke Abụọ na Dadiani nke Mingrelia, onye nwanne ya nwanyị bụ Mariam ọ lụrụ n'afọ 1621, nwere esemokwu. Ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Dadiani na mgbasawanye ala bụ ihe na-echegbu ndị Gurieli. Simon tọhapụrụ onye na-eme ihere nke Levan Dadiani bụ Paata "Tsutski" Tsulukidze, onye Dadiani nyere Mamia Gurieli maka nlekọta. Tsulukidze na Gurieli kpaara nkata igbu Levan, mana Dadiani lanarịrị ogbugbu mmadụ Abkhaz ha ma mee ka a kụgbuo Tsulukidze ma kewaa ya, na-agbapụ ihe fọdụrụnụ site na egbe. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o jiri ogbugbu nna Simon mere dị ka casus belli wee wakpoo Guria. Simon guzogidere, mana e meriri ya na Lanchkhuti ma dọrọ ya n'agha. Dadiani kpuru ya ìsì ma jiri onye ahịa ya, Kaikhosro I Gurieli dochie ya. A kpọgara nwunye Simon na nwa ya nwoke na Mingrelia.<ref name="dx">{{Cite book|author=Khakhutaishvili|first=Davit|date=2009|publisher=Shota Rustaveli State University|location=Batumi|isbn=978-9941-409-60-8|language=ka|chapter=ნარკვევები გურიის სამთავროს ისტორიიდან (XV-XVIII სს.)|pages=45–46}}</ref><ref name="rayfield">{{Cite book|author=Rayfield|first=Donald|authorlink=Donald Rayfield|title=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia|year=2012|publisher=Reaktion Books|location=London|isbn=978-1780230306|pages=194–195}}</ref> == Ịla ezumike nká == Ebe ọ bụ na ọ tụfuru ocheeze ya, anya ya, na ezinụlọ ya, Simon, onye a tọhapụrụ n'agbụ, lara ezumike nká na Jerusalem wee ghọọ onye mọnk n'ebe ahụ. Ọ nọgidere na-akpọtụrụ nwunye mbụ ya, onye gara n'ihu bụrụ eze nwanyị nke Kartli dị ka nwunye nke ndị eze abụọ na-esote, Rostom na Shah-Nawaz.<ref name="dx">{{Cite book|author=Khakhutaishvili|first=Davit|date=2009|publisher=Shota Rustaveli State University|location=Batumi|isbn=978-9941-409-60-8|language=ka|chapter=ნარკვევები გურიის სამთავროს ისტორიიდან (XV-XVIII სს.)|pages=45–46}}</ref> Simon ka dị ndụ ma biri na Georgia n'afọ 1672, mgbe onye France bụ Jean Chardin na-eme njem na Caucasus. Dị ka Chardin si kwuo, Mariam nabatara onye bubu di ya mbụ, bụ onye nwere ahụmahụ na nke na-adịghị ike n'ókè ya na Imereti ma nye ya ụzọ ụfọdụ iji dịrị ndụ. Eze Shah-Nawaz nwere ekworo mana Mariam ji ọchị wepụ nchegbu ya, na-ajụ "Ma ihere ọ̀ naghị eme ya inwe anyaụfụ n'ebe onye ogbenye, agadi, kpuru ìsì, ma dịkwa mwute, onye na-enweghịkwa ike ọ bụla n'ebe ya onwe ya nọ."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Chardin|first=John, Sir|title=The travels of Sir John Chardin into Persia and the East-Indies, Vol. 1|date=1686|publisher=University of Oxford Text Archive|url=http://tei.it.ox.ac.uk/tcp/Texts-HTML/free/A31/A31753.html|accessdate=14 April 2017}}</ref> == Ezinụlọ == Simon Gurieli nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ a ma ama: <ref name="DRRI">{{Cite book|author=Grebelsky|first=P. Kh.|date=1993|publisher=Vesti|language=ru|pages=37–38}}</ref> * Demetrius Gurieli (nwụrụ na 1664/1668), Prince of Guria (1659-1664), Eze Imereti (1663-1664); * Otia (nwụrụ n'afọ 1645), onye sooro nne ya Mariam na Kartli wee nwụọ n'ebe ahụ. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Toumanoff|first=Cyril|authorlink=Cyril Toumanoff|title=Manuel de Généalogie et de Chronologie pour l'histoire de la Caucasie chrétienne (Arménie, Géorgie, Albanie)|publisher=Edizioni Aquila|year=1976|location=Rome|language=French}} {{s-start}} {{s-hou|[[House of Gurieli]]}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Mamia II Gurieli]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Guria]]|years=1625–1626}} {{s-aft|after=[[Kaikhosro I Gurieli]]}} {{s-end}} n0ouli30f3yg53amhhkbig84j4wy1j1 0 77981 688268 2026-07-16T10:16:54Z Bigcee007 24507 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357740457|Murder of Bijan Ebrahimi]]" 688268 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bijan Ebrahimi''' (Persian; c. 1969 - 14 Julaị 2013) bụ onye Iran gbara ọsọ ndụ bi na Bristol, South West England . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi murder: 'Institutional racism' by council and police|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-42393488|work=[[BBC]]|date=2017-12-18}}</ref> Ruo afọ asaa, nwoke ahụ dị afọ 44 nwere nkwarụ akọpụtala iyi egwu ọnwụ na mmegbu agbụrụ site n'aka ndị agbata obi ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi: Police 'failed' murdered man for years|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-40494218|work=BBC|date=2017-07-05}}</ref> apn463cgr9rn2loy34m14e4zs5dz9xq 688269 688268 2026-07-16T10:20:19Z Bigcee007 24507 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357740457|Murder of Bijan Ebrahimi]]" 688269 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bijan Ebrahimi''' (Persian; c. 1969 - 14 Julaị 2013) bụ onye Iran gbara ọsọ ndụ bi na Bristol, South West England . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi murder: 'Institutional racism' by council and police|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-42393488|work=[[BBC]]|date=2017-12-18}}</ref> Ruo afọ asaa, nwoke ahụ dị afọ 44 nwere nkwarụ akọpụtala iyi egwu ọnwụ na mmegbu agbụrụ site n'aka ndị agbata obi ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi: Police 'failed' murdered man for years|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-40494218|work=BBC|date=2017-07-05}}</ref> Na 14 Julaị afọ 2013, onye agbata obi ya, Lee James gburu Ebrahimi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The tragic case of Bijan Ebrahimi means BME people need to seriously consider entering the police force|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/bijan-ebrahimi-murder-police-racism-paedophile-gang-harassment-bristol-bme-community-a8118871.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2017-12-19}}</ref> James boro Ebrahimi ebubo ụgha na ọ bụ onye na-edina ụmụaka (ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọ na-edekọ ihe akaebe nke iyi egwu na omume ọjọọ, ebe ọ bụ na ndị uwe ojii achụpụla ha) wee tie Ebrahimi ihe ruo ọnwụ, mesịa dọkpụrụ ozu Ebrahimi gaa n'ihu ụlọ ya ma gbaa ya ọkụ.<ref name="Morris">{{Cite news|title=Council officials face investigation over Bijan Ebrahimi case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/15/council-officials-face-investigation-over-bijan-ebrahimi-case|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2018-01-15|author=Morris|first=Steven}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi - An innocent man thrown to the mob|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10420713/Bijan-Ebrahimi-An-innocent-man-thrown-to-the-mob.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=November 2013|author=Shute|first=Joe}}</ref> f8yy88228mtijm3sdzhmvmbay3cc97u 688270 688269 2026-07-16T10:27:22Z Bigcee007 24507 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357740457|Murder of Bijan Ebrahimi]]" 688270 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bijan Ebrahimi''' (Persian; c. 1969 - 14 Julaị 2013) bụ onye Iran gbara ọsọ ndụ bi na Bristol, South West England . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi murder: 'Institutional racism' by council and police|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-42393488|work=[[BBC]]|date=2017-12-18}}</ref> Ruo afọ asaa, nwoke ahụ dị afọ 44 nwere nkwarụ akọpụtala iyi egwu ọnwụ na mmegbu agbụrụ site n'aka ndị agbata obi ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi: Police 'failed' murdered man for years|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-40494218|work=BBC|date=2017-07-05}}</ref> Na 14 Julaị afọ 2013, onye agbata obi ya, Lee James gburu Ebrahimi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The tragic case of Bijan Ebrahimi means BME people need to seriously consider entering the police force|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/bijan-ebrahimi-murder-police-racism-paedophile-gang-harassment-bristol-bme-community-a8118871.