Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 9146 688429 187074 2026-07-18T14:58:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Esther Agbarakwe|birthname=Esther Kelechi Agbarakwe|birth_date={{birth date and age|1985|7|21}}|birth_place=Calabar, Nigeria|education=[[University of Calabar]]<br />[[Robert Gordon University]]|occupation=Climate Change Activist<br />Public Servant}} '''Esther Kelechi Agbarakwe''' {{Audio|Ig-Esther Kelechi Agbarakwe.ogg|Audio}} bụ otu n'ime ṅdị na-akwalite ma na-ezisa ozi ihe gbasara ihu igwe n' '''ala Naijirịa''' amara maka mmeri ya na LEAP Africa nke asaa; Emume a na-eme kwa afọ ịji kwadoo ndị ntorobịa na-agbali n'ọchịchị na ngalaba dị icheiche n'afọ 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucn.org/content/cec-national-activator-wins-nigerian-youth-leadership-award|title=CEC National Activator Wins Nigerian Youth Leadership Award|date=2010-11-26|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2011/02/meet-the-young-woman-passionately-spreading-the-word-on-climate-change-in-nigeria-environmental-sustainability-advocate-esther-agbarakwe/|title=Meet the Young Woman Passionately Spreading the Word on Climate Change in Nigeria – Environmental Sustainability Advocate, Esther Agbarakwe|date=2011-02-28|language=en-US}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Agbarakwe gụrụ Chemistry na Mahadum Calabar . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sustyvibes.com/susty-person-week-esther-agbarakwe/|title=Susty Person of the Week: Esther Agbarakwe|last=SustyVibes|date=2016-06-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ na - aguzi Master ugbu a na Mmekọ Nkwukọrịta nke Ọha na Mahadum Robert Gordon . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Esther_Agbarakwe|title=Esther Kelechi Agbarakwe {{!}} Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen {{!}} RGU {{!}} Aberdeen Business School|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Agbarakwe chọpụtara ọgbakọ ndị 'Nigeria Climate Coalition <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef-irc.org/video/?videoId=iqABzQHLlyY|title=Videos - Climate Change and Children - Trailer|last=Innocenti|first=UNICEF Office of Research-|language=en}}</ref> ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke General Assembly ndị ActionAid Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://philanthropyforum.org/people/esther-agbarakwe/|title=Esther Agbarakwe|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-29|archivedate=2019-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929155603/https://philanthropyforum.org/people/esther-agbarakwe/}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ Youngers anọ ahọrọla isonye na-arụmaka ndị Elders + Youngers tupu nzukọ Rio + 20. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theelders.org/news/meet-youngers-esther|title=Meet the Youngers: Esther|language=en}}</ref> O jeela ozi dị ka onye na - ahụ maka nkwado mba ụwa na Population Action International . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rewire.news/author/esther-agbarakwe/|title=Esther Agbarakwe|language=en}}</ref> Agbarakwe sonyere na nzukọ Mịnịsta ndọrọ ọchịchị nke High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) na Sustainable Development. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2014/07/youth-speaking-out-about-the-future-they-want-during-un-high-level-political-forum-on-sustainable-development/|title=Youth speaking out about the future they want during UN High-level political forum on sustainable development|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ndụmọdụ gwara [[Amina J. Mohammed]] n’afọ 2015 mgbe ọ bụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka Gburugburu ala Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/amina-mohammed-ex-minister-to-be-sworn-in-as-deputy-un-secretary-general-today/4c23cb0|title=Ex-minister to be sworn in as Deputy UN Secretary General today|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-29|archivedate=2019-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929155554/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/amina-mohammed-ex-minister-to-be-sworn-in-as-deputy-un-secretary-general-today/4c23cb0}}</ref> Agbarakwe na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na Climate na SDG Action Office nke Secretary General Envoy on Youth . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2018/09/youth2030-launch/|title=UN SG launches #Youth2030 strategy|last=Martin|language=en-US}}</ref> == Onyinye == N'afọ 2009, Agbarakwe nwetara ihe nrita nke Dekeyser <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Friends Foundation na Germany. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://techherng.com/esther-agbarakwe/|title=Esther Agbarakwe: Esther Climate|last=TechHerNG|date=2015-12-02|language=en-US}}</ref> N’afọ 2010, Agbarakwe meriri na LEAP Africa 7th Annual Leadership Awards. <ref name=":0" /> Ahọputara ya na 2010 dika otu n'ime ndị Women Deliver100 Young Leaders bịa bụrụ otu n'ime ndị Commonwealth Youth Climate Fellow na November 2010. Ahoputara Agbarakwe maka Future Awards maka ime ọfụma na mgbasa ozi na 2011/2012 wee bụrụ onye otu Atlas Corps na Septemba 2012. N’afọ 2017 na Barcelona, e nyere Agbarakwe akara Crans Montana nke Ndị isi Ọhụụ nke Echi maka ọtụtụ ọ rụzuru n’ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/agbarakwe-others-bag-crans-montana-youth-governance-award/|title=Agbarakwe, others bag Crans Montana youth governance award|last=Simire|date=2017-07-06|language=en-us}}</ref> == Mgbalị ya maka mgbasa ozi Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe == N'afọ 2012, Agbarakwe sonyere na arụmụka kwadoro na UNICEF banyere Mgbanwe ihu igwe ebe ọ na-akwado maka ikike ndị ntorobịa nwere ike itinye olu ha na mkparịta ụka ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/protection/index_66556.html|title=Climate change heats up threats to children|accessdate=2019-09-29|archivedate=2019-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929155554/https://www.unicef.org/protection/index_66556.html}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, o sonyere na mkparịta ụka nke ndi Guardian banyere ụzọ iji nwee ike ikwusara ụzọ mgbanwe ihu igwe ike. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/may/05/15-ways-to-powerfully-communicate-climate-change-solutions|title=15 ways to powerfully communicate climate change solutions}}</ref> N'akụkụ nke nnọkọ nke ọgbakọ nke United Nations General Assembly, Agbarakwe na ndị ọrụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Nigeria dịka Hamzat Lawal, zutere Onye isi ala Nigeria, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ebe ha mere ikpe maka uru ndị na-eto eto na-eweta na mkparịta ụka ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/09/28/buhari-meets-nigerian-youths-in-new-york-over-climate-change/|title=Buhari Meets Nigerian Youths in New York over Climate Change}}</ref> == Ṅrụtụaka == {{References}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Agbarakwe, Esther}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] anji8offm3eijt48v9gtj5x3h3hjyrz 0 12725 688431 190130 2026-07-18T15:35:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Esther Ndeti''', bụ onye Kenya injinia injinia, nwanyị ọchụnta ego na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ, onye na-eje ozi onye isi nchịkwa nke East Africa Private Equity & Venture Capital Association (EAVCA), nke dabere na Nairobi, isi obodo Kenya, dị irè ụbọchị ịrị na anọ na onwa Jenụwarị afo 2017. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/02/14/venture-capitalists-lobby-appoints-two-executive-directors_c1505862|title=Venture capitalists lobby appoints two executive directors|accessdate=25 October 2018|date=14 February 2017|author=Ilako|first=Cynthia|archivedate=10 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710034140/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/02/14/venture-capitalists-lobby-appoints-two-executive-directors_c1505862}}</ref> Tupu ọkwá ya ugbu a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi mpaghara maka Aspen Network of Development Entrepreneurs (ANDE). <ref name="1R" /> <ref name="2R">{{Cite web|title=Esther Ndeti: Executive Director at East Africa Private Equity & Venture Capital Association (EAVCA)|url=https://africanwomenintech.com/speaker/esther-ndeti/|publisher=Africanwomenintech.com|author=African Women In Tech|date=25 October 2018|accessdate=25 October 2018|archivedate=10 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710035642/https://africanwomenintech.com/speaker/esther-ndeti/}}</ref> == Nzụlite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Esther na Kenya ihe dị ka afọ 1987. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web|url=https://cdn.nation.co.ke/pdfs/Top40under40Women2018.pdf|format=PDF|title=Top 40 Under 40 Women In Kenya, 2018|date=September 2018|accessdate=25 October 2018|author=Business Daily Staff|archivedate=29 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929080021/https://cdn.nation.co.ke/pdfs/Top40under40Women2018.pdf}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na mpaghara , ọ debanyere aha na ''Pangani Girls Secondiri'' ''Skul, na Nairobi County, ebe ọ gụchara high school Diploma. A labatara ya na Mahadum Nairobi, ebe ọ gụchara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na njinia njinia. Ọ jikwa Diploma na Chinese Proficiency, Ọwe tara na Confucius Institute dị na Mahadum Nairobi.<ref name="4R2">{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/esther-ndeti-87189b4/?originalSubdomain=ke|title=Esther Ndeti: Executive Director at East Africa Private Equity & Venture Capital Association (EAVCA)|access-date=25 October 2018|date=25 October 2018|publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]|author=Esther Ndeti}}</ref>'' ''nj''njinia. Ọ jikwa Diploma na Chinese Proficiency, Ọnwe tara na ''iji IA'' ''ySchool'', na Nairobi County, ebe ọ nwetara diploma ya nkulh School . A nabatara ya na Mahadum Nairobi, ebe ọ gụchara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na injinia injinia . Ọ na-ejidekwa diploma na nkà mmụta China, nke e nwetara na ụlọ akwụkwọ Confucius na Mahadum Nairobi. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/esther-ndeti-87189b4/?originalSubdomain=ke|title=Esther Ndeti: Executive Director at East Africa Private Equity & Venture Capital Association (EAVCA)|accessdate=25 October 2018|date=25 October 2018|publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]|author=Esther Ndeti}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ndeti enweela ọrụ dị iche iche na njikwa azụmaahịa gbagoro azụ na afo 2007, mgbe ọ jere ozi otu afọ, dịka osote onye isi oche nke ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ AIESEC . Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye nhazi mba maka otu ndị na-enye ọzụzụ maka nzukọ a, afọ ọzọ. <ref name="4R" /> Mgbe ya na ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara abụọ gasịrị, na Nairobi, ọ kwadoro ma jee ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke ''Gregos Foods Limited'', azụmahịa nri nri Kenya. Na June afọ 2015, e goro ya dị ka onye nhazi mpaghara maka East Africa nke ANDE, Aspen Network of Development Entrepreneurs na Aspen Institute . ANDE bụ netwọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke otu na-akwado ịzụ ahịa n'ahịa na-apụta. <ref name="4R" /> Na Febrụwarị afọ 2017, a họpụtara Esther ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke EVCA, onye na-ahụ maka (a) otu (b) ịkparịta ụka n'Ịntanet (c) ọzụzụ (d) atụmatụ azụmahịa (e) mmekorita atụmatụ na (f) mmekọrịta mgbasa ozi. <ref name="1R" /> == Ezinụlọ == Nwada Esther Ndeti bụ nne. <ref name="3R" /> == Echiche ndị ọzọ == == Hụkwa == * Eva Warigia * Gladys Ngetich * Anne Wawira Njiru == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ly9wzypjlpiezkqoech6zc3tkutq66u 0 12824 688425 193799 2026-07-18T12:51:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688425 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ihe metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi''', '''ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi''' ma ọ bụ ihe '''eco''' bụ ihe ọ bụla dị ndu ma ọ nke na adịghị ndu, nke na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ.<ref>Gilpin, A. 1996. Dictionary of Environment and Sustainable Development. [[John Wiley and Sons]]. 247 p.</ref> Ihe ndị dị ndụ gụnyere ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, oke ìhè anyanwụ, na pH nke ala mmiri nke ihe dị ndụ bi na ya. Ihe ndị dị ndụ ga-agụnye nnweta nke ihe oriri na ọṅụṅụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ndị asọmpi, ndị na-eri anụ, na nje. == Nkọwapụta == [[Usòrò:DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg|thumb|Ọrịa kansa bụ isi ihe kpatara gburugburu ebe obibi<ref name="BBC-20151217">{{Cite news|author=Gallagher|first=James|title=Cancer is not just 'bad luck' but down to environment, study suggests|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-35111449|date=17 December 2015|work=BBC|accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref>]] 'Genotype' nke ihe dị ndụ (dịka, na zygote) sụgharịrị n'ime phenotype okenye site na mmepe n'oge ontogeny nke ihe dị ndụ, ma nwee mmetụta site na ọtụtụ mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'okwu a, enwere ike ile a na akpọ 'phenotype' (ma ọ bụ àgwà phenotypic) anya dị ka njirimara ọ bụla a pụrụ ịkọwapụta ma tụọ nke ihe dị ndụ, dị ka ahụ ya ma ọ bụ ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ. E wezụga ezigbo nsogbu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa monogenic, ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ikpebi mmepe nke ọrịa na ndị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-ebute otu ọnọdụ. Nchegbu, mmetọ anụ ahụ na nke uche, nri, ikpughe na nsí, nje, ụzarị ọkụ na kemịkal dị na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa nlekọta onwe onye na ndị na-ehicha ụlọ bụ ihe ndị na-ahụkarị gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ekpebi akụkụ buru ibu nke ọrịa na-abụghị nke nketa. Ọ bụrụ na e kwubiri usoro ọrịa na ọ bụ n'ihi ngwakọta nke mmetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi, enwere ike ịkpọ mmalite ya dị ka inwe usoro multifactorial. Ọrịa kansa na-enwekarị njikọ na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="BBC-20151217">{{Cite news|author=Gallagher|first=James|title=Cancer is not just 'bad luck' but down to environment, study suggests|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-35111449|date=17 December 2015|work=BBC|accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref> Ịnọgide na-enwe ịdị arọ dị mma, iri nri dị mma, ibelata mmanya na iwepụ ise siga na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ahụ, dị ka ndị nchọpụta si kwuo.<ref name="BBC-20151217" /> A na-amụkwa ihe na-akpata ụkwara ume ọkụ<ref>[http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/conditions/asthma/docs/FactsheetAsthmaandItsEnvironmentalTriggers.pdf "Asthma and Its Environmental Triggers"], [[National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences]], May 2006, retrieved 5 March 2010</ref> na autism<ref>[http://www.physorg.com/news145544025.html "Study showing evidence of a major environmental trigger for autism"], November 10, 2008 navjot [[PhysOrg]], retrieved 5 March 2010</ref>. == Ngosipụta == Ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyere usoro nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmadụ (ya bụ na-abụghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa) site na ịtụrụ ime gaa n'ihu, na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ dị mma. Onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ọrịa kansa bụ Christopher Paul Wild buru ụzọ kwuo ihe ngosi ahụ n'afọ 2005 n'isiokwu nke isiokwu ya bụ "Complementing the genome with an "exposome": ihe ịma aka pụtara ìhè nke nyocha nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrịa nje molekụla" n'asụsụ bekee.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wild|first=CP|title=Complementing the genome with an "exposome": the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology|journal=Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention|date=Aug 2005|volume=14|issue=8|pages=1847–50|pmid=16103423|doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456}}</ref> Echiche nke ikpughe na otu esi atụle ya emela ka mkparịta ụka dị ụtọ na echiche dị iche iche n'afọ 2010, 2012, 2014 nakwa n'afọ 2021.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2010|title=Epidemiology. Environment and disease risks|journal=Science|volume=330|issue=6003|pages=460–461|doi=10.1126/science.1192603|pmid=20966241}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rappaport SM|year=2011|title=Implications of the exposome for exposure science|journal=J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol|volume=21|issue=1|pages=5–9|doi=10.1038/jes.2010.50|pmid=21081972}}</ref><ref name="Wild 24–32">{{Cite journal|author=Wild|first=CP|title=The exposome: from concept to utility|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|date=Feb 2012|volume=41|issue=1|pages=24–32|pmid=22296988|doi=10.1093/ije/dyr236}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2012|title=Understanding the link between environmental exposures and health: does the exposome promise too much?|journal=Epidemiol Community Health|volume=66|issue=2|pages=103–105|doi=10.1136/jech-2011-200643|pmid=22080817}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2012|title=Exposome: time for transformative research|journal=Stat Med|volume=31|issue=22|pages=2569–75|doi=10.1002/sim.5496|pmid=22969025}}</ref><ref name="CDC">[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (2012). [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/exposome/ "Exposome and Exposomics"]. Retrieved 5 March 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Buck Louis G. M.|year=2013|title=The Exposome – Exciting Opportunities for Discoveries in Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology|journal=Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology|volume=27|issue=3|pages=229–236|doi=10.1111/ppe.12040|pmid=23574410}}</ref><ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Cite journal|year=2014|title=The Human Early-Life Exposome (HELIX): Project Rationale and Design|journal=Environ Health Perspect|volume=122|issue=6|pages=535–544|doi=10.1289/ehp.1307204|pmid=24610234}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Miller Gary W.|year=2014|title=The Nature of Nurture: Refining the Definition of the Exposome|journal=[[Toxicological Sciences]]|volume=137|issue=1|pages=1–2|doi=10.1093/toxsci/kft251|pmid=24213143}}</ref><ref name="Zhang">{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Xinyue|title=The Exposome in the Era of the Quantified Self|journal=Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science|date=20 July 2021|volume=4|issue=1|pages=255–277|doi=10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-012721-122807|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-012721-122807|accessdate=1 September 2021}}</ref> N'isiokwu ya n'afọ 2005, Wild kwuru, "N'ihe zuru oke, ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyere ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi nke ndụ (gụnyere ihe ndị metụtara ndụ), site na oge ọmụmụ gaa n'ihu. " E bu ụzọ kwuo echiche a iji dọta uche gaa na mkpa ọ dị maka data ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi ka mma na nke zuru oke maka nchọpụta ihe kpatara ya, iji dozie ego na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Dị ka Wild si kwuo, ọbụna nsụgharị na-ezughị ezu nke exposome nwere ike [[Iba|ịba]] uru na ọrịa. N'afọ 2012, Wild depụtara usoro, gụnyere sensọ onwe, biomarkers, na teknụzụ 'omics', iji kọwaa ihe ngosi ahụ nke ọma.<ref name="Wild 24–32"/> Ọ kọwara ngalaba atọ na-agafe n'ime ihe ngosi ahụ: # gburugburu ebe obibi n'èzí gụnyere gburugburu obodo, agụmakwụkwọ, ihe ndị metụtara ihu igwe, isi obodo, nrụgide, # a kpọmkwem mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi na kpọmkwem contaminants, ụzarị ọkụ, ọrịa, ndụ ihe (eg. ụtaba, mmanya), nri, mmega ahụ, wdg. # gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ime iji gụnye ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ihe ndị metụtara metabolic, homonụ, microflora gut, ọkụ, nrụgide oxidative. [[Usòrò:Exposome_nruaux.jpg|alt=Exposome|thumb|Ngosipụta]] Ná ngwụsị afọ 2013, akọwapụtara nkọwa a n'ụzọ miri emi n'akwụkwọ mbụ banyere ihe ngosi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gary Miller|isbn=978-0124172173|date=2 December 2013|pages=118|title=The Exposome: A Primer|publisher=Elsevier|url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-exposome/miller/978-0-12-417217-3|accessdate=16 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=G x E = ?|url=http://scitechconnect.elsevier.com/g-x-e/|author=Gary Miller|date=20 November 2013|publisher=Elsevier|work=Sci Connect|accessdate=16 January 2014|archivedate=1 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201210118/http://scitechconnect.elsevier.com/g-x-e/}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, otu onye edemede ahụ degharịrị nkọwa ahụ iji tinye mmeghachi omume ahụ na usoro metabolic ya nke na-agbanwe nhazi nke kemịkal.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Miller Gary W.|date=January 2014|title=The Nature of Nurture: Refining the Definition of the Exposome|journal=[[Toxicological Sciences]]|volume=137|issue=1|pages=1–2|pmid=24213143|doi=10.1093/toxsci/kft251}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghi anya, nke a na-egosi site na ngosipụta nke metabolic n'ime na gburugburu oge ime, ngosipụta metabolic nke nne gụnyere ngosipụta dị ka oke ibu nne / oke ibu na ọrịa shuga, na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ, gụnyere nri abụba dị elu / calorie dị elu, nke jikọtara ya na uto nwa ebu n'afọ, nwa ọhụrụ na ụtọ Nwatakịrị, na mmụba nke oke ibu na nsogbu metabolic ndị ọzọ na ndụ mgbe e mesịrị.<ref>Strain, J., Spaans, F., Serhan, M., Davidge, S. T. & Connor, K. L.. Programming of weight and obesity across the lifecourse by the maternal metabolic exposome: A systematic review. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 100986 (2021). doi:10.1016/j.mam.2021.100986</ref><ref> Wang, J., et al., 2019. Gestational diabetes and offspring’s growth from birth to 6 years old. Int. J. Obes. 43, 663–672</ref> == Ịtụ == Maka nsogbu dị mgbagwoju anya, ihe ndị na-akpata mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yiri ka ọ bụ naanị 10-30% nke ọrịa ahụ, mana enwebeghị ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ usoro iji tụọ mmetụta nke ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha ụfọdụ banyere mmekọrịta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrịa shuga egosila na "ọmụmụ mkpakọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi" (EWAS, ma ọ bụ ọmụmụ mkpakọrịta zuru oke) nwere ike ikwe omume.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Patel|first=CJ|title=An Environment-Wide Association Study (EWAS) on type 2 diabetes mellitus.|journal=PLOS ONE|date=May 20, 2010|volume=5|issue=5|pages=e10746|pmid=20505766|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0010746}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ihe data set bụ ndị kasị kwesịrị ekwesị na-anọchite anya uru nke "E".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith Martyn T.|date=August 2009|title=Building Exposure Biology Centers to Put the E into "G × E" Interaction Studies|journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]]|volume=117|issue=8|pages=A334–A335|pmid=19672377|doi=10.1289/ehp.12812}}</ref> == Atụmatụ nyocha == Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2016, o nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịtụ ma ọ bụ gosipụta ngosipụta zuru ezu, mana ọtụtụ ọrụ Europe amalitela ime mgbalị mbụ. N'afọ 2012, European Commission nyere nnukwu onyinye abụọ iji mee nnyocha metụtara ikpughe.<ref name="nature">{{Cite journal|title=Daily dose of toxics to be tracked|journal=Nature|volume=491|issue=7426|pages=647|author=Callaway|first=Ewen|date=27 November 2012|doi=10.1038/491647a|pmid=23192121}}</ref> A malitere ọrụ HELIX na Barcelona-based Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology n'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2014, ma zube ịzụlite ihe ngosi nke ndụ mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vrijheid|first=M|title=The human early-life exposome (HELIX): project rationale and design.|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|date=June 2014|volume=122|issue=6|pages=535–44|doi=10.1289/ehp.1307204|pmid=24610234}}</ref> Ọrụ nke abụọ, Exposomics, nke dị na Imperial College [[London]], ọ malitere na 2012, bu n'obi iji ngwa ekwentị pụrụ iche nke ndị bekee kpọrọ smartphones na-eji GPS na sensọ gburugburu ebe obibi iji chọpụta ihe ngosi.<ref name="nature" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140509031606/http://www.exposomicsproject.eu/ About Exposomics] EU</ref> Ná ngwụsị afọ 2013, nnukwu atụmatụ a na-akpọ "Health and Environment-Wide Associations based on Large Scale population Surveys" ma ọ bụ HEALS, malitere. N'ịbụ nke a na-akpọ dị ka ọmụmụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị ukwuu na Europe, HEALS na-atụ aro ịnakwere usoro akọwapụtara site na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti usoro DNA, mgbanwe DNA epigenetic, nkwupụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HEALS-EU.|url=http://www.heals-eu.eu/|accessdate=16 January 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 2011, mba US National Academy of Sciences kwadoro nzukọ nke isiokwu ya bụ "Emerging Technologies for Measuring Individual Exposomes" n'asụsụ bekee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Academy of Sciences meeting|url=http://nas-sites.org/emergingscience/meetings/exposome/|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref> Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa, "Exposome and Exposomics", na-akọwa ebe atọ dị mkpa maka ime nnyocha banyere ọrụ dị ka National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health chọpụtara.<ref name="CDC"/> Ụlọ ọrụ National Institutes of Health (NIH) etinyela ego na teknụzụ na-akwado nchọpụta metụtara ikpughe gụnyere biosensors, ma na-akwado nyocha banyere mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NIEHS Gene-Environment studies|url=http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/science/gene-env/index.cfm|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Genes and Environment Initiative|url=http://www.genome.gov/19518663|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref> == Atụmatụ gbasara ihe omume nke ndị mmadụ nke a kpọrọ Proposed Human Exposome Project (HEP) n'asụsụ bekee == Ebumnuche nke Human Exposome Project, nke yiri Human Genome Project, ka a tụrụ aro ma tụlere ya n'ọtụtụ nzukọ sayensị, mana ka ọ na-erule afọ 2017, ọ dịghị ọrụ dị otú ahụ. N'iburu n'uche enweghị nkọwa doro anya banyere otú sayensị ga-esi na-achụso ọrụ dị otú ahụ, enweghị nkwado.<ref>Arnaud, Celia Henry (16 August 2010). [https://pubs.acs.org/cen/science/88/8833sci1.html "Exposing The Exposome"]. ''Chemical & Engineering News'', Vol. 88, No. 33, pp. 42–44. [[American Chemical Society]]. Retrieved 5 March 2013.</ref> Akụkọ banyere okwu a gụnyere: * nyocha nke afọ 2011 banyere [[Exposure science|sayensị ikpughe]] na ikpughe nke Paul Lioy na Stephen Rappaport, "Sayansi Ngosipụta na ngosipụta: ohere maka njikọta na sayensị ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi" na akwụkwọ akụkọ Environmental Health Perspectives .<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lioy|first=PJ|title=Exposure science and the exposome: an opportunity for coherence in the environmental health sciences|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|date=Nov 2011|volume=119|issue=11|pages=A466–7|pmid=22171373|doi=10.1289/ehp.1104387}}</ref> * akụkọ nke afọ 2012 sitere na United States National Research Council "Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy", na-akọwa ihe ịma aka na nyocha usoro nke ihe ngosi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NRC report supports NIEHS vision of the exposome|url=http://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsletter/2012/10/spotlight-nrc/index.htm|accessdate=21 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy|url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13507|accessdate=21 January 2013|isbn=9780309264686|date=2012-09-07|author=Council|first=National Research}}</ref> == Mpaghara ndị metụtara ya == Echiche nke exposome enyewo aka na atụmatụ nke afọ 2010 nke ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ na ọrịa phenotype, "ụkpụrụ ọrịa pụrụ iche": Onye ọ bụla nwere usoro ọrịa pụrụ iche dị iche na onye ọ bụla ọzọ, na-atụle ịdị iche nke exposome na mmetụta ya pụrụ iche na usoro ọrịa molekụla gụnyere mgbanwe na interactome.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2013|title=Molecular pathological epidemiology of epigenetics: emerging integrative science to analyze environment, host, and disease|journal=Mod Pathol|volume=26|issue=4|pages=465–484|doi=10.1038/modpathol.2012.214|pmid=23307060}}</ref> E bu ụzọ kọwaa ụkpụrụ a na ọrịa neoplastic dị ka "ụkpụrụ akpụ pụrụ iche".<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2012|title=How many molecular subtypes? Implications of the unique tumor principle in personalized medicine|journal=Expert Rev Mol Diagn|volume=12|issue=6|pages=621–628|doi=10.1586/erm.12.46|pmid=22845482}}</ref> Dabere na ụkpụrụ ọrịa a pụrụ iche, ngalaba dị iche iche nke ọrịa nje (MPE) jikọtara ọrịa nje na ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2010|title=Lifestyle factors and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: the evolving field of molecular pathological epidemiology|journal=J Natl Cancer Inst|volume=102|issue=6|pages=365–367|doi=10.1093/jnci/djq031|pmid=20208016}}</ref> == Ndị Nkwalite na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke ọha == Ọtụtụ ihe na-eduzi mgbanwe ụwa; Otú ọ dị, ndị isi ise na-eduzi mgbanwe ụwa bụ: mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, uto akụ na ụba, ọganihu teknụzụ, àgwà, na ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>Liverman, D., B. Yarnal, and B. L. Turner Ii. 2003. The Human Dimensions of Global Change. In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century, eds. G. L. Gaile and C. J. Willmott, 267-282. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> Ndị isi ọkwọ ụgbọala ise a nke mgbanwe ụwa nwere ike isi na ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke n'aka nke ya, a pụrụ ịhụ ndị a dị ka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala n'akụkụ nke ha.  Ndị na-eduzi mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ịmalite site na ọchịchọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụ akụ na ụba maka akụ na ụba dịka ọchịchọ maka osisi ma ọ bụ ọchịchọ maka ihe ọkụkụ.  N'ịgbukpọ ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ dịka ọmụmaatụ, isi ihe na-akwọ ụgbọala bụ ohere akụ na ụba nke na-abịa na mmịpụta akụ ndị a na ntụgharị nke ala a ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ ala.<ref>Lambin, E. F., B. L. Turner Ii, J. Helmut, S. Agbola, A. Angelsen, J. Bruce, O. Coomes, R. Dirzo, G. Fischer, C. Folke, P. George, K. Homewood, J. Imbernon, R. Leemans, X. Li, E. Moran, M. Mortimore, R. Ramakrishnan, J. Richards, H. Skanes, W. Steffen, G. Stone, U. Svedin, T. Veldkamp, C. Vogel, and J. Xu. 2001. The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Global Environmental Change 11:261-269.</ref> Enwere ike igosipụta ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala a na ọkwa ọ bụla, site na ọkwa zuru ụwa ọnụ maka osisi ruo ọkwa ezinụlọ. A pụrụ ịhụ ihe atụ nke otú ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya si emetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na ahia soy bean n'etiti Brazil na China. Azụmahịa nke agwa soy site na [[Brazil]] na [[China]] etoola nke ukwuu n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga. Ọganihu a na ahia n'etiti mba abụọ a na-akpali site na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-egwuri egwu ebe a bụ mkpa na-arị elu maka agwa soy nke Brazil na China, mmụba nke mgbanwe ojiji ala maka mmepụta agwa soy na Brazil, na mkpa ọ dị iwusi ahia mba ọzọ ike n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ.<ref>Liu, J., V. Hull, M. Batistella, R. DeFries, T. Dietz, F. Fu, T. W. Hertel, R. C. Izaurralde, E. F. Lambin, S. Li, L. A. Martinelli, W. J. McConnell, E. F. Moran, R. Naylor, Z. Ouyang, K. R. Polenske, A. Reenberg, G. de Miranda Rocha, C. S. Simmons, P. H. Verburg, P. M. Vitousek, F. Zhang, and C. Zhu. 2013. Framing Sustainability in a Telecoupled World. Ecology and Society 18 (2).</ref> Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala a niile nwere mmetụta na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmụba na mmepe maka ugbo soy bean na Brazil pụtara na ọ dị mkpa ka e nwekwuo ala maka akụ a. Nke a na -eme ka a gbanwee oke ọhịa n'ozuzu ya ka ọ bụrụ ala ugbo nke n'akụkụ ya nwere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>Turner Ii, B. L., and W. Meyer. 1994. Global Land-Use and Land-Cover Change: An Overview. In Changes in Land Use and Land Cover: A Global Perspective, eds. W. Meyer and B. L. Turner Ii, 3-9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> Ihe atụ a nke mgbanwe ojiji ala nke ọchịchọ nke akụ na ụba na-akpali, ọ bụghị naanị na-eme na Brazil na mmepụta soy bean. [[Usòrò:Crawfish_Farming_-_Acadia_Parish_Louisiana_2020.jpg|thumb|Owuwe ihe ubi crawfish na Acadia Parish, Louisiana.]] Ihe atụ ọzọ sitere na The Renewable Energy Directive 2009 Union mgbe ha nyere iwu maka mmepe biofuel maka mba dị n'ime ndị otu ha. Site na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mba ụwa nke ịbawanye mmepụta biofuels na-emetụta ojiji ala na mba ndị a. Mgbe ugbo ugbo na-agbanwe gaa na bioenergy cropland, ihe ọkụkụ mbụ na-ebelata ebe ahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ihe ọkụkụ a na-abawanye. Nke a na - akpata onye ọkwọ ụgbọala na -ahụ maka akụ na ụba maka mkpa ọ dị inwekwu ugbo ala iji kwado mkpa na -arịwanye elu. Otú ọ dị, na enweghị ala dịnụ site na ngbanwe ihe ọkụkụ na biofuels, mba ga-eleba anya n'ebe ndị dị anya iji zụlite ala ndị a mbụ. Nke a na - akpata usoro mmịfe na mba ebe mmepe ọhụrụ a na -ewere ọnọdụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mba [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]] na-agbanwe savanna ka ọ bụrụ ala ugbo na nke a niile sitere na onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ịchọrọ ịzụlite biofuels.<ref>Eakin, H., DeFries, R., Kerr, S., Lambin, E. F., Liu, J., Marcotullio, P. J., ... Zimmerer, K. (2014). Significance of telecoupling for exploration of land-use change. In ''Rethinking Global Land Use in an Urban Era'' (pp. 141-161). MIT Press.</ref> Ọzọkwa, ọkwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-akpata mgbanwe ojiji ala anaghị eme na ọkwa mba ụwa. Enwere ike inwe ahụmahụ ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala a ruo n'ogo ụlọ. Ntughari ihe ọkụkụ abụghị naanị site na mgbanwe biofuel na ọrụ ugbo, nnukwu nnọchi sitere na Thailand mgbe ha gbanwere mmepụta nke osisi opium poppy na ihe ọkụkụ na-abụghị ọgwụ ọjọọ. Nke a mere ka ngalaba ọrụ ugbo nke Thailand too, mana ọ kpatara mmetụta zuru ụwa ọnụ (opium replacement). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Wolong China, ndị obodo na-eji ọhịa dị ka nkụ iji sie ma na-ekpo ọkụ ụlọ ha. Ya mere, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ ebe a bụ ọchịchọ obodo maka osisi iji kwado ihe oriri na mpaghara a. Site na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala a, ndị obodo na-ebelata ihe ha na-enweta maka nkụ mmanụ ụgbọala nke mere na ha ga-aga n'ihu iji wepụ akụ a. Mmegharị a na ọchịchọ maka osisi na-enye aka na ọnwụ nke pandas na mpaghara a n'ihi na gburugburu ebe obibi ha na-ebibi.<ref>Liu, J., T. Dietz, S. R. Carpenter, M. Alberti, C. Folke, E. Moran, A. N. Pell, P. Deadman, T. Kratz, J. Lubchenco, E. Ostrom, Z. Ouyang, W. Provencher, C. L. Redman, S. H. Schneider, and W. W. Taylor. 2007. Complexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems. Science 317 (5844):1513- 1516</ref> Otú ọ dị, mgbe ị na-eme nnyocha banyere ọnọdụ obodo, a na-elekwasị anya na nsonaazụ kama otú mgbanwe na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala zuru ụwa ọnụ si emetụta nsonaazụ.<ref>Stockholm Environment Institute. ''Linking Global and Local Scenarios under Climate Change''. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2003, www.jstor.org/stable/resrep00343. Accessed 12 Mar. 2020. </ref> N'ikwu nke a, ọ dị mkpa ka e mejuputa atụmatụ ọkwa obodo mgbe a na-enyocha ndị na-akpata mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Na mmechi, mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ otú ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọkwa ọ bụla si arụ ọrụ na nsonaazụ nke omume mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala a niile nwere mmetụta na-emetụta ala, ụmụ mmadụ, akụ na ụba, na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu ya. Site n'ikwu nke a, ọ dị ụmụ mmadụ mkpa ịghọta nke ọma otú ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ha nwere ike isi gbanwee ụzọ anyị si ebi ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịlaghachi n'ihe atụ soy bean, mgbe ọkọnọ ahụ enweghị ike igbo mkpa maka soy beans ahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ihe ọkụkụ a na-abawanye nke na-emetụta mba ndị na-adabere na ihe ọkụkụ a maka isi iyi nri. Mmetụta ndị a nwere ike ịkpata ọnụ ahịa dị elu maka agwa soy na ụlọ ahịa ha na ahịa ha ma ọ bụ ọ nwere ike ịkpata enweghị nnweta maka ihe ọkụkụ a na mba ndị na-ebubata. Site na nsonaazụ abụọ a, ọkwa ezinụlọ na-emetụta ọkwa mba na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke mmụba nke mkpa maka agwa soy Brazil na China. Site naanị otu ihe atụ a, mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ otú ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya si emetụta mgbanwe na ọkwa mba nke na-eduga na mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ, mpaghara, obodo, na ọkwa ezinụlọ. Isi echiche iji wepụ nke a bụ echiche na ihe niile nwere njikọ nakwa na ọrụ anyị na nhọrọ anyị dị ka ụmụ mmadụ nwere nnukwu ike na-emetụta ụwa anyị n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. == Leekwa ==   == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100305233348/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/177153.php "TAU Expert Reviews Environmental Triggers (hairspray! Egbugbere ọnụ!) Of Common Autoimmune Diseases"], Medical News Today. [[Òtù:Ọrià]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qob92fotgxlgythg9nxp613s4eea5w1 0 13977 688423 540374 2026-07-18T12:30:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Aktion_Enfants_Terribles.JPG|thumb|Ntinye ''Enfants Terribles'': Baby spiders n'ihu Hamburger Kunsthalle]] [[Usòrò:Enfants_Terribles_Kinder_der_Louise_B._Matvey_Slavin_Nana_Bastrup_Aktion_am_Leibnizufer_Hannover_01.08.14.jpg|thumb|Ihe ọkpụkpụ ojii nke ndị Nanas na Leibnizufer na Hanover]] [[Usòrò:Doppelportrat_Nana_et_Matvey.jpg|thumb|''Nana ET Matvey'' (n'azụ Laufbilder - Digital Gobelins) Museet på Koldinghus, Kolding, Denmark]] '''Enfants Terribles''' bụkwa '''Nana ET Matvey''' bụ ndị na-ese ihe abụọ nke gụnyere Nana Rosenørn Holland Bastrup (obere: Nana Bastrup) (amụrụ n'afọ 1987) na Matvey Slavin (amụrụ n'afọ 1987). E hiwere ha abụọ na Hamburg n'afọ 2012 ma kpọọ aha ha site na ntinye ha ''Enfants Terribles'' nke, n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2012, gosipụtara na nnukwu ebe a wụrụ awụ n'èzí Hamburger Kunsthalle na Hamburg. Ntinye ''Enfants Terribles'' bụ nsọpụrụ nye ihe ọkpụkpụ ududo ''Maman'' nke Louise Bourgeois, ma nwee ụmụ ududo iri na isii gburugburu ihe ọkpụkpụ Bourgeois dị ugbu a.<ref>[http://www.abendblatt.de/kultur-live/article2273472/Maman-bekam-unerwarteten-Nachwuchs.html ''Maman bekam unerwarteten Nachwuchs.''] Hamburger Abendblatt, 11 May 2012, p. 17</ref><ref name="DIE WELT">[https://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/hamburg/article106288477/Spinnenbrut-Enfants-Terribles.html ''Spinnenbrut: Enfants Terribles.''] DIE WELT, 11 May 2012, p. 29, Retrieved 21 June 2015.</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Bastrup na Copenhagen, Denmark na Slavin na Leningrad (nke a gbanwere aha ya na St.Petersburg), Russia. Ha zutere mgbe ụmụ akwụkwọ na Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg ma kemgbe ahụ, ha mepụtara ọtụtụ ihe ngosi na omume ọha na eze na Germany, Denmark na Austria n'okpuru aha "Enfants Terribles".<ref name="Artfacts">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180140/http://www.artfacts.net/en/artist/enfants-terribles-480340/profile.html ''Enfants Terribles''], ArtFacts.Net - the international gallery guide for modern, contemporary and emerging art. Retrieved 23 August 2015.</ref> N'afọ 2014–2015 ha ghọrọ ndị na-ese ihe na ụlọ nka na Meinersen na agụmakwụkwọ nke Foundation Bösenberg na n'afọ 2016 ndị na-ese ihe na ụlọ nka ''Künstlerhaus im Schlossgarten'' na Cuxhaven.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150811010322/http://boesenberg-stiftung.de/Projekte.html ''Stipendiaten der Bösenberg-Stiftung''], Künstlerhaus Meinersen, Retrieved 21 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://kunstverein-barsinghausen.de/ Website of Kunstverein Barsinghausen], Retrieved 8 June 2014.</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2015, ha na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru aha Nana ET Matvey na Berlin na Copenhagen.<ref>[http://kis-cuxhaven.de ''Künstlerhaus im Schlossgarten in Cuxhaven''], Website of the ''Künstlerhaus im Schlossgarten'' in Cuxhaven, Retrieved 2 October 2016.</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ Enfants Terribles na-ewuli elu na mmegharị Dada. Taboos bụ otu n'ime isi isiokwu ya.<ref name="kb">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002238/http://archiv.con-nect.de/pages/barsinghausen/subpages/-enfants_terribles-_ueberraschen_mit_interaktiven_videoinstallationen/index.html '' "Enfants terribles" überraschen mit interaktiven Videoinstallationen''], Calenberger Online News. Retrieved 21. June 2015</ref> N'afọ 2014 ''ndị'' na-ese ihe nkiri na-etinye na Hanover obere mmadụ asaa a na-akpọ "The Seven Matveys" na okpu agba n'ihu ihe ọkpụkpụ Nana nke Niki de Saint Phalle: The Admirer, The Critic, The Know-It-All, The Devotee, The Sceptic, The Tourist na The Destroyer . A ghọtara ntinye ihe nkiri ahụ ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi aha mbụ nke Nana Bastrup, kamakwa n'ihi esemokwu banyere ụdị nka na Hanover n'afọ ndị 1970.<ref name="Hannoversche Allgemeine">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050025/http://www.haz.de/Hannover/Aus-der-Stadt/Uebersicht/Kunst-Skulpturen-Nanas-haben-Gesellschaft-von-neuen-Figuren-in-Hannover ''Die Nanas haben Gesellschaft''], Hannoversche Allgemeine, 2 August 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2015.</ref> Ha abụọ na-eme ụdị satire eserese nke na-agbaso ọdịnala nke ndị na-ese ihe Jacques Callot, William Hogarth, ma ọ bụ George Grosz. [1] N'afọ 2014 ha mepụtara ụdị okwu ha kpọrọ "Laufbilder".<ref name="kb" /> Usoro maka imepụta ọrụ ndị a bụ: mbipụta inkjet nke foto nke ihe ngosi ndị gara aga ma ọ bụ arụmọrụ na mpempe akwụkwọ mmegharị, ntinye aka collage nke Nana Bastrup mere, na eserese pensụl nke Matvey Slavin gbakwunyere jikọtara na mbipụta na PVC tarp, na-ahapụ usoro nyocha agba a na-ahụ anya na ala na n'akụkụ. Usoro a na -arụpụta ntụgharị nke "digital Gobelins" nke na -echeta tapestries oge ochie, mana n'eziokwu, a na -ebipụta ọkọlọtọ mgbasa ozi na loops.<ref name="Galerie Hengevoss-Dürkop">[http://hengevossduerkop.de/galerie/?p=2735 ''Enfants Terribles—Motion Pictures and Video Sculptures''], Webseite Galerie Hengevoss-Dürkop, 21 October 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2015.</ref> The motto of the artist duo is art is footwork.[10] The "Laufbilder" (running images or run of images) recreate views and situations of exhibitions that Enfants Terribles have realized in the past.[12] The works deal with socially relevant issues and reflect critically the ''art'' market, the art scene, and the role the artists adopt in these.<ref name="Galerie Hengevoss-Dürkop" /> Bastrup na Slavin jikọtara ọrụ nka ha, ogige ihe atụ nke ihe na ọnọdụ dị egwu. A na-esite na ntinye aka ha na ihe osise ahụ. [1] N'''ihe'' ngosi ''Popdada'' na Berlin 2016 Bastrup na Slavin gosipụtara nhọrọ nke ọrụ popdadaistic: Laufbilder (foto ihe nkiri), Mauerwerke (masonry) na ihe ọkpụkpụ vidiyo Dada Child, Little Brother 2014-2016. Nwa ojii a na-akpọ lacquered child nọ ọdụ na plinth na-ejide n'otu aka ihuenyo na vidiyo ''Popdada'' 2010-2016 n'akụkụ ihu ya. N'aka nke ọzọ gbatịrị agbatị bụ égbè egwuregwu, nke ọ na-eji eme ihe. Site na ihe ngosi ahụ, ndị na-ese ihe kpọrọ aha ma guzobe ụdị nka '''Popdada''' (ọ bụkwa '''Popdadaism''') - 100 afọ mgbe e guzobere Dada (ọ bụkwa Dadaism). Ebumnuche nke echiche popdadaistic abụghị ịjụ ụwa ajụjụ maka omenala ya na parody, kama ọ bụ n'ihi enweghị isi na njikwa.