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2017-12-19}}</ref> James boro Ebrahimi ebubo ụgha na ọ bụ onye na-edina ụmụaka (ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọ na-edekọ ihe akaebe nke iyi egwu na omume ọjọọ, ebe ọ bụ na ndị uwe ojii achụpụla ha) wee tie Ebrahimi ihe ruo ọnwụ, mesịa dọkpụrụ ozu Ebrahimi gaa n'ihu ụlọ ya ma gbaa ya ọkụ.<ref name="Morris">{{Cite news|title=Council officials face investigation over Bijan Ebrahimi case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/15/council-officials-face-investigation-over-bijan-ebrahimi-case|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2018-01-15|author=Morris|first=Steven}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi - An innocent man thrown to the mob|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10420713/Bijan-Ebrahimi-An-innocent-man-thrown-to-the-mob.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=November 2013|author=Shute|first=Joe}}</ref> A tụlere ikpe a dịka ikpe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ, ọ dọtara uche ndị mgbasa ozi mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Council officials face investigation over Bijan Ebrahimi case|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/crime/article/racist-authorities-ignored-pleas-of-murdered-refugee-bijan-ebrahimi-pz0wvc5wd|work=[[The Times]]|date=2017-12-18|author=Bruxelles|first=Simon de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bijan Ebrahimi: Murder victim let down by 'institutional racism'|url=https://news.sky.com/story/bijan-ebrahimi-murder-victim-let-down-by-institutional-racism-11176327|work=[[Sky News]]}}</ref> Nnyocha onwe onye kwubiri na Bristol City Council na ndị uwe ojii mara ikpe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta ha na Bijan Ebrahimi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Multi-Agency Learning Review Following The Murder of Bijan Ebrahimi|url=https://www.bristol.gov.uk/files/documents/1222-safer-bristol-response-to-multi-agency-learning-review-following-the-death-of-mr-bijan-ebrahimi/file|work=Safer Bristol Partnership}}</ref> A chụpụrụ ndị uwe ojii na ndị ọrụ obodo anọ n'ọrụ ma tụọ mmadụ abụọ mkpọrọ.<ref name="Morris">{{Cite news|title=Council officials face investigation over Bijan Ebrahimi case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/15/council-officials-face-investigation-over-bijan-ebrahimi-case|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2018-01-15|author=Morris|first=Steven}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMorris2018">Morris, Steven (15 January 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/15/council-officials-face-investigation-over-bijan-ebrahimi-case "Council officials face investigation over Bijan Ebrahimi case"]. ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref> == Ihe omume == Onye bi na Bristol, nakwa onye Iran gbara ọsọ ndụ nwere nkwarụ, Bijan Ebrahimi, mere mkpesa na ụfọdụ ndị agbata obi ya na-enye ya nsogbu mgbe niile. Iji nye ihe akaebe, ọ malitere ịse ha. Mgbe ọ na-ese foto onye agbata obi ya bụ Lee James na-aṅụ biya ma na-egwuri egwu na nwa ya nwanyị dị obere, James hụrụ Ebrahimi ka ọ na-ese ha, ma bo Ebrahimi ebubo na ọ na-ese foto nwa ya nwanyị maka afọ ojuju mmekọahụ ya. James mechara wakpo Ebrahimi, ma gwa ndị agbata obi ya na o kwenyere na Ebrahimi bụ onye na-edina ụmụaka. 72yti3nq8wdzbly23mnan5djid4cju0 688271 688270 2026-07-16T10:28:12Z Bigcee007 24507 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357740457|Murder of Bijan Ebrahimi]]" 688271 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bijan Ebrahimi''' (Persian; c. 1969 - 14 Julaị 2013) bụ onye Iran gbara ọsọ ndụ bi na Bristol, South West England . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi murder: 'Institutional racism' by council and police|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-42393488|work=[[BBC]]|date=2017-12-18}}</ref> Ruo afọ asaa, nwoke ahụ dị afọ 44 nwere nkwarụ akọpụtala iyi egwu ọnwụ na mmegbu agbụrụ site n'aka ndị agbata obi ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi: Police 'failed' murdered man for years|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-40494218|work=BBC|date=2017-07-05}}</ref> Na 14 Julaị afọ 2013, onye agbata obi ya, Lee James gburu Ebrahimi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The tragic case of Bijan Ebrahimi means BME people need to seriously consider entering the police force|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/bijan-ebrahimi-murder-police-racism-paedophile-gang-harassment-bristol-bme-community-a8118871.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2017-12-19}}</ref> James boro Ebrahimi ebubo ụgha na ọ bụ onye na-edina ụmụaka (ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọ na-edekọ ihe akaebe nke iyi egwu na omume ọjọọ, ebe ọ bụ na ndị uwe ojii achụpụla ha) wee tie Ebrahimi ihe ruo ọnwụ, mesịa dọkpụrụ ozu Ebrahimi gaa n'ihu ụlọ ya ma gbaa ya ọkụ.<ref name="Morris">{{Cite news|title=Council officials face investigation over Bijan Ebrahimi case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/15/council-officials-face-investigation-over-bijan-ebrahimi-case|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2018-01-15|author=Morris|first=Steven}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi - An innocent man thrown to the mob|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10420713/Bijan-Ebrahimi-An-innocent-man-thrown-to-the-mob.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=November 2013|author=Shute|first=Joe}}</ref> A tụlere ikpe a dịka ikpe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ, ọ dọtara uche ndị mgbasa ozi mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Council officials face investigation over Bijan Ebrahimi case|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/crime/article/racist-authorities-ignored-pleas-of-murdered-refugee-bijan-ebrahimi-pz0wvc5wd|work=[[The Times]]|date=2017-12-18|author=Bruxelles|first=Simon de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bijan Ebrahimi: Murder victim let down by 'institutional racism'|url=https://news.sky.com/story/bijan-ebrahimi-murder-victim-let-down-by-institutional-racism-11176327|work=[[Sky News]]}}</ref> Nnyocha onwe onye kwubiri na Bristol City Council na ndị uwe ojii mara ikpe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta ha na Bijan Ebrahimi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Multi-Agency Learning Review Following The Murder of Bijan Ebrahimi|url=https://www.bristol.gov.uk/files/documents/1222-safer-bristol-response-to-multi-agency-learning-review-following-the-death-of-mr-bijan-ebrahimi/file|work=Safer Bristol Partnership}}</ref> A chụpụrụ ndị uwe ojii na ndị ọrụ obodo anọ n'ọrụ ma tụọ mmadụ abụọ mkpọrọ.<ref name="Morris">{{Cite news|title=Council officials face investigation over Bijan Ebrahimi case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/15/council-officials-face-investigation-over-bijan-ebrahimi-case|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2018-01-15|author=Morris|first=Steven}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMorris2018">Morris, Steven (15 January 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/15/council-officials-face-investigation-over-bijan-ebrahimi-case "Council officials face investigation over Bijan Ebrahimi case"]. ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref> == Ihe omume == Onye bi na Bristol, nakwa onye Iran gbara ọsọ ndụ nwere nkwarụ, Bijan Ebrahimi, mere mkpesa na ụfọdụ ndị agbata obi ya na-enye ya nsogbu mgbe niile. Iji nye ihe akaebe, ọ malitere ịse ha. Mgbe ọ na-ese foto onye agbata obi ya bụ Lee James na-aṅụ biya ma na-egwuri egwu na nwa ya nwanyị dị obere, James hụrụ Ebrahimi ka ọ na-ese ha, ma bo Ebrahimi ebubo na ọ na-ese foto nwa ya nwanyị maka afọ ojuju mmekọahụ ya. James mechara wakpo Ebrahimi, ma gwa ndị agbata obi ya na o kwenyere na Ebrahimi bụ onye na-edina ụmụaka. Ebrahimi kpọrọ ndị uwe