<ref name="artfacts_popdada">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170926100343/http://www.artfacts.net/en/artist/enfants-terribles-480340/profile.html '' "Artfacts.net - Enfants Terribles''], Exhibition "Popdada". Retrieved 27 September 2016</ref> == Ihe ngosi abụọ na arụmọrụ ọha na eze == * 2012: ** Hamburg: ''Enfants Terribles'', Ntinye na mbara ala nke Hamburger Kunsthalle<ref name="DIE WELT"/> ** Hamburg: ''Mensch und Ware'', Altonaer Museum<ref>[http://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/altona/article2284221/Altonale-Auftakt-Kulturnacht-im-Altonaer-Museum.html ''Altonale-Auftakt: Kulturnacht im Altonaer Museum.''] Hamburger Abendblatt 22. Mai 2012, Retrieved 21 June 2015.</ref> * 2013: ** Berlin: Inszenierte Träume I/II, ''Galerie Kurt im'' Hirsch[17] ** Berlin: Inszenierte Träume II/II, ''Galerie Kurt im'' Hirsch[17] ** Roskilde: Viking Revival, Galleri LABR[17] * 2014: ** Barsinghausen: ''Enfants Terribles - Kinder der Louise B''., Kunstverein Barsinghausen e.V.<ref name="kb"/> ** Hanover: ''Matveys'', Ntinye nke Nanas na Leibnizufer<ref name="Hannoversche Allgemeine"/> ** Hamburg: Enfants Terribles - Laufbilder & Videoskulpturen, Galerie Hengevoss-Dürkop<ref>[http://hengevossduerkop.de/galerie/?p=2735 ''Galerie Hengevoss-Dürkop''] Website of the gallery, Retrieved 21 June 2015.</ref> * 2015: ** Meinersen: ''Kribbel-Krabbel'', Künstlerhaus Meinersen<ref>[http://www.pixel-zoo.de/ET/ ''Kribbel-Krabbel''] Exhibition views Retrieved 26 September 2016.</ref> * 2016: ** Asnæs: ''Enfants Terribles'', Huset I Asnæs<ref name="Artfacts"/> ** Cuxhaven: ''Wir sind soweit'', Künstlerhaus im Schlossgarten<ref name="kis-cuxhaven.de">{{Cite web |url=http://kis-cuxhaven.de/2016/multimediale-collagen/ |title=''Wir sind soweit'' Exhibition views. Retrieved 26 September 2016. |accessdate=5 June 2022 |archivedate=28 May 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528220746/https://kis-cuxhaven.de/2016/multimediale-collagen/ }}</ref> ** Cuxhaven: ''Cuxhavener Kuriositäten'', Künstlerhaus im Schlossgarten<ref name="kis-cuxhaven.de" /> ** Berlin: ''Popdada'', Galerie subject-object<ref name="Artfacts" /> == Ihe ngosi otu == * 2013: ** Berlin: ''KurtSalon'' mit Jim Avignon, Kathrin Ganser, Sophie Schmidt, Sarah Strassmann u.a. Galerie Kurt im Hirsch, Berlin<ref name="Artfacts"/> * 2014: ** Kolding: ''Zimmer Frei'' Museet på Koldinghus == Ndetu == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ == * {{Cite book|first=Kerstin|author=Hengevoss-Dürkop|title=Enfants Terribles – Footwork|publisher=Gallery Hengevoss-Dürkop|location=Hamburg|date=2015|isbn=978-3-00-049805-3}} * {{Cite book|first=Friedrich|author=Holtiegel|title=Enfants Terribles. Kinder der Louise B.|publisher=Kunstverein Barsinghausen e.V.|location=Barsinghausen|year=2014|isbn=978-3-945527-00-9}} == Ịgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|first=Till|author=Bräuning|title=Enfants Terribles|publisher=Bräuning Contemporary|location=Hamburg|year=2012|isbn=978-3-00-039981-7|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|first=Kerstin|author=Hengevoss-Dürkop|title='3 Years Enfants Terribles'|publisher=Künstlerhaus Meinersen|location=Meinersen|year=2015|isbn=978-3-00-049034-7|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|first=Michael|author=Stoeber|title=Enfants Terribles - Über das Werk von/On the Oeuvre of Enfants Terribles|location=Hamburg|date=2014|isbn=978-3-00-047552-8|ref=none}} == Njikọ mpụga == * popdada.net Popdada - ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke ndị na-ese ihe abụọ * nanaetmatvey.com Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke onye na-ese ihe abụọ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160121030756/http://www.artfacts.net/en/artist/enfants-terribles-480340 Artfacts.net - Enfants Terribles] lenz6epa3hifzehw8psvzciltzt0u5l 0 23448 688424 641825 2026-07-18T12:33:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Eniola Olaitan Ajayi|image=|honorific-prefix=Ambassador|office4=Commissioner for Education, Science and Technology [[Ekiti State]]|term_start4=December 2010|term_end4=January 2013|office3=Commissioner for Environment [[Ekiti State]]|term_start3=February 2013|term_end3=October 2015|office2=Nigerian Ambassador to [[Hungary]]|term_start2=June 2017|term_end2=January 2021|predecessor2=|successor2=Modupe Irele|office1=Nigerian Ambassador to [[Netherlands]]|term_start1=January 2021|term_end1=|predecessor1=Oji Ngofa|successor1=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1965|01|18|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Ekiti State]], Nigeria|nationality=Nigerian|education=B.Sc, M.Phil, O.D, FNOA|party=[[All Progressive Congress]] (APC)|alma_mater=[[Christ's School, Ado Ekiti]] <br> [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|University of Benin]] <br> [[University of London]]|occupation=Diplomat|profession=Consultant Optometrist|website={{URL|http://eniolaajayi.com}}}} Ambassador Eniola Olaitan Ajayi (amụrụ na 18 Jenụwarị 1965) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na '''onye nnọchi anya''' mba ọzọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye nnọchianya Naijiria nọ na Hungary na ikikere na Serbia, Croatia, na Bosnia na Herzegovina.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://nigerianembassy.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=6#:~:text=Ambassador%20Ajayi%20offically%20became%20Nigeria's,Aleksandar%20Vucic.|work=Embassy of Nigeria in Budapest|publisher=Nigeria|accessdate=13 January 2020|archivedate=21 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221053530/http://nigerianembassy.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=6#:~:text=Ambassador%20Ajayi%20offically%20became%20Nigeria's,Aleksandar%20Vucic.}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Onye isì ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] zigara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya Naijiria na Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|title=President assigns portfolios to new ambassadors|url=https://guardian.ng/news/president-assigns-portfolios-to-new-ambassadors/|work=TheGuardian|publisher=TheGuardian|accessdate=19 January 2021}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Ajayi na 18 Jenụwarị 1965 na Ipoti Ekiti n'ezinụlọ Late Pawato Oluyin Owolabi Ajayi nke Iyin Ekiti na Chief Mrs. Elizabeth Anike Ajayi nke Ipoti Ekiti. Ndụ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata malitere na St George Anglican Primary School, Ijero Ekiti tupu ọ gaa Emmanuel Anglican Elementary School, Ado Ekiti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Science Forum Participants|url=https://worldscienceforum.org/participants/ajayi-eniola-olaitan-37463|work=World Science Forum|publisher=World Science Forum|accessdate=21 January 2021|archivedate=28 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128033533/https://worldscienceforum.org/participants/ajayi-eniola-olaitan-37463}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ akwụkwọ Christ, Ado Ekiti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Featured Story|url=https://ekitistate.gov.ng/features-christs-school-offered-us-complete-training-commissioner/|work=Ekiti state Government Forum|publisher=Ekiti State Government|accessdate=21 January 2021}}</ref> O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na Optometry na 1986 na Mahadum Benin . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na National Youth Service Corps na Eye Clinic nke Nigerian Airforce. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ otu afọ ya, e debere ya dị ka onye ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide nke ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ ma rụọ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwetara ezumike ọmụmụ iji mee nyocha na Institute of Ophthalmology, Mahadum London. N'afọ 1994, ọ nwetara Master of Philosophy na Ocular Pathology n'otu mahadum ahụ. Ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa wee gaa n'ihu na ọrụ ya na Nigeria Airforce ruo 1997 mgbe ọ malitere ọrụ onwe ya. O mechara laghachi na Mahadum Benin ebe ọ nwetara Doctor of Optometry n'afọ 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Happy Birthday Ambassador Designate|url=https://m.facebook.com/ekitilink/posts/happy-birthday-to-ambassador-designatedr-eniola-olaitan-ajayiphd-an-alumnus-of-c/1892995567586757/|work=Ekiti Link Facebook Page Forum|publisher=Ekiti Link Forum|accessdate=21 December 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-akpali akpali na onye ozi nke Chineke na nzukọ ndị Kraịst nke obodo ya; na-elekọta ọdịmma nke ndị di na nwunye kwenyere na Chineke maka ụmụaka na-ndị dị ime. Dr Eniola AJAYI lụrụ Adegboyega Oke ma bụrụ nne nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ajayi bịara na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe oge mbụ ya dị ka Kọmishọna maka agumakwụkwọ, sayensị na teknụzụ na steeti Ekiti nke Naijiria ebe o mere mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ekiti State Commissioner for education, science and technology|url=https://www.facebook.com/dailytrust/posts/ekiti-state-commissioner-for-education-science-and-technology-dr-eniola-ajayi-ha/369550213126322/|work=Daily Trust|publisher=Daily Trust|accessdate=17 February 2020}}</ref> E mechara họpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ Kọmishọna maka gburugburu ebe obibi. === Kọmishọna maka agụmakwụkwọ, sayensị na teknụzụ === Dị ka onye kọmishọna maka agụmakwụkwọ na Ekiti site na Disembaa 2010 ruo Jenụwarị 2013, Ajayi so ndị otu Gọvanọ Kayode Fayemi rụọ ọrụ iji mee ka atụmatụ ya dị asatọ. Ọ lekọtara njikọta nke mahadum atọ ahụ n'oge ahụ na Mahadum Ekiti State ọhụrụ na nke nwoke.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transformation of Ekiti State University|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/transformation-ekiti-state-university/|work=the nation|publisher=the nation|accessdate=20 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Ado Ekiti Merged|url=https://theconnection.ece.org/NewsItem/737|work=ECE Connection|publisher=ECE Connection|accessdate=19 January 2021}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa n'okpuru idu ndú ya ka e mere iwu guzobere kọleji agụmakwụkwọ, Ikere Ekiti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A LAW TO REVIVE AND RESTORE THE LAW ESTABLISHING THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, IKERE EKITI AND OTHER MATTERS CONNECTED THEREWITH|url=https://ekitistate.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/law-4.doc|work=Ekiti|publisher=Ekiti|accessdate=19 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=e-School programme aimed at technological competence|url=https://ekitistate.gov.ng/ekiti-e-school-programme-aimed-at-technological-competence-commissioner/|work=Ekiti|publisher=Ekiti|accessdate=19 January 2021}}</ref> === Kọmishọna na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi === Ajayi jere ozi dị ka onye kọmishọna maka gburugburu ebe obibi site na Febụwarị 2013 ruo Ọktoba 2015. N'okpuru ọrụ a, ọ butere ụzọ na mgbalị ijì belata igbutu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, nweta mmelite ọhịa ma melite ego a na-enweta n'ime ụlọ site na ọrụ ọhịa. Ọ malitekwara nguzobe nke Forestry Commission maka nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị nke Forest site na itinye aka nke ndị ọrụ Forestry niile na Ekiti State.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Clean Environment a Must|url=https://ekitistate.gov.ng/clean-environment-a-must-environment-commissioner/|work=Ekiti|publisher=Ekiti|accessdate=19 January 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ajayi malitere ọrụ nnọchiteanya ya mgbe Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] họpụtara ya na ọrụ ọzọ na Hungary dị ka onye nnọchi anya Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Envoy Nominees|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/envoy-nominees-buhari-drops-oonis-brother-mamora-others/|work=Vanguard News|publisher=Ekiti|accessdate=19 January 2021}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya Naijiria na Hungary na ikikere n'otu oge na Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia na Herzegovina, ruo mgbe e zigara ya na Netherlands na nso nso a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Buhari Approves Appointment of 12 more Ambassadors|url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/07/02/buhari-approves-appointment-of-12-more-ambassadors-full-list/|work=DailyPost|publisher=DailyPost|accessdate=19 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=President Buhari Assigns new Portfolio to new Ambassadors|url=https://guardian.ng/news/president-assigns-portfolios-to-new-ambassadors/|work=Guardian|publisher=Guardian|accessdate=19 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Eniola Ajayi and Modupe Irele Soar High|url=https://punchng.com/eniola-ajayi-modupe-irele-soar-high/|work=The Punch|publisher=The Punch|accessdate=21 January 2021}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{DEFAULTSORT:Ajayi, Eniola Olaitan}} {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 113i532dbgxjxte930ckkdlcc4okkcz 3 24348 688438 109147 2026-07-18T23:43:53Z Aluta editor 62822 /* Request to participate on your upcoming event tagged "Creating and Standardizing Dialectal Variations of Igbo Words on Igbo Wiktionary" */ nkeji ohúrù 688438 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ihe nrite Onye Ntinyeaka == {| style="background-color: #CEF2D4; border: 10px solid Green;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Bronzewiki 2 za zásluhy.png|100px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''Onye ntụgharị Ukwu nke afọ 2022''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Anyị n'ekele gị maka ọrụ ị na-arụ na <span class="plainlinks">[https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 Wikipidia Igbo]</span>. '''Daalụ maka ịtụgharị edemede karịrị iri asaa'''. Ị mere nke ọma, jisie ike! [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 11:23, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC) |} == Request to participate on your upcoming event tagged "Creating and Standardizing Dialectal Variations of Igbo Words on Igbo Wiktionary" == hello, am a member of Igbo Wikimedia user group. i am a strong volunteer and have good knowledge in editing the Wikimedia space and. i want to request if i can participate on your upcoming event(Creating and Standardizing Dialectal Variations of Igbo Words on Igbo Wiktionary). i humbly awaits for your response. thanks. below is the sample of one that i did. https://ig.wiktionary.org/wiki/onye_nkw%E1%BB%A5 [[Ojiarụ:Aluta editor|Aluta editor]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Aluta editor|ṅkátá]]) 23:43, 18 Julaị 2026 (UTC) d733eczp3g10xodqexdtyjw38s8r0qz 0 32095 688434 127848 2026-07-18T15:50:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Etso Ugbodaga-Ngu|image=|caption=|birth_name=Etso Clara Ugbodaga-Ngu|birth_date=1921|birth_place=[[Kano (city)|Kano]]|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=[[Nigerian]]|citizenship=Nigeria|education=Art teacher's diploma, National Diploma in Design|alma_mater=[[University of London]] 55, Chelsea School of Art, London, 1954|occupation=Artists}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Etso Clara Ugbodaga-Ngu', nke a maara dị ka Ugbodaga, bụ onye na-ese ihe na Naijiria. Etso Clara Ugbodaga-Ngu' onye Naijiria A mụrụ ya na 1921 na Kano, Kano State Nigeria, ọ hapụrụ akara na-adịgide adịgide na omenala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Kano Kano Steeti Naịjirịa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Clara Ugbodaga-Ngu, Abstract (1960)|url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/lcahm/departments/historyofart/research/projects/map/issue3/arts-trail-pages/clara-ugbodaga-ngu.aspx|accessdate=2023-10-04|work=University of Birmingham|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Babah|first=Chinedu|date=2017-02-03|title=NGU Etso Ugbodaga|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ngu-etso-ugbodaga/|accessdate=2023-10-04|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe osise ya gosipụtara ụcha dị egwu ma gosipụta ike na ebumnuche. N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, ụdị geometric ya sitere na ọrụ ndị mbụ dị ka "Market Women" (1961). Elbert G. Mathews, onye nnọchi anya US na Naịjirịa n'afọ ndị 1960, nwetara ihe osise ya "Dancers", na-amata mkpa ọdịbendị ya. Elbert G. Mathews Ugbodaga-Ngu rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche, site na nkuzi ruo nkuzi na mahadum na ịrụ ọrụ ya. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ steeti n'oge FESTAC na 1975 ma mesịa bụrụ onye nkuzi na Mahadum Benin. FESTAC Mahadum nke Benin<ref>{{Cite web|author=James|first=Sule Ameh|date=2023-07-26|title=Clara Etso Ugbodaga-Ngu's Many Roles in Nigeria's Modernist Art Scene|url=https://post.moma.org/clara-etso-ugbodaga-ngus-many-roles-in-nigerias-modernist-art-scene/|accessdate=2023-10-04|work=post|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bonhams : Clara Etso Ugbodaga-Ngu (Nigerian, 1921-1996) Dancers|url=https://www.bonhams.com/auction/27381/lot/18/clara-etso-ugbodaga-ngu-nigerian-1921-1996-dancers/|accessdate=2023-10-04|work=www.bonhams.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-24|title=Rare work by the African artist Clara Etso Ugodaga-Ngu comes to Bonhams|url=https://arttimes.co.za/rare-work-by-the-african-artist-clara-etso-ugodaga-ngu-comes-to-bonhams/|accessdate=2023-10-04|work=South African Art Times|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006044316/https://arttimes.co.za/rare-work-by-the-african-artist-clara-etso-ugodaga-ngu-comes-to-bonhams/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Artwork by Clara Etso Ugbodaga-Ngu, Dancers, Made of oil on board in 2023 {{!}} Dancer, Snapshots, Sale artwork|url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/artwork-by-clara-etso-ugbodagangu-dancers-made-of-oil-on-board-in-2023--710442909994292412/|accessdate=2023-10-04|work=Pinterest|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> qq583vt97j4qqzd6lxljq44omlewd75 0 38577 688433 687725 2026-07-18T15:39:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688433 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Esther Titilayo Akinlabi</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" |<div class="nickname" lang="[[Yorùbá]]">Títílayò Akinlabi</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Kabba]], Kogi Steeti Nigeria[[Nigeria|Naịjirịa]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data category" |Onye Naijiria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụmụ amaala | class="infobox-data category" |[[Nigeria|Naịjirịa]], South Africa[[South Africa|Saụt Afrịka]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Federal University of Technology Akure|Mahadum Nkà na Ụzụ Federal Akure]] [[University of Port Harcourt|Mahadum nke Port Harcourt]] [[Nelson Mandela University|Mahadum Nelson Mandela]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ọrụ sayensị''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ubi | class="infobox-data category" |Injinia igwe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụlọ ọrụ | class="infobox-data" |Onye nduzi nke Mahadum Pan African maka Life and Earth Sciences Institute (PAULESI). Onye isi nke Ngalaba Injinịa Injinia, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Mahadum Johannesburg (UJ), South Africa. |} [[Faịlụ:Esther Titilayo Akinlabi.jpg|thumb|Esther Titilayo Akinlabi]] '''Esther Titilayo Akinlabi bụ onye Naijiria South Africa Prọfesọ nke Mechanical Engineering.Ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Pan African University for Life and Earth Sciences Institute (PAULESI), Nigeria.Ọ bụ onye isi ngalaba nke Mechanical Engineering Science Faculty of Engineering and the Wuilt Environment, Mahadum Johannesburg (UJ), South Africa.Ọ bụkwa osote onye isi nkuzi na mmụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.Ọ bụ onye otu Òtù Maka Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD) na onye otu Academy of Sciences nke Africa.''' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Akinlabi|url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/akinlabi/|accessdate=2022-06-30|work=African Scientists Directory|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311110518/https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/akinlabi/}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Esther Akinlabi {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/esther-akinlabi|accessdate=2022-06-30|work=www.aasciences.africa|archivedate=2022-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630121258/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/esther-akinlabi}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Esther Titilayo Akinlabi na Kabba, Kogi State, Nigeria.Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na St Barnabas Secondary School, Kabba wee nweta akararị mbụ ya na Mechanical Engineering na Federal University of Technology, Akure na 1997.O nwetara M.Sc engineering engineering na University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria na 2003 wee kwaga na Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth South Africa maka ya PhD na 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|title=PROFESSOR ESTHER TITILAYO AKINLABI New Director of PAULESI|url=https://pau-au.africa/news-events/news/news-detail?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=75&cHash=1f247fb8425a7a3959d6b54cf5328215|accessdate=2022-06-30|work=Pan African University}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Bolu|first=Oba|date=2021-03-09|title=Congratulations to Director of Pan African University for Life and Earth Sciences, Ibadan (PAULESI) Prof. Titilayo Akinlabi|url=https://www.peoplesdefenderng.com/congratulations-to-director-of-pan-african-university-for-life-and-earth-sciences-ibadan-paulesi-prof-titilayo-akinlabi/|accessdate=2022-06-30|work=People's Defender|language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201105802/https://www.peoplesdefenderng.com/congratulations-to-director-of-pan-african-university-for-life-and-earth-sciences-ibadan-paulesi-prof-titilayo-akinlabi/|archivedate=2022-12-01}}</ref> == Onyinye na ndị otu == Esther Titilayo Akinlabi bụ onye otu South African Young Academy of Science . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Esther Titilayo Akinlabi {{!}} IGI Global|url=https://www.igi-global.com/affiliate/esther-titilayo-akinlabi/298843|accessdate=2022-06-30|work=www.igi-global.com|archivedate=2022-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630123457/https://www.igi-global.com/affiliate/esther-titilayo-akinlabi/298843}}</ref><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0"/> bụ onye debanyere aha na Kansụl Injinịa nke South Africa (ECSA), Kansụl maka Nchịkwa nke Injinia na Naịjirịa (COREN), South African Institution of Mechanical Engineering, American Society of Mechanics, Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) na Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD).&nbsp; == Edensibia == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fv7tt1l4iolsczlhnx517sypq2gn1jn 0 45451 688435 641885 2026-07-18T16:24:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 688435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Evans Akere|image=|caption=Evans Akere, founder of Vanskere|birth_name=Evans Akere|birth_place=[[Benin City]], [[Edo state|Edo]], [[Nigeria]]|occupation=[[Fashion designer]]|nationality={{flag| Nigeria}}|alma_mater=[[London College of Fashion]], [[Ambrose Alli University]]|spouse={{plainlist| * Abiemwense Evans-Akere }}|children=3|website=https://www.vanskere.com}} Evans Akere, onye a ma ama dị ka Vanskere, [1] [2] [3] [4] bụ onye nrụpụta ejiji Naijiria na onye guzobere ụdị uwe nwoke okomoko, Vanskere.[2] [5] N'agbanyeghị na aha ya amachaghị ya,[3] atụmatụ ya na ụdị mbinye aka ya emetụtala ọdịdị ọdịdị ejiji uwe nwoke na Nigeria yana nnukwu mpaghara Africa. == Agụmakwụkwọ == Akere gụrụ akwụkwọ iwu na Mahadum Ambrose Alli, a kpọkwara ya na Nigerian Bar Association n'afọ 2003. Ọ mụkwara njikwa akara Luxury na imepụta ngwaahịa na London College of Fashion. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na UAL: University of the Arts London . <ref name="lau">{{Cite web|url=https://thelaurel.com.ng/from-lawyer-to-designer-the-unusual-odyssey-of-evans-akere-creative-director-vanskere-label-law-is-my-background-but-fashion-is-in-my-blood/|title=From lawyer to designer: The unusual odyssey of Evans Akere, creative director, Vanskere Label: Law is my background, but fashion is in my blood|accessdate=2021-05-26|work=The Laurel|date=26 May 2021|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://thelaurel.com.ng/from-lawyer-to-designer-the-unusual-odyssey-of-evans-akere-creative-director-vanskere-label-law-is-my-background-but-fashion-is-in-my-blood/ "From lawyer to designer: The unusual odyssey of Evans Akere, creative director, Vanskere Label: Law is my background, but fashion is in my blood"]. ''The Laurel''. 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesselitesafrica.com/2020/11/04/evans-akere-the-fashionpreneur-who-makes-africas-coolest-trad-wears/|title=Evans Akere: The Fashionpreneur who Makes Africa's Coolest Trad Wears|accessdate=2023-11-04|work=Business Elites Africa a premier source for celebrating African business excellence|date=4 November 2020|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130004737/https://businesselitesafrica.com/2020/11/04/evans-akere-the-fashionpreneur-who-makes-africas-coolest-trad-wears/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'oge ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ iwu, ọ na-esiri ya ike ịbanye n'ihi ụdị ejiji ya. Mgbe a chụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ ikpe n'ihi enweghị ike ịgbaso ụkpụrụ ejiji, <ref name="lau"/> o kpebiri ịchụso ejiji mgbe ọ kpọrọ ya na Bar. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/luxury-menswear-fashion-brand-vanskere-acquires-57-interiors-design-company/x52jw44|title=Vanskere is diversifying further with the acquisition of 57 Interiors, a Lagos-based interior design company that specialises in made-in-Nigeria furniture.|accessdate=2021-11-30|work=Pulse Africa|date=30 November 2021|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130173634/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/luxury-menswear-fashion-brand-vanskere-acquires-57-interiors-design-company/x52jw44}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://articles.connectnigeria.com/vanskere-launch-new-branch-ikeja-december-18/|title=Vanskere to Launch New Branch in Ikeja on December 18|accessdate=2016-12-14|work=Connect Nigeria|date=14 December 2016|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye mbụ Akere nwetara bụ nwanne ya nwoke, onye ya na ya bi na Yaba, Lagos. Ọ malitere site n'ichepụta ihe wee malite imere nwanne ya uwe. Ndị enyi nwanne ya nwoke ghọrọ ndị ahịa ya site na ntinye aka. Ka oge na-aga, Akere chọpụtara na ọ na-enweta nkwado maka ejiji ọdịnala karịa uwe bekee, nke mere ka ọ lekwasị anya na ejiji omenala. Evans Akere emeela ọtụtụ ndị isi, ndị ama ama na ndị nwere mmetụta dịka [[Mike Adenuga]], Pastor Enoch Adeboye, Prọfesọ [[Yemi Osinbajo]], [[Donald Duke]], [[Ebuka Obi-Uchendu]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vanskere.com/ebuka-revolutionized-mens-fashion-with-vanskere-iconic-suit/|title=Ebuka Revolutionized Men's Fashion With Vanskere Iconic Suit|accessdate=2023-03-06|work=Vanskere Journal|date=6 March 2023|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]], [[Bovi]], [[Joseph Benjamin (actor)|Josef Benjamin]], [[Julius Agwu]] na ndị ọzọ <ref name="nevo">{{Cite web|url=https://fashionevo.style/evans-akere-showcases-at-the-international-fashion-festival-in-togo/|title=Evans Akere Showcases at the International Fashion Festival in Togo|accessdate=2023-03-01|work=FashionEVO|date=March 2023|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2017/06/27/patrick-doyle-others-unveils-vanskeres-afropolitan-ss17-collection/|title=Patrick Doyle, others unveil Vanskere's Afropolitan SS17 Collection|accessdate=2017-06-27|work=PM Nigeria Introduced in August 1994 to satisfy a yearning for a fresh, breezy and entertaining afternoon paper in Lagos and its environs, P.M.News is positioned as a paper for everyone|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theluxuryreporter.com/from-vanskere-with-love/|title=From Vanskere With Love|accessdate=2017-06-20|work=The Luxury Reporter|date=20 June 2017|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103153026/https://theluxuryreporter.com/from-vanskere-with-love/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenet.ng/bbnaija-meet-designers-dressed-ebuka-far/|title=Meet The Designers Who Have Dressed Ebuka So Far|accessdate=2018-03-14|work=Net The World's No. 1 Source For African Entertainment|date=14 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Akere na Benin City, Edo State. Ọ lụrụ Abiemwense Evans-Akere ma ha nwere ụmụ atọ. Ya na ezinụlọ ya bi na Lagos. == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akere, Evans}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8ub9ncgciuk7i5pp1mlayz0ipg55qgl 4 55756 688439 672656 2026-07-19T08:30:48Z Wmbata 61925 /* Comments and Discussions */ 688439 wikitext text/x-wiki ===[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]]=== '''[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Iwuala Lucy|action=edit}} Voice your opinion]''' '''(0/0/0); Scheduled to end 04:12, [[8 Febụwarị]] [[2025]] (UTC)''' {{User|Iwuala Lucy}} - I am a native speaker of Igbo language. I been an active member of the Igbo Wikimedians User Group ever since I joined the community and has played various administrative role within the Igbo Wikimedians User Group and on behalf of the community outside. I possess some level of technical know-how in HTML which would be very vital in my role as Igbo Wikipedia Admin. [[Ojiarụ:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Iwuala Lucy|ṅkátá]]) 04:12, 1 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) ====Questions for candidate==== Dear candidate, thank you for offering to serve Wikipedia as an administrator. You may wish to answer the following <u>optional</u> questions to provide guidance for participants: :'''1.''' What admin work do you intend to take part in? ::'''A:''' To regulate the inflow and outflow of information on the Igbo Wikipedia. To support in resolving any technical challenges that users of this project might experience in their cause of consumption or contribution to the Igbo Wikipedia. And to help incorporate standardised Igbo words/terms (which are called IGBO IZUGBE) on the Igbo Wikipedia interface. :'''2.''' What are your best contributions to Wikipedia, and why? ::'''A:''' As a freelance Igbo language translator, one of my best contributions is using my skills to contribute to the Wikipedia project at no cost - Translating articles on the Igbo Wikipedia. :'''3.''' Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or have other users caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future? ::'''A:''' Yes, I once vandalised the Igbo WikiQuote interface - during my early days as a Newbie Wikimedian. Thanks to individuals and experienced Wikimedians in my community, I was immediately called to order with an immediate one-on-one tutorial and training on the best practices of contributing and editing across the Wikimedia projects. As an Igbo Wikipedia Admin, I want to be able to resolve this kind of situation (which usually occurs among newbies and might even get them blocked and demotivated) which I believe would be beneficial to newbies and also to the Igbo Wikipedia. =====Questions from [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512|Wikipedian12512]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512|ṅkátá]]) 13:47, 5 Julaị 2026 (UTC)===== 1. You say that you vandalized the Igbo WikiQuote interface. How long ago was that? In your opinion, what would be the ideal length of time to wait after an instance of deliberate vandalism? 2. In your opinion, should the ig.wiki have many low quality articles or a few high quality ones? Why? 3. How many instances of vandalism is enough to merit a block? 4. In what circumstances would you delete a page? ====Comments and Discussions==== * Links for Iwuala Lucy: {{usercheck-short|Iwuala Lucy}} ---- '''Support, oppose, or abstain below this line:''' * '''✅Strong support'''- Good candidate lvra97c149uupeupjdykthp4j0ew42p 688440 688439 2026-07-19T08:31:29Z Wmbata 61925 /* Comments and Discussions */ 688440 wikitext text/x-wiki ===[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]]=== '''[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Iwuala Lucy|action=edit}} Voice your opinion]''' '''(0/0/0); Scheduled to end 04:12, [[8 Febụwarị]] [[2025]] (UTC)''' {{User|Iwuala Lucy}} - I am a native speaker of Igbo language. I been an active member of the Igbo Wikimedians User Group ever since I joined the community and has played various administrative role within the Igbo Wikimedians User Group and on behalf of the community outside. I possess some level of technical know-how in HTML which would be very vital in my role as Igbo Wikipedia Admin. [[Ojiarụ:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Iwuala Lucy|ṅkátá]]) 04:12, 1 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) ====Questions for candidate==== Dear candidate, thank you for offering to serve Wikipedia as an administrator. You may wish to answer the following <u>optional</u> questions to provide guidance for participants: :'''1.''' What admin work do you intend to take part in? ::'''A:''' To regulate the inflow and outflow of information on the Igbo Wikipedia. To support in resolving any technical challenges that users of this project might experience in their cause of consumption or contribution to the Igbo Wikipedia. And to help incorporate standardised Igbo words/terms (which are called IGBO IZUGBE) on the Igbo Wikipedia interface. :'''2.''' What are your best contributions to Wikipedia, and why? ::'''A:''' As a freelance Igbo language translator, one of my best contributions is using my skills to contribute to the Wikipedia project at no cost - Translating articles on the Igbo Wikipedia. :'''3.''' Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or have other users caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future? ::'''A:''' Yes, I once vandalised the Igbo WikiQuote interface - during my early days as a Newbie Wikimedian. Thanks to individuals and experienced Wikimedians in my community, I was immediately called to order with an immediate one-on-one tutorial and training on the best practices of contributing and editing across the Wikimedia projects. As an Igbo Wikipedia Admin, I want to be able to resolve this kind of situation (which usually occurs among newbies and might even get them blocked and demotivated) which I believe would be beneficial to newbies and also to the Igbo Wikipedia. =====Questions from [[Ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512|Wikipedian12512]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wikipedian12512|ṅkátá]]) 13:47, 5 Julaị 2026 (UTC)===== 1. You say that you vandalized the Igbo WikiQuote interface. How long ago was that? In your opinion, what would be the ideal length of time to wait after an instance of deliberate vandalism? 2. In your opinion, should the ig.wiki have many low quality articles or a few high quality ones? Why? 3. How many instances of vandalism is enough to merit a block? 4. In what circumstances would you delete a page? ====Comments and Discussions==== * Links for Iwuala Lucy: {{usercheck-short|Iwuala Lucy}} ---- '''Support, oppose, or abstain below this line:''' * '''✅Strong support'''- Good candidate [[Ojiarụ:Wmbata|Wmbata]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Wmbata|ṅkátá]]) 08:31, 19 Julaị 2026 (UTC) 3vp2unhiib8j8t04bn713l6079pu3nf 0 75985 688426 652675 2026-07-18T13:51:10Z ~2026-40458-71 64675 688426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|Nje Bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-ezo ezo na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|ọrịa ịgbọ ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ [[:en:Sneeze|ize uzere]].<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke zoro ezo nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọ kacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKeshavjeeFarmer2012">Keshavjee S, Farmer PE (6 September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 "Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine"]</span>. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''367''' (10): <span class="nowrap">931–</span>936. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1205429|10.1056/NEJMra1205429]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22931261 22931261].</cite></ref> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html "Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing"]. ''TB 101 for Health Care Workers''. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb "Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB"]. ''World Health Organization''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment "Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment"]. ''World Health Organization''. 21 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html "About Tuberculosis"]. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''. 27 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024" /> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLawnZumla2011">Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". ''Lancet''. '''378''' (9785): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Lanc..378...57L 2011Lanc..378...57L]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420161 21420161]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791546 208791546].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdkinsonBennettDouglasMandell2010">Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). ''Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases'' (7th&nbsp;ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.&nbsp;Chapter 250. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06839-3|<bdi>978-0-443-06839-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=104, 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] horua8039dlfny7vabl1dzn63c48uxn 1728 76747 688427 673427 2026-07-18T14:27:32Z Nwonwu Uchechukwu P 12966 688427 wikitext text/x-wiki = Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda = == Improving the quality of Igbo content through diacritical marks == [[File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda.png|thumb|Publicity flyer for Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda-Improving the Quality of Igbo Content Through Diacritical Marks 2026]] The Igbo Wikimedians User Group is pleased to invite community members, grantees, and anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia projects in Igbo to participate in a two-day online training workshop on the use of Igbo diacritical marks. Diacritical marks (tone marks and underdots) are essential components of written Igbo. They help preserve meaning, ensure correct pronunciation, and improve the quality and readability of content. However, these marks are often omitted in Wikimedia contributions, leading to ambiguity and reduced linguistic accuracy. This training workshop aims to equip participants with the knowledge and practical skills needed to correctly use diacritical marks in Igbo-language content across Wikimedia projects. == Objectives == * Increase awareness of the importance of Igbo diacritical marks. * Improve participants' understanding of tone marks and underdots. * Build contributors' capacity to correctly apply diacritical marks in Wikimedia projects. * Promote higher-quality and more accurate Igbo content across Wikimedia platforms. == Meeting details == '''Venue:''' Zoom '''Link:'''https://us06web.zoom.us/launch/jc/81490543587 '''Meeting ID:''' 814 9054 3587 '''Passcode:''' 708884 == Event timeline == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Date/Time !! Activity !! Trainer !! Zoom/Recording Link !! Presentation Slides !! Status |- | DAY 1 * 20 June 2026 * 5:00 pm WAT || Workshop Launch & Training || [[User:Uzoejinwa |Uzoejinwa]] || [https://us06web.zoom.us/rec/share/XHRZt1hlqMjTr4h0qPO4RKFH5rJsskcnps7PB6sG-LMENhsZMQso9ScLHp4ZrR_0.UzkSqB2ukZRsPFGB?pwd=DLA9igaIDLi-ZIPsewAAIAAAADR-IZvUuEpOiq6GYfGmIK8zUAXDS9m3_wWr9rmQuXyzOjH8oie3G2rFZBy2SH6nEzAwMDAwNA Recording] || [ Slides] || {{Done}} |- | DAY 2 * 21 June, 2026 * 5:00PM WAT || Training session || [[User:Uzoejinwa |Uzoejinwa]] || [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event:Ka_Any%E1%BB%8B_M%E1%BB%A5o_Akara_%E1%BB%A4da_(Improving_the_Quality_of_Igbo_Content_Through_Diacritical_Marks) Recording] || [ Slides] || {{Done}} |- | |} == Target audience == * Members of the Igbo Wikimedians User Group * Wikimedia grantees * Igbo language speakers * Students and researchers * Anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia projects in Igbo == Expected outcomes == By the end of the workshop, participants will: * Understand the importance of Igbo diacritical marks in preserving meaning and pronunciation. * Gain knowledge of the correct use of tone marks and underdots in written Igbo. * Strengthen their ability to contribute high-quality Igbo content on Wikimedia platforms. * Be better equipped to promote the correct use of Igbo orthography in Wikimedia and other digital content. == Organiser == * [[User:Nwonwu Uchechukwu P|Nwonwu Uchechukwu P]] ==Gallery == '''Day 1''' <gallery> File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda Virtual Launch Attendees.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda -Introductory session.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Introductory session 2.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda -Learning the basics.png </gallery> '''Day 2''' <gallery> File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Day 2 Attendees.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Day 1 Recap.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Learning Diacritics.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Keyboard Configuration Session.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Adding Tone Marks.