ojii bịara ịchọta James onye iwe ji gbuo mmadụ, mana o kpebiri ijide Ebrahimi n'ihi na ha chere na ọ na-esiri ha ike. Mgbe a kpụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ìgwè mmadụ iwe gbakọtara n'èzí ụlọ Ebrahimi tiri ndị uwe ojii mkpu n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ejidere Ebrahimi maka igbu ụmụaka. Mgbe ejidere ha, ndị uwe ojii ahụ lere nchegbu Ebrahimi anya maka nchekwa ya tupu ha eburu ya ebe dị kilomita ole na ole site n'ụlọ ya mbụ. f6ok36nj3qbgh6d7ahd41khauy7r4u1 688272 688271 2026-07-16T10:29:28Z Bigcee007 24507 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357740457|Murder of Bijan Ebrahimi]]" 688272 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bijan Ebrahimi''' (Persian; c. 1969 - 14 Julaị 2013) bụ onye Iran gbara ọsọ ndụ bi na Bristol, South West England . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi murder: 'Institutional racism' by council and police|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-42393488|work=[[BBC]]|date=2017-12-18}}</ref> Ruo afọ asaa, nwoke ahụ dị afọ 44 nwere nkwarụ akọpụtala iyi egwu ọnwụ na mmegbu agbụrụ site n'aka ndị agbata obi ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi: Police 'failed' murdered man for years|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-40494218|work=BBC|date=2017-07-05}}</ref> Na 14 Julaị afọ 2013, onye agbata obi ya, Lee James gburu Ebrahimi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The tragic case of Bijan Ebrahimi means BME people need to seriously consider entering the police force|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/bijan-ebrahimi-murder-police-racism-paedophile-gang-harassment-bristol-bme-community-a8118871.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2017-12-19}}</ref> James boro Ebrahimi ebubo ụgha na ọ bụ onye na-edina ụmụaka (ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọ na-edekọ ihe akaebe nke iyi egwu na omume ọjọọ, ebe ọ bụ na ndị uwe ojii achụpụla ha) wee tie Ebrahimi ihe ruo ọnwụ, mesịa dọkpụrụ ozu Ebrahimi gaa n'ihu ụlọ ya ma gbaa ya ọkụ.<ref name="Morris">{{Cite news|title=Council officials face investigation over Bijan Ebrahimi case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/15/council-officials-face-investigation-over-bijan-ebrahimi-case|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2018-01-15|author=Morris|first=Steven}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi - An innocent man thrown to the mob|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10420713/Bijan-Ebrahimi-An-innocent-man-thrown-to-the-mob.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=November 2013|author=Shute|first=Joe}}</ref> A tụlere ikpe a dịka ikpe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ, ọ dọtara uche ndị mgbasa ozi mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Council officials face investigation over Bijan Ebrahimi case|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/crime/article/racist-authorities-ignored-pleas-of-murdered-refugee-bijan-ebrahimi-pz0wvc5wd|work=[[The Times]]|date=2017-12-18|author=Bruxelles|first=Simon de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bijan Ebrahimi: Murder victim let down by 'institutional racism'|url=https://news.sky.com/story/bijan-ebrahimi-murder-victim-let-down-by-institutional-racism-11176327|work=[[Sky News]]}}</ref> Nnyocha onwe onye kwubiri na Bristol City Council na ndị uwe ojii mara ikpe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta ha na Bijan Ebrahimi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Multi-Agency Learning Review Following The Murder of Bijan Ebrahimi|url=https://www.bristol.gov.uk/files/documents/1222-safer-bristol-response-to-multi-agency-learning-review-following-the-death-of-mr-bijan-ebrahimi/file|work=Safer Bristol Partnership}}</ref> A chụpụrụ ndị uwe ojii na ndị ọrụ obodo anọ n'ọrụ ma tụọ mmadụ abụọ mkpọrọ.<ref name="Morris">{{Cite news|title=Council officials face investigation over Bijan Ebrahimi case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/15/council-officials-face-investigation-over-bijan-ebrahimi-case|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2018-01-15|author=Morris|first=Steven}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMorris2018">Morris, Steven (15 January 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/15/council-officials-face-investigation-over-bijan-ebrahimi-case "Council officials face investigation over Bijan Ebrahimi case"]. ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref> == Ihe omume == Onye bi na Bristol, nakwa onye Iran gbara ọsọ ndụ nwere nkwarụ, Bijan Ebrahimi, mere mkpesa na ụfọdụ ndị agbata obi ya na-enye ya nsogbu mgbe niile. Iji nye ihe akaebe, ọ malitere ịse ha. Mgbe ọ na-ese foto onye agbata obi ya bụ Lee James na-aṅụ biya ma na-egwuri egwu na nwa ya nwanyị dị obere, James hụrụ Ebrahimi ka ọ na-ese ha, ma bo Ebrahimi ebubo na ọ na-ese foto nwa ya nwanyị maka afọ ojuju mmekọahụ ya. James mechara wakpo Ebrahimi, ma gwa ndị agbata obi ya na o kwenyere na Ebrahimi bụ onye na-edina ụmụaka. Ebrahimi kpọrọ ndị uwe ojii bịara ịchọta James onye iwe ji gbuo mmadụ, mana o kpebiri ijide Ebrahimi n'ihi na ha chere na ọ na-esiri ha ike. Mgbe a kpụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ìgwè mmadụ iwe gbakọtara n'èzí ụlọ Ebrahimi tiri ndị uwe ojii mkpu n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ejidere Ebrahimi maka igbu ụmụaka. Mgbe ejidere ha, ndị uwe ojii ahụ lere nchegbu Ebrahimi anya maka nchekwa ya tupu ha eburu ya ebe dị kilomita ole na ole site n'ụlọ ya mbụ. James chọpụtara banyere ụlọ ọhụrụ Ebrahimi wee malite ịnwa igbu ya. Ebrahimi mere ọtụtụ mgbalị ịkpọtụrụ ndị uwe ojii, mana ndị uwe ojii họọrọ ileghara arịrịọ ya anya. Ka Ebrahimi na-anwa ịgbapụ, James jidere ya, onye tiri ya ihe ruo ọnwụ. Onye agbata obi James nyere mmanya na-aba n'anya iji nyere aka gbaa ozu Ebrahimi ọkụ. Mgbe ndị uwe ojii rutere, ozu Ebrahimi ka na-ere ọkụ. == Edensibịa == s1ye7qfoovd67x2hjixi7gopk8r1mxr 688273 688272 2026-07-16T10:34:00Z Bigcee007 24507 Fixed reference error 688273 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bijan Ebrahimi''' (Persian; c. 1969 - 14 Julaị 2013) bụ onye Iran gbara ọsọ ndụ bi na Bristol, South West England . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi murder: 'Institutional racism' by council and police|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-42393488|work=[[BBC]]|date=2017-12-18}}</ref> Ruo afọ asaa, nwoke ahụ dị afọ 44 nwere nkwarụ akọpụtala iyi egwu ọnwụ na mmegbu agbụrụ site n'aka ndị agbata obi ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi: Police 'failed' murdered man for years|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-bristol-40494218|work=BBC|date=2017-07-05}}</ref> Na 14 Julaị afọ 2013, onye agbata obi ya, Lee James gburu Ebrahimi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The tragic case of Bijan Ebrahimi means BME people need to seriously consider entering the police force|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/bijan-ebrahimi-murder-police-racism-paedophile-gang-harassment-bristol-bme-community-a8118871.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2017-12-19}}</ref> James boro Ebrahimi ebubo ụgha na ọ bụ onye na-edina ụmụaka (ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọ na-edekọ ihe akaebe nke iyi egwu na omume ọjọọ, ebe ọ bụ na ndị uwe ojii achụpụla ha) wee tie Ebrahimi ihe ruo ọnwụ, mesịa dọkpụrụ ozu Ebrahimi gaa n'ihu ụlọ ya ma gbaa ya ọkụ.<ref name="Morris">{{Cite news|title=Council officials face investigation over Bijan Ebrahimi case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/15/council-officials-face-investigation-over-bijan-ebrahimi-case|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2018-01-15|author=Morris|first=Steven}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bijan Ebrahimi - An innocent man thrown to the mob|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10420713/Bijan-Ebrahimi-An-innocent-man-thrown-to-the-mob.