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Practice session.png </gallery> [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] r71cmm7ia1h6tmuzn8tzskt50a9qh19 688428 688427 2026-07-18T14:35:31Z Nwonwu Uchechukwu P 12966 688428 wikitext text/x-wiki = Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda = == Improving the quality of Igbo content through diacritical marks == [[File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda.png|thumb|Publicity flyer for Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda-Improving the Quality of Igbo Content Through Diacritical Marks 2026]] The Igbo Wikimedians User Group is pleased to invite community members, grantees, and anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia projects in Igbo to participate in a two-day online training workshop on the use of Igbo diacritical marks. Diacritical marks (tone marks and underdots) are essential components of written Igbo. They help preserve meaning, ensure correct pronunciation, and improve the quality and readability of content. However, these marks are often omitted in Wikimedia contributions, leading to ambiguity and reduced linguistic accuracy. This training workshop aims to equip participants with the knowledge and practical skills needed to correctly use diacritical marks in Igbo-language content across Wikimedia projects. == Objectives == * Increase awareness of the importance of Igbo diacritical marks. * Improve participants' understanding of tone marks and underdots. * Build contributors' capacity to correctly apply diacritical marks in Wikimedia projects. * Promote higher-quality and more accurate Igbo content across Wikimedia platforms. == Meeting details == '''Venue:''' Zoom '''Link:'''https://us06web.zoom.us/launch/jc/81490543587 '''Meeting ID:''' 814 9054 3587 '''Passcode:''' 708884 == Event timeline == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Date/Time !! Activity !! Trainer !! Zoom/Recording Link !! Presentation Slides !! Status |- | DAY 1 * 20 June 2026 * 5:00 pm WAT || Workshop Launch & Training || [[User:Uzoejinwa |Uzoejinwa]] || [https://us06web.zoom.us/rec/share/XHRZt1hlqMjTr4h0qPO4RKFH5rJsskcnps7PB6sG-LMENhsZMQso9ScLHp4ZrR_0.UzkSqB2ukZRsPFGB?pwd=DLA9igaIDLi-ZIPsewAAIAAAADR-IZvUuEpOiq6GYfGmIK8zUAXDS9m3_wWr9rmQuXyzOjH8oie3G2rFZBy2SH6nEzAwMDAwNA Recording] || [ Slides] || {{Done}} |- | DAY 2 * 21 June, 2026 * 5:00PM WAT || Training session || [[User:Uzoejinwa |Uzoejinwa]] || [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event:Ka_Any%E1%BB%8B_M%E1%BB%A5o_Akara_%E1%BB%A4da_(Improving_the_Quality_of_Igbo_Content_Through_Diacritical_Marks) Recording] || [ Slides] || {{Done}} |- | |} == Target audience == * Members of the Igbo Wikimedians User Group * Wikimedia grantees * Igbo language speakers * Students and researchers * Anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia projects in Igbo == Expected outcomes == By the end of the workshop, participants will: * Understand the importance of Igbo diacritical marks in preserving meaning and pronunciation. * Gain knowledge of the correct use of tone marks and underdots in written Igbo. * Strengthen their ability to contribute high-quality Igbo content on Wikimedia platforms. * Be better equipped to promote the correct use of Igbo orthography in Wikimedia and other digital content. == Final Outcomes == The workshop achieved the following outcomes: * Increased participant's understanding of the importance of Igbo diacritical marks in preserving meaning, pronunciation, and linguistic accuracy. * Strengthened participant's ability to correctly apply tone marks and underdots in Igbo Wikimedia contributions through practical exercises and assignment reviews. * Improved awareness of the need for high-quality, standardised Igbo content across Wikimedia projects. * Equipped Wikimedia grantees and community members with practical skills they can apply in future projects and contributions. * Encouraged the consistent use of Igbo diacritical marks to enhance the quality, readability, and accessibility of Igbo content on Wikimedia platforms. == Organiser == * [[User:Nwonwu Uchechukwu P|Nwonwu Uchechukwu P]] ==Gallery == '''Day 1''' <gallery> File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda Virtual Launch Attendees.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda -Introductory session.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Introductory session 2.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda -Learning the basics.png </gallery> '''Day 2''' <gallery> File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Day 2 Attendees.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Day 1 Recap.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Learning Diacritics.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Keyboard Configuration Session.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Adding Tone Marks.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Practice session.png </gallery> [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] 3nnwrbp09b1ouh40b98o88g6s87runv 688430 688428 2026-07-18T15:09:26Z Nwonwu Uchechukwu P 12966 /* Final Outcomes */ 688430 wikitext text/x-wiki = Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda = == Improving the quality of Igbo content through diacritical marks == [[File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda.png|thumb|Publicity flyer for Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda-Improving the Quality of Igbo Content Through Diacritical Marks 2026]] The Igbo Wikimedians User Group is pleased to invite community members, grantees, and anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia projects in Igbo to participate in a two-day online training workshop on the use of Igbo diacritical marks. Diacritical marks (tone marks and underdots) are essential components of written Igbo. They help preserve meaning, ensure correct pronunciation, and improve the quality and readability of content. However, these marks are often omitted in Wikimedia contributions, leading to ambiguity and reduced linguistic accuracy. This training workshop aims to equip participants with the knowledge and practical skills needed to correctly use diacritical marks in Igbo-language content across Wikimedia projects. == Objectives == * Increase awareness of the importance of Igbo diacritical marks. * Improve participants' understanding of tone marks and underdots. * Build contributors' capacity to correctly apply diacritical marks in Wikimedia projects. * Promote higher-quality and more accurate Igbo content across Wikimedia platforms. == Meeting details == '''Venue:''' Zoom '''Link:'''https://us06web.zoom.us/launch/jc/81490543587 '''Meeting ID:''' 814 9054 3587 '''Passcode:''' 708884 == Event timeline == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Date/Time !! Activity !! Trainer !! Zoom/Recording Link !! Presentation Slides !! Status |- | DAY 1 * 20 June 2026 * 5:00 pm WAT || Workshop Launch & Training || [[User:Uzoejinwa |Uzoejinwa]] || [https://us06web.zoom.us/rec/share/XHRZt1hlqMjTr4h0qPO4RKFH5rJsskcnps7PB6sG-LMENhsZMQso9ScLHp4ZrR_0.UzkSqB2ukZRsPFGB?pwd=DLA9igaIDLi-ZIPsewAAIAAAADR-IZvUuEpOiq6GYfGmIK8zUAXDS9m3_wWr9rmQuXyzOjH8oie3G2rFZBy2SH6nEzAwMDAwNA Recording] || [ Slides] || {{Done}} |- | DAY 2 * 21 June, 2026 * 5:00PM WAT || Training session || [[User:Uzoejinwa |Uzoejinwa]] || [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event:Ka_Any%E1%BB%8B_M%E1%BB%A5o_Akara_%E1%BB%A4da_(Improving_the_Quality_of_Igbo_Content_Through_Diacritical_Marks) Recording] || [ Slides] || {{Done}} |- | |} == Target audience == * Members of the Igbo Wikimedians User Group * Wikimedia grantees * Igbo language speakers * Students and researchers * Anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia projects in Igbo == Expected outcomes == By the end of the workshop, participants will: * Understand the importance of Igbo diacritical marks in preserving meaning and pronunciation. * Gain knowledge of the correct use of tone marks and underdots in written Igbo. * Strengthen their ability to contribute high-quality Igbo content on Wikimedia platforms. * Be better equipped to promote the correct use of Igbo orthography in Wikimedia and other digital content. == Final Outcomes == The workshop achieved the following outcomes: * Successfully conducted a two-day online training workshop with '''23 participants on Day 1 and 36 participants on Day 2''', reflecting increased participation and engagement. *Increased participant's understanding of the importance of Igbo diacritical marks in preserving meaning, pronunciation, and linguistic accuracy. * Strengthened participant's ability to correctly apply tone marks and underdots in Igbo Wikimedia contributions through practical exercises and assignment reviews. * Improved awareness of the need for high-quality, standardised Igbo content across Wikimedia projects. * Equipped Wikimedia grantees and community members with practical skills they can apply in future projects and contributions. * Encouraged the consistent use of Igbo diacritical marks to enhance the quality, readability, and accessibility of Igbo content on Wikimedia platforms. == Organiser == * [[User:Nwonwu Uchechukwu P|Nwonwu Uchechukwu P]] ==Gallery == '''Day 1''' <gallery> File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda Virtual Launch Attendees.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda -Introductory session.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Introductory session 2.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda -Learning the basics.png </gallery> '''Day 2''' <gallery> File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Day 2 Attendees.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Day 1 Recap.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Learning Diacritics.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Keyboard Configuration Session.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Adding Tone Marks.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Practice session.png </gallery> [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] 5fpya0m9ry2i1nirmmj37bg3f47e3hj 688432 688430 2026-07-18T15:36:31Z Nwonwu Uchechukwu P 12966 /* Event timeline */ 688432 wikitext text/x-wiki = Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda = == Improving the quality of Igbo content through diacritical marks == [[File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda.png|thumb|Publicity flyer for Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda-Improving the Quality of Igbo Content Through Diacritical Marks 2026]] The Igbo Wikimedians User Group is pleased to invite community members, grantees, and anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia projects in Igbo to participate in a two-day online training workshop on the use of Igbo diacritical marks. Diacritical marks (tone marks and underdots) are essential components of written Igbo. They help preserve meaning, ensure correct pronunciation, and improve the quality and readability of content. However, these marks are often omitted in Wikimedia contributions, leading to ambiguity and reduced linguistic accuracy. This training workshop aims to equip participants with the knowledge and practical skills needed to correctly use diacritical marks in Igbo-language content across Wikimedia projects. == Objectives == * Increase awareness of the importance of Igbo diacritical marks. * Improve participants' understanding of tone marks and underdots. * Build contributors' capacity to correctly apply diacritical marks in Wikimedia projects. * Promote higher-quality and more accurate Igbo content across Wikimedia platforms. == Meeting details == '''Venue:''' Zoom '''Link:'''https://us06web.zoom.us/launch/jc/81490543587 '''Meeting ID:''' 814 9054 3587 '''Passcode:''' 708884 == Event timeline == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Date/Time !! Activity !! Trainer !! Zoom/Recording Link !! Presentation Slides !! Status |- | DAY 1 * 20 June 2026 * 5:00 pm WAT || Workshop Launch & Training || [[User:Uzoejinwa |Uzoejinwa]] || [https://us06web.zoom.us/rec/share/XHRZt1hlqMjTr4h0qPO4RKFH5rJsskcnps7PB6sG-LMENhsZMQso9ScLHp4ZrR_0.UzkSqB2ukZRsPFGB?pwd=DLA9igaIDLi-ZIPsewAAIAAAADR-IZvUuEpOiq6GYfGmIK8zUAXDS9m3_wWr9rmQuXyzOjH8oie3G2rFZBy2SH6nEzAwMDAwNA Recording] || [https://canva.link/3qvbwj96aty1fwp Slides] || {{Done}} |- | DAY 2 * 21 June, 2026 * 5:00PM WAT || Training session || [[User:Uzoejinwa |Uzoejinwa]] || [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event:Ka_Any%E1%BB%8B_M%E1%BB%A5o_Akara_%E1%BB%A4da_(Improving_the_Quality_of_Igbo_Content_Through_Diacritical_Marks) Recording] || [https://canva.link/3qvbwj96aty1fwp Slides (Scroll to Page 23] || {{Done}} |- | |} == Target audience == * Members of the Igbo Wikimedians User Group * Wikimedia grantees * Igbo language speakers * Students and researchers * Anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia projects in Igbo == Expected outcomes == By the end of the workshop, participants will: * Understand the importance of Igbo diacritical marks in preserving meaning and pronunciation. * Gain knowledge of the correct use of tone marks and underdots in written Igbo. * Strengthen their ability to contribute high-quality Igbo content on Wikimedia platforms. * Be better equipped to promote the correct use of Igbo orthography in Wikimedia and other digital content. == Final Outcomes == The workshop achieved the following outcomes: * Successfully conducted a two-day online training workshop with '''23 participants on Day 1 and 36 participants on Day 2''', reflecting increased participation and engagement. *Increased participant's understanding of the importance of Igbo diacritical marks in preserving meaning, pronunciation, and linguistic accuracy. * Strengthened participant's ability to correctly apply tone marks and underdots in Igbo Wikimedia contributions through practical exercises and assignment reviews. * Improved awareness of the need for high-quality, standardised Igbo content across Wikimedia projects. * Equipped Wikimedia grantees and community members with practical skills they can apply in future projects and contributions. * Encouraged the consistent use of Igbo diacritical marks to enhance the quality, readability, and accessibility of Igbo content on Wikimedia platforms. == Organiser == * [[User:Nwonwu Uchechukwu P|Nwonwu Uchechukwu P]] ==Gallery == '''Day 1''' <gallery> File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda Virtual Launch Attendees.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda -Introductory session.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Introductory session 2.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda -Learning the basics.png </gallery> '''Day 2''' <gallery> File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Day 2 Attendees.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Day 1 Recap.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Learning Diacritics.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Keyboard Configuration Session.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Adding Tone Marks.png File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Practice session.png </gallery> [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] 6nril9pe45qbhm7snzigg66319f5jz3 0 77997 688418 2026-07-18T11:59:41Z Specialyvonne 56002 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363166878|1966 anti-Igbo pogrom]]" 688418 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Mgbukpọ ndị na-emegide [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] n: afọ 1966''' bụ usoro ogbugbu na ogbugbu ndị e mere megide ndị Igbo - na ndị ọzọ si n'ebe ndịda Naijiria na-ebi n'ebe [[Ógbè Ebe Ugwu, Naịjirịa|ugwu Naịjirịa]], malite na Mee afọ 1966 wee ruo n'ókè ya mgbe 29 Septemba afọ 1966. <ref name="Last-2005">{{Cite journal|author=Last|first=Murray|title=Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–1986 by Douglas A. Anthony Review by: Murray Last|journal=The Royal African Society|date=October 2005|volume=104|issue=417|pages=710–711}}</ref> E mere atụmatụ na e gburu [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbos]] na ndị ọwụwa anyanwụ dị n'agbata puku asatọ na puku iri atọ. Otu nde ndị Igbos ọzọ gbapụrụ na mpaghara ugwu gaa n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. N'ịzaghachi ogbugbu ahụ, e gburu ụfọdụ ndị ugwu na Port Harcourt na obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref name="civil war">{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm|title=Civil War|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=1991|work=countrystudies.us|publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress|accessdate=November 21, 2019|quote=The estimated number of deaths ranged as high as 30,000. More than 1 million Igbo returned to the Eastern Region. In retaliation, some northerners were massacred in Port Harcourt and other eastern cities, and a counterexodus of non-Igbo was under way.}}</ref> Ihe omume ndị a dugara na nkewa nke mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria na nkwupụta [[Bịafra|Biafra]], nke mesịrị duga na [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naijiria]]. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ihe omume ndị a mere n'ihe gbasara nnupụisi ọchịchị ndị agha na mmalite nke Agha Obodo Naịjirịa. <ref name="Van Den Bersselaar-2011">{{Cite journal|author=Van Den Bersselaar|first=Dmitri|title=Douglas A. Anthony Poison and Medicine: ethnicity, power, and violence in a Nigerian city, 1966 to 1986. Oxford: James Currey|journal=Africa|date=3 March 2011|volume=74|issue=4|pages=711–713|doi=10.2307/3556867}}</ref> Onye bu ụzọ gbuo ndị mmadụ bụ nnupụisi ọchịchị nke Naijiria na Jenụwarị afọ 1966. <ref name="Post-1968">{{Cite journal|author=Post|first=K. W. J.|date=January 1968|title=Is There a Case for Biafra?|journal=International Affairs|volume=44|issue=1|pages=26–39|doi=10.2307/2613526}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi ndị agha nwụrụ n'ọchịchị ahụ bụ ndị ugwu n'ihi na ndị Northern bụ ndị ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na gọọmentị Naịjirịa, gụnyere Praịm Minista [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] na [[Ahmadu Bello]] Sardauna nke Sokoto.<ref name="Post-1968" /> Ndị isi ndị agha ndị ọzọ megidere nnupụisi ahụ. Onye ọrụ Igbo, [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] kwụsịrị nnupụisi ahụ na Lagos ebe onye ọrụ Igbo ọzọ, [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|Emeka Ojukwu]] kwụsịrị nnapụisi ahụ n'ebe ugwu. [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] weghaara ọchịchị, na-amanye gọọmentị ndị nkịtị ịhapụ ikike. O guzobere ọchịchị ndị agha nke ya onwe ya duziri dị ka onye isi ọchịagha.<ref name="Post-1968" /> N'ime ọnwa ndị sochiri nnupụisi ahụ, a chọpụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na anọ n'ime ndị isi agha ise gburu nnupụisi ahụ bụ ndị Igbo nakwa na ọchịagha na-achịkwa ya bụkwa ndị Igbo. Ndị nke ugwu tụrụ egwu na ndị Igbo amalitela ịchịkwa mba ahụ. N'ime mmeghachi omume, ndị isi ndị ugwu mere nnupụisi nke Julaị afọ 1966 nke e gburu ndị agha narị abụọ na iri anọ nke ndịda n'ụzọ anọ n'ime ha bụ ndị Igbo, yana ọtụtụ puku ndị nkịtị sitere na ndịda bi n'ebe ugwu.<ref name="Nixon-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Nixon|first=Charles|date=July 1972|title=Self-Determination: The Nigeria/Biafra Case|journal=World Politics|volume=24|issue=4|pages=473–497|doi=10.2307/2010453}}</ref><ref name="Vickers-1970">{{Cite journal|author=Vickers|first=Michael|date=1970|title=Competition and Control in Modern Nigeria: Origins of the War with Biafra|journal=International Journal|volume=25|issue=3|doi=10.1177/002070207002500310}}</ref> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, [[Yakubu Gowon]], Onye Ugwu Kraịst, weghaara ọchịchị ndị agha.<ref name="Nixon-1972" /> N'ihi nke a, mmụba nke esemokwu agbụrụ dugara na igbu ọchụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Post-1968" /> Mgbukpọ ahụ gbasara n'ebe ugwu ma ruo n'ókè na ụbọchị iri abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Mee, ụbọchị iri abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Julaị, na ịrị abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Septemba afọ 1966. Ka ọ na-erule oge pogrom ahụ kwụsịrị, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị Igbos niile nọ n'ebe ugwu anwụọla, na-ezo n'etiti ndị ugwu nwere ọmịiko ma ọ bụ na-aga mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ. [[Nigerian Army|Ndị agha Naijiria]] duziri ogbugbu ahụ ma megharịa ya n'obodo dị iche iche dị n'ebe ugwu Naijiria. Ọ bụ ezie na Kọlọnel Gowon na-enye ndị ndịda Nigerians bi na Ugwu nkwa nchekwa, ebumnuche nke akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndị agha Naijiria n'oge ahụ bụ mgbukpọ agbụrụ dị ka okwu agbụrụ a na-ahụkarị n'etiti agbụrụ Hausa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ewezuga ndị Ugwu Naịjirịa ole na ole (karịsịa ndị isi agha na-ekwenyeghị na ndị Igbo bụ ndị ajọ mmadụ), <ref name="Keil-1970">{{Cite journal|author=Keil|first=Charles|date=January 1970|title=The Price of Nigerian Victory|journal=Africa Today|volume=17|issue=1|pages=1–3}}</ref> a na-ewere ndị ọdịda na ndị ọnwụnwa anyanwụ Naijiria n'oge ahụ na Ugwu nke Naijiria dị ka Charles Keil si kọwaa:    Asọmpi agbụrụ n'ahịa nwekwara ike imetụta pogrom ahụ, ọkachasị mgbe nnupụisi mbụ gasịrị. Prọfesọ Murray Last, onye ọkà mmụta na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bi n'obodo Zaria n'oge ahụ, kọrọ ahụmahụ ya:<blockquote>N'ụbọchị sochiri nnupụisi ahụ - Jenụwarị 16th 1966 - e nwere ohere dị ukwuu na ụlọ akwụkwọ ABU nke na ọ wụrụ m akpata oyi n'ahụ. Ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe m bi n'ime obodo Zaria (na Babban Dodo), ka m zutere iwe n'ụzọ ndị ahịa Igbo (na ndị nta akụkọ) na-akwa ndị ahịa ibe ha na Sabon Gari nke Zaria maka ọnwụ nke 'nna' ha', ma na-akwapụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ ala dị iche iche n'ebe ndị ọzọ, na-agwa ndị Hausa na iwu niile agbanweela ugbu a ma ọ bụ ndị Hausa nọ n'okpuru ahịa. Ịnụrụ ndị Hausa na-agwa onwe ha n'abalị ọ bụla banyere mkparị ha nụrụ site n'aka ndị Igbos n'ụbọchị ahụ gosiri m n'ụzọ doro anya etu enyemaka mbụ na nnupụisi ahụ si ghọọ iwe. Ọ na-echegbu m obere n'oge ahụ (na-ebi n'enweghị nsogbu n'etiti obodo Zaria) mana amaghị m nke ọma na ọ gaghị atụ anya nnukwu ime ihe ike. Na m hụrụ mgbe e mesịrị mgbe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọnwa Eprel 1966, m nọ na Jalingo: n'ebe ahụ, n'otu ehihie Sọnde, a dọrọ m aka ná ntị ka igbu ọchụ ga-eme. A gwara m na m ga-ahapụ obodo ahụ tupu chi abọọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Olorunyomi|first=Ladi|date=November 22, 2021|title=INTERVIEW: Why every Nigerian should be proud of the Sokoto Caliphate — Prof Murray Last|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/496263-interview-why-every-nigerian-should-be-proud-of-the-sokoto-caliphate-prof-murray-last.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2023-03-31|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref></blockquote>Otú ọ dị, a na-elekwasịkwa anya na ndị Igbo na-achịkwa Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nnoli|first=Okwudiba|title=Ethnic Violence in Nigeria: A Historical Perspective|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/papers/nnoli_021003.pdf|work=Indiana.edu|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> Ọtụtụ puku ndị Hausa, Tiv na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ugwu bụ ndị ndị Igbo gburu, na-amanye ọtụtụ ndị Ugwu ịpụ na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="Ojo">{{Cite book|author=Ojo|first=Bamidele A.|title=Problems and Prospects of Sustaining Democracy in Nigeria|date=2001|publisher=Nova Science|isbn=978-1-56072-949-5}}</ref> A wakporo ndị na-abụghị ndị Igbo nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na ndị ọdịda anyanwụ nọ n'ebe Ugwu n'ihi na enweghị ụzọ iji mee ka ha dị iche na ndị Igbos site na ọdịdị, bụ ndị a maara ha niile site na aha "''Yameri''" na Ugwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Omaka|first=Arua|title=The Forgotten Victims: Ethnic Minorities in The Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967-1970|journal=Journal of Retracing Africa|date=17 February 2014|volume=1|issue=1|pages=25–40|url=https://encompass.eku.edu/jora/vol1/iss1/2/|accessdate=6 September 2021|issn=2168-0531}}</ref> Otu ihe kpatara ibu iro megide ndị ọdịda Naijiria n'ozuzu na ndị Igbo karịsịa bụ mgbalị nke ọchịchị Aguiyi Ironsi iji kpochapụ mpaghara maka usoro ọchịchị dị n'otu nke a na-ewere dị ka atụmatụ iji guzobe ọchịchị Igbo na Njikọ. Na 24 Mee afọ 1966 Ironsi nyere iwu otu, nke dugara na mgbawa nke mwakpo megide ndị Igbo na Ugwu Naijiria na ụbọchị 29 Mee afọ 1966. Ndị nta akụkọ Briten kwenyesiri ike n'otu n'oge ahụ na a haziri ogbugbu ndị a na 29 Mee ọ bụghị na mberede. A na-ahụkwa ọchịchị Ironsi ka ọ na-akwado ndị ọdịda Naijiria na nhọpụta ha n'ọkwá dị mkpa na gọọmentị, si otú a na-eme ka esemokwu agbụrụ dị elu.<ref name="Akinyemi-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Akinyemi|first=A.B.|date=October 1972|title=The British Press and the Nigerian Civil War|journal=African Affairs|volume=71|issue=285|pages=408–426|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096282}}</ref> Enweghị ike nke ọchịchị Ironsi ịta ndị agha nnupụisi na-ahụ maka nnupụis nke Jenụwarị afọ 1966 mere ka ọnọdụ ahụ ka njọ.<ref name="Nafziger-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Nafziger|first=Wayne|title=The Economic Impact of the Nigerian Civil War|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|date=July 1972|volume=10|issue=2|pages=223–245|doi=10.1017/s0022278x00022369}}</ref> Ọ bụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na nkwenye nke gọọmentị ime obodo mere pogrom ahụ na Mee afọ 1966.<ref name="McKenna-1969">{{Cite journal|author=McKenna|first=Joseph C.|date=1969|title=Elements of a Nigerian Peace|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=47|issue=4|pages=668–680|doi=10.2307/20039407}}</ref> A makwaara àgwà na-abụghị nke ọkachamara nke ụfọdụ ndị nta akụkọ mba ụwa ka ha gbakwunyere na esemokwu dị ugbu a. J.D.F. Jones, onye nnọchi anya Financial Times na 17 Jenụwarị afọ 1966 buru amụma na ndị Ugwu nwere ike "amalitere ịbọ ọbọ maka ọnwụ nke onye ndú ha Sardauna nke steeti Sokoto na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Igbo bi na Ugwu", nke ha na-emeghị n'oge ahụ. A katọrọ nke a dị ka ihe na-enweghị isi na maka onye nta akụkọ na-enweghị ọrụ, amụma na-emezu onwe ya nke ga-eduga ndị isi Ugwu ka ha chee na Financial Times nwere ozi ha na-amaghị, nakwa na ụwa tụrụ anya ka ugwu meghachi omume n'ụzọ a.<ref name="Akinyemi-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Akinyemi|first=A.B.|date=October 1972|title=The British Press and the Nigerian Civil War|journal=African Affairs|volume=71|issue=285|pages=408–426|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096282}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkinyemi1972">Akinyemi, A.B. (October 1972). </cite></ref> Ndị isi ugwu mechara mepụta usoro iji kpalie ime ihe ike dị ka akụkọ akụkọ e chepụtara echepụta nke e zigara na redio Cotonou ma mee ka ọrụ Hausa nke BBC kọwaa mwakpo ndị Ugwu n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke, nke dugara na igbu ọchụ nke ndị Naijiria Ọwụwa anyanwụ na mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na iteghete Septemba afọ 1966.<ref name="Abbott-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Abbott|first=Charles|title=Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power, and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–86|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|date=2003|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133–136|doi=10.2307/3559324}}</ref> Dị ka akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Briten si kwuo n'oge ahụ, e gburu ihe dị ka ndị Igbo puku iri atọ na Septemba afọ 1966, <ref name="Akinyemi-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Akinyemi|first=A.B.|date=October 1972|title=The British Press and the Nigerian Civil War|journal=African Affairs|volume=71|issue=285|pages=408–426|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096282}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkinyemi1972">Akinyemi, A.B. (October 1972). </cite></ref> ebe atụmatụ ndị ọzọ na-agbaso omenala na-etinye ndị nwụrụ na ala nke puku iri na ihe ruru puku iri atọ maka ọnwa Septemba naanị. Ogbugbu a gara n'ihu ruo na mbido Ọktọba ma ndị nkịtị na-eme ya mgbe ụfọdụ site n'enyemaka nke ndị agha wee kpochapụ ugwu niile. A kọwawo ya dị ka ihe mgbu na ihe na-akpali akpali nke dugara n'[[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Naịjirịa na Biafra]].<ref name="McKenna-1969">{{Cite journal|author=McKenna|first=Joseph C.|date=1969|title=Elements of a Nigerian Peace|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=47|issue=4|pages=668–680|doi=10.2307/20039407}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcKenna1969">McKenna, Joseph C. (1969). </cite></ref> == Ihe si na ya pụta == Mgbukpọ ahụ dugara n'ịgagharị nke ndị Igbo na ndị ọzọ nọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa laghachi n'ebu Ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjiria (a na-eme atụmatụ na ihe karịrị otu nde ndị Igbo laghachiri n'ógbè ọwụwa anyanwụ). Ọ bụkwa onye bu ụzọ kwuo na Ojukwu wepụrụ onwe ya n'ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa dị ka Republic nke [[Bịafra|Biafra]], na Agha Obodo Naịjirị (bido n'afọ 1967-ruo n'afọ 1970) == Hụkwa == * [[Bịafra|Biafra]] * [[Anti-Igbo sentiment|Mmetụta na-emegide ndị Igbo]] * [[Omenala|Omenala Igbo]] * [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] * Sabon Gari * [[Ogbugbu ndị mmadụ n'Asaba|Mgbukpọ nke Asaba]] == Akwụkwọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Esemokwu agbụrụ na okpukpe na Elusive Quest for National Identity na Naịjirịa. ''Journal of Black Studies'', ''44'' (1), peeji nke 3-30.&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936701|'Ours bụ agha nke ndụ": Biafra, Nigeria na arụmụka banyere mgbukpọ agbụrụ, 1966-70]]. Journal of Genocide Research, ''16'' (2-3), peeji nke 205-225&nbsp; * Aro, G. & Ani, K. (2017). Nnyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba Igbo na mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. ''Journal of African Union Studies'', ''6'' (2/3), peeji nke 47-77.&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịkatọ Chi: Mgbasa Ozi Okpukpe Ndị Kraịst na Naịjirịa - Agha Biafra. The Journal of African History, ''51'' (3), peeji nke 367-389.&nbsp; == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Igbo topics}}{{Biafra topics}} [[Otú:Ndị Igbo]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mqdizb7lzvp3043f4psmirertp2wajg 688419 688418 2026-07-18T12:00:54Z Quinlan83 12227 Fix 688419 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Mgbukpọ ndị na-emegide [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] n: afọ 1966''' bụ usoro ogbugbu na ogbugbu ndị e mere megide ndị Igbo - na ndị ọzọ si n'ebe ndịda Naijiria na-ebi n'ebe [[Ógbè Ebe Ugwu, Naịjirịa|ugwu Naịjirịa]], malite na Mee afọ 1966 wee ruo n'ókè ya mgbe 29 Septemba afọ 1966. <ref name="Last-2005">{{Cite journal|author=Last|first=Murray|title=Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–1986 by Douglas A. Anthony Review by: Murray Last|journal=The Royal African Society|date=October 2005|volume=104|issue=417|pages=710–711}}</ref> E mere atụma'''Testo in grassetto'''tụ na e gburu [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbos]] na ndị ọwụwa anyanwụ dị n'agbata puku asatọ na puku iri atọ. Otu nde ndị Igbos ọzọ gbapụrụ na mpaghara ugwu gaa n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. N'ịzaghachi ogbugbu ahụ, e gburu ụfọdụ ndị ugwu na Port Harcourt na obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref name="civil war">{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm|title=Civil War|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=1991|work=countrystudies.us|publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress|accessdate=November 21, 2019|quote=The estimated number of deaths ranged as high as 30,000. More than 1 million Igbo returned to the Eastern Region. In retaliation, some northerners were massacred in Port Harcourt and other eastern cities, and a counterexodus of non-Igbo was under way.}}</ref> Ihe omume ndị a dugara na nkewa nke mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria na nkwupụta [[Bịafra|Biafra]], nke mesịrị duga na [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naijiria]]. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ihe omume ndị a mere n'ihe gbasara nnupụisi ọchịchị ndị agha na mmalite nke Agha Obodo Naịjirịa. <ref name="Van Den Bersselaar-2011">{{Cite journal|author=Van Den Bersselaar|first=Dmitri|title=Douglas A. Anthony Poison and Medicine: ethnicity, power, and violence in a Nigerian city, 1966 to 1986. Oxford: James Currey|journal=Africa|date=3 March 2011|volume=74|issue=4|pages=711–713|doi=10.2307/3556867}}</ref> Onye bu ụzọ gbuo ndị mmadụ bụ nnupụisi ọchịchị nke Naijiria na Jenụwarị afọ 1966. <ref name="Post-1968">{{Cite journal|author=Post|first=K. W. J.|date=January 1968|title=Is There a Case for Biafra?|journal=International Affairs|volume=44|issue=1|pages=26–39|doi=10.2307/2613526}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi ndị agha nwụrụ n'ọchịchị ahụ bụ ndị ugwu n'ihi na ndị Northern bụ ndị ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na gọọmentị Naịjirịa, gụnyere Praịm Minista [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] na [[Ahmadu Bello]] Sardauna nke Sokoto.<ref name="Post-1968" /> Ndị isi ndị agha ndị ọzọ megidere nnupụisi ahụ. Onye ọrụ Igbo, [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] kwụsịrị nnupụisi ahụ na Lagos ebe onye ọrụ Igbo ọzọ, [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|Emeka Ojukwu]] kwụsịrị nnapụisi ahụ n'ebe ugwu. [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] weghaara ọchịchị, na-amanye gọọmentị ndị nkịtị ịhapụ ikike. O guzobere ọchịchị ndị agha nke ya onwe ya duziri dị ka onye isi ọchịagha.<ref name="Post-1968" /> N'ime ọnwa ndị sochiri nnupụisi ahụ, a chọpụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na anọ n'ime ndị isi agha ise gburu nnupụisi ahụ bụ ndị Igbo nakwa na ọchịagha na-achịkwa ya bụkwa ndị Igbo. Ndị nke ugwu tụrụ egwu na ndị Igbo amalitela ịchịkwa mba ahụ. N'ime mmeghachi omume, ndị isi ndị ugwu mere nnupụisi nke Julaị afọ 1966 nke e gburu ndị agha narị abụọ na iri anọ nke ndịda n'ụzọ anọ n'ime ha bụ ndị Igbo, yana ọtụtụ puku ndị nkịtị sitere na ndịda bi n'ebe ugwu.<ref name="Nixon-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Nixon|first=Charles|date=July 1972|title=Self-Determination: The Nigeria/Biafra Case|journal=World Politics|volume=24|issue=4|pages=473–497|doi=10.2307/2010453}}</ref><ref name="Vickers-1970">{{Cite journal|author=Vickers|first=Michael|date=1970|title=Competition and Control in Modern Nigeria: Origins of the War with Biafra|journal=International Journal|volume=25|issue=3|doi=10.1177/002070207002500310}}</ref> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, [[Yakubu Gowon]], Onye Ugwu Kraịst, weghaara ọchịchị ndị agha.<ref name="Nixon-1972" /> N'ihi nke a, mmụba nke esemokwu agbụrụ dugara na igbu ọchụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Post-1968" /> Mgbukpọ ahụ gbasara n'ebe ugwu ma ruo n'ókè na ụbọchị iri abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Mee, ụbọchị iri abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Julaị, na ịrị abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Septemba afọ 1966. Ka ọ na-erule oge pogrom ahụ kwụsịrị, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị Igbos niile nọ n'ebe ugwu anwụọla, na-ezo n'etiti ndị ugwu nwere ọmịiko ma ọ bụ na-aga mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ. [[Nigerian Army|Ndị agha Naijiria]] duziri ogbugbu ahụ ma megharịa ya n'obodo dị iche iche dị n'ebe ugwu Naijiria. Ọ bụ ezie na Kọlọnel Gowon na-enye ndị ndịda Nigerians bi na Ugwu nkwa nchekwa, ebumnuche nke akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndị agha Naijiria n'oge ahụ bụ mgbukpọ agbụrụ dị ka okwu agbụrụ a na-ahụkarị n'etiti agbụrụ Hausa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ewezuga ndị Ugwu Naịjirịa ole na ole (karịsịa ndị isi agha na-ekwenyeghị na ndị Igbo bụ ndị ajọ mmadụ), <ref name="Keil-1970">{{Cite journal|author=Keil|first=Charles|date=January 1970|title=The Price of Nigerian Victory|journal=Africa Today|volume=17|issue=1|pages=1–3}}</ref> a na-ewere ndị ọdịda na ndị ọnwụnwa anyanwụ Naijiria n'oge ahụ na Ugwu nke Naijiria dị ka Charles Keil si kọwaa:    Asọmpi agbụrụ n'ahịa nwekwara ike imetụta pogrom ahụ, ọkachasị mgbe nnupụisi mbụ gasịrị. Prọfesọ Murray Last, onye ọkà mmụta na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bi n'obodo Zaria n'oge ahụ, kọrọ ahụmahụ ya:<blockquote>N'ụbọchị sochiri nnupụisi ahụ - Jenụwarị 16th 1966 - e nwere ohere dị ukwuu na ụlọ akwụkwọ ABU nke na ọ wụrụ m akpata oyi n'ahụ. Ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe m bi n'ime obodo Zaria (na Babban Dodo), ka m zutere iwe n'ụzọ ndị ahịa Igbo (na ndị nta akụkọ) na-akwa ndị ahịa ibe ha na Sabon Gari nke Zaria maka ọnwụ nke 'nna' ha', ma na-akwapụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ ala dị iche iche n'ebe ndị ọzọ, na-agwa ndị Hausa na iwu niile agbanweela ugbu a ma ọ bụ ndị Hausa nọ n'okpuru ahịa. Ịnụrụ ndị Hausa na-agwa onwe ha n'abalị ọ bụla banyere mkparị ha nụrụ site n'aka ndị Igbos n'ụbọchị ahụ gosiri m n'ụzọ doro anya etu enyemaka mbụ na nnupụisi ahụ si ghọọ iwe. Ọ na-echegbu m obere n'oge ahụ (na-ebi n'enweghị nsogbu n'etiti obodo Zaria) mana amaghị m nke ọma na ọ gaghị atụ anya nnukwu ime ihe ike. Na m hụrụ mgbe e mesịrị mgbe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọnwa Eprel 1966, m nọ na Jalingo: n'ebe ahụ, n'otu ehihie Sọnde, a dọrọ m aka ná ntị ka igbu ọchụ ga-eme. A gwara m na m ga-ahapụ obodo ahụ tupu chi abọọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Olorunyomi|first=Ladi|date=November 22, 2021|title=INTERVIEW: Why every Nigerian should be proud of the Sokoto Caliphate — Prof Murray Last|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/496263-interview-why-every-nigerian-should-be-proud-of-the-sokoto-caliphate-prof-murray-last.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2023-03-31|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref></blockquote>Otú ọ dị, a na-elekwasịkwa anya na ndị Igbo na-achịkwa Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nnoli|first=Okwudiba|title=Ethnic Violence in Nigeria: A Historical Perspective|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/papers/nnoli_021003.pdf|work=Indiana.edu|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> Ọtụtụ puku ndị Hausa, Tiv na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ugwu bụ ndị ndị Igbo gburu, na-amanye ọtụtụ ndị Ugwu ịpụ na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="Ojo">{{Cite book|author=Ojo|first=Bamidele A.|title=Problems and Prospects of Sustaining Democracy in Nigeria|date=2001|publisher=Nova Science|isbn=978-1-56072-949-5}}</ref> A wakporo ndị na-abụghị ndị Igbo nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na ndị ọdịda anyanwụ nọ n'ebe Ugwu n'ihi na enweghị ụzọ iji mee ka ha dị iche na ndị Igbos site na ọdịdị, bụ ndị a maara ha niile site na aha "''Yameri''" na Ugwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Omaka|first=Arua|title=The Forgotten Victims: Ethnic Minorities in The Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967-1970|journal=Journal of Retracing Africa|date=17 February 2014|volume=1|issue=1|pages=25–40|url=https://encompass.eku.edu/jora/vol1/iss1/2/|accessdate=6 September 2021|issn=2168-0531}}</ref> Otu ihe kpatara ibu iro megide ndị ọdịda Naijiria n'ozuzu na ndị Igbo karịsịa bụ mgbalị nke ọchịchị Aguiyi Ironsi iji kpochapụ mpaghara maka usoro ọchịchị dị n'otu nke a na-ewere dị ka atụmatụ iji guzobe ọchịchị Igbo na Njikọ. Na 24 Mee afọ 1966 Ironsi nyere iwu otu, nke dugara na mgbawa nke mwakpo megide ndị Igbo na Ugwu Naijiria na ụbọchị 29 Mee afọ 1966. Ndị nta akụkọ Briten kwenyesiri ike n'otu n'oge ahụ na a haziri ogbugbu ndị a na 29 Mee ọ bụghị na mberede. A na-ahụkwa ọchịchị Ironsi ka ọ na-akwado ndị ọdịda Naijiria na nhọpụta ha n'ọkwá dị mkpa na gọọmentị, si otú a na-eme ka esemokwu agbụrụ dị elu.<ref name="Akinyemi-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Akinyemi|first=A.B.|date=October 1972|title=The British Press and the Nigerian Civil War|journal=African Affairs|volume=71|issue=285|pages=408–426|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096282}}</ref> Enweghị ike nke ọchịchị Ironsi ịta ndị agha nnupụisi na-ahụ maka nnupụis nke Jenụwarị afọ 1966 mere ka ọnọdụ ahụ ka njọ.<ref name="Nafziger-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Nafziger|first=Wayne|title=The Economic Impact of the Nigerian Civil War|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|date=July 1972|volume=10|issue=2|pages=223–245|doi=10.1017/s0022278x00022369}}</ref> Ọ bụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na nkwenye nke gọọmentị ime obodo mere pogrom ahụ na Mee afọ 1966.<ref name="McKenna-1969">{{Cite journal|author=McKenna|first=Joseph C.|date=1969|title=Elements of a Nigerian Peace|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=47|issue=4|pages=668–680|doi=10.2307/20039407}}</ref> A makwaara àgwà na-abụghị nke ọkachamara nke ụfọdụ ndị nta akụkọ mba ụwa ka ha gbakwunyere na esemokwu dị ugbu a. J.D.F. Jones, onye nnọchi anya Financial Times na 17 Jenụwarị afọ 1966 buru amụma na ndị Ugwu nwere ike "amalitere ịbọ ọbọ maka ọnwụ nke onye ndú ha Sardauna nke steeti Sokoto na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Igbo bi na Ugwu", nke ha na-emeghị n'oge ahụ. A katọrọ nke a dị ka ihe na-enweghị isi na maka onye nta akụkọ na-enweghị ọrụ, amụma na-emezu onwe ya nke ga-eduga ndị isi Ugwu ka ha chee na Financial Times nwere ozi ha na-amaghị, nakwa na ụwa tụrụ anya ka ugwu meghachi omume n'ụzọ a.<ref name="Akinyemi-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Akinyemi|first=A.B.|date=October 1972|title=The British Press and the Nigerian Civil War|journal=African Affairs|volume=71|issue=285|pages=408–426|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096282}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkinyemi1972">Akinyemi, A.B. (October 1972). </cite></ref> Ndị isi ugwu mechara mepụta usoro iji kpalie ime ihe ike dị ka akụkọ akụkọ e chepụtara echepụta nke e zigara na redio Cotonou ma mee ka ọrụ Hausa nke BBC kọwaa mwakpo ndị Ugwu n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke, nke dugara na igbu ọchụ nke ndị Naijiria Ọwụwa anyanwụ na mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na iteghete Septemba afọ 1966.<ref name="Abbott-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Abbott|first=Charles|title=Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power, and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–86|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|date=2003|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133–136|doi=10.2307/3559324}}</ref> Dị ka akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Briten si kwuo n'oge ahụ, e gburu ihe dị ka ndị Igbo puku iri atọ na Septemba afọ 1966, <ref name="Akinyemi-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Akinyemi|first=A.B.|date=October 1972|title=The British Press and the Nigerian Civil War|journal=African Affairs|volume=71|issue=285|pages=408–426|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096282}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkinyemi1972">Akinyemi, A.B. (October 1972). </cite></ref> ebe atụmatụ ndị ọzọ na-agbaso omenala na-etinye ndị nwụrụ na ala nke puku iri na ihe ruru puku iri atọ maka ọnwa Septemba naanị. Ogbugbu a gara n'ihu ruo na mbido Ọktọba ma ndị nkịtị na-eme ya mgbe ụfọdụ site n'enyemaka nke ndị agha wee kpochapụ ugwu niile. A kọwawo ya dị ka ihe mgbu na ihe na-akpali akpali nke dugara n'[[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Naịjirịa na Biafra]].<ref name="McKenna-1969">{{Cite journal|author=McKenna|first=Joseph C.|date=1969|title=Elements of a Nigerian Peace|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=47|issue=4|pages=668–680|doi=10.2307/20039407}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcKenna1969">McKenna, Joseph C. (1969). </cite></ref> == Ihe si na ya pụta == Mgbukpọ ahụ dugara n'ịgagharị nke ndị Igbo na ndị ọzọ nọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa laghachi n'ebu Ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjiria (a na-eme atụmatụ na ihe karịrị otu nde ndị Igbo laghachiri n'ógbè ọwụwa anyanwụ). Ọ bụkwa onye bu ụzọ kwuo na Ojukwu wepụrụ onwe ya n'ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa dị ka Republic nke [[Bịafra|Biafra]], na Agha Obodo Naịjirị (bido n'afọ 1967-ruo n'afọ 1970) == Hụkwa == * [[Bịafra|Biafra]] * [[Anti-Igbo sentiment|Mmetụta na-emegide ndị Igbo]] * [[Omenala|Omenala Igbo]] * [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] * Sabon Gari * [[Ogbugbu ndị mmadụ n'Asaba|Mgbukpọ nke Asaba]] == Akwụkwọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Esemokwu agbụrụ na okpukpe na Elusive Quest for National Identity na Naịjirịa. ''Journal of Black Studies'', ''44'' (1), peeji nke 3-30.&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936701|'Ours bụ agha nke ndụ": Biafra, Nigeria na arụmụka banyere mgbukpọ agbụrụ, 1966-70]]. Journal of Genocide Research, ''16'' (2-3), peeji nke 205-225&nbsp; * Aro, G. & Ani, K. (2017). Nnyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba Igbo na mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. ''Journal of African Union Studies'', ''6'' (2/3), peeji nke 47-77.&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịkatọ Chi: Mgbasa Ozi Okpukpe Ndị Kraịst na Naịjirịa - Agha Biafra. The Journal of African History, ''51'' (3), peeji nke 367-389.