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=November 2013|author=Shute|first=Joe}}</ref> A tụlere ikpe a dịka ikpe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ, ọ dọtara uche ndị mgbasa ozi mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Council officials face investigation over Bijan Ebrahimi case|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/crime/article/racist-authorities-ignored-pleas-of-murdered-refugee-bijan-ebrahimi-pz0wvc5wd|work=[[The Times]]|date=2017-12-18|author=Bruxelles|first=Simon de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bijan Ebrahimi: Murder victim let down by 'institutional racism'|url=https://news.sky.com/story/bijan-ebrahimi-murder-victim-let-down-by-institutional-racism-11176327|work=[[Sky News]]}}</ref> Nnyocha onwe onye kwubiri na Bristol City Council na ndị uwe ojii mara ikpe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta ha na Bijan Ebrahimi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Multi-Agency Learning Review Following The Murder of Bijan Ebrahimi|url=https://www.bristol.gov.uk/files/documents/1222-safer-bristol-response-to-multi-agency-learning-review-following-the-death-of-mr-bijan-ebrahimi/file|work=Safer Bristol Partnership}}</ref> A chụpụrụ ndị uwe ojii na ndị ọrụ obodo anọ n'ọrụ ma tụọ mmadụ abụọ mkpọrọ.<ref name="Morris" /> == Ihe omume == Onye bi na Bristol, nakwa onye Iran gbara ọsọ ndụ nwere nkwarụ, Bijan Ebrahimi, mere mkpesa na ụfọdụ ndị agbata obi ya na-enye ya nsogbu mgbe niile. Iji nye ihe akaebe, ọ malitere ịse ha. Mgbe ọ na-ese foto onye agbata obi ya bụ Lee James na-aṅụ biya ma na-egwuri egwu na nwa ya nwanyị dị obere, James hụrụ Ebrahimi ka ọ na-ese ha, ma bo Ebrahimi ebubo na ọ na-ese foto nwa ya nwanyị maka afọ ojuju mmekọahụ ya. James mechara wakpo Ebrahimi, ma gwa ndị agbata obi ya na o kwenyere na Ebrahimi bụ onye na-edina ụmụaka. Ebrahimi kpọrọ ndị uwe ojii bịara ịchọta James onye iwe ji gbuo mmadụ, mana o kpebiri ijide Ebrahimi n'ihi na ha chere na ọ na-esiri ha ike. Mgbe a kpụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ìgwè mmadụ iwe gbakọtara n'èzí ụlọ Ebrahimi tiri ndị uwe ojii mkpu n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ejidere Ebrahimi maka igbu ụmụaka. Mgbe ejidere ha, ndị uwe ojii ahụ lere nchegbu Ebrahimi anya maka nchekwa ya tupu ha eburu ya ebe dị kilomita ole na ole site n'ụlọ ya mbụ. James chọpụtara banyere ụlọ ọhụrụ Ebrahimi wee malite ịnwa igbu ya. Ebrahimi mere ọtụtụ mgbalị ịkpọtụrụ ndị uwe ojii, mana ndị uwe ojii họọrọ ileghara arịrịọ ya anya. Ka Ebrahimi na-anwa ịgbapụ, James jidere ya, onye tiri ya ihe ruo ọnwụ. Onye agbata obi James nyere mmanya na-aba n'anya iji nyere aka gbaa ozu Ebrahimi ọkụ. Mgbe ndị uwe ojii rutere, ozu Ebrahimi ka na-ere ọkụ. == Edensibịa == 7e1i07a7l3wl541sd75y0k2l4ruetvc 3 77982 688279 2026-07-16T11:34:22Z King ChristLike 13051 /* Translation quality */ nkeji ohúrù 688279 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation quality == Daalu maka translations gi. But there are a lot of omissions. While translating, do well to proofread and be sure that there are no omissions or incorrectly translated words before finally publishing. And after publishing, go through the article again to verify the references and see if there are areas to improve or correct. To get started, take a look at all the translations [https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8Cp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5iche%3AContributions&target=Miracle2024&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=2026-06-06&end=2026-07-06&limit=1000 here.] Kindly add the missing content and references from the enwiki page, and generally improve the articles to ensure that content integrity is maintained [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 11:34, 16 Julaị 2026 (UTC) 4fzxnlc56wag2o5etsbwyegwphgknee