&nbsp; == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Igbo topics}}{{Biafra topics}} [[Otú:Ndị Igbo]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ndyql2m3hf6hvlpnhfpyrybihu46yup 688420 688419 2026-07-18T12:11:28Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 688420 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Mgbukpọ ndị na-emegide [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] n: afọ 1966''' bụ usoro ogbugbu na ogbugbu ndị e mere megide ndị Igbo - na ndị ọzọ si n'ebe ndịda Naijiria na-ebi n'ebe [[Ógbè Ebe Ugwu, Naịjirịa|ugwu Naịjirịa]], malite na Mee afọ 1966 wee ruo n'ókè ya mgbe 29 Septemba afọ 1966. <ref name="Last-2005">{{Cite journal|author=Last|first=Murray|title=Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–1986 by Douglas A. Anthony Review by: Murray Last|journal=The Royal African Society|date=October 2005|volume=104|issue=417|pages=710–711}}</ref> E mere atụma'''Testo in grassetto'''tụ na e gburu [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbos]] na ndị ọwụwa anyanwụ dị n'agbata puku asatọ na puku iri atọ. Otu nde ndị Igbos ọzọ gbapụrụ na mpaghara ugwu gaa n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. N'ịzaghachi ogbugbu ahụ, e gburu ụfọdụ ndị ugwu na Port Harcourt na obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref name="civil war">{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm|title=Civil War|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=1991|work=countrystudies.us|publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress|accessdate=November 21, 2019|quote=The estimated number of deaths ranged as high as 30,000. More than 1 million Igbo returned to the Eastern Region. In retaliation, some northerners were massacred in Port Harcourt and other eastern cities, and a counterexodus of non-Igbo was under way.}}</ref> Ihe omume ndị a dugara na nkewa nke mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria na nkwupụta [[Bịafra|Biafra]], nke mesịrị duga na [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naijiria]]. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ihe omume ndị a mere n'ihe gbasara nnupụisi ọchịchị ndị agha na mmalite nke Agha Obodo Naịjirịa. <ref name="Van Den Bersselaar-2011">{{Cite journal|author=Van Den Bersselaar|first=Dmitri|title=Douglas A. Anthony Poison and Medicine: ethnicity, power, and violence in a Nigerian city, 1966 to 1986. Oxford: James Currey|journal=Africa|date=3 March 2011|volume=74|issue=4|pages=711–713|doi=10.2307/3556867}}</ref> Onye bu ụzọ gbuo ndị mmadụ bụ nnupụisi ọchịchị nke Naijiria na Jenụwarị afọ 1966. <ref name="Post-1968">{{Cite journal|author=Post|first=K. W. J.|date=January 1968|title=Is There a Case for Biafra?|journal=International Affairs|volume=44|issue=1|pages=26–39|doi=10.2307/2613526}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi ndị agha nwụrụ n'ọchịchị ahụ bụ ndị ugwu n'ihi na ndị Northern bụ ndị ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na gọọmentị Naịjirịa, gụnyere Praịm Minista [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] na [[Ahmadu Bello]] Sardauna nke Sokoto.<ref name="Post-1968" /> Ndị isi ndị agha ndị ọzọ megidere nnupụisi ahụ. Onye ọrụ Igbo, [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] kwụsịrị nnupụisi ahụ na Lagos ebe onye ọrụ Igbo ọzọ, [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|Emeka Ojukwu]] kwụsịrị nnapụisi ahụ n'ebe ugwu. [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] weghaara ọchịchị, na-amanye gọọmentị ndị nkịtị ịhapụ ikike. O guzobere ọchịchị ndị agha nke ya onwe ya duziri dị ka onye isi ọchịagha.<ref name="Post-1968" /> N'ime ọnwa ndị sochiri nnupụisi ahụ, a chọpụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na anọ n'ime ndị isi agha ise gburu nnupụisi ahụ bụ ndị Igbo nakwa na ọchịagha na-achịkwa ya bụkwa ndị Igbo. Ndị nke ugwu tụrụ egwu na ndị Igbo amalitela ịchịkwa mba ahụ. N'ime mmeghachi omume, ndị isi ndị ugwu mere nnupụisi nke Julaị afọ 1966 nke e gburu ndị agha narị abụọ na iri anọ nke ndịda n'ụzọ anọ n'ime ha bụ ndị Igbo, yana ọtụtụ puku ndị nkịtị sitere na ndịda bi n'ebe ugwu.<ref name="Nixon-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Nixon|first=Charles|date=July 1972|title=Self-Determination: The Nigeria/Biafra Case|journal=World Politics|volume=24|issue=4|pages=473–497|doi=10.2307/2010453}}</ref><ref name="Vickers-1970">{{Cite journal|author=Vickers|first=Michael|date=1970|title=Competition and Control in Modern Nigeria: Origins of the War with Biafra|journal=International Journal|volume=25|issue=3|doi=10.1177/002070207002500310}}</ref> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, [[Yakubu Gowon]], Onye Ugwu Kraịst, weghaara ọchịchị ndị agha.<ref name="Nixon-1972" /> N'ihi nke a, mmụba nke esemokwu agbụrụ dugara na igbu ọchụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Post-1968" /> Mgbukpọ ahụ gbasara n'ebe ugwu ma ruo n'ókè na ụbọchị iri abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Mee, ụbọchị iri abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Julaị, na ịrị abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Septemba afọ 1966. Ka ọ na-erule oge pogrom ahụ kwụsịrị, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị Igbos niile nọ n'ebe ugwu anwụọla, na-ezo n'etiti ndị ugwu nwere ọmịiko ma ọ bụ na-aga mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ. [[Nigerian Army|Ndị agha Naijiria]] duziri ogbugbu ahụ ma megharịa ya n'obodo dị iche iche dị n'ebe ugwu Naijiria. Ọ bụ ezie na Kọlọnel Gowon na-enye ndị ndịda Nigerians bi na Ugwu nkwa nchekwa, ebumnuche nke akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndị agha Naijiria n'oge ahụ bụ mgbukpọ agbụrụ dị ka okwu agbụrụ a na-ahụkarị n'etiti agbụrụ Hausa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ewezuga ndị Ugwu Naịjirịa ole na ole (karịsịa ndị isi agha na-ekwenyeghị na ndị Igbo bụ ndị ajọ mmadụ), <ref name="Keil-1970">{{Cite journal|author=Keil|first=Charles|date=January 1970|title=The Price of Nigerian Victory|journal=Africa Today|volume=17|issue=1|pages=1–3}}</ref> a na-ewere ndị ọdịda na ndị ọnwụnwa anyanwụ Naijiria n'oge ahụ na Ugwu nke Naijiria dị ka Charles Keil si kọwaa:    Asọmpi agbụrụ n'ahịa nwekwara ike imetụta pogrom ahụ, ọkachasị mgbe nnupụisi mbụ gasịrị. Prọfesọ Murray Last, onye ọkà mmụta na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bi n'obodo Zaria n'oge ahụ, kọrọ ahụmahụ ya:<blockquote>N'ụbọchị sochiri nnupụisi ahụ - Jenụwarị 16th 1966 - e nwere ohere dị ukwuu na ụlọ akwụkwọ ABU nke na ọ wụrụ m akpata oyi n'ahụ. Ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe m bi n'ime obodo Zaria (na Babban Dodo), ka m zutere iwe n'ụzọ ndị ahịa Igbo (na ndị nta akụkọ) na-akwa ndị ahịa ibe ha na Sabon Gari nke Zaria maka ọnwụ nke 'nna' ha', ma na-akwapụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ ala dị iche iche n'ebe ndị ọzọ, na-agwa ndị Hausa na iwu niile agbanweela ugbu a ma ọ bụ ndị Hausa nọ n'okpuru ahịa. Ịnụrụ ndị Hausa na-agwa onwe ha n'abalị ọ bụla banyere mkparị ha nụrụ site n'aka ndị Igbos n'ụbọchị ahụ gosiri m n'ụzọ doro anya etu enyemaka mbụ na nnupụisi ahụ si ghọọ iwe. Ọ na-echegbu m obere n'oge ahụ (na-ebi n'enweghị nsogbu n'etiti obodo Zaria) mana amaghị m nke ọma na ọ gaghị atụ anya nnukwu ime ihe ike. Na m hụrụ mgbe e mesịrị mgbe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọnwa Eprel 1966, m nọ na Jalingo: n'ebe ahụ, n'otu ehihie Sọnde, a dọrọ m aka ná ntị ka igbu ọchụ ga-eme. A gwara m na m ga-ahapụ obodo ahụ tupu chi abọọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Olorunyomi|first=Ladi|date=November 22, 2021|title=INTERVIEW: Why every Nigerian should be proud of the Sokoto Caliphate — Prof Murray Last|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/496263-interview-why-every-nigerian-should-be-proud-of-the-sokoto-caliphate-prof-murray-last.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2023-03-31|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref></blockquote>Otú ọ dị, a na-elekwasịkwa anya na ndị Igbo na-achịkwa Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nnoli|first=Okwudiba|title=Ethnic Violence in Nigeria: A Historical Perspective|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/papers/nnoli_021003.pdf|work=Indiana.edu|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> Ọtụtụ puku ndị Hausa, Tiv na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ugwu bụ ndị ndị Igbo gburu, na-amanye ọtụtụ ndị Ugwu ịpụ na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="Ojo">{{Cite book|author=Ojo|first=Bamidele A.|title=Problems and Prospects of Sustaining Democracy in Nigeria|date=2001|publisher=Nova Science|isbn=978-1-56072-949-5}}</ref> A wakporo ndị na-abụghị ndị Igbo nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na ndị ọdịda anyanwụ nọ n'ebe Ugwu n'ihi na enweghị ụzọ iji mee ka ha dị iche na ndị Igbos site na ọdịdị, bụ ndị a maara ha niile site na aha "''Yameri''" na Ugwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Omaka|first=Arua|title=The Forgotten Victims: Ethnic Minorities in The Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967-1970|journal=Journal of Retracing Africa|date=17 February 2014|volume=1|issue=1|pages=25–40|url=https://encompass.eku.edu/jora/vol1/iss1/2/|accessdate=6 September 2021|issn=2168-0531}}</ref> Otu ihe kpatara ibu iro megide ndị ọdịda Naijiria n'ozuzu na ndị Igbo karịsịa bụ mgbalị nke ọchịchị Aguiyi Ironsi iji kpochapụ mpaghara maka usoro ọchịchị dị n'otu nke a na-ewere dị ka atụmatụ iji guzobe ọchịchị Igbo na Njikọ. Na 24 Mee afọ 1966 Ironsi nyere iwu otu, nke dugara na mgbawa nke mwakpo megide ndị Igbo na Ugwu Naijiria na ụbọchị 29 Mee afọ 1966. Ndị nta akụkọ Briten kwenyesiri ike n'otu n'oge ahụ na a haziri ogbugbu ndị a na 29 Mee ọ bụghị na mberede. A na-ahụkwa ọchịchị Ironsi ka ọ na-akwado ndị ọdịda Naijiria na nhọpụta ha n'ọkwá dị mkpa na gọọmentị, si otú a na-eme ka esemokwu agbụrụ dị elu.<ref name="Akinyemi-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Akinyemi|first=A.B.|date=October 1972|title=The British Press and the Nigerian Civil War|journal=African Affairs|volume=71|issue=285|pages=408–426|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096282}}</ref> Enweghị ike nke ọchịchị Ironsi ịta ndị agha nnupụisi na-ahụ maka nnupụis nke Jenụwarị afọ 1966 mere ka ọnọdụ ahụ ka njọ.<ref name="Nafziger-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Nafziger|first=Wayne|title=The Economic Impact of the Nigerian Civil War|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|date=July 1972|volume=10|issue=2|pages=223–245|doi=10.1017/s0022278x00022369}}</ref> Ọ bụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na nkwenye nke gọọmentị ime obodo mere pogrom ahụ na Mee afọ 1966.<ref name="McKenna-1969">{{Cite journal|author=McKenna|first=Joseph C.|date=1969|title=Elements of a Nigerian Peace|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=47|issue=4|pages=668–680|doi=10.2307/20039407}}</ref> A makwaara àgwà na-abụghị nke ọkachamara nke ụfọdụ ndị nta akụkọ mba ụwa ka ha gbakwunyere na esemokwu dị ugbu a. J.D.F. Jones, onye nnọchi anya Financial Times na 17 Jenụwarị afọ 1966 buru amụma na ndị Ugwu nwere ike "amalitere ịbọ ọbọ maka ọnwụ nke onye ndú ha Sardauna nke steeti Sokoto na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Igbo bi na Ugwu", nke ha na-emeghị n'oge ahụ. A katọrọ nke a dị ka ihe na-enweghị isi na maka onye nta akụkọ na-enweghị ọrụ, amụma na-emezu onwe ya nke ga-eduga ndị isi Ugwu ka ha chee na Financial Times nwere ozi ha na-amaghị, nakwa na ụwa tụrụ anya ka ugwu meghachi omume n'ụzọ a. Ndị isi ugwu mechara mepụta usoro iji kpalie ime ihe ike dị ka akụkọ akụkọ e chepụtara echepụta nke e zigara na redio Cotonou ma mee ka ọrụ Hausa nke BBC kọwaa mwakpo ndị Ugwu n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke, nke dugara na igbu ọchụ nke ndị Naijiria Ọwụwa anyanwụ na mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na iteghete Septemba afọ 1966.<ref name="Abbott-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Abbott|first=Charles|title=Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power, and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–86|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|date=2003|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133–136|doi=10.2307/3559324}}</ref> Dị ka akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Briten si kwuo n'oge ahụ, e gburu ihe dị ka ndị Igbo puku iri atọ na Septemba afọ 1966, <ref name="Akinyemi-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Akinyemi|first=A.B.|date=October 1972|title=The British Press and the Nigerian Civil War|journal=African Affairs|volume=71|issue=285|pages=408–426|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096282}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkinyemi1972">Akinyemi, A.B. (October 1972). </cite></ref> ebe atụmatụ ndị ọzọ na-agbaso omenala na-etinye ndị nwụrụ na ala nke puku iri na ihe ruru puku iri atọ maka ọnwa Septemba naanị. Ogbugbu a gara n'ihu ruo na mbido Ọktọba ma ndị nkịtị na-eme ya mgbe ụfọdụ site n'enyemaka nke ndị agha wee kpochapụ ugwu niile. A kọwawo ya dị ka ihe mgbu na ihe na-akpali akpali nke dugara n'[[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Naịjirịa na Biafra]].<ref name="McKenna-1969">{{Cite journal|author=McKenna|first=Joseph C.|date=1969|title=Elements of a Nigerian Peace|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=47|issue=4|pages=668–680|doi=10.2307/20039407}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcKenna1969">McKenna, Joseph C. (1969). </cite></ref> == Ihe si na ya pụta == Mgbukpọ ahụ dugara n'ịgagharị nke ndị Igbo na ndị ọzọ nọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa laghachi n'ebu Ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjiria (a na-eme atụmatụ na ihe karịrị otu nde ndị Igbo laghachiri n'ógbè ọwụwa anyanwụ). Ọ bụkwa onye bu ụzọ kwuo na Ojukwu wepụrụ onwe ya n'ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa dị ka Republic nke [[Bịafra|Biafra]], na Agha Obodo Naịjirị (bido n'afọ 1967-ruo n'afọ 1970) == Hụkwa == * [[Bịafra|Biafra]] * [[Anti-Igbo sentiment|Mmetụta na-emegide ndị Igbo]] * [[Omenala|Omenala Igbo]] * [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] * Sabon Gari * [[Ogbugbu ndị mmadụ n'Asaba|Mgbukpọ nke Asaba]] == Akwụkwọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Esemokwu agbụrụ na okpukpe na Elusive Quest for National Identity na Naịjirịa. ''Journal of Black Studies'', ''44'' (1), peeji nke 3-30.&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936701|'Ours bụ agha nke ndụ": Biafra, Nigeria na arụmụka banyere mgbukpọ agbụrụ, 1966-70]]. Journal of Genocide Research, ''16'' (2-3), peeji nke 205-225&nbsp; * Aro, G. & Ani, K. (2017). Nnyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba Igbo na mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. ''Journal of African Union Studies'', ''6'' (2/3), peeji nke 47-77.&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịkatọ Chi: Mgbasa Ozi Okpukpe Ndị Kraịst na Naịjirịa - Agha Biafra. The Journal of African History, ''51'' (3), peeji nke 367-389.&nbsp; == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Igbo topics}}{{Biafra topics}} [[Otú:Ndị Igbo]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8igoloyp2vf6cdb3ttwu6wymazm19th 688421 688420 2026-07-18T12:13:28Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 688421 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Mgbukpọ ndị na-emegide [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] n: afọ 1966''' bụ usoro ogbugbu na ogbugbu ndị e mere megide ndị Igbo - na ndị ọzọ si n'ebe ndịda Naijiria na-ebi n'ebe [[Ógbè Ebe Ugwu, Naịjirịa|ugwu Naịjirịa]], malite na Mee afọ 1966 wee ruo n'ókè ya mgbe 29 Septemba afọ 1966. <ref name="Last-2005">{{Cite journal|author=Last|first=Murray|title=Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–1986 by Douglas A. Anthony Review by: Murray Last|journal=The Royal African Society|date=October 2005|volume=104|issue=417|pages=710–711}}</ref> E mere atụma'''Testo in grassetto'''tụ na e gburu [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbos]] na ndị ọwụwa anyanwụ dị n'agbata puku asatọ na puku iri atọ. Otu nde ndị Igbos ọzọ gbapụrụ na mpaghara ugwu gaa n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. N'ịzaghachi ogbugbu ahụ, e gburu ụfọdụ ndị ugwu na Port Harcourt na obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref name="civil war">{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm|title=Civil War|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=1991|work=countrystudies.us|publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress|accessdate=November 21, 2019|quote=The estimated number of deaths ranged as high as 30,000. More than 1 million Igbo returned to the Eastern Region. In retaliation, some northerners were massacred in Port Harcourt and other eastern cities, and a counterexodus of non-Igbo was under way.}}</ref> Ihe omume ndị a dugara na nkewa nke mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria na nkwupụta [[Bịafra|Biafra]], nke mesịrị duga na [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naijiria]]. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ihe omume ndị a mere n'ihe gbasara nnupụisi ọchịchị ndị agha na mmalite nke Agha Obodo Naịjirịa. <ref name="Van Den Bersselaar-2011">{{Cite journal|author=Van Den Bersselaar|first=Dmitri|title=Douglas A. Anthony Poison and Medicine: ethnicity, power, and violence in a Nigerian city, 1966 to 1986. Oxford: James Currey|journal=Africa|date=3 March 2011|volume=74|issue=4|pages=711–713|doi=10.2307/3556867}}</ref> Onye bu ụzọ gbuo ndị mmadụ bụ nnupụisi ọchịchị nke Naijiria na Jenụwarị afọ 1966. <ref name="Post-1968">{{Cite journal|author=Post|first=K. W. J.|date=January 1968|title=Is There a Case for Biafra?|journal=International Affairs|volume=44|issue=1|pages=26–39|doi=10.2307/2613526}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi ndị agha nwụrụ n'ọchịchị ahụ bụ ndị ugwu n'ihi na ndị Northern bụ ndị ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na gọọmentị Naịjirịa, gụnyere Praịm Minista [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] na [[Ahmadu Bello]] Sardauna nke Sokoto.<ref name="Post-1968" /> Ndị isi ndị agha ndị ọzọ megidere nnupụisi ahụ. Onye ọrụ Igbo, [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] kwụsịrị nnupụisi ahụ na Lagos ebe onye ọrụ Igbo ọzọ, [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|Emeka Ojukwu]] kwụsịrị nnapụisi ahụ n'ebe ugwu. [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] weghaara ọchịchị, na-amanye gọọmentị ndị nkịtị ịhapụ ikike. O guzobere ọchịchị ndị agha nke ya onwe ya duziri dị ka onye isi ọchịagha.<ref name="Post-1968" /> N'ime ọnwa ndị sochiri nnupụisi ahụ, a chọpụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na anọ n'ime ndị isi agha ise gburu nnupụisi ahụ bụ ndị Igbo nakwa na ọchịagha na-achịkwa ya bụkwa ndị Igbo. Ndị nke ugwu tụrụ egwu na ndị Igbo amalitela ịchịkwa mba ahụ. N'ime mmeghachi omume, ndị isi ndị ugwu mere nnupụisi nke Julaị afọ 1966 nke e gburu ndị agha narị abụọ na iri anọ nke ndịda n'ụzọ anọ n'ime ha bụ ndị Igbo, yana ọtụtụ puku ndị nkịtị sitere na ndịda bi n'ebe ugwu.<ref name="Nixon-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Nixon|first=Charles|date=July 1972|title=Self-Determination: The Nigeria/Biafra Case|journal=World Politics|volume=24|issue=4|pages=473–497|doi=10.2307/2010453}}</ref><ref name="Vickers-1970">{{Cite journal|author=Vickers|first=Michael|date=1970|title=Competition and Control in Modern Nigeria: Origins of the War with Biafra|journal=International Journal|volume=25|issue=3|doi=10.1177/002070207002500310}}</ref> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, [[Yakubu Gowon]], Onye Ugwu Kraịst, weghaara ọchịchị ndị agha.<ref name="Nixon-1972" /> N'ihi nke a, mmụba nke esemokwu agbụrụ dugara na igbu ọchụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Post-1968" /> Mgbukpọ ahụ gbasara n'ebe ugwu ma ruo n'ókè na ụbọchị iri abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Mee, ụbọchị iri abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Julaị, na ịrị abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Septemba afọ 1966. Ka ọ na-erule oge pogrom ahụ kwụsịrị, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị Igbos niile nọ n'ebe ugwu anwụọla, na-ezo n'etiti ndị ugwu nwere ọmịiko ma ọ bụ na-aga mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ. [[Nigerian Army|Ndị agha Naijiria]] duziri ogbugbu ahụ ma megharịa ya n'obodo dị iche iche dị n'ebe ugwu Naijiria. Ọ bụ ezie na Kọlọnel Gowon na-enye ndị ndịda Nigerians bi na Ugwu nkwa nchekwa, ebumnuche nke akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndị agha Naijiria n'oge ahụ bụ mgbukpọ agbụrụ dị ka okwu agbụrụ a na-ahụkarị n'etiti agbụrụ Hausa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ewezuga ndị Ugwu Naịjirịa ole na ole (karịsịa ndị isi agha na-ekwenyeghị na ndị Igbo bụ ndị ajọ mmadụ), <ref name="Keil-1970">{{Cite journal|author=Keil|first=Charles|date=January 1970|title=The Price of Nigerian Victory|journal=Africa Today|volume=17|issue=1|pages=1–3}}</ref> a na-ewere ndị ọdịda na ndị ọnwụnwa anyanwụ Naijiria n'oge ahụ na Ugwu nke Naijiria dị ka Charles Keil si kọwaa:    Asọmpi agbụrụ n'ahịa nwekwara ike imetụta pogrom ahụ, ọkachasị mgbe nnupụisi mbụ gasịrị. Prọfesọ Murray Last, onye ọkà mmụta na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bi n'obodo Zaria n'oge ahụ, kọrọ ahụmahụ ya:<blockquote>N'ụbọchị sochiri nnupụisi ahụ - Jenụwarị 16th 1966 - e nwere ohere dị ukwuu na ụlọ akwụkwọ ABU nke na ọ wụrụ m akpata oyi n'ahụ. Ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe m bi n'ime obodo Zaria (na Babban Dodo), ka m zutere iwe n'ụzọ ndị ahịa Igbo (na ndị nta akụkọ) na-akwa ndị ahịa ibe ha na Sabon Gari nke Zaria maka ọnwụ nke 'nna' ha', ma na-akwapụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ ala dị iche iche n'ebe ndị ọzọ, na-agwa ndị Hausa na iwu niile agbanweela ugbu a ma ọ bụ ndị Hausa nọ n'okpuru ahịa. Ịnụrụ ndị Hausa na-agwa onwe ha n'abalị ọ bụla banyere mkparị ha nụrụ site n'aka ndị Igbos n'ụbọchị ahụ gosiri m n'ụzọ doro anya etu enyemaka mbụ na nnupụisi ahụ si ghọọ iwe. Ọ na-echegbu m obere n'oge ahụ (na-ebi n'enweghị nsogbu n'etiti obodo Zaria) mana amaghị m nke ọma na ọ gaghị atụ anya nnukwu ime ihe ike. Na m hụrụ mgbe e mesịrị mgbe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọnwa Eprel 1966, m nọ na Jalingo: n'ebe ahụ, n'otu ehihie Sọnde, a dọrọ m aka ná ntị ka igbu ọchụ ga-eme. A gwara m na m ga-ahapụ obodo ahụ tupu chi abọọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Olorunyomi|first=Ladi|date=November 22, 2021|title=INTERVIEW: Why every Nigerian should be proud of the Sokoto Caliphate — Prof Murray Last|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/496263-interview-why-every-nigerian-should-be-proud-of-the-sokoto-caliphate-prof-murray-last.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2023-03-31|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref></blockquote>Otú ọ dị, a na-elekwasịkwa anya na ndị Igbo na-achịkwa Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nnoli|first=Okwudiba|title=Ethnic Violence in Nigeria: A Historical Perspective|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/papers/nnoli_021003.pdf|work=Indiana.edu|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> Ọtụtụ puku ndị Hausa, Tiv na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ugwu bụ ndị ndị Igbo gburu, na-amanye ọtụtụ ndị Ugwu ịpụ na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="Ojo">{{Cite book|author=Ojo|first=Bamidele A.|title=Problems and Prospects of Sustaining Democracy in Nigeria|date=2001|publisher=Nova Science|isbn=978-1-56072-949-5}}</ref> A wakporo ndị na-abụghị ndị Igbo nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na ndị ọdịda anyanwụ nọ n'ebe Ugwu n'ihi na enweghị ụzọ iji mee ka ha dị iche na ndị Igbos site na ọdịdị, bụ ndị a maara ha niile site na aha "''Yameri''" na Ugwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Omaka|first=Arua|title=The Forgotten Victims: Ethnic Minorities in The Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967-1970|journal=Journal of Retracing Africa|date=17 February 2014|volume=1|issue=1|pages=25–40|url=https://encompass.eku.edu/jora/vol1/iss1/2/|accessdate=6 September 2021|issn=2168-0531}}</ref> Otu ihe kpatara ibu iro megide ndị ọdịda Naijiria n'ozuzu na ndị Igbo karịsịa bụ mgbalị nke ọchịchị Aguiyi Ironsi iji kpochapụ mpaghara maka usoro ọchịchị dị n'otu nke a na-ewere dị ka atụmatụ iji guzobe ọchịchị Igbo na Njikọ. Na 24 Mee afọ 1966 Ironsi nyere iwu otu, nke dugara na mgbawa nke mwakpo megide ndị Igbo na Ugwu Naijiria na ụbọchị 29 Mee afọ 1966. Ndị nta akụkọ Briten kwenyesiri ike n'otu n'oge ahụ na a haziri ogbugbu ndị a na 29 Mee ọ bụghị na mberede. A na-ahụkwa ọchịchị Ironsi ka ọ na-akwado ndị ọdịda Naijiria na nhọpụta ha n'ọkwá dị mkpa na gọọmentị, si otú a na-eme ka esemokwu agbụrụ dị elu.<ref name="Akinyemi-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Akinyemi|first=A.B.|date=October 1972|title=The British Press and the Nigerian Civil War|journal=African Affairs|volume=71|issue=285|pages=408–426|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096282}}</ref> Enweghị ike nke ọchịchị Ironsi ịta ndị agha nnupụisi na-ahụ maka nnupụis nke Jenụwarị afọ 1966 mere ka ọnọdụ ahụ ka njọ.<ref name="Nafziger-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Nafziger|first=Wayne|title=The Economic Impact of the Nigerian Civil War|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|date=July 1972|volume=10|issue=2|pages=223–245|doi=10.1017/s0022278x00022369}}</ref> Ọ bụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na nkwenye nke gọọmentị ime obodo mere pogrom ahụ na Mee afọ 1966.<ref name="McKenna-1969">{{Cite journal|author=McKenna|first=Joseph C.|date=1969|title=Elements of a Nigerian Peace|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=47|issue=4|pages=668–680|doi=10.2307/20039407}}</ref> A makwaara àgwà na-abụghị nke ọkachamara nke ụfọdụ ndị nta akụkọ mba ụwa ka ha gbakwunyere na esemokwu dị ugbu a. J.D.F. Jones, onye nnọchi anya Financial Times na 17 Jenụwarị afọ 1966 buru amụma na ndị Ugwu nwere ike "amalitere ịbọ ọbọ maka ọnwụ nke onye ndú ha Sardauna nke steeti Sokoto na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Igbo bi na Ugwu", nke ha na-emeghị n'oge ahụ. A katọrọ nke a dị ka ihe na-enweghị isi na maka onye nta akụkọ na-enweghị ọrụ, amụma na-emezu onwe ya nke ga-eduga ndị isi Ugwu ka ha chee na Financial Times nwere ozi ha na-amaghị, nakwa na ụwa tụrụ anya ka ugwu meghachi omume n'ụzọ a. Ndị isi ugwu mechara mepụta usoro iji kpalie ime ihe ike dị ka akụkọ akụkọ e chepụtara echepụta nke e zigara na redio Cotonou ma mee ka ọrụ Hausa nke BBC kọwaa mwakpo ndị Ugwu n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke, nke dugara na igbu ọchụ nke ndị Naijiria Ọwụwa anyanwụ na mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na iteghete Septemba afọ 1966.<ref name="Abbott-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Abbott|first=Charles|title=Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power, and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–86|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|date=2003|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133–136|doi=10.2307/3559324}}</ref> Dị ka akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Briten si kwuo n'oge ahụ, e gburu ihe dị ka ndị Igbo puku iri atọ na Septemba afọ 1966, ebe atụmatụ ndị ọzọ na-agbaso omenala na-etinye ndị nwụrụ na ala nke puku iri na ihe ruru puku iri atọ maka ọnwa Septemba naanị. Ogbugbu a gara n'ihu ruo na mbido Ọktọba ma ndị nkịtị na-eme ya mgbe ụfọdụ site n'enyemaka nke ndị agha wee kpochapụ ugwu niile. A kọwawo ya dị ka ihe mgbu na ihe na-akpali akpali nke dugara n'[[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Naịjirịa na Biafra]].<ref name="McKenna-1969">{{Cite journal|author=McKenna|first=Joseph C.|date=1969|title=Elements of a Nigerian Peace|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=47|issue=4|pages=668–680|doi=10.2307/20039407}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcKenna1969">McKenna, Joseph C. (1969). </cite></ref> == Ihe si na ya pụta == Mgbukpọ ahụ dugara n'ịgagharị nke ndị Igbo na ndị ọzọ nọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa laghachi n'ebu Ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjiria (a na-eme atụmatụ na ihe karịrị otu nde ndị Igbo laghachiri n'ógbè ọwụwa anyanwụ). Ọ bụkwa onye bu ụzọ kwuo na Ojukwu wepụrụ onwe ya n'ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa dị ka Republic nke [[Bịafra|Biafra]], na Agha Obodo Naịjirị (bido n'afọ 1967-ruo n'afọ 1970) == Hụkwa == * [[Bịafra|Biafra]] * [[Anti-Igbo sentiment|Mmetụta na-emegide ndị Igbo]] * [[Omenala|Omenala Igbo]] * [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] * Sabon Gari * [[Ogbugbu ndị mmadụ n'Asaba|Mgbukpọ nke Asaba]] == Akwụkwọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Esemokwu agbụrụ na okpukpe na Elusive Quest for National Identity na Naịjirịa. ''Journal of Black Studies'', ''44'' (1), peeji nke 3-30.&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936701|'Ours bụ agha nke ndụ": Biafra, Nigeria na arụmụka banyere mgbukpọ agbụrụ, 1966-70]]. Journal of Genocide Research, ''16'' (2-3), peeji nke 205-225&nbsp; * Aro, G. & Ani, K. (2017). Nnyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba Igbo na mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. ''Journal of African Union Studies'', ''6'' (2/3), peeji nke 47-77.&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịkatọ Chi: Mgbasa Ozi Okpukpe Ndị Kraịst na Naịjirịa - Agha Biafra. The Journal of African History, ''51'' (3), peeji nke 367-389.&nbsp; == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Igbo topics}}{{Biafra topics}} [[Otú:Ndị Igbo]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eq52q2yivvjxj26xvygx1x3ab7s22ag 688422 688421 2026-07-18T12:15:10Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 688422 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Mgbukpọ ndị na-emegide [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] n: afọ 1966''' bụ usoro ogbugbu na ogbugbu ndị e mere megide ndị Igbo - na ndị ọzọ si n'ebe ndịda Naijiria na-ebi n'ebe [[Ógbè Ebe Ugwu, Naịjirịa|ugwu Naịjirịa]], malite na Mee afọ 1966 wee ruo n'ókè ya mgbe 29 Septemba afọ 1966. <ref name="Last-2005">{{Cite journal|author=Last|first=Murray|title=Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–1986 by Douglas A. Anthony Review by: Murray Last|journal=The Royal African Society|date=October 2005|volume=104|issue=417|pages=710–711}}</ref> E mere atụma'''Testo in grassetto'''tụ na e gburu [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbos]] na ndị ọwụwa anyanwụ dị n'agbata puku asatọ na puku iri atọ. Otu nde ndị Igbos ọzọ gbapụrụ na mpaghara ugwu gaa n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. N'ịzaghachi ogbugbu ahụ, e gburu ụfọdụ ndị ugwu na Port Harcourt na obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref name="civil war">{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm|title=Civil War|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=1991|work=countrystudies.us|publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress|accessdate=November 21, 2019|quote=The estimated number of deaths ranged as high as 30,000. More than 1 million Igbo returned to the Eastern Region. In retaliation, some northerners were massacred in Port Harcourt and other eastern cities, and a counterexodus of non-Igbo was under way.}}</ref> Ihe omume ndị a dugara na nkewa nke mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria na nkwupụta [[Bịafra|Biafra]], nke mesịrị duga na [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naijiria]]. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Ihe omume ndị a mere n'ihe gbasara nnupụisi ọchịchị ndị agha na mmalite nke Agha Obodo Naịjirịa. <ref name="Van Den Bersselaar-2011">{{Cite journal|author=Van Den Bersselaar|first=Dmitri|title=Douglas A. Anthony Poison and Medicine: ethnicity, power, and violence in a Nigerian city, 1966 to 1986. Oxford: James Currey|journal=Africa|date=3 March 2011|volume=74|issue=4|pages=711–713|doi=10.2307/3556867}}</ref> Onye bu ụzọ gbuo ndị mmadụ bụ nnupụisi ọchịchị nke Naijiria na Jenụwarị afọ 1966. <ref name="Post-1968">{{Cite journal|author=Post|first=K. W. J.|date=January 1968|title=Is There a Case for Biafra?|journal=International Affairs|volume=44|issue=1|pages=26–39|doi=10.2307/2613526}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi ndị agha nwụrụ n'ọchịchị ahụ bụ ndị ugwu n'ihi na ndị Northern bụ ndị ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na gọọmentị Naịjirịa, gụnyere Praịm Minista [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] na [[Ahmadu Bello]] Sardauna nke Sokoto.<ref name="Post-1968" /> Ndị isi ndị agha ndị ọzọ megidere nnupụisi ahụ. Onye ọrụ Igbo, [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] kwụsịrị nnupụisi ahụ na Lagos ebe onye ọrụ Igbo ọzọ, [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|Emeka Ojukwu]] kwụsịrị nnapụisi ahụ n'ebe ugwu. [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi|Aguiyi-Ironsi]] weghaara ọchịchị, na-amanye gọọmentị ndị nkịtị ịhapụ ikike. O guzobere ọchịchị ndị agha nke ya onwe ya duziri dị ka onye isi ọchịagha.<ref name="Post-1968" /> N'ime ọnwa ndị sochiri nnupụisi ahụ, a chọpụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe na anọ n'ime ndị isi agha ise gburu nnupụisi ahụ bụ ndị Igbo nakwa na ọchịagha na-achịkwa ya bụkwa ndị Igbo. Ndị nke ugwu tụrụ egwu na ndị Igbo amalitela ịchịkwa mba ahụ. N'ime mmeghachi omume, ndị isi ndị ugwu mere nnupụisi nke Julaị afọ 1966 nke e gburu ndị agha narị abụọ na iri anọ nke ndịda n'ụzọ anọ n'ime ha bụ ndị Igbo, yana ọtụtụ puku ndị nkịtị sitere na ndịda bi n'ebe ugwu.<ref name="Nixon-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Nixon|first=Charles|date=July 1972|title=Self-Determination: The Nigeria/Biafra Case|journal=World Politics|volume=24|issue=4|pages=473–497|doi=10.2307/2010453}}</ref><ref name="Vickers-1970">{{Cite journal|author=Vickers|first=Michael|date=1970|title=Competition and Control in Modern Nigeria: Origins of the War with Biafra|journal=International Journal|volume=25|issue=3|doi=10.1177/002070207002500310}}</ref> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, [[Yakubu Gowon]], Onye Ugwu Kraịst, weghaara ọchịchị ndị agha.<ref name="Nixon-1972" /> N'ihi nke a, mmụba nke esemokwu agbụrụ dugara na igbu ọchụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Post-1968" /> Mgbukpọ ahụ gbasara n'ebe ugwu ma ruo n'ókè na ụbọchị iri abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Mee, ụbọchị iri abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Julaị, na ịrị abụọ na iteghete ọnwa Septemba afọ 1966. Ka ọ na-erule oge pogrom ahụ kwụsịrị, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị Igbos niile nọ n'ebe ugwu anwụọla, na-ezo n'etiti ndị ugwu nwere ọmịiko ma ọ bụ na-aga mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ. [[Nigerian Army|Ndị agha Naijiria]] duziri ogbugbu ahụ ma megharịa ya n'obodo dị iche iche dị n'ebe ugwu Naijiria. Ọ bụ ezie na Kọlọnel Gowon na-enye ndị ndịda Nigerians bi na Ugwu nkwa nchekwa, ebumnuche nke akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndị agha Naijiria n'oge ahụ bụ mgbukpọ agbụrụ dị ka okwu agbụrụ a na-ahụkarị n'etiti agbụrụ Hausa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ewezuga ndị Ugwu Naịjirịa ole na ole (karịsịa ndị isi agha na-ekwenyeghị na ndị Igbo bụ ndị ajọ mmadụ), <ref name="Keil-1970">{{Cite journal|author=Keil|first=Charles|date=January 1970|title=The Price of Nigerian Victory|journal=Africa Today|volume=17|issue=1|pages=1–3}}</ref> a na-ewere ndị ọdịda na ndị ọnwụnwa anyanwụ Naijiria n'oge ahụ na Ugwu nke Naijiria dị ka Charles Keil si kọwaa:    Asọmpi agbụrụ n'ahịa nwekwara ike imetụta pogrom ahụ, ọkachasị mgbe nnupụisi mbụ gasịrị. Prọfesọ Murray Last, onye ọkà mmụta na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bi n'obodo Zaria n'oge ahụ, kọrọ ahụmahụ ya:<blockquote>N'ụbọchị sochiri nnupụisi ahụ - Jenụwarị 16th 1966 - e nwere ohere dị ukwuu na ụlọ akwụkwọ ABU nke na ọ wụrụ m akpata oyi n'ahụ. Ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe m bi n'ime obodo Zaria (na Babban Dodo), ka m zutere iwe n'ụzọ ndị ahịa Igbo (na ndị nta akụkọ) na-akwa ndị ahịa ibe ha na Sabon Gari nke Zaria maka ọnwụ nke 'nna' ha', ma na-akwapụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ ala dị iche iche n'ebe ndị ọzọ, na-agwa ndị Hausa na iwu niile agbanweela ugbu a ma ọ bụ ndị Hausa nọ n'okpuru ahịa. Ịnụrụ ndị Hausa na-agwa onwe ha n'abalị ọ bụla banyere mkparị ha nụrụ site n'aka ndị Igbos n'ụbọchị ahụ gosiri m n'ụzọ doro anya etu enyemaka mbụ na nnupụisi ahụ si ghọọ iwe. Ọ na-echegbu m obere n'oge ahụ (na-ebi n'enweghị nsogbu n'etiti obodo Zaria) mana amaghị m nke ọma na ọ gaghị atụ anya nnukwu ime ihe ike. Na m hụrụ mgbe e mesịrị mgbe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọnwa Eprel 1966, m nọ na Jalingo: n'ebe ahụ, n'otu ehihie Sọnde, a dọrọ m aka ná ntị ka igbu ọchụ ga-eme. A gwara m na m ga-ahapụ obodo ahụ tupu chi abọọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Olorunyomi|first=Ladi|date=November 22, 2021|title=INTERVIEW: Why every Nigerian should be proud of the Sokoto Caliphate — Prof Murray Last|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/496263-interview-why-every-nigerian-should-be-proud-of-the-sokoto-caliphate-prof-murray-last.html?tztc=1|accessdate=2023-03-31|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref></blockquote>Otú ọ dị, a na-elekwasịkwa anya na ndị Igbo na-achịkwa Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nnoli|first=Okwudiba|title=Ethnic Violence in Nigeria: A Historical Perspective|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/papers/nnoli_021003.pdf|work=Indiana.edu|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> Ọtụtụ puku ndị Hausa, Tiv na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ugwu bụ ndị ndị Igbo gburu, na-amanye ọtụtụ ndị Ugwu ịpụ na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="Ojo">{{Cite book|author=Ojo|first=Bamidele A.|title=Problems and Prospects of Sustaining Democracy in Nigeria|date=2001|publisher=Nova Science|isbn=978-1-56072-949-5}}</ref> A wakporo ndị na-abụghị ndị Igbo nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na ndị ọdịda anyanwụ nọ n'ebe Ugwu n'ihi na enweghị ụzọ iji mee ka ha dị iche na ndị Igbos site na ọdịdị, bụ ndị a maara ha niile site na aha "''Yameri''" na Ugwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Omaka|first=Arua|title=The Forgotten Victims: Ethnic Minorities in The Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967-1970|journal=Journal of Retracing Africa|date=17 February 2014|volume=1|issue=1|pages=25–40|url=https://encompass.eku.edu/jora/vol1/iss1/2/|accessdate=6 September 2021|issn=2168-0531}}</ref> Otu ihe kpatara ibu iro megide ndị ọdịda Naijiria n'ozuzu na ndị Igbo karịsịa bụ mgbalị nke ọchịchị Aguiyi Ironsi iji kpochapụ mpaghara maka usoro ọchịchị dị n'otu nke a na-ewere dị ka atụmatụ iji guzobe ọchịchị Igbo na Njikọ. Na 24 Mee afọ 1966 Ironsi nyere iwu otu, nke dugara na mgbawa nke mwakpo megide ndị Igbo na Ugwu Naijiria na ụbọchị 29 Mee afọ 1966. Ndị nta akụkọ Briten kwenyesiri ike n'otu n'oge ahụ na a haziri ogbugbu ndị a na 29 Mee ọ bụghị na mberede. A na-ahụkwa ọchịchị Ironsi ka ọ na-akwado ndị ọdịda Naijiria na nhọpụta ha n'ọkwá dị mkpa na gọọmentị, si otú a na-eme ka esemokwu agbụrụ dị elu.<ref name="Akinyemi-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Akinyemi|first=A.B.|date=October 1972|title=The British Press and the Nigerian Civil War|journal=African Affairs|volume=71|issue=285|pages=408–426|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096282}}</ref> Enweghị ike nke ọchịchị Ironsi ịta ndị agha nnupụisi na-ahụ maka nnupụis nke Jenụwarị afọ 1966 mere ka ọnọdụ ahụ ka njọ.<ref name="Nafziger-1972">{{Cite journal|author=Nafziger|first=Wayne|title=The Economic Impact of the Nigerian Civil War|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|date=July 1972|volume=10|issue=2|pages=223–245|doi=10.1017/s0022278x00022369}}</ref> Ọ bụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na nkwenye nke gọọmentị ime obodo mere pogrom ahụ na Mee afọ 1966.<ref name="McKenna-1969">{{Cite journal|author=McKenna|first=Joseph C.|date=1969|title=Elements of a Nigerian Peace|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=47|issue=4|pages=668–680|doi=10.2307/20039407}}</ref> A makwaara àgwà na-abụghị nke ọkachamara nke ụfọdụ ndị nta akụkọ mba ụwa ka ha gbakwunyere na esemokwu dị ugbu a. J.D.F. Jones, onye nnọchi anya Financial Times na 17 Jenụwarị afọ 1966 buru amụma na ndị Ugwu nwere ike "amalitere ịbọ ọbọ maka ọnwụ nke onye ndú ha Sardauna nke steeti Sokoto na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Igbo bi na Ugwu", nke ha na-emeghị n'oge ahụ. A katọrọ nke a dị ka ihe na-enweghị isi na maka onye nta akụkọ na-enweghị ọrụ, amụma na-emezu onwe ya nke ga-eduga ndị isi Ugwu ka ha chee na Financial Times nwere ozi ha na-amaghị, nakwa na ụwa tụrụ anya ka ugwu meghachi omume n'ụzọ a. Ndị isi ugwu mechara mepụta usoro iji kpalie ime ihe ike dị ka akụkọ akụkọ e chepụtara echepụta nke e zigara na redio Cotonou ma mee ka ọrụ Hausa nke BBC kọwaa mwakpo ndị Ugwu n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke, nke dugara na igbu ọchụ nke ndị Naijiria Ọwụwa anyanwụ na mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na iteghete Septemba afọ 1966.<ref name="Abbott-2003">{{Cite journal|author=Abbott|first=Charles|title=Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power, and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–86|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|date=2003|volume=36|issue=1|pages=133–136|doi=10.2307/3559324}}</ref> Dị ka akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Briten si kwuo n'oge ahụ, e gburu ihe dị ka ndị Igbo puku iri atọ na Septemba afọ 1966, ebe atụmatụ ndị ọzọ na-agbaso omenala na-etinye ndị nwụrụ na ala nke puku iri na ihe ruru puku iri atọ maka ọnwa Septemba naanị. Ogbugbu a gara n'ihu ruo na mbido Ọktọba ma ndị nkịtị na-eme ya mgbe ụfọdụ site n'enyemaka nke ndị agha wee kpochapụ ugwu niile. A kọwawo ya dị ka ihe mgbu na ihe na-akpali akpali nke dugara n'[[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Naịjirịa na Biafra]]. == Ihe si na ya pụta == Mgbukpọ ahụ dugara n'ịgagharị nke ndị Igbo na ndị ọzọ nọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa laghachi n'ebu Ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjiria (a na-eme atụmatụ na ihe karịrị otu nde ndị Igbo laghachiri n'ógbè ọwụwa anyanwụ). Ọ bụkwa onye bu ụzọ kwuo na Ojukwu wepụrụ onwe ya n'ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa dị ka Republic nke [[Bịafra|Biafra]], na Agha Obodo Naịjirị (bido n'afọ 1967-ruo n'afọ 1970) == Hụkwa == * [[Bịafra|Biafra]] * [[Anti-Igbo sentiment|Mmetụta na-emegide ndị Igbo]] * [[Omenala|Omenala Igbo]] * [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] * Sabon Gari * [[Ogbugbu ndị mmadụ n'Asaba|Mgbukpọ nke Asaba]] == Akwụkwọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Esemokwu agbụrụ na okpukpe na Elusive Quest for National Identity na Naịjirịa. ''Journal of Black Studies'', ''44'' (1), peeji nke 3-30.&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936701|'Ours bụ agha nke ndụ": Biafra, Nigeria na arụmụka banyere mgbukpọ agbụrụ, 1966-70]]. Journal of Genocide Research, ''16'' (2-3), peeji nke 205-225&nbsp; * Aro, G. & Ani, K. (2017). Nnyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba Igbo na mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. ''Journal of African Union Studies'', ''6'' (2/3), peeji nke 47-77.&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịkatọ Chi: Mgbasa Ozi Okpukpe Ndị Kraịst na Naịjirịa - Agha Biafra. The Journal of African History, ''51'' (3), peeji nke 367-389.&nbsp; == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Igbo topics}}{{Biafra topics}} [[Otú:Ndị Igbo]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ozsv27ju921wh6whnke2sovjfm5wpnv 0 77998 688436 2026-07-18T20:36:21Z Wikipedian12512 61424 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364830851|Grand Prismatic Spring]]" 688436 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Grand prismatic no noise reduction.jpg|thumb|Grand Prismatic Spring]]   Grand Prismatic Spring bụ isi iyi mmiri ọkụ kachasị ukwuu na [[Yellowstone National Park]], na nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n’ụwa,<ref>{{cite web|title=Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions—What's in Yellowstone's Future?|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3024/|access-date=September 14, 2005|archive-date=July 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723093212/https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3024/|url-status=live}}</ref> mgbe [[Frying Pan Lake]] na [[New Zealand]] na [[Boiling Lake]] na [[Dominika|Dominica]]. Ọ dị na [[Midway Geyser Basin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/fieldtrips/2007/explorations/grand_prismatic/index.html|title=Grand Prismatic Spring|author1=Traci Bryan|author2=Leslie Machen|author3=Joyce Heinsz|author4=Peggy McCracken|publisher=Lunar and Planetary Institute|access-date=December 4, 2015|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214633/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/fieldtrips/2007/explorations/grand_prismatic/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 3nsguy8fmrmz8j6o3kkva0ynf4dyvll 0 77999 688437 2026-07-18T20:36:57Z Wikipedian12512 61424 Redirect 688437 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[Grand Prismatic Spring (Yellowstone)]] lmyxguf9byi9ejvxpkwiadi